#
πŸ” SiliconSignature
**Hardware-Bound Image Authentication for the AI Era** *Prove image provenance with ASIC proof-of-work and Reed-Solomon watermarking* [![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-00ff88.svg?style=for-the-badge)](LICENSE) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-PDF-ff6b6b.svg?style=for-the-badge)](./Robust%20ASIC-Based%20Image%20Authentication%20Using%20Reed-Solomon%20LSB%20Watermarking.pdf) [![Web](https://img.shields.io/badge/Web-Live-ff6b6b.svg?style=for-the-badge)](https://silicon.p2pclaw.com) [![PWA](https://img.shields.io/badge/PWA-Installable-00ccff.svg?style=for-the-badge)](https://silicon.p2pclaw.com) [![Go](https://img.shields.io/badge/Go-CLI-00ADD8.svg?style=flat-square&logo=go)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-go) [![Rust](https://img.shields.io/badge/Rust-Library-000000.svg?style=flat-square&logo=rust)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-rust) [![TypeScript](https://img.shields.io/badge/TypeScript-npm-3178C6.svg?style=flat-square&logo=typescript)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-ts) [![Android](https://img.shields.io/badge/Android-APK-3DDC84.svg?style=flat-square&logo=android)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-android) [![ComfyUI](https://img.shields.io/badge/ComfyUI-Node-1f6feb.svg?style=flat-square&logo=comfyui)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-comfyui-node) [![A1111](https://img.shields.io/badge/A1111-Script-ff9d00.svg?style=flat-square&logo=stable-diffusion)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-a1111-script) [![Browser](https://img.shields.io/badge/Browser-Extension-4285F4.svg?style=flat-square&logo=google-chrome)](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-browser-extension)
--- ## 🚨 The Problem | Threat | Current Solutions | Why They Fail | |--------|----------------|---------------| | **Deepfakes** | Detection algorithms | Reactive β€” find fakes *after* creation | | **Image forgery** | EXIF metadata | Stripped in 1 click | | **AI watermarking** | C2PA, SynthID | Trusts corporations; removable | | **NFT provenance** | Blockchain tokens | Just a URL, not the image | **SiliconSignature is different.** We embed **unforgeable proof-of-work** directly into the image pixels β€” bound to a physical ASIC chip. No corporation to trust. No metadata to strip. No blockchain needed. --- ## ⚑ How It Works ``` β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β” β”‚ SIGN AN IMAGE β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ 1. SHA-256 hash of image bytes β”‚ β”‚ 2. Search for nonce via ASIC proof-of-work β”‚ β”‚ 3. Reed-Solomon ECC encodes (hash + nonce + metadata) β”‚ β”‚ 4. Embed in LSB of RGB channels (offset 0x20) β”‚ β”‚ 5. Magic header "SSv1" + 5Γ— redundancy β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ Result: Image looks identical. But pixels carry proof. β”‚ β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜ ↓ β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β” β”‚ VERIFY AN IMAGE β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ 1. Extract LSB from RGB channels β”‚ β”‚ 2. Decode Reed-Solomon (tolerates 40% pixel loss) β”‚ β”‚ 3. Validate nonce via SHA-256 check β”‚ β”‚ 4. Confirm ASIC work was performed β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ β”‚ Result: Authentic or Tampered. Binary. No grey area. β”‚ β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜ ``` --- ## 🎯 Compared to Alternatives | | **SiliconSignature** | **C2PA (Adobe)** | **SynthID (Google)** | **NFT** | |---|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| | **Open Source** | βœ… MIT | ❌ Corporate | ❌ Corporate | Varies | | **No Dependencies** | βœ… Pure code | ❌ Ecosystem | ❌ API | ❌ Blockchain | | **Survives editing** | βœ… 40% pixels | ⚠️ Metadata only | ⚠️ Compression | ❌ None | | **Hardware-bound** | βœ… ASIC PoW | ❌ No | ❌ No | ❌ No | | **Cost to forge** | **$10,000+** | $0 (strip metadata) | $0 (remove sig) | $0 (screenshot) | | **Verification** | βœ… Offline | ❌ Needs Adobe | ❌ Needs Google | ❌ Needs blockchain | --- ## πŸ—οΈ Ecosystem This repository is the **central hub** β€” the original Python implementation + research paper. The ecosystem extends across 8 specialized repositories: | Component | Language | Repository | Description | |-----------|----------|------------|-------------| | **PWA** | HTML/JS | [siliconsignature-web](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-web) | Browser-based sign & verify | | **CLI** | Go | [siliconsignature-go](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-go) | Command-line tool + serverless | | **Library** | Rust | [siliconsignature-rust](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-rust) | Rust + WASM bindings | | **Package** | TypeScript | [siliconsignature-ts](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/siliconsignature-ts) | npm package for Node/Browser | | **Mobile** | Kotlin | [silicon-android](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-android) | Android camera app | | **ComfyUI** | Python | [silicon-comfyui-node](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-comfyui-node) | Custom node for ComfyUI | | **A1111** | Python | [silicon-a1111-script](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-a1111-script) | Script for AUTOMATIC1111 | | **Browser** | JS | [silicon-browser-extension](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-browser-extension) | Chrome/Firefox extension | --- ## πŸ“‹ Abstract This project implements an image authentication system that combines ASIC-based proof-of-work (Antminer S9, BM1387) with LSB steganography protected by Reed–Solomon error-correcting codes. Signatures derived from deterministic PoW are embedded directly into pixel least-significant bits (LSBs) and protected using RS over GF(2^8). Experimental results show the watermark survives approximately 30–40% pixel destruction and still allows full signature recovery, comparable to QR Code Level H error correction. **Keywords:** ASIC, Proof-of-Work, Image Authentication, Reed–Solomon, LSB Steganography, SHA-256, Antminer S9, Cryptographic Signatures, Error Correction --- ## πŸ”Ž Introduction Image authentication methods based on metadata (EXIF or PNG text chunks) are easily stripped by ordinary image processing tools. This work proposes a different approach that resists both metadata stripping and large-scale visual modification by combining: - **Hardware-bound signatures:** PoW produced by the BM1387 ASIC (Antminer S9). - **Reed–Solomon protected embedding:** RS codes over GF(256) applied to the signature payload. - **Multi-layer redundancy:** Repetition of the encoded signature across the image to enable voting-based recovery. ### Contributions - Complete system architecture for ASIC-based image authentication. - Pure-Python Reed–Solomon encoder/decoder over GF(2^8). - LSB steganography engine with configurable redundancy. - Validation framework demonstrating 30–40% damage tolerance. - Open-source implementation ready for deployment. - Multi-platform ecosystem (PWA, CLI, Libraries, Mobile, Browser extensions). --- ## 🧠 Theoretical Background ### Proof-of-Work (PoW) A PoW requires finding an input that produces a hash below a target: the system uses a double SHA-256 construction H(H(header || N)) < T (as in Bitcoin). The BM1387 ASIC deterministically produces valid nonces that prove significant hashing work. ### Reed–Solomon (RS) Reed–Solomon codes RS(n,k) operate over GF(256) using the primitive polynomial: `p(x) = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1 (0x11D)` With n-k = 2t parity symbols, RS can correct up to t symbol errors. ### LSB Steganography LSB embedding modifies the least significant bit of pixel color channels to store payload bits. Changes are per-channel Β±1 at most and are visually imperceptible. --- ## πŸ—οΈ System Architecture The pipeline consists of four components: 1. **Image Hasher:** produces a SHA-256 hash of raw pixel bytes. 2. **ASIC Bridge:** submits the image hash as `prevhash` to a Stratum job; returns an ASIC-discovered valid nonce. 3. **RS Encoder:** encodes the signature payload using Reed–Solomon over GF(2^8). 4. **LSB Embedder:** writes the encoded, repeated signature into LSBs across the image channels. **Diagram:** Image SHA-256 β†’ ASIC Bridge (BM1387 PoW) β†’ RS Encoder β†’ LSB Embedder (Γ—repeats) β†’ Output --- ## πŸ“‘ Signature Payload | Field | Size | Description | |:-------:|:--------:|:------------| | hash | 64 bytes | SHA-256 hex digest of pixel data | | nonce | 8 bytes | ASIC-discovered valid nonce | | ntime | 8 bytes | Timestamp of mining operation | | version | 8 bytes | Block version (e.g., 0x20000000) | | status | ~24 bytes| Authentication status string | --- ## βš™οΈ Implementation Details - **Pure Python Reed–Solomon:** GF(2^8) arithmetic using primitive polynomial 0x11D; log/antilog tables; generator polynomial generation for NS=32 parity symbols; RS(n, n-32) configuration. - **Embedding parameters:** typical payload β‰ˆ 170 bytes (JSON), RS parity 32 symbols, and `SIGNATURE_REPEATS` = 5. **Capacity analysis:** For an image WΓ—H with 3 channels, available LSB capacity = WΓ—HΓ—3 bits. Example: 1280Γ—720 β†’ 2,764,800 bits; our ~8,200-bit payload uses ~0.3%. --- ## πŸ“Š Experimental Results ### Embedding Performance | Image | Resolution | Payload | Capacity used | Time | |:-----:|:----------:|:-------:|:-------------:|:----:| | Imagen_test10.jpg | 494Γ—493 | 8,200 bits | 1.12% | 0.3s | | silicon_tv_v4.png | 1280Γ—720 | 8,200 bits | 0.30% | 0.8s | | test_4k.png | 3840Γ—2160| 8,200 bits | 0.03% | 2.1s | ### Damage Tolerance (Vandalism Tests) | Damage level | Copies recovered | Signature status | |:------------:|:----------------:|:----------------:| | 0% (Control) | 5/5 | VERIFIED | | 10% (Minor) | 5/5 | VERIFIED | | 20% (Moderate) | 4/5 | VERIFIED | | 30% (Severe) | 3/5 | VERIFIED | | 40% (Extreme) | 2/5 | VERIFIED | | 50% (Critical) | 1/5 | MARGINAL | A painted-shapes attack removing ~20% of pixels still allowed full signature recovery using RS and multi-copy voting. --- ## πŸ› οΈ Hardware Specifications **Antminer S9 (BM1387)** | Spec | Value | |:----:|:-----:| | Model | Antminer S9 | | ASIC chip | BM1387 | | Chip count | 189 | | Hashrate (aggregate) | 14.0 TH/s | | Power | 1,400 W | | Efficiency | ~10B hashes/J | **Comparison:** Intel i7-10700K β‰ˆ 21,000 hashes/J β†’ ASIC β‰ˆ 533,000Γ— more efficient for PoW. --- ## πŸ” Security Analysis **Forgery resistance:** An attacker must either perform the PoW (requires ASIC hardware) or preserve enough LSB data despite RS limits. Reconstruction from partial data is prevented by RS syndromes. | Attack | Mitigation | Effectiveness | |:------:|:----------:|:-------------:| | Metadata stripping | LSB embedding | Survives | | Aggressive visual edits | RS + redundancy | Up to 40% recovery | | Signature forgery | Hardware-bound PoW | Computationally infeasible | | LSB destruction | 5Γ— redundancy | Survives partial destruction | **Limitations:** JPEG lossy compression and resizing destroy embedded LSB payloads; ASIC dependence (software-only simulation mode available in the [PWA](https://silicon.p2pclaw.com)). --- ## πŸ”­ Limitations & Future Work - Support Extranonce2 embedding for full PoW verification without metadata. - Implement a full Berlekamp–Massey decoder to improve error correction. - Add support for video frame authentication. - Expand mobile verification via the [Android app](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/silicon-android). - Integrate with popular image generators (ComfyUI, A1111, Fooocus, InvokeAI). --- ## πŸ§ͺ Usage (Quick Start) Run the repository scripts with Python 3: - **Embed signature:** `python silicon_signature_engine.py ` - **Verify signature:** `python verify_silicon_art.py ` - **Simulate damage & recovery:** `python simulate_damage.py ` - **Utilities:** `manual_png_check.py`, `silicon_rs_watermark.py`, `asic_auth_portal.py` For browser-based signing (no Python/ASIC required), use the **[Live PWA](https://silicon.p2pclaw.com)**. --- ## πŸ“ Repository Contents ``` Secure_image_generation_with_ASIC_signature/ β”œβ”€β”€ asic_auth_portal.py # ASIC authentication portal β”œβ”€β”€ silicon_signature_engine.py # Core signing engine β”œβ”€β”€ verify_silicon_art.py # Verification tool β”œβ”€β”€ silicon_rs_watermark.py # Reed-Solomon watermark module β”œβ”€β”€ silicon_fog_analyzer.py # Fog/lighting analyzer β”œβ”€β”€ silicon_fog_v4_session.py # Session management β”œβ”€β”€ simulate_damage.py # Damage simulation tests β”œβ”€β”€ manual_png_check.py # PNG validation utility β”œβ”€β”€ Robust ASIC-Based Image # Full research paper (PDF) β”‚ Authentication Using β”‚ Reed-Solomon LSB Watermarking.pdf β”œβ”€β”€ ASIC_Signature_Paper.html # HTML version of paper β”œβ”€β”€ Secure_image_generation_with # Interactive HTML demo β”‚ ASIC_signature.html β”œβ”€β”€ benchmarks/ # Performance benchmarks β”œβ”€β”€ dataset/ # Test image datasets β”œβ”€β”€ docs/ # Documentation β”œβ”€β”€ drivers/ # ASIC drivers β”œβ”€β”€ Originals/ # Original test images β”œβ”€β”€ proofs/ # Verification proofs β”œβ”€β”€ tools/ # Additional tools β”œβ”€β”€ .github/workflows/ # CI/CD workflows β”œβ”€β”€ CITATION.cff # Citation metadata β”œβ”€β”€ LICENSE # MIT License β”œβ”€β”€ SECURITY.md # Security policy β”œβ”€β”€ zenodo.json # Zenodo metadata └── README.md # This file ``` --- ## πŸ“š References Selected references from the original manuscript: - Katzenbeisser & Petitcolas, Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking, 2000. - Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 2008. - Reed & Solomon, Polynomial Codes Over Certain Finite Fields, 1960. - NIST FIPS 180-4: Secure Hash Standard. - Bitmain Antminer S9 documentation. --- ## πŸ§‘β€πŸ’» Author & Contact **Francisco Angulo de Lafuente** β€” Independent Researcher, Spain - GitHub: https://github.com/Agnuxo1 - ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francisco-Angulo-Lafuente-3 - Kaggle: https://www.kaggle.com/franciscoangulo - Hugging Face: https://huggingface.co/Agnuxo - ORCID: 0009-0001-1634-7063 --- ## πŸ“– How to Cite Please use the `CITATION.cff` file in this repository or cite as: > Francisco Angulo de Lafuente (2026). *Secure Image Generation with ASIC Signature*. GitHub repository, v1.0.0. https://github.com/Agnuxo1/Secure_image_generation_with_ASIC_signature --- ## πŸ“ License [MIT License](LICENSE) Β© 2026 Francisco Angulo de Lafuente ---
**[🌐 Live PWA](https://silicon.p2pclaw.com) Β· [πŸ“„ Paper](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/Secure_image_generation_with_ASIC_signature/blob/main/Robust%20ASIC-Based%20Image%20Authentication%20Using%20Reed-Solomon%20LSB%20Watermarking.pdf) Β· [πŸ› Issues](https://github.com/Agnuxo1/Secure_image_generation_with_ASIC_signature/issues)**