GPAI Training Transparency
Quality Assessment AI Act Article 53(1)(d) Public Summaries
The AI Act's Article 53(1)(d) requires General-Purpose AI (GPAI) model providers to publish "a sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training ... according to a template provided by the AI Office". Enforcement on this has started from 2nd August 2026. The AI Office is currently investigating compliance regarding public summaries as reported by Euractiv with non-compliance risking fines.
To support this, we discovered 66 public summaries, which we evaluate across two aspects: Transparency and Usefulness and assign a score using our developed methodology. Our findings expose challenges regarding accessibility, vagueness and incompleteness of information, and limitations this poses on rightsholders. We also highlight missing summaries for 48 models based on our preliminary analysis. Please get in touch if you find any summaries or would like to know more about our work.
See our peer-reviewed article: Dick A. H. Blankvoort, Harshvardhan J. Pandit, and Maximilian Gahntz (2026). Quality Assessment of Public Summary of Training Content for GPAI models required by AI Act Article 53(1)(d). 9th ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT), Montreal, Canada. Zenodo. DOI:10.1145/3805689.3806755
Media Coverage:
Euractiv "AI labs at odds with EU over half-hearted data disclosures (7 Aug 2026)
Euractiv "Researchers have trouble finding AI training data summaries (2 Mar 2026);
Tech Policy Press "How Big AI Developers are Skirting a Mandate for Training Data Transparency (4 Mar 2026).
The table below shows an overview evaluated public summaries with A+ as the highest grade score and F the lowest. You can also click on the columns to sort the table by name or by score. A separate list is provided further below with published summaries currently being evaluated, and another list for models which require a public summary is missing despite being necessary. You can click the model name to go to the detailed evaluation page which has more information, a link to the summary, and our evaluation notes. See detailed overview with scores for each section of the public summary. The list of summaries provides links to all found summaries.
Evaluated Public Summaries
| Model | Provider | Transparency | Usefulness |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baguettotron and Monad Pleias | Pleias | A+ | A+ |
| Pleias 1.0 Pleias | Pleias | A | A+ |
| Apertus Swiss AI Initiative | Swiss AI Initiative | A | A+ |
| Luciole Base OpenLLM France | OpenLLM France | A | A+ |
| FIBO Bria AI | Bria AI | B+ | A+ |
| Bria 3.2 Bria AI | Bria AI | B+ | A |
| Luciole Instruct 1.1 OpenLLM France | OpenLLM France | A | A |
| SmolLM3-3B HuggingFace | HuggingFace | B+ | B+ |
| Domyn Large Domyn | Domyn | B+ | B+ |
| Bielik v3 11B Instruct SpeakLeash | SpeakLeash | B+ | C+ |
| PLLuM-12B-base-2512 Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland | Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland | B+ | C+ |
| Adobe Firefly Adobe | Adobe | C+ | B+ |
| Nemotron 3 and 3.5 Family NVIDIA | NVIDIA | C+ | C+ |
| Inkling Thinking Machines | Thinking Machines | C+ | C+ |
| Inkling Small Thinking Machines | Thinking Machines | C+ | C+ |
| FLUX.3 Black Forest Labs | Black Forest Labs | B | C |
| Nova 2 Lite Amazon | Amazon | C+ | C+ |
| Nemotron Nano NVIDIA | NVIDIA | C+ | C+ |
| FastwebMIIA Fastweb | Fastweb | C | C+ |
| MAI Cyber 1 Flash Microsoft | Microsoft | C+ | C |
| MAI Code 1.1 Flash Microsoft | Microsoft | C+ | C |
| Minimax M3 Minimax | Minimax | C+ | D+ |
| MAI Code 1 Flash Microsoft | Microsoft | C+ | C |
| MAI-Image-2.5 Microsoft | Microsoft | C+ | D+ |
| Ministral 3 14B Mistral AI | Mistral AI | C | C |
| Ministral 3 3B Mistral AI | Mistral AI | C | C |
| Ministral 3 8B Mistral AI | Mistral AI | C | C |
| MAI-Image-2 Microsoft | Microsoft | C+ | D+ |
| GPT-5.6 Luna OpenAI | OpenAI | C+ | D+ |
| Apertus v1.5 Swiss AI Initiative | Swiss AI Initiative | C | C+ |
| GPT-5.5 OpenAI | OpenAI | C+ | D+ |
| GPT-6 Astra OpenAI | OpenAI | C+ | D+ |
| GPT-5.2 OpenAI | OpenAI | C+ | D+ |
| Muse Glimmer Meta AI | Meta AI | C+ | D+ |
| Hy3 Tencent | Tencent | C+ | C |
| Gemma 4 Google | C | C | |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google | C | C | |
| GPT-5.4 Nano OpenAI | OpenAI | C+ | D+ |
| GPT Image 2.0 OpenAI | OpenAI | C+ | D+ |
| Mistral Small 4 Mistral AI | Mistral AI | C | C |
| Mistral Large 3 Mistral AI | Mistral AI | C | C |
| Grok Voice Think Fast 2.0 xAI | xAI | C | C |
| Grok 4.5 xAI | xAI | C | C |
| Mythos 5.1 / Fable 5.1 Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| C4AI Command A Plus Cohere | Cohere | C | C |
| Claude Opus 5 Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| Claude Mythos Preview Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| Claude Opus 4.7 Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| Claude Opus 4.8 Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| Claude Sonnet 5 Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| Claude Mythos 5 / Claude Fable 5 Anthropic | Anthropic | C | D+ |
| Muse Image Meta | Meta | C | D+ |
| Muse Glimmer Meta AI | Meta AI | C | D+ |
| Muse Spark Meta | Meta | C | D+ |
| Phi 4 Reasoning Vision 15B Microsoft | Microsoft | C+ | D |
| Seed 2.0 Pro ByteDance | ByteDance | C | D+ |
| Seedance 2.5 ByteDance | ByteDance | C | D |
| Seedance 2.0 ByteDance | ByteDance | D+ | D |
| Seedream 5.0 Pro ByteDance | ByteDance | D+ | D |
| Midjourney Image and Video family of models Midjourney | Midjourney | D | D+ |
| DeepSeek-V4 DeepSeek | DeepSeek | D+ | D+ |
| Phi-4 Microsoft | Microsoft | D | F |
Summaries currently being evaluated
We are currently evaluating 4 public summaries. Their scores and our notes will be published shortly. In the meantime, you can access the public summary through the details page by clicking the model name.
| Model | Provider |
|---|---|
| MAI Thinking 1 Microsoft | Microsoft |
| Minimax H3 Minimax | Minimax |
| PLLuM-12B-instruct-2512 Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland | Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland |
| MAI-Image-2.6 Microsoft | Microsoft |
Models with missing summaries
Based on our preliminary analysis, we have assessed the following models as requiring a mandatory public summary, but which we could not discover.
| Model | Provider |
|---|---|
| Velvet 2B 1.5 Almawave | Almawave |
| FLUX.2 [dev] Black Forest Labs | Black Forest Labs |
| FLUX.2 [max] Black Forest Labs | Black Forest Labs |
| VITRA Microsoft | Microsoft |
| Palmyra X6 WRITER | WRITER |
| Granite 4.1 IBM | IBM |
| Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite Google | |
| Devstral 2 Mistral | Mistral |
| Veo 3.1 Google | |
| Palmyra X5 WRITER | WRITER |
| Claude Opus 4.6 Anthropic | Anthropic |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 Anthropic | Anthropic |
| Gemini Flash 3.1 Lite Google | |
| Tiny Aya Base Cohere | Cohere |
| North Mini Code 1.0 Cohere | Cohere |
| Gemini 3.7 Flash Google | |
| Nova 2 Sonic Amazon | Amazon |
| FLUX.2 Black Forest Labs | Black Forest Labs |
| GPT-5.6 Sol OpenAI | OpenAI |
| DiffusionGemma 26B A4B IT Google | |
| Gemini 3.5 Flash Cyber Google | |
| GPT-OSS OpenAI | OpenAI |
| Gemini Robotics ER 1.6 Google | |
| Granite 4.2 IBM | IBM |
| North Micro Vision Instruct Cohere | Cohere |
| GPT-5.6 Terra OpenAI | OpenAI |
| Apriel 1.5 15B Thinker ServiceNow | ServiceNow |
| Gemini Robotics ER 2 Google | |
| Granite 4.1 Vision IBM | IBM |
| Gemini Robotics 1.5 Google | |
| Imagen 4 Fast Google | |
| Veo 3.1 Google | |
| Velvet 25B Almawave | Almawave |
| Gemini Omni Google | |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 Anthropic | Anthropic |
| FLUX.2 Klein Black Forest Labs | Black Forest Labs |
| FIBO 1.5 Bria AI | Bria AI |
| Granite 4.0 H IBM | IBM |
| Claude Opus 4.5 Anthropic | Anthropic |
| Sora 2 OpenAI | OpenAI |
| Velvet 2B Speech Almawave | Almawave |
| Claude Opus 4.1 Anthropic | Anthropic |
| Devstral Small Mistral | Mistral |
| FLUX.2 [pro] Black Forest Labs | Black Forest Labs |
| Gemini 2.5 Flash Image Google | |
| Gemini 3.6 Flash Google | |
| Gemini Robotics ER 1.5 Google | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic | Anthropic |
Why we started this project:
- We contend that compliance cannot be fait accompli, and that the public summaries are a key factor in creating transparency and enabling rights enforcement. Towards this, our work also acts as a guide for providers who are yet to publish their summaries to consider how to do so with the highest possible quality and utility.
- Compliance also invites practices that are intentionally or unintentionally deficient in achieving the goals. Our work serves as a useful tool for describing how and where and why certain practices are 'bad', e.g., where they use obfuscation, do not provide stated information. Using this, we can detect trends or patterns in whether the same issues occur in many summaries, and if so, how they can be collectively addressed through guidance, or enforced with priority.
- The largest challenge in undertaking this work has been finding public summaries as there is no consistent format or practice for how they should be provided. For this, we provide recommendations.
- The template for public summaries provided by the AI Office is intended to be revised with time to improve the state of documentation as well as to better guide the providers. We also provide recommendations for these to improve the quality and accessibility of the public summaries.