---
title: "Lab: data visualization"
format: html
---

## Reading in data

Let's start again by reading in the data from yesterday using the `read_csv()` function after loading the `tidyverse`:

```{r}
library(tidyverse)
nba_stats <- read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/36-SURE/2024/main/data/nba_stats.csv")
```

## Previewing the data

Write code that displays the column names of `nba_stats`. Also, look at the first six rows of your dataset to get an idea of what these variables look like. Which variables are quantitative, and which are categorical?

```{r}
# INSERT CODE HERE
```

## Always make a bar chart...

Now we'll use the `ggplot()` function to create a **bar chart** of the `position` variable. To make things easier, we provide the code for you to do this below; just uncomment the code and run it to create the bar graph. In what follows, you must answer some questions about the code and plot.

```{r}
# Create the bar graph of position:
# nba_stats |>
#   ggplot(aes(x = position)) +
#   geom_bar(fill = "darkblue") +
#   labs(title = "Number of NBA players by position",
#        x = "Position",
#        y = "Number of players",
#        caption = "Source: Basketball-Reference.com")
```

Answer the following questions about the code and plot:

-   In general, `ggplot()` code takes the following format: `ggplot(blank1, aes(x = blank2))`. Looking at the above code, what kind of `R` object should `blank1` be, and what should `blank2` be?

-   What do you think the line `geom_bar(fill = "darkblue")` does?

-   What do you think the remaining lines of code do (contained in `labs()`)?

## More area plots (but bar charts are better!)

Now we'll make a few other **area plots**:

-   spine chart

-   pie chart

-   rose diagram

Your goal for this part is to create each of these plots. These plots can be created by copy-and-pasting the bar chart code from above and modifying it slightly. Follow these directions to create each of these plots:

-   **spine chart**: First, copy-and-paste the bar chart code from above. Then, delete the `fill = "darkblue"` within `geom_bar()`. Finally, within `ggplot()`, replace `aes(x = position)` with `aes(x = "", fill = position)`. Also, change the labels in `labs()` if necessary.

```{r}
# PUT YOUR SPINE CHART CODE HERE
```

-   **pie chart**: First, copy-and-paste the **spine chart code** you just made. Then, after `geom_bar()`, "add" `coord_polar("y")`. Be sure to put plus signs before and after `coord_polar("y")`. Also, change the labels in `labs()` if necessary.

```{r}
# PUT YOUR PIE CHART CODE HERE
```

-   **rose diagram**: First, copy-and-paste your original bar chart code. Then, after `geom_bar(fill = "darkblue")`, "add" `coord_polar() + scale_y_sqrt()`. Be sure to put plus signs before and after `coord_polar() + scale_y_sqrt()`. Also, change the labels in `labs()` if necessary. After you make the rose diagram: In 1-2 sentences, what do you think `scale_y_sqrt()` does, and what is a benefit to including `scale_y_sqrt()` when making the rose diagram?

```{r}
# PUT YOUR ROSE DIAGRAM CODE HERE
```

## Notes on colors in plots

Three types of color scales to work with:

1.  **Qualitative**: distinguishing discrete items that don't have an order (nominal categorical). Colors should be distinct and equal with none standing out unless otherwise desired for emphasis.

-   Do **NOT** use a discrete scale on a continuous variable

2.  **Sequential**: when data values are mapped to one shade, e.g., for an ordered categorical variable or low to high continuous variable

-   Do **NOT** use a sequential scale on an unordered variable

3.  **Divergent**: think of it as two sequential scales with a natural midpoint midpoint could represent 0 (assuming +/- values) or 50% if your data spans the full scale

-   Do **NOT** use a divergent scale on data without natural midpoint

### Options for `ggplot2` colors

The default color scheme is pretty bad to put it bluntly, but `ggplot2` has ColorBrewer built in which makes it easy to customize your color scales. For instance, we can make a scatterplot with `three_pointers` on the y-axis and `offensive_rebounds` on the x-axis and using the `geom_point()` layer with each point colored by `position`:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = position)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Position") +
  theme_light()
```

*What does `alpha` change?* We can change the color plot for this plot using `scale_color_brewer()` function:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers,
             color = position)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set2") +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Position") +
  theme_light()
```

Which do you prefer, the default palette or this new one? You can [check out more color palettes here.](https://r-graph-gallery.com/38-rcolorbrewers-palettes.html)

Something you should keep in mind is to pick a [color-blind friendly palette](http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/Colors_(ggplot2)/). One simple way to do this is by using the `ggthemes` package (you need to install it first before running this code!) which has color-blind friendly palettes included:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = position)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  # call the function directly from the package using `::` instead of library(ggthemes)
  ggthemes::scale_color_colorblind() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Position") +
  theme_light()
```

In terms of displaying color from low to high, the [viridis scales](https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_viridis.html) are excellent choices (and are also color-blind friendly!). For instance, we can map another continuous variable (`minutes_played`) to the color:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_light()
```

What does this reveal about the plot? What happens if you delete `scale_color_viridis_c() +` from above? Which do you prefer?

## Notes on themes

You might have noticed above have various changes to the `theme` of plots for customization. **You will constantly be changing the theme of your plots to optimize the display.** Fortunately, there are a number of built-in themes you can use to start with rather than the default `theme_gray()`:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_gray()
```

For instance, Quang's go-to theme is `theme_light()`

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_light()
```

There are options such as `theme_minimal()`:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_minimal()
```

or `theme_classic()`:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_classic()
```

or `theme_bw()`:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_bw()
```

There are also packages with popular, such as the `ggthemes` package which includes, for example, `theme_economist()`:

```{r}
library(ggthemes)
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_economist()
```

and `theme_fivethirtyeight()`, to name a couple:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_fivethirtyeight()
```

With any theme you have picked, you can then modify specific components directly using the `theme()` layer. There are [many aspects of the plot's theme to modify](https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/theme.html), such as my decision to move the legend to the bottom of the figure, drop the legend title, and increase the font size for the y-axis:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       title = "Joint distribution of three-pointers and offensive rebounds",
       subtitle = "NBA statistics from 2021-2022 season",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_light() +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom",
        legend.title = element_blank(),
        axis.text.y = element_text(size = 14),
        axis.text.x = element_text(size = 6))
```

If you're tired of explicitly customizing every plot in the same way all the time, then you should make a custom theme. It's quite easy to make a custom theme for `ggplot2` and of course [there are an incredible number of ways to customize your theme](https://themockup.blog/posts/2020-12-26-creating-and-using-custom-ggplot2-themes/). Below, we modify `theme_bw()` using the `%+replace%` argument to a new customized theme named `theme_cus()` - which is stored as a function:

```{r}
theme_cus <- function() {
  # start with the base font size
  theme_bw(base_size = 10) %+replace%
    theme(
      panel.background  = element_blank(),
      plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent", color = NA), 
      legend.position = "bottom",
      legend.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent", color = NA),
      legend.key = element_rect(fill = "transparent", color = NA),
      axis.ticks = element_blank(),
      panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "grey90", linewidth = 0.3), 
      panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
      plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5, face = "bold", 
                                margin = margin(b = 0.2, unit = "cm")),
      plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5, 
                                   margin = margin(b = 0.2, unit = "cm")),
      plot.caption = element_text(size = 7, hjust = 1, face = "italic", 
                                  margin = margin(t = 0.1, unit = "cm")),
      axis.text.x = element_text(size = 13),
      axis.text.y = element_text(size = 13)
    )
}
```

Create the plot from before with this theme:

```{r}
nba_stats |>
  ggplot(aes(x = offensive_rebounds, y = three_pointers, color = minutes_played)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_viridis_c() +
  labs(x = "Offensive rebounds", 
       y = "Three-pointers",
       title = "Joint distribution of three-pointers and offensive rebounds",
       subtitle = "NBA statistics from 2021-2022 season",
       color = "Minutes played") +
  theme_cus()
```