Supplementary materials

Accompanies the article “Later-life education slows cognitive decline: a long-term prospective interventional study”

Table S1.

Term	Chi.sq	df	p.value
test	13.2	17	0.722
Time	291.5	1	<0.001
group	10.6	1	0.001
test:Time	489.8	17	<0.001
test:group	31.6	17	0.017
Time:group	23.7	1	<0.001
test:Time:group	31.9	17	0.016

Term	Chi.sq	df	p.value
`Prior CR`	41.5	1	<0.001
age_z	58.5	1	<0.001
test	6.6	17	0.99
Time	222.3	1	<0.001
group	2.2	1	0.14
age_z:test	203.0	17	<0.001
test:Time	402.6	17	<0.001
Time:group	24.0	1	<0.001
test:group	27.8	17	0.05
test:Time:group	28.2	17	0.04

	value		value
Predictors	Estimates	CI	Estimates	CI
(Intercept)	-0.205	-0.368 – -0.042	-0.127	-0.284 – 0.030
test: cowat tot z	0.120	-0.091 – 0.332	0.066	-0.143 – 0.275
test: lmi unit tot z	-0.195	-0.389 – -0.001	-0.235	-0.430 – -0.040
test: lmii unit tot z	-0.167	-0.362 – 0.028	-0.203	-0.397 – -0.009
test: pal ftm score z	-0.064	-0.269 – 0.141	-0.102	-0.304 – 0.101
test: reversed log pal te 6 score z	0.016	-0.191 – 0.222	-0.023	-0.226 – 0.180
test: ravlt arcl raw z	0.045	-0.165 – 0.255	-0.012	-0.220 – 0.196
test: ravlt t 15 tot z	0.030	-0.177 – 0.237	-0.016	-0.220 – 0.189
test: rcft rcl raw z	-0.283	-0.475 – -0.091	-0.320	-0.511 – -0.129
test: rvp a z	-0.105	-0.309 – 0.099	-0.126	-0.327 – 0.076
test: ssp len z	-0.106	-0.316 – 0.103	-0.157	-0.363 – 0.048
test: reversed log stroop c time z	-0.022	-0.229 – 0.186	-0.045	-0.249 – 0.160
test: reversed log swm be z	0.054	-0.165 – 0.273	0.021	-0.197 – 0.238
test: reversed log tmt b time z	-0.077	-0.273 – 0.119	-0.117	-0.306 – 0.073
test: wais com raw z	-0.064	-0.254 – 0.126	-0.121	-0.309 – 0.068
test: wais ds raw z	0.157	-0.064 – 0.377	0.107	-0.112 – 0.326
test: wais lns raw z	0.085	-0.117 – 0.286	0.048	-0.154 – 0.249
test: reversed log wais voc raw z	-0.031	-0.216 – 0.153	-0.081	-0.263 – 0.101
Time	-0.008	-0.037 – 0.020	0.001	-0.029 – 0.031
Educational intervention group: Intervention	0.078	-0.106 – 0.261	0.015	-0.165 – 0.196
testcowat_tot_z:Time	0.044	0.004 – 0.084	0.049	0.007 – 0.091
testlmi_unit_tot_z:Time	0.086	0.047 – 0.126	0.106	0.065 – 0.147
testlmii_unit_tot_z:Time	0.085	0.046 – 0.125	0.108	0.066 – 0.149
testpal_ftm_score_z:Time	0.026	-0.014 – 0.066	0.071	0.029 – 0.113
testreversed_log_pal_te6_score_z:Time	0.036	-0.004 – 0.076	0.063	0.021 – 0.105
testravlt_arcl_raw_z:Time	-0.039	-0.078 – 0.001	-0.017	-0.058 – 0.025
testravlt_t15_tot_z:Time	-0.054	-0.094 – -0.015	-0.013	-0.055 – 0.028
testrcft_rcl_raw_z:Time	0.103	0.064 – 0.143	0.121	0.079 – 0.162
testrvp_a_z:Time	0.042	0.001 – 0.082	0.073	0.031 – 0.115
testssp_len_z:Time	0.050	0.009 – 0.090	0.086	0.044 – 0.128
testreversed_log_stroop_c_time_z:Time	0.026	-0.014 – 0.066	0.063	0.021 – 0.105
testreversed_log_swm_be_z:Time	-0.007	-0.048 – 0.033	0.024	-0.019 – 0.066
testreversed_log_tmt_b_time_z:Time	0.039	-0.001 – 0.079	0.078	0.037 – 0.120
testwais_com_raw_z:Time	-0.016	-0.056 – 0.023	-0.020	-0.061 – 0.022
testwais_ds_raw_z:Time	-0.001	-0.041 – 0.039	0.004	-0.039 – 0.046
testwais_lns_raw_z:Time	-0.007	-0.046 – 0.033	0.016	-0.025 – 0.058
testreversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z:Time	-0.011	-0.051 – 0.028	-0.024	-0.065 – 0.018
testcowat_tot_z:groupIntervention	-0.098	-0.336 – 0.141	-0.117	-0.357 – 0.122
testlmi_unit_tot_z:groupIntervention	0.075	-0.144 – 0.294	0.007	-0.216 – 0.230
testlmii_unit_tot_z:groupIntervention	0.027	-0.193 – 0.247	-0.039	-0.261 – 0.184
testpal_ftm_score_z:groupIntervention	0.132	-0.100 – 0.363	-0.006	-0.238 – 0.226
testreversed_log_pal_te6_score_z:groupIntervention	0.055	-0.177 – 0.288	-0.040	-0.273 – 0.192
testravlt_arcl_raw_z:groupIntervention	0.166	-0.071 – 0.402	0.069	-0.170 – 0.307
testravlt_t15_tot_z:groupIntervention	0.171	-0.062 – 0.404	0.029	-0.206 – 0.263
testrcft_rcl_raw_z:groupIntervention	0.179	-0.038 – 0.395	0.116	-0.103 – 0.334
testrvp_a_z:groupIntervention	0.100	-0.129 – 0.330	0.001	-0.230 – 0.232
testssp_len_z:groupIntervention	0.292	0.056 – 0.528	0.165	-0.071 – 0.401
testreversed_log_stroop_c_time_z:groupIntervention	0.102	-0.132 – 0.336	-0.044	-0.279 – 0.190
testreversed_log_swm_be_z:groupIntervention	0.058	-0.188 – 0.304	-0.040	-0.290 – 0.210
testreversed_log_tmt_b_time_z:groupIntervention	0.174	-0.046 – 0.395	0.004	-0.213 – 0.222
testwais_com_raw_z:groupIntervention	0.146	-0.069 – 0.360	0.180	-0.037 – 0.396
testwais_ds_raw_z:groupIntervention	-0.040	-0.288 – 0.208	-0.083	-0.334 – 0.169
testwais_lns_raw_z:groupIntervention	0.077	-0.150 – 0.304	-0.015	-0.246 – 0.216
testreversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z:groupIntervention	0.126	-0.082 – 0.334	0.180	-0.029 – 0.388
Time:groupIntervention	0.043	0.010 – 0.075	0.043	0.011 – 0.075
testcowat_tot_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.050	-0.096 – -0.005	-0.055	-0.101 – -0.009
testlmi_unit_tot_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.024	-0.069 – 0.021	-0.025	-0.070 – 0.020
testlmii_unit_tot_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.010	-0.055 – 0.036	-0.013	-0.058 – 0.032
testpal_ftm_score_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.015	-0.061 – 0.030	-0.020	-0.066 – 0.026
testreversed_log_pal_te6_score_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.031	-0.077 – 0.014	-0.033	-0.079 – 0.013
testravlt_arcl_raw_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.005	-0.051 – 0.040	-0.002	-0.048 – 0.043
testravlt_t15_tot_z:Time:groupIntervention	0.015	-0.030 – 0.061	0.013	-0.032 – 0.058
testrcft_rcl_raw_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.032	-0.078 – 0.013	-0.029	-0.074 – 0.016
testrvp_a_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.023	-0.069 – 0.024	-0.025	-0.071 – 0.021
testssp_len_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.084	-0.130 – -0.038	-0.083	-0.130 – -0.037
testreversed_log_stroop_c_time_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.033	-0.079 – 0.013	-0.028	-0.074 – 0.018
testreversed_log_swm_be_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.011	-0.057 – 0.035	-0.017	-0.063 – 0.030
testreversed_log_tmt_b_time_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.049	-0.094 – -0.003	-0.034	-0.080 – 0.011
testwais_com_raw_z:Time:groupIntervention	0.001	-0.045 – 0.046	-0.005	-0.051 – 0.040
testwais_ds_raw_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.025	-0.071 – 0.020	-0.022	-0.067 – 0.024
testwais_lns_raw_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.033	-0.079 – 0.012	-0.033	-0.078 – 0.012
testreversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z:Time:groupIntervention	-0.011	-0.056 – 0.034	-0.016	-0.061 – 0.030
Prior Cognitive Reserve(z)			0.143	0.100 – 0.187
age z			-0.086	-0.156 – -0.016
age_z:testcowat_tot_z			0.022	-0.070 – 0.115
age_z:testlmi_unit_tot_z			-0.126	-0.211 – -0.042
age_z:testlmii_unit_tot_z			-0.128	-0.212 – -0.043
age_z:testpal_ftm_score_z			-0.244	-0.332 – -0.155
age_z:testreversed_log_pal_te6_score_z			-0.179	-0.268 – -0.090
age_z:testravlt_arcl_raw_z			-0.148	-0.239 – -0.056
age_z:testravlt_t15_tot_z			-0.233	-0.323 – -0.144
age_z:testrcft_rcl_raw_z			-0.126	-0.209 – -0.043
age_z:testrvp_a_z			-0.206	-0.295 – -0.118
age_z:testssp_len_z			-0.212	-0.303 – -0.121
age_z:testreversed_log_stroop_c_time_z			-0.273	-0.363 – -0.183
age_z:testreversed_log_swm_be_z			-0.179	-0.276 – -0.082
age_z:testreversed_log_tmt_b_time_z			-0.310	-0.391 – -0.228
age_z:testwais_com_raw_z			0.083	0.001 – 0.164
age_z:testwais_ds_raw_z			-0.032	-0.129 – 0.066
age_z:testwais_lns_raw_z			-0.149	-0.237 – -0.061
age_z:testreversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z			0.123	0.045 – 0.201
Random Effects
σ²	0.39		0.39
τ₀₀	0.50 _Participant		0.44 _Participant
τ₁₁	0.77 _{Participant.testcowat_tot_z}		0.74 _{Participant.testcowat_tot_z}
	0.59 _{Participant.testlmi_unit_tot_z}		0.59 _{Participant.testlmi_unit_tot_z}
	0.60 _{Participant.testlmii_unit_tot_z}		0.58 _{Participant.testlmii_unit_tot_z}
	0.70 _{Participant.testpal_ftm_score_z}		0.67 _{Participant.testpal_ftm_score_z}
	0.71 _{Participant.testreversed_log_pal_te6_score_z}		0.67 _{Participant.testreversed_log_pal_te6_score_z}
	0.75 _{Participant.testravlt_arcl_raw_z}		0.73 _{Participant.testravlt_arcl_raw_z}
	0.72 _{Participant.testravlt_t15_tot_z}		0.69 _{Participant.testravlt_t15_tot_z}
	0.57 _{Participant.testrcft_rcl_raw_z}		0.55 _{Participant.testrcft_rcl_raw_z}
	0.68 _{Participant.testrvp_a_z}		0.65 _{Participant.testrvp_a_z}
	0.75 _{Participant.testssp_len_z}		0.70 _{Participant.testssp_len_z}
	0.73 _{Participant.testreversed_log_stroop_c_time_z}		0.69 _{Participant.testreversed_log_stroop_c_time_z}
	0.85 _{Participant.testreversed_log_swm_be_z}		0.83 _{Participant.testreversed_log_swm_be_z}
	0.60 _{Participant.testreversed_log_tmt_b_time_z}		0.53 _{Participant.testreversed_log_tmt_b_time_z}
	0.54 _{Participant.testwais_com_raw_z}		0.53 _{Participant.testwais_com_raw_z}
	0.87 _{Participant.testwais_ds_raw_z}		0.85 _{Participant.testwais_ds_raw_z}
	0.66 _{Participant.testwais_lns_raw_z}		0.66 _{Participant.testwais_lns_raw_z}
	0.49 _{Participant.testreversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z}		0.46 _{Participant.testreversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z}
ρ₀₁	-0.49		-0.46
	-0.43		-0.38
	-0.46		-0.41
	-0.56		-0.56
	-0.64		-0.61
	-0.56		-0.51
	-0.50		-0.48
	-0.55		-0.54
	-0.44		-0.45
	-0.59		-0.61
	-0.46		-0.51
	-0.59		-0.60
	-0.46		-0.50
	-0.51		-0.50
	-0.51		-0.49
	-0.45		-0.44
	-0.34		-0.31
ICC	0.60		0.59
N	485 _Participant		485 _Participant
Observations	37291		37291
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.020 / 0.608		0.079 / 0.620

Experimental group trajectories for each cognitive test instrument, with and without adjustment for prior cognitive reserve and age. Reported p-values are taken from analysis of deviance tables. Tables of coefficients are also shown which include 95% confidence intervals.

Table S2.

## $emtrends
## test = reversed_log_bnt_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.00114 0.01524 37028 -0.028732   0.0310
##  Intervention    0.04422 0.00954 37028  0.025532   0.0629
## 
## test = cowat_tot_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.05002 0.01562 37028  0.019400   0.0806
##  Intervention    0.03792 0.01008 37028  0.018166   0.0577
## 
## test = lmi_unit_tot_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.10738 0.01532 37028  0.077365   0.1374
##  Intervention    0.12571 0.00988 37028  0.106342   0.1451
## 
## test = lmii_unit_tot_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.10884 0.01530 37028  0.078855   0.1388
##  Intervention    0.13907 0.00981 37028  0.119853   0.1583
## 
## test = pal_ftm_score_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.07191 0.01550 37028  0.041528   0.1023
##  Intervention    0.09528 0.00972 37028  0.076226   0.1143
## 
## test = reversed_log_pal_te6_score_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.06444 0.01543 37028  0.034199   0.0947
##  Intervention    0.07430 0.00960 37028  0.055485   0.0931
## 
## test = ravlt_arcl_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control        -0.01539 0.01530 37028 -0.045373   0.0146
##  Intervention    0.02540 0.00978 37028  0.006218   0.0446
## 
## test = ravlt_t15_tot_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control        -0.01219 0.01530 37028 -0.042165   0.0178
##  Intervention    0.04396 0.00980 37028  0.024754   0.0632
## 
## test = rcft_rcl_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.12172 0.01525 37028  0.091835   0.1516
##  Intervention    0.13582 0.00956 37028  0.117083   0.1546
## 
## test = rvp_a_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.07391 0.01586 37028  0.042817   0.1050
##  Intervention    0.09204 0.01013 37028  0.072178   0.1119
## 
## test = ssp_len_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.08708 0.01562 37028  0.056462   0.1177
##  Intervention    0.04668 0.00974 37028  0.027587   0.0658
## 
## test = reversed_log_stroop_c_time_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.06444 0.01554 37028  0.033983   0.0949
##  Intervention    0.07977 0.00985 37028  0.060454   0.0991
## 
## test = reversed_log_swm_be_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.02465 0.01585 37028 -0.006406   0.0557
##  Intervention    0.05096 0.01004 37028  0.031283   0.0706
## 
## test = reversed_log_tmt_b_time_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.07922 0.01541 37028  0.049020   0.1094
##  Intervention    0.08782 0.00965 37028  0.068904   0.1067
## 
## test = wais_com_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control        -0.01857 0.01529 37028 -0.048536   0.0114
##  Intervention    0.01919 0.00964 37028  0.000305   0.0381
## 
## test = wais_ds_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.00484 0.01562 37028 -0.025771   0.0355
##  Intervention    0.02614 0.01014 37028  0.006263   0.0460
## 
## test = wais_lns_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control         0.01724 0.01545 37028 -0.013034   0.0475
##  Intervention    0.02744 0.00993 37028  0.007970   0.0469
## 
## test = reversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z:
##  group        Time.trend      SE    df  lower.CL upper.CL
##  Control        -0.02242 0.01547 37028 -0.052735   0.0079
##  Intervention    0.00512 0.00994 37028 -0.014370   0.0246
## 
## Confidence level used: 0.95 
## 
## $contrasts
## test = reversed_log_bnt_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.04309 0.0165 37028 -2.618  0.0088 
## 
## test = cowat_tot_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention  0.01210 0.0165 37028  0.731  0.4646 
## 
## test = lmi_unit_tot_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.01832 0.0162 37028 -1.133  0.2574 
## 
## test = lmii_unit_tot_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.03024 0.0162 37028 -1.863  0.0625 
## 
## test = pal_ftm_score_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.02337 0.0167 37028 -1.402  0.1610 
## 
## test = reversed_log_pal_te6_score_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.00986 0.0167 37028 -0.592  0.5542 
## 
## test = ravlt_arcl_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.04078 0.0163 37028 -2.507  0.0122 
## 
## test = ravlt_t15_tot_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.05614 0.0162 37028 -3.457  0.0005 
## 
## test = rcft_rcl_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.01411 0.0164 37028 -0.858  0.3908 
## 
## test = rvp_a_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.01813 0.0169 37028 -1.071  0.2841 
## 
## test = ssp_len_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention  0.04041 0.0169 37028  2.395  0.0166 
## 
## test = reversed_log_stroop_c_time_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.01533 0.0166 37028 -0.924  0.3553 
## 
## test = reversed_log_swm_be_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.02630 0.0170 37028 -1.547  0.1218 
## 
## test = reversed_log_tmt_b_time_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.00861 0.0166 37028 -0.520  0.6033 
## 
## test = wais_com_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.03777 0.0164 37028 -2.299  0.0215 
## 
## test = wais_ds_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.02129 0.0165 37028 -1.294  0.1956 
## 
## test = wais_lns_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.01020 0.0164 37028 -0.623  0.5334 
## 
## test = reversed_log_wais_voc_raw_z:
##  contrast               estimate     SE    df t.ratio p.value
##  Control - Intervention -0.02753 0.0164 37028 -1.678  0.0933

Estimated marginal mean trends for experimental groups, adjusted for prior cognitive reserve and age.

Table S3.

	value
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	-0.223	-0.315 – -0.131	<0.001
Prior Cognitive Reserve(z)	0.147	0.105 – 0.190	<0.001
Time	0.063	0.045 – 0.080	<0.001
scale(age_1)	-0.183	-0.278 – -0.087	<0.001
Educational intervention group: Intervention	0.051	-0.055 – 0.157	0.344
Time:scale(age_1)	-0.027	-0.037 – -0.017	<0.001
Time:groupIntervention	0.007	-0.013 – 0.026	0.498
scale(age_1):groupIntervention	-0.001	-0.108 – 0.107	0.991
Time:scale(age_1):groupIntervention	0.009	-0.002 – 0.020	0.122
Random Effects
σ²	0.73
τ₀₀ _Participant	0.20
ICC	0.21
N _Participant	485
Observations	37291
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.070 / 0.268

Three-way age x Time x group interaction, adjusted for prior cognitive reserve.

Table S4.

Term	Chi.sq	df	p.value
Time	120.2	1	<0.001
scale(`Academic Load`)	6.4	1	0.01
Time:scale(`Academic Load`)	3.3	1	0.07

	value
Predictors	Estimates	CI
(Intercept)	-0.103	-0.149 – -0.058
Time	0.029	0.024 – 0.034
scale(Academic Load)	0.061	0.014 – 0.107
Time : scale(Academic Load)	0.004	-0.000 – 0.009
Random Effects
σ²	0.73
τ₀₀ _Participant	0.24
τ₁₁ _{Participant.Time}	0.00
ρ₀₁ _Participant	0.54
ICC	0.26
N _Participant	485
Observations	37291
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.009 / 0.271

Term	Chi.sq	df	p.value
`Prior CR`	46.7	1	<0.001
scale(age_1)	103.8	1	<0.001
Time	244.0	1	<0.001
test	4.9	17	1.00
scale(`Academic Load`)	1.5	1	0.23
Time:test	329.4	17	<0.001
Time:scale(`Academic Load`)	4.8	1	0.03
test:scale(`Academic Load`)	44.5	17	<0.001
Time:test:scale(`Academic Load`)	9.2	17	0.93

Testing the association between academic load (in %FTE) and cognitive test-specific trajectories, adjusted for age and prior cognitive reserve.

Table S5.

Term	SS	num. df	denom. df	F	p.value
group	4.9	1	515.0	6.6	0.01
Time	53.1	1	37219.8	72.2	<0.001
`Prior CR`	11.7	1	519.0	15.9	<0.001
group:Time	8.6	1	37219.8	11.7	<0.001
group:`Prior CR`	0.1	1	519.0	0.1	0.77
Time:`Prior CR`	0.3	1	37262.5	0.4	0.53
group:Time:`Prior CR`	0.0	1	37262.5	0.0	0.90

Term	SS	num. df	denom. df	F	p.value
age_z	47.9	1	541.6	65.3	<0.001
Time	163.3	1	1616.6	222.3	<0.001
group	0.7	1	519.1	0.9	0.34
`Prior CR`	19.3	1	524.6	26.3	<0.001
age_z:Time	58.0	1	37260.7	78.9	<0.001
Time:group	3.2	1	37239.3	4.4	0.04
Time:`Prior CR`	1.7	1	37278.9	2.3	0.13
group:`Prior CR`	0.1	1	524.3	0.2	0.66
Time:group:`Prior CR`	0.0	1	37279.8	0.1	0.82

	value		value
Predictors	Estimates	CI	Estimates	CI
(Intercept)	-0.222	-0.324 – -0.121	-0.217	-0.310 – -0.125
Educational intervention group: Intervention	0.149	0.035 – 0.263	0.051	-0.055 – 0.158
Time	0.014	0.005 – 0.024	0.059	0.047 – 0.071
Prior Cognitive Reserve(z)	0.104	0.008 – 0.201	0.121	0.033 – 0.209
groupIntervention:Time	0.019	0.008 – 0.030
groupIntervention:Prior CR	0.017	-0.094 – 0.128	0.023	-0.078 – 0.123
Time:Prior CR	0.002	-0.007 – 0.012	0.004	-0.006 – 0.013
groupIntervention:Time:Prior CR	-0.001	-0.012 – 0.011
age z			-0.182	-0.226 – -0.138
age_z:Time			-0.021	-0.025 – -0.016
Time:groupIntervention			0.012	0.001 – 0.023
Time:groupIntervention:Prior CR			0.001	-0.010 – 0.013
Random Effects
σ²	0.74		0.73
τ₀₀	0.24 _Participant		0.20 _Participant
ICC	0.25		0.21
N	485 _Participant		485 _Participant
Observations	37291		37291
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.025 / 0.268		0.070 / 0.268

Testing the association between prior cognitive reserve and experimental group trajectories, with and without adjusting for the main effect of age and the interaction between age and Time.