---
name: dotnet-grpc
description: "Building gRPC services. Proto definition, code-gen, ASP.NET Core host, streaming, auth."
---

# dotnet-grpc

Full gRPC lifecycle for .NET applications. Covers `.proto` service definition, code generation, ASP.NET Core gRPC server implementation and endpoint hosting, `Grpc.Net.Client` client patterns, all four streaming patterns (unary, server streaming, client streaming, bidirectional streaming), authentication, load balancing, and health checks.

**Out of scope:** Source generator authoring patterns (incremental generator API, Roslyn syntax trees) -- see [skill:dotnet-csharp-source-generators]. HTTP client factory patterns and resilience pipeline configuration -- see [skill:dotnet-http-client] and [skill:dotnet-resilience]. Native AOT architecture and trimming strategies -- see [skill:dotnet-native-aot] for AOT compilation, [skill:dotnet-aot-architecture] for AOT-first design patterns, and [skill:dotnet-trimming] for trim-safe development.

Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-resilience] for retry/circuit-breaker on gRPC channels, [skill:dotnet-serialization] for Protobuf wire format details. See [skill:dotnet-integration-testing] for testing gRPC services.

---

## Proto Definition and Code Generation

### Project Setup

gRPC uses Protocol Buffers as its interface definition language. The `Grpc.Tools` package generates C# code from `.proto` files at build time.

**Server project:**

```xml
<ItemGroup>
  <PackageReference Include="Grpc.AspNetCore" Version="2.*" />
</ItemGroup>

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\*.proto" GrpcServices="Server" />
</ItemGroup>
```

**Client project:**

```xml
<ItemGroup>
  <PackageReference Include="Google.Protobuf" Version="3.*" />
  <PackageReference Include="Grpc.Net.Client" Version="2.*" />
  <PackageReference Include="Grpc.Tools" Version="2.*" PrivateAssets="All" />
</ItemGroup>

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\*.proto" GrpcServices="Client" />
</ItemGroup>
```

**Shared contracts project (recommended for larger services):**

```xml
<ItemGroup>
  <PackageReference Include="Google.Protobuf" Version="3.*" />
  <PackageReference Include="Grpc.Tools" Version="2.*" PrivateAssets="All" />
</ItemGroup>

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\*.proto" GrpcServices="Both" />
</ItemGroup>
```

### Proto File Definition

```protobuf
syntax = "proto3";

option csharp_namespace = "MyApp.Grpc";

package myapp;

import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";

// Service definition with all 4 streaming patterns
service OrderService {
  // Unary: single request, single response
  rpc GetOrder (GetOrderRequest) returns (OrderResponse);

  // Server streaming: single request, stream of responses
  rpc ListOrders (ListOrdersRequest) returns (stream OrderResponse);

  // Client streaming: stream of requests, single response
  rpc UploadOrders (stream CreateOrderRequest) returns (UploadOrdersResponse);

  // Bidirectional streaming: stream of requests, stream of responses
  rpc ProcessOrders (stream CreateOrderRequest) returns (stream OrderResponse);
}

message GetOrderRequest {
  int32 id = 1;
}

message ListOrdersRequest {
  string customer_id = 1;
  int32 page_size = 2;
  string page_token = 3;
}

message CreateOrderRequest {
  string customer_id = 1;
  repeated OrderItemMessage items = 2;
}

message OrderResponse {
  int32 id = 1;
  string customer_id = 2;
  repeated OrderItemMessage items = 3;
  google.protobuf.Timestamp created_at = 4;
}

message OrderItemMessage {
  string product_id = 1;
  int32 quantity = 2;
  double unit_price = 3;
}

message UploadOrdersResponse {
  int32 orders_created = 1;
}
```

### Code-Gen Workflow

The `Grpc.Tools` package runs the Protobuf compiler (`protoc`) and C# gRPC plugin at build time. Generated files appear in `obj/` and are included automatically:

1. Add `.proto` files to the project via `<Protobuf>` items
2. Set `GrpcServices` to `Server`, `Client`, or `Both`
3. Build the project -- generated C# types and service stubs appear in `obj/Debug/net10.0/Protos/`
4. Implement the generated abstract base class (server) or use the generated client class

The gRPC code-gen toolchain uses source generation to produce the C# stubs from `.proto` definitions. This is conceptually similar to [skill:dotnet-csharp-source-generators] but uses `protoc` rather than Roslyn incremental generators.

---

## ASP.NET Core gRPC Server

### Service Implementation

Implement the generated abstract base class:

```csharp
using Grpc.Core;
using MyApp.Grpc;

public sealed class OrderGrpcService(
    OrderRepository repository,
    ILogger<OrderGrpcService> logger) : OrderService.OrderServiceBase
{
    // Unary
    public override async Task<OrderResponse> GetOrder(
        GetOrderRequest request,
        ServerCallContext context)
    {
        var order = await repository.GetByIdAsync(request.Id, context.CancellationToken);
        if (order is null)
        {
            throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound,
                $"Order {request.Id} not found"));
        }

        return MapToResponse(order);
    }

    // Server streaming
    public override async Task ListOrders(
        ListOrdersRequest request,
        IServerStreamWriter<OrderResponse> responseStream,
        ServerCallContext context)
    {
        await foreach (var order in repository.ListByCustomerAsync(
            request.CustomerId, context.CancellationToken))
        {
            await responseStream.WriteAsync(MapToResponse(order),
                context.CancellationToken);
        }
    }

    // Client streaming
    public override async Task<UploadOrdersResponse> UploadOrders(
        IAsyncStreamReader<CreateOrderRequest> requestStream,
        ServerCallContext context)
    {
        var count = 0;
        await foreach (var request in requestStream.ReadAllAsync(
            context.CancellationToken))
        {
            await repository.CreateAsync(MapFromRequest(request),
                context.CancellationToken);
            count++;
        }

        return new UploadOrdersResponse { OrdersCreated = count };
    }

    // Bidirectional streaming
    public override async Task ProcessOrders(
        IAsyncStreamReader<CreateOrderRequest> requestStream,
        IServerStreamWriter<OrderResponse> responseStream,
        ServerCallContext context)
    {
        await foreach (var request in requestStream.ReadAllAsync(
            context.CancellationToken))
        {
            var order = await repository.CreateAsync(MapFromRequest(request),
                context.CancellationToken);
            await responseStream.WriteAsync(MapToResponse(order),
                context.CancellationToken);
        }
    }

    private static OrderResponse MapToResponse(Order order) =>
        new()
        {
            Id = order.Id,
            CustomerId = order.CustomerId,
            CreatedAt = Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes.Timestamp.FromDateTimeOffset(
                order.CreatedAt)
        };

    private static Order MapFromRequest(CreateOrderRequest request) =>
        new()
        {
            CustomerId = request.CustomerId,
            Items = request.Items.Select(i => new OrderItem
            {
                ProductId = i.ProductId,
                Quantity = i.Quantity,
                UnitPrice = (decimal)i.UnitPrice
            }).ToList()
        };
}
```

### Endpoint Hosting

Register gRPC services in the ASP.NET Core pipeline:

```csharp
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Add gRPC services
builder.Services.AddGrpc(options =>
{
    options.MaxReceiveMessageSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024; // 4 MB
    options.MaxSendMessageSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
    options.EnableDetailedErrors = builder.Environment.IsDevelopment();
});

var app = builder.Build();

// Map gRPC service endpoints
app.MapGrpcService<OrderGrpcService>();

app.Run();
```

### gRPC Reflection (Development)

Enable gRPC reflection for tools like `grpcurl` and `grpcui`:

```csharp
builder.Services.AddGrpc();
builder.Services.AddGrpcReflection();

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGrpcService<OrderGrpcService>();

if (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.MapGrpcReflectionService();
}
```

---

## Client Patterns with Grpc.Net.Client

### Basic Client

```csharp
using Grpc.Net.Client;
using MyApp.Grpc;

// Create a channel (reuse across calls -- channels are expensive to create)
using var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001");
var client = new OrderService.OrderServiceClient(channel);

// Unary call
var response = await client.GetOrderAsync(
    new GetOrderRequest { Id = 42 });
```

### DI-Registered Client with IHttpClientFactory

Register gRPC clients via `IHttpClientFactory` for connection pooling and resilience:

```csharp
builder.Services
    .AddGrpcClient<OrderService.OrderServiceClient>(options =>
    {
        options.Address = new Uri("https://order-service:5001");
    })
    .ConfigureChannel(options =>
    {
        options.MaxReceiveMessageSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
    });
```

Apply resilience via [skill:dotnet-resilience]:

```csharp
builder.Services
    .AddGrpcClient<OrderService.OrderServiceClient>(options =>
    {
        options.Address = new Uri("https://order-service:5001");
    })
    .AddStandardResilienceHandler();
```

### Reading Server Streams

```csharp
using var call = client.ListOrders(
    new ListOrdersRequest { CustomerId = "cust-123" });

await foreach (var order in call.ResponseStream.ReadAllAsync())
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Order {order.Id}: {order.CustomerId}");
}
```

### Client Streaming

```csharp
using var call = client.UploadOrders();

foreach (var order in ordersToCreate)
{
    await call.RequestStream.WriteAsync(new CreateOrderRequest
    {
        CustomerId = order.CustomerId
    });
}

// Signal completion
await call.RequestStream.CompleteAsync();

// Read the response
var response = await call;
Console.WriteLine($"Created {response.OrdersCreated} orders");
```

### Bidirectional Streaming

```csharp
using var call = client.ProcessOrders();

// Start reading responses in background
var readTask = Task.Run(async () =>
{
    await foreach (var response in call.ResponseStream.ReadAllAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Processed order {response.Id}");
    }
});

// Send requests
foreach (var order in ordersToProcess)
{
    await call.RequestStream.WriteAsync(new CreateOrderRequest
    {
        CustomerId = order.CustomerId
    });
}

await call.RequestStream.CompleteAsync();
await readTask;
```

---

## Streaming Patterns Summary

gRPC supports four communication patterns:

| Pattern | Request | Response | Use Case |
|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| **Unary** | Single message | Single message | Standard request-response (CRUD, queries) |
| **Server streaming** | Single message | Stream of messages | Real-time feeds, large result sets, push notifications |
| **Client streaming** | Stream of messages | Single message | Bulk uploads, aggregation, telemetry ingestion |
| **Bidirectional streaming** | Stream of messages | Stream of messages | Chat, real-time collaboration, event processing |

---

## Authentication

### Bearer Token (JWT)

Server-side authentication:

```csharp
builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
    .AddJwtBearer(options =>
    {
        options.Authority = "https://identity.example.com";
        options.TokenValidationParameters.ValidAudience = "order-api";
    });

builder.Services.AddAuthorization();
builder.Services.AddGrpc();

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();

app.MapGrpcService<OrderGrpcService>().RequireAuthorization();
```

Client-side token propagation:

```csharp
builder.Services
    .AddGrpcClient<OrderService.OrderServiceClient>(options =>
    {
        options.Address = new Uri("https://order-service:5001");
    })
    .AddCallCredentials(async (context, metadata, serviceProvider) =>
    {
        var tokenProvider = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ITokenProvider>();
        var token = await tokenProvider.GetTokenAsync(context.CancellationToken);
        metadata.Add("Authorization", $"Bearer {token}");
    });
```

### Certificate Authentication (mTLS)

For service-to-service authentication with mutual TLS:

```csharp
// Server: require client certificates
builder.WebHost.ConfigureKestrel(kestrel =>
{
    kestrel.ConfigureHttpsDefaults(https =>
    {
        https.ClientCertificateMode = ClientCertificateMode.RequireCertificate;
    });
});

builder.Services.AddAuthentication(CertificateAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
    .AddCertificate(options =>
    {
        options.AllowedCertificateTypes = CertificateTypes.Chained;
        options.RevocationMode = X509RevocationMode.NoCheck; // Configure per environment
    });
```

```csharp
// Client: provide client certificate
var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ClientCertificates.Add(
    new X509Certificate2("client.pfx", "password"));

using var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://order-service:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions
    {
        HttpHandler = handler
    });
```

---

## Load Balancing

### Client-Side Load Balancing

gRPC supports client-side load balancing with service discovery:

```csharp
// DNS-based service discovery with round-robin
builder.Services
    .AddGrpcClient<OrderService.OrderServiceClient>(options =>
    {
        options.Address = new Uri("dns:///order-service:5001");
    })
    .ConfigureChannel(options =>
    {
        options.Credentials = ChannelCredentials.Insecure;
        options.ServiceConfig = new ServiceConfig
        {
            LoadBalancingConfigs = { new RoundRobinConfig() }
        };
    });
```

### Proxy-Based Load Balancing

For environments with a load balancer (e.g., Kubernetes, Envoy, YARP):

- Use **L7 (HTTP/2-aware) load balancers** -- L4 load balancers route at the TCP level and pin all gRPC requests to a single backend because HTTP/2 multiplexes on a single connection.
- Envoy, Linkerd, and Kubernetes ingress controllers with gRPC support distribute requests at the RPC level.
- Configure `SocketsHttpHandler.EnableMultipleHttp2Connections = true` to allow multiple connections when behind a proxy:

```csharp
builder.Services
    .AddGrpcClient<OrderService.OrderServiceClient>(options =>
    {
        options.Address = new Uri("https://order-service-lb:5001");
    })
    .ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() => new SocketsHttpHandler
    {
        EnableMultipleHttp2Connections = true
    });
```

---

## Health Checks

### gRPC Health Check Protocol

Implement the standard gRPC health checking protocol (`grpc.health.v1.Health`) so orchestrators and load balancers can probe service status:

```csharp
builder.Services.AddGrpc();
builder.Services.AddGrpcHealthChecks()
    .AddCheck("database", () =>
    {
        // Custom health check logic
        return HealthCheckResult.Healthy();
    });

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGrpcService<OrderGrpcService>();
app.MapGrpcHealthChecksService();
```

### Integration with ASP.NET Core Health Checks

gRPC health checks integrate with the standard ASP.NET Core health check system:

```csharp
builder.Services.AddHealthChecks()
    .AddNpgSql(
        builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("OrderDb")!,
        name: "order-db",
        tags: ["ready"]);

builder.Services.AddGrpc();
builder.Services.AddGrpcHealthChecks()
    .AddAsyncCheck("order-db", async (sp, ct) =>
    {
        var healthCheckService = sp.GetRequiredService<HealthCheckService>();
        var report = await healthCheckService.CheckHealthAsync(
            r => r.Tags.Contains("ready"), ct);
        return report.Status == HealthStatus.Healthy
            ? HealthCheckResult.Healthy()
            : HealthCheckResult.Unhealthy();
    });
```

### Kubernetes Probes for gRPC

```yaml
# Use grpc health check probe (Kubernetes 1.24+)
livenessProbe:
  grpc:
    port: 5001
  initialDelaySeconds: 10
  periodSeconds: 15

readinessProbe:
  grpc:
    port: 5001
  initialDelaySeconds: 5
  periodSeconds: 10
```

---

## Interceptors

gRPC interceptors are middleware for gRPC calls, analogous to ASP.NET Core middleware or HTTP DelegatingHandlers.

### Server Interceptor

```csharp
public sealed class LoggingInterceptor(ILogger<LoggingInterceptor> logger)
    : Interceptor
{
    public override async Task<TResponse> UnaryServerHandler<TRequest, TResponse>(
        TRequest request,
        ServerCallContext context,
        UnaryServerMethod<TRequest, TResponse> continuation)
    {
        var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
        try
        {
            var response = await continuation(request, context);
            logger.LogInformation(
                "gRPC {Method} completed in {ElapsedMs}ms",
                context.Method, stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
            return response;
        }
        catch (RpcException ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex,
                "gRPC {Method} failed with {StatusCode}",
                context.Method, ex.StatusCode);
            throw;
        }
    }
}

// Register
builder.Services.AddGrpc(options =>
{
    options.Interceptors.Add<LoggingInterceptor>();
});
```

### Client Interceptor

```csharp
public sealed class AuthInterceptor(ITokenProvider tokenProvider) : Interceptor
{
    public override AsyncUnaryCall<TResponse> AsyncUnaryCall<TRequest, TResponse>(
        TRequest request,
        ClientInterceptorContext<TRequest, TResponse> context,
        AsyncUnaryCallContinuation<TRequest, TResponse> continuation)
    {
        var token = tokenProvider.GetCachedToken();
        var headers = context.Options.Headers ?? new Metadata();
        headers.Add("Authorization", $"Bearer {token}");

        var newContext = new ClientInterceptorContext<TRequest, TResponse>(
            context.Method, context.Host,
            context.Options.WithHeaders(headers));

        return continuation(request, newContext);
    }
}
```

---

## Error Handling

### Status Codes

Map domain errors to gRPC status codes:

| gRPC Status | HTTP Equivalent | Use When |
|-------------|----------------|----------|
| `OK` | 200 | Success |
| `NotFound` | 404 | Resource does not exist |
| `InvalidArgument` | 400 | Client sent bad data |
| `PermissionDenied` | 403 | Caller lacks permission |
| `Unauthenticated` | 401 | No valid credentials |
| `AlreadyExists` | 409 | Duplicate creation attempt |
| `ResourceExhausted` | 429 | Rate limited |
| `Internal` | 500 | Unhandled server error |
| `Unavailable` | 503 | Transient failure -- safe to retry |
| `DeadlineExceeded` | 504 | Operation timed out |

### Rich Error Details

```csharp
// Server: throw with metadata
var status = new Status(StatusCode.InvalidArgument, "Validation failed");
var metadata = new Metadata
{
    { "field", "customer_id" },
    { "reason", "Customer ID is required" }
};
throw new RpcException(status, metadata);

// Client: read error metadata
try
{
    var response = await client.GetOrderAsync(request);
}
catch (RpcException ex) when (ex.StatusCode == StatusCode.InvalidArgument)
{
    var field = ex.Trailers.GetValue("field");
    var reason = ex.Trailers.GetValue("reason");
    logger.LogWarning("Validation error on {Field}: {Reason}", field, reason);
}
```

---

## Deadlines and Cancellation

Always set deadlines on gRPC calls to prevent indefinite waits:

```csharp
// Client: set a deadline
var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(10);
var response = await client.GetOrderAsync(
    new GetOrderRequest { Id = 42 },
    deadline: deadline);

// Server: check deadline and propagate cancellation
public override async Task<OrderResponse> GetOrder(
    GetOrderRequest request,
    ServerCallContext context)
{
    // context.CancellationToken is automatically cancelled when deadline expires
    var order = await repository.GetByIdAsync(request.Id, context.CancellationToken);
    // ...
}
```

---

## gRPC-Web for Browser Clients

Browsers do not support HTTP/2 trailers required by native gRPC. gRPC-Web is a protocol variant that works over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 without trailers, enabling browser JavaScript clients to call gRPC services.

### Server Configuration

```csharp
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddGrpc();
builder.Services.AddCors(options =>
{
    options.AddPolicy("GrpcWeb", policy =>
    {
        policy.WithOrigins("https://app.example.com")
              .AllowAnyHeader()
              .AllowAnyMethod()
              .WithExposedHeaders("Grpc-Status", "Grpc-Message", "Grpc-Encoding");
    });
});

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseRouting();
app.UseCors();
app.UseGrpcWeb(); // Must be between UseRouting and MapGrpcService

app.MapGrpcService<OrderGrpcService>()
    .EnableGrpcWeb()
    .RequireCors("GrpcWeb");
```

### JavaScript Client (grpc-web)

```javascript
// Using @improbable-eng/grpc-web or grpc-web package
import { OrderServiceClient } from './generated/order_grpc_web_pb';
import { GetOrderRequest } from './generated/order_pb';

const client = new OrderServiceClient('https://api.example.com');

const request = new GetOrderRequest();
request.setId(42);

client.getOrder(request, {}, (err, response) => {
    if (err) {
        console.error('gRPC error:', err.message);
        return;
    }
    console.log('Order:', response.toObject());
});
```

### Envoy Proxy Alternative

Instead of ASP.NET Core gRPC-Web middleware, you can use an Envoy proxy to translate gRPC-Web requests to native gRPC. This is useful when the gRPC service cannot be modified:

```yaml
# Envoy filter configuration
http_filters:
  - name: envoy.filters.http.grpc_web
    typed_config:
      "@type": type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.grpc_web.v3.GrpcWeb
  - name: envoy.filters.http.cors
    typed_config:
      "@type": type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.cors.v3.Cors
  - name: envoy.filters.http.router
    typed_config:
      "@type": type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.router.v3.Router
```

### gRPC-Web Limitations

- **Unary and server streaming only** -- client streaming and bidirectional streaming are not supported by gRPC-Web
- **No HTTP/2 trailers** -- status and trailing metadata are encoded in the response body
- **CORS required** -- cross-origin requests need explicit CORS configuration on the server
- **Consider SignalR for full-duplex browser communication** -- see [skill:dotnet-realtime-communication] for alternatives when bidirectional streaming is required

---

## Key Principles

- **Use `.proto` files as the contract** -- they are the single source of truth for the API shape, shared between client and server
- **Set `GrpcServices` on `<Protobuf>` items** -- `Server` for service projects, `Client` for consumer projects, `Both` for shared contracts
- **Reuse channels** -- `GrpcChannel` manages HTTP/2 connections; creating a new channel per call wastes resources
- **Register gRPC clients via DI** -- `AddGrpcClient` integrates with `IHttpClientFactory` for connection pooling and resilience
- **Always set deadlines** -- calls without deadlines can hang indefinitely if the server is slow or unreachable
- **Use L7 load balancers** -- L4 load balancers pin all traffic to one backend because HTTP/2 multiplexes on a single TCP connection
- **Implement the gRPC health check protocol** -- enables Kubernetes probes and load balancers to monitor service health
- **Use gRPC-Web for browser clients** -- native gRPC requires HTTP/2 trailers which browsers do not support; gRPC-Web bridges this gap

See [skill:dotnet-native-aot] for Native AOT compilation pipeline and [skill:dotnet-aot-architecture] for AOT-compatible patterns when building gRPC services with ahead-of-time compilation.

---

## Agent Gotchas

1. **Do not create a new `GrpcChannel` per request** -- channels are expensive to create and manage HTTP/2 connections. Reuse them or use DI-registered clients.
2. **Do not omit `GrpcServices` on `<Protobuf>` items** -- the default is `Both`, which generates server and client stubs. This bloats client projects with unused server code and vice versa.
3. **Do not use L4 load balancers for gRPC without enabling `EnableMultipleHttp2Connections`** -- HTTP/2 multiplexing means a single connection handles all RPCs, defeating load distribution.
4. **Do not throw generic `Exception` from gRPC services** -- throw `RpcException` with appropriate `StatusCode` and descriptive messages. Unhandled exceptions become `StatusCode.Internal` with no useful detail.
5. **Do not forget to call `CompleteAsync()` on client streams** -- the server waits for stream completion before sending its response. Forgetting this causes the call to hang.
6. **Do not use `grpc.health.v1.Health` without registering health checks** -- an empty health service always reports `Serving`, which defeats the purpose of health monitoring.
7. **Do not enable gRPC-Web globally without CORS** -- `UseGrpcWeb()` without a CORS policy allows any origin to call your gRPC services. Always pair with explicit `RequireCors()`.
8. **Do not attempt client streaming or bidirectional streaming with gRPC-Web** -- the gRPC-Web protocol only supports unary and server streaming. Use SignalR or native gRPC for full-duplex browser communication.

---

## Attribution

Adapted from [Aaronontheweb/dotnet-skills](https://github.com/Aaronontheweb/dotnet-skills) (MIT license).

---

## References

- [gRPC for .NET overview](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [Create a gRPC client and server](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/tutorials/grpc/grpc-start?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC client factory integration](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/clientfactory?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC services with ASP.NET Core](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/aspnetcore?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC health checks](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/health-checks?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC load balancing](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/loadbalancing?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC authentication](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/authn-and-authz?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC interceptors](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/interceptors?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [gRPC-Web for .NET](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/grpcweb?view=aspnetcore-10.0)
- [Protocol Buffers language guide](https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/proto3/)