{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### TCLab Heat Transfer Introduction\n", "\n", "***Introduction to the Temperature Control Lab:*** The Temperature Control Lab is used in the Course Problem Solving with Programming for Engineers. In addition to this introduction, the hands-on lab module includes three parts:\n", "\n", "* TCLab A: Build Loops, Plots, and Regressions\n", "* TCLab B: Interpolate and Solve Equations\n", "* TCLab C: Determine Thermal Conductivity\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "See https://apmonitor.com/heat.htm for additional Python setup and example programs." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "***Learning Objective:*** Students will be able to make order of magnitude estimates, assess reasonableness of solutions, and select appropriate levels of solution sophistication.\n", "\n", "#### Background on Heat Transfer\n", "\n", "There are several modes of heat transfer including **radiative**, **convective**, and **conductive**. *Radiative heat transfer* is from the motion of particles and emitted as electromagnetic photons primarily as infrared radiation. *Convective heat transfer* is with the surrounding fluid such as air. Convection can be forced such as from a blower or natural such as in quiescent conditions. *Conductive heat transfer* is through solid contact as the energy transfers away but, unlike convection, the contact material is stationary. For each situation, determine which form best describes the heat transfer.\n", "\n", "1. Hair is dried with a blow dryer\n", "
\n", "\n", "2. A pan is heated on a gas stove\n", "\n", "\n", "3. Food is cooked in the hot pan\n", "\n", "\n", "4. Sunlight warms the ground\n", "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#### TCLab Activity\n", "\n", "The temperature of transitor increases as electrical current flows through the small device. Energy is dispersed away from the transitor with two primary mechanisms: convection and radiation. The amount of heat lost by convection $\\left(q_{conv}\\right)$ is proportional to the temperature difference between the transistor $\\left(T_x\\right)$ and the surrounding air temperature $\\left(T_{air}\\right)$.\n", "\n", "$q_{conv} = h \\, A \\, \\left(T_{air}-T_x\\right)$\n", "\n", "A finned heat sink is attached to the transistor to increase the surface area and increase the heat removal. A temperature sensor is attached to the transistor to monitor the temperature.\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "The surface area $(A)$ of the transistor and heat sink is about 12 $cm^2$. A convective heat transfer coefficient $(h)$ for quiescent air is approximately 10 $\\frac{W}{m^2\\,K}$. At lower temperatures, the heat generated by the transistor transfers away from the device primarily by convection but radiative heat transfer $\\left(q_{rad}\\right)$ may also be a contributing factor. The surrounding temperature $\\left(T_\\infty\\right)$ is that of objects such as walls or the ceiling. In this case is the same as the air temperature.\n", "\n", "$q_{rad} = \\epsilon \\, \\sigma \\, A \\, \\left(T_\\infty^4-T_x^4\\right)$\n", "\n", "Some of the constants needed for the transistor and finned heat sink are shown in the table below. Some of the constants in the table are not needed for this calculation.\n", "\n", "| ***Quantity*** | ***Value*** |\n", "| --- | --- |\n", "| Heat capacity ($C_p$) | 500 $\\frac{J}{kg\\,K}$ |\n", "| Air Temperature ($T_{air}$) | 20 $^oC$ |\n", "| Surrounding Temperature ($T_\\infty$) | 20 $^oC$ |\n", "| Surface Area ($A$) | 1.2e-3 $m^2$ (12 $cm^2$) |\n", "| Mass ($m$) | 0.004 $kg$ (4 $gm$) |\n", "| Heat Transfer Coefficient ($h$) | 10 $\\frac{W}{m^2\\,K}$ |\n", "| Emissivity ($\\epsilon$)| 0.9 |\n", "| Stefan Boltzmann Constant ($\\sigma$) | 5.67e-8 $\\frac{W}{m^2-K^4}$ |" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "***Action:*** Calculate the amount of heat lost by convection and by radiation at temperatures between 20 $^oC$ and 200 $^oC$. Create a plot that shows the heat transfer by each by filling in the ```convection``` and ```radiation``` expressions.\n", "\n", "```python\n", "# Energy Balance\n", "convection = h*A*(Ta-Tx)\n", "radiation = eps*sigma*A*(Tinf**4-Tx**4)\n", "```" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "ename": "SyntaxError", "evalue": "invalid syntax (