Céline Aubert Marié-Angélique Laporte Pier Luigi Buttigieg AgrO is an ontlogy for representing agronomic practices, techniques, variables and related entities Agronomy Ontology The Agronomy Ontology by CGIAR is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred term The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred term example of usage A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage in branch An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet. GROUP:OBI OBI_0000277 in branch has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot has curation status definition The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> editor note term editor Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> term editor alternative term An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source has obsolescence reason Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification. PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot has obsolescence reason curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item ontology term requester The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term. ontology term requester is denotator type Relates an class defined in an ontology, to the type of it's denotator In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange('is denotator type' 'denotator type') Alan Ruttenberg is denotator type imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from expand expression to ObjectProperty: RO_0002104 Label: has plasma membrane part Annotations: IAO_0000424 "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)" A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones Chris Mungall expand expression to expand assertion to ObjectProperty: RO??? Label: spatially disjoint from Annotations: expand_assertion_to "DisjointClasses: (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?X) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)" A macro expansion tag applied to an annotation property which can be expanded into a more detailed axiom. Chris Mungall expand assertion to first order logic expression PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg first order logic expression antisymmetric property part_of antisymmetric property xsd:true Use boolean value xsd:true to indicate that the property is an antisymmetric property Alan Ruttenberg antisymmetric property OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label has ID digit count Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO" Relates an ontology used to record id policy to the number of digits in the URI. The URI is: the 'has ID prefix" annotation property value concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID digit count has ID range allocated Datatype: idrange:1 Annotations: 'has ID range allocated to': "Chris Mungall" EquivalentTo: xsd:integer[> 2151 , <= 2300] Relates a datatype that encodes a range of integers to the name of the person or organization who can use those ids constructed in that range to define new terms Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID range allocated to has ID policy for Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO" Relating an ontology used to record id policy to the ontology namespace whose policy it manages Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID policy for has ID prefix Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO" Relates an ontology used to record id policy to a prefix concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) to construct an ID for a term being created. Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID prefix elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) is allocated id range Relates an ontology IRI to an (inclusive) range of IRIs in an OBO name space. The range is give as, e.g. "IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999" PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology is allocated id range retired from use as of relates a class of CRID to the date after which further instances should not be made, according to the central authority In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange xsd:dateTimeStamp Alan Ruttenberg retired from use as of has ontology root term Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root. Nicolas Matentzoglu has ontology root term may be identical to A annotation relationship between two terms in an ontology that may refer to the same (natural) type but where more evidence is required before terms are merged. David Osumi-Sutherland #40 VFB Edges asserting this should be annotated with to record evidence supporting the assertion and its provenance. may be identical to scheduled for obsoletion on or after Used when the class or object is scheduled for obsoletion/deprecation on or after a particular date. Chris Mungall, Jie Zheng https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/15532 https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/32 GO ontology scheduled for obsoletion on or after has axiom id Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI has axiom label term replaced by Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology term replaced by An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. temporal interpretation If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL is a defining property chain axiom If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R. is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of BFO:0000050 plant_ontology part_of part_of part of part_of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part BFO:0000051 plant_ontology has_part has_part has part has_part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes preceded by The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by Laurel_Cooper 2013-07-09T14:29:15Z BFO:0000062 plant_ontology preceded_by preceded_by Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. preceded by preceded_by The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. POC:Laurel_Cooper precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Laurel_Cooper 2015-06-04T17:18:40Z BFO:0000063 plant_ontology precedes precedes precedes precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in site of [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process has measurement unit label The process of creation is, for example, writing down on paper the name of a friend by deliberately creating a certain pattern using ink. Here the ink + paper is the independent continuant and the carrier is the pattern in the ink. c = pattern in the ink b = paper + ink r = friend c specifically denotes r =def r is a portion of reality & c is a particular quality & c depends specifically on some independent continuant b & b acquired c as the result of the achievement of an objective to enable pointing to r repeatedly. Marked means there is a changed or additional quality of the bearer - the quality is the information carrier. Case 1 Memory trace as mark created when reading some description of some friend. The trace can denote. Case 2 Pattern of ink arrayed on paper as mark when writing down a friend's name Case 3 Pattern of magnetic domains on scattered pieces of a hard disk platter as mark when saving a file. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The suggestions is to deprecate specific and generically denotes in favor of a single denote relationship that corresponds to the generic sense see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/25&q=denote Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy obsolete_specifically denotes true This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about An information artifact IA mentions an entity E exactly when it has a component/part that denotes E 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. P4 RC1 munges our GCI so remove it for now: mentions some entity equivalentTo has_part some ('generically denotes' some entity) 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Add this relation following conversation with Jonathan Rees that N&S GCI for is_about was too strong. Really it was simply sufficient. To effect this change we introduce this relation, which is subproperty of is_about, and have previous GCI use this relation "mentions" in it's (logical) definition PERSON: Jonathan Rees Person: Alan Ruttenberg mentions A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r person:Alan Ruttenberg Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/25&q=denote obsolete_materially denotes true m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes. From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality. From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input. This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. Alan Ruttenberg is quality measurement of obsolete_describes true obsolete_represents true inverse of the relation 'denotes' Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Mike Conlon denoted by relating a cartesian spatial coordinate datum to a unit label that together with the values represent a point has coordinate unit label relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process Person:Alan Ruttenberg is duration of inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship Person:Alan Ruttenberg is quality measured as A relation between a data item and a quality of a material entity where the material entity is the specified output of a material transformation which achieves an objective specification that indicates the intended value of the specified quality. Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Bjoern Peters is quality specification of inverse of the relation of is quality specification of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Bjoern Peters quality is specified as relates a time stamped measurement datum to the time measurement datum that denotes the time when the measurement was taken Alan Ruttenberg has time stamp relates a time stamped measurement datum to the measurement datum that was measured Alan Ruttenberg has measurement datum has_specified_input has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input is_specified_input_of has_specified_output has_specified_output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output is_specified_output_of is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color inheres in this apple this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in RO:0000056 plant_ontology participates_in participates_in participates in participates_in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant RO:0000057 plant_ontology has_participant has_participant has participant has_participant A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from derives from this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives_into derives into is location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime location_of location of located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. 2D_boundary_of boundary of is 2D boundary of is boundary of 2D boundary of my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. has boundary has_2D_boundary has 2D boundary A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B. has regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B. has negative regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B. has positive regulatory component activity has component activity w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. has component process directly regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. directly negatively regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. directly positively regulated by Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. GOC:dos A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. has effector activity A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. GOC:dos David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y overlaps true true x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z. RO:0002160 plant_ontology only_in_taxon only_in_taxon only in taxon only_in_taxon x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed. in taxon w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. has component x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y RO:0002202 plant_ontology develops_from develops_from develops from develops_from inverse of develops from develops into process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. regulates Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. negatively regulates Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. positively regulates A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. capable of c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. capable of part of true true A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. has input x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y has developmental contribution from inverse of has developmental contribution from developmentally contributes to Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p X developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p. Laurel_Cooper 2013-06-27T13:16:56Z RO:0002258 plant_ontology developmentally_preceded_by developmentally_preceded_by developmentally preceded by developmentally_preceded_by X developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p. RO:0002258 c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes. acts upstream of c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process. affects acts upstream of or within Inverse of developmentally preceded by developmentally succeeded by causally upstream of, positive effect causally upstream of, negative effect true true A relationship that holds via some environmental process evolutionarily related to A mereological relationship or a topological relationship mereotopologically related to A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) developmentally related to enables A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. functionally related to this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p. part of structure that is capable of true true c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p involved in inverse of enables enabled by inverse of regulates regulated by inverse of negatively regulates negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates positively regulated by An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member inverse of has input input of x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). has developmental potential involving x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y has potential to developmentally contribute to x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y has potential to develop into x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y has potential to directly develop into inverse of upstream of causally downstream of immediately causally downstream of This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes causally related to p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain causally upstream of p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q. immediately causally upstream of p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. affects causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within causally downstream of or within c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p involved in regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p involved in positive regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p involved in negative regulation of c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p involved in or involved in regulation of c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. enables activity in is active in true true c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. GOC:cjm GOC:dos A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected. in pairwise interaction with interacts with An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other. molecularly interacts with phosphorylates The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B. molecularly controls directly regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B. molecularly decreases activity of directly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B. molecularly increases activity of directly positively regulates activity of helper property (not for use in curation) p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c. has part that occurs in true true is kinase activity A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal agent in process p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. causal relation between processes causal relation between entities causally influenced by interaction relation helper property molecular interaction relation helper property The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size). causally influences Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. directly regulates s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p has part structure that is capable of A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. causal relation between material entity and a process Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. capable of negatively regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. capable of positively regulating Inverse of 'causal agent in process' process has causal agent Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2. directly positively regulates Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2. directly negatively regulates Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P. enables subfunction acts upstream of or within, positive effect acts upstream of or within, negative effect c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive acts upstream of, positive effect c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative acts upstream of, negative effect causally upstream of or within, negative effect causally upstream of or within, positive effect The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B. regulates activity of has measurement value has x coordinate value has z coordinate value has y coordinate value A planned process in which soil is mechanicaly mixed, stirred or overturned. incorporation process tillage tillage process A planned process in which soil is mechanicaly mixed, stirred or overturned. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=447 A planned process in which the agricultural field surface is shaped for ensuring that the depths and discharge variations over the agricultural field are relatively uniform. land levelling land levelling process A planned process in which the agricultural field surface is shaped for ensuring that the depths and discharge variations over the agricultural field are relatively uniform. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0231e/t0231e08.htm A planned process in which the thickness of crop residue on the surface of an agricultural field is managed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 crop residue management residue management crop residue management process A planned process in which the thickness of crop residue on the surface of an agricultural field is managed. agglossary.org/wiki/index.php?title=Residue_management A planned process in which water is artificially supplied to plant or soil to sustain plants. irrigation irrigation process A planned process in which water is artificially supplied to plant or soil to sustain plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation www.dictionary.com/browse/irrigation A pruning process in which one or more suckers are removed. desuckering process Which suckers are removed depends on the criteria set by the agent of the desuckering process. desuckering A role that inheres in a water body that is realised in an irrigation process where water is transported from that water body to the target of the irrigation process. irrigation water source role A water body from which water is taken during an irrigation process and transported to the target of the irrigation process. irrigation source Volume of water applied during an irrigation process. amount of irrigation water irrigation depth quantity of irrigation water volume of irrigation water A tillage process in which, approximately, less than 15 percent of the soil surface is covered by crop residue after planting. conventional tillage intensive tillage tillage_technique conventional tillage process A tillage process in which, approximately, less than 15 percent of the soil surface is covered by crop residue after planting. http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/resourcedisplay/322/ A tillage process in which between, approximately, 15 to 30 percent of the soil surface is covered by plant residue after planting. reduced tillage tillage_technique reduced tillage process A tillage process in which between, approximately, 15 to 30 percent of the soil surface is covered by plant residue after planting. http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/resourcedisplay/322/ A tillage process in which a proportion of plant residue, left over after a harvesting process, is left relatively undisturbed on the tilled land; this is done in order to accomplish several conservation objectives including the maintenance of soil moisture content, the reduction of soil erosion and soil compaction, and/or the reduction of labour intensity and fuel consumption. conservation tillage tillage_technique Usually 30 percent of soil surface covered by plant residue is neccessary to achieved conservation tillage. conservation tillage process A tillage process in which a proportion of plant residue, left over after a harvesting process, is left relatively undisturbed on the tilled land; this is done in order to accomplish several conservation objectives including the maintenance of soil moisture content, the reduction of soil erosion and soil compaction, and/or the reduction of labour intensity and fuel consumption. http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/resourcedisplay/322/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage A land levelling process in which a laser guided equipement is used to shape land surface. laser land levelling laser land levelling process A land levelling process in which a laser guided equipement is used to shape land surface. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/I.3_Land_levelling.htm A pest control process in which physical means such as barriers, traps and handpicking, or physical conditions like high temperature, are used to control unwanted organisms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 mechanical pest control mechanical pest control process A pest control process in which physical means such as barriers, traps and handpicking, or physical conditions like high temperature, are used to control unwanted organisms. http://articles.extension.org/pages/43637/what-is-mechanical-pest-control https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_pest_control A pest control process in which organisms are employed to manage unwanted organisms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 biological control biological pest control biological pest control process A pest control process in which organisms are employed to manage unwanted organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control https://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text19/biocontrol.html A planned process in which unwanted organisms are controlled. pest control pest control process A planned process in which unwanted organisms are controlled. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control A pest control process in which chemical is used to manage unwanted organisms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 chemical pest control chemical pest control process A planned process in which the useful part or parts of the plant are gathered. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 harvest harvesting plant harvesting process The usefulness of the part or parts of the plant depends on the criteria set by the agent of the harvesting process. harvest process A planned process in which the useful part or parts of the plant are gathered. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0522e/T0522E05.htm A planned process in which the soil is left undisturbed apart from where the seeds or planting material are placed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 zero tillage No-till is often considered as being a conservation tillage process. no-till A planned process in which the soil is left undisturbed apart from where the seeds or planting material are placed. http://www.vellag.com/articles/no-till-agriculture/ A planned process in which selected parts of the plant are removed. The practice entails targeted removal of diseased, damaged, dead, non-productive, structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted tissue from plants. This is done in order to shape the plant or tree, improve plant or tree health, reduce the risk from falling branches, prepare nursery specimens for transplanting, and increase the yield or quality of harvested products. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 pruning thinning process thinning A planned process in which selected parts of the plant are removed. The practice entails targeted removal of diseased, damaged, dead, non-productive, structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted tissue from plants. This is done in order to shape the plant or tree, improve plant or tree health, reduce the risk from falling branches, prepare nursery specimens for transplanting, and increase the yield or quality of harvested products. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6274 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning#Types_of_pruning A tillage process in which saturated or near-saturated soil are worked into soft structureless mud, mainly for paddy rice production. puddling puddling process A tillage process in which saturated or near-saturated soil are worked into soft structureless mud, mainly for paddy rice production. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage A conservation tillage process in which non-inversion tillage tools that partially incorporate surface organic material are used on the entire surface of the field. mulch tillage mulch-till A conservation tillage process in which non-inversion tillage tools that partially incorporate surface organic material are used on the entire surface of the field. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_025852.pdf A conservation tillage process in which, in a land with permanent ridges, previous crop's residue is cleared off ridge-tops into adjacent furrows to make way for the new crop being planted on ridges. ridge tillage ridge-till A conservation tillage process in which, in a land with permanent ridges, previous crop's residue is cleared off ridge-tops into adjacent furrows to make way for the new crop being planted on ridges. http://www.mda.state.mn.us/protecting/conservation/practices/constillage.aspx A conservation tillage process in which narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the soil in between the rows untilled. zone tillage strip-till A conservation tillage process in which narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the soil in between the rows untilled. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage A plant anatomical entity that is defined to mean plants or parts of plant capable of and intended for producing or reproducing entire plants. plant reproductive material planting material A plant anatomical entity that is defined to mean plants or parts of plant capable of and intended for producing or reproducing entire plants. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_food-safety/pressroom/docs/proposal_aphp_en.pdf A fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter, and contains a carbon-hydrogen linkage. Organic fertilizer is sometime defined as being derived from natural sources including non-living organism sources like rock. organic fertilizer role A fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter, and contains a carbon-hydrogen linkage. http://www.newenglandisa.org/FunkHandoutsOrganicInorganicFertilizers.pdf http://www.thefreedictionary.com/organic+fertilizer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_fertilizer Organic fertilizer is sometime defined as being derived from natural sources including non-living organism sources like rock. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/234.html A role that inheres in an organism that is realized in an agricultural process where the organism is unwanted. pest role A plan specification which describes how a material entity is applied to another material entity. fertilizer application technique pesticide application technique fertilizer application method application method An application method in which a liquid material entity is applied by aircraft to an area. aerial topdressing crop dusting aerial application An application method in which a liquid material entity is applied by aircraft to an area. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_nutrientmgt_methodsoffertilizerappln.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_application https://prod.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_030755.pdf An application method in which a material entity is applied in bands below, above, on one side, or on both sides of seeds or seedlings at planting. banding band application An application method in which a material entity is applied in bands below, above, on one side, or on both sides of seeds or seedlings at planting. http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/cis/cis0757.pdf http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf http://www.nasda.org/File.aspx?id=30530 A band application in which the material entity is applied after seeding or planting. sidedress application side dressing A band application in which the material entity is applied after seeding or planting. http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/cis/cis0757.pdf An application method which specifies how a material entity is to be uniformly applied to an area. broadcasting broadcast application method An application method which specifies how a material entity is to be uniformly applied to an area. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf http://www.nasda.org/File.aspx?id=30530 A broadcast application in which fertilizer is applied to an area before planting or before seedling emergence. fertilizer basal application A broadcast application in which fertilizer is applied to an area before planting or before seedling emergence. http://www.fao.org/ag/Agp/agpc/doc/tibetmanual/04_Mineral_nutrition.htm A broadcast application in which a material entity is applied to an area after seedling emergence and establishment of plants. topdress application top dressing A broadcast application in which a material entity is applied to an area after seedling emergence and establishment of plants. http://www.fao.org/ag/Agp/agpc/doc/tibetmanual/04_Mineral_nutrition.htm An application method in which a chemical entity is applied to the lower portions of plant stems or tree trunks just above the soil line. chemical basal application An application method in which a chemical entity is applied to the lower portions of plant stems or tree trunks just above the soil line. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf An application method in which a water-soluble chemical is injected into water flowing through an irrigation system. chemigation An application method in which a water-soluble chemical is injected into water flowing through an irrigation system. https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/irrigation/chemigation An application method in which a material entity is applied at the time of sowing, and placed in contact with seeds. combined drilling drill placement on the seed application placed with seed application pop-up application seed placement contact placement An application method in which a material entity is applied at the time of sowing, and placed in contact with seeds. http://agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=364 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_nutrientmgt_methodsoffertilizerappln.html http://www.agprofessional.com/resource-centers/crop-fertility/micronutrients/news/Pop-up-fertilizers-What-you-need-to-know-254954281.html http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/cis/cis0757.pdf An application method in which the material entity is placed in the reduced soil layer. subsurface placement The material entity is often compacted into pellet or briquette before being placed into the soil. The reduction soil layer is usually localized around 5 to 10 cm under the soil surface. This application method is often used in paddy field. deep placement An application method in which a water-soluble fertilizer is injected into water flowing through an irrigation system. fertigation An application method in which a water-soluble fertilizer is injected into water flowing through an irrigation system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigation An application method in which a liquid material entity is sprayed to the leafy portions of a plant. foliar spray foliar application An application method in which a liquid material entity is sprayed to the leafy portions of a plant. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf An application method in which the material entity is placed in a continuous band on the bottom of the furrow during the process of ploughing. Each band is covered as the next furrow is turned. The aim is to place the material entity in moist soil where it can become more available to growing plants. plough sole placement An application method in which the material entity is placed in a continuous band on the bottom of the furrow during the process of ploughing. Each band is covered as the next furrow is turned. The aim is to place the material entity in moist soil where it can become more available to growing plants. https://books.google.fr/books?id=pZ0rVya6CW4C&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=Broadcast+incorporated+plough+sole+placement&source=bl&ots=89TNkPz-j-&sig=a59lhwk5TaKrRROry3ImNW6zhDE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjggPWP1anNAhXGWBoKHReIAGkQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false An application method in which a liquid material entity is conveyed from a reservoir to a rope or wick that is wiped into unwanted plants. rope-wick treatment wiper treatment rope-wick application An application method in which a liquid material entity is conveyed from a reservoir to a rope or wick that is wiped into unwanted plants. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf http://www.google.com/patents/US4219964 An application method in which a material entity is appplied directly on seeds before seeding. seed treatment seed dressing An application method in which a material entity is appplied directly on seeds before seeding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_treatment An application method in which a material entity is injected under pressure beneath the soil surface. soil injection An application method in which a material entity is injected under pressure beneath the soil surface. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf An application method in which a material entity is injected under the bark of trees. tree injection An application method in which a material entity is injected under the bark of trees. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf A plan specification which describes how water is applied to plants or soil. irrigation method An irrigation process in which water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, and is applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 localized irrigation localized irrigation process An irrigation process in which water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, and is applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed under pressure through a pipe system where it drips slowly onto the soil close to the plants. drip irrigation micro irrigation trickle irrigation drip irrigation process A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed under pressure through a pipe system where it drips slowly onto the soil close to the plants. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684E/s8684e02.htm A localized irrigation process in which water is distributed by diffusion and capillary action through the wall of buried unglazed clay pot. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 pitcher irrigation pitcher irrigation process A localized irrigation process in which water is distributed by diffusion and capillary action through the wall of buried unglazed clay pot. http://forest.mtu.edu/pcforestry/resources/studentprojects/pitcher/ A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed under pressure through a buried pipe system where it drips slowly below the soil surface close to plants' roots. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 SDI subsurface drip irrigation subsurface drip irrigation process A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed under pressure through a buried pipe system where it drips slowly below the soil surface close to plants' roots. http://ag.arizona.edu/crop/irrigation/azdrip/SDI.htm http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-use/hardware/optimisation-water-use-agriculture/subsurface-irrig An irrigation process in which water is distributed through a buried piped network with a layer of geotextile on top. Geotextiles absorb the water from the drippers of the piped network and transport that water under the soil surface via mass flow and capillary action. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 SSTI subsurface textile irrigation subsurface textile irrigation process An irrigation process in which water is distributed through a buried piped network with a layer of geotextile on top. Geotextiles absorb the water from the drippers of the piped network and transport that water under the soil surface via mass flow and capillary action. http://america.pink/subsurface-textile-irrigation_4206598.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_textile_irrigation An irrigation process in which water is distributed through a system of pipes, and is sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 irrigation with sprinkler sprinkler irrigation process An irrigation process in which water is distributed through a system of pipes, and is sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. www.fao.org/docrep/s8684e/s8684e06.htm A sprinkler irrigation process in which water is dispersed through a long, segmented arm that revolves around a pivot point and covers a circular area. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 center-pivot irrigation central pivot irrigation circle irrigation waterwheel irrigation center-pivot irrigation process A sprinkler irrigation process in which water is dispersed through a long, segmented arm that revolves around a pivot point and covers a circular area. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/center-pivot-irrigation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_pivot_irrigation An irrigation process in which water is delivered to the plant root zone from below the soil surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 seepage irrigation sub-irrigation subground irrigation process subsurface irrigation sub-irrigation process An irrigation process in which water is delivered to the plant root zone from below the soil surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subirrigation An irrigation process in which water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 surface irrigation surface irrigation process An irrigation process in which water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_irrigation A surface irrigation process in which water is applied into basins. Basins are flat areas of land surronded by low bunds. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 bassin irrigation Basin irrigation is suitable for crops that are unaffected by standing in water for long periods (e.g. 12-24 hours) like rice or some trees. bassin irrigation process A surface irrigation process in which water is applied into basins. Basins are flat areas of land surronded by low bunds. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684E/s8684e02.htm A bassin irrigation process in which basins are flooded during the entire growing season of plants. coutinuous flooding paddy irrigation continuous flood process A bassin irrigation process in which basins are flooded during the entire growing season of plants. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-management A surface irrigation process in which water is distributed to an area divided into borders. Borders are long, sloping strips of land separated by bunds. Water is applied to the top end of borders. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 bay irrigation border check irrigation border irrigation border strip irrigation Borders are typically longer and narrower compared to basin irrigation. border irrigation process A surface irrigation process in which water is distributed to an area divided into borders. Borders are long, sloping strips of land separated by bunds. Water is applied to the top end of borders. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684E/s8684e02.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_irrigation A surface irrigation process in which water is carried into small channels called furrows down the land slope between the plant rows. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and infiltrates into the soil as it moves along the slope channel. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 furrow irrigation furrow irrigation process A surface irrigation process in which water is carried into small channels called furrows down the land slope between the plant rows. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and infiltrates into the soil as it moves along the slope channel. http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0231E/t0231e04.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684E/s8684e02.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_irrigation A surface irrigation process in which water is spread over a flat area without control over water flow or prior preparation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 uncontrolled flooding wild flooding uncontrolled flooding process A surface irrigation process in which water is spread over a flat area without control over water flow or prior preparation. http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0231E/t0231e04.htm https://books.google.fr/books?id=DSvFRbtmb9EC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=uncontrolled+flooding+irrigation&source=bl&ots=GZ1pAtoBYD&sig=SU-vFWGW5bKfmMr5q5ppV-6G-Wk&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjKibDIz6zNAhWGSBQKHa38ANgQ6AEIVTAM#v=onepage&q=uncontrolled%20flooding%20irrigation&f=false https://irrigationmethods.wordpress.com/ A role that inheres in an organism that is realised in a pest control process where that organism is used to suppress unwanted organisms. biological pest control agent role A role that inheres in an environmental material that is realised in a land preparation process where that environmental material is applied to soil in order to neutralize soil acidity. liming role Plants that are grown to be tilled, or cut down to lay on top of the ground for the purpose of adding organic matter and nutrients to the soil. green manure Plants that are grown to be tilled, or cut down to lay on top of the ground for the purpose of adding organic matter and nutrients to the soil. http://www.manytracks.com/Garden/GreenManure.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manure Animal manure that contains plant material, which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine. FYM barnyard manure farmyard manure Animal manure that contains plant material, which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure An animal manure made of animal feces and urine with no or very little material used for animal bedding. slurry manure farm slurry An animal manure made of animal feces and urine with no or very little material used for animal bedding. http://articles.extension.org/pages/8920/slurry-manure-collection-and-handling-systems An animal manure made of animal urine and sometimes waste water. liquid manure Organic matter mostly derived from animal feces which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-0815 The excreta of animals, with or without an admixture of bedding or litter, fresh or at various stages of further decomposition or composting. animal manure Organic matter mostly derived from animal feces which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure The excreta of animals, with or without an admixture of bedding or litter, fresh or at various stages of further decomposition or composting. https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary An animal manure that contains poultry excreta, spilled feed, feathers, and material used as bedding in poultry operations. broiler litter chicken litter poultry manure poultry litter An animal manure that contains poultry excreta, spilled feed, feathers, and material used as bedding in poultry operations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_litter#Litter_amendments An animal manure that contains solid waste from fishes often originateing from aquaculture operations. fish manure An animal manure that contains solid waste from fishes often originateing from aquaculture operations. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fish-manure https://www.fishnure.com/about-us/ An animal manure that is produced from ground-up whole fish or by-products mixed with water, and heated to remove oils and proteins. fish emulsion An animal manure that is produced from ground-up whole fish or by-products mixed with water, and heated to remove oils and proteins. http://organicgardening.about.com/od/organicgardeningglossary/g/fishemulsion.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_emulsion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate An animal manure obtained by drying and grinding or otherwise treating fish or fish waste to which no other matter has been added. fish blood and bone fish meal An animal manure obtained by drying and grinding or otherwise treating fish or fish waste to which no other matter has been added. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5926e/x5926e01.htm An animal manure made from whole fish or by-products put into water and cold-ground up. fish hydrolysate An animal manure made from whole fish or by-products put into water and cold-ground up. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate The biomass remaining after pressing oil seeds to extract oil. oil cake The biomass remaining after pressing oil seeds to extract oil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_cake Dry, inert powder made from blood. Blood usually comes from cattle or hogs as a slaughterhouse by-product. blood meal Dry, inert powder made from blood. Blood usually comes from cattle or hogs as a slaughterhouse by-product. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_meal The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. obsolete bagasse true The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagasse An agricultural environmental material that contains ground-biomass remaining after pressing oil seeds. ground oil cake oil meal An oil meal that contains crushed cotton seeds from which oil has been removed. cottonseed meal An oil meal that contains crushed cotton seeds from which oil has been removed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed_meal An agricultural environmental material that contains ground dry alfalfa. alfalfa meal An agricultural environmental material that contains ground dry alfalfa. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/275 A compost that contains the residual compost waste generated by mushroom production. It generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together. spent mushroom compost A compost that contains the residual compost waste generated by mushroom production. It generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_mushroom_compost Layer of material applied to the soil surface to conserve moisture, improve soil fertility, reduce weed growth, or enhance the visual appeal of the area. mulch Layer of material applied to the soil surface to conserve moisture, improve soil fertility, reduce weed growth, or enhance the visual appeal of the area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch A mulch where plastic sheet is used to cover soil surface. Plants grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. plastic mulch A mulch where plastic sheet is used to cover soil surface. Plants grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch A mulch where textile material is used to covert the soil surface. The fabric itself can be made from synthetic or organic materials, sometimes from recycled sources. landscape fabric A mulch where textile material is used to covert the soil surface. The fabric itself can be made from synthetic or organic materials, sometimes from recycled sources. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_fabric A mulch where shredded or entire piece of paper or newspaper cover the soil surface. newspaper mulch paper mulch A mulch where lawn waste resulting from mowing are used to cover the soil surface. grass clippings mulch A mulch where lawn waste resulting from mowing are used to cover the soil surface. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/715.html A mulch where pine needles are used to cover soil surface. pine straw mulch pine needles mulch A mulch where pine needles are used to cover soil surface. http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html#wood A mulch where straw is used to cover soil surface. straw mulch A mulch where straw is used to cover soil surface. http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html#wood A mulch where foil is used to cover soil surface. aluminum mulch A mulch where stones are used to cover soil surface. stone mulch A mulch where tree leaves are used to cover soil surface. leave mulch A mulch where compost is used to cover soil surface. compost mulch A mulch where wood chips are used to cover soil surface. Wood chips are a byproduct of the pruning of trees. wood chips mulch A mulch where wood chips are used to cover soil surface. Wood chips are a byproduct of the pruning of trees. http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html#wood A mulch where the outer corky bark layer of timber trees, shredded or not, are used to cover soil surface. bark mulch A mulch where the outer corky bark layer of timber trees, shredded or not, are used to cover soil surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch#Bark_chips A biological pest control process in which organisms that will help to manage pests are introduced to a new locale where they do not occur naturally. classical biological pest control importation organisms importation process A biological pest control process in which organisms that will help to manage pests are introduced to a new locale where they do not occur naturally. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control#Importation A biological pest control process in which organisms that help to manage pests are released to boost the naturally occurring population. augmentation organisms augmentation process A biological pest control process in which organisms that help to manage pests are released to boost the naturally occurring population. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control#Importation A biological pest control process in which suitable habitat or food are provided to the naturally occurring population of organisms that help to manage pests. conservation organisms conservation process A biological pest control process in which suitable habitat or food are provided to the naturally occurring population of organisms that help to manage pests. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control#Importation A mechanical pest control process in which pests are killed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 destruction technique mechanical pest destruction process A mechanical pest control process in which pests are kept away. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 exclusion technique mechanical pest exclusion process A mechanical pest control process in which pests are removed without being killed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 removal technique mechanical pest removal process A planned process in which a layer of material is apply to the soil surface to conserve moisture, improve soil fertility, reduce pests population and enhance the visual appeal of the area. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch mulch management mulching mulching process A planned process in which a liming material is applied to soil to reduce acidity. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 liming liming process A planned process in which a liming material is applied to soil to reduce acidity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liming Seed soaked in water until the physical process of germination, the penetration of the root though the seed coat, has occurred. wet seed pregerminated seed Piece of a plant, often piece of the stem or root, that is used for vegetative propagation. plant cutting Piece of a plant, often piece of the stem or root, that is used for vegetative propagation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(plant) A shoot of a perennial plant. ratoon A shoot of a perennial plant. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ratoon Organism used to pull agricultural implements. draught animal working animal draft animal obsolete horse true obsolete donkey true ox steer obsolete bull true obsolete camel true obsolete mule true obsolete buffalo true obsolete elephant true A mobile machine specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, and mainly used for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 tractor A mobile machine specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, and mainly used for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor A tractor with one axle, self-powered and self-propelled. The operator usually walks behind it or rides the implement being towed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 two-wheel tractor walking tractor single-axle tractor A tractor with one axle, self-powered and self-propelled. The operator usually walks behind it or rides the implement being towed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractor A tractor with two axles. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 four-wheel tractor two-axle tractor A tractor with two axles. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#Tractor_configurations A roller armed with blunt spikes for dragging over newly plowed land to break the clods and render it fit for seeding. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 clod crusher A roller armed with blunt spikes for dragging over newly plowed land to break the clods and render it fit for seeding. https://www.wordnik.com/words/clod-crusher An implement that consists of many carbon steel or boron discs, which have many varying concavities and disc blade sizes and spacing and which are arranged into two or four sections. It is used to till the soil where crops are to be planted. It is also used to chop up unwanted weeds or crop remainders. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 bladed harrow disc plough disc harrow An implement that consists of many carbon steel or boron discs, which have many varying concavities and disc blade sizes and spacing and which are arranged into two or four sections. It is used to till the soil where crops are to be planted. It is also used to chop up unwanted weeds or crop remainders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_harrow An implement that cut, lift and reverse soil with a cutting depth of approximately 15 cm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 frame-plough moldboard plow mouldboard turnplough mouldboard plough An implement that cut, lift and reverse soil with a cutting depth of approximately 15 cm. http://lambangjaya.com/product/detail/mouldboard-plough.html An implement that typically has only one thin blade with a sharpened tip, and is used to loosen and break up soil at depths about 30 cm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 flat lifter mole plough subsoiler An implement that loosen and aerate soil without inverting or turning it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 chisel plough An implement that loosen and aerate soil without inverting or turning it. http://minosagri.com/chisel-plough An implement that is used for plants, such as potatoes or scallions, which are grown buried in ridges of soil. A ridging plough has two mouldboards facing away from each other, cutting a deep furrow on each pass, with high ridges either side. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 ridging plough An implement that is used for plants, such as potatoes or scallions, which are grown buried in ridges of soil. A ridging plough has two mouldboards facing away from each other, cutting a deep furrow on each pass, with high ridges either side. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough An implement that is designed to cut the soil and turn it on its side, minimizing the damage to the earthworms, soil microorganism, and fungi. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 need a more precise definition spade plough An implement that is designed to cut the soil and turn it on its side, minimizing the damage to the earthworms, soil microorganism, and fungi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough#Spade_plough Board used in field with a total water coverage to shape field surface. Weight can be added to the board. leveling board levelling board Bucket dragged by animal or tractor to shape soil surface. Bucket dimensions and capacity vary according to the available power source and field conditions. drag bucket drag scraper leveling bucket levelling bucket Bucket dragged by animal or tractor to shape soil surface. Bucket dimensions and capacity vary according to the available power source and field conditions. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267641740_Laser_Guided_Land_Leveling_and_Grading_for_Precision_Farming A bucket tracted by a tractor and controlled by a laser to shape soil surface. A laser transmitter transmits a laser beam, which is intercepted by the laser receiver mounted on the leveling bucket. The control panel mounted on the tractor interprets the signal from the receiver and raises or lowers the bucket. laser-controlled bucket A bucket tracted by a tractor and controlled by a laser to shape soil surface. A laser transmitter transmits a laser beam, which is intercepted by the laser receiver mounted on the leveling bucket. The control panel mounted on the tractor interprets the signal from the receiver and raises or lowers the bucket. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/I.3_Land_levelling.htm An implement consisting of a heavy framework having high numbers of steel tines on an harrow mat. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 drag harrow harrow chain harrow An implement consisting of a heavy framework having high numbers of steel tines on an harrow mat. http://www.drag-harrow.com/ https://www.wordnik.com/words/harrow An implement consisting of a heavy framework having several spikes or tines, and dragged by an animal or a tractor. drag harrow harrow tine harrow An implement consisting of a heavy framework having several spikes or tines, and dragged by an animal or a tractor. http://www.drag-harrow.com/ https://www.wordnik.com/words/harrow An implement used to distribute manure over a field. It usually consists of a trailer towed behind a tractor with a rotating mechanism driven by the tractor's power take off. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 honey wagon muck spreader manure spreader An implement used to distribute manure over a field. It usually consists of a trailer towed behind a tractor with a rotating mechanism driven by the tractor's power take off. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure_spreader An implement designed to inject slurry into the soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 slurry injector An implement designed to inject slurry into the soil. http://www.pichonindustries.com/slurry-tanker/spreading/injectors An implement that consists of a hopper, a metering unit, and a distribution device that uses centrifugal force to spread material like seeds, fertilizer granules, liming material, onto the soil surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 broadcast seeder centrifugal fertilizer spreader broadcast spreader An implement that consists of a hopper, a metering unit, and a distribution device that uses centrifugal force to spread material like seeds, fertilizer granules, liming material, onto the soil surface. http://www.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/D9458BB7-D852-40B4-B434-5A6FC0C43E0E/3925/B868.pdf A planned process in which seeds are applied on or into the soil. crop establishement direct seeding seeding sowing sowing process seeding process A planned process in which seeds are applied on or into the soil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowing direct seeding http://www.cropsreview.com/methods-of-planting.html An implement that is used to spray liquid and that is fitted with a harness on the operator back. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 knapsack sprayer backpack sprayer An implement that is used to spray liquid and is held in the hand. It usually has an air pump which compresses air into the tanks and pressurizes the liquid to spray.  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 hand sprayer An implement that is used to spray liquid and is held in the hand. It usually has an air pump which compresses air into the tanks and pressurizes the liquid to spray.  https://www.google.com/patents/US8420070 An implement that uses a combination of air and liquid to deliver liquid material to the target. It includes include nozzles that deliver spray droplets directly into a high-speed airstream. The air blast shatters the drops of liquid material into fine droplets and transports them to the target. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 airblast sprayer An implement which is used to create well-defined grooves in the soil where some material like seeds or fertilizer can be placed at a proper depth. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 furrow opener An area density quality which inheres in liming material by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of liming material applied on a given surface area. liming material area density Plant material remaining on the field ground after harvesting, including leaves, stalks, roots. crop residue description crop residue Plant material remaining on the field ground after harvesting, including leaves, stalks, roots. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=480 Two or more crop plants planted in a line. row A site which is located between two rows of crop plants. interrow An area density quality which inheres in nitrogen by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of nitrogen applied in a given surface area. amount of N applied per area amount of nitrogen applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool nitrogen area density An area density quality which inheres in phosphorus by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of phosphorus applied in a given surface area. amount of P applied per area phosphorus total amount quantity of phosphorus applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool phosphorus area density Object with a tube shape used to carry irrigation water through the field https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 irrigation tube An area density quality which inheres in sulfur by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of sulfur applied in a given surface area. amount of sulfur applied on a surface Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool sulfur area density An area density quality which inheres in chemical pest control material by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of chemical pest control material applied in a given surface area. chemical pest control material area density pesticide application rate pesticide area density An area density quality which inheres in nitrate by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of nitrate applied in a given surface area. amont of nitrate applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool nitrate area density An area density quality which inheres in ammonium by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of ammonium applied in a given surface area. amount of ammonium applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool ammonium area density An area density quality which inheres in calcium by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of calcium applied in a given surface area. amount of Ca applied per area amount of calcium applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool calcium area density An area density quality which inheres in magnesium by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of magnesium applied in a given surface area. amount of magnesium applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool magnesium area density An area density quality which inheres in iron by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of iron applied in a given surface area. amount of iron applied Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool iron area density An area density quality which inheres in zinc by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of zinc applied in a given surface area. amount of Zn applied per area amount of zinc applied on a surface Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool zinc area density An area density quality which inheres in copper by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of copper applied in a given surface area. Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool copper area density An area density quality which inheres in boron by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of boron applied in a given surface area. Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool boron area density An area density quality which inheres in molybdenum by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of molybdenum applied in a given surface area. Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool molybdenum area density An area density quality which inheres in manganese by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of manganese applied in a given surface area. Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool manganese area density An area density quality which inheres in chlorine by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of chlorine applied in a given surface area. amount of chlorine applied on a surface Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool chlorine area density A length quality which is equal to the length of the tillage tool that penetrate into the soil. tillage depth tillage tool blade length A thickness quality which is equal to the distance betwenn the top of the mulch layer to the top of the soil layer. mulch thickness The color of a mulch mulch color Small earth embankment which contain irrigation water within basins. dyke levee ridge bund Small earth embankment which contain irrigation water within basins. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684E/s8684e03.htm An environmental material containing calcium and/or magnesium compounds and applied to soil in order to neutralize soil acidity. liming material An environmental material containing calcium and/or magnesium compounds and applied to soil in order to neutralize soil acidity. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient-management/nutrient-lime-guidelines/liming-materials-for-minnesota-soils/ Form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The machine moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the circle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 central pivot irrigation machine circle irrigation machine waterwheel irrigation machine center pivot irrigation machine Form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The machine moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the circle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_pivot_irrigation Hydrological process in which water move through soil and permeable rocks. percolation process in soil Hydrological process in which water move through soil and permeable rocks. http://kula.geol.wwu.edu/rjmitch/L8_soils_percolation.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation Mass of fertilizer applied on a given surface area. fertilizer amount amount of fertilizer applied fertilizer application rate fertilizer quantity applied fertilizer area density An area density quality which inheres in potassium by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of potassium applied in a given surface area. amount of K applied per area amount of potassium applied on a surface Generated equivalence by pattern 'agro/patterns/chemical_area_density', using dosdp-tools and ROBOT tool potassium area density The area density of a seed amount of seeds used seeding area density sowing rate Mass of the seeds sown on a given surface area. seeding rate A pest control process in wich extremely hot temperature are used to kill pest. heat treatment An area density quality which inheres in plant reproductive material by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of plant reproductive material planted in a given surface area. plant reproductive material area density planting rate A pest control process in which extremely cold temperature are used to kill pest. cold treatment A mechanical pest control process in which the area being treated against pest is saturated with water at a depth of 15 to 30 cm for a period of 3 to 8 weeks. flood treatment A mulchin process in which the soil is covered with a layer of clear or black plastic. The plastic that is covering the ground traps heat energy from the sun and raises the temperature of the soil preventing the growth of or killing the plants. soil solarization treatment A mulchin process in which the soil is covered with a layer of clear or black plastic. The plastic that is covering the ground traps heat energy from the sun and raises the temperature of the soil preventing the growth of or killing the plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_solarization A mechanical pest control process in which pest or area with pest are directly burned and flamed. fire treatment A mechanical pest control process in which steam is used to kill pest. steam treatment A mechanical pest process in which diatomaceous earth is used to kill pest. Diatomaceous earth is composed of finely ground skeletons of fossil diatoms. Sharp edges of the ground diatoms scratch the waxy or oily outer layer of soft-bodied insects, which die eventually from dehydration. diatomaceous earth spreading A mechanical pest process in which diatomaceous earth is used to kill pest. Diatomaceous earth is composed of finely ground skeletons of fossil diatoms. Sharp edges of the ground diatoms scratch the waxy or oily outer layer of soft-bodied insects, which die eventually from dehydration. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth A crop residue management process in which crop residues are burned in the field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 crop residue burning process A crop residue management process in which crop residues are spread across the field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 obsolete crop residue spreading process true A land levelling process which uses animal drawn or tractor-drawn levelers. traditional land levelling traditional land levelling process A mechanical pest removal process in which pests are physically caught. trapping trapping process A mechanical pest removal process in which pests are physically caught. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%201.pdf A mechanical pest exclusion process in which barriers are used to prevent pest from getting into the area to be protected. using barrier process A mechanical pest exclusion process in which barriers are used to prevent pest from getting into the area to be protected. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%201.pdf A pest removal process in which unwanted organisms are removed by hands. hand picking hand pulling hand roguing hand picking process A mechanical pest removal process in which a forceful stream of water is used to dislodge pests. water pressure spraying process A mechanical pest removal process in which a field vacuum is used to suck insects from plants. insect vaccuming insect vacuuming process A cutting process in which the above ground of the plants are cut or shred. mowing topping topping process mowing process An implement that is used during a tillage process. tillage implement An implement that is used during a land levelling process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 land levelling implement An implement that is used during a residue management process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 residue management implement An implement that is used during a fertilization process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 agronomic fertilization implement fertilization equipment fertilization implement An implement that is used during a transplanting process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 transplanting implement A planned process in which a plant is moved from one location to be planted in another one. crop establishement replanting transplanting transplanting process plant transplanting process A planned process in which a plant is moved from one location to be planted in another one. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplanting An implement that is used in a planting process. planting implement A planned process in which a plant reproductive material is set into the soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 planting process An implement that is used during a sowing process. seeding implement sowing implement An implement that is used during a chemical pest control process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 pesticide implement chemical pest control implement An implement that is used in an harvest process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 plant harvest implement An implement that is used during a puddling process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 puddling implement An implement that is used during a mulch process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 mulch implement Source of energy used to pulled an implement. obsolete implement traction source true A traction that uses only human power to use an implement. obsolete human power true A traction that uses motorized power to pulled an implement. obsolete motorized traction true A traction that uses animal power to pulled an implement. obsolete animal traction true An equipment that is used during an irrigation process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 irrigation equipment Protocol used to measure the area density of a material. material area density mesurement protocol Protocol in which the material is weighed with a scale. The weight of the material is then divided by the surface area over which the material is applied to obtain the area density of the material. material weight per area measurement protocol Protocol in which the volume of a material is mesured with a graduated container. The volume of the material is then divided by the surface area over which the material is applied to obtain the area density of the material. material volume per area measurement protocol Protocol in which the weight or the volume of the material is recorded from the packaging of the material. This value is then divided by the surface area over which the material is applied to obtain the area density of the material. material area density recording With a ruler measure the distance between the soil surface and the top of the mulch layer. mulch thickness measurement protocol With a ruler measure the distance between the center of two rows. The center of the rows is where the plant reproductive material has been planted. interrow width measurement protocol Measure the length of sprout with a steel tape. sprout lenght measurement protocol Measure the shortest distance between the water source and the entrance of the field with a measuring wheel. water source distance measurement protocol A protocol defined as follow: 1.Weight a sample of the material. 2.Dry this sample. 3.Weight the dry sample. Moisture concentration = ((Ww-Wd)/Ww) x 100 in which : WW = wet weight of the sample, and Wd = weight of the sample after drying. moisture concentration measurement protocol Measure the distance between the soil surface and the top of a bund. Repeat this operation on multiple bunds, and average the results. bund height measurement protocol Measurement protocol in which the depth into the soil of an agricultural process is measured. agricultural operation depth measurement protocol agricultural process depth measurement protocol Use of a penometer to measure the depth of the agricultural process. agricultural process depth measurement protocol using a penometer Use of a penometer to measure the depth of the agricultural process. www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/download/1073/1225 Measure the length of the implement that goes into the soil to realize the agricultural process to knoe the depth of the agricultural process. For exemple, measure the length of the tool blade used for tillage to evaluate tillage depth. implement lenght measurement protocol Record the concentration of the chemical element of interest in the fertilizer used indicated on the fertilizer container. chemical concentration in fertilizer recording protocol Count the number of row that have been harvested. harvested row counting protocol Count the number of row that have been harvested. How to count a row that have been partially harvested? Count the number of plants using a quadrat. A quadrat is a frame of a know area. Set the quadrat on the soil and count the number of plants inside it. Repeat this observation as often as mentioned in your sampling protocol. Total number of plants= [(total number of plants counted inside the quadrat during all the observations)/ (quadrat area)/(number of observation)]x field size. plant population measurement protocol using quadrat plant density measurement protocol using quadrat Count the number of plants using a quadrat. A quadrat is a frame of a know area. Set the quadrat on the soil and count the number of plants inside it. Repeat this observation as often as mentioned in your sampling protocol. Total number of plants= [(total number of plants counted inside the quadrat during all the observations)/ (quadrat area)/(number of observation)]x field size. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrat Count the number of plants in a defined area. Plant density= Total number of plants/ defined area plant population simple measurement protocol plant density simple measurement protocol Protocol that describes how to count the number of plants in a known area. plant population measurement protocol plant density measurement protocol Measure the distance between the beginning and the end of the row. row length mesurement protocol Protocol in which the lignin concentration of an environmental material is measured. lignin concentration measurement protocol Measure the lignin concentration following the acetylbromide method. lignin concentration measurement protocol using acetylbromide Measure the lignin concentration following the acetylbromide method. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12564795 Measure the lignin concentration following the acid detergent fiber method ADF method lignin concentration measurement protocol using acid detergent fiber Measure the lignin concentration following the acid detergent fiber method https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12564795 Measure the lignin concentration with the thioglycolic acid method. lignin concentration measurement protocol using thioglycolic acid Measure the lignin concentration with the thioglycolic acid method. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3268/PDF https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12564795 Measure the lignin concentration with the Klason method. lignin concentration measurement Klason protocol Measure the lignin concentration with the Klason method. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3268/PDF Measure the lignin concentration with the permanganate method. lignin concentration measurement protocol using permanganate Measure the lignin concentration with the permanganate method. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3268/PDF Measure the lignin concentration with the acid detergent lignin method. ADL method lignin concentration measurement protocol using acid detergent lignin Measure the lignin concentration with the acid detergent lignin method. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf981250q?journalCode=jafcau A determination of organic carbon protocol that uses chromic acid to measure the oxidizable organic carbon in an environmental material. wet oxidation method walkley-black acid digestion method walkley-black method A determination of organic carbon protocol that uses chromic acid to measure the oxidizable organic carbon in an environmental material. http://www.agvise.com/educational-articles/soil-organic-matter-a-choice-of-methods/ Method for the quantitative determination of organic nitrogen in chemical substance. TKN method total kjeldahl nitrogen kjeldahl digestion kjeldahl method Method for the quantitative determination of organic nitrogen in chemical substance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeldahl_method Protocol used to determine organic carbon content in environmental material according to the amount of CO2 released during combustion of the material. dry combustion method Protocol used to determine organic carbon content in environmental material according to the amount of CO2 released during combustion of the material. http://agronomy.emu.ee/vol062/p6211.pdf Protocol used to determine the content of organic nitrogen in environmental material. determination of organic nitrogen in environmental material protocol Protocol used to determine the content of organic carbon in environmental material. determination of organic carbon protocol Protocol used to measure soil organic matter and soil organic carbon. The method is based upon measuring the weight loss from a dry soil sample when exposed to high temperatures (between 350°C and 600°C). The weight loss that occurs at this temperature is then correlated to oxidizable organic carbon. LOI method weight loss on ignition method Protocol used to measure soil organic matter and soil organic carbon. The method is based upon measuring the weight loss from a dry soil sample when exposed to high temperatures (between 350°C and 600°C). The weight loss that occurs at this temperature is then correlated to oxidizable organic carbon. http://nofc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore_pdfs/21222.pdf http://www.agvise.com/educational-articles/soil-organic-matter-a-choice-of-methods/ http://www2.hawaii.edu/~rsyost/Konare_etal_LOI2010.pdf Record the speed of the tractor in the field. Need to add a standard protocol to measure tractor speed, if it exists. tractor speed recording protocol Record the color of the mulch applied. Need to add a standard protocol to measure the color of the mulch, if it exists. mulch color recording protocol Protocol in which the age of the transplant is determined by counting the number of days between the seeding date and the transplanting date. transplant age counting protocol Protocol in which the age of the transplant is determined by counting the number of days between the seeding date and the transplanting date. http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/Horticulture_Vegetables_2015-02.pdf http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380787810_Opoku-Ameyaw%20et%20al.pdf Measure the distance between the soil surface and the top of the irrigation equipment buried in soil. irrigation equipment depth measurement protocol Tie a small but heavy weight to the end of a piece of string. Lower the weight into the well until it reaches the bottom. Take up the slack and mark the string at ground level. Pull the weight out of the well and measure from the bottom of the weight to the ground level mark. This is the depth of the well. well depth measurement protocol Tie a small but heavy weight to the end of a piece of string. Lower the weight into the well until it reaches the bottom. Take up the slack and mark the string at ground level. Pull the weight out of the well and measure from the bottom of the weight to the ground level mark. This is the depth of the well. http://inspectapedia.com/water/Well_Depth.php Measure the lenght of the pivot. pivot lenght measurement protocol Measure the lenght of the pivot. Need a formal definition Record the number of pest control agent released per surface area. pest control agent released density recording protocol Record the quantity of water used for irrigation. irrigation water quantity recording protocol Protocol in which the rapidity at which water moves through soil is measured. percolation test protocol Protocol in which the rapidity at which water moves through soil is measured. http://greywateraction.org/contenthow-do-percolation-test/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_test Protocol that describes how to measure a field area. area measurement protocol Measure the field area in the field. area direct measurement GIS Measure the field area using a map (paper or electronic format). area measurement using cartography Record the information giving by a person that knows the field area (farmer, field owner). area recording protocol Protocol that describes how to measure the percentage of soil coverage by environmental material like mulch or crop residue. soil coverage by environmental material measurement protocol Assess visually the percentage of soil covered by environmental material. soil coverage visual assessment protocol Measure the percentage of soil covered by environmental material by counting the environmental material using quadrat, rope with knots or other devices. soil coverage manual measurement protocol Use GIS to measure the percentage of soil covered by environmental material. soil coverage measurement using GIS Add all the quantities of the environmental material of interest applied over a specified period. total quantity of environmental material used compute protocol Protocol that describes how to measure the percentage of incorporation in soil of an environmental material. environmental material incorporation percentage measurement protocol Assess visually the percentage of environmental material that has been buried into soil during the incorporation process. incorporation percentage visual assessment Use GIS to measure the percentage of environmental material that has been buried into soil during the incorporation process. incorporation percentage measurement using GIS Measure the percentage of environmental material that has been buried into soil by counting the environmental material using quadrat, rope with knots or other devices befor and after the incorporation process. incorporation percentage manual measurement An area quality inhering in a farm. farm area An area quality inhering in a field. field area A site within which an agricultural experimental process is conducted This should be harmonized with statistical plot designs, perhaps with STATO gross plot parcel plot agricultural experimental plot A site within which an agricultural experimental process is conducted http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5546e/x5546e0a.htm An area quality inhering in a plot. plot size agricultural experimental plot area gross plot area parcel area plot area A block is a relatively large area or several identical units receiving all or most of the treatments. A collection of plots is called a block. block A block is a relatively large area or several identical units receiving all or most of the treatments. A collection of plots is called a block. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5546e/x5546e0a.htm Number of block used for an experiment. number of blocks Number of plot used during an experiment. number of plots A length quality that inheres in the smallest unit of an experiment. plot length A width entity that inheres in the smallest unit of an experiment. plot width A rounded container used to cultivate plant. pot A rounded container used to cultivate plant. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pot Number of pot used during an experiment. number of pots Distance between the top and the bottom of a pot. pot height The amount of a row number of rows A width entity that inheres in some row. row width A length quality that is the distance between the beginning and the end of a row. row length Distance quality that represents the distance between two plots. plot spacing The distance between two plants space between plants distance between plants Distance between two hills. hill spacing The distance between two rows. inter-row spacing distance between rows Orientation of the rows in a field. row orientation Orientation of the plots in a field. plot orientation Replication is the repetition of the set of all the treatment combinations used in an experiment. replication Replication is the repetition of the set of all the treatment combinations used in an experiment. http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/expdes.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(statistics) A process during which some material is applied to a subject treatment A process during which some material is applied to a subject http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5546e/x5546e0a.htm Number of treatments tested during an experiment. number of treatments Number of replications in an experiment. number of replicates number of replications A crop is any cultivated plant, fungus, or alga that is harvested for food, clothing, livestock,fodder, biofuel, medicine, or other uses crop A crop is any cultivated plant, fungus, or alga that is harvested for food, clothing, livestock,fodder, biofuel, medicine, or other uses https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop Number of different crop used in an experiment. number of crops Number of crops cultivated at the same time during the previous year in the field where the experiment is done. number of crops previously cultivated Orientation of the slope. slope aspect slope orientation An experimental design that enables an additional factor or treatment to be included at more than one level; each plot is split into two or more parts. split plot design An experimental design that enables an additional factor or treatment to be included at more than one level; each plot is split into two or more parts. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5546e/x5546e0a.htm#7.5.4 split plot arrangement An experimental design in which the desired precision for measuring the interaction effect between the two factors is higher than that for measuring the main effect of either one of the two factors. This is accomplished with the use of three plot sizes : 1. Vertical strip plot for the first factor – vertical factor 2. Horizontal strip plot for the second factor – horizontal factor 3. Interaction plot for the interaction between 2 factors split block design strip plot design An experimental design in which the desired precision for measuring the interaction effect between the two factors is higher than that for measuring the main effect of either one of the two factors. This is accomplished with the use of three plot sizes : 1. Vertical strip plot for the first factor – vertical factor 2. Horizontal strip plot for the second factor – horizontal factor 3. Interaction plot for the interaction between 2 factors https://books.google.fr/books?id=PVN7_XRhpdUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false An experimental design in which two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. That is, the design provides information on the average effect of the individual factors as well as the interaction between these two factors. factorial design An experimental design in which two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. That is, the design provides information on the average effect of the individual factors as well as the interaction between these two factors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial_experiment An experimental design in which the treatments are assigned completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment. Any difference among experimental units receiving the same treatment is considered as experimental error. Hence, it is appropriate only for experiments with homogeneous experimental units, such as laboratory experiments, where environmental effects are relatively easy to control. CRD completely randomized design An experimental design in which the treatments are assigned completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment. Any difference among experimental units receiving the same treatment is considered as experimental error. Hence, it is appropriate only for experiments with homogeneous experimental units, such as laboratory experiments, where environmental effects are relatively easy to control. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6831E/X6831E07.htm An experimental design in which the blocks should be composed of plots that are as homogeneous as possible. Further, blocks in the same replication should be as near as possible to maximize the variation among replication. These incomplete blocks are combined into groups that form separate, complete replications. lattice design An experimental design in which the blocks should be composed of plots that are as homogeneous as possible. Further, blocks in the same replication should be as near as possible to maximize the variation among replication. These incomplete blocks are combined into groups that form separate, complete replications. https://books.google.fr/books?id=PVN7_XRhpdUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false An experimental design in which each treatment is included only once and is near to a control treatment. A control treatment is usually either a common practice or no practice. replicated control design An experimental design in which each treatment is included only once and is near to a control treatment. A control treatment is usually either a common practice or no practice. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sag3024 An experimental design in which basic farming practices are compared using demonstration strips on a farm field. Usually the comparison is between two to four treatments, up to a maximum of 10 and each treatment is included only once. demonstration strip design An experimental design in which basic farming practices are compared using demonstration strips on a farm field. Usually the comparison is between two to four treatments, up to a maximum of 10 and each treatment is included only once. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sag3024 A lattice design in which the number of treatment must be a perfect square. Blocks per replicate and plots per block are equal, and are the square root of the number of treatments. square lattice design A lattice design in which the number of treatment must be a perfect square. Blocks per replicate and plots per block are equal, and are the square root of the number of treatments. http://www.iasri.res.in/iasriwebsite/DESIGNOFEXPAPPLICATION/Electronic-Book/Module%202/4LATTICE%20Designs.pdf A lattice design that is a resolvable incomplete block design where the number of treatments or block size does not meet the strict requirements for one of the lattice designs. Also the number of entries is a multiple of block size. alpha lattice design A lattice design that is a resolvable incomplete block design where the number of treatments or block size does not meet the strict requirements for one of the lattice designs. Also the number of entries is a multiple of block size. http://libcatalog.cimmyt.org/download/agris/62983.pdf http://www.worldessaysj.com/files_site/paperlist/r_16_130802114356.pdf Shape of the land surface surronding an area. higher-level landform Shape of the land surface surronding an area. http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/a0541e/a0541e.pdf Description of the geomorphology of the immediate surroundings of the experimental site. agronomic land element Description of the geomorphology of the immediate surroundings of the experimental site. http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/a0541e/a0541e.pdf The grade of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. environmental feature gradient environmental feature slope slope inclination environmental feature grade The grade of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope) A factor of an experiment is a controlled independent variable; a variable whose levels are set by the experimenter. A factor is a general type or category of treatments. Different treatments constitute different levels of a factor. experimental factor A factor of an experiment is a controlled independent variable; a variable whose levels are set by the experimenter. A factor is a general type or category of treatments. Different treatments constitute different levels of a factor. http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/expdes.htm Constraint known to affect the experiment or the crop performances. experimental constraint A plan specification that states how treatments are allocated to the experimental units during an agronomic trial. It refers to the conceptual framework within which the experiment is conducted. agronomic experimental design A plan specification that states how treatments are allocated to the experimental units during an agronomic trial. It refers to the conceptual framework within which the experiment is conducted. http://www.simplypsychology.org/experimental-designs.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments https://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage2.htm Unexpected event arrived during the experiment. complication during the experiment A complication with the equipement used during the experiment. equipement complication A complication with a person or a group of people working on the experiement. complication caused by a personel Percentage of the area of the experiment damaged due to a complication during the experiment. percent of experiment area damaged A planned process in which an analysis of soil is performed to determine soil characteristics. soil analysis soil test soil analysis process A planned process in which an analysis of soil is performed to determine soil characteristics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_test Pattern used to plant crop in field. planting distribution Planting is done on flat-top circular mounds. hill distribution Planting is done in lines. row distribution Planting distribution where the crop zone and the traffic lanes (wheel tracks or furrows) are distinctly and permanently separated. Soil is moved from the traffic lanes and added to the crop zone, slightly raising the surface level of the crop zone raised bed planting row on bed distribution Planting is done on all the field surface. uniform distribution Shape quality that refers to the general shape of a slope in both vertical and horizontal directions. curvature as the direction of the bend slope curvature slope form slope shape Shape quality that refers to the general shape of a slope in both vertical and horizontal directions. FAO, 1990 Maximum length of an agromical field. field maximum length An observation post where weather conditions and meteorological data are observed and recorded and reported. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 weather station An observation post where weather conditions and meteorological data are observed and recorded and reported. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weather%20station Distance between the ground and the temperature sensor. temperature sensor siting height Distance between the ground and the wind speed sensor. wind speed sensor siting height Location where the experiment is implemented. experimental site Experimental site in which the experiment is implemented on the field of a farmer. farmer field Experimental site in which the experiment is done in a the field of a research station. experimental station field research station field An experimental site in which the experiment is performed in a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, with the possibility to regulate climatic conditions. hothouse screenhouse glasshouse greenhouse An experimental site in which the experiment is performed in a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, with the possibility to regulate climatic conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse Experimental site where the experiment is done in a forest owned by a government. governmental forest Experimental site where the experiment is done in a private forest. private forest Elevation above the sea level of the experimental site. experimental site elevation experimental site altitude Elevation above the sea level of the experimental site. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude Elevation above sea level of the weather station. weather station altitude Elevation above sea level of the weather station. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude A planned process in which a procedure is carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. This class is relevant to more than the agronomy domain. It should be replaced by a class in a more general ontology of experiments trial experiment A planned process in which a procedure is carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment An experiment in which a scientific method is implemented for testing certain agricultural phenomena. agronomic experiment type of study agricultural experiment A person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. farmer A person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer A person who conducts research. scientist researcher A person who conducts research. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/researcher A person that is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college, or university. intern student A person that is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college, or university. www.thefreedictionary.com/student A person that works in a research station. research station employee A person that is employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics. extension agent A person that is employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics. www.thefreedictionary.com/extension+agent A person that is an educator who works at a college or university. faculty member A person that is an educator who works at a college or university. www.thefreedictionary.com/faculty+member Roled performed by a person during an experiment. person role within the experiment A person that has a role of collecting data related to the experiment. data collector A person that is the holder of an independent grant and the lead researcher for the grant project. principal investigator A person that is the holder of an independent grant and the lead researcher for the grant project. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_investigator A person that has a role of managing the experiment. Need a better definiton that highlights the differences with the principal investigator. experiment manager A person that has a role of performing the operations required to run the experiment in the field. field laborer An object to be used by hand to plough soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 hand plough Vegetation maintained in purpose on and at the border of an agronomic experimental field. obsolete Vegetation maintained on an experimental field true Strip of flowers established at the edge of the field. obsolete flower strip true Strip of flowers established at the edge of the field. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12536/full Type of vegetation surrounding an agronomic experimental site obsolete vegetation surronding an experimental site true Slope on which terraces have been build. terraced Slope shape irregular. irregular shape An agricultural field that is set aside for a period of time before it is cultivated again; or an agricultral field that is under permanent crops, meadows or pastures and that is not being used for such purposes for a period of at least one year. fallow land An agricultural field that is set aside for a period of time before it is cultivated again; or an agricultral field that is under permanent crops, meadows or pastures and that is not being used for such purposes for a period of at least one year. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=933 Strips of land along the borders of crop fields. It also include vegetative strips adjacent to roads, paths, railways, hedgerows and forest boundaries. field margin Strips of land along the borders of crop fields. It also include vegetative strips adjacent to roads, paths, railways, hedgerows and forest boundaries. http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/landscape-enhancement-of-floral-resources-for-honey-bees-in-agro-ecosystems.pdf Tool for loosening compacted soil layers 12 to 16 inches (30 to 40 cm) deep and still maintain high surface residue levels. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 paraplow paraplough Tool for loosening compacted soil layers 12 to 16 inches (30 to 40 cm) deep and still maintain high surface residue levels. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_030994.pdf Tillage tool that stirs and pulverizes the soil, either before planting (to aerate the soil and prepare a smooth, loose seedbed) or after the crop has begun growing (to kill weeds—controlled disturbance of the topsoil close to the crop plants kills the surrounding weeds by uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt their photosynthesis, or a combination of both). Cultivator is designed to disturb the soil in careful patterns, sparing the crop plants but disrupting the weeds. Cultivator teeth work near the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 cultivator Tillage tool that stirs and pulverizes the soil, either before planting (to aerate the soil and prepare a smooth, loose seedbed) or after the crop has begun growing (to kill weeds—controlled disturbance of the topsoil close to the crop plants kills the surrounding weeds by uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt their photosynthesis, or a combination of both). Cultivator is designed to disturb the soil in careful patterns, sparing the crop plants but disrupting the weeds. Cultivator teeth work near the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivator A disk harrow with disc blades arranged into four sections. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 tandem disc harrow A disk harrow with disc blades arranged into four sections. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_harrow A disk harrow with disc blades arranged into two sections. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 offset disc harrow A disk harrow with disc blades arranged into two sections. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_harrow A sowing device that positions seeds in the soil and then covers them. The seed drill sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth, ensuring that the seeds get covered with soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 drill seeder seed drill A sowing device that positions seeds in the soil and then covers them. The seed drill sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth, ensuring that the seeds get covered with soil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drill A seeding implement that consists of a seed drum, main shaft, ground wheel, floats, and handle. Joining smaller ends of frustum of cones makes the seed drum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 paddy drum seeder drum seeder A seeding implement that consists of a seed drum, main shaft, ground wheel, floats, and handle. Joining smaller ends of frustum of cones makes the seed drum. drum.http://www.kvkimphalwest.org/images/paddy-drum-seeder.pdf An agricultural hand tool ade of a blade set to an handle and used to shape the soil, control weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 hand-held hoe hoe An agricultural hand tool ade of a blade set to an handle and used to shape the soil, control weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_(tool) A seed drill that consists of a seed box attached to the mainframe of a hand wheel hoe. A fluted roller assembly is provided at the bottom of the seed box. Fluted roller is rotated with the help of chain and sprockets from the ground wheel. manual oilseed drill A seed drill that consists of a seed box attached to the mainframe of a hand wheel hoe. A fluted roller assembly is provided at the bottom of the seed box. Fluted roller is rotated with the help of chain and sprockets from the ground wheel. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf A curved metal bar used to open the soil before putting the seed into the soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 tyne opener planter A curved metal bar used to open the soil before putting the seed into the soil. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf Manually operated device for creating a conical cavity in the soil for sowing of seeds. It consists of a wooden round stick with one end having a sheet metal cone. The other end is provided with a handgrip. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 dibbling stick Manually operated device for creating a conical cavity in the soil for sowing of seeds. It consists of a wooden round stick with one end having a sheet metal cone. The other end is provided with a handgrip. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf Manually operated hand tool which consists of a seed hopper, cell roller for metering of seeds, spring actuated jaws for penetration in the soil, pipe and handle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 naveen dibbler Manually operated hand tool which consists of a seed hopper, cell roller for metering of seeds, spring actuated jaws for penetration in the soil, pipe and handle. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf An tool made of mild steel flat or leaf spring by forging operation. The working end is flattened and edge made sharp for easy penetration in the soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 hand dibbler An tool made of mild steel flat or leaf spring by forging operation. The working end is flattened and edge made sharp for easy penetration in the soil. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf Manually operated push device for dibbling of medium and bold size seeds. It consists of a rotating dibbling head with penetrating jaws, covering-cum-transport wheel, seed hopper with cell wooden roller and a handle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 rotary dibbler Manually operated push device for dibbling of medium and bold size seeds. It consists of a rotating dibbling head with penetrating jaws, covering-cum-transport wheel, seed hopper with cell wooden roller and a handle. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf Manually operated hand tool that consists of cutter head having semicircular blades connected to pipe with the help of clamp and flange. The connecting pipe is further connected to a handle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 earth auger Manually operated hand tool that consists of cutter head having semicircular blades connected to pipe with the help of clamp and flange. The connecting pipe is further connected to a handle. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf A flat and circular piece of metal used to open the soil before putting the seed into the soil. single disc opener planter A flat and circular piece of metal used to open the soil before putting the seed into the soil. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf Double flat and circular piece of metal used to open the soil before putting the seed into the soil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 double disck opener planter Double flat and circular piece of metal used to open the soil before putting the seed into the soil. http://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2a.pdf Irrigation method based on manual intervention. manual irrigation Irrigation method with no or just a minimum of manual intervention beside the surveillance. Almost every system can be automated with help of timers, sensors or computers or mechanical appliances. automatic irrigation Irrigation method with no or just a minimum of manual intervention beside the surveillance. Almost every system can be automated with help of timers, sensors or computers or mechanical appliances. http://www.sswm.info/content/automatic-irrigation An application method in which a material entity is placed into the soil in holes made with a pointed implement. precision seeding dibbling An application method in which a material entity is placed into the soil in holes made with a pointed implement. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dibbling An application method in which seeds are uniformlyplaced into shallow furrows before closing the furrows. line sowing drilling An application method in which seeds are uniformlyplaced into shallow furrows before closing the furrows. http://www.culturalecology.info/ancillary/seed_machines_files/sowingseeds.htm line sowing http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=337 An object used to perform an agricultural process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 agricultural implement Vertical arrangement of plants in a field. column Total quantity of fertilizer applied in a given surface area during a cropping season. fertilizer amount over a season fertilizer area density over a cropping season Elevation above the sea level of the soil profile. soil profile altitude A planned process in which grazing animals on pasture are managed by humans. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3367 grazing regulation of grazing A planned process in which grazing animals on pasture are managed by humans. http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec8/sec810l Grazing management system developped by Allan Savory. The system is based on a rotational grazing system but doing so at high densities for short intervals. Livestock is used as a tool to increase soil fertility and plant life. Incorporating plant organic matter and manure into the soil promotes the recycling of nutrients. holistic grazing holistic planned grazing Grazing management system developped by Allan Savory. The system is based on a rotational grazing system but doing so at high densities for short intervals. Livestock is used as a tool to increase soil fertility and plant life. Incorporating plant organic matter and manure into the soil promotes the recycling of nutrients. http://savory.global/assets/docs/evidence-papers/about-holistic-planned-grazing.pdf http://www2.ca.uky.edu/grazer/July11_Holistic.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_management_(agriculture) A grazing management method that involves moving livestock at least daily between small paddocks, sized to match the number of grazing animals, and split by fence. The goal is for every plant in the grazing cell to be either eaten or walked on and trampled. Grass in each paddock then rests for 60-120 days or more. ultra-high density grazing mob grazing A grazing management method that involves moving livestock at least daily between small paddocks, sized to match the number of grazing animals, and split by fence. The goal is for every plant in the grazing cell to be either eaten or walked on and trampled. Grass in each paddock then rests for 60-120 days or more. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/ia/newsroom/features/?cid=stelprdb1186272 ultra-high density grazing http://www2.ca.uky.edu/grazer/April_2013_Grazing_Systems.php A grazing management system in which the land is subdivided or sectioned off into smaller areas, sometimes called paddocks. The livestock are moved from one paddock to another in order to best promote plant health and growth. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6663 rotational grazing A grazing management system in which the land is subdivided or sectioned off into smaller areas, sometimes called paddocks. The livestock are moved from one paddock to another in order to best promote plant health and growth. http://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/grazing/types A grazing management system in which livestock have unrestricted access to the pasture area throughout the grazing season. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36542 continuous grazing A grazing management system in which livestock have unrestricted access to the pasture area throughout the grazing season. www.sheep101.info/201/grazingsystems.html A system of grazing which confined animals to a strip or small part of the field for rapid grazing in a short time period.. The rest of the field is protected by a temporary fence, usually electric. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7456 strip grazing A system of grazing which confined animals to a strip or small part of the field for rapid grazing in a short time period.. The rest of the field is protected by a temporary fence, usually electric. http://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/grazing/types http://oek1.fao.org/skosmos/agrovoc/en/page/?uri=http%3A%2F%2Faims.fao.org%2Faos%2Fagrovoc%2Fc_7456&clang=en A rotational grazing management system that implies many paddocks are utilized and livestock are moved on a frequent basis. It provides more stable production during poor growing conditions, greater yield, higher quality, decreased weed and erosion, and uniform soil fertility levels. MIG Voisin grazing management management intensive grazing intensive rotational grazing A rotational grazing management system that implies many paddocks are utilized and livestock are moved on a frequent basis. It provides more stable production during poor growing conditions, greater yield, higher quality, decreased weed and erosion, and uniform soil fertility levels. http://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/grazing/types MIG http://tropicalgrazinginstitute.org/our-work/ Voisin grazing management http://tropicalgrazinginstitute.org/our-work/ management intensive grazing http://tropicalgrazinginstitute.org/our-work/ An intensive rotational grazing system in which livestock is allowed to graze for a limited time, leaving a leafy stubble, and then is moved to another area. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5497 controlled grazing An intensive rotational grazing system in which livestock is allowed to graze for a limited time, leaving a leafy stubble, and then is moved to another area. http://articles.extension.org/pages/19432/goat-pastures-strip-grazing Intensive grazing system in which the field is divided into many small plots of equal size. Grasses are raised with application of large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers. The livestock are divided into three groups : high, medium and low yeilders. They are let into the paddock by rotation so that the opportunity for grazing most nutritious immature grasses goes to the high yielders followed by medium producers and lastly low yielders. hohenheim grazing system Intensive grazing system in which the field is divided into many small plots of equal size. Grasses are raised with application of large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers. The livestock are divided into three groups : high, medium and low yeilders. They are let into the paddock by rotation so that the opportunity for grazing most nutritious immature grasses goes to the high yielders followed by medium producers and lastly low yielders. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=62175 hohenheim grazing system http://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/grazing/types A grazzing management system that allows young farm animals to graze part of the pasture before the adults. It employs a gate through which young animals, but not adults, can pass to get first choice of fresh feed in the next door paddock. creep grazing A grazzing management system that allows young farm animals to graze part of the pasture before the adults. It employs a gate through which young animals, but not adults, can pass to get first choice of fresh feed in the next door paddock. beeflambnz.com/Documents/Farm/Creep%20grazing%20lambs.pdf http://www.thefreedictionary.com/creep-grazing A gazing management system in which two or more groups of animal, usually with different nutritional needs, graze the same paddock but at different time. first-last grazing A gazing management system in which two or more groups of animal, usually with different nutritional needs, graze the same paddock but at different time. http://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/grazing/types Area of field that have been harvested. harvested surface area Area of soil surfae covered with mulch. soil mulch coverage Area of soil surfae covered with mulch. mulch percent coverage Area of soil covered by organic fertilizer. soil organic fertilizer coverage Height of the small earth embankments which contain irrigation water within basins. bund height Height of the small earth embankments which contain irrigation water within basins. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684e/s8684e03.htm Tractor speed in the field. tractor speed An area density quality which inheres in micronutrients by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of micronutrients applied in a given surface area. Micronutrients for plants are Boron, Chlorine, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum, Copper, Nikel. micronutrients area density An area density quality which inheres in micronutrients by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of micronutrients applied in a given surface area. Micronutrients for plants are Boron, Chlorine, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum, Copper, Nikel. http://cetehama.ucanr.edu/Newsletters_510/?newsitem=39348 An area density quality which inheres in above-ground crop residue by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of above-ground crop residue applied in a given surface area. crop residue amount crop residue area density Length of the pivot used during the irrigation process. center pivot irrigation equipment length Distance between the bottom of the well and the soil surface. well depth An area density quality which inheres in rhizobium by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of rhizobium inoculated into the soil. quantity of rhizobium rhizobium area density Amount of nutrient in the crop as a ratio of the amount applied or available. NRE nitrogen recovery efficiency Amount of nutrient in the crop as a ratio of the amount applied or available. https://www.ipni.net/ppiweb/bcrops.nsf/$webindex/81A4850CE6E9C87085256F380054252B/$file/04-4p15.pdf Calculate the amount of nitrogen in the crop as a ratio of the amount of nitrogen applied or available. nitrogen recovery efficiency measurement protocol Ratio between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer removed from the field by the crop and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. It provides information about the relative utilization of additional nitrogen applied to a agricultural production system. nitrogen use efficiency Ratio between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer removed from the field by the crop and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. It provides information about the relative utilization of additional nitrogen applied to a agricultural production system. http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainable-agriculture/44810448.pdf Calculate the ratio between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer removed with the crop and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. nitrogen use efficiency measurement protocol Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in an organic fertilizer. organic fertilizer carbon to nitrogen ratio Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in an organic fertilizer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_to_nitrogen_ratio Agricultural tool that is hand-held and composed of a curved blade with a sharp inside and a handle. It is used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 bagging hook brishing hook grasshook reaping hook rip-hook slash-hook swap hook sickle Agricultural tool that is hand-held and composed of a curved blade with a sharp inside and a handle. It is used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle Planned process is which the edible part of the cereal grain is loosen from the scaly, inedible chaff that surrounds it. It is the step in grain preparation after harvesting and before winnowing, which separates the loosened chaff from the grain. Threshing does not remove the bran from the grain. threshing process Planned process is which the edible part of the cereal grain is loosen from the scaly, inedible chaff that surrounds it. It is the step in grain preparation after harvesting and before winnowing, which separates the loosened chaff from the grain. Threshing does not remove the bran from the grain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing Agricultural tool made from two or more large sticks attached by a short chain; one stick is held and swung, causing the other to strike a pile of grain, loosening the husks. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 flail Agricultural tool made from two or more large sticks attached by a short chain; one stick is held and swung, causing the other to strike a pile of grain, loosening the husks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flail Agricultural tool that consists of a shaft about 170 centimetres (67 in) long made of wood or metal. The shaft has either one or two short handles at right angles to it, usually one near the upper end and always another roughly in the middle. A curved, steel blade between 60 to 90 centimetres (24 to 35 in) long is mounted at the lower end at 90°, or less, to the shaft. It is hand powered. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 scythe Agricultural tool that consists of a shaft about 170 centimetres (67 in) long made of wood or metal. The shaft has either one or two short handles at right angles to it, usually one near the upper end and always another roughly in the middle. A curved, steel blade between 60 to 90 centimetres (24 to 35 in) long is mounted at the lower end at 90°, or less, to the shaft. It is hand powered. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe A planned process in which the grain is separated from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain. It is done after threshing, the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw. winnowing process A planned process in which the grain is separated from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain. It is done after threshing, the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnowing A pruning process in which whole tops of trees or large branches and/or trunks from the tops of trees are removed, leaving stubs or lateral branches that are too small to assume the role of a terminal leader. hat-racking heading rounding tipping étêtage tree topping process A pruning process in which whole tops of trees or large branches and/or trunks from the tops of trees are removed, leaving stubs or lateral branches that are too small to assume the role of a terminal leader. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_(agriculture) A pruning process in which dried, yellowish green, bottom leaves in the sugarcane crop are removed at regular intervals. detrashing process detrashing A pruning process in which dried, yellowish green, bottom leaves in the sugarcane crop are removed at regular intervals. http://www.sugarcanecrops.com/agronomic_practices/detrashing/ https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103065565 A pruning process in which branches from either standing or downed trees are removed. limbing process limbing A pruning process in which branches from either standing or downed trees are removed. http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1958 A planned process in which a rigid support is used to support, or to prevent from falling a crop or a tree. staking process Need a better definition to know if staking and propping are exactly the same process, or have differences. propping process A planned process in which a rigid support is used to support, or to prevent from falling a crop or a tree. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/propping An harvest process that involves a multiple step process to turns green, perishable, forage into a product that can be safely stored and easily transported without danger of spoilage. haymaking process An harvest process that involves a multiple step process to turns green, perishable, forage into a product that can be safely stored and easily transported without danger of spoilage. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x7660e/x7660e06.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay An harvest process in which the cut herbage is putting into rows for further handling and collection, and sometimes also for protection at night. swathing windrowing An harvest process in which the cut herbage is putting into rows for further handling and collection, and sometimes also for protection at night. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x7660e/x7660e06.htm An harvesting process in which dry forage is bound by ropes into a bale. baling process An harvesting process in which dry forage is bound by ropes into a bale. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/baling An harvest process in which herbage is put into cocks (small heaps). It is an intermediate stage of herbage drying used in some manual systems. trussing process An harvest process in which herbage is put into cocks (small heaps). It is an intermediate stage of herbage drying used in some manual systems. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x7660e/x7660e06.htm A planned process in which the harvest is stored. storage process agricultural product storage process An harvest process in which the mature part of the crop is cut. cutting process An harvest process in which the mature part of the crop is cut. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/postproductioncourse/index.php/what-is-harvesting/cutting-the-rice-crop Maximum width of an agronomical field. field maximum width An cropping system in which a definite cycle of crops or crop types is grown in succession on the same land. crop rotation process rotation rotation process crop rotation An cropping system in which a definite cycle of crops or crop types is grown in succession on the same land. Yates (1954) notes the agricultural definition is looser than an experimental one, i.e. substitution of crops or change to the length of the cycle. This definition must regard changes to the period of a rotation cycle as a different rotation, but should allow a rotation to be defined either using either named crops or a combination of named crops and crop types, for example an Oats, Legumes, Wheat rotation. A process in which a definite cycle of management interventions is done on the same land. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 sequence sequence process An agricultural implement that uses moving forks to aerate or "wuffle" the hay and thus speed up the process of hay-making. It is used after cutting and before windrowing. hay tedder tedder An agricultural implement that uses moving forks to aerate or "wuffle" the hay and thus speed up the process of hay-making. It is used after cutting and before windrowing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedder_(machine) An harvest implement that reaps, threshes, and cleans a crop in one operation. combine harvester An harvest implement that reaps, threshes, and cleans a crop in one operation. Richard Ostler An harvesting process in which root crop are removed from the soil lifting process An harvesting process in which root crop are removed from the soil Richard Ostler A planned process in which an herbicide is applied to a crop shortly before harvest. The purpose is to reduce green crop foliage or assit crop drying. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 Pre-harvest crop desiccation siccation dessication process A planned process in which an herbicide is applied to a crop shortly before harvest. The purpose is to reduce green crop foliage or assit crop drying. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation An agricultural experiment running over decadal time periods. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 long-term experiment An agricultural experiment running over decadal time periods. Richard Ostler An agricultural experiment running over less than decadal time periods. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 short-term experiment An agricultural experiment running over less than decadal time periods. Richard Ostler An agricultural experiment having one or more definite sequences. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 sequence experiment An agricultural experiment having one or more definite sequences. Richard Ostler An agricultural experiment having more than one definite rotations or a comparison between rotation and mono-cropping. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 rotation experiment crop rotation experiment An agricultural experiment having more than one definite rotations or a comparison between rotation and mono-cropping. Richard Ostler 1 An agricultural experiment involving the prolonged growing of a single crop. continuous crop experiment continuous mono-cropping experiment monoculture experiment mono-cropping experiment mono-cropping experiment Richard Ostler An cropping system in which a single crop is cultivated in an area at a time. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 continuous crop continuous mono-cropping mono-cropping monocropping monoculture An cropping system in which a single crop is cultivated in an area at a time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture An agricultural experiment in which a sequence of crops is grown without repetition https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 short-term rotation experiment crop-sequence experiment single cycle experiment An agricultural experiment in which a sequence of crops is grown without repetition Richard Ostler An agronomic experimental design set for rotation experiments rotation experimental design rotation layout A rotation layoutan using series. serial layout A rotation layout that does not use series. Therefore, plots carrying different phases of a rotation are intermixed across the experimental land. non-serial layout A block in which the plots carry the same phase of a rotation. A series is defined to answer management constraints rather than statistical constraints. series A planned process which is a distinguishable part of a rotation process https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495 rotation phase A duration inhering in a crop rotation process rotation duration crop rotation duration An area density unit which is equal to the number of seeds per meters squared. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 seed/m2 seed per meter square An area density unit which is equal to the number of seeds per acre. seed/ac seed per acre An area density unit which is equal to the number of rows per plot. row/plot row per plot An area density unit which is equal to the number of rows per meters squared. row/m2 row per meter square An area density unit which is equal to the number of rows per feet squared. row/ft2 row per foot square An area density unit which is equal to the number of rows per acre. row/ac row per acre An area density unit which is equal to the number of rows per hectare. row/ha row per hectare An area density unit which is equal to the number of plants per hill. plants/hill plants per hill Number of plants per row. plants/row plants per row Number of plants per square meter. plants/m2 plants per square meter An area density unit which is equal to the number of plants per hectare. plants/ha plants per hectare Number of plants per pot. plants/pot plants per pot A planned process in which ridges are created. Ridging, hilling, earthing up ridging process A planned process in which trees, stumps, brush, stones and other obstacles are removed from an area with the intention of creating a potential use for agricultural purposes. land clearing process A planned process in which trees, stumps, brush, stones and other obstacles are removed from an area with the intention of creating a potential use for agricultural purposes. http://www.evansly.co/documents/CLEAR%20AND%20GRUBBING/870218-41_land_clearing.pdf https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/10/agriculture/content/crops/organic_production/land_development/land_clearing.html An area density quality which inheres in animal manure by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of animal manure applied in a given surface area. An area density quality which inheres in animal manure by virtue of some influence exerted by the mass of animal manure applied in a given surface area. amount of animal manure applied animal manure area density An agricultural process using processes that are non-polluting, conserve non-renewable energy and natural resources, are economically efficient, are safe for workers, communities and consumers, and do not compromise the needs of future generations sustainable agriculture process An agricultural process using processes that are non-polluting, conserve non-renewable energy and natural resources, are economically efficient, are safe for workers, communities and consumers, and do not compromise the needs of future generations https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288329/11-546-future-of-food-and-farming-report.pdf 2 An cropping system in which two or more crops are cultivated in the same space at the same time. intercropping An cropping system in which two or more crops are cultivated in the same space at the same time. https://eap.mcgill.ca/CSI_1.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated on the same area, totally mixed without arrangement in distinct rows. mixed intercropping An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated on the same area, totally mixed without arrangement in distinct rows. https://eap.mcgill.ca/CSI_1.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated in separate alternate row. row intercropping An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated in separate alternate row. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are planted simultaneously within the same row in varying seeding ratios. within row intercropping An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are planted simultaneously within the same row in varying seeding ratios. https://eap.mcgill.ca/CSI_1.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated on the same area and where the second crop is sown during the growth, often near the onset of reproductive development or fruiting of the first crop, so that the first crop is harvested to make room for the full development of the second crop relay cropping An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated on the same area and where the second crop is sown during the growth, often near the onset of reproductive development or fruiting of the first crop, so that the first crop is harvested to make room for the full development of the second crop https://eap.mcgill.ca/CSI_1.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 An agricultural process in which a fast-growing crop is seeded simultaneously with a slow-growing crop, so that the first crop is harvested before the second crop starts to mature. temporal intercropping sequential intercropping An agricultural process in which a fast-growing crop is seeded simultaneously with a slow-growing crop, so that the first crop is harvested before the second crop starts to mature. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 https://eap.mcgill.ca/CSI_1.htm An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated simultaneously on the same area in different strips wide enough to permit independent cultivation but narrow enough for the crops to interact agronomically. strip intercropping An agricultural process in which two or more plant species are cultivated simultaneously on the same area in different strips wide enough to permit independent cultivation but narrow enough for the crops to interact agronomically. https://eap.mcgill.ca/CSI_1.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224934832_Annual_intercrops_An_alternative_pathway_for_sustainable_agriculture#pf4 The date of a land clearing process land clearing date A process in which vegetation is cut down and burned as a method of clearing the land for cultivation. S&B fire-fallow cultivation slash-and-burn slash-and-burn process A process in which vegetation is cut down and burned as a method of clearing the land for cultivation. https://www.rainforestsaver.org/what-slash-and-burn-farming A process in which vegetation is cut down and removed from the land. slash-and-remove process A process in which rocks are crushed to clear the land. rock crushing process A process in which vegetation is cut down, grinded and mulched on the cleared land. cut and grind process A process in which vegetation is cut down, grinded and mulched on the cleared land. https://www.marksclearing.com/5-popular-land-clearing-techniques/ A process in which slashed vegetation is piled together and burned. pile and burn process A process in which slashed vegetation is piled together and burned. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/air/air-pollution/smoke-burning/industrial A process in which vegetation is burned as a method of clearing the land. burn technique land burning process A process in which rocks are removed to clear the land. rock removal process A process in which roots are crushed to clear the land. roots crushing process The date of a ridging process ridging date A device used to create ridges. ridging device ridging implement A device used to create ridges at the same time than planting. ridging device mounted on planting implement The concentration of crop residue when measured in liquid water. Concentration of water in crop residue. crop residue moisture A device that applys the spray liquid through nozzles, which are attached to a horizontal structure (boom) and which are normally directed towards the ground. A device used to spray a liquid. sprayer A device that applys the spray liquid through nozzles, which are attached to a horizontal structure (boom) and which are normally directed towards the ground. http://www.fao.org/3/Y2753E/Y2753E00.htm An implement which is a pipe for distributing spray using attached nozzles. It has a list of system components that work together to deliver the spray fluid. boom sprayer An implement which is a pipe for distributing spray using attached nozzles. It has a list of system components that work together to deliver the spray fluid. https://www.google.com/patents/US8420070 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sprayer&oldid=1031049884 An agricultural implement that harvests forage plants to make silage. chopper forager silage harvester forage harvester forage harvester https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_harvester An agricultural implement that cuts and often also gathers crops when they are ripe. reapper An agricultural implement that cuts and often also gathers crops when they are ripe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper An agricultural implement, resembling a plow, that pulls up harvestable parts of plants growing underground. digger An agricultural implement, resembling a plow, that pulls up harvestable parts of plants growing underground. https://www.britannica.com/topic/root-crop A width entity that inheres in some ridge. ridge width Distance between the top and the bottom of a ridge. A height entity that inheres in some ridge. ridge height Distance between two ridges. distance between ridges All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds and foliage. aboveground organic material aboveground biomass All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds and foliage. http://www.fao.org/3/j9345e/j9345e12.htm All living biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than (suggested) 2mm diameter are sometimes excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. below-ground biomass All living biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than (suggested) 2mm diameter are sometimes excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. http://www.fao.org/3/j9345e/j9345e12.htm Young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. seedling Young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedling A proccess in which water inputs rely only on rainfall. no irrigation rainfed zero irrigation rainfed process A proccess in which water inputs rely only on rainfall. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture A manual tool used to sow large seeds in rows or in bunches on plastic mulch films or in the earth. This device is used to sow seeds manually, while standing in a natural position. jab planter A manual tool used to sow large seeds in rows or in bunches on plastic mulch films or in the earth. This device is used to sow seeds manually, while standing in a natural position. https://www.terrateck.com/en/plantoirs/34-canne-a-semer.html A moistness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being partially covered in liquid. moist A crop residue removal process in which crop residues are removed from the field. crop residue removal process Use more defined class with better reasoning mm/plot obsolete_millimeter per plot true Number of plant per feet squared. plants/ft2 plants per foot square Use more defined class with better reasoning in/plot obsolete_inch per plot true Number of plants per plot. plants/plot plants per plot Number of square meters of agricultural field or plot harvested. number of m2 harvested number of m2 units harvested number of square meter harvested Distance between the ground and the point where the plant is cut for harvest. harvest cut height The amount of a pesticide obsolete pesticide amount true Number of pesticide process total number of pesticide application number of pesticide application The time of a pesticide application process timing of pesticide application pesticide application date The amount of a weeding chemical obsolete weeding chemical amount true Distance between water source and field. source distance distance between the water source and the field A planned process which confines all machinery loads to the least possible area of permanent traffic lanes. The permanent traffic lanes are normally parallel to each other. CTF controlled traffic controlled traffic farming A planned process which confines all machinery loads to the least possible area of permanent traffic lanes. The permanent traffic lanes are normally parallel to each other. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_traffic_farming https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_945/ Process which involves the selective removal of certain parts of a plant or a tree, such as branches, buds, or roots. pruning pruning method pruning process Process which involves the selective removal of certain parts of a plant or a tree, such as branches, buds, or roots. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning Process which involves cutting the plants back 6 to 12 inches above ground level. renewal pruning process renewal pruning Process which involves cutting the plants back 6 to 12 inches above ground level. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B961&title=Pruning%20Ornamental%20Plants%20in%20the%20Landscape An agricultural experimental plot from which unwanted areas have been removed, most often the outside rows. net plot An agricultural experimental plot from which unwanted areas have been removed, most often the outside rows. Huelsen, W. A. (1943). Stand irregularity and its relation to the yields of sweet corn. Journal of Agricultural Research, 67(5), 211–224. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43969864/PDF http://unaab.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/481_PCP%20501.pdf Agricultural experimental plot area, where the quantity measure inheres in area size, covering the field trial. Merged with 'plot' as hasExactSynonym obsolete_gross plot true Agricultural experimental plot area, where the quantity measure inheres in area size, covering the field trial. Huelsen, W. A. (1943). Stand irregularity and its relation to the yields of sweet corn. Journal of Agricultural Research, 67(5), 211–224. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43969864/PDF A measurement datum that is a unique identifier of a precise geographic location on the earth, usually expressed in alphanumeric characters geographic coordinate system GPS coordinates measurement datum geo-location geolocation GPS coordinates A measurement datum that is a unique identifier of a precise geographic location on the earth, usually expressed in alphanumeric characters https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/GPS-coordinates A unique identifier of the postion a field on earth, usually expressed in alphanumeric characters. field location field geolocation geo-location of a field GPS coordinates of a field Latitude coordinate of a field. field latitude coordinate measurement datum field latitude coordinate Longitude coordinate of a field. field longitude coordinate measurement datum field longitude coordinate An agricultural process in which rows of trees and/or shrubs are planted to create alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced. alleycropping hedgerow intercropping A cropping system that involves growing crops in a wide strip, typically 6 meters in width, between lines of closely planted, fast-growing trees or shrubs. These woody species are usually leguminous and are pruned frequently to provide a mulching material and nutrients to the crop in the alley. alley cropping An agricultural process in which rows of trees and/or shrubs are planted to create alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nac/practices/alley-cropping.php An agricultural process in which the integration of trees or shurbs, pasture and grazing livestock operations on the same land is deliberate. silvopastoral system silvopasture An agricultural process in which the integration of trees or shurbs, pasture and grazing livestock operations on the same land is deliberate. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nac/practices/silvopasture.php A perennial cropping system featuring multiple layers or strata occupied by different trees and other perennial crops. CMSAFs Complex multistrata agroforestry systems multistrata agroforestry A perennial cropping system featuring multiple layers or strata occupied by different trees and other perennial crops. https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/multistrata-agroforestry/technical-summary Prunings from trees (leaves, branches,...) tree prunings Woody species planted and left to grow during fallow. improved fallow Woody species planted and left to grow during fallow. http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/89998/en/ A land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence agroforestry practice agroforestry process agroforestry technique agroforestry A land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/ A combination of crops and trees on the same land at the same time. agrisilvicultural system agrisilviculture Application of water below full crop requirements compared to a control of conventional irrigation. DI deficit irrigation deficit irrigation process An irrigation process in which part of the root is exposed to drying soil and the remaining is irrigated in accordance with crop requirements and soil drying rate. APRI PRD alternate partial rootzone irrigation partial root zone drying alternate partial rootzone irrigation process An irrigation process in which small amounts of water are added to essentially rainfed crops during times when rainfall fails to provide sufficient moisture for normal plant growth. SI supplemental irrigation An irrigation process in which small amounts of water are added to essentially rainfed crops during times when rainfall fails to provide sufficient moisture for normal plant growth. https://www.icid.org/res_irri_supple.html The active collection and storage of water runoff. rainwater harvesting water harvesting process water harvesting A manufactured container within which water is stored. water tank A vegetated area which includes strips of grass within a field or farm created for erosion control, typically they are placed along contour lines. grass strip A crop cultivated on a same location before the current crop. cultivo anterior former crop previous crop this class is a duplicte of the calss: agronomic fertilization process date obsolete fertilizer application date true An band application in which a material entity is applied in bands on surface. band application on surface An band application in which a material entity is applied in bands below surface. band application beneath surface An broadcast application method in which a material entity is uniformly incorportated to an area. broadcast incorporated An broadcast application method in which a material entity is uniformly applied to the surface of an area. broadcast on surface Application of input into the soil close to the seed or plant. localized application An area density unit which is equal to the mass of an object in kilograms divided by the surface area representing a plot. kg/plot kilogram per plot Agricultural experiment performed on a farm. on farm experiment Agricultural experiment performed on a research station. on station experiment Incorporation of crop residue into soil. crop residue incorporation process A process in which crop residue are mulched crop residue spreading process crop residue mulching process A crop residue management process in which crop residue are left in the field. crop residue retained crop residue retention process A crop residue management process in which crop residue are left in the field. A crop residue removal process in which crop residue are grazed crop residue grazing process A crop residue removal process in which crop residue are harvested and removed from the field. crop residue harvest process An plot area quality inhering in a net plot. It corresponds to the plot area minus the unwanted area removed, most often the outside rows. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-4821 net plot area An plot area quality inhering in a net plot. It corresponds to the plot area minus the unwanted area removed, most often the outside rows. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43969864/PDF Intercropping in which several rows of crops are interspersed with hedges of fast growing shrubs that are coppiced every few weeks to provide a nitrogen-rich mulch for the crop. hedgerow intercropping Intercropping in which several rows of crops are interspersed with hedges of fast growing shrubs that are coppiced every few weeks to provide a nitrogen-rich mulch for the crop. Sinclair, F.L., 1999. A general classification of agroforestry practice. Agroforestry systems, 46(2), pp.161-180. Elevation above the sea level of a field. agricultural field altitude farmer's field altitude field altitude Elevation above the sea level of a field. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude Distance between two plants in a same row. distance between plants in a row intrarow spacing intra-row spacing Type of seed variety used seed type seed variety type Seed variety locally selected. local seed variety improved seed variety Seed variety produced by cross-pollinated plants. hybrid seed variety Seed variety produced by cross-pollinated plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_seed Latitude coordinate of a weather station weather station latitude Longitude coordinate of a weather station. weather station longitude A unique identifier of the postion a weather station on earth, usually expressed in alphanumeric characters. geo-location of a weather station weather station GPS coordinates GPS coordinates of a weather station Distance between the weather station and the field. distance between a weather station and the field Maximum temperature of air. temperature of air maximum Minimum temperature of air. temperature of air minimum Average temperature of air. temperature of air average Average temperature of air over a day. temperature of air average daily Average temperature of air over a year. average annual temperature temperature of air average yearly Average temperature of air over a month. temperature of air average monthly Minimum temperature of air reached in a day. temperature of air minimum daily Minimum temperature of air reached in a year. temperature of air minimum yearly Maximum temperature of air reached in a day. temperature of air maximum daily Maximum temperature of air reached in a year. temperature of air maximum yearly Humidity that correspond to moisture content of the atmosphere, expressed as a percentage of the amount of moisture that can be retained by the atmosphere at a given temperature and pressure without condensation. relative humidity Humidity that correspond to moisture content of the atmosphere, expressed as a percentage of the amount of moisture that can be retained by the atmosphere at a given temperature and pressure without condensation. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/relative-humidity An agricultural process in which crops are cultivated following crop sequences and management techniques. farming system cropping system An agricultural process in which crops are cultivated following crop sequences and management techniques. http://extension.cropsciences.illinois.edu/handbook/pdfs/chapter05.pdf An agricultural implement that is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear. brouette carretilla wheelbarrow An agricultural implement that is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow An agricultural implement consisting of a tank and a spraying system attached to wheels. carretilla de aspersión wheelbarrow tank sprayers wheeled sprayer wheelbarrow sprayer An implement that is a mechanical device, used to move the liquids or gases from one place to another by using mechanical action. motobomba motor pump An implement that is a mechanical device, used to move the liquids or gases from one place to another by using mechanical action. https://www.watelectrical.com/motor-pump-working-and-its-types/ An implement consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. palas pelle shovel An implement consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovel Sprinkler able to move by its own power. self-propelled sprinkler An agricultural process in which furrow are build in the field. contruction de sillons formación de surcos furrow design process furrow construction process An agricultural process in which furrow are build in the field. https://www.fao.org/3/s8684e/s8684e04.htm An agricultural implement that consists of a long stick ending in a point or embedded in a metal tip that can have the shape of a shovel or spatula, or a straight part and a curved part. It is used to open holes in the ground in South America. coa An agricultural implement that consists of a long stick ending in a point or embedded in a metal tip that can have the shape of a shovel or spatula, or a straight part and a curved part. It is used to open holes in the ground in South America. https://herramientasagricola.com/inicio/ An agricultural implement that consist of a broad blade typically 30 to 45 centimetres long and usually under 3 millimetres thick. machete machette machete An agricultural implement that consist of a broad blade typically 30 to 45 centimetres long and usually under 3 millimetres thick. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete An agricultural implement that is a traditional wooden plough. Arado Egipcio egyptian plow egyptian plough Agricultural implement consisting of either of a series of toothed wheels on one or more horizontal axles or a single large toothed wheel on a vertical axle. herce rotative rotary harrow Agricultural implement consisting of either of a series of toothed wheels on one or more horizontal axles or a single large toothed wheel on a vertical axle. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/rotary+harrow Agricultural implement that consist of a motorized cultivator that works the soil by means of rotating tines or blades. power tiller rotary hoe rotary plough rotary plow rotavator rototiller rotary tiller Agricultural implement that consist of a motorized cultivator that works the soil by means of rotating tines or blades. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Rotary_tiller The depth at which a seed is deposited during a seeding process. sowing depth planting depth seeding depth a trench that is long, narrow, shallow and made in the ground with an agricultural implement. furrow a trench that is long, narrow, shallow and made in the ground with an agricultural implement. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/furrow A lenght quality that inheres in a furrow furrow lenght A planned process that aims to prevent soil erosion. prévention de l'érosion du sol soil conservation soil erosion prevention process area of soil surface covered by stones. soil surface stoniness area of soil surface covered by gravels. soil surface gravelliness The number of seasons number of seasons The distance between a field and the house of a farmer. distance between field and farmer house Fertility quality inhering in soil. Soil fertility is the ability of a soil to sustain plant growth. soil fertility Fertility quality inhering in soil. Soil fertility is the ability of a soil to sustain plant growth. https://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/areas-of-work/soil-fertility/en/ A person that own an agricultural field. field owner Number of diseased plants in a plant population expressed as a number or a proportion. disease incidence Number of diseased plants in a plant population expressed as a number or a proportion. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-85063-9_5 Area or proportion of plant tissue that is symptomatic. disease severity Area or proportion of plant tissue that is symptomatic. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-85063-9_5 Amount of herbicide applied on a surface. herbicide amount herbicide application rate herbicide quantity applied herbicide area density Amount of insecticide applied on a surface. insecticide amount insecticide aplication rate insecticide quantity applied insecticide area density An agricultural process in which water is managed on an agricultural field. hydric regime regimen hidrico régime hydrique water management process Amount of rock in an agricultural field. field stone content level of rocks in the field field rockiness Amount of rock in an agricultural field. https://www.agronomy.org/news/science-news/between-rock-and-hard-place/ An plot area quality inhering in a net plot. It corresponds to the plot area harvested minus the unwanted area removed, most often the outside rows. net plot area harvested Equipment used to harvest an animal or its production which is meant for consumption. animal harvesting equipment Equipment used to harvest an animal or its production which is meant for consumption. Emma Griffiths A part of the plucking machine that moves the birds through the stages of plucking within the plucking apparatus plucking belt A part of the plucking machine that moves the birds through the stages of plucking within the plucking apparatus Anoosha Sehar A conveyor belt used to collect eggs in an industrial egg production environment. egg collection belt egg belt A conveyor belt used to collect eggs in an industrial egg production environment. Emma Griffiths An equipment used in the transportation of an animal. animal transportation equipment An equipment used in the transportation of an animal. Emma Griffiths The lining of a box or crate used to transport chicks (juvenile chickens). chick pad The lining of a box or crate used to transport chicks (juvenile chickens). Emma Griffiths A truck used to haul dead animal from an abattoir. dead haul truck A truck used to haul dead animal from an abattoir. Emma Griffiths A truck used to haul live animals. live haul truck A truck used to haul live animals. Emma Griffiths An equipment used to feed and water livestock animals. animal feeding equipment An equipment used to feed and water livestock animals. Emma Griffiths A bowl or pan which is used to feed livestock. feed pan A bowl or pan which is used to feed livestock. Emma Griffiths A bowl from which animals can drink. watering bowl A bowl from which animals can drink. Emma Griffiths The box which is used to transport chick (juvenile chicken). chick box The box which is used to transport chick (juvenile chicken). Emma Griffiths An animal feeding equipment that has a food storage unit and which enables livestock to obtain their own food. animal feeder An animal feeding equipment that has a food storage unit and which enables livestock to obtain their own food. Emma Griffiths An animal feeding equipment that has a water storage unit which enables livestock to obtain their own water. animal drinker An animal feeding equipment that has a water storage unit which enables livestock to obtain their own water. Anoosha Sehar An agricultural process in which the intentional movement of an animal by transport occurs. animal transport animal transportation transportation of animals animal transportation process An agricultural process in which the intentional movement of an animal by transport occurs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_of_animals An agricultural process in which an animal is harvested for consumption. animal harvesting process A carefully designed and maintained ecosystem of useful plants modelled on the structure of young natural woodland, utilising plants of direct and indirect benefit to people – often edible plants. Forest garden can be cultivated on any scale. forest garden A carefully designed and maintained ecosystem of useful plants modelled on the structure of young natural woodland, utilising plants of direct and indirect benefit to people – often edible plants. Forest garden can be cultivated on any scale. Crawford, Martin (2010). Creating a Forest Garden. Green Books. https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/product/creating-a-forest-garden-2/Creating_a_forest_garden.pdf Start date of an experiment. experiment start date End date of an experiment. experiment end date An application method in which a material entity is applied manually. manual application Plant resulting from the union of scion and stock. budded plant grafted plant graft Waste material produced when an animal is processed for consumption. animal processing waste material Waste material produced when an animal is processed for consumption. Waste material produced when poultry is processed for consumption. poultry processing waste material A fluid that leaks from a bag containing an animal carcass, and can include water, chemicals and anatomical fluids. weep fluid A fluid that leaks from a bag containing an animal carcass, and can include water, chemicals and anatomical fluids. Emma Griffiths A type of water obtained from rinsing poultry carcasses during the feather plucking process. poultry plucking water A type of water obtained from rinsing poultry carcasses during the feather plucking process. Emma Griffiths Narrow and shallow channels which are eroded into unprotected soil by hillslope runoff. rill seedbed A ridge seedbed with ridges that follow the contour at a spacing of usually 1 to 2 metres. coutour ridge seedbed A ridge seedbed with ridges that follow the contour at a spacing of usually 1 to 2 metres. Medha Devare A process in which plant disease is treated. disease control process An area density unit which is equal to the number of seeds per hectacre. seed/ha seed per hectare A woody piece or part of a tree used during an agricultural process. stick A planned process in which a sample of soil is taken. soil sample soil sampling process Date of a soil sampling process. sampling date soil sample date soil sampling process date soil sampling date The depth at which a sample of soil is collected during a soil sampling process. sample depth sampling depth soil sampling depth Number of tillage processes over a given period. tillage frequency frequency of tillage process Number of weeding processes over a given period. weed management frequency weeding frequency frequency of weeding process Number of harvesting processes over a given period. harvesting frequency frequency of harvesting process 1 1 An inter-cropping experiement dunring which two or more crops are grown on the same field. The planting of the second crop occurs after the first one has completed its development. relay cropping experiment An inter-cropping experiement dunring which two or more crops are grown on the same field. The planting of the second crop occurs after the first one has completed its development. http://www.oisat.org/control_methods/cultural__practices/intercropping.html A role that inheres in an organism that is harvested for food, clothing, livestock,fodder, biofuel, medicine, or other uses. crop crop role A role that inheres in an organism that is harvested for food, clothing, livestock,fodder, biofuel, medicine, or other uses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop A crop role that inheres in a crop that is planted first on a land where more than one crop are planted. first crop first crop role A crop role that inheres in a crop that is planted on the same field than another crop after the it has completed its development. relay crop relay crop role A role that inheres in an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks. draft animal draught animal working animal draft animal role A role that inheres in a human to power an implement. human power role An agricultural implement used during a weeding process weeding implement An agricultural implement that is used to pull out plant from the soil. A weed puller is usually manual. weed puller An agricultural implement that is used to cut grass or any plant that grows on the ground. weed cutter mower A crop residue which is the cut stalks of cereal plants left sticking out of the ground after the grain is harvested. stubble A crop residue which is the cut outter shell or coating of a seed. husk A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed to the soil surface as a little stream, typically from a small diameter tube or a commercially available emitter. Because the application rates generally exceed the soil infiltration rates, small basins or furrows are needed to control the water distribution on the land. bubbler irrigation process A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed to the soil surface as a little stream, typically from a small diameter tube or a commercially available emitter. Because the application rates generally exceed the soil infiltration rates, small basins or furrows are needed to control the water distribution on the land. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167413707800175 A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed under high pressure through small nozzles and sprayed in a fine mist of water over the plants. mist irrigation process A localized irrigation process in which water is conveyed under high pressure through small nozzles and sprayed in a fine mist of water over the plants. https://futurepump.com/smallholder-irrigation-options/ A sprinkler irrigation process in which water is dispersed over the plant through a self-propelled irrigation systems with both ends of the system move at a constant speed up and down the area to irrigate. linear move sprinker by lateral move irrigation process A sprinkler irrigation process in which water is dispersed over the plant through a self-propelled irrigation systems with both ends of the system move at a constant speed up and down the area to irrigate. http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/farm-management/soil-and-water/irrigation/centre-pivot-and-lateral-move-systems A sprinkler irrigation process in which water is dispersed over the plant through a system long lateral pipes mounted on 1 to 3 meter wheels in diameter, the pipe serving as an axle. When the desired amount of water has been applied to an area, a gasoline engine at the centre is used to move the side roll to the next area. wheel roll side roll sprinkler irrigation process A sprinkler irrigation process in which water is dispersed over the plant through a system long lateral pipes mounted on 1 to 3 meter wheels in diameter, the pipe serving as an axle. When the desired amount of water has been applied to an area, a gasoline engine at the centre is used to move the side roll to the next area. https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sprinkler_Irrigation A process in which mulch is removed from the soil. mulch removal process An environmental zone prepared for growing plants. land arrangement seedbed A seedbed that is flat. Flat beds are used where water availability is adequate and there are no drainage problem. flat bed leveled land arrangement leveled seedbed flat seedbed A seedbed that is raised-up. They are especially advantageous for clayey soils under high rainfall or wherever else drainage is likely to be poor. raised bed raised seedbed A seedbed that is raised-up. They are especially advantageous for clayey soils under high rainfall or wherever else drainage is likely to be poor. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH412cd503b5262205ac14c6.6&gt=1 A seedbed that is below the surrounding soil level. Sunken beds conserve water much more effectively than raised bed sunken bed sunken seedbed A raised seedbed which is long and narrow with steep sides. ridge bed ridge seedbed A raised seedbed that is of rounded form and limited extent. hill bed hill seedbed A harvest implement for grain crops which cuts the stems and binds the stems into bundles or sheaves. The binder is now largely obsolete replaced by the combine harvester. reaper binder binder A harvest implement for grain crops which cuts the stems and binds the stems into bundles or sheaves. The binder is now largely obsolete replaced by the combine harvester. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder An harvest implement that compresses a cut and raked crop into compact bales. hay baler baler A tillage implement that has multiple sets of vertical tines. Each set of tines is rotated on a vertical axis and tills the soil horizontally. rotary power harrow power harrow An implement that is used in a mowing process. mowing implement The roller is an heavy agricultural tool used for flattening land or breaking up large clumps of soil, especially after ploughing or disc harrowing. Cambridge roller cultipacker roller The roller is an heavy agricultural tool used for flattening land or breaking up large clumps of soil, especially after ploughing or disc harrowing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_(agricultural_tool) An fallow land that is set aside for a period of time and kept free from vegetation by cultivation. bare fallow land A pest role that inheres in an plant. weed role A planned process in which a seedbed is prepared to grow plants. seedbed preparation process A seeding process that is the random scattering of seed. broadcasting seed process A seeding process that is the random scattering of seed. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=101087 A seeding process during which seeds are sown in lines line sowing process A seeding process that consists in placing seeds in holes. seed dibbling process A seeding process that consists in placing seeds in holes. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=101087 A seeding process which is dropping the seeds in furrow lines in a continuous flow and covering them with soil. drill sowing seed drilling process A material entity that has a fertilizer role and that is derived from animal or vegetable matter. organic fertilizer A material entity that has a fertilizer role and that is mined from mineral deposits or manufactured from synthetic compounds. commercial fertilizer mineral fertilizer inorganic fertilizer A compost that is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. vermi-compost vermiculture vermicompost A compost that is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicompost A vermicompost that uses earthworms. vermicast worm humus worm feaces worm manure worm castings A vermicompost that uses earthworms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicompost A limestone that is derived from deposits of primarily calcium carbonate. calcitic limestone A limestone that is derived from deposits of calcium carbonate combined with magnesium carbonate and contains high levels of magnesium. dolomitic limestone A inorganic fertilizer that provides nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. compound fertilizer NPK fertilizer An inorganic fertlizer that facilitates proper deep point placement of urea fertilizer, as urea is used as granules. USG urea super granule A crop that has been harvested after an harvesting process. harvested plant harvested crop A row that has been harvested. row harvested harvested row A plant transplanting process that is done manual by a human being. manual plant transplanting process A plant transplanting process that is done mechanically. mechanical plant transplanting process A weeding process in which chemical is used to manage unwanted weeds. chemical weeding process A weeding process in which physical means such as barriers, traps and handpicking, or physical conditions like high temperature, are used to control unwanted weeds. mechanical control weeding process A weeding process in which extremely cold temperature are used to kill plant. cold treatment weeding process A weeding process in which plants are directly burned and flamed. fire treatment weeding process A mechanical weeding process in which unwanted organisms are removed by hands. handweeding hand picking weeding process A mechanical control weeding process in wich extremely hot temperature are used to kill weeds. heat treatment weeding process A mechanical control weeding process in which a forceful stream of water is used to dislodge unwanted plants. water pressure spraying weeding process An enviromental material that has a role of fertilization agronomic fertilizer A organic fertilizer role that is derived from plants directly growned on the area to be fertilized. green manure role A fertilizer that is obtained by acid chemical attack of a phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. It contains 16 to 20% P2O5. It comes in the form of grey granules. A product made by reaction of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid, usually containing 7 to 10% P (16 to 22% P2O5), composed of monocalcium phosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, and gypsum, CaSO4. SSP normal superphosphate ordinary superphoshate single superphosphate A fertilizer that is obtained by acid chemical attack of a phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. It contains 16 to 20% P2O5. It comes in the form of grey granules. http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/water-soluble-phosphatic-fertilizers A product made by reaction of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid, usually containing 7 to 10% P (16 to 22% P2O5), composed of monocalcium phosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, and gypsum, CaSO4. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740050601 https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary A fertilizer that is obtained by acid chemical attack of a phosphate rock with phosphoric acid. It contains around 46% P2O5 A product made from phosphate rock and phosphoric acid, usually containing 19 to 21% P (44 to 48% P2O5), and composed of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Ca(H2PO4)2 . 2H2O. TSP calcium dihydrogen phosphate concentrated superphosphate monocalcium phosphate treble superphosphate triple superphosphate A fertilizer that is obtained by acid chemical attack of a phosphate rock with phosphoric acid. It contains around 46% P2O5 http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/water-soluble-phosphatic-fertilizers A product made from phosphate rock and phosphoric acid, usually containing 19 to 21% P (44 to 48% P2O5), and composed of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Ca(H2PO4)2 . 2H2O. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300010010x https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary A fertilizer that is produced by the condensation between urea and formaldehyde consisting of short chains from methylene-diurea to tetramethylenepentaurea. It is a slow release nitrogenous fertilize, sparingly soluble, and contains at least 35 percent total nitrogen, with at least 60 percent of the total Nitrogen as cold-water-insoluble Nitrogen (CWIN). The unreacted urea Nitrogen content is usually less than 15 percent of the total Nitrogen. UF ureaform A fertilizer that is produced by the condensation between urea and formaldehyde consisting of short chains from methylene-diurea to tetramethylenepentaurea. It is a slow release nitrogenous fertilize, sparingly soluble, and contains at least 35 percent total nitrogen, with at least 60 percent of the total Nitrogen as cold-water-insoluble Nitrogen (CWIN). The unreacted urea Nitrogen content is usually less than 15 percent of the total Nitrogen. http://www.grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_food_turf_slowrelease/ A fertilizer that is produced by the condensation between urea and formaldehyde consisting of short chains from methylene-diurea to tetramethylenepentaurea. It is a slow release nitrogenous fertilize, sparingly soluble. The total N content of these polymers is 39 to 40 percent, with between 25 and 60 percent of the N present as CWIN. The unreacted urea N content generally is in the range of 15 to 30 percent of the total N. MU methylene urea A fertilizer that is produced by the condensation between urea and formaldehyde consisting of short chains from methylene-diurea to tetramethylenepentaurea. It is a slow release nitrogenous fertilize, sparingly soluble. The total N content of these polymers is 39 to 40 percent, with between 25 and 60 percent of the N present as CWIN. The unreacted urea N content generally is in the range of 15 to 30 percent of the total N. http://www.grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_food_turf_slowrelease/ A fertilizer that is a single compound made by the condensation of 2 mols of acetaldehyde and 2 mols of urea. CDU crotonylidene diurea A fertilizer that is a single compound made by the condensation of 2 mols of acetaldehyde and 2 mols of urea. https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/jarq/03-4-001-004_0.pdf A fertilizer that is made by coating urea with sulphur and wax to increases nitrogen efficiency. SCU sulfur coated urea A fertilizer that is made by coating urea with sulphur and wax to increases nitrogen efficiency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coated_urea A planned process which occurs in an agricultural field. agricultural process A measurement datum that is the measure of the latitude coordinate of an agricultural plot. plot latitude plot latitude coordinate measurement datum A measurement datum that is the measure of the longitude coordinate of an agricultural plot. plot longitude plot longitude coordinate measurement datum Proportion of residue incorporated into the soil during a residue management process. residue incorporation percentage Number of land levelling process total number of land levelling passes number of land levelling passes The depth of a puddling process puddling depth The depth of a tillage process tillage depth Number of tillage process total number of tillage passes number of tillage passes The thickness of a crop residue crop residue thickness Area of soil surface covered by crop residues. crop residue percent coverage The depth of a crop residue residue incorporation depth Mass of organic fertilizer applied on a given surface area. organic amendment rate organic fertilizer amount organic fertilizer application rate organic fertilizer quantity organic fertilizer area density Mass of inorganic fertilizer applied on a given surface area. inorganic fertilizer amount inorganic fertilizer quantity inorganic fertilizer area density The area density of a nutrient nutrient amount Number of fertilization process total number of fertilizer applications number of fertilizer applications The area density of a mulch mulch amount Number of irrigation process total number of irrigations number of irrigations The distance of a bund distance between bunds The amount of a agronomic fertilizer obsolete fertilizer amount true Number of weeding process number of weeding interventions number of weeding process number of weedings The amount of a harvested crop number of plants harvested The amount of a harvested row number of rows harvested The length of a harvested row length of rows harvested The distance of a harvested row space between rows harvested The mass of a harvested crop harvested weight amount harvested