{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"../images/aeropython_logo.png\" alt=\"AeroPython\" style=\"width: 300px;\"/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Introducción a la sintaxis de Python I: tipos de datos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "_En esta clase haremos una rápida introducción a la sintaxis de Python. Veremos cuáles son los tipos numéricos básicos, cómo se comportan al operar con ellos, cómo almacenarlos en variables, y tendremos nuestro primer contacto con contenedores de datos como son las listas y las tuplas._\n",
    "\n",
    "Objetivos:\n",
    "\n",
    "* Conocer los distintos tipos de datos numéricos básicos\n",
    "* Aprender a operar con ellos\n",
    "* Aprender a definir variables\n",
    "* Primer contacto con listas y tuplas\n",
    "\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tipos numéricos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python dispone de los tipos numéricos y las operaciones más habituales:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "7.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 * 4 - (7 - 1) / 3 + 1.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Las divisiones por cero lanzan un error:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "division by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-2-b971f1464605>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 / 0 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "float division by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-3-d5317764bbf2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m1.0\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: float division by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1.0 / 0.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">Más adelante veremos cómo tratar estos errores. Por otro lado, cuando usemos NumPy esta operación devolverá `NaN`.</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "La división entre enteros en Python 3 devuelve un número real, al contrario que en Python 2 donde devuelve la parte entera."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.3333333333333335"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7 / 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Se puede forzar que la división sea entera en Python 3 con el operador `//`: "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7 // 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Se puede elevar un número a otro con el operador `**`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "65536"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 ** 16"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Otro tipo que nos resultará muy útil son los complejos:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2+3j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 + 3j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1j"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.605551275463989"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Valor absoluto\n",
    "abs(2 + 3j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\"><strong>Tip de IPython</strong>: podemos recuperar resultados pasados usando `_<n>`. Por ejemplo, para recuperar el resultado correspondiente a `Out [7]`, usaríamos `_7`. Esta variable guarda ese valor para toda la sesión.</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.605551275463989"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abs(_7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Podemos __convertir variables__ a `int, float, complex, str`..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "18"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(18.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "19"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "round(18.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2+0j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "complex(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'256568'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str(256568)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Podemos __comprobar el tipo de una variable__:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 2.\n",
    "type(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "isinstance(a, float)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Otras funciones útiles son:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hola mundo\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('hola mundo')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "max(1,5,8,7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "min(-1,1,0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "__¡Acabas de utilizar funciones!__ Como ves es una manera bastante estándar: los argumentos se encierran entre paréntesis y se separan por comas. Se hace de esta manera en otros lenguajes de programación y no requiere mayor explicación, de momento."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-warning\">La <strong>función <code>print</code></strong> es la que se usa para imprimir resultados por pantalla. Por si lo ves en algún sitio, en Python 2 era una sentencia y funcionaba de manera distinta, sin paréntesis y sin posibilidad de pasar argumentos adicionales.</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Asignación y operadores de comparación"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "La asignación se realiza con el operador `=`. Los nombres de las variables en Python pueden contener caracteres alfanuméricos (empezando con una letra) a-z, A-Z, 0-9 y otros símbolos como la \\_. \n",
    "\n",
    "Por cuestiones de estilo, las variables suelen empezar con minúscula, reservando la mayúcula para clases. \n",
    "\n",
    "Algunos nombres no pueden ser usados porque son usados por python:\n",
    "\n",
    "    and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or, pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 1 + 2j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "En Python __la asignación no imprime el resultado por pantalla__, al contrario de como sucede en MATLAB y Octave (salvo que se incluya el punto y coma al final). La mejor manera de visualizar la variable que acabamos de asignar es esta:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.14159"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = 3.14159\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "En una celda __podemos escribir código que ocupe varias líneas__. Si la última de ellas devuelve un resultado, este se imprimirá."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x, y = 1, 2\n",
    "x, y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">Podemos realizar **asignación múltiple**, que hemos hecho en la celda anterior con las variables `x` e `y` para intercambiar valores de manera intuitiva:</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x, y = y, x\n",
    "x, y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Los operadores de comparación son:\n",
    "\n",
    "* `==` igual a\n",
    "* `!=` distinto de \n",
    "* `<` menor que\n",
    "* `<=` menor o igual que\n",
    "\n",
    "Devolverán un booleano: `True` o `False`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x == y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x != y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "False\n",
      "False\n",
      "True\n",
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x < y)\n",
    "print(x <= y)\n",
    "print(x > y)\n",
    "print(x >= y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# incluso:\n",
    "x = 5.\n",
    "6. < x < 8."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Si la ordenación no tiene sentido nos devolverá un error:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'<' not supported between instances of 'complex' and 'complex'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-29-03aab5663e43>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1j\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m<\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1j\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: '<' not supported between instances of 'complex' and 'complex'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 + 1j < 0 + 1j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# En las cadenas de texto sí existe un orden\n",
    "'aaab' > 'ba'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Booleanos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "True and False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "not False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "True or False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "20"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Una curiosidad:\n",
    "(True + True) * 10 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# La razón...\n",
    "isinstance(True, int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Otros tipos de datos: listas y tuplas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Otro tipo de datos muy importante que vamos a usar son las secuencias: las tuplas y las listas. Ambos son conjuntos ordenados de elementos: las tuplas se demarcan con paréntesis y las listas con corchetes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3.0, (4+0j), '5']\n",
      "(1, 2, 3.0, (4+0j), '5')\n",
      "False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "una_lista = [1, 2, 3.0, 4 + 0j, \"5\"]\n",
    "una_tupla = (1, 2, 3.0, 4 + 0j, \"5\")\n",
    "print(una_lista)\n",
    "print(una_tupla)\n",
    "print(una_lista == una_tupla)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Para las tuplas, podemos incluso obviar los paréntesis:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tupla_sin_parentesis = 2,5,6,9,7\n",
    "type(tupla_sin_parentesis)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "En los dos tipos podemos:\n",
    "\n",
    "* Comprobar si un elemento está en la secuencia con el operador `in`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 in una_lista"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 in una_tupla"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* Saber cuandos elementos tienen con la función `len`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(una_lista)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(una_tupla)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* Podemos *indexar* las secuencias, utilizando la sintaxis `[<inicio>:<final>:<salto>]`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![indexing](../images/indexing.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "[1, 2]\n",
      "(1, 2, 3.0)\n",
      "5\n",
      "(1, 2, 3.0, (4+0j), '5')\n",
      "[1, 3.0, '5']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(una_lista[0])  # Primer elemento, 1\n",
    "print(una_tupla[1])  # Segundo elemento, 2\n",
    "print(una_lista[0:2])  # Desde el primero hasta el tercero, excluyendo este: 1, 2\n",
    "print(una_tupla[:3])  # Desde el primero hasta el cuarto, excluyendo este: 1, 2, 3.0\n",
    "print(una_lista[-1])  # El último: 4 + 0j\n",
    "print(una_tupla[:])  # Desde el primero hasta el último\n",
    "print(una_lista[::2])  # Desde el primero hasta el último, saltando 2: 1, 3.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " Veremos más cosas acerca de indexación en NumPy, así que de momento no te preocupes. Sólo __recuerda una cosa:__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### ¡En Python, la indexación empieza por CERO!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "** Al finalizar esta lección deberías conocer los tipo básicos de datos numéricos y booleanos, saber cómo comprobar su tipo, operar con ellos y definir variables. Además hemos hecho una primera toma de contacto con contenedores de datos como son las listas y las tuplas.**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "###### Juan Luis Cano, Mabel Delgado, Alejandro Sáez"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "_Las siguientes celdas contienen configuración del Notebook_\n",
    "\n",
    "_Para visualizar y utlizar los enlaces a Twitter el notebook debe ejecutarse como [seguro](http://ipython.org/ipython-doc/dev/notebook/security.html)_\n",
    "\n",
    "    File > Trusted Notebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "/* This template is inspired in the one used by Lorena Barba\n",
       "in the numerical-mooc repository: https://github.com/numerical-mooc/numerical-mooc\n",
       "We thank her work and hope you also enjoy the look of the notobooks with this style */\n",
       "\n",
       "<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro|Josefin+Sans:400,700,400italic|Ubuntu+Condensed' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n",
       "\n",
       "El estilo se ha aplicado =)\n",
       "\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "#notebook_panel { /* main background */\n",
       "    background: #f7f7f7;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell { /* set cell width */\n",
       "    width: 900px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div #notebook { /* centre the content */\n",
       "    background: #fff; /* white background for content */\n",
       "    width: 950px;\n",
       "    margin: auto;\n",
       "    padding-left: 0em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notebook li { /* More space between bullet points */\n",
       "    margin-top:0.7em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* draw border around running cells */\n",
       "div.cell.border-box-sizing.code_cell.running { \n",
       "    border: 1px solid #111;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Put a solid color box around each cell and its output, visually linking them*/\n",
       "div.cell.code_cell {\n",
       "    font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\n",
       "    background-color: rgb(256,256,256);\n",
       "    font-size: 110%;\n",
       "    border-radius: 0px; \n",
       "    padding: 0.5em;\n",
       "    margin-left:1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 1em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render{\n",
       "    font-family: 'Josefin Sans', serif;\n",
       "    line-height: 145%;\n",
       "    font-size: 125%;\n",
       "    font-weight: 500;\n",
       "    width:750px;\n",
       "    margin-left:auto;\n",
       "    margin-right:auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Formatting for header cells */\n",
       ".text_cell_render h1, .text_cell_render h2, .text_cell_render h3,\n",
       ".text_cell_render h4, .text_cell_render h5 {\n",
       "    font-family: 'Ubuntu Condensed', sans-serif;\n",
       "}\n",
       "/*\n",
       ".text_cell_render h1 {\n",
       "    font-family: Flux, 'Ubuntu Condensed', serif;\n",
       "    font-style:regular;\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;    \n",
       "    font-size: 30pt;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "    line-height: 100%;\n",
       "    color: #335082;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.5em;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "*/\n",
       ".text_cell_render h1 {\n",
       "    font-weight: 600;\n",
       "    font-size: 35pt;\n",
       "    line-height: 100%;\n",
       "    color: #000000;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.3em;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h2 {\n",
       "    margin-top:16px;\n",
       "    font-size: 27pt;\n",
       "    font-weight: 550;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.3em;\n",
       "    font-style: regular;\n",
       "    color: #2c6391;\n",
       "}\t\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h3 {\n",
       "    font-size: 20pt;\n",
       "    font-weight: 550\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.3em;\n",
       "    font-style: regular;\n",
       "    color:  #387eb8;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h4 {    /*Use this for captions*/\n",
       "    font-size: 18pt;\n",
       "    font-weight: 450\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.3em;\n",
       "    font-style: regular;\n",
       "    color:  #5797cc;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h5 {  /*Use this for small titles*/\n",
       "    font-size: 18pt;\n",
       "    font-weight: 550;\n",
       "    color: rgb(163,0,0);\n",
       "    font-style: italic;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: .1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.8em;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    color:  #b21c0d;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h6 { /*use this for copyright note*/\n",
       "    font-family: 'Ubuntu Condensed', sans-serif;\n",
       "    font-weight: 300;\n",
       "    font-size: 14pt;\n",
       "    line-height: 100%;\n",
       "    color: #252525;\n",
       "    text-align: right;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 1px;\n",
       "    margin-top: 1px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".CodeMirror{\n",
       "        font-family: 'Duru Sans', sans-serif;\n",
       "        font-size: 100%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<script>\n",
       "    MathJax.Hub.Config({\n",
       "                        TeX: {\n",
       "                           extensions: [\"AMSmath.js\"],\n",
       "                           equationNumbers: { autoNumber: \"AMS\", useLabelIds: true}\n",
       "                           },\n",
       "                tex2jax: {\n",
       "                    inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], [\"\\\\(\",\"\\\\)\"] ],\n",
       "                    displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], [\"\\\\[\",\"\\\\]\"] ]\n",
       "                },\n",
       "                displayAlign: 'center', // Change this to 'center' to center equations.\n",
       "                \"HTML-CSS\": {\n",
       "                    styles: {'.MathJax_Display': {\"margin\": 4}}\n",
       "                }\n",
       "        });\n",
       "</script>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# preserve\n",
    "# Esta celda da el estilo al notebook\n",
    "from IPython.core.display import HTML\n",
    "css_file = '../styles/aeropython.css'\n",
    "HTML(open(css_file, \"r\").read())"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.6.4"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 1
}