{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# 前情提要\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"* 認識 Python\n",
"* 基本運算\n",
" - 加減乘除\n",
" - 取餘數\n",
" - 指數\n",
" - 複數\n",
" - 除法，無條件捨去到個位數 (//)\n",
" - 絕對值 (abs)\n",
" - 四捨五入 (round)\n",
"* 型別\n",
" - 基本型別\n",
" + int\n",
" + float\n",
" + str\n",
" * `\"`\n",
" * `'`\n",
" * `\"\"\"`\n",
" * `'''`\n",
" * `\\` escape\n",
" + tuple\n",
" + list\n",
" + dict\n",
" + set\n",
" * `|`\n",
" * `&`\n",
" * `^`\n",
"* 輔助工具\n",
" - dir\n",
" - help\n",
" - type\n",
"* 賦值 (Assign)\n",
"* 真偽值\n",
" - True/False\n",
" - `>` `>=` `<` `<=` `==` `!=` `in`\n",
" - and/or/not\n",
" - is\n",
" - 各種 empty 狀況\n",
" + 0, 1\n",
" + \"\", \"abc\"\n",
" + (,), (1, 2)\n",
" + [], [1, 2]\n",
" + set(), {1, 2}\n",
"* 流程控制 (注意冒號和縮排)\n",
" - if ... elif ... else\n",
" - for ... in ...\n",
" - break\n",
" - continue\n",
" - while ... else ...\n",
"* 更多字串操作\n",
" - format string\n",
" - 字串串接\n",
" - slice : `start:stop[:step]`\n",
"* function\n",
" - def\n",
" - return\n",
" - arguments\n",
" + defaults\n",
" - function call\n",
"* Slice\n",
" - slice(start, stop[, step])\n",
" - a[0], a[-1], a[1:99:3], a[-1:-11:-2], a[::-1] (不打的話就自動帶入頭尾), range(-1, -11, -2)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# 練習\n",
"\n",
"(Home -> House Password)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"(Home -> Xs and Os Referee)\n",
"\n",
""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# List\n",
"\n",
"## List Methods\n",
"\n",
"* list.append\n",
"* list.reverse\n",
"* list.sort\n",
"* list.remove\n",
"* list.pop\n",
"* list.index\n",
"* list.insert\n",
"* list.count"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
"[4, 3, 2, 1]\n",
"[4, 3, 2, 1, 42]\n",
"[1, 2, 3, 4, 42]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = [1, 2, 3]\n",
"data.append(4) # 加在最後面\n",
"print(data)\n",
"data.reverse() # 反轉\n",
"print(data)\n",
"data.append(42) # 加在最後面\n",
"print(data)\n",
"data.sort() # 排序 (小到大)\n",
"print(data)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[2, 3, 3, 2, 1]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = [1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1]\n",
"data.remove(1) # 去除第一個碰到的 1\n",
"print(data)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['b', 'c', 'd']\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']\n",
"data.pop(0) # 去除第 0 項\n",
"print(data)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"2\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']\n",
"print(data.index('c')) # 找到位置 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['a', 'z', 'b', 'c', 'd']\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']\n",
"data.insert(1, 'z') # 在 index 1 放入 'z'\n",
"print(data)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"3\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = [1, 2, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5]\n",
"print(data.count(1)) # 計算 1 出現的次數"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## List Comprehension\n",
"\n",
"更方便地建立 list"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[2, 4, 6]"
]
},
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"[i*2 for i in (1, 2, 3)] # 依序從 (1, 2, 3) 裡拿資料出來，乘上 2 後放入 list"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"result = [i for i in range(20) if i % 2 == 0]\n",
"\n",
"'''\n",
"result = []\n",
"for i in range(20):\n",
" if i % 2 == 0:\n",
" result.append(i)\n",
"'''\n",
"\n",
"print(result)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36), (7, 49), (8, 64), (9, 81)]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"result = [(i, i**2) for i in range(10)]\n",
"print(result)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 9]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"result = [i if i % 3 == 0 else 1 for i in range(10)]\n",
"\n",
"'''\n",
"result = []\n",
"for i in range(10):\n",
" if i % 3 == 0:\n",
" result.append(i)\n",
" else:\n",
" result.append(1)\n",
"'''\n",
"\n",
"print(result)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# More String Operations\n",
"\n",
"假設現在我們有字串 A 跟 B，\n",
"內容分別為 \"test\" 和 \"This is a test.\"。"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"A, B = \"test\", \"This is a test.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## A 是否是 B 的子字串"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"A in B"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 把 B 用空格切割"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"['This', 'is', 'a', 'test.']"
]
},
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"B.split()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## B 是以 \"This\" 開頭的？"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"B.startswith(\"This\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 找到子字串的位置"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"10"
]
},
"execution_count": 15,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"B.find(\"test\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 字串重複"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'testtesttest'"
]
},
"execution_count": 16,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"A * 3"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 字串連接"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'testThis is a test.'"
]
},
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"A + B"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 字串用特定分隔符號連接"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'test | This is a test.'"
]
},
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"' | '.join([A, B])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'a ~~~ b ~~~ c ~~~ d'"
]
},
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"' ~~~ '.join(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Regular Expressions\n",
"\n",
"玩點小遊戲 ~\n",
"\n",
"* [Regex Crossword](https://regexcrossword.com/)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"----\n",
"\n",
"* [PyRegex](http://www.pyregex.com/)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"(我們直接看上面那張 Cheat Sheet 吧 ~)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Import\n",
"\n",
"利用現有的工具做事情\n",
"\n",
"* [The Python Standard Library](https://docs.python.org/3/library/)\n",
"* [A curated list of awesome Python frameworks, libraries and software](https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"········\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import getpass # 使用 Python 內建的 module\n",
"password = getpass.getpass() # 輸入密碼\n",
"username = getpass.getuser() # 取得使用者名稱"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"········\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from getpass import getpass, getuser # 指定使用 module 內的某些 function\n",
"password = getpass()\n",
"username = getuser()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"········\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import getpass as g # 這邊把 \"getpass\" 這個 module 取名成 \"g\" (名字是隨便取的，正式專案不要亂命名)\n",
"password = g.getpass()\n",
"username = g.getuser()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# 自己寫 Module\n",
"\n",
"我們一般寫的 Python 檔案就直接是 module，可以拿來 import。\n",
"\n",
"另外可以把多個 module 放在同一個資料夾，並且在資料夾內放入 `__init__.py` 就可以把整個資料夾變成 package 來使用。\n",
"\n",
"```\n",
".\n",
"└── mypackage\n",
" ├── mymodule1\n",
" └── mymodule2\n",
"\n",
"```"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
".group() : 03-0123456\n",
".group(0) : 03-0123456\n",
".group(1) : 03\n",
".group(2) : 0123456\n",
".group(1, 2) : ('03', '0123456')\n",
".groups() : ('03', '0123456')\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import re\n",
"result = re.match('([0-9]{2})-([0-9]{7})', '03-0123456')\n",
"print('.group() : {}'.format(result.group()))\n",
"print('.group(0) : {}'.format(result.group(0))) # 整個 match 到的字串\n",
"print('.group(1) : {}'.format(result.group(1))) # match 到的第一個子 group\n",
"print('.group(2) : {}'.format(result.group(2))) # match 到的第二個子 group\n",
"print('.group(1, 2) : {}'.format(result.group(1, 2))) # match 到的第一和二個子 group\n",
"print('.groups() : {}'.format(result.groups())) # match 到的所有子 group"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 24,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"{'foo': '03', 'bar': '0123456'}\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"result = re.match('(?P<foo>[0-9]{2})-(?P<bar>[0-9]{7})', '03-0123456')\n",
"print(result.groupdict())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Unpack\n",
"\n",
"拆解 & 打包\n",
"\n",
"* `*` : list\n",
"* `**` : dictionary"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 25,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"(1, 2, 3)\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a = (1, 2, 3)\n",
"print(a)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 26,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 2 3\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)\n",
"print(a, b, c)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 27,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 [2, 3]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a, *b = (1, 2, 3) # 把 tuple unpack，其中一部份 pack 給ｂ\n",
"print(a, b)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 28,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 [2, 3] 4\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a, *b, c = (1, 2, 3, 4) # 把 tuple unpack，其中一部份 pack 給ｂ\n",
"print(a, b, c)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 29,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 [] 2\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a, *b, c = (1, 2)\n",
"print(a, b, c)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 30,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 [2, 3]\n",
"a ['b', 'c', 'd']\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"for a, *b in [(1, 2, 3), ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')]: # 在 for loop 裡使用 unpack\n",
" print(a, b)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 31,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 2 3\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"def f(a, b, c):\n",
" print(a, b, c)\n",
"\n",
"data = (1, 2, 3)\n",
"f(*data) # unpack data, 等同於 f(1, 2, 3)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 32,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 42 3 12\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"def f(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4):\n",
" print(a, b, c, d)\n",
"\n",
"data = {'b': 42, 'd': 12}\n",
"f(**data) # unpack data, 等同於 f(b=42, d=12)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 33,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 2 3\n",
"1 2 3 4 5\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = (1, 2, 3)\n",
"print(*data)\n",
"print(*data, 4, 5) # 這行在 Python 3.5 開始支援"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 34,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"0 1 [2, 3, 4]\n",
"[0, 1, 2] 3 4\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a, b, *c = range(5)\n",
"print(a, b, c)\n",
"*a, b, c = a, b, *c # 這行在 Python 3.5 開始支援\n",
"print(a, b, c)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 35,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"{1, 2, 3, 4}\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"a = [1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]\n",
"b = {*a} # 這行在 Python 3.5 開始支援，等同於 set(a)\n",
"print(b)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 36,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"42\n",
"('a', 'b', 123)\n",
"{'y': 7, 'z': 5}\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"def f(number, *args, **kwargs):\n",
" print(number)\n",
" print(args)\n",
" print(kwargs)\n",
"\n",
"f(42, 'a', 'b', 123, z=5, y=7)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Misc\n",
"\n",
"* sorted\n",
"* any\n",
"* all\n",
"* sum\n",
"* max\n",
"* min"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## sorted"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 37,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[1, 2, 4, 5, 7]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = (1, 5, 2, 7, 4)\n",
"print(sorted(data)) # 排序"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## all & any"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"True\n",
"True\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = (True, 1, \"asd\")\n",
"print(all(data)) # data 裡的資料是否都為真\n",
"print(any(data)) # data 裡的資料是否有一為真"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 39,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"False\n",
"False\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = (False, 0, \"\")\n",
"print(all(data)) # data 裡的資料是否都為真\n",
"print(any(data)) # data 裡的資料是否有一為真"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 40,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false,
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"False\n",
"True\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = (True, 0, \"\")\n",
"print(all(data)) # data 裡的資料是否都為真\n",
"print(any(data)) # data 裡的資料是否有一為真"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## sum"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 41,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"15\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"result = sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n",
"print(result)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## max & min"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 42,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"42\n",
"1\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"data = [1, 42, 2, 34, 10]\n",
"print(max(data))\n",
"print(min(data))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# 其他還有很多還沒包含的議題 (未全部列出)\n",
"\n",
"## 更多 Features\n",
"\n",
"* decorator\n",
"* metaclass\n",
"* Duck Typing\n",
"* Generator\n",
"* is v.s. ==\n",
"* zip\n",
"* map\n",
"* filter\n",
"* reduce\n",
"* partial\n",
"* closure\n",
"* sum\n",
"* First-class function\n",
"* lambda function\n",
"* join\n",
"* async, await\n",
"* unit testing\n",
"\n",
"## pip - Python 套件管理\n",
"\n",
"安裝別人寫的程式 ~\n",
"\n",
"```sh\n",
"$ pip search PACKAGE\n",
"$ pip install PACKAGE\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"example :\n",
"\n",
"```sh\n",
"$ pip search requests\n",
"$ pip install requests\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"## Python 記憶體管理方式 (Garbage Collection)\n",
"\n",
"* CPython : Reference Counting\n",
"* PyPy : Incremental Generational Mark-and-Sweep GC\n",
"\n",
"## 更多資料結構的資訊\n",
"\n",
"* list 適合的操作 (效率)\n",
"* collections module\n",
"\n",
"## Python 和其他程式語言合作\n",
"\n",
"* ctypes (Python & C)\n",
"* cffi (Python & C)"
]
}
],
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"display_name": "Python 3",
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"name": "python3"
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"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
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"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
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