A battery interface domain ontology based on EMMO. This file is intended to be empty and merely collecting the other ontologies. Released under the Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CHAMEO is a domain ontology designed to model the common aspects across the different characterisation techniques and methodologies.
Defines physical quantities in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). ISQ was made an official ISO standard in 2009 and is defined in the ISO/IEC 80000 standard. ISQ underlines the SI system and defines physical quanties that are measured with SI units. ISQ has 7 base quantities and many derived quantities defined in terms of the 7 base quantities. The number of derived quantities not closed and may increase based on the need by domain ontologies.
Defines properties as the result of an observation process. Observation is a semiotic process that stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who communicates the perception result to other interpreters through a sign, which is the property. Hence, properties creates a link between the holistic and the perceptual perspectives. Subclasses of property are subclasses that spesialise the type of observation process.
Defines the formal language of metrology, including theoretical and practical aspects of measurements. This module is based on the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) as well as the ISO/IEC 80000 standard.
Defines the holistic perspective which include process and the role of its participants. Processes are 4D object's that unfolds in time in a way that has a meaning to the ontologist with participants who's role is assigned by the ontologist.
Defines the perceptual perspective, which categorises real world objects according to how they are percieved by an user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. The perceptual module includes formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
Defines the reductionistic perspective, which uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real world objects. EMMO can in principle represents the Universe with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents. In addition to direct parthood, the reductionistic module defines 'State' as a tesselation of spatial direct parts with no change of granularity or cardinality and 'Existent' as a tesselation of temporal direct parts.
Defines the root of the physicalistic perspective that introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the ontologist under an applied physics perspective.
Describes manufacturing processes with engineered participants. The module also provides a root for engineered materials.
Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO) EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Introduces the fundamental mereocausal (and mereotopological) concepts of EMMO and their relations with the real world entities that they represent. EMMO uses mereocausality as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of causal connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the item and collections. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is based on the concept of quantum entity. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions, making spacetime emerge from underlying network of causal relations between quantum entities.
Key concepts from the domain of computer science.
The 'noncoherentsiunits' module contains non-coherent SI derived units. This include .
The Battery Domain Ontology, a specialized domain within the Elementary Multiperspective Materials Ontology (EMMO), encompasses essential terms and relationships for battery components, cells, interfaces, methods, models, and data. Its primary objective is to enable the creation of linked and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data, thereby fostering advancements in research and innovation within the realm of batteries. This ontology serves as a foundational resource for harmonizing battery knowledge representation, enhancing data interoperability, and accelerating progress in battery research and development.
The EMMO perspectives level ontology is a container for the EMMO perspectives level ontologies. The perspectives level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains. They describe the world from different perspectives, including - physicalistic - holistic - reductionistic - perceptual - data - semiotic - persistence
The Electrochemistry Domain Ontology, a specialized domain within the Elementary Multiperspective Materials Ontology (EMMO), encompasses essential terms and relationships for electrochemical systems, materials, methods, and data. Its primary objective is to enable the creation of linked and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data, thereby fostering advancements in research and innovation within the realm of electrochemistry. This ontology serves as a foundational resource for harmonizing electrochemical knowledge representation, enhancing data interoperability, and accelerating progress in electrochemical research and development.
The chemistry module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied chemistry.
The materials module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied physical sciences.
The math module defines the formal language of mathematics. Mathematical objects represents graphical objects based on graphical symbols arranged according the rules of math.
The models module defines models as semiotic signs that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
The module 'coherentsiunits' contain coherent derived SI units. For each physical dimensionality there exists one and only one coherent derived SI unit. Examples of such units are m/s, Pa·m, etc...
The module 'prefixedsiunits' contains prefixed SI units, like km, ms, MPa, etc...
The module 'siacceptedunits' include non-SI units that are accepted for use with the SI units as well as derived units constructed from SI and SI-accepted units.
The module 'sidimensionalunits' defines SI dimensional unit classes. These classes provide a categorisation of all units according to their SI physical dimensions. This module provides a connection between physical quantities defined in the 'isq' modules and the units defined in the 'siunits' and 'unitsextension' modules.
The module 'siunits' defines the 7 base units and 22 derived units as well as the metric prefixes specified in the SI system. All additional derived units, SI-based or not, goes into the 'units-extension' module.
The periodic table domain ontology provide a simple reference implementation of all atoms in the periodic table with a few selected conventional properties. It is ment as both an example for other domain ontologies as well as a useful assert by itself. Periodic table is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0).
The perspective module provides the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
The semiotics module is based on the semiotic theory by Charles S. Peirce. It introduces the triadic semiotic process, called semiosis, with its participants an 'object' that is represented by a 'sign' producing another sign, the 'interpretant' and finally the 'interpreter' who connects the 'object', 'sign' and 'interpretant'. The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
The symbolic multi-perspective combines the data and reductionistic perspectives to describe symbolic entities. A symbolic entity is a descrite data that pocess a reductionistic structure, who's elements can be decoded to tokens from one or more alphabets. The symbolic module includes symbols, symbolic constructs and formal languages.
This battery quantities ontology is a domain of the Elementary Multiperspective Materials Ontology (EMMO). It is a specialized framework designed to represent and organize knowledge about battery quantities. It is designed to integrate with the battery domain ontology or other ontologies from the EMMO ecosystem. The main focus of this ontology is to provide machine-readable descriptions of common battery quantities, linking both to the larger descriptions of physical quantities in EMMO as well as other sources of information like the IEC, QUDT, Wikidata, etc. It should be used to support linked data generation in the battery domain.
This electrochemical quantities ontology is a domain of the Elementary Multiperspective Materials Ontology (EMMO). It is a specialized framework designed to represent and organize knowledge about electrochemical quantities. It is designed to integrate with the electrochemistry domain ontology or other ontologies from the EMMO ecosystem. The main focus of this ontology is to provide machine-readable descriptions of common electrochemical quantities, linking both to the larger descriptions of physical quantities in EMMO as well as other sources of information like the IEC, QUDT, Wikidata, etc. It should be used to support linked data generation in the electrochemistry domain.
This ontology provides terms for chemical substances that can be referenced and re-used other resources.
Del Nostro, P., Goldbeck, G., Toti, D., 2022. CHAMEO: An ontology for the harmonisation of materials characterisation methodologies. Applied Ontology 17, 401–421. doi:10.3233/AO-220271.
Adham Hashibon, University College of London, UK
Anna Szczesna
Anne de Baas, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
Denmark Technical University (DTU), DK
Deyana Stoytcheva
EPFL, CH
Francesca Lønstad Bleken, SINTEF, NO
Francesco A. Zaccarini, University of Bologna, IT
Francesco Zaccarini, University of Bologna, IT
Fraunhofer ISC, DE
Georg Schmitz, Access, DE
Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
ICMAB, ES
Ilaria Maria Paponetti, University of Bologna, IT
Jesper Friis, SINTEF, NO
Marek Marcinek
Martin Uhrin
Michael Noeske, FRAUNHOFER IFAM, DE
Miran Gaberscek
National Institute of Chemistry, SI
Rosa Palacin
Sebastiano Moruzzi, University of Bologna, IT
Simon Stier
Warsaw University of Technology, PL
Casper Welzel Andersen
Eibar Flores
Emanuele Ghedini, University of Bologna, IT
Francesca Lønstad Bleken
Jesper Friis
Otello M. Roscioni, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
SINTEF, NO
Simon Clark
Characterisation Methodology Ontology
EMMC ASBL
EMMC ASBL European Materials Modelling Council Silversquare Stéphanie Avenue Louise 54 1050 Brussels CBE no: 0731 621 312 contact@emmc.eu
Battery Domain Ontology
Battery Interface Ontology (BattINFO)
CHAracterisation MEthodology Ontology
Chemical Substance Domain Ontology
Chemistry
Computer science
Distinctional
EMMO perspectives-level ontology
Electrochemistry Domain Ontology
Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology
Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO)
Holistic
Information
International System of Quantities (ISQ)
Manufacturing
Materials
Math
Mereocausality
Metrology
Models
Perceptual
Periodic table
Persholistic
Persistence
Perspective
Physicalistic
Properties
Reductionistic
SI dimensional units
SI units
Semiotics
Symbolic
Units extension
chameo
Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
Contacts: Simon Clark SINTEF Industry email: simon.clark@sintef.no
Contacts: emmo@emmc.eu
Note: this file has automatically been populated with dimensional units from QUDT. We kindly acknowledge NIST for reusing their content, including the physical dimensionality of units.
Note: this file has automatically been populated with dimensional units from QUDT. We kindly acknowledge NIST for reusing their content, including the selection of units, their elucidations and conversion multiplier.
Note: this file has automatically been populated with units from QUDT. We kindly acknowledge NIST for reusing their content, including the selection of units, their elucidations and conversion multiplier.
The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
The EMMO requires HermiT reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
The EMMO should be reasoned in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy in Protege (ctrl+R hotkey). It is tested with both the HermiT (preferred) and HermiT reasoners.
The EMMO should be reasoned with HermiT to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
This ontology is generated with EMMOntoPy using data from the ASE Python package.
You can contact EMMO Authors via emmo@emmc.eu
Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.
uneceCommonCode
The UN/CEFACT Recommendation 20 provides three character alphabetic and alphanumeric codes for representing units of measurement for length, area, volume/capacity, mass (weight), time, and other quantities used in international trade. The codes are intended for use in manual and/or automated systems for the exchange of information between participants in international trade.
contact
A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource
The annotation should include an email address.
figure
A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.
qudtReference
URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
omReference
IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.
wikidataReference
URL corresponding to entry in Wikidata.
conceptualisation
The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
A conceptualisation is the preliminary step behind each theory, preceding each logical formalisation. The readers approaching an ontology entity should first read the conceptualisation annotation to clearly understand "what we are talking about" and the accompanying terminology, and then read the elucidation.
An elucidation can provide references to external knowledge sources (i.e. ISO, Goldbook, RoMM).
ucumCode
Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).
The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) is a code system intended to include all units of measures being contemporarily used in international science, engineering, and business. The purpose is to facilitate unambiguous electronic communication of quantities together with their units.
pubChemReference
Pubchem URI for a compound or substance ID.
ISO9000Reference
IEVReference
URL for the entry in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
dbpediaReference
URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.
etymology
The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.
The etymology annotation is usually applied to rdfs:label entities, to better understand the connection between a label and the concept it concisely represents.
definition
Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.
A definition univocally determines a OWL entity using necessary and sufficient conditions referring to other OWL entities.
unitSymbol
The standard symbol for a unit.
A unit symbol may be a symbolic construct (e.g. km) or a symbol (e.g. m).
ISO80000Reference
Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)
ISO14040Reference
elucidation
Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.
An elucidation should address the real world entities using the concepts introduced by the conceptualisation annotation.
example
Illustrative example of how the entity is used.
molecularFormula
Corresponds to the molecular formula of the compound.
VIMTerm
quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)
The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.
OWLDLRestrictedAxiom
Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.
comment
A text that add some information about the entity.
A comment can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.
wikipediaReference
URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
IUPACName
Corresponds to the IUPAC name of the compound.
DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
iupacReference
standardInChI
the value of the standard InChI of a chemical substance
canonicalSMILES
maccorLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Maccor
bpxKey
batteryArchiveLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Battery Archive
cidemodKey
biologicLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Biologic
newareLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Neware
indigoLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Indigo
arbinLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Arbin
novonixLabel
the label of a term used in resources from Novonix
isNotCauseOf
x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)
hasMaximalCollection
hasFractionalMember
hasDeducer
A semiotic relation connecting an index sign to the interpreter (deducer) in a deduction process.
Relates an object to a quantity describing a quantifiable property of the object obtained via a well-defined procedure.
hasObjectiveProperty
hasOutcome
The relation between a process and the entity that represents how things have turned out.
hasDeclared
A semiotic relation connecting a declaring interpreter to the "declared" semiotic object in a declaration process.
hasManufacturedOutput
hasHeterogeneousPart
The part is not connected with the rest item or members with hasNext (or its inverse) only or hasContact relations only.
hasProductOutput
hasStatus
An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.
hasConventionalProperty
Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
isGatheredPartOf
hasPart
The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.
All other mereology relations can be defined in FOL using hasPart as primitive.
semiotical
The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
hasModel
hasIndex
A semiotic relation that connects a deduced semiotic object to an indexin a deduction process.
hasTemporalSlice
A temporal part that capture the overall spatial extension of the causal object.
hasInterval
The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.
hasMaximalPart
hasVariable
hasTemporaryParticipant
The relation between a process P and an object whole O that overcrosses it. The intersection between P and O is a participant of P.
hasInput
The input of a process.
isAntecedentOf
isPredecessorOf
A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).
From Latin prae ("beforehand") and decedere ("depart").
hasIcon
A semiotic relation that connects a recognised semiotic object to an icon in a cognition process.
hasSubItem
hasComponent
mereological
The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).
Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology
hasSpatioTemporalPart
hasJunctionPart
The part is connected with the rest item or members with hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations only.
hasServiceOutput
hasInterpreter
A relation connecting a sign to the interpreter in a semiotic process.
isBefore
hasNext
A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
Each pair of entities in direct causality relation is either in hasNext or hasTwoWayCauseWith relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
This relation is asymmetric and irreflexive.
hasSubCollection
hasBeginTask
Relates a prefixed unit to its metric prefix part.
hasMetricPrefix
hasTemporalItemSlice
A temporal part that is an item.
hasCognised
A semiotic relation connecting a recognising interpreter to the "cognised" semiotic object in a cognition process.
hasCogniser
A semiotic relation connecting an icon to a interpreter (cogniser) in a cognision process.
hasHolisticOverlap
A relation between two holistic wholes that properly overlap, sharing one of their holistic parts.
A man and the process of building a house. The man is a whole that possesses an holistic temporal part which is an interval of six monts and represents a working period in his lifetime. The process of building a house is a whole that possesses an holistic spatial part which is a builder. The working period of the man and the builder participating the building process are the same individual, belonging both to a man lifetime and to a building holistic views. In this sense, the man and the building process overcrosses. and the overlapping individual is represented differently in both holistic views.
This relation is about two wholes that overlap, and whose intersection is an holistic part of both.
isSpatiallyRelatedWith
hasPortionPart
A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.
isDirectCauseOf
Direct causality is a concept that capture the idea of contact between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of indirect causal routes between proper parts of the two entities.
A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
Direct cause is irreflexive.
Direct cause provides the edges for the transitive restriction of the direct acyclic causal graph whose nodes are the quantum entities.
isProperPartOf
hasHolisticNonTemporalPart
hasQuantity
Relates the result of a semiotic process to ont of its optained quantities.
hasScatteredPortion
hasSign
A relation that connects the semiotic object to the sign in a semiotic process.
hasHolisticRelation
The relation between a holistic whole and its related entities, being them parts or other overlapping entities.
hasTemporalDirectPart
hasTemporalTile
A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts forming the tessellation.
hasMetrologicalUncertainty
Assigns a quantifiable uncertainty to an objective property through a well-defined procecure.
Since measurement uncertainty is a subclass of objective property, this relation can also describe the uncertainty of an measurement uncertainty.
hasJunctionTile
A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is both spatially and temporally connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
hasRedundantPart
The superproperty of the relations between a whole and its mereological parts that are still holistic wholes of the same type.
A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
The purpose of this relation is to provide a parhood relation that does not go deep enough, in terms of decomposition, to break the holistic definition of the whole. On the contrary, the holistic parthood, is expected to go that deep.
Relates a quantity to its metrological reference through a semiotic process.
In EMMO version 1.0.0-beta7, physical quantities used the hasMetrologicalReference object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasMetrologicalReference only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.
hasMetrologicalReference
equalsTo
The relation between two entities that stands for the same individuals.
Equality is here defined following a mereological approach.
hasMember
The relation between a collection and one of its item members.
hasSpatialPartialPart
hasSpatialSection
A proper part of the whole that is not Spatial or Temporal.
This relation identifies parts of a 4D object that do not fully cover the lifetime extent of the whole (spatial) nor the full spatial extent (temporal).
This relation is a filler, to categorise the parts of an entity that are not covered by the other parthood relations. A proper part is then the disjoint union of: spatial part, temporal part and spatio temporal part relations.
hasTask
hasSubObject
hasDirectPart
Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tesselation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the direct parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The direct parts (tiles) and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective.
The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
This relation is a simple collector of all relations inverse functional direct parthoods that can be defined in specialised theories using reductionism.
This relation is not antitransitive, to enable partitioning of a causal structure with more than one tiling scheme (e.g. time and space partitioning).
hasNonMaximalPart
hasUnitNonPrefixPart
Relates a prefixed unit to its non-prefixed part.
For example the unit CentiNewtonMetre has prefix "Centi" and non-prefix part "NewtonMetre".
hasChemicalSymbol
The chemical symbol of an atomic element.
hasTemporalPart
A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
A temporal part of an item cannot both cause and be caused by any other proper part of the item. A temporal part is not constraint to be causally self-connected, i.e. it can be either an item or a collection. We therefore introduce two subproperties in order to distinguish between both cases.
In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.
hasWellFormedTile
A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.
This owl:ObjectProperty is, like its super property, a mere collector of direct parthoods that manifest a spatiotemporal meaningful shape.
hasInterpretant
A relation that connects a semiotic object to the interpretant in a semiotic process.
hasTemporalCollectionSlice
A temporal part that is a collection.
hasSpatiialnteractionWith
contacts
A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
Spatial contact is symmetric and irreflexive.
The contact relation is not an ordering relation since is symmetric.
hasHolisticPart
The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.
hasItemPart
A proper part relation with range restricted to items.
Relates a quantity to its numerical value through spatial direct parthood.
hasNumericalPart
hasEndTask
hasProperPart
The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.
hasNonTemporalPart
The part is not connected with the rest item or members with hasNext relation (or its inverse).
overcrosses
The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.
hasHolisticTemporalPart
hasDeduced
A semiotic relation connecting a decucing interpreter to the "deduced" semiotic object in a deduction process.
hasConnectedPortion
hasResourceIdentifier
Relates a resource to its identifier.
isPartOf
notOverlaps
causal
Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and occurs before time and space relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level.
The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
Each pair of entities is either in isCauseOf or isNotCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.
hasParticipant
The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
hasTemporalSection
A temporal part that is not a slice.
hasDatum
Relates a dataset to its datum.
hasPortion
The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.
A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).
hasSpatialDirectPart
hasSpatialTile
A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is only spatially connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
properOverlaps
The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of both is part of the other.
isIndirectCauseOf
An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.
hasModelledProperty
Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined modelling procedure.
isPortionPartOf
A conventional semiotic relation that relates a physical quantity to its unit.
hasMeasurementUnit
Length hasUnit only LengthUnit
hasTemporalLast
hasEndTile
The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only ingoing temporal connections.
hasGatheredPart
A proper part relation with domain restricted to collections.
hasOutput
The outcome of a process.
The partial overlapping is required since the creating process is distinct with the process in which the output is used or consumed.
hasDescription
A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a description in a declaration process.
hasScatteredPart
A proper part relation with range restricted to collections.
hasDeclarer
A semiotic relation connecting a conventional sign to the interpreter (declarer) in a declaration process.
hasAgent
The relation within a process and an agengt participant.
isConcomitantWith
The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).
hasCharacterised
hasSubProcess
The relation between a process and one of its process parts.
hasUnitSymbol
Relates a prefixed unit to its unit symbol part.
isCauseOf
We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. An entity cannot cause itself (causal loops are forbidden) or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap.
The relation between an individuals x and y, that holds if and only if: a) y having a part that is causing an effect on a part of x b) y and x non-overlapping
:isCauseOf owl:propertyDisjointWith :overlaps
Each pair of causally connected entities is either in isDirectCauseOf or isIndirectCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
It applies to both quantums and macro-entities (entities made of more than one quantum). It is admissible for two entities to be one the cause of the other, excepts when they are both quantums.
The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).
Due to the transitivity characteristic of :overlaps subclasses, that makes it a composite property.
overlaps
The relation between two entities that share at least one of their parts.
hasConstituent
The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
hasCollaborationWith
hasSpatialPart
A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
hasProperty
A semiotic relation that connects a semiotic object to a property in a declaration process.
hasFractionalCollection
hasConstitutiveProcess
isOvercrossedBy
hasConvention
A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a conventional sign in a declaration process.
hasBehaviour
isTemporallyBefore
EMMORelation
The class for all relations used by the EMMO.
hasReferencePart
Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
hasCharacteriser
hasStage
hasSemioticObject
hasReferent
A relation that connects the interpreter to the semiotic object in a semiotic process.
hasSpatialIntegralPart
hasSpatialSlice
A relation that identify a proper part of the whole that extends itself in time along the overall lifetime of the whole, and whose parts never cover the full spatial extension of the 4D whole.
In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL spatial relations are primitive.
hasMeasuredProperty
Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined measurement procedure.
hasTemporalFirst
hasBeginTile
The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only outgoing temporal connections.
hasAccessConditions
hasCharacterisationEnvironment
hasCharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
hasCharacterisationProcedureValidation
hasCharacterisationProperty
hasCharacterisationSoftware
hasDataAcquisitionRate
hasDataProcessingThroughCalibration
hasDataQuality
hasDataset
hasHardwareSpecification
hasHazard
hasHolder
hasInteractionVolume
hasInteractionWithProbe
hasInteractionWithSample
hasLab
hasLevelOfAutomation
hasMeasurementDetector
hasMeasurementParameter
hasMeasurementProbe
hasMeasurementSample
hasMeasurementTime
hasOperator
hasPeerReviewedArticle
hasPhysicsOfInteraction
hasPostProcessingModel
hasProcessingReproducibility
hasSampleForPreparation
hasSampleBeforeSamplePreparation
hasSamplePreparationHardware
hasSamplePreparationParameter
hasSampledSample
requiresLevelOfExpertise
Used to correlate a user case to a characterisation procedure
hasBinder
hasAnolyte
hasSolvent
hasElectrolyte
hasCase
hasCoating
hasSolute
hasElectrode
hasNegativeElectrode
hasReferenceElectrode
hasActiveMaterial
hasPositiveElectrode
hasSeparator
hasCatholyte
hasFormFactor
hasConductiveAdditive
hasCurrentCollector
hasInsertedEntity
hasStringValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO string data entity.
hasDimensionString
Relates a SI dimensional unit to a dimension string.
hasSymbolValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO symbol data entity.
This is a convenient shortcut for the measurement process process of the atomic mass reported by IUPAC2016.
hasIUPAC2016AtomicMass
The mass of an atomic element according to IUPAC 2016.
hasSIConversionMultiplier
Number to multiply a SI coherent unit with when converting to a given non-SI coherent unit.
Conversion formula: nonsi_coherent_unit = si_coherent_unit * multiplier + offset
hasPrefixMultiplier
Relates a SI prefixed unit to the multiplication factor corresponding to the prefix.
This is a convenient shortcut for the conventional declaration process of assigning an atomic number to an atom subclass.
hasAtomicNumber
The atomic number of an atomic element.
hasURLValue
hasURIValue
hasDataValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.
This is the superproperty of all data properties used to serialise a fundamental data type in the EMMO Data perspective. An entity can have only one data value expressing its serialisation (e.g. a Real entity cannot have two different real values).
hasURNValue
hasSIConversionOffset
Number to add to a SI coherent unit when converting to a given non-SI coherent unit.
hasPrefixSymbol
Relates a SI prefixed unit to the prefix symbol.
hasNumericalValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO numerical data entity.
hasDateOfCalibration
ResourceIdentifier
Person
Ampere
The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Ampere Hour
AmpereHour
`Ampere hour` is a practical unit of electric charge equal to the charge flowing in one hour through a conductor passing one ampere. An ampere-hour or amp-hour (symbol Ah, AHr, A · h, A h) is a unit of electric charge, with sub-units milliampere-hour (mAh) and milliampere second (mAs). One ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs (ampere-seconds), the electric charge transferred by a steady current of one ampere for one hour. The ampere-hour is frequently used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating and electrical batteries. The commonly seen milliampere-hour (mAh or mA · h) is one-thousandth of an ampere-hour (3.6 coulombs). -- QUDT
AmpereHourPerKilogram
unit of electric charge relative to mass
AmpereHourPerLitre
a unit of electric charge per volume
Ampere Per Centimetre
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Ampere per Degree Celsius
AmperePerDegreeCelsius
A measure used to express how a current is subject to temperature. Originally used in Wien's Law to describe phenomena related to filaments. One use today is to express how a current generator derates with temperature. -- QUDT
AmperePerGram
a unit of electric current per mass
Ampere per Joule
AmperePerJoule
The inverse measure of joule-per-ampere or weber. The measure for the reciprical of magnetic flux. -- QUDT
Ampere per Metre
AmperePerMetre
is the SI unit of magnetic field strength. One ampere per meter is equal to π/250 oersteds (12.566 371 millioersteds) in CGS units. The ampere per meter is also the SI unit of "magnetization" in the sense of magnetic dipole moment per unit volume; in this context 1 A/m = 0.001 emu per cubic centimeter. -- QUDT
Ampere Per Millimetre
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Ampere per Radian
AmperePerRadian
`Ampere per Radian` is a derived unit for measuring the amount of current per unit measure of angle, expressed in ampere per radian. -- QUDT
Ampere Per Square Centimetre
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Ampere per Square Metre
AmperePerSquareMetre
`Ampere Per Square Meter` is a unit in the category of electric current density. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. -- QUDT
Ampere per Square Metre Square Kelvin
AmperePerSquareMetreSquareKelvin
Ampere Per Square Millimetre
SI base unit ampere divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Ampere Second
AmpereSecond
product out of the SI base unit ampere and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Ampere Square Metre
AmpereSquareMetre
The SI unit of electromagnetic moment. -- QUDT
Ampere Square Metre Per Joule Second
AmpereSquareMetrePerJouleSecond
The SI unit of gyromagnetic ratio. -- QUDT
astronomical-unit
AstronomicalUnit
One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
An astronomical unit (abbreviated as AU, au, a.u., or ua) is a unit of length equal to 149,597,870,700 metres (92,955,807.273 mi) or approximately the mean Earth Sun distance. The symbol ua is recommended by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the international standard ISO 80000, while au is recommended by the International Astronomical Union, and is more common in Anglosphere countries. In general, the International System of Units only uses capital letters for the symbols of units which are named after individual scientists, while au or a.u. can also mean atomic unit or even arbitrary unit. However, the use of AU to refer to the astronomical unit is widespread. The astronomical constant whose value is one astronomical unit is referred to as unit distance and is given the symbol A. [Wikipedia] -- QUDT
AtomFraction
MolePerMole
Moles per mole
MoleFraction
Number of one type of species divided by the number of all species.
Becquerel
Radioactive decays per second.
SI unit for radioactive activity.
The SI derived unit of activity, usually meaning radioactivity. "Radioactivity" is caused when atoms disintegrate, ejecting energetic particles. One becquerel is the radiation caused by one disintegration per second; this is equivalent to about 27.0270 picocuries (pCi). The unit is named for a French physicist, Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), the discoverer of radioactivity. Note: both the becquerel and the hertz are basically defined as one event per second, yet they measure different things. The hertz is used to measure the rates of events that happen periodically in a fixed and definite cycle. The becquerel is used to measure the rates of events that happen sporadically and unpredictably, not in a definite cycle. -- QUDT
Becquerel per Cubic Metre
BecquerelPerCubicMetre
The SI derived unit of unit in the category of Radioactivity concentration. -- QUDT
Becquerel per Kilogram
"Becquerel per Kilogram" is used to describe radioactivity, which is often expressed in becquerels per unit of volume or weight, to express how much radioactive material is contained in a sample. -- QUDT
Becquerels per litre
One radioactive disintegration per second from a one part in 10**3 of the SI unit of volume (cubic metre). -- QUDT
Becquerel per Square Metre
BecquerelPerSquareMetre
Becquerels second per cubic metre
TBD -- QUDT
Candela
The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Candela per Lumen
CandelaPerLumen
candela per square metre
CandelaPerSquareMetre
The candela per square metre (cd/m²) is the derived SI unit of luminance. The unit is based on the candela, the SI unit of luminous intensity, and the square metre, the SI unit of area. Nit (nt) is a deprecated non-SI name also used for this unit (1 nit = 1 cd/m²). As a measure of light emitted per unit area, this unit is frequently used to specify the brightness of a display device. Most consumer desktop liquid crystal displays have luminances of 200 to 300 cd/m²; the sRGB spec for monitors targets 80 cd/m2. HDTVs range from 450 to about 1000 cd/m2. Typically, calibrated monitors should have a brightness of 120 cd/m². Nit is believed to come from the Latin word nitere, to shine. -- QUDT
Coulomb
SI unit for electric charge.
The SI unit of electric charge. One coulomb is the amount of charge accumulated in one second by a current of one ampere. Electricity is actually a flow of charged particles, such as electrons, protons, or ions. The charge on one of these particles is a whole-number multiple of the charge e on a single electron, and one coulomb represents a charge of approximately 6.241 506 x 1018 e. The coulomb is named for a French physicist, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), who was the first to measure accurately the forces exerted between electric charges. -- QUDT
CoulombMetre
Coulomb Meter (C-m) is a unit in the category of Electric dipole moment. It is also known as atomic unit, u.a., au, ua. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Meter (C-m) has a dimension of LTI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
It is also known as atomic unit, u.a., au, ua. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Meter (C-m) has a dimension of LTI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category.
Coulomb Per Cubic Centimetre
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 3 -- QUDT
Coulomb per Cubic Metre
CoulombPerCubicMetre
Coulomb Per Cubic Meter (C/m³) is a unit in the category of Electric charge density. It is also known as coulomb per cubic metre, coulombs per cubic meter, coulombs per cubic metre, coulomb/cubic meter, coulomb/cubic metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Per Cubic Meter has a dimension of L⁻³TI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Coulomb Per Cubic Millimetre
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.000 000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 3 -- QUDT
Coulomb per Kilogram
`Coulomb Per Kilogram (C/kg)` is the unit in the category of Exposure. It is also known as coulombs per kilogram, coulomb/kilogram. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Per Kilogram (C/kg) has a dimension of M⁻¹TI where M is mass, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Coulomb Per Kilogram Second
The SI unit of exposure rate -- QUDT
Coulomb per Metre
CoulombPerMetre
"Coulomb per Meter" is a unit for 'Electric Charge Line Density' expressed as C/m. -- QUDT
Coulomb per Mole
CoulombPerMole
(C/mol) is a unit in the category of Molar electric charge. It is also known as coulombs/mol. Coulomb Per Mol has a dimension of TN{-1}I where T is time, N is amount of substance, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Coulomb Per Square Centimetre
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Coulomb per Square Metre
CoulombPerSquareMetre
Coulomb Per Square Meter (C/m²) is a unit in the category of Electric charge surface density. It is also known as coulombs per square meter, coulomb per square metre, coulombs per square metre, coulomb/square meter, coulomb/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Per Square Meter (C/m2) has a dimension of L⁻²TI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Coulomb Per Square Millimetre
derived SI unit coulomb divided by the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Coulomb Square Metre
CoulombSquareMetre
Coulomb Square Meter (C-m2) is a unit in the category of Electric quadrupole moment. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Coulomb Square Meter (C-m2) has a dimension of L2TI where L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Coulomb Square Metre Per Volt
CoulombSquareMetrePerVolt
Coulomb Square Meter (C-m2-per-volt) is a unit in the category of Electric polarizability. -- QUDT
cubic centimetre
The CGS unit of volume, equal to 10-6 cubic meter, 1 milliliter, or about 0.061 023 7 cubic inch -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Cubic Centimetre
volume ratio consisting of the 0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Cubic Metre
Cubic Centimetre Per Day
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit day -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Hour
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit hour -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Kelvin
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Minute
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit minute -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Mole
0.000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
Cubic Centimeter per Mole Second
A unit that is the 0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol multiplied by the SI base unit second. -- QUDT
A unit that is the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol multiplied by the SI base unit second. -- QUDT
Cubic Centimetre Per Second
0,000 001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Cubic Coulomb Metre per Square Joule
CubicCoulombMetrePerSquareJoule
"Cubic Coulomb Meter per Square Joule" is a unit for 'Cubic Electric Dipole Moment Per Square Energy' expressed as C³ m³ J⁻². -- QUDT
Cubic Decametre
1 000-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 3 -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre
0.1-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre Per Cubic Metre
volume ratio consisting of the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre Per Day
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit for time day -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre Per Hour
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit hour -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre Per Minute
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit for time minute -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre Per Mole
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
Cubic Decimetre Per Second
0,001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit for time second -- QUDT
Cubic Kilometre per Square Second
`Cubic Kilometer per Square Second` is a unit for `Standard Gravitational Parameter` expressed as km³/s². -- QUDT
CubicMetre
The SI unit of volume, equal to 1.0e6 cm3, 1000 liters, 35.3147 ft3, or 1.30795 yd3. A cubic meter holds about 264.17 U.S. liquid gallons or 219.99 British Imperial gallons. -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Coulomb
CubicMetrePerCoulomb
Cubic Metre Per Cubic Metre
CubicMetrePerCubicMetre
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Cubic Metre Per Day
CubicMetrePerDay
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit day -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Hectare
CubicMetrePerHectare
Cubic Metre per Hour
CubicMetrePerHour
Cubic Meter Per Hour (m3/h) is a unit in the category of Volume flow rate. It is also known as cubic meters per hour, cubic metre per hour, cubic metres per hour, cubic meter/hour, cubic metre/hour, cubic meter/hr, cubic metre/hr, flowrate. Cubic Meter Per Hour (m3/h) has a dimension of L3T-1 where L is length, and T is time. It can be converted to the corresponding standard SI unit m3/s by multiplying its value by a factor of 0.00027777777. -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Kelvin
CubicMetrePerKelvin
Cubic Metre per Kilogram
Cubic Meter Per Kilogram (m3/kg) is a unit in the category of Specific volume. It is also known as cubic meters per kilogram, cubic metre per kilogram, cubic metres per kilogram, cubic meter/kilogram, cubic metre/kilogram. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Cubic Meter Per Kilogram (m3/kg) has a dimension of M-1L3 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Kilogram Square Second
Cubic Metre Per Minute
CubicMetrePerMinute
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the unit minute -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Mole
CubicMetrePerMole
The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound) at a given temperature and pressure. It is equal to the molar mass (M) divided by the mass density. It has the SI unit cubic metres per mole m3/mol, although it is more practical to use the units cubic decimetres per mole dm3/mol for gases and cubic centimetres per mole cm3/mol for liquids and solids. -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Second
CubicMetrePerSecond
A cubic metre per second (m³s⁻¹, m³/s), cumecs or cubic meter per second in American English) is a derived SI unit of flow rate equal to that of a stere or cube with sides of one metre ( u0303 39.37 in) in length exchanged or moving each second. It is popularly used for water flow, especially in rivers and streams, and fractions for HVAC values measuring air flow. -- QUDT
Cubic Metre Per Square Metre
CubicMetrePerSquareMetre
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Cubic Metre per Square Second
CubicMetrePerSquareSecond
`Cubic Meter per Square Second` is a C.G.S System unit for `Standard Gravitational Parameter` expressed as m³/s² -- QUDT
Cubic micrometre per cubic metre
Cubic micrometre per millilitre
Cubic Millimetre
A metric measure of volume or capacity equal to a cube 1 millimeter on each edge -- QUDT
Cubic Millimetre Per Cubic Metre
volume ratio consisting of the 0.000000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Dalton
One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: μ) or dalton (symbol: Da) is a unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale. It is defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state, and has a value of 1.660538782(83) × 10⁻²⁷ kg. One Da is approximately equal to the mass of one proton or one neutron. The CIPM have categorised it as a "non-SI unit whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally". -- QUDT
Day
A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Mean solar day -- QUDT
Degree
Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of plane angle, representing 1/360 of a full rotation; one degree is equivalent to 2π /360 rad, 0.017453 rad. It is not an SI unit, as the SI unit for angles is radian, but is an accepted SI unit. -- QUDT
DegreeCelsius
Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
Celsius, also known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales' null points as being precisely 273.15 °C. -- QUDT
Degree Celsius Centimetre
`Degree Celsius Centimeter` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Length Temperature' expressed as cm-degC. -- QUDT
Degrees Celsius kilogram per square metre
Derived unit for the product of the temperature in degrees Celsius and the mass density of a medium, integrated over vertical depth or height in metres. -- QUDT
Degree Celsius per Hour
DegreeCelsiusPerHour
`Degree Celsius per Hour` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as degC / hr. -- QUDT
Degree Celsius Per Kelvin
DegreeCelsiusPerKelvin
unit with the name Degree Celsius divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Degrees Celsius per metre
Degree Celsius per Minute
DegreeCelsiusPerMinute
`Degree Celsius per Minute` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as degC / m. -- QUDT
Degree Celsius per Second
DegreeCelsiusPerSecond
`Degree Celsius per Second` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as degC / s. -- QUDT
Degree per Hour
DegreePerHour
"Degree per Hour" is an Imperial unit for 'Angular Velocity' expressed as deg/h. -- QUDT
Degrees per metre
A change of angle in one SI unit of length. -- QUDT
Degree per Minute
DegreePerMinute
A unit of measure for the rate of change of plane angle, dω / dt, in durations of one minute.The vector ω is directed along the axis of rotation in the direction for which the rotation is clockwise. -- QUDT
Degree per Second
DegreePerSecond
"Degree per Second" is an Imperial unit for 'Angular Velocity' expressed as deg/s. -- QUDT
Degree per Square Second
DegreePerSquareSecond
`Degree per Square Second` is an Imperial unit for `Angular Acceleration` expressed as deg/s². -- QUDT
AreaPerTemperatureUnit
CarbonAtom
Atom subclass for carbon.
UraniumSymbol
Semiosis
A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
Product
CommercialProduct
An product that is ready for commercialisation.
PhotochemicalProcesses
Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.
DrawForming
IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.
OsmiumAtom
Atom subclass for osmium.
ConductanceForAlternatingCurrent
Real part of the admittance.
MagneticReluctivityUnit
DoseEquivalentRate
Time derivative of the dose equivalent.
IndustrialPlant
Factory
A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).
Wholistic
An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole object and on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature. The holistic perspective is not excluding the reductionistic perspective, on the contrary it can be considered its complement.
The union of classes whole and part.
A perspective characterized by the belief that some mereological parts of a whole (holistic parts) are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole and vice versa.
A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
A product is a role that can be fulfilled by many objects, but always requires a process to which the product participates and from which it is generated.
From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").
PerTemperatureUnit
In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
— quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1
PhysicalQuantity
A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
Coupled
TimeUnit
GyromagneticCoefficient
MagnetogyricRatio
Ratio of magnetic dipole moment to total angular momentum.
The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1
Velocity
Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
MicrowaveSintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles
ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion
Sintering
Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.
Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits, and is used as a manufacturing process for materials including ceramics, metals and plastics. Because the sintering temperature doesn’t reach the materials’ melting point, it is often used for materials with high melting points, such as molybdenum and tungsten.
BraggAngle
Angle between the scattered ray and the lattice plane.
ResonanceEnergy
Resonance in a nuclear reaction, determined by the kinetic energy of an incident particle in the reference frame of the target particle.
Centi
FundamentalLatticeVector
Fundamental translation vector for the crystal lattice.
SimulationLanguage
A computer language used to describe simulations.
GenerativeManufacturing
AdditiveManufacturing
process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing (3.1.29) and formative manufacturing methodologies,
DisintegrationConstant
DecayConstant
Disintegrations per unit time dN/dt for an atomic nucleus divided by the number of nuclei N existing at the same time t.
LuminousEfficacyUnit
Laplacian
AmountFraction
The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
Inductance
ElectricInductance
A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
Force of gravity acting on a body.
Weight
Gas
Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.
Interpreter
The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
AmountSquareTimePerMassVolumeUnit
Interpretant
The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).
From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).
Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
MassConcentration
MassDensity
Density
Mass per volume.
Measurand
Quantity
A quantifiable property of a phenomenon, body, or substance.
length Rockwell C hardness electric resistance
measurand
quantity
VIM defines a quantity as a "property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference". A quantity in EMMO is a property and therefore only addresses the first part of the VIM definition (that is a property of a phenomenon, body, or substance). The second part (that it can be expressed as a number and a reference) is syntactic and addressed by emmo:QuantityValue.
VIM defines measurand as a quantity intended to be measured. This is redundant in EMMO and correspond to Quantity.
QualityFactor
Dimensionless quantity in electromagnetism.
1DArray
Vector
1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
The physical dimension can change based on the stoichiometric numbers of the substances involved.
EquilibriumConstantConcentrationBasis
EquilibriumConstant
for solutions, product for all substances B of concentration c_B of substance B in power of its stoichiometric number v_B: K_p = \sum_B{c_B^{v_B}}.
PicoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "pico" (1e-12).
Joining process by softening the surfaces to be joined, either by heat or with a solvent (swelling welding, solvent welding), and pressing the softened surfaces together.
Welding
PerEnergyUnit
GadoliniumAtom
Atom subclass for gadolinium.
DisplacementCurrentDensity
Vector quantity equal to the time derivative of the electric flux density.
LithiumSymbol
CadmiumAtom
Atom subclass for cadmium.
RightHandedParticle
AtomicNumber
Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
MagneticReluctanceUnit
BohriumSymbol
DragFactor
DragCoefficient
Dimensionless parameter to quantify fluid resistance.
MaterialRelationComputation
CuriumAtom
Atom subclass for curium.
MeanEnergyImparted
Expectation value of the energy imparted.
DerivedUnit
Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
derived unit
A measurement unit for a derived quantity. -- VIM
Height
Minimum length of a straight line segment between a point and a reference line or reference surface.
PlasticSintering
Java
Filling
Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
Permeability
EnergyPerAmountUnit
LutetiumAtom
Atom subclass for lutetium.
Power
Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
LengthPerAmountUnit
TinSymbol
PhysicallyInteracting
A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least thwo causal paths that are interacting.
UpQuark
The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
Probability
Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
AtomicScatteringFactor
Quotient of radiation amplitude scattered by the atom and radiation amplitude scattered by a single electron.
0-manifold
ZeroManifold
RollingDrag
RollingFrictionForce
RollingResistance
Force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface.
Duration
Physical quantity for describing the temporal distance between events.
NonCrystallineMaterial
AmorphousMaterial
ResonanceEscapeProbability
In an infinite medium, the probability that a neutron slowing down will traverse all or some specified portion of the range of resonance energies without being absorbed.
Dispersion
A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
SurfaceCoefficientOfHeatTransfer
Coefficient of heat transfer when heat exchange takes place between a body at thermodynamic temperature Ts and its surroundings that are at a reference temperature Tr.
Inequality
A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
f(x) > 0
ArsenicSymbol
Crystal
A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)
From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).
ZincSymbol
1-manifold
OneManifold
SupplyChain
A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
MolarAttenuationCoefficient
Quotient of linear attenuation coefficient µ and the amount c of the medium.
TemperaturePressurePerTimeUnit
Signal
Index
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).
AnalogData
Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.
A vynil contain continuous information about the recorded sound.
The fact that there may be a finite granularity in the variations of the material basis (e.g. the smallest peak in a vynil that can be recognized by the piezo-electric transducer) does not prevent a data to be analog. It means only that the focus on such data encoding is on a scale that makes such variations negligible, making them practically a continuum.
CurrentLinkage
For a closed path, scalar quantity equal to the electric current through any surface bounded by the path.
GoldAtom
Atom subclass for gold.
TemperatureLengthPerTimeUnit
MolybdenumAtom
Atom subclass for molybdenum.
DragForce
Retarding force on a body moving in a fluid.
Compressibility
Measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure change.
PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
BismuthAtom
Atom subclass for bismuth.
DirectionAndEnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
Partial differential quotient of the cross section of a process with respect to the solid angle around a given direction and the energy of a particle scattered in that direction.
HolisticTemporalPart
TemporalRole
An holistic temporal part of a whole.
PhaseHomogeneousMixture
A single phase mixture.
Coercivity
Coercive field strength in a substance when either the magnetic flux density or the magnetic polarization and magnetization is brought from its value at magnetic saturation to zero by monotonic reduction of the applied magnetic field strength.
TotalComposition
RutheniumSymbol
Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
Permittivity
TitaniumAtom
Atom subclass for titanium.
Curve
PhysicallyNonInteracting
A causal multipath system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.
A physically unbounded system is a combination of decays and/or annihilations, without any space-like interaction between elementary particles.
MassStoppingPower
TotalMassStoppingPower
Quotient of the total linear stopping power S and the mass density ρ of the material.
ThermalConductivityUnit
MassAmountOfSubstanceUnit
MeasurementResult
Result of a measurement. A set of quantites being attributed to a measurand (measured quantitative property) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
measurement result
A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).
A measurement result has the measured quantity, measurement uncertainty and other relevant attributes as holistic parts.
CausalChain
Elementary
CausalPath
A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.
An electron with at least one causal interaction with another particle.
hasTemporalPart min 2 (Elementary or Quantum)
From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).
From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).
From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).
IsentropicCompressibility
SquareMassPerSquareTimeUnit
Characterisation
Determination
A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.
Assigning the word "red" as sign for an object provides an information to all other interpreters about the outcome of a specific observation procedure according to the determiner.
AreaPerTimeUnit
VanadiumSymbol
PerAreaUnit
Giga
DeciPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "deci" (0.1).
ElectricCurrentDensityUnit
MercurySymbol
PlatinumAtom
Atom subclass for platinum.
PaperManufacturing
SecondGenerationFermion
CeriumAtom
Atom subclass for cerium.
RelativeActivityOfSolute
ActivityOfSolute
IntrinsicCarrierDensity
Square root of the product of electron and hole density in a semiconductor.
This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
SICoherentDerivedUnit
A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
IntangibleProduct
Service
PressurePerTemperatureUnit
BottomAntiQuark
GasMixture
PseudoscalarMeson
A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
Normally a standard solution is a solution of the ion at a molality of 1 mol/kg (exactly). Standardized conditions are normally 1013,25 hPa and 25 °C.
The correction factor is called activity coefficient and it is determined experimentally. See ActivityCoefficient
IonActivity
ratio of the product of ion molality b and a correction factor γ to the molality b° of the same ion in a standard solution under standardized conditions: a = bγ / b°.
Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
Heat
RelativePermittivity
Permittivity divided by electric constant.
Participant
An object which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
A student during an examination.
FundamentalReciprocalLatticeVector
Fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice.
NonIntentionalProcess
NaturalProcess
A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
NuclearGFactor
GFactorOfNucleusOrNuclearParticle
Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the nuclear spin quantum number and the nuclear magneton.
DataExchangeLanguage
A computer language that is domain-independent and can be used for expressing data from any kind of discipline.
JSON, YAML, XML
AmountConductivityUnit
CompiledLanguage
ParticleSourceDensity
Quotient of the mean rate of production of particles in a volume, and that volume.
ErbiumAtom
Atom subclass for erbium.
LuminousIntensityUnit
NonSIUnit
Measurement units that are not SI units.
NeptuniumAtom
Atom subclass for neptunium.
PlutoniumSymbol
AbsorbedDoseRate
Differential quotient of the absorbed dose with respect to time.
CountingUnit
Unit for dimensionless quantities that have the nature of count.
Unit of atomic number Unit of number of cellular Unit of degeneracy in quantum mechanics
A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
A granularity level is specified by a tiling decomposition of the whole y. A tiling is identified as a set of items {x1, x2, ... xn} called tiles that: - are proper parts of y - covers the entire whole (y = x1 +x2 + ... + xn) - do not overlap - are part of one, and one only, whole (inverse functional)
Direct parthood is the antitransitive parthood relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.
Charge
ElectricCharge
The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
JavaScript
ThermalSprayingForming
ManufacturingSystem
A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.
Galvanizing
Rotation
Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
SingleComponentComposition
EffectiveDiffusionCoefficient
Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
AvogadroConstant
The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
ManganeseSymbol
Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
ElectricPotentialDifference
ElectricTension
Voltage
The difference in electric potential between two points.
AmountPerAreaUnit
MassFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
Unit for mass fraction.
AstatineAtom
Atom subclass for astatine.
PraseodymiumAtom
Atom subclass for praseodymium.
ModellingLanguage
An artificial computer language used to express information or knowledge, often for use in computer system design.
Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures.
Hardware description language – used to model integrated circuits. Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures. Algebraic Modeling Language which is a high-level programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems like large-scale optimisation.
MetrologicalReference
A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such (VIM3 1.1 NOTE 2).
A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quantity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: MetrologicalReference SubClassOf: inverse(hasMetrologicalReference) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities as syntatic entities (explicit quantities) are distinct with quantities as semantic entities (properties).
Real
A real number.
DysprosiumSymbol
Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.
Extensive
A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
Mass Volume Entropy
Quantum number of an atom describing the inclination of the nuclear spin with respect to a quantization axis given by the magnetic field produced by the orbital electrons.
DataSet
Encoded data made of more than one datum.
Cogniser
An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.
From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”
LorenzNumberUnit
OsmoticPressure
Measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis.
ComputerLanguage
A formal language used to communicate with a computer.
The categorisation of computer languages is based on Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK(R)): Version 3.0, January 2014. Editors Pierre Bourque, Richard E. Fairley. Publisher: IEEE Computer Society PressWashingtonDCUnited States. ISBN:978-0-7695-5166-1. https://www.computer.org/education/bodies-of-knowledge/software-engineering
ElectricDipoleMoment
An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
Manufacturing by separating particles of material from a solid body by non-mechanical means. Ablation refers both to the removal of layers of material and to the separation of workpiece parts. The production process of ablation is considered in its stationary instantaneous state, independently of the application of auxiliary processes necessary to initiate the process. Ablation is divided into three subgroups according to the order point of view (OGP) "process in the effective zone on the surface of the workpiece": - thermal ablation; - chemical ablation; - electrochemical ablation.
Ablation
ISQBaseQuantity
Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
LatticePlaneSpacing
distance between successive lattice planes
Characteristic quantum number s of a particle, related to its spin.
MetallicPowderSintering
ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergyUnit
SlowingDownDensity
Number of slowed-down particles per time and volume.
PermanentLiquidPhaseSintering
HassiumAtom
Atom subclass for hassium.
An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
AlgebricExpression
ElectroSinterForging
BariumAtom
Atom subclass for barium.
VectorMeson
A meson with total spin 1 and odd parit.
Determiner
An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
Observed
The biography of a person met by the author.
Estimation
A determination of an object without any actual interaction.
From Latin aestimatus (“to value, rate, esteem”).
HybridMatter
Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.
alpha_V = (1/V) * (dV/dT)
CubicExpansionCoefficient
Quantity characterizing the variation with thermodynamic temperature T of the volume V of a body, under given conditions.
MagneticDipoleMomentUnit
MassPerElectricChargeUnit
FleroviumSymbol
DataProcessing
A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.
DensityUnit
2DArray
Matrix
2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
TitaniumSymbol
Fork
A tessellation in wich a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.
BlueCharmQuark
ElectronNeutrino
A neutrino belonging to the first generation of leptons.
Cutting workpieces between two cutting edges that move past each other (see Figure 1 [see figure in the standard]).
ShearCutting
MagneticVectorPotential
Vector potential of the magnetic flux density.
DekaPrefixedUnit
DecaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "deca" (10).
Pictorial
A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.
MassicVolume
SpecificVolume
inverse of the mass density ρ, thus v = 1/ρ.
WeakBoson
In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
Vergence
Luciano Floridi, "Information - A very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press., (2010) ISBN 978-0199551378
Contrast
Dedomena
Pattern
Data
A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
A data is a causal object whose variations (non-uniformity) can be recognised and eventually interpreted. A data can be of different physical types (e.g., matter, wave, atomic excited states). How the variations are recognised and eventually decoded depends on the interpreting rules that characterise that type of data. Variations are pure physical variations and do not necessarily possess semantic meaning.
The covering axiom that defines the data class discriminates within all the possible causal objects between encoded or non encoded.
From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)
From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).
CharmQuark
ResidualResistivity
for metals, the resistivity extrapolated to zero thermodynamic temperature
Variable
A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
x k
Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").
A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal).
Whole
The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, dependently on some of their parts and independently on the surroundings.
From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).
Force
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
CompositeBoson
Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state.
CausalCollapse
A causal collapse is a fundamental interaction that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m>n.
Foam
A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
RedBottomAntiQuark
ParticleCurrentDensity
Number of particles per time and area crossing a surface.
NickelSymbol
ElectricChargePerTemperatureUnit
SIMetricMultipleUnit
Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer SI prefix greater than one.
Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
ProtactiniumSymbol
MendeleviumSymbol
3DArray
Array3D
3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
Behaviour
A process which is an holistic temporal part of an object.
Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.
Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
ChemicalEntity
MolecularEntity
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered "molecular", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺).
Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.
Grinding
Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.
Widening
UnitSymbol
A symbol that stands for a single unit.
Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
ChargedWeakBoson
IntermediateVectorBoson
WBoson
A charged vector boson that mediate the weak interaction.
ThermalConductanceUnit
HectoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "hecto" (100).
SexticLengthUnit
AtomicAttenuationCoefficient
Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the number density, n, of atoms in the substance.
A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
Numeral
Number
A numerical data value.
CondensedMatter
The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
Exponent
ArchetypeJoin
Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).
Experiment
An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
RedCharmQuark
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by shear stress.
ShearForming
StrangeQuark
SIMultiplePrefix
FemtoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "femto" (1e-15).
SIPrefix
SpatiallyRedundant
A whole with spatial parts of its same type.
ParticleFluence
Differential quotient of N with respect to a, where N is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area a.
Spanen mit geometrisch unbestimmten Schneiden
UndefinedEdgeCutting
Agent
A participant that is the driver of the process.
A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
An agent is not necessarily human. An agent plays an active role within the process. An agent is a participant of a process that would not occur without it.
Shape4x3Matrix
A real matrix with shape 4x3.
MolarInternalEnergy
Internal energy per amount of substance.
Baryon
Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
NeonAtom
Atom subclass for neon.
The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
Subjective
A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
Number describing a particular state of a quantum system.
NitrogenAtom
Atom subclass for nitrogen.
Muon
The class of individuals that stand for muon elementary particles belonging to the second generation of leptons.
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
3DPrinting
Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.
This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
ZeptoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "zepto" (1e-21).
ActivityFactor
Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.
SubObject
An object which is an holistic temporal part of another object.
If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
LinearStoppingPower
TotalLinearStoppingPower
For charged particles of a given type and energy E0 the differential quotient of E with respect to x, where E is the mean energy lost by the charged particles in traversing a distance x in the given material.
GadoliniumSymbol
HandlingDevice
ProductionSystem
A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.
Lethargy
Natural logarithm of the quotient of a reference energy and the kinetic energy of a neutron.
Plane
Photon
The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
AlphaDisintegrationEnergy
Sum of the kinetic energy of the α-particle produced in the disintegration process and the recoil energy of the product atom in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
HelmholtzFreeEnergy
HelmholtzEnergy
ThermochemicalTreatment
ChemicalName
SerialStep
CSharp
OxidationState
OxidationNumber
Charge number that an atom within a molecule would have if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared.
Positron
SectionModulus
NitrogenSymbol
RelaxationTime
time constant for scattering, trapping or annihilation of charge carriers, phonons or other quasiparticles
InterferenceFitting
Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
AtomicMass
The mass of an atom in the ground state.
ThermalDiffusivity
PhysicsEquation
An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.
AreaPerQuarticTimeUnit
Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.
Array
Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
CompositeFermion
Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)
FranciumAtom
Atom subclass for francium.
ISQDerivedQuantity
Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
QueryLanguage
A construction language used to make queries in databases and information systems.
SQL, SPARQL
GreenTopAntiQuark
ProtactiniumAtom
Atom subclass for protactinium.
GluonType8
DefiningEquation
An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)
AntiMuon
BlueBottomAntiQuark
BindingFraction
The ratio of the binding energy of a nucleus to the atomic mass number.
PerPressureUnit
PhaseAngle
Angular measure between the positive real axis and the radius of the polar representation of the complex number in the complex plane.
MuonAntiNeutrino
ChromiumAtom
Atom subclass for chromium.
AreicElectricCharge
SurfaceChargeDensity
SurfaceDensityOfElectricCharge
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the area.
The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
Objective
A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
MolecularPartitionFunction
Partition function of a molecule.
AbsoluteActivity
The exponential of the ratio of the chemical potential to R*T where R is the gas constant and T the thermodynamic temperature.
MobilityRatio
Quotient of electron and hole mobility.
Multiplication
MixedTiling
A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.
Pico
Forming
Umformen
ReshapeManufacturing
A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.
The mass of the raw part is equal to the mass of the finished part.
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering
ReactionSintering
PhaseSpeed
PhaseVelocity
For a sinusoidal wave at a given point, velocity in the direction of propagation of the wavefront corresponding to a specified phase.
CalciumAtom
Atom subclass for calcium.
Conversion of materials and assembly of components for the manufacture of products
Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective
ProductionEngineeringProcess
TechnologyProcess
Class that includes the application of scientific knowledge, tools and techniques in order to transform a precursor object (ex. conversion of material) following a practic purpose.
SandMolds
MassPerLengthTimeUnit
GFactorOfAtom
Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the total angular momentum quantum number and the Bohr magneton.
ManganeseAtom
Atom subclass for manganese.
HeliumAtom
Atom subclass for helium.
ActivePower
Average power over a period.
ISO80000Categorised
Collection
A collection is the concept that complements the item concept, being an entity that possesses at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.
The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule.
Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).
From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
AmountPerMassPressureUnit
Declarer
An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
Someone who assigns a name to an object.
AccelerationUnit
ChlorineSymbol
SolidSolidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
Granite, sand, dried concrete.
DissociationConstant
ratio of the number of dissociated molecules of a specified type to the total number of dissolved molecules of this type.
EinsteiniumAtom
Atom subclass for einsteinium.
WellFormedTile
NeutronNumber
Number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number.
NeodymiumAtom
Atom subclass for neodymium.
ElectricPotentialUnit
NeonSymbol
ActivityOfSolvent
For a solvent in a solution, quotient of the absolute activity and that of the pure substance at the same temperature and pressure.
LengthTimePerMassUnit
LongRangeOrderParameter
Fraction of atoms in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction.
A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
StandaloneAtom
An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
Shape3Vector
A real vector with 3 elements.
The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.
MassPerQuarticTimeUnit
Flanging
Electroplating
GluonType1
While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomenon relevant for the ontologist
PhysicalPhenomenon
A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is categorized accordingly.
Sol
A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
NewtonianConstantOfGravityUnit
IonDensity
IonNumberDensity
Number of ions per volume.
Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
Energy
A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
LivermoriumSymbol
SIUnitSymbol
MeitneriumAtom
Atom subclass for meitnerium.
ElectricConductanceUnit
DimensionlessUnit
The subclass of measurement units with no physical dimension.
Refractive index Plane angle Number of apples
InternalStep
A generic step in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.
FormingFromIonised
ScalarMeson
A meson with spin zero and even parity.
Radius
Distance from the centre of a circle to the circumference.
Structural
ParticulateMatter
AreaUnit
MassLengthPerCubicTimeUnit
ChemicalSubstance
Molecule
An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄
An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
ThermalResistivityUnit
SolidLiquidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
Tera
StandardAbsoluteActivityInAMixture
StandardAbsoluteActivity
For a substance in a mixture, the absolute activity of the pure substance at the same temperature but at standard pressure.
ActivityCoefficient
SourceCode
A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).
BetaDisintegrationEnergy
Sum of the maximum beta-particle kinetic energy and the recoil energy of the atom produced in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
ThermomechanicalTreatment
MassAreaUnit
PraseodymiumSymbol
ErbiumSymbol
ElectricResistivityUnit
In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
Conventional
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
Description
A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
A biography.
A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.
SolidAngle
SolidAngularMeasure
Measure of a conical geometric figure, called solid angle, formed by all rays, originating from a common point, called the vertex of the solid angle, and passing through the points of a closed, non-self-intersecting curve in space considered as the border of a surface.
CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergyUnit
ThermalUtilizationFactor
In an infinite medium, the quotient of the number of thermal neutrons absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified, and the total number of thermal neutrons absorbed.
FluorineSymbol
Deducer
An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.
SilverAtom
Atom subclass for silver.
The definition of an arrangement implies that its spatial direct parts are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in an arrangement is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the arrangement direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that an arrangement cannot overlap in space another arrangement that is direct part of the same whole.
MereologicalState
Arrangement
A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
PowerPerAreaVolumeUnit
ChipboardManufacturing
MeanMassRange
Product of the mean linear range R and the mass density ρ of the material.
RotationalFrequency
Magnitude of the angular velocity ω divided by the angle 2π, thus n = |ω|/2π.
Atomic quantum number related to the orbital angular momentum l of a one-electron state.
ActiniumAtom
Atom subclass for actinium.
BlowMolding
Atomic quantum number related to the number n−1 of radial nodes of one-electron wave functions.
CalciumSymbol
RedBottomQuark
SecondPolarMomentOfArea
PhysicalObject
A CausalSystem whose quantum parts are all bonded to the rest of the system.
It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are bonded to the rest. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of the body as convex system, while a photon the is carrier of electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body.
From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
PseudovectorMeson
A meson with total spin 1 and even parit.
The solubility may be expressed as a concentration, molality, mole fraction, mole ratio, etc.
Solubility
The analytical composition of a saturated solution, expressed in terms of the proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent, is the solubility of that solute.
ClassicallyDefinedMaterial
Point
LorenzNumber
LorenzCoefficient
Quotient of thermal conductivity, and the product of electric conductivity and thermodynamic temperature.
InspectionDevice
LinearExpansionCoefficient
Relative change of length per change of temperature.
Gel
A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
ConfigurationLanguage
A construction language used to write configuration files.
.ini files
Files in the standard .config directory on Unix systems.
IndexSemiosis
Deduction
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.
lasciano tensioni residue di compressione
CompressiveForming
SIBaseUnit
The base units in the SI system.
TeraPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "tera" (1e12).
ChemicalAffinity
AffinityOfAChemicalReaction
Describes elements' or compounds' readiness to form bonds.
Porosity
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material.
ThermodynamicCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
Tau
The class of individuals that stand for tau elementary particles belonging to the third generation of leptons.
BlueTopQuark
ConstructionLanguage
A computer language by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer.
App
Application
ApplicationProgram
A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
Observation
A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.
From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),
AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.
RelativeMassExcess
Quotient of mass excess and the unified atomic mass constant.
Written as pOH
POH
number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aOH- of the hydroxide anion OH- pH = −10 log(a_OH-)
MagneticFlux
Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
LithiumAtom
Atom subclass for lithium.
RhodiumAtom
Atom subclass for rhodium.
ActiniumSymbol
AlgebricOperator
ApplicationSpecificScript
A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.
Scripting file for the execution of modelling software such as LAMMPS, OpenFOAM, or for general purpose platforms such as MATLAB or Mathematica.
PrecipitationHardening
hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution
InvariantMass
ProperMass
RestMass
For particle X, mass of that particle at rest in an inertial frame.
ElectronAffinity
energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the lowest level of the conduction band in an insulator or semiconductor
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed
LiquidPhaseSintering
EntropyPerAmountUnit
AmountTemperatureUnit
RelativeDensity
RelativeMassDensity
Mass density ρ of a substance divided by the mass density ρ0 of a reference substance, under conditions that should be specified for both substances.
AtomicPhysicsCrossSection
Measure of probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles.
DoseEquivalent
A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
TemperatureTimeUnit
1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12C in the ground state at rest.
Line
Variations in data are generated by an agent (not necessarily human) and are intended to be decoded by the same or another agent using the same encoding rules. Data are always generated by an agent but not necessarily possess a semantic meaninig, either because it's lost or unknown or because simply they possess none (e.g. a random generation of symbols). A data object may be used as the physical basis for a sign, under Semiotics perspective.
EncodedVariation
EncodedData
A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
A Radio Morse Code transmission can be addressed by combination of perspectives. Physicalistic: the electromagnetic pulses can be defined as individual A (of type Field) and the strip of paper coming out a printer receiver can be defined as individual B (of type Matter). Data: both A and B are also DiscreteData class individuals. In particular they may belong to a MorseData class, subclass of DiscreteData. Perceptual: B is an individual belonging to the graphical entities expressing symbols. In particular is a formula under the MorseLanguage class, made of a combination of . and - symbols. Semiotics: A and B can be signs if they refers to something else (e.g. a report about a fact, names).
A signal through a cable. A sound wave. Words on a page. The pattern of excited states within a computer RAM.
We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.
RadiumAtom
Atom subclass for radium.
SystemUnit
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder
Loose-powderSintering
PressurelessSintering
GravitySintering
EntropyUnit
Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
SpecialUnit
A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
MagneticAreaMoment
MagneticMoment
A vector quantity equal to the product of the current, the loop area, and the unit vector normal to the loop plane, the direction of which corresponds to the loop orientation
MeasuredConstant
For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
RoentgeniumAtom
Atom subclass for roentgenium.
Radius of the electron orbital in the hydrogen atom in its ground state in the Bohr model of the atom.
Exa
EffectiveMass
The mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution.
ParticleConcentration
Quantum
A quantum is the most fundamental item (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. Space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions.
The class of entities without proper parts.
The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities.
From a physics perspective a quantum can be related to smallest identifiable entities, according to the limits imposed by the uncertainty principle in space and time measurements. However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a quantum can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic and causal reductionistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics and to underline the causal reductionistic approach, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.
From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".
ScandiumSymbol
SeaborgiumSymbol
LengthMassUnit
CobaltAtom
Atom subclass for cobalt.
LuminanceUnit
MassPerLengthUnit
Displacement
vector quantity between any two points in space
Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
Enthalpy
LarmonFrequency
Quotient of Larmor angular frequency and 2π.
For the dissociation of a salt AmBn → mA + nB, the solubility product is KSP = am(A) ⋅ an(B), where a is ionic activity and m and n are the stoichiometric numbers.
SolubilityProductConstant
SolubilityProduct
product of the ion activities of the ions resulting from the dissociation of a solute in a saturated solution, raised to powers equal to their stoichiometric numbers.
ElectronDensity
Number of electrons in conduction band per volume.
Emulsion
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Mayonnaise, milk.
Screwing (screwing on, screwing in, screwing tight) is joining by pressing on by means of a self-locking thread (from: DIN 8593 Part 3/09.85).
Screwing
ArsenicAtom
Atom subclass for arsenic.
BromineSymbol
NumberOfEntities
Discrete quantity; number of entities of a given kind in a system.
LawrenciumAtom
Atom subclass for lawrencium.
Material
The class of individuals standing for an amount of ordinary matter substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
MolecularFormula
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
Namer
An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.
LiquidGasSuspension
A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Sparkling water
AttoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "atto" (1e-18).
Job
Task
A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
Thickness
Shortest distance between two surfaces limiting a layer, when this distance can be considered to be constant over a region of a finite size.
PositionVector
Vector quantity from the origin of a coordinate system to a point in space.
NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpereUnit
Spacing
LiquidSol
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
PureSubstance
A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
Product of mass and velocity.
Momentum
DubniumSymbol
FundamentalInteraction
A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.
A fundamental system is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n) of quantums, m being the number of originating quantums, and n being the receiving quantums.
PetaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "peta" (1e15).
ThermalTransmittance
CoefficientOfHeatTransfer
At a point on the surface separating two media with different thermodynamic temperatures, magnitude of the density of heat flow rate φ divided by the absolute value of temperature difference ΔT.
FrequencyPerVolumeUnit
Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every whole should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to items whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). For this reason, the definition of every specific process subclass requires the introduction of a primitive concept.
Occurrent
Perdurant
Process
A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its temporal evolution that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of the same type that are temporally related.
MetricPrefix
Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
ParticleEmissionRate
Differential quotient of N with respect to time, where N is the number of particles being emitted from an infinitesimally small volume element in the time interval of duration dt, and dt.
ContinuumModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
StaticFriction
StaticFrictionForce
AverageLogarithmicEnergyDecrement
Average value of the increment of the lethargy per collision.
In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
Position
Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
LengthTimeTemperatureUnit
CeriumSymbol
Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.
Milling
The rest mass of an electron.
ElectronMass
NeutralAtom
A standalone atom that has no net charge.
da una forma non propria ad una forma propria
FromNotProperShapeToWorkPiece
Powder: particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size
A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
Measurement
An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
measurement
MolecularConcentration
Number of molecules of a substance in a mixture per volume.
StandardConcentration
StandardMolarConcentration
StandardAmountConcentration
Chosen value of amount concentration, usually equal to 1 mol dm−3.
Minus
HardeningByForming
3-manifold
ThreeManifold
Shot peening is shot peening for shaping or straightening workpieces by introducing residual compressive stresses (from: DIN 8200/10.82).
FormingBlasting
GreenStrangeQuark
Elaboration
Work
Procedure
The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
The process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).
A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).
CarnotEfficiency
MaximumEfficiency
Efficiency of an ideal heat engine operating according to the Carnot process.
CoherenceLength
Distance in a superconductor over which the effect of a perturbation is appreciable at zero thermodynamic temperature
A solid is defined as a portion of matter that is in a condensed state characterised by resistance to deformation and volume changes.
In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).
In physics, a rigid body (also known as a rigid object[2]) is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.
It has a shape, so we conclude that it is solid
Seems to have to be processed through mechanical deformation. So it takes part of a manufacturing process. It is a Manufactured Product and it can be a Commercial Product
The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.
a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation
it seems to be an intermediate product, that has to reach the final shape.
it seems to be solid, so it has a proper shape
powder is not workpiece because it has the shape of the recipient containing them
WorkPiece
A WorkPiece is physical artifact, that has a proper shape and occupyes a proper volume intended for subsequent transformation. It is a condensed state, so it is a compact body that is processed or has to be processed.
ConventionalSemiosis
Declaration
Hot-dipGalvanizing
HotDipGalvanizing
PlanckFunction
Ngative quotient of Gibbs energy and temperature.
LiquidLiquidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
AreaPerMassUnit
VolumicElectromagneticEnergy
ElectromagneticEnergyDensity
Arithmetic average of (electric field strength multiplied by electric flux density) and (magnetic field strength multiplied by magnetic flux density)
DebyeWallerFactor
Factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations.
EuropiumSymbol
AreaTimeTemperatureUnit
OxygenAtom
Atom subclass for oxygen.
ElectricFluxUnit
SISubMultiplePrefix
TennessineSymbol
The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.
Equipment
Machine
Device
An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.
From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.
From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".
SubProcess
A process which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
Spray
A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Milli
NobeliumAtom
Atom subclass for nobelium.
Estimator
A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
Suspension
An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
GreenUpAntiQuark
CobaltSymbol
ThermalTransmittanceUnit
StrictFundamental
The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no proper parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).
'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
Sound
Auditory
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifis a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
LiquidSolution
A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
ContinuousCasting
CausallHairedSystem
Hecto
A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
FunctionDefinition
MathematicalFunction
A function defined using functional notation.
y = f(x)
PotentialEnergy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
MetallicMaterial
Plasma
A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
ThermalDiffusionFactor
Quotient of the thermal diffusion ratio and the product of the local amount-of-substance fractions.
MagneticFluxUnit
BlueUpAntiQuark
MassDefect
Sum of the product of the proton number and the hydrogen atomic mass, and the neutron rest mass, minus the rest mass of the atom.
Numerical
A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
SpatialTile
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.
Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.
MachineCell
A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
InjectionMolding
MigrationArea
Sum of the slowing-down area from fission energy to thermal energy and the diffusion area for thermal neutrons.
Vapor
A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
WNegativeBoson
Zepto
BinaryData
DigitalData
Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
ElectricChargePerMassUnit
DropForging
AntiElectronType
InorganicCompound
FormingFromGas
GluonType4
AntimonySymbol
ElectricDisplacement
ElectricFluxDensity
Vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product of the electric field strength E and the electric constant ε0.
HolisticPart
Part
Role
An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.
In this class the concept of role and part are superimposed (the term part is also used to define the role played by an actor). Here entities are categorized according to their relation with the whole, i.e. how they contribute to make a specific whole, and not what they are as separate entities. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes).
From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.
From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.
TemperaturePerTimeUnit
AnalogicalIcon
An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
Electrical diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).
From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).
The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
ElectroStaticPotential
ElectricPotential
Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.
ChemicalElement
The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
Nailing is joining by hammering or pressing nails (wire pins) as auxiliary parts into the solid material. Several parts are joined by pressing them together (from: DIN 8593 part 3/09.85).
Nailing
SpeedUnit
LeakageFactor
One minus the square of the coupling factor
SiliconSymbol
ComplexAdmittance
Admittance
Inverse of the impendance.
EnergyTimePerAmountUnit
AngularMomentumUnit
TemporalTile
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.
RedUpQuark
Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.
LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
Nucleon
Either a proton or a neutron.
Heteronuclear
A molecule composed of more than one element type.
Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
MetrologicalSymbol
A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
Pressure
The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
CausalInteraction
A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bupartite directed graph K(m,n), when m=n.
AcousticQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.
LuminousIntensity
A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
Datum
A self-consistent encoded data entity.
A character, a bit, a song in a CD.
BulkModulus
ModulusOfCompression
Measure of how resistant to compressibility a substance is.
String
A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
Product of the rest mass and the square of the speed of light in vacuum.
E_0 = m_0 * c_0^2 where m_0 is the rest mass of that particle and c_0 is the speed of light in a vacuum.
FrequencyUnit
An instruction to a computer system to perform a given task.
Command
From a bash shell would e.g. `ls` be a command. Another example of a shell command would be `/path/to/executable arg1 arg2`.
A command must be interpretable by the computer system.
Commands are typically performed from a shell or a shell script, but not limited to them.
ChromiumSymbol
ParticlePositionVector
Position vector of a particle.
PowerFactor
Under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power P to the apparent power S.
DiffusionCoefficientForFluenceRate
Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle fluence rate.
SpecificHelmholtzEnergy
Helmholtz energy per unit mass.
Resource
SystemResource
Any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system.
'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space). 'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation. This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels. e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist wants to provide univocal tessellation in time. By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual. Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'. Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s.
Existent
A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).
QuantumAnnihilation
A quantum annihilation is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1).
HalfValueThickness
Thickness of the attenuating layer that reduces the quantity of interest of a unidirectional beam of infinitesimal width to half of its initial value.
UpAntiQuark
IodineAtom
Atom subclass for iodine.
PerTimeMassUnit
MechanicalMobilityUnit
Assembled
A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.
MeanLifeTime
MeanDurationOfLife
Reciprocal of the decay constant λ.
PartialPressure
Hypothetical pressure of gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
Equals
The equals symbol.
MesoscopicModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
PowerDensityUnit
ElectricCurrentPerEnergyUnit
PressureUnit
Fermion
A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Ruby
ForceUnit
DarmastadtiumAtom
Atom subclass for darmastadtium.
Boolean
A boolean number.
A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.
Mathematical
The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
Quecto
RelativeLinearStrain
Relative change of length with respect the original length.
LengthPerCubeTimeUnit
SuperconductorEnergyGap
Width of the forbidden energy band in a superconductor.
Aerosol
A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
PoyntingVector
Electric field strength multiplied by magnetic field strength.
DiffusionCoefficientForParticleNumberDensity
Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle number density n.
Wavelength
Length of the repetition interval of a wave.
XenonAtom
Atom subclass for xenon.
ReciprocalElectricChargeDensityUnit
CopperAtom
Atom subclass for copper.
Guess
A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.
SerialWorkflow
A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.
Lifetime
Maximal
Fundamental
A whole that represent the overall lifetime of the world object that represents according to some holistic criteria.
A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.
From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).
CompositePhysicalObject
The class of physical objects possessing a structure that is larger than a single composite particle, for which its bosonic or fermionic nature is undetermined.
ElectricFlux
Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the electric flux density D through a given directed surface S.
ThalliumSymbol
ParallelWorkflow
InductanceUnit
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
ElementaryCharge
The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
MomentOfIntertia
Scalar measure of the rotational inertia with respect to a fixed axis of rotation.
SystemProgram
System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
An operating system. A graphic driver.
Rest mass of a nuclide X in the ground state.
SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperatureUnit
ReciprocalMassUnit
ProcessEngineeringProcess
Deals with entities that have a undefined shape. Undefined means that the actual shape of the entity that is produced is not relevant for the definition of the process. In fact, everything has a shape, but in process engineering this is not relevant. e.g. the fact that steel comes in sheets is not relevant for the definition of steel material generated in a steel-making process.
RelativePermeability
Scalar quantity or tensor quantity equal to the absolute permeability divided by the magnetic constant.
LogarithmicDecrement
Product of damping coefficient and period duration.
ThoriumAtom
Atom subclass for thorium.
SIDerivedUnit
InfiniteMultiplicationFactor
In nuclear physics, the multiplication factor for an infinite medium.
EnvironmentalData
NonEncodedData
Data that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
A cloud in the sky. The radiative spectrum of a star.
This is a really broad class that gathers all physical phenomena in which a variation occurs naturally.
Smoke
Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
HydrogenAtom
Atom subclass for hydrogen.
ElectricCurrentAssistedSintering
BlueCharmAntiQuark
MassicActivity
SpecificActivity
Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the mass m of that sample.
SolidSol
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
IridiumAtom
Atom subclass for iridium.
LinearDensityOfElectricCharge
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the length.
PhysicalSubstance
Matter
The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons). This would exclude particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
A physical object made of fermionic quantum parts.
A matter entity exclude the presence of (real) fundamental bosons parts. However, it implies the presence of virtual bosons that are responsible of the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions.
Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction.
From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).
MathematicalSymbol
GasSolution
A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
IRI
An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set.
IRIs are commonly used as identifiers for ontological entities, although the extended unicode character set is rarely used.
Tool
An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.
BerkeliumSymbol
SourceTension
SourceVoltage
Voltage between the two terminals of a voltage source when there is no electric current through the source.
AqueousSolution
A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
VolumeElectricCharge
ElectricChargeDensity
Electric charge per volume.
PhysicalPhenomena
A CausalSystem that includes quantum parts that are not bonded with the rest.
ExaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "exa" (1e18).
AmountPerMassTimeUnit
NeutronYieldPerFission
Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per fission event.
EnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
Differential quotient of the cross section for a process and the energy of the scattered particle.
NanoMaterial
Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
EnergyImparted
Sum of energies deposited by ionizing radiation in a given volume.
PhysicsMathematicalComputation
A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.
MultiParticlePath
ModulusOfAdmittance
FormingFromChip
SolidSolution
A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
MegaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "mega" (1e6).
Unitless
UnitOne
Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
"The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." -- SI Brochure
Refractive index or volume fraction.
Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
FermiumAtom
Atom subclass for fermium.
Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
RefractiveIndex
InverseDuration
InverseTime
ReciprocalTime
ReciprocalDuration
EuclideanSpace
MassSquareTimeUnit
PermittivityUnit
MassNumber
NucleonNumber
number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus
RatioOfSpecificHeatCapacities
Ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp to specific heat capacity at constant volume cV, thus γ = cp/cV.
Intensive
A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
WaveVector
Vector k in the expression ω t−k⋅r+ϑ0 of the phase of a sinusoidal wave.
HardeningByRolling
Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.
ReciprocalLengthUnit
SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
ElectronAntiNeutrino
EquilibriumPositionVector
In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion in equilibrium.
TotalCurrent
Sum of electric current and displacement current
DeepFreezing
Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
PermittivityOfVacuum
VacuumElectricPermittivity
PerLengthTemperatureUnit
ActiveEnergy
The integral over a time interval of the instantaneous power.
The relative humidity is often expressed in per cent.
RelativeHumidity
Ratio of the partial pressure p of water vapour in moist air to its partial pressure psat at saturation, at the same temperature φ = p/psat.
Product of force and displacement.
YoungsModulus
ModulusOfElasticity
Mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials.
BoronAtom
Atom subclass for boron.
TantalumSymbol
A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.
ChemicalNomenclature
A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
ElectricPolarization
At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the electric dipole moment p of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
URI
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.
URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]
StrontiumSymbol
Workflow
A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.
This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by the ontologist through a specific perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. In other words, a 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO. The 'Perceptual' branch is here to facilitate the connection between an individual and the real-world object for which it stands for. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.
The class of 'Physical' individuals which stand for real world objects that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) into the ontologist and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).
C++
CPlusPlus
A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
Information is encoded data with a meaning (semiotic sign).
FormingFromPlastic
Executable
Program
A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
PowderCoating
TerbiumSymbol
A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.
HolisticSystem
An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
RecombinationCoefficient
Coefficient in the law of recombination,
SamariumAtom
Atom subclass for samarium.
DebyeAngularFrequency
Cut-off angular frequency in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
MassChangeRate
Mass increment per time.
MesoscopicSubstance
GrowingCrystal
Phase
PhaseOfMatter
A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
Deduced
A semantic object that is connected to an index sign by an interpreter (a deducer) by causal cogiguity.
CelsiusTemperature
An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
LutetiumSymbol
Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
AngularMomentum
SulfurSymbol
TemperatureAreaPerMassTimeUnit
TemperatureMassPerAreaUnit
StandardEquilibriumConstant
Reluctance
MagneticReluctance
Magnetic tension divided by magnetic flux.
IndiumSymbol
HiggsBoson
An elementary bosonic particle with zero spin produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field.
BohriumAtom
Atom subclass for bohrium.
This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
SIAcceptedUnit
Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.
SeaborgiumAtom
Atom subclass for seaborgium.
Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).
Moulding
ElectricPotentialPerTimeUnit
ReactiveMaterial
A material that takes active part in a chemical reaction.
Magnitude of the magnetic moment of an electron in a state with orbital angular momentum quantum number l=1 due to its orbital motion.
Kilo
TungstenSymbol
CharmAntiQuark
VaporDeposition
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress
Bending
BandgapEnergy
GapEnergy
Smallest energy difference between the lowest level of conduction band and the highest level of valence band at zero thermodynamic temperature.
GermaniumAtom
Atom subclass for germanium.
ArgonSymbol
InverseSquareMassUnit
FermiAnglularRepetency
FermiAnglularWaveNumber
angular wavenumber of electrons in states on the Fermi sphere
The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.
Fügen
JoinManufacturing
A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.
EmpiricalFormula
An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
EinsteiniumSymbol
CurieTemperature
Critical thermodynamic temperature of a ferromagnet.
GermaniumSymbol
JosephsonConstantUnit
LatentHeatOfPhaseTransition
Energy to be added to or removed from a system under constant temperature and pressure to undergo a complete phase transition.
PerTemperatureTimeUnit
PhosphorusSymbol
UpperCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for disappearance of bulk superconductivity.
CausalParticle
The concept is based on the common usage of the word "particle", that is used to identify both a specific state of an elementary particle (a quantum) and both the chain of quantums that expresses the evolution of the particle in time.
The union of Elementary and Quantum classes.
The class of entities that have no spatial structure.
From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).
IsothermalConversion
Colloid
A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
Theorization
Theorisation
The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
QuarticLengthPerTimeUnit
DonorDensity
Number of donor levels per volume.
MassFlow
At a point in a fluid, the product of mass density and velocity.
SlowingDownArea
In an infinite homogenous medium, one-sixth of the mean square of the distance between the neutron source and the point where a neutron reaches a given energy.
ElectricDisplacementFieldUnit
Micro
ParticleFluenceRate
Differential quotient of fluence Φ with respect to time.
This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.
PhysicsEquationSolution
A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
PlutoniumAtom
Atom subclass for plutonium.
Atomic quantum number related to the z component lz, jz or sz, of the orbital, total, or spin angular momentum.
Uncoded
A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
A random generated id for a product.
OrdinaryMatter
Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.
ElectronicModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.
Distance is the norm of Displacement.
Distance
Shortest path length between two points in a metric space.
AreaFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
Unit for solid angle.
RichardsonConstant
Parameter in the expression for the thermionic emission current density J for a metal in terms of the thermodynamic temperature T and work function.
Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
Object
SemioticObject
The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
TimePerVolumeUnit
QuantumData
Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.
Tempering
Process consisting of two steps: - first, the steel is heated in a quenching treatment to a temperature above Ac3 and then rapidly cooled in a liquid to produce a process-specific grain structure; - subsequently, the steel is heated to a specific temperature during tempering to set the desired property and cooled in air.
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.
TensileForming
QuantumDecay
A quantum decay is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n).
SecondAxialMomentOfArea
OrganicCompound
TennessineAtom
Atom subclass for tennessine.
SICoherentUnit
A unit that can be expressed as a product of powers of SI base units with no pre-factor of offset.
Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
ArithmeticOperator
GluonType2
AntiLepton
LeadSymbol
EnergyDensityOfStates
Quantity in condensed matter physics.
IronSymbol
ProductionEngineering
GalliumAtom
Atom subclass for gallium.
ContinuumManufacturing
MaterialsProcessing
A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.
Synthesis of materials, quenching, the preparation of a cake, tempering of a steel beam.
A material process requires the output to be classified as an individual of a material subclass.
DarmastadtiumSymbol
DerivedQuantity
"Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
derived quantity
TemperaturePerLengthUnit
SurfaceActivityDensity
Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the total area S of the surface of that sample.
DiffusivityUnit
LinkedFlux
Magnetic flux the integration area of which is such that magnetic field lines cross it in the same orientation more than once.
KryptonAtom
Atom subclass for krypton.
Charge number is a quantity of dimension one defined in ChargeNumber.
IonicStrength
For all types of ions in a solution, half the sum of the products of their molality b_i and the square of their charge number z_i.
AngularReciprocalLatticeVector
Vector whose scalar products with all fundamental lattice vectors are integral multiples of 2pi.
A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
Coded
A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
Quark
The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
YttriumAtom
Atom subclass for yttrium.
RedStrangeAntiQuark
ElectricCurrentPerMassUnit
PromethiumAtom
Atom subclass for promethium.
Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other.
Printing forms with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other. The workpiece shape is created by free or fixed relative movement between the tool and the workpiece (kinematic shape generation).
FreeForming
DirectionDistributionOfCrossSection
Differential quotient of the cross section for scattering a particle in a given direction and the solid angle around that direction.
KiloPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "kilo" (1000).
LeadAtom
Atom subclass for lead.
MagneticPolarisation
Vector quantity equal to the product of the magnetization M and the magnetic constant μ0.
DebyeTemperature
RedAntiQuark
YttriumSymbol
Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
RichardsonConstantUnit
ArgonAtom
Atom subclass for argon.
RapidPrototyping
Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.
NihoniumAtom
Atom subclass for nihonium.
NaturalMaterial
A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
ElectricResistanceUnit
GreenTopQuark
DebyeAngluarRepetency
DebyeAngularWaveNumber
Cut-off angular wavenumber in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
PlanckConstant
The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
FirstGenerationFermion
AngularAcceleration
vector quantity giving the rate of change of angular velocity
SolidMixture
MassUnit
FormingJoin
PoloniumAtom
Atom subclass for polonium.
AngularFrequencyUnit
AreaSquareTimeUnit
RutherfordiumAtom
Atom subclass for rutherfordium.
PhosphorusAtom
Atom subclass for phosphorus.
LengthPerTemperatureUnit
TransferMolding
CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.
SiliconAtom
Atom subclass for silicon.
Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
ElectricImpedance
acimp/ohms
Broadcast
FleroviumAtom
Atom subclass for flerovium.
ZirconiumSymbol
Yocto
ApparentPower
RMS value voltage multiplied by rms value of electric current.
Hadron
Particles composed of two or more quarks.
SingleParticleChain
ElementaryParticle
An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.
TungstenAtom
Atom subclass for tungsten.
Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
MassFraction
KryptonSymbol
Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
AreicElectricCurrent
CurrentDensity
ElectricCurrentDensity
Hardening
Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.
IconSemiosis
Cognition
EntropyPerMassUnit
FrequencyPerAreaTimeUnit
MultiSimulation
A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.
Gluon
The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
MassExcess
Difference between the mass of an atom, and the product of its mass number and the unified mass constant.
MeasuringSystem
A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
measuring system
LinearElectricCurrentDensity
Surface density of electric charge multiplied by velocity
AluminiumAtom
Atom subclass for aluminium.
ChemicalComposition
A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.
DisplacementAngle
PhaseDifference
Under sinusoidal conditions, phase difference between the voltage applied to a linear two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit and the electric current in the element or circuit.
MechanicalEfficiency
Quotient of mechanical output and input power.
Femto
GreenBottomQuark
Examples of condition might be constant volume or constant pressure for a gas.
HeatCapacity
Quantity C = dQ/dT, when the thermodynamic temperature of a system is increased by dT as a result of the addition of a amount of heat dQ, under given condition.
EMMO
The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. The fundamental distinction between world entities is direct causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO, or in other words there is no spacetime without entities, since space and time are measured quantities following a causality relation between entities (spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
The disjoint union of the Item and Collection classes.
The class of all the OWL individuals declared by EMMO as standing for world entities.
EMMO entities dimensionality is related to their mereocausal structures. From the no-dimensional quantum entity, we introduce time dimension with the elementary concept, and the spacetime with the causal system concept. The EMMO conceptualisation does not allow the existence of space without a temporal dimension, the latter coming from a causal relation between entities. For this reason, the EMMO entities that are not quantum or elementaries, may be considered to be always spatiotemporal. The EMMO poses no constraints to the number of spatial dimensions for a causal system (except being higher than one).
Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.
All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.
EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.
While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as the smallest measured time interval of existence of an elementary particle (e.g. quark, photon).
The union implies that world entities can only be items or collections (standing for a collection of causally disconnected items). Disjointness means that a collection cannot be an item and viceversa, representing the fact that a world entity cannot be causally self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.
For an ideal gas, isentropic exponent is equal to ratio of the specific heat capacities.
IsentropicExponent
Electron
The class of individuals that stand for electrons elementary particles belonging to the first generation of leptons.
TemporallyRedundant
A whole with temporal parts of its same type.
SeleniumAtom
Atom subclass for selenium.
GrandPartionFunction
GrandCanonicalPartionFunction
ThermalExpansionCoefficient
CoefficientOfThermalExpansion
Material property which describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.
At about 25 °C aqueous solutions with: pH < 7 are acidic; pH = 7 are neutral; pH > 7 are alkaline. At temperatures far from 25 °C the pH of a neutral solution differs significantly from 7.
Written as pH
For more details, see ISO 80000-9:2009, Annex C
Number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aH+ of the hydrogen cation H+ pH = −10 log(a_H+).
GoldSymbol
Length per unit time. Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
Speed
"In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure
AmountOfSubstance
The number of elementary entities present.
CoefficientOfThermalInsulance
ThermalInsulance
Reciprocal of the coefficient of heat transfer.
For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000
MagneticDipoleMoment
Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
ElementaryFermion
AcceptorDensity
quotient of number of acceptor levels and volume.
SINonCoherentUnit
A unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
A non-SI coherent can be expressed in terms of its corresponding SI coherent unit, as nonsi_coherent_unit = si_coherent_unit * multiplier + offset where `multiplier` and `offset` are specified via the 'hasConversionMultiplier' and 'hasConversionOffset' data properties, respectively.
ThirdGenerationFermion
ThuliumAtom
Atom subclass for thulium.
Output
The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.
A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
BondedAtom
An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
ThermodynamicEnergy
InternalEnergy
A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
NonActivePower
For a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit under periodic conditions, quantity equal to the square root of the difference of the squares of the apparent power S and the active power P.
CriticalTemperature
Temperature below which quantum effects dominate.
MuonNeutrino
A neutrino belonging to the second generation of leptons.
AbsorbedDoseRateUnit
ResistanceToAlternativeCurrent
Real part of the impedance.
EmbarassinglyParallelWorkflow
PureParallelWorkflow
A workflow that is the concurrent evolution of two or more tasks, not communicacting between themselves.
MassTemperatureUnit
In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
Metrological uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.
A metrological uncertainty can be assigned to any objective property via the 'hasMetrologicalUncertainty' relation.
MetrologicalUncertainty
The uncertainty of a quantity obtained through a well-defined procedure, characterising of the dispersion of the quantity.
- Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
Metrological uncertainty in EMMO is a slight generalisation of the VIM term 'measurement uncertainty', which is defined as "a non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured".
AbsorbedDoseUnit
ThuliumSymbol
AtomisticModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
LengthTimeCurrentUnit
Frequency
Number of periods per time interval.
Replica
An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.
A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).
SpecificEnthalpy
Enthalpy per unit mass.
CaesiumAtom
Atom subclass for caesium.
VolumePerTemperatureUnit
Mega
Torus
CapacitancePerLengthUnit
QuarticLengthUnit
Foaming
Machining in which a tool is used whose number of cutting edges, geometry of the cutting wedges and position of the cutting edges in relation to the workpiece are determined
Spanen mit geometrisch bestimmten Schneiden
DefinedEdgeCutting
Software
All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.
From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.
NonPrefixedUnit
A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
PerThermalTransmittanceUnit
ManufacturingDevice
A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.
Artifact
Engineered
TangibleProduct
ManufacturedProduct
An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
Car, tire, composite material.
From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.
From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").
From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.
From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".
ElectricConductivityUnit
The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
MeasuredProperty
A quantity that is the result of a well-defined measurement procedure.
ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.
ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components
DiscreteManufacturing
Werkstücke
WorkpieceManufacturing
A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.
Fluid
A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
Gas, liquid, plasma,
ReciprocalSquareEnergyUnit
SulfurAtom
Atom subclass for sulfur.
VolumePerSquareTimeUnit
Cognised
A semiotic object that is recognised by an interpreter (a cogniser) when establishing a connection between the object and an icon.
A physical phenomenon that is connected to an equation by a scientist.
FunctionallyDefinedMaterial
MassPerTimeUnit
The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.
MathematicalFormula
A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
SurfaceTension
SquarePressureTimeUnit
NumericalData
Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.
TimeConstant
parameter characterizing the response to a step input of a first‑order, linear time‑invariant system
DensityOfVibrationalStates
quotient of the number of vibrational modes in an infinitesimal interval of angular frequency, and the product of the width of that interval and volume
GreenBottomAntiQuark
EnergyAreaUnit
Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
ChemicalPotential
ArithmeticExpression
Deci
ElectricConductivityPerAmountUnit
GreenCharmQuark
SpatialTiling
A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.
ExactConstant
Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
SymbolicConstruct
A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predifined arrangement schema.
DynamicFrictionFactor
KineticFrictionFactor
PalladiumSymbol
EndStep
The final step of a workflow.
There may be more than one end task, if they run in parallel leading to more than one output.
ChemicalMaterial
VolumePerMassUnit
GluonType5
URL
The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").
EuropiumAtom
Atom subclass for europium.
LeftHandedParticle
ContinuumSubstance
A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
CompositePhysicalParticle
A composite particle is a bound state of elementary particles for which it is still possible to define its bosonic or fermionic behaviour.
LowPressureCasting
MolarVolume
Volume per amount of substance.
SimulationApplication
An application aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
An application that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.
Quantum number in an atom describing the magnitude of total angular momentum J.
LinearIonization
Differential quotient of q with respect to l, where q is the average total charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle over a path l, divided by the elementary charge.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).
ResemblanceIcon
An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
A geographical map that imitates the shape of the landscape and its properties at a specific historical time.
An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).
Constant
A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.
TechnetiumSymbol
MagneticPotentialUnit
The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
Theory
A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
RheniumSymbol
RadioactiveActivity
Radioactivity
Decays per unit time.
PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
The rest mass of a proton.
ProtonMass
YtterbiumAtom
Atom subclass for ytterbium.
RheniumAtom
Atom subclass for rhenium.
MeanFreePathOfPhonons
average distance that phonons travel between two successive interactions
FundamentalFermion
A particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
In an anisotropic medium, thermal conductivity is a tensor quantity.
ThermalConductivity
At a point fixed in a medium with a temperature field, scalar quantity λ characterizing the ability of the medium to transmit heat through a surface element containing that point: φ = −λ grad T, where φ is the density of heat flow rate and T is thermodynamic temperature.
Plus
MeanFreePathOfElectrons
Average distance that electrons travel between two successive interactions.
AbsorbedDose
Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
Quantum number related to the total angular momentum, J, of a nucleus in any specified state, normally called nuclear spin.
StrontiumAtom
Atom subclass for strontium.
ElectricCurrentPhasor
MassFractionOfDryMatter
Quantity wd = 1 − wH2O, where wH2O is mass fraction of water.
Somatosensory
ElectricChargeDensityUnit
MassPerVolumeTimeUnit
Molds
Proton
A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
EnergyLengthPerAmountUnit
NihoniumSymbol
HeatCapacityAtConstantVolume
IsochoricHeatCapacity
Heat capacity at constant volume.
PoissonsRatio
PoissonNumber
Ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
CuttingManufacturing
Trennen
SeparateManufacturing
A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.
AreaDensityUnit
Viscosity
DynamicViscosity
The measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow when an external force is applied.
"Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
NominalProperty
An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
nominal property
PartialComposition
MicrocanonicalPartitionFunction
VolumetricNumberDensity
Count per volume.
A continuant (here called object) is usually defined as a whole whose all possible temporal parts are always satisfying a specific criterion (wich is the classical definition of continuants). However that's not possible in general, since we will finally end to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the object will no longer hold. That's the case when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterize the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental parts. To overcome this issue, we can identify an minimum holistic temporal part (a lower time interval value), below which a specific definition for an object type does not hold anymore, that is called a fundamental.
Continuant
Endurant
A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its spatial configuration that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
Period
PeriodDuration
duration of one cycle of a periodic event
MaterialsModel
A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
HalfLife
Mean duration required for the decay of one half of the atoms or nuclei.
RelativePressureCoefficient
Assemblying
The act of connecting together the parts of something
No loss or adds of parts by the components, nor merging. In assemblying parts are losing some of theirs movement degrees of freedom.
From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.
NonLeakageProbability
Probability that a neutron will not escape from the reactor during the slowing-down process or while it diffuses as a thermal neutron.
VolumeUnit
Polynomial
MagnesiumSymbol
IUPACNomencalture
HeatFlowRate
Amount of heat through a surface during a time interval divided by the duration of this interval.
Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools
Rolling
Beschichten
CoatingManufacturing
A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.
CoperniciumSymbol
FundamentalAntiMatterParticle
A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets
ChemicalFormula
A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
2-manifold
TwoManifold
Sequence
A tessellation of temporal slices.
ElectricChargeAreaUnit
The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
ElectricReactance
The imaginary part of the impedance.
Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material
Cleaning
AngularMeasure
The abstract notion of angle.
SIAcceptedPrefixedUnit
MassDiffusivity
DiffusionCoefficient
Proportionality constant in some physical laws.
Modelling
Simulation
A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
HydrogenSymbol
ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperatureUnit
ScientificTheory
A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.
LevelWidth
In nuclear physics, quotient of the reduced Planck constant and the mean duration of life of an unstable particle or an excited state.
LiquidAerosol
An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
The mixing ratio at saturation is denoted xsat.
MassRatioOfWaterVapourToDryGas
MixingRatio
Ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of air.
RutheniumAtom
Atom subclass for ruthenium.
BlueDownQuark
ThomsonCoefficient
quotient of Thomson heat power developed, and the electric current and temperature difference
NuclearPrecessionAngularFrequency
Frequency by which the nucleus angular momentum vector precesses about the axis of an external magnetic field.
AmountPerMassUnit
AreaTimeUnit
PerVolumeUnit
TransportationDevice
Often denoted B.
MagneticInduction
MagneticFluxDensity
Strength of the magnetic field.
SamariumSymbol
IndiumAtom
Atom subclass for indium.
GluonType7
Painting
SolidAerosol
An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
Extent of a surface.
Area
OxygenSymbol
ElectricPotentialPerTemperatureUnit
MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperatureUnit
EnergyDensityOfStatesUnit
LogarithmicUnit
A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
Decibel
Note that logarithmic units like decibel or neper are not univocally defines, since their definition depends on whether they are used to measure a "power" or a "root-power" quantity. It is advisory to create a uniquely defined subclass these units for concrete usage.
AreaPerAmountUnit
Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
Luminance
BlueStrangeAntiQuark
ElectricChargePerLengthUnit
Metrological
A language entity used in the metrology discipline.
Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)
Multiplicity
Degenerency
OsmoticFactorOfSolvent
OsmoticCoefficientOfSolvent
Quantity characterizing the deviation of a solvent from ideal behavior.
SIDimensionalUnit
Dimensional unit with its physical dimensionality described accortind to the International System of Units (SI).
In SI are the physical dimensions of the base quantities time (T), length (L), mass (M), electric current (I), thermodynamic temperature (Θ), amount of substance (N) and luminous intensity (J). In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. -- SI brouchure The SI dimensional units are equivalent to dimensional strings that uniquely defines their dimensionality by specifying the values of the coefficients α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η. A dimensional string is a space-separated string of the physical dimension symbols followed by the value of the exponent (including it sign). They should always match the following regular expression: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ Examples of correspondance between dimensional units and their dimensional units are: - AmountOfSubstanceUnit <=> "T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0" - TimeUnit <=> "T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0" - ElectricCurrentDensityUnit <=> "T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0"
An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
AlgebricEquation
2 * a - b = c
Annealing
heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium
SpeedOfLightInVacuum
The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
Tile
A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.
File
In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file path.
ElectricCapacitance
Capacitance
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
RadiumSymbol
TinAtom
Atom subclass for tin.
IterativeStep
A workflow whose output ca be used as input for another workflow of the same type, iteratively, within the framework of a larger workflow.
Jacobi method numerical step, involving the multiplication between a matrix A and a vector x, whose result is used to update the vector x.
PerAreaTimeUnit
Estimated
The biography of a person that the author have not met.
Mobility
Quotient of average drift speed imparted to a charged particle in a medium by an electric field, and the electric field strength.
PhaseSpeedOfElectromagneticWaves
Angular frequency divided by angular wavenumber.
MassPerAmountUnit
RedTopAntiQuark
Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
Entropy
IsothermalCompressibility
Measurer
An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.
SolidFoam
A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
Aerogel
PhysicalLaw
A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.
StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).
FermiumSymbol
TechnetiumAtom
Atom subclass for technetium.
MassPerQuarticLengthTimeUnit
HoleDensity
Number of holes in valence band per volume.
PressureFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two pressures.
SIMetricSubMultipleUnit
Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer SI prefix greater than one.
BlueDownAntiQuark
Presses
In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
CentreOfMass
The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
NumericalVariable
A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.
GaugePressure
Fugacity
Measure of the tendency of a substance to leave a phase.
ConcreteOrPlasterPouring
MolarConductivity
Conductivity per molar concentration of electrolyte.
FermiEnergy
in a metal, highest occupied energy level at zero thermodynamic temperature, where energy level means the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance
RedStrangeQuark
Energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state
StructureFactor
Mathematical description in crystallography.
PerLengthTimeUnit
PackingFraction
Quotient of relative mass excess and the nucleon number.
Step
A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.
A step is part of a specific granularity level for the workflow description, as composition of tasks.
PolyatomicEntity
VolumeFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
Unit for volume fraction.
MicroPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "micro" (1e-6).
Code
SoftwareCode
ProgrammingLanguage
A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
A programming language object can also be a fragment (e.g. a C function) not suitable for exectution.
Entities are not necessarily digital data, but can be code fragments printed on paper.
PhysioChemicalQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.
ElementalMaterial
DippingForms
Work function is the energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance.
ElectronWorkFunction
WorkFunction
least energy required for the emission of a conduction electron.
ArcLength
PathLength
Length of a rectifiable curve between two of its points.
AlphabeticEntity
Symbol
The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
ElectrolyticDeposition
MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
AbsoluteHumidity
Mass of the contained water vapour per volume.
Macromolecule
Particle
PhysicalParticle
The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).
The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.
FrictionCoefficient
FrictionFactor
CoefficientOfFriction
Dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together; depends on the materials used, ranges from near zero to greater than one.
LatticeVector
translation vector that maps the crystal lattice on itself
SpaceAndTimeQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.
DownAntiQuarkType
DiffusionLength
In condensed matter physics, the square root of the product of diffusion coefficient and lifetime.
ShearStrain
Displacement of one surface with respect to another divided by the distance between them.
ChemicalCompositionQuantity
Solid
A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
BoronSymbol
Concentration
the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
LanthanumSymbol
Division
The corresponding Celsius temperature is denoted td and is also called dew point.
DewPointTemperature
Thermodynamic temperature at which vapour in air reaches saturation.
MilliPrefixedUnit
The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
RybergConstant
RedTopQuark
JouleThomsonCoefficient
RelativeMassFractionOfVapour
StructuralFormula
A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.
FormingFromPulp
IronAtom
Atom subclass for iron.
DataBasedSimulationSoftware
A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion
ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area
The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
Deals with entities that have a defined shape.
From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").
PressureCoefficient
Change of pressure per change of temperature at constant volume.
TemperaturePerPressureUnit
DownQuark
ElectricPotentialPerAreaUnit
TopQuark
SpecificEnergyImparted
In nuclear physics, energy imparted per mass.
ArithmeticEquation
Stage
A process which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.
ISQDimensionlessQuantity
A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
ScalarMagneticPotential
Scalar potential of an irrotational magnetic field strength.
CausalConvexSystem
CarbonSymbol
TemperatureUnit
Punctuation
DieCasting
VolumePerTimeUnit
GigaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "giga" (1e9).
VolumeFraction
Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
PotassiumSymbol
AmountPerAreaTimeUnit
ChemicallyDefinedMaterial
CausalExpansion
A causal expansion is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m<n.
SubjectiveProperty
A quantity whos value that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community).
The measure of beauty on a scale from 1 to 10.
LarmorRadius
Gyroradius
Radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field.
Folding
VolumePerAmountUnit
TemporallyFundamental
The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no temporal parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).
FORTRAN
Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
Torque
The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
TimePerLengthUnit
DampingCoefficient
Inverse of the time constant of an exponentially varying quantity.
GreenDownAntiQuark
ElectricChargeUnit
GreenStrangeAntiQuark
Chemical
A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.
SIAcceptedDerivedUnit
NonNumericalData
Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).
KineticEnergy
The energy of an object due to its motion.
HeatCapacityAtConstantPressure
IsobaricHeatCapacity
Heat capacity at constant pressure.
BaseQuantity
"Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
base quantity
StandardUnit
A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
FlexuralForming
Strain
Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
NiobiumAtom
Atom subclass for niobium.
BlueTopAntiQuark
MolarGasConstant
Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
StyleSheetLanguage
A computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents.
CSS
LondonPenetrationDepth
Distance a magnetic field penetrates the plane surface of a semi-finite superconductor.
MolarGibbsEnergy
Gibbs energy per amount of substance.
The mean free path may thus be specified either for all interactions, i.e. total mean free path, or for particular types of interaction such as scattering, capture, or ionization.
MeanFreePath
in a given medium, average distance that particles of a specified type travel between successive interactions of a specified type.
Python
KnownConstant
A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
π refers to the constant number ~3.14
Casting
MolarHelmholtzEnergy
Helmholtz energy per amount of substance.
RedCharmAntiQuark
Ronna
ReciprocalAmountPerVolumeUnit
PerAmountUnit
PoloniumSymbol
ElectromagneticQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.
MarkupLanguage
A grammar for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.
HTML
Nano
Mass per unit area.
AreaDensity
NeodymiumSymbol
ThermodynamicTemperature
Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted wsat.
MassConcentrationOfWater
Quotient of the mass of water in a three-dimensional domain, irrespective of the form of aggregation, by the volume of the domain.
ReactorTimeConstant
Duration required for the neutron fluence rate in a reactor to change by the factor e when the fluence rate is rising or falling exponentially.
LanthanumAtom
Atom subclass for lanthanum.
MeasurementUnit
A metrological reference for a physical quantity.
kg m/s km
measurement unit (VIM3 1.9)
"Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
"Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
Measurement units and procedure units are disjoint.
Quantitative value are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
StatisticalWeightOfSubsystem
CadmiumSymbol
TopAntiQuark
CapacitanceUnit
Gathering
A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
Sign
An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
UraniumAtom
Atom subclass for uranium.
Magnetization
At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the magnetic area moment m of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
PhysicsBasedModel
A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.
Circle
MeitneriumSymbol
HallCoefficient
The relation between electric field strength and current density in an isotropic conductor.
SpecificHeatCapacityAtSaturatedVaporPressure
Specific heat capacity at saturated vaport pressure.
AreicSpeedUnit
LengthUnit
VolumetricFlowRate
VolumeFlowRate
Quantity equal to the volume dV of substance crossing a given surface during a time interval with infinitesimal duration dt, divided by this duration, thus qV = dV / dt-
CarrierLifetime
Time constant for recombination or trapping of minority charge carriers in semiconductors
RadiantEnergy
Mean energy, excluding rest energy, of the particles that are emitted, transferred, or received.
BromineAtom
Atom subclass for bromine.
BerylliumSymbol
CaliforniumAtom
Atom subclass for californium.
LarmonAngularFrequency
Angular frequency of the electron angular momentum vector precession about the axis of an external magnetic field.
ComputerScience
A well-formed formula that follows the syntactic rules of computer science.
A well-formed formula in computer science may be or not be interpreted by a computer. For example pseudo-code is only intended for human consumption.
Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
MagnetizingFieldStrength
MagneticFieldStrength
AntiTau
SpecificHeatCapacity
Heat capacity divided by mass.
Illuminance
The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
GalliumSymbol
KinematicViscosity
Quotient of dynamic viscosity and mass density of a fluid.
CentiPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "centi" (0.01).
PhysicallyInteractingConvex
GreenUpQuark
Geometrical
A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
Boson
A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
1940s: named after S.N. Bose.
Gradient
PlasticModeling
MassEnergyTransferCoefficient
For ionizing uncharged particles of a given type and energy, the differential quotient of Rtr with respect to l. Where Rtr is the mean energy that is transferred to kinetic energy of charged particles by interactions of the uncharged particles of incident radiant energy R in traversing a distance l in the material of density rho, divided by rho and R
MoscoviumAtom
Atom subclass for moscovium.
DubniumAtom
Atom subclass for dubnium.
VoltagePhasor
Complex representation of an oscillating voltage.
DisplacementCurrent
Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the displacement current density JD through a given directed surface S.
CoefficientOfStaticFriction
StaticFrictionFactor
StaticFrictionCoefficient
SeebeckCoefficient
Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature.
Property
A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).
From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).
Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
SemioticEntity
The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
BerylliumAtom
Atom subclass for beryllium.
TotalIonization
Quotient of the total mean charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle along its entire path and along the paths of any secondary charged particles, and the elementary charge.
IridiumSymbol
A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).
SparkErosion
BlueStrangeQuark
RedDownAntiQuark
ChlorineAtom
Atom subclass for chlorine.
BeginStep
An initial step of a workflow.
There may be more than one begin task, if they run in parallel.
SuperconductionTransitionTemperature
Critical thermodynamic temperature of a superconductor.
HolisticArrangement
A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.
PhysicalConstant
Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
StateOfMatter
A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
AngularRepetency
AngularWavenumber
Magnitude of the wave vector.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
JosephsonConstant
Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.
PureNumberQuantity
A pure number, typically the number of something.
1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Project
IntentionalProcess
A process occurring with the active participation of an agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted usat.
MassRatioOfWaterToDryMatter
Ratio of the mass of water to the mass of dry matter in a given volume of matter.
NonMaximal
Redundant
A whole possessing some proper parts of its same type.
An object A which is classified as water-fluid possesses a proper part B which is water itself if the lenght scale of the B is larger than the water intermolecular distance keeping it in the continuum range. In this sense, A is redundant. If A is a water-fluid so small that its every proper part is no more a continuum object (i.e. no more a fluid), then A is fundamental.
A collective term for the processes in which, during joining, the parts to be joined and any auxiliary parts are essentially only elastically deformed and unintentional loosening is prevented by frictional connection.
Pressing
MercuryAtom
Atom subclass for mercury.
Substance
A composite physical object made of fermions (i.e. having mass and occupying space).
VolumePerAmountTimeUnit
ThalliumAtom
Atom subclass for thallium.
AngularVelocity
Axial vector quantity describing the rotation around an axis, with magnitude ω=|dφ/dt|, where dφ is the plane angle change during the infinitesimal time interval with duration dt, and with direction along the axis for which the rotation is clockwise.
CatalyticActivity
Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
CopperSymbol
CyclotronAngularFrequency
Quotient of the product of the electric charge of a particle and the magnitude of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field, and the particle mass.
BulkStrain
VolumeStrain
RelativeVolumeStrain
Quotient of change of volume and original volume.
SquareTemperatureUnit
Meson
Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark.
StandardChemicalPotential
MechanicalQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.
DiscreteData
Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean tha the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.
Letter
PowerAreaUnit
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolvent
CondensedFormula
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.
Machining
A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.
SodiumSymbol
QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergyUnit
ZirconiumAtom
Atom subclass for zirconium.
MigrationLength
Square root of the migration area, M^2.
Manufacturer
A strict fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.
CeramicSintering
MassStoppingPowerUnit
ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives
Organisation
An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
For normal cases, the relative humidity may be assumed to be equal to relative mass concentration of vapour.
RelativeMassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
ratio of the mass concentration of water vapour v to its mass concentration at saturation vsat, at the same temperature, thus ψ = v/vsat.
IodineSymbol
RoentgeniumSymbol
ExposureRate
Time derivative of exposure.
IntentionalAgent
An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.
TotalCurrentDensity
Sum of electric current density and displacement current density.
TelluriumAtom
Atom subclass for tellurium.
NobeliumSymbol
The diameter of a circle or a sphere is twice its radius.
Diameter
maximal distance of two points of an object, in a given direction or along a straight line passing through the centre.
machining with a circular cutting movement in which the axis of rotation of the tool and the axis of the internal surface to be produced are identical and the feed movement is in the direction of this axis. The axis of rotation of the cutting movement maintains its position relative to the workpiece independently of the feed movement (axis of rotation workpiece-bound).
Drilling
Activity
Number dN of spontaneous nuclear transitions or nuclear disintegrations for a radionuclide of amount N produced during a short time interval dt, divided by this time interval.
StandardModelParticle
The union of all classes categorising elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
Disjointness comes from the fact that standard model elementary particles are entities that possess objectively distinct and singular characters.
Graviton is included, even if it is an hypothetical particle, to enable causality for gravitational interactions.
This class represents only real particles that are the input and output of a Feynman diagram, and hence respect the E²-p²c²=m²c⁴ energy-momentum equality (on the mass shell). In the EMMO the virtual particles (off the mass shell), the internal propagators of the interaction within a Feynman diagram, are not represented as mereological entities but as object relations (binary predicates).
CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.
LossAngle
Arctan of the loss factor
LinearEnergyTransfer
Measure for the energy lost by charged particles per traversed distance, including only interactions up to a given energy.
FiberReinforcePlasticManufacturing
Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure
RatioUnit
FractionUnit
Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
Magnetizing
AntimonyAtom
Atom subclass for antimony.
InternalConversionCoefficient
InternalConversionFactor
Quotient of the number of internal conversion electrons and the number of gamma quanta emitted by the radioactive atom in a given transition, where a conversion electron represents an orbital electron emitted through the radioactive decay.
LossFactor
Inverse of the quality factor.
MassieuFunction
Negative quotient of Helmholtz energy and temperature.
FranciumSymbol
A formal computer-interpretable identifier of a system resource.
Tortuosity
Parameter for diffusion and fluid flow in porous media.
SolidGasSuspension
A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
PromethiumSymbol
"Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
OrdinalQuantity
"Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Hardness Resilience
ordinal quantity
Irradiate
HardeningByDrawing
LaserCutting
AmountPerVolumeTimeUnit
Visual
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.
CausalObject
CausalStructure
The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
The union of CausalPath and CausalSystem classes.
A self-connected composition of more than one quantum entities.
A causal structure expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum entities. It must at least provide two temporal parts. The unity criterion beyond the definition of a causal structure (the most general concept of structure) is the existence of an undirected causal path between each of its parts.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).
CeramicMaterial
DisplacementVector
In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion relative to its equilibrium position.
HardeningByForging
PrefixedUnit
A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
NuclearQuadrupoleMoment
z component of the diagonalized tensor of nuclear quadrupole moment, in the quantum state with the nuclear spin in the field direction (z).
InductiveCouplingFactor
CouplingFactor
This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.
FunctionalIcon
An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
A guinea pig.
An icon that focusing WHAT the object does.
From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).
Dismantling
action to disassemble a product or a component by removing all or some of its constituent parts with the intent to salvage
TemperaturePerSquareTimeUnit
This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.
Graphical
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration is due to an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.
From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
AstatineSymbol
Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents
Soldering
ComplexApparentPower
ComplexPower
Voltage phasor multiplied by complex conjugate of the current phasor.
Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool
Sawing
Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.
Join
A tessellation in wich a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.
Calendering
RubidiumAtom
Atom subclass for rubidium.
BlueAntiQuark
PowerUnit
CommandLanguage
An interpreted computer language for job control in computing.
Unix shell. Batch programming languages.
Vector quantity expressing the internal angular momentum of a particle or a particle system.
ShearModulus
ModulusOfRigidity
Ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.
MacroscopicCrossSection
VolumicCrossSection
In nuclear physics, product of the number density of atoms of a given type and the cross section.
CuriumSymbol
Declared
A semantic object that is connected to a conventional sign by an interpreter (a declarer) according to a specific convention.
ElectricCurrent
A flow of electric charge.
Extrusion
EnergyFluence
In nuclear physics, incident radiant energy per cross-sectional area.
HafniumSymbol
ProcedureUnit
A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
Procedure units and measurement units are disjoint.
ThermalCutting
Thermal ablation is the separation of material particles in solid, liquid or gaseous state by heat processes as well as the removal of these material particles by mechanical or electromagnetic forces (from: DIN
ReciprocalVolume
ElectricMobilityUnit
ThroughTile
A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.
NickelAtom
Atom subclass for nickel.
ElectricDipoleMomentUnit
PalladiumAtom
Atom subclass for palladium.
MassFractionOfWater
Quantity of dimension 1 equal to u/(1 + u), where u is mass ratio of water to dry matter.
ElementaryBoson
Yotta
FastFissionFactor
In an infinite medium, the ratio of the mean number of neutrons produced by fission due to neutrons of all energies to the mean number of neutrons produced by fissions due to thermal neutrons only.
MacroscopicTotalCrossSection
VolumicTotalCrossSection
Product of the number density na of the atoms and the cross section σ_tot for a given type of atoms
ForceAreaUnit
StoichiometricNumberOfSubstance
Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
ChemicalSpecies
Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
DimensionalUnit
A subclass of measurement unit focusing on the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit.
The current version of EMMO does not provide explicit classes for physical dimensions. Rather it embraces the fact that the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity is carried by its measurement unit. The role of dimensional unit and its subclasses is to express the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit. Since the dimensionality of a physical quantity can be written as the product of powers of the physical dimensions of the base quantities in the selected system of quantities, the physical dimensionality of a measurement unit is uniquely determined by the exponents. For a dimensional unit, at least one of these exponents must be non-zero (making it disjoint from dimensionless units).
DataProcessingApplication
The negative of ElementaryCharge.
ElectronCharge
The charge of an electron.
AntiQuark
MultiplicationFactor
Quotient of the total number of fission or fission-dependent neutrons produced in the duration of a time interval and the total number of neutrons lost by absorption and leakage in that duration.
Document
An heterogenous object made of different graphical object parts.
From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.
Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
Length
Extend of a spatial dimension.
GFactor
Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment.
SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMassUnit
MolarEntropy
Entropy per amount of substance.
LengthFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
Unit for plane angle.
Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current. Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
ElectricConductivity
CatalyticActivityUnit
RutherfordiumSymbol
AreaTemperatureUnit
ObjectPart
Constituent
An object which is an holistic spatial part of a object.
A tire is a constituent of a car.
MoscoviumSymbol
TelluriumSymbol
RedQuark
SeleniumSymbol
Factor taking into account health effects in the determination of the dose equivalent.
ThermalResistanceUnit
OganessonAtom
Atom subclass for oganesson.
ModelledProperty
A quantity obtained from a well-defined modelling procedure.
LengthTemperatureUnit
DrawForms
RadonSymbol
StandaloneModelSimulation
A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.
RedDownQuark
Force per unit oriented surface area .
Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Stress
A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Parameter
Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
RelativeMassDefect
Quotient of mass defect and the unified atomic mass constant.
InversePermittivityUnit
CASRN
Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
BerkeliumAtom
Atom subclass for berkelium.
Exposure
Absolute value of the electric charge of ions produced in dry air by X- or gamma radiation per mass of air.
ElectronType
PorcelainOrCeramicCasting
Lepton
An elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) that does not undergo strong interactions.
ChemicalSymbol
MaximumBetaParticleEnergy
Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted beta particle produced in the nuclear disintegration process.
StandardAbsoluteActivityInASolution
Property of a solute in a solution.
BottomQuark
Riveting
NeutronYieldPerAbsorption
Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per neutron absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified.
The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
SIMetricPrefixedUnit
A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
ForcePerLengthUnit
KermaRate
Time derivative of kerma.
JunctionTile
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.
Curvature
Inverse of the radius of curvature.
GasSolidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Dust, sand storm.
Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".
Time
One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
ComptonWavelength
Quotient of the Planck constant and the product of the mass of the particle and the speed of light in vacuum.
Assignment
A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.
ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolumeUnit
The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
MolarConcentration
Molarity
AmountConcentration
GreenDownQuark
ElectricCurrentUnit
Mechanical separation of workpieces without the formation of shapeless material, i.e. also without chips (chipless).
Cutting
BariumSymbol
Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.
AssemblyLine
A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
MeanLinearRange
Mean total rectified path length travelled by a particle in the course of slowing down to rest in a given material averaged over a group of particles having the same initial energy.
LiquidFoam
A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
FiberboardManufacturing
LinearDensity
LineicMass
LinearMassDensity
Mass per length.
FormingFromLiquid
InChI
The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.
RadialDistance
Distance, where one point is located on an axis or within a closed non self-intersecting curve or surface.
If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]
Model
Simulacrum
Icon
A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
From Latin modus (“measure”).
From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")
From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).
Sphere
Peta
PotassiumAtom
Atom subclass for potassium.
A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
FineStructureConstant
The name “thermal resistance” and the symbol R are used in building technology to designate thermal insulance.
ThermalResistance
Thermodynamic temperature difference divided by heat flow rate.
ReactivePower
Imaginary part of the complex power.
The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
Wavenumber
CanonicalPartitionFunction
A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
ConventionalProperty
A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
Language
A language object is a discrete data entity respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).
State
Status
An object which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
CurrentFraction
TransferrenceNumber
IonTransportNumber
Faction of electrical current carried by given ionic species.
BurgersVector
Vector characterising a dislocation in a crystal lattice.
Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
NewtonianConstantOfGravity
RedUpAntiQuark
ZettaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "zetta" (1e21).
Quetta
Assigned
HeatTreatment
Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.
FundamentalMatterParticle
ThermodynamicalQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.
SquareTemperaturePerTimeUnit
The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
IonAtom
A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
BaseUnit
A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
base unit
URN
The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.
NaturalLaw
A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.
NeutrinoType
An elementary particle with spin 1/2 that interacts only via the weak interaction and gravity.
TantalumAtom
Atom subclass for tantalum.
Peening
(according to DIN 8200) Shot peening to generate residual compressive stresses in layers of the blasting material close to the surface in order to improve certain component properties, e.g. fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance (from: DIN 8200:1982)
GrueneisenParamter
Describes the effect that changing the volume of a crystal lattice has on its vibrational properties, and, as a consequence, the effect that changing temperature has on the size or dynamics of the lattice.
Cementing
The charge number of a particle may be presented as a superscript to the symbol of that particle, e.g. H+, He++, Al3+, Cl−, S=, N3−.
The charge number of an electrically charged particle can be positive or negative. The charge number of an electrically neutral particle is zero.
IonizationNumber
ChargeNumber
For a particle, electric charge q divided by elementary charge e.
Determined
GreenQuark
BlueQuark
Gustatory
NuclearRadius
Conventional radius of sphere in which the nuclear matter is included,
Subclasses of 'ObjectiveProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
PhysicalProperty
QuantitativeProperty
ObjectiveProperty
A quantity that is obtained from a well-defined procedure.
A manufacturing in which it is formed a solid body with its shape from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
WorkpieceForming
UpAntiQuarkType
AverageEnergyLossPerElementaryChargeProduced
Quotient of the initial kinetic energy Ek of an ionizing charged particle and the total ionization Ni produced by that particle.
MassPerSquareLengthSquareTimeUnit
RhodiumSymbol
IterativeWorkflow
A workflow whose steps (iterative steps) are the repetition of the same workflow type.
The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
VacuumMagneticPermeability
TauAntiNeutrino
Vector quantity in a quantum system composed of the vectorial sum of angular momentum L and spin s.
SodiumAtom
Atom subclass for sodium.
EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensityUnit
Neutron
An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted vsat.
Quotient of the mass of water vapour in moist gas by the total gas volume.
A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.
Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
PeltierCoefficient
Quotient of Peltier heat power developed at a junction, and the electric current flowing from substance a to substance b.
AngularDisplacement
RotationalDisplacement
Quotient of the traversed circular path length of a point in space during a rotation and its distance from the axis or centre of rotation.
HolmiumSymbol
ElementalMolecule
Homonuclear
A molecule composed of only one element type.
Hydrogen molecule (H₂).
The interest is on the 4D object as it extends in time (process) or as it persists in time (object): - object (focus on spatial configuration) - process (focus on temporal evolution) The concepts of endurant and perdurant implicitly rely on the concept of instantaneous 3D snapshot of the world object, that in the EMMO is not allowed since everything extends in 4D and there are no abstract objects. Moreover, time is a measured property in the EMMO and not an objective characteristic of an object, and cannot be used as temporal index to identify endurant position in time. For this reason an individual in the EMMO can always be classified both endurant and perdurant, due to its nature of 4D entity (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely semantic. In fact, the object/process distinction is simply a matter of convenience in a 4D approach since a temporal extension is always the case, and stationarity depends upon observer time scale. For this reason, the same individual (4D object) may play the role of a process or of an object class depending on the object to which it relates. Nevertheless, it is useful to introduce categorizations that characterize persistency through continuant and occurrent concepts, even if not ontologically but only cognitively defined. This is also due to the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist. This perspective provides classes conceptually similar to the concepts of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). We claim that this distinction is motivated by our cognitive bias, and we do not commit to the fact that both these kinds of entity “do really exist”. For this reason, a whole instance can be both process and object, according to different cognitive approaches (see Wonderweb D17). The distinction between endurant and perdurant as usually introduced in literature (see BFO SPAN/SNAP approach) is then no more ontological, but can still be expressed through the introduction of ad hoc primitive definitions that follow the interpreter endurantist or perdurantist attitude.
The union of the object or process classes.
Deka
Deca
Repetency
Reciprocal of the wavelength.
GasLiquidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Rain, spray.
Permeance
Inverse of the reluctance.
Olfactory
WellFormedTessellation
A tessellation in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
UTF8
Electric field strength divided by the current density.
ElectricResistivity
SpecificGibbsEnergy
Gibbs energy per unit mass.
NanoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "nano" (1e-9).
BlueBottomQuark
DysprosiumAtom
Atom subclass for dysprosium.
CentrifugalCasting
GluonType6
GravimetricEnergyDensity
SpecificEnergy
Energy per unit mass
CmpEng(mWh/g)
FlameCutting
PlasmaCutting
ChemicalCompound
A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
LuminousFlux
Perceived power of light.
ExtentOfReaction
Difference between equilibrium and initial amount of a substance, divided by its stoichiometric number.
MassFluxUnit
GibbsFreeEnergy
GibbsEnergy
Type of thermodynamic potential; useful for calculating reversible work in certain systems.
Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration
HafniumAtom
Atom subclass for hafnium.
ThermalEfficiency
ThermodynamicEfficiency
TerbiumAtom
Atom subclass for terbium.
Dust
A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
IlluminanceTimeUnit
The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
RadiantFlux
AngularWaveNumber
In condensed matter physics, quotient of momentum and the reduced Planck constant.
MolybdenumSymbol
The terms breadth and width are often used by convention, as distinguished from length and from height or thickness.
Breadth
Width
Length in a given direction regarded as horizontal.
SizeDefinedMaterial
AmountUnit
A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
MaterialRelation
An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
SectionAreaIntegralUnit
An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
Equation
The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
WPositiveBoson
PlatinumSymbol
MagneticSusceptibility
Scalar or tensor quantity the product of which by the magnetic constant μ0 and by the magnetic field strength H is equal to the magnetic polarization J.
OganessonSymbol
ExchangeIntegral
constituent of the interaction energy between the spins of adjacent electrons in matter arising from the overlap of electron state functions
ElectricChargePerAmountUnit
GyromagneticCoefficientOfTheElectron
MagnetogyricRatioOfTheElectron
Proportionality constant between the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum of the electron.
ElectronRadius
Radius of a sphere such that the relativistic electron energy is distributed uniformly.
MagneticFieldStrengthUnit
ElectrolyticConductivity
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Conductivity [S.m-1]']
['electrolyte','ionic_conductivity','value']
ShortRangeOrderParameter
fraction of nearest-neighbour atom pairs in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction
MagnetomotiveForce
Scalar line integral of the magnetic field strength along a closed path.
Computer
ComputerSystem
Electronic device capable of processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
YottaPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "yotta" (1e24).
CausalSystem
A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type).
A non-path causal structure
A electron binded by a nucleus.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).
DownAntiQuark
SpeedFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
Unit for refractive index.
Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.
ParticleNumberDensity
Mean number of particles per volume.
SilverSymbol
ThermalDiffusionRatio
MendeleviumAtom
Atom subclass for mendelevium.
SpecificInternalEnergy
Internal energy per unit mass.
Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
Resistance
ElectricResistance
Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
SIAccepted
PrimitiveForming
Urformen
ArchetypeManufacturing
A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
AmountConcentrationUnit
DiffusionArea
One-sixth of the mean square distance between the point where a neutron enters a specified class and the point where it leaves this class.
NeptuniumSymbol
Path
A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
/etc/fstab (UNIX-like path) C:\\Users\\John\\Desktop (DOS-like path)
Kerma
Kinetic energy released per mass.
Atto
PhysicsBasedSimulation
A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
MolarMass
Mass per amount of substance.
TransientLiquidPhaseSintering
ReactionEnergy
In a nuclear reaction, sum of the kinetic energies and photon energies of the reaction products minus the sum of the kinetic and photon energies of the reactants.
Naming
A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.
A unique id attached to an entity.
LiquidSolidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Mud
ThoriumSymbol
SISpecialUnit
The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
These units are SI coherent by definition.
TransformationLanguage
A construction language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal.
Tritium, XSLT, XQuery, STX, FXT, XDuce, CDuce, HaXml, XMLambda, FleXML
RollingResistanceFactor
Quotient of tangential and normal component of the force applied to a body which is rolling at constant speed over a surface.
Observer
A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.
MutualInductance
Given an electric current in a thin conducting loop and the linked flux caused by that electric current in another loop, the mutual inductance of the two loops is the linked flux divided by the electric current.
AmountPerMass
Molality
quotient of the amount of substance nB of solute B by the mass m of the solvent: bB = nB / m.
Item
A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
The disjoint union of Elementary, Quantum and CausalSystem classes.
The class of individuals standing for direct causally self-connected world entities.
From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
Graviton
The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles. For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.
Resistance quantum.
VonKlitzingConstant
The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
Atom
A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
Representation
A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, tempral or spatial structure of another object.
MergingManufacturing
TauNeutrino
A neutrino belonging to the third generation of leptons.
GluonType3
LinearAttenuationCoefficient
In nuclear physics, fraction of interacting particles per distance traversed in a given material.
ElectricFieldStrengthUnit
LightAndRadiationQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.
Mixture
A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
LinkedModelsSimulation
A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.
EngineeredMaterial
ProcessedMaterial
ManufacturedMaterial
A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
AreicMass
SurfaceDensity
SurfaceMassDensity
at a given point on a two-dimensional domain of quasi-infinitesimal area dA, scalar quantity equal to the mass dm within the domain divided by the area dA, thus ρA = dm/dA.
MagneticFluxDensityUnit
MomentumUnit
Process for joining two (base) materials by means of an adhesive polymer material
Gluing
ChemicalRepresentation
A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.
ReciprocalLength
The inverse of length.
Forming of vessel parts from a flat mould into a three-dimensional shape by means of a press and tools, whereby material is neither removed nor added
DeepDrawing
Extinction
Attenuation
Decrease in magnitude of any kind of flux through a medium.
ClassicalData
Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.
Mass
Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
BismuthSymbol
ElectricCurrentPerTemperatureUnit
EndTile
AntiNeutrinoType
Tiling
Tessellation
A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
A causal object that is tessellated in direct parts.
At a fixed point in a medium, the direction of propagation of heat is opposite to the temperature gradient. At a point on the surface separating two media with different temperatures, the direction of propagation of heat is normal to the surface, from higher to lower temperatures.
AreicHeatFlowRate
DensityOfHeatFlowRate
Vector quantity with magnitude equal to the heat flow rate dΦ through a surface element divided by the area dA of the element, and direction eφ in the direction of propagation of heat.
MolarEnthalpy
Enthalpy per amount of substance.
TotalCrossSection
Sum of all cross sections corresponding to the various reactions or processes between an incident particle of specified type and energy and a target entity.
ElectricSusceptibility
Electric polarization divided by electric constant and electric field strength.
NumberOfTurnsInAWinding
HassiumSymbol
ModulusOfImpedance
Computation
A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
A matematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.
From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).
VanadiumAtom
Atom subclass for vanadium.
SpatiallyFundamental
The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no spatial parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).
SparkPlasmaSintering
NeelTemperature
Critical thermodynamic temperature of an antiferromagnet.
IonizationEnergy
Difference between energy of an electron at rest at infinity and a certain energy level which is the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
NiobiumSymbol
CrystallineMaterial
AmericiumSymbol
AntiMatter
Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.
This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities.
SpecificEntropy
Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.
NumberOfElements
Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
MaterialLaw
A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.
Extent of an object in space.
Volume
SpecificGasConstant
GravityCasting
LawrenciumSymbol
Assigner
A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.
SquareTimeUnit
SIExactConstant
Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
LivermoriumAtom
Atom subclass for livermorium.
A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.
MeasuringInstrument
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
measuring instrument
BlueUpQuark
StrangeAntiQuark
InternationalSystemOfQuantity
Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
PlaneAngle
Angle
Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
ShellScript
A command language designed to be run by a command-line interpreter, like a Unix shell.
AngularFrequency
Rate of change of the phase angle.
Dissociation may occur stepwise.
DissociationFraction
DegreeOfDissociation
ratio of the number of dissociation events to the maximum number of theoretically possible dissociation events.
ZincAtom
Atom subclass for zinc.
SquareTimePerMassUnit
ElectricFieldStrength
Vector field quantity E which exerts on any charged particle at rest a force F equal to the product of E and the electric charge Q of the particle.
Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.
Planing
YoctoPrefixedUnit
Superclass for all units prefixed with "yocto" (1e-24).
EnergyUnit
Following the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM), EMMO distinguishes between a quantity (a property) and the quantity value (a numerical and a reference). So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'QuantityValue'.
QuantityValue
A symbolic that has parts a numerical object and a reference expressing the value of a quantity (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
quantity value
A quantity value is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
MolarEnergy
Energy per amount of substance.
CompositeMaterial
ConstitutiveProcess
A process which is an holistic spatial part of an object.
Blood circulation in a human body.
A constitutive process is a process that is holistically relevant for the definition of the whole.
MathematicalOperator
A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.
The algebraic operator '+' that acts on two real numbers and produces one real number.
The differential operator that acts on a C1 real function and produces another real function.
TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensityUnit
Component
A constituent of a system.
AmountFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
Unit for amount fraction.
CaesiumSymbol
A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
MathematicalModel
An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.
TemporalTiling
A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.
Nucleus
The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.
ScriptingLanguage
A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.
EnergyFluenceRate
In nuclear physics, time derivative of the energy fluence.
Hyperon
A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars.
TensorMeson
A meson with spin two.
DifferentialOperator
FormingFromPowder
Integer
An integer number.
NeutralWeakBoson
ZBoson
An uncharged vector boson that mediate the weak interaction.
Z bosons are their own antiparticles.
AmericiumAtom
Atom subclass for americium.
CoperniciumAtom
Atom subclass for copernicium.
Network
A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.
Modeller
A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
ActivityConcentration
VolumetricActivity
VolumicActivity
ActivityDensity
Activity per unit volume of the sample.
RubidiumSymbol
HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.
Expression
A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
PropagationCoefficient
Measure of the change of amplitude and phase angle of a plane wave propagating in a given direction.
FundamentalBoson
A particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
A boson that is a single elementary particle.
BeginTile
GroupSpeed
GroupVelocity
Speed with which the envelope of a wave propagates in space.
PermeabilityUnit
MaterialSynthesis
The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).
Deals with undefined shapes both input and output.
Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
RatioQuantity
The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
HeliumSymbol
OsmiumSymbol
LatentHeat
PolymericMaterial
SpecificationLanguage
A language used to describe what a computer system should do.
ACSL, VDM, LOTUS, MML, ...
XenonSymbol
Ronto
TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.
Absolute value of the magnetic moment of a nucleus.
SlowingDownLength
Square root of the slowing down area.
GreenCharmAntiQuark
Zetta
ScandiumAtom
Atom subclass for scandium.
Action
Physical quantity of dimension energy × time.
Susceptance
imaginary part of the admittance
UpQuarkType
AluminiumSymbol
MaterialTreatment
The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
Has shaped bodies as input and output.
Manufacturing by changing the properties of the material of which a workpiece is made, which is done, among other things, by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, and where unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the essence of these processes.
FromWorkPIecetoWorkPiece
HolisticSpatialPart
NonTemporalRole
An holistic spatial part of a whole.
MagneticTension
Scalar quantity equal to the line integral of the magnetic field strength H along a specified path linking two points a and b.
PressurePerTimeUnit
MassAttenuationCoefficient
Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the mass density ρ of the medium.
HolmiumAtom
Atom subclass for holmium.
LowerCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for magnetic flux entering the superconductor.
GaugeBoson
A bosonic elementary particle that mediates interactions among elementary fermions, and thus acts as a force carrier.
All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1 and are hence also vector bosons.
Gauge bosons can carry any of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
RadonAtom
Atom subclass for radon.
PhysicalyUnbonded
YtterbiumSymbol
FermiTemperature
in the free electron model, the Fermi energy divided by the Boltzmann constant
DynamicFrictionForce
KineticFrictionForce
Force opposing the motion of a body sliding on a surface.
ThermalConductance
Reciprocal of the thermal resistance.
Unknown
The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
RadiusOfCurvature
Radius of the osculating circle of a planar curve at a particular point of the curve.
The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures
SIUnit
The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
ThermoelectricVoltage
Voltage between substances a and b caused by the thermoelectric effect.
DownQuarkType
PhaseChangeCoefficient
PhaseCoefficient
Change of phase angle with the length along the path travelled by a plane wave.
The imaginary part of the propagation coefficient.
CaliforniumSymbol
ThermodynamicGrueneisenParameter
FluorineAtom
Atom subclass for fluorine.
MagnesiumAtom
Atom subclass for magnesium.
Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
Conductance
ElectricConductance
Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
SquarePressurePerSquareTimeUnit
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
BoltzmannConstant
A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
GreenAntiQuark
MathematicalConstruct
ElectronVolt
The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
An electron volt (eV) is the energy that an electron gains when it travels through a potential of one volt. You can imagine that the electron starts at the negative plate of a parallel plate capacitor and accelerates to the positive plate, which is at one volt higher potential. Numerically 1 eV approximates 1.6x10⁻¹⁹ joules, where 1 joule is 6.2x10¹⁸ eV. For example, it would take 6.2x10²⁰ eV/sec to light a 100 watt light bulb. -- QUDT
Electron Volt per Kelvin
ElectronVoltPerKelvin
`Electron Volt per Kelvin` is a unit for 'Heat Capacity' expressed as eV/K. -- QUDT
Electron Volt per Tesla
ElectronVoltPerTesla
"Electron Volt per Tesla" is a unit for 'Magnetic Dipole Moment' expressed as eV T⁻¹. -- QUDT
Electron Volt Second
ElectronVoltSecond
"Electron Volt Second" is a unit for 'Angular Momentum' expressed as eV s. -- QUDT
Electronvolt Per Metre
ElectronvoltPerMetre
unit electronvolt divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
Farad
The SI unit of electric capacitance. Very early in the study of electricity scientists discovered that a pair of conductors separated by an insulator can store a much larger charge than an isolated conductor can store. The better the insulator, the larger the charge that the conductors can hold. This property of a circuit is called capacitance, and it is measured in farads. One farad is defined as the ability to store one coulomb of charge per volt of potential difference between the two conductors. This is a natural definition, but the unit it defines is very large. In practical circuits, capacitance is often measured in microfarads, nanofarads, or sometimes even in picofarads (10⁻¹² farad, or trillionths of a farad). The unit is named for the British physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867), who was known for his work in electricity and electrochemistry. -- QUDT
Farad Per Kilometre
SI derived unit farad divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Farad per Metre
FaradPerMetre
Farad Per Meter (F/m) is a unit in the category of Electric permittivity. It is also known as farad/meter. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Farad Per Meter has a dimension of M-1L-3T4I2 where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Fraction
Fraction is a unit for 'Dimensionless Ratio' expressed as the value of the ratio itself. -- QUDT
Gram Degree Celsius
GramDegreeCelsius
`Gram Degree Celsius` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Mass Temperature' expressed as g · degC. -- QUDT
Gram Per Day
GramPerDay
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the unit day -- QUDT
Gram Per Hour
GramPerHour
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the unit hour -- QUDT
Gram Per Litre
GramPerLitre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the unit litre -- QUDT
Gram Per Millilitre
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the 0.001-fold of the unit litre -- QUDT
Gram Per Minute
GramPerMinute
0,001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the unit minute -- QUDT
grams per square metre per day
A metric unit of volume over time indicating the amount generated across one square meter over a day. -- QUDT
Gray
SI unit for absorbed dose.
The SI unit of radiation dose. Radiation carries energy, and when it is absorbed by matter the matter receives this energy. The dose is the amount of energy deposited per unit of mass. One gray is defined to be the dose of one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of matter, or 100 rad. The unit is named for the British physician L. Harold Gray (1905-1965), an authority on the use of radiation in the treatment of cancer. -- QUDT
Gray per Second
GrayPerSecond
"Gray per Second" is a unit for 'Absorbed Dose Rate' expressed as Gy/s. -- QUDT
Hectare
A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
The customary metric unit of land area, equal to 100 ares. One hectare is a square hectometer, that is, the area of a square 100 meters on each side: exactly 10 000 square meters or approximately 107 639.1 square feet, 11 959.9 square yards, or 2.471 054 acres. -- QUDT
Henry
SI unit for electrical inductance.
H = Wb/A = V·s/A = Ω·s
The SI unit of electric inductance. A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a loop of wire (or in a coil of many loops) located in the field. Although the induced voltage depends only on the rate at which the magnetic flux changes, measured in webers per second, the amount of the current depends also on the physical properties of the coil. A coil with an inductance of one henry requires a flux of one weber for each ampere of induced current. If, on the other hand, it is the current which changes, then the induced field will generate a potential difference within the coil: if the inductance is one henry a current change of one ampere per second generates a potential difference of one volt. The henry is a large unit; inductances in practical circuits are measured in millihenrys (mH) or microhenrys (μH). The unit is named for the American physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878), one of several scientists who discovered independently how magnetic fields can be used to generate alternating currents. -- QUDT
Henry Per Kiloohm
SI derived unit henry divided by the 1 000-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Henry per Metre
HenryPerMetre
The henry per meter (symbolized H/m) is the unit of magnetic permeability in the International System of Units ( SI ). Reduced to base units in SI, 1 H/m is the equivalent of one kilogram meter per square second per square ampere. -- QUDT
Henry Per Ohm
HenryPerOhm
SI derived unit henry divided by the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
Hertz
SI unit for frequence.
The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications, such as the frequency of musical tones. The word "hertz" is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves. -- QUDT
Hertz Metre
HertzMetre
product of the SI derived unit hertz and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Hertz per Kelvin
HertzPerKelvin
`Hertz per Kelvin` is a unit for 'Inverse Time Temperature' expressed as Hz K⁻¹. -- QUDT
Hertz per Tesla
HertzPerTesla
"Hertz per Tesla" is a unit for 'Electric Charge Per Mass' expressed as Hz T⁻¹. -- QUDT
Hertz per Volt
HertzPerVolt
In the Hertz per Volt standard the frequency of the note is directly related to the voltage. A pitch of a note goes up one octave when its frequency doubles, meaning that the voltage will have to double for every octave rise. Depending on the footage (octave) selected, nominally one volt gives 1000Hz, two volts 2000Hz and so on. In terms of notes, bottom C would be 0.25 volts, the next C up would be 0.5 volts, then 1V, 2V, 4V, 8V for the following octaves. This system was used mainly by Yamaha and Korg. -- QUDT
Hour
Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
The hour (common symbol: h or hr) is a unit of measurement of time. In modern usage, an hour comprises 60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds. It is approximately 1/24 of a mean solar day. An hour in the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) time standard can include a negative or positive leap second, and may therefore have a duration of 3,599 or 3,601 seconds for adjustment purposes. Although it is not a standard defined by the International System of Units, the hour is a unit accepted for use with SI, represented by the symbol h. -- QUDT
Joule
SI unit for energy.
The SI unit of work or energy, defined to be the work done by a force of one newton acting to move an object through a distance of one meter in the direction in which the force is applied. Equivalently, since kinetic energy is one half the mass times the square of the velocity, one joule is the kinetic energy of a mass of two kilograms moving at a velocity of 1 m/s. -- QUDT
Joule Metre per Mole
JouleMetrePerMole
`Joule Meter per Mole` is a unit for 'Length Molar Energy' expressed as J · m · mol⁻¹. -- QUDT
Joule per Cubic Metre
JoulePerCubicMetre
`Joule Per Cubic Meter` (J/m³) is a unit in the category of Energy density. It is also known as joules per cubic meter, joule per cubic metre, joules per cubic metre, joule/cubic meter, joule/cubic metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. It has a dimension of ML⁻¹T⁻² where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Joule per Cubic Metre Kelvin
JoulePerCubicMetreKelvin
`Joule per Cubic Meter Kelvin` is a unit for 'Volumetric Heat Capacity' expressed as J/(m³ K). -- QUDT
Joule Per Hour
JoulePerHour
SI derived unit joule divided by the 3600 times the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Joule per Kelvin
JoulePerKelvin
Joule Per Kelvin (J/K) is a unit in the category of Entropy. It is also known as joules per kelvin, joule/kelvin. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Joule Per Kelvin (J/K) has a dimension of ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and Q is temperature. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Joule per Kilogram
Joule Per Kilogram} (J/kg) is a unit in the category of Thermal heat capacity. It is also known as `joule/kilogram`, `joules per kilogram`. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. The unit has a dimension of L2T⁻² where L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Joule per Kilogram Kelvin
Specific heat capacity - The heat required to raise unit mass of a substance by unit temperature interval under specified conditions, such as constant pressure: usually measured in joules per kelvin per kilogram. Symbol c_p (for constant pressure) Also called specific heat. -- QUDT
Joule per Kilogram Kelvin Cubic Metre
Joule per Kilogram Kelvin per Pascal
Joule Per Metre
JoulePerMetre
Joule per Mole
JoulePerMole
The joule per mole (symbol: J· mol⁻¹) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles. Physical quantities measured in J· mol⁻¹) usually describe quantities of energy transferred during phase transformations or chemical reactions. Division by the number of moles facilitates comparison between processes involving different quantities of material and between similar processes involving different types of materials. The meaning of such a quantity is always context-dependent and, particularly for chemical reactions, is dependent on the (possibly arbitrary) definition of a 'mole' for a particular process. -- QUDT
Joule per Mole Kelvin
JoulePerMoleKelvin
Energy needed to heat one mole of substance by 1 Kelvin, under standard conditions (not standard temperature and pressure STP). The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol S, and has units of joules per mole kelvin ( J· mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). Unlike standard enthalpies of formation, the value of S is an absolute. That is, an element in its standard state has a nonzero value of S at room temperature. -- QUDT
Joule per Quartic Metre
JoulePerQuarticMetre
`Joule Per Quartic Meter` (J/m⁴) is a unit for the spectral concentration of radiant energy density (in terms of wavelength), or the spectral radiant energy density (in terms of wave length). This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. -- QUDT
Joule Per Second
JoulePerSecond
SI derived unit joule divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Joule Per Square Centimetre
derived SI unit joule divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Joules per square centimetre per day
Radiant energy per 10⁻⁴ SI unit area over a period of one day. -- QUDT
Joule per Square Metre
JoulePerSquareMetre
Joule Per Square Meter (J/m²) is a unit in the category of Energy density. It is also known as joules per square meter, joule per square metre, joule/square meter, joule/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. -- QUDT
Joule per Square Tesla
JoulePerSquareTesla
A measure of the diamagnetic energy, for a Bohr-radius spread around a magnetic axis, per square Tesla. -- QUDT
Joule per Tesla
JoulePerTesla
The magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that determines the force that the magnet can exert on electric currents and the torque that a magnetic field will exert on it. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron, a molecule, and a planet all have magnetic moments. The unit for magnetic moment is not a base unit in the International System of Units (SI) and it can be represented in more than one way. For example, in the current loop definition, the area is measured in square meters and I is measured in amperes, so the magnetic moment is measured in ampere-square meters (A m2). In the equation for torque on a moment, the torque is measured in joules and the magnetic field in tesla, so the moment is measured in Joules per Tesla (J u00b7T-1). These two representations are equivalent: 1 A u00b7m2 = 1 J u00b7T-1. -- QUDT
Joule Second
JouleSecond
The joule-second is a unit equal to a joule multiplied by a second, used to measure action or angular momentum. The joule-second is the unit used for Planck's constant. -- QUDT
Joule Second per Mole
JouleSecondPerMole
`Joule Second per Mole` is a unit for 'Molar Angular Momentum' expressed as J s mol⁻¹. -- QUDT
Joule Square Metre
JouleSquareMetre
Joule Square Metre per Kilogram
Katal
SI unit for catalytic activity.
A unit of catalytic activity used especially in the chemistry of enzymes. A catalyst is a substance that starts or speeds a chemical reaction. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts within the bodies of living plants and animals. A catalyst has an activity of one katal if it enables a reaction to proceed at the rate of one mole per second. -- QUDT
Kelvin
The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Kelvin day
KelvinDay
Kelvin metres
Kelvin metres per second
Kelvin Metre Per Watt
KelvinMetrePerWatt
product of the SI base unit kelvin and the SI base unit metre divided by the derived SI unit watt -- QUDT
Kelvin Pascals per second
Kelvin per Hour
KelvinPerHour
`Kelvin per Hour` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as K / h. -- QUDT
Kelvin Per Kelvin
KelvinPerKelvin
SI base unit kelvin divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
KelvinPerMeter
KelvinPerMetre
A change of temperature on the Kelvin temperature scale in one SI unit of length. -- QUDT
Kelvin per Minute
KelvinPerMinute
`Kelvin per Minute` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as K / m. -- QUDT
Kelvin per Second
KelvinPerSecond
`Kelvin per Second` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time' expressed as K / s. -- QUDT
Kelvin per Square Second
KelvinPerSquareSecond
`Kelvin per Square Second` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Time Squared' expressed as K / s². -- QUDT
Kelvin per Tesla
KelvinPerTesla
`Kelvin per Tesla` is a unit for 'Temperature Per Magnetic Flux Density' expressed as K T⁻¹. -- QUDT
Kelvin per Watt
KelvinPerWatt
Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measure of a temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow (heat per time unit or thermal resistance). Thermal resistance is the reciprocal thermal conductance. Absolute thermal resistance is the temperature difference across a structure when a unit of heat energy flows through it in unit time. It is the reciprocal of thermal conductance. The SI units of thermal resistance are kelvins per watt or the equivalent degrees Celsius per watt (the two are the same since as intervals). -- QUDT
Kelvin second
KelvinSecond
Kelvin square metres per kilogram per second
Kilogram
The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
Other used symbols for litre are "l" and "ℓ".
liter
Litre
A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
The litre (American spelling: `liter`; SI symbol l or L) is a non-SI metric system unit of volume equal to 1 `cubic decimetre` (dm³), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm³) or 1/1000 `cubic metre`. If the lower case "L" is used as the symbol, it is sometimes rendered as a cursive "l" to help distinguish it from the capital "I", although this usage has no official approval by any international bureau. -- QUDT
Litre Per Day
LitrePerDay
unit litre divided by the unit day -- QUDT
Litre Per Hour
LitrePerHour
Unit litre divided by the unit hour -- QUDT
Litre Per Kelvin
LitrePerKelvin
unit litre divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
Litre Per Kilogram
unit of the volume litre divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Litre Per Litre
LitrePerLitre
volume ratio consisting of the unit litre divided by the unit litre -- QUDT
Litres per micromole
The inverse of a molar concentration - the untits of per molarity. -- QUDT
Litre Per Minute
LitrePerMinute
unit litre divided by the unit minute -- QUDT
Litre Per Mole
LitrePerMole
unit litre divided by the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
Litre Per Second
LitrePerSecond
unit litre divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Litre Per Second Per Square Metre
LitrePerSecondPerSquareMetre
Ventilation rate in Litres per second divided by the floor area -- QUDT
Lumen
SI unit for luminous flux.
The SI unit for measuring the flux of light being produced by a light source or received by a surface. The intensity of a light source is measured in candelas. One lumen represents the total flux of light emitted, equal to the intensity in candelas multiplied by the solid angle in steradians into which the light is emitted. A full sphere has a solid angle of 4·π steradians. A light source that uniformly radiates one candela in all directions has a total luminous flux of 1 cd·4π sr = 4π cd·sr ≈ 12.57 lumens. "Lumen" is a Latin word for light. -- QUDT
Lumen per Watt
LumenPerWatt
A measurement of luminous efficacy, which is the light output in lumens using one watt of electricity. -- QUDT
lumen second
LumenSecond
In photometry, the lumen second is the SI derived unit of luminous energy. It is based on the lumen, the SI unit of luminous flux, and the second, the SI base unit of time. The lumen second is sometimes called the talbot (symbol T). An older name for the lumen second was the lumberg. -- QUDT
Lux
SI unit for illuminance.
The SI unit for measuring the illumination (illuminance) of a surface. One lux is defined as an illumination of one lumen per square meter or 0.0001 phot. In considering the various light units, it's useful to think about light originating at a point and shining upon a surface. The intensity of the light source is measured in candelas; the total light flux in transit is measured in lumens (1 lumen = 1 candelau·steradian); and the amount of light received per unit of surface area is measured in lux (1 lux = 1 lumen/square meter). One lux is equal to approximately 0.09290 foot candle. -- QUDT
Lux Hour
LuxHour
The SI unit for measuring the illumination (illuminance) of a surface. One lux is defined as an illumination of one lumen per square meter or 0.0001 phot. In considering the various light units, it's useful to think about light originating at a point and shining upon a surface. The intensity of the light source is measured in candelas; the total light flux in transit is measured in lumens (1 lumen = 1 candelau00b7steradian); and the amount of light received per unit of surface area is measured in lux (1 lux = 1 lumen/square meter). One lux is equal to approximately 0.09290 foot candle. -- QUDT
Megaampere Per Square Metre
1 000 000-fold of the SI base unit ampere divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
1,000,000-fold of the derived unit volt -- QUDT
Meter
Metre
The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Metre Kelvin
MetreKelvin
`Meter Kelvin` is a unit for 'Length Temperature' expressed as m K. -- QUDT
Metre Kelvin per Watt
MetreKelvinPerWatt
`Meter Kelvin per Watt` is a unit for 'Thermal Resistivity' expressed as K-m/W. -- QUDT
Metre Kilogram
MetreKilogram
Metre per Farad
MetrePerFarad
Metre per Hour
MetrePerHour
Metre per hour is a metric unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (Vector (geometry)). Its symbol is m/h or mu00b7h-1 (not to be confused with the imperial unit symbol mph. By definition, an object travelling at a speed of 1 m/h for an hour would move 1 metre. -- QUDT
Metre per Kelvin
MetrePerKelvin
Metre per Minute
MetrePerMinute
Meter Per Minute (m/min) is a unit in the category of Velocity. It is also known as meter/minute, meters per minute, metre per minute, metres per minute. Meter Per Minute (m/min) has a dimension of LT-1 where L is length, and T is time. It can be converted to the corresponding standard SI unit m/s by multiplying its value by a factor of 0.016666666666 -- QUDT
MetrePerSecond
Metre per second is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector quantity which specifies both magnitude and a specific direction), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. The official SI symbolic abbreviation is mu00b7s-1, or equivalently either m/s. -- QUDT
Metre per Square Second
MetrePerSquareSecond
The `meter per Square second` is the unit of acceleration in the International System of Units (SI). As a derived unit it is composed from the SI base units of length, the metre, and the standard unit of time, the second. Its symbol is written in several forms as m/s², or m s⁻². As acceleration, the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval, that is, `metre per second per second`. -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit becquerel -- QUDT
Microcoulomb Per Cubic Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Microcoulomb Per Square Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit coulomb divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Microfarad Per Kilometre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit farad divided by the 1,000-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Microfarad Per Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit farad divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
0.000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Microgram Per Litre
0.000000001-fold of the SI base unit kilogram divided by the unit litre -- QUDT
Microhenry Per Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit henry divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the unit litre -- QUDT
Microlitre Per Litre
volume ratio as 0.000001-fold of the unit litre divided by the unit litre -- QUDT
Micrometre Per Kelvin
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit kelvin -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI base unit mol -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit newton -- QUDT
Micronewton Metre
0.000001-fold of the product out of the derived SI newton and the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit ohm -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit pascal -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit siemens -- QUDT
Microsiemens Per Centimetre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Microsiemens Per Metre
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit Siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
0.000001-fold of the SI derived unit watt -- QUDT
Minute
Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
A minute is a unit of measurement of time. The minute is a unit of time equal to 1/60 (the first sexagesimal fraction of an hour or 60 seconds. In the UTC time scale, a minute on rare occasions has 59 or 61 seconds; see leap second. The minute is not an SI unit; however, it is accepted for use with SI units. The SI symbol for minute or minutes is min (for time measurement) or the prime symbol after a number, e.g. 5' (for angle measurement, even if it is informally used for time). -- QUDT
Mole per Kilogram
MolePerKilogram
Mole Per Kilogram (mol/kg) is a unit of Molality -- QUDT
Mole
The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
Mole Degree Celsius
MoleDegreeCelsius
`Mole Degree Celsius` is a C.G.S System unit for 'Temperature Amount Of Substance' expressed as mol-degC. -- QUDT
Mole Kelvin
MoleKelvin
Mole Kelvin is a unit for `Temperature Amount Of Substance` expressed as mol-K. -- QUDT
Mole Per Cubic Decimetre
SI base unit mol divided by the 0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Mole per Cubic Metre
MolePerCubicMetre
The SI derived unit for amount-of-substance concentration is the mole/cubic meter. -- QUDT
Moles per cubic metre per second
SI unit of quantity of matter per SI unit volume per SI unit of time. -- QUDT
Moles per gram per hour
SI unit of the quantity of matter per SI unit of mass per unit of time expressed in hour. -- QUDT
Mole Per Hour
MolePerHour
SI base unit mole divided by the unit for time hour -- QUDT
Mole per Kilogram Pascal
Mole Per Kilogram Pascal (mol/kg-pa) is a unit of Molar Mass variation due to Pressure. -- QUDT
Mole Per Litre
MolePerLitre
SI base unit mol divided by the unit litre -- QUDT
Mole Per Minute
MolePerMinute
SI base unit mole divided by the unit for time minute -- QUDT
Mole Per Second
MolePerSecond
SI base unit mol divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Moles per square metre
SI unit of quantity of matter per SI unit area. -- QUDT
Moles per square metre per day
quantity of matter per unit area per unit of time. -- QUDT
Moles per square metre per second
SI unit of quantity of matter per SI unit area per SI unit of time. -- QUDT
Moles per square metre per second per metre
Moles per square metre per second per metre per steradian
Moles per square metre per second per steradian
Neper
Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities. The value of a ratio in nepers is given by `ln(x1/x2)` where `x1` and `x2` are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved. Wikipedia
The neper is a logarithmic unit for ratios of measurements of physical field and power quantities, such as gain and loss of electronic signals. It has the unit symbol Np. The unit's name is derived from the name of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. As is the case for the decibel and bel, the neper is not a unit in the International System of Units (SI), but it is accepted for use alongside the SI. Like the decibel, the neper is a unit in a logarithmic scale. While the bel uses the decadic (base-10) logarithm to compute ratios, the neper uses the natural logarithm, based on Euler's number -- QUDT
Newton
SI unit for force.
The "Newton" is the SI unit of force. A force of one newton will accelerate a mass of one kilogram at the rate of one meter per second per second. The newton is named for Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the British mathematician, physicist, and natural philosopher. He was the first person to understand clearly the relationship between force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a) expressed by the formula F = m·a. -- QUDT
Newton Centimetre
product of the SI derived unit newton and the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.
NewtonMetre
"Torque" is the tendency of a force to cause a rotation, is the product of the force and the distance from the center of rotation to the point where the force is applied. Torque has the same units as work or energy, but it is a different physical concept. To stress the difference, scientists measure torque in newton meters rather than in joules, the SI unit of work. One newton meter is approximately 0.737562 pound foot. -- QUDT
Newton Metre Per Ampere
NewtonMetrePerAmpere
product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
Newton Metre Per Kilogram
product of the derived SI unit newton and the SI base unit metre divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Newton metre per metre
NewtonMetrePerMetre
This is the SI unit for the rolling resistance, which is equivalent to drag force in newton -- QUDT
Newton Metre per Metre per Radians
Newton metre per radian
NewtonMetrePerRadian
Newton Meter per Radian is the SI unit for Torsion Constant -- QUDT
Newton Metre Per Square Metre
NewtonMetrePerSquareMetre
product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit metre divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Newton Metre Second
NewtonMetreSecond
The SI derived unit of angular momentum. -- QUDT
Newton metre seconds per metre
Newton metre seconds measured per metre -- QUDT
Newton metre seconds per radian
Newton metre seconds measured per radian -- QUDT
Newton Per Ampere
NewtonPerAmpere
SI derived unit newton divided by the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
Newton Per Centimetre
SI derived unit newton divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Newton per Coulomb
NewtonPerCoulomb
Newton Per Coulomb ( N/C) is a unit in the category of Electric field strength. It is also known as newtons/coulomb. Newton Per Coulomb ( N/C) has a dimension of MLT-3I-1 where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. It essentially the same as the corresponding standard SI unit V/m. -- QUDT
Newtons per cubic metre
Newton per Kilogram
Gravitational field strength at a point is the gravitational force per unit mass at that point. It is a vector and its S.I. unit is N kg-1. -- QUDT
Newton per Metre
NewtonPerMetre
Newton Per Meter (N/m) is a unit in the category of Surface tension. It is also known as newtons per meter, newton per metre, newtons per metre, newton/meter, newton/metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Newton Per Meter (N/m) has a dimension of MT-2 where M is mass, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Newton Per Millimetre
SI derived unit newton divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Newton per radian
NewtonPerRadian
A one-newton force applied for one angle/torsional torque -- QUDT
Newton Per Square Centimetre
derived SI unit newton divided by the 0.0001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre by exponent 2 -- QUDT
Newtons Per Square Metre
The SI unit of pressure. The pascal is the standard pressure unit in the MKS metric system, equal to one newton per square meter or one "kilogram per meter per second per second." The unit is named for Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French philosopher and mathematician, who was the first person to use a barometer to measure differences in altitude. -- QUDT
Newton Per Square Millimetre
SI derived unit newton divided by the 0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Newton Second
NewtonSecond
product of the SI derived unit newton and the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Newton second per Cubic Metre
NewtonSecondPerCubicMetre
The SI unit of specific acoustic impedance. When sound waves pass through any physical substance the pressure of the waves causes the particles of the substance to move. The sound specific impedance is the ratio between the sound pressure and the particle velocity it produces. The specific impedance is 1 N · s · m⁻³ if unit pressure produces unit velocity. -- QUDT
Newton Second per Metre
NewtonSecondPerMetre
Newton second measured per metre -- QUDT
Newton seconds per radian
Newton seconds measured per radian -- QUDT
Newton Square Metre
NewtonSquareMetre
Newton Metre Squared per Ampere
NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpere
Newton Square Metre Per Square Kilogram
unit of gravitational constant as product of the derived SI unit newton, the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 divided by the power of the SI base unit kilogram with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Ohm
The SI derived unit of electrical resistance, named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
Ω = V/A = H/s
Ohm Metre
OhmMetre
Ohm Square Metre per Metre
OhmSquareMetrePerMetre
Pascal
SI unit for pressure.
Pascal Cubic Metre Per Second
PascalCubicMetrePerSecond
product out of the SI derived unit pascal and the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Pascal Litre Per Second
PascalLitrePerSecond
product out of the SI derived unit pascal and the unit litre divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Pascal metres
Pascal metres per second
Pascal metres per square second
Pascal per Hour
PascalPerHour
A rate of change of pressure measured as the number of Pascals in a period of one hour. -- QUDT
Pascal per Kelvin
PascalPerKelvin
Pascal Per Metre
PascalPerMetre
SI derived unit pascal divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Pascal per Minute
PascalPerMinute
A rate of change of pressure measured as the number of Pascals in a period of one minute. -- QUDT
Pascal per Second
PascalPerSecond
A rate of change of pressure measured as the number of Pascals in a period of one second. -- QUDT
Pascal Second
PascalSecond
The SI unit of dynamic viscosity, equal to 10 poises or 1000 centipoises. -- QUDT
Pascal Second Per Cubic Metre
PascalSecondPerCubicMetre
`Pascal Second Per Cubic Meter` (Pa-s/m³) is a unit in the category of Acoustic impedance. It is also known as `pascal-second/cubic meter`. It has a dimension of ML⁻⁴T⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Pascal Second Per Metre
PascalSecondPerMetre
Pascal Second Per Meter (Pa-s/m) is a unit in the category of Specific acoustic impedance. It is also known as pascal-second/meter. Pascal Second Per Meter has a dimension of ML²T⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. It essentially the same as the corresponding standard SI unit kg/m2· s. -- QUDT
Quartic Coulomb Metre per Cubic Energy
QuarticCoulombMetrePerCubicEnergy
"Quartic Coulomb Meter per Cubic Energy" is a unit for 'Quartic Electric Dipole Moment Per Cubic Energy' expressed as C⁴ m⁴ J⁻³. -- QUDT
Quartic Metre
QuarticMetre
A unit associated with area moments of inertia. -- QUDT
Metres to the power four per second
Quartic Millimetre
0.001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 4 -- QUDT
Quintic Metre
QuinticMetre
Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
Radian
Measure of plane angle.
Radian per Hour
RadianPerHour
"Radian per Hour" is a unit for 'Angular Velocity' expressed as rad/h. -- QUDT
Radian per Metre
RadianPerMetre
Radian per Minute
RadianPerMinute
Radian Per Minute (rad/min) is a unit in the category of Angular velocity. It is also known as radians per minute, radian/minute. Radian Per Minute (rad/min) has a dimension of aT-1 where T is time. It can be converted to the corresponding standard SI unit rad/s by multiplying its value by a factor of 0.0166666666667. -- QUDT
radian per second
RadianPerSecond
"Radian per Second" is the SI unit of rotational speed (angular velocity), and, also the unit of angular frequency. The radian per second is defined as the change in the orientation of an object, in radians, every second. -- QUDT
Radian per Square Second
RadianPerSquareSecond
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. In SI units, it is measured in radians per Square second (rad/s²), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter α. -- QUDT
Radian Square Metre per Kilogram
Radian Square Metre per Mole
RadianSquareMetrePerMole
Reciprocal Centimetre
reciprocal of the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Reciprocal Cubic Centimetre
reciprocal of the 0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Reciprocal Cubic Metre
ReciprocalCubicMetre
"Per Cubic Meter" is a denominator unit with dimensions /m³. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Cubic Metre Second
ReciprocalCubicMetreSecond
Reciprocal Cubic Millimetre
reciprocal value of the 0.000000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Reciprocal Day
ReciprocalDay
reciprocal of the unit day -- QUDT
Reciprocal Henry
ReciprocalHenry
Reciprocal Hour
ReciprocalHour
A reciprocal unit of time for `reciprocal hour` or "inverse hour". -- QUDT
Reciprocal Joule Cubic Metre
ReciprocalJouleCubicMetre
Reciprocal Kelvin
ReciprocalKelvin
Per Kelvin Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /k. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Kilometre
Per Kilometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /km. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Kilovolt Ampere Hour
reciprocal of the 1,000-fold of the product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit ampere and the unit hour -- QUDT
Reciprocal Litre
ReciprocalLitre
reciprocal value of the unit litre -- QUDT
Reciprocal Metre
ReciprocalMetre
Per Meter Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /m. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Metre Kelvin
ReciprocalMetreKelvin
Per Meter Kelvin Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /m.k. -- QUDT
Reciprocal metre per nanometre
Reciprocal metre per nanometre per steradian
Reciprocal metre per second
ReciprocalMetrePerSecond
Reciprocal metre per steradian
ReciprocalMetrePerSteradian
Reciprocal Micrometre
Per Micrometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /microm. -- QUDT
Reciprocal micromole per litre
Units used to describe the sensitivity of detection of a spectrophotometer. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Millimetre
Per Millimeter Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /mm. -- QUDT
Reciprocal millisecond
Reciprocal Minute
ReciprocalMinute
A reciprocal unit of time for `reciprocal minute` or `inverse minute`. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Mole
ReciprocalMole
Per Mole Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions mol⁻¹. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Nanometre
Per Nanometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /nm. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Pascal
ReciprocalPascal
Reciprocal Pascal per second
ReciprocalPascalPerSecond
Reciprocal Picometre
Per Picoometer Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /pm. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Second
ReciprocalSecond
A reciprical unit of time for `reciprocal second` or `inverse second`. The `Per Second` is a unit of rate. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Second Square Metre
ReciprocalSecondSquareMetre
`Per Second Square Meter` is a measure of flux with dimensions /sec-m². -- QUDT
Reciprocal Second Square Metre Steradian
ReciprocalSecondSquareMetreSteradian
Per Second Square Meter Steradian is a denominator unit with dimensions /sec-m²-sr. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Second Steradian
ReciprocalSecondSteradian
Per Second Steradian Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /sec-sr. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Square Electron Volt
ReciprocalSquareElectronVolt
Per Square Electron Volt is a denominator unit with dimensions /eV². -- QUDT
Reciprocal Square Giga Electron Volt
ReciprocalSquareGigaElectronVolt
Per Square Giga Electron Volt Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /GeV². -- QUDT
Reciprocal Square Joule
ReciprocalSquareJoule
Per Square Joule is a denominator unit with dimensions /eV². -- QUDT
Reciprocal Square Kilogram
Per Square Kilogram is a denominator unit with dimensions /kg². -- QUDT
Reciprocal Square Metre
ReciprocalSquareMetre
"Per Square Meter" is a denominator unit with dimensions /m². -- QUDT
Reciprocal Square Metre Second
ReciprocalSquareMetreSecond
Reciprocal square second
ReciprocalSquareSecond
Reciprocal steradian
ReciprocalSteradian
Reciprocal Tesla Metre
ReciprocalTeslaMetre
Per Tesla Meter Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /m .· T. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Tesla Second Unit
ReciprocalTeslaSecond
Per Tesla Second Unit is a denominator unit with dimensions /s . T. -- QUDT
Reciprocal Weber
ReciprocalWeber
Revolution per Minute
RevolutionPerMinute
"Revolution per Minute" is a unit for 'Angular Velocity' expressed as rev/min. -- QUDT
Second
The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
Seconds per metre
Second per Radian Cubic Metre
SecondPerRadianCubicMetre
Sextic Metre
SexticMetre
Siemens
SI unit for electrical conductance.
Siemens is the SI unit of electric conductance, susceptance, and admittance. The most important property of a conductor is the amount of current it will carry when a voltage is applied. Current flow is opposed by resistance in all circuits, and by also by reactance and impedance in alternating current circuits. Conductance, susceptance, and admittance are the inverses of resistance, reactance, and impedance, respectively. To measure these properties, the siemens is the reciprocal of the ohm. In other words, the conductance, susceptance, or admittance, in siemens, is simply 1 divided by the resistance, reactance or impedance, respectively, in ohms. The unit is named for the German electrical engineer Werner von Siemens (1816-1892). -- QUDT
Siemens Per Centimetre
SI derived unit Siemens divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Siemens Per Metre
SiemensPerMetre
SI derived unit siemens divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Siemens Square metre per mole
SiemensSquareMetrePerMole
Sievert
SI unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.
Although the sievert has the same dimensions as the gray (i.e. joules per kilogram), it measures a different quantity. To avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose, the corresponding special units, namely the gray instead of the joule per kilogram for absorbed dose and the sievert instead of the joule per kilogram for the dose equivalent, should be used. -- QUDT
Square Centimetre
A unit of area equal to that of a square, of sides 1cm -- QUDT
Square Centimetre Minute
"Square centimeter minute" is a unit for 'Area Time' expressed as cm² . m. -- QUDT
Square centimetres per cubic centimetre
Square centimetres per second
Square Centimetre Second
"Square Centimeter Second" is a C.G.S System unit for 'Area Time' expressed as cm² . s. -- QUDT
Square Coulomb Square Metre per Joule
SquareCoulombSquareMetrePerJoule
"Square Coulomb Square Meter per Joule" is a unit for 'Polarizability' expressed as C² m² J⁻¹. -- QUDT
Square Decimetre
0.1-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Square degree
SquareDegree
A square degree is a non-SI unit measure of solid angle. It is denoted in various ways, including deg, sq. deg. and °². Just as degrees are used to measure parts of a circle, square degrees are used to measure parts of a sphere. Analogous to one degree being equal to π /180 radians, a square degree is equal to (π /180) or about 1/3283 steradian. The number of square degrees in a whole sphere is or approximately 41 253 deg. This is the total area of the 88 constellations in the list of constellations by area. For example, observed from the surface of the Earth, the Moon has a diameter of approximately 0.5°, so it covers a solid angle of approximately 0.196 deg, which is 4.8 × 10 of the total sky sphere. -- QUDT
Square Degrees Celsius per second
Square Kelvin
SquareKelvin
Square Kilograms per square second
SquareMetre
The S I unit of area is the square metre. -- QUDT
Square metres cubic Hertz
Square metres Hertz
Square Metre Kelvin
SquareMetreKelvin
`Square Meter Kelvin` is a unit for 'Area Temperature' expressed as m²-K. -- QUDT
Square Metre Kelvin per Watt
SquareMetreKelvinPerWatt
`Square Meter Kelvin per Watt` is a unit for 'Thermal Insulance' expressed as (K²)m/W. -- QUDT
SquareMetrePerGram
a unit in the category of specific area
square metres per hectare
Square metres per hectare. -- QUDT
Square metres per Hertz
Square metres per Hertz per degree
Square Metre per Joule
SquareMetrePerJoule
Square Metre per Kelvin
SquareMetrePerKelvin
Square Metre per Kilogram
Square Meter Per Kilogram (m2/kg) is a unit in the category of Specific Area. It is also known as square meters per kilogram, square metre per kilogram, square metres per kilogram, square meter/kilogram, square metre/kilogram. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Square Meter Per Kilogram (m2/kg) has a dimension of M-1L2 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Square Metre per Mole
SquareMetrePerMole
Square Meter Per Mole (m2/mol) is a unit in the category of Specific Area. It is also known as square meters per mole, square metre per per, square metres per per, square meter/per, square metre/per. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Square Meter Per Mole (m2/mol) has a dimension of M-1L2 where M is mass, and L is length. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Square Metre Per Newton
SquareMetrePerNewton
power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 divided by the derived SI unit newton -- QUDT
Square Metre per Second
SquareMetrePerSecond
Square Metres per second is the SI derived unit of angular momentum, defined by distance or displacement in metres multiplied by distance again in metres and divided by time in seconds. The unit is written in symbols as m2/s or m2u00b7s-1 or m2s-1. It may be better understood when phrased as "metres per second times metres", i.e. the momentum of an object with respect to a position. -- QUDT
Square metres per square Hertz
square metre per square metre
SquareMetrePerSquareMetre
A square metre unit of area per square metre -- QUDT
Square metres per square second
Square Metre per Steradian
SquareMetrePerSteradian
Square Metre per Steradian Joule
SquareMetrePerSteradianJoule
Square Metre per Volt Second
SquareMetrePerVoltSecond
Square metres quartic Hertz
Square metre seconds per radian
Square Metres square Hertz
Square Metre Steradian
SquareMetreSteradian
"Square Meter Steradian" is a unit for 'Area Angle' expressed as m²-sr. -- QUDT
Square Micrometre
0.000000000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Square Millimetre
0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 -- QUDT
Square Millimetre Per Second
0.000001-fold of the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 2 divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Square Nanometre
A unit of area equal to that of a square, of sides 1nm -- QUDT
Square pascal per square second
SquarePascalPerSquareSecond
Square Pascal Second
SquarePascalSecond
Square Pascal Second (Pa²· s) is a unit in the category of sound exposure. -- QUDT
Square Second
SquareSecond
"Square Second" is a unit for 'Square Time' expressed as s². -- QUDT
Square Volt per Square Kelvin
SquareVoltPerSquareKelvin
Steradian
Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
Tesla
SI unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
The SI unit of flux density (or field intensity) for magnetic fields (also called the magnetic induction). The intensity of a magnetic field can be measured by placing a current-carrying conductor in the field. The magnetic field exerts a force on the conductor, a force which depends on the amount of the current and on the length of the conductor. One tesla is defined as the field intensity generating one newton of force per ampere of current per meter of conductor. Equivalently, one tesla represents a magnetic flux density of one weber per square meter of area. A field of one tesla is quite strong: the strongest fields available in laboratories are about 20 teslas, and the Earth's magnetic flux density, at its surface, is about 50 microteslas. The tesla, defined in 1958, honors the Serbian-American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), whose work in electromagnetic induction led to the first practical generators and motors using alternating current. -- QUDT
Tonne
A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
1,000-fold of the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
Tonne Per Cubic Metre
TonnePerCubicMetre
unit tonne divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Tonne Per Day
TonnePerDay
metric unit ton divided by the unit for time day -- QUDT
MetricTonnePerHectare
metric tonne per hectare
tonne per hectare
TonnePerHectare
A measure of density equivalent to 1000kg per hectare or one Megagram per hectare, typically used to express a volume of biomass or crop yield. -- QUDT
Tonne Per Hour
TonnePerHour
unit tonne divided by the unit for time hour -- QUDT
Tonne Per Minute
TonnePerMinute
unit ton divided by the unit for time minute -- QUDT
Tonne Per Second
TonnePerSecond
unit tonne divided by the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Volt
SI unit for electric potential difference.
The volt is the unit of electric potential difference—electric potential difference is also known as voltage. The size of 1 volt is officially defined as the potential difference between two points of a wire carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated in the wire is 1 watt.
Volt Ampere
VoltAmpere
product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit ampere -- QUDT
Volt Ampere Hour
VoltAmpereHour
product of the unit for apparent by ampere and the unit hour -- QUDT
Volt Per Centimetre
derived SI unit volt divided by the 0.01-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Volt per Kelvin
VoltPerKelvin
Volt per Metre
VoltPerMetre
Volt Per Meter (V/m) is a unit in the category of Electric field strength. It is also known as volts per meter, volt/meter, volt/metre, volt per metre, volts per metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Volt Per Meter (V/m) has a dimension of MLT⁻³I⁻¹ where M is mass, L is length, T is time, and I is electric current. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Volt Per Microsecond
SI derived unit volt divided by the 0.000001-fold of the SI base unit second -- QUDT
Volt Per Millimetre
SI derived unit volt divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Volt per second
VoltPerSecond
'Volt per Second' is a unit of magnetic flux equaling one weber. This is the flux passing through a conducting loop and reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second inducing an electric potential of one volt in the loop. -- QUDT
Volt per Square Metre
VoltPerSquareMetre
The divergence at a particular point in a vector field is (roughly) how much the vector field 'spreads out' from that point. Operationally, we take the partial derivative of each of the field with respect to each of its space variables and add all the derivatives together to get the divergence. Electric field (V/m) differentiated with respect to distance (m) yields V/(m²). -- QUDT
Volt Second Per Metre
VoltSecondPerMetre
product of the SI derived unit volt and the SI base unit second divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Watt
SI unit for power.
The SI unit of power. Power is the rate at which work is done, or (equivalently) the rate at which energy is expended. One watt is equal to a power rate of one joule of work per second of time. This unit is used both in mechanics and in electricity, so it links the mechanical and electrical units to one another. In mechanical terms, one watt equals about 0.001 341 02 horsepower (hp) or 0.737 562 foot-pound per second (lbf/s). In electrical terms, one watt is the power produced by a current of one ampere flowing through an electric potential of one volt. The name of the unit honors James Watt (1736-1819), the British engineer whose improvements to the steam engine are often credited with igniting the Industrial Revolution. -- QUDT
WattHourPerKilogram
a unit of specific energy commonly used to measure the density of energy in batteries and capacitors
WattHourPerLitre
a unit of energy density commonly used to measure the density of energy in batteries and capacitors
Watts metre per square metre steradian
The power per unit area of radiation of a given wavenumber illuminating a target at a given incident angle. -- QUDT
Watt Per Cubic Metre
WattPerCubicMetre
SI derived unit watt divided by the power of the SI base unit metre with the exponent 3 -- QUDT
Watt per Kelvin
WattPerKelvin
Watt Per Kelvin (W/K) is a unit in the category of Thermal conductivity. -- QUDT
Watt Per Kilogram
SI derived unit watt divided by the SI base unit kilogram -- QUDT
WattPerLitre
A unit for power per volume quantities.
a unit for power per volume quantities
Watts per metre
Watt per Metre Kelvin
WattPerMetreKelvin
Watt per Square Centimetre
Watt Per Square Centimeter is a unit of heat flux or thermal flux, the rate of heat energy transfer through a given surface. -- QUDT
Watt per Square Metre
WattPerSquareMetre
"Watt per Square Meter} is a unit of irradiance defined as the power received per area. This is a unit in the category of Energy flux. It is also known as watts per square meter, watt per square metre, watts per square metre, watt/square meter, watt/square metre. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Watt Per Square Meter (W/m²) has a dimension of MT^{-3" where M is mass, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Watt per Square Metre Kelvin
WattPerSquareMetreKelvin
`Watt Per Square Meter Per Kelvin `(W m⁻² K⁻¹) is a unit in the category of Thermal heat transfer coefficient. It is also known as watt/square meter-kelvin. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Watt Per Square Meter Per Kelvin (W m⁻² K⁻¹) has a dimension of MT⁻¹Q⁻¹ where M is mass, T is time, and Q is temperature. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Watt per Square Metre Pascal
WattPerSquareMetrePascal
Watt Per Square Meter Per Pascal (W/m²-pa) is a unit of Evaporative Heat Transfer. -- QUDT
Watts per square metre per metre
Watts per square metre per metre per steradian
Watts per square metre per nanometre
Watts per square metre per nanometre per steradian
Watt per Square Metre Quartic Kelvin
WattPerSquareMetreQuarticKelvin
Watt Per Square Meter Per Quartic Kelvin (W/m2·K4) is a unit in the category of light. -- QUDT
Watt per Square Metre Steradian
WattPerSquareMetreSteradian
`Watt per steradian per square metre` is the SI unit of radiance (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻²), while that of spectral radiance in frequency is the watt per steradian per square metre per hertz (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹) and that of spectral radiance in wavelength is the watt per steradian per square metre, per metre (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻³), commonly the watt per steradian per square metre per nanometre (W·sr⁻¹·m⁻²·nm⁻¹). It has a dimension of ML⁻⁴T⁻³ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Watt per Steradian
WattPerSteradian
`Watt Per Steradian (W/sr)` is the unit in the category of Radiant intensity. It is also known as watts per steradian. This unit is commonly used in the SI unit system. Watt Per Steradian (W/sr) has a dimension of M· L⁻²· T⁻³ where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. This unit is the standard SI unit in this category. -- QUDT
Watt Second
WattSecond
product of the SI derived unit watt and SI base unit second -- QUDT
Watt seconds per square metre
WattHour
The watt hour is a unit of energy, equal to 3,600 joule. -- QUDT
Watthour per Cubic metre
WattHourPerCubicMetre
The watt hour per cubic meter is a unit of energy density, equal to 3,600 joule per cubic meter. -- QUDT
Weber
SI unit for magnetic flux.
The SI unit of magnetic flux. "Flux" is the rate (per unit of time) at which something crosses a surface perpendicular to the flow. The weber is a large unit, equal to 10⁸ maxwells, and practical fluxes are usually fractions of one weber. The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second. In SI base units, the dimensions of the weber are (kg·m²)/(s²·A). The weber is commonly expressed in terms of other derived units as the Tesla-square meter (T·m²), volt-seconds (V·s), or joules per ampere (J/A).
Weber Metre
WeberMetre
Weber Per Metre
WeberPerMetre
SI derived unit weber divided by the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Weber Per Millimetre
derived SI unit weber divided by the 0.001-fold of the SI base unit metre -- QUDT
Intensity
Power transferred per unit area.
mass_fraction
The mass of one type of species divided by the total mass.
TMSPI
TrisTrimethylsilyPhosphite
DischargedUnfilledBattery
DischargedEmptyBattery
discharged secondary battery, where the cells contain no electrolyte or one in which the electrolyte has been drained from the cells which are then sealed to keep out oxygen
LFPBattery
LithiumIonIronPhosphateBattery
a lithium ion battery with a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode
included for historical reference
mercury is toxic and an environmental hazard
the sale of mercury batteries is now banned in many countries
this cell was developed by Samuel Ruben during World War II and used to power early cardiac pacemakers, wrist watches, hearing aids, and other small electronics
MercuricOxideBattery
RubenMalloryBattery
MercuryBattery
a primary battery cell with a zinc anode and a mercuric oxide cathode in an alkaline electrolyte
LithiumManganeseDioxideBattery
primary battery with a non-aqueous electrolyte, a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide and a negative electrode of lithium
NickelOxideZincBattery
NickelZincBattery
secondary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing nickel oxide and a negative electrode of zinc
the cell or battery cannot normally receive additions to the electrolyte
VRLA
ValveRegulatedLeadAcidBattery
secondary battery in which cells are closed but have a valve which allows the escape of gas if the internal pressure exceeds a predetermined value
introduced 1898 as the first flashlight battery
AlkalineDBattery
LR20
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R20 case
P3DModel
WetCell
a primary battery cell with an excess liquid electrolyte
NonAqueousMetallicFlowBattery
a full redox flow battery with non-aqueous electrolytes that contain metallic species as the active components
NearNeutralZincAirBattery
NeutralZincAirBattery
metal air battery with a saline electrolyte and a negative electrode of zinc
LithiumCarbonMonofluorideBattery
primary battery with a non-aqueous electrolyte, a positive electrode containing carbon monofluoride and a negative electrode of lithium
BatteryMeasurementResult
NickelOxideCadmiumBattery
NickelCadmiumBattery
secondary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing nickel oxide and a negative electrode of cadmium
SoC
StateOfCharge
AlkalineNBattery
LR1
a cylindrical alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery cell
OEMBattery
battery supplied to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) for use only with or in new equipment.
FullCharge
state of charge wherein all available active material is in a state such that the charging under the selected conditions produces no significant increase of capacity
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, retrieved from: https://www.electropedia.org
BatteryCycling
LeclancheBattery
primary battery with a saline electrolyte based on ammonium chloride and zinc chloride, a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide and a negative electrode of zinc
sometimes used to power sensors in remote or sub-sea locations
EarthBattery
a battery cell consisting of two electrodes that are buried in soil or immersed in the sea
SinteredPlate
plate of an alkaline secondary cell the support of which is made by sintering metal powder and into which the active material is introduced
GrBattery
LithiumIonGraphiteBattery
a lithium ion battery with a graphite negative electrode
CalciumIonBattery
a battery with two calcium insertion electrodes
AlkalineABattery
LR23
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R23 case
usually contains a stack of four LR932 button cells shrink wrapped together
a lithium-ion battery with a lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide positive electrode
LithiumIonNickelCobaltAluminiumOxideBattery
CalciumBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of calcium or containing calcium
BatteryCyclingMeasurementResult
DoD
DepthOfDischarge
BatteryOnFloat
secondary battery whose terminals are permanently connected to a source of constant voltage sufficient to maintain the battery approximately fully charged, and which is intended to supply power to an electric circuit, if the normal supply is temporarily interrupted
PotassiumIonBattery
a potassium ion shuttle battery with two potassium insertion electrodes
BatteryQuantity
Physical quantities defined within the domain of batteries.
BatteryCycler
A device for performing cycling measurements of a battery.
BackUpBattery
EmergencyBattery
battery which supplies electric energy to an electric circuit when the normal power supply of this electric circuit is interrupted.
invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799
the invention of the voltaic pile begat many other discoveries in (electro)chemistry, including the discovery or isolation of sodium, potassium, calcium, boron, strontium, and magnesium
VoltaPile
VoltaicPile
the first example of a modern battery, featuring a stack of alternating layers of zinc and silver metal separated by cardboard soaked in brine
often simply a stack of four SR44 (LR44) button cells shrink wrapped together
4LR44
Alkaline4SR44
a cylindrical alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery cell with 4 LR44 cells in series
IRB
ISB
IronSaltBattery
IronRedoxFlowBattery
a type of redox flow battery that uses aqueous solutions of iron salt
ReplacementBattery
battery for use in place of an existing battery, giving the same or similar operating and performance characteristics.
IronAirBattery
a metal-air battery with a iron negative electrode
CoffeeBagBattery
PouchBatteryCell
PouchCell
a battery cell that is contained in a pouch case
PrimaryCell
PrimaryBattery
cell which is not designed to be electrically recharged
usually contains a stack of eight LR932 button cells shrink wrapped together
8LR932
AlkalineA23
a cylindrical alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery cell with 8LR932 cells in series
AluminiumBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of aluminium or containing aluminium
StandardVoltageCell
cell having, at a specified temperature, an invariant and specific open-circuit voltage, used as a reference voltage.
SodiumIonBattery
secondary battery with a non-aqueous electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes which utilize an intercalation compound in which sodium is stored
AluminiumAirBattery
a metal-air battery with an aluminium negative electrode
LMOBattery
LithiumIonManganeseOxideBattery
a lithium ion battery with a lithium manganese oxide positive electrode
DrainedChargedBattery
charged secondary battery where the cells contain a small quantity of electrolyte absorbed in the cell plates and in the plate separators
NickelOxideHydroxideBattery
a battery cell with a zinc anode and NiOOH cathode in an alkaline electolyte
SilverZincBattery
secondary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing silver and a negative electrode of zinc
AqueousOrganicFlowBattery
a full redox flow battery with aqueous electrolytes that contain organic species as the active components
BatteryEquivalentCircuitModel
LithiumIonSiliconGraphiteBattery
a lithium-ion battery with a blended silicon graphite negaitve electrode
BatteryBase
support base, generally of insulating material for stationary secondary cells, batteries or monobloc batteries
LCOBattery
LithiumIonCobaltOxideBattery
a lithium ion battery with a lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode
BatteryCrate
container with frame walls for holding several cells or batteries
the term Alkaline Battery is often used to describe alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries (IEC code: L)
AlkalineCell
cell containing an alkaline electrolyte
BatteryInterface
An electrochemical interface within a battery cell.
DFNModel
DoyleFullerNewmanModel
NewmanModel
P2DModel
MagnesiumBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of magnesium or containing magnesium
WestonStandardVoltageCell
standard voltage cell with a saline electrolyte saturated with cadmium sulphate, a positive electrode of mercury and solid mercurous sulphate, and a negative electrode of amalgamated cadmium and solid cadmium sulphate.
NonAqueousOrganicFlowBattery
PocketPlate
plate of a nickel-cadmium or nickel-iron cell consisting of an assembly of perforated steel pockets, which may be nickel plated, and which contain the active material
ZincChlorideBattery
primary battery with a saline electrolyte based on zinc chloride, a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide and a negative electrode of zinc
MembranelessFlowBattery
a redox flow battery that separates electrolytes by leveraging laminar flow, rather than using a typical ion-perm-selective membrane
ZincFlowBattery
a flow battery with a zinc negative electrode
8LR732
AlkalineA27
a cylindrical alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery cell with 8 LR732 cells in series
PilotCell
PilotBatteryCell
selected cell of a battery which is used to assess or represent the average state of parameters of the battery.
SilverBattery
cell containing a positive electrode with an active material of silver or containing silver
ElectrochemicalEquivalentCircuitModel
SiliconAirBattery
a metal-air battery with a silicon negative electrode
Cell
BatteryCell
basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy.
PasteLinedCell
primary cell wherein the separator is a starch gel wet with electrolyte
introduced 1907, but added to ANSI standard sizes in 1947
used in many household electronic devices
AlkalineAABattery
LR6
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R6 case
BatteryMeasurement
NineVoltBattery
AlkalinePP3
a prismatic alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery cell, usually with 6 LR61 cells in series and a nominal voltage of 9 V
BunsenCell
a primary zinc carbon battery with a zinc anode and carbon cathode and a dual electrolyte system of aqueous sulfuric acid and nitric or chromic acid
LIP
LiPo
LiPoly
LithiumIonPolymerBattery
a rechargeable lithium-ion battery with a polymer electrolyte
SwagelokBatteryCell
SwagelokCell
ElectricBattery
Battery
one or more cells fitted with devices necessary for use, for example case, terminals, marking and protective devices
LithiumFlowBattery
a flow battery with a lithium metal negative electrode
NickelMetalHydrideBattery
secondary battery with an electrolyte of aqueous potassium hydroxide, a positive electrode containing nickel as nickel hydroxide and a negative electrode of hydrogen in the form of a metal hydride
LeadBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of lead or containing lead
PaperLinedCell
primary cell wherein the separator is paper impregnated with electrolyte
ReserveBatteryCell
cell stored in a dry state in which the necessary electrolyte is held separately and which may be transferred for activation to the cell, immediately prior to use, by priming or other means.
FaurePlate
pasted flat plate with a grid current collector used in a lead acid battery
the oldest flow battery chemistry, invented by John Doyle in 1879
ZincBromineBattery
ZincBromineFlowBattery
a flow battery with an aqueous zinc bromide electrolyte and zinc metal electrode
SodiumAirBattery
a metal-air battery with a sodium negative electrode
IntentionalBatteryProcess
the name "aluminium-ion battery" is a misnomer because it uses an aluminium metal negative electrode rather than an insertion (intercalation) negative electrode
AluminiumShuttleBattery
a secondary battery that combines an aluminium negative electrode with an aluminium insertion positive electrode
invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté
lead dioxide lead batteries are often called accumulators (deprecated)
the first type of rechargeable battery ever created
LeadDioxideLeadBattery
LeadAcidBattery
secondary battery with an aqueous electrolyte based on dilute sulphuric acid, a positive electrode of lead dioxide and a negative electrode of lead
MagnesiumAirBattery
a metal-air battery with a magnesium negative electrode
HydrogenBromineBattery
a flow battery in which hydrogen bromide (HBr) serves as the electrolyte
ZincChlorineFlowBattery
a flow battery with an aqueous zinc chloride electrolyte and zinc metal electrode
NonAqueousCell
cell with a liquid electrolyte containing neither water nor other sources of reactive protons (H+)
there are many stoichiometry variations for lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides, typically expressed as LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO2 where x+y+z = 1
LithiumIonNickelManganeseCobaltOxideBattery
a lithium-ion battery with a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide positive electrode
the cells in a monobloc battery can be connected in series or in parallel
MonoblocBattery
battery with multiple separate but electrically connected cell compartments each of which is designed to house an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, terminals or interconnections and possible separators
a battery cell in a rigid container with rectangular faces
PrismaticBattery
BatteryEnergy
electric energy which a battery delivers under specified conditions.
typically used for educational purposes
LemonBattery
a battery with electrodes of zinc and copper inserted into a lemon as the electrolyte
used in the 19th century primarily for telegraph systems, and later adapted to the dry cell configuration used throughout the 20th century
LeclancheWetCell
a wet battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866
FullFlowBattery
a type of redox flow battery that store electroactive material only in external tanks
RedoxFlowBattery
a flow battery is a rechargeable battery in which electrolyte flows through one or more electrochemical cells from one or more tanks
MagnesiumShuttleBattery
developed in 1886 by the German scientist Carl Gassner
DryCell
primary battery containing an immobilized electrolyte
a lithium ion battery does not contain lithium metal
LithiumIonBattery
secondary battery with an organic solvent electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes which utilize an intercalation compound in which lithium is stored
CR2016
a Li | MnO2 coin cell with a R2016 case
CR2025
a Li | MnO2 coin cell with a R2025 case
BatteryModule
a modular assembly of multiple battery cells in a case, designed to be integrated into a larger battery pack
MagnesiumIonBattery
a shuttle battery for magnesium ions with two magnesium insertion electrodes
can be primary or secondary, depending on the design
AirMetalBattery
MetalAirBattery
battery in which atmospheric oxygen serves as the active material at the positive electrode and a metal as the active material of the negative electrode
SiliconBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of silicon or containing silicon
the active material is formed by electrochemical oxidation of the lead in thin layers
PlantePlate
plate, made of pure lead, of very large effective surface used in lead acid cells
SodiumBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of sodium or containing sodium
AlkalineFBatter
LR25
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R25 case
DryChargedBattery
state of delivery of some types of secondary battery where the cells contain no electrolyte and the plates are dry and in a charged state
PotassiumBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of potassium or containing potassium
NiFeBattery
NickelOxideIronBattery
NickelIronBattery
secondary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing nickel oxide and a negative electrode of iron
Luigi Galvani's early investigations of "animal electricity" with frog legs were a source of inspiration for Alessandro Volta's invention of the voltaic pile
FrogBattery
a battery comprising two electrodes of dissimilar metals with frog legs acting as the electrolyte
AAA
AlkalineAAABattery
LR03
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R03 case
LithiumSulfurBattery
a type of rechargeable battery notable for its high specific energy
PSB
PolysulfideBromideFlowBattery
a type of flow battery that stores energy in aqueous solutions of sodium bromide and sodium polysulfide
NiMHAABattery
NickelMetalHydrideAABattery
HR6
a nickel metal-hydride cylindrical cell in an R6 (AA) case
UnformedDryCell
state of some types of secondary cell not yet filled with electrolyte and where the active material has not yet been submitted to a so called "formation" process
StartingCapability
ability of a battery to supply power to an engine starter motor under specified conditions
ZincCarbonBattery
primary battery such as Leclanché or zinc chloride batteries
HybridFlowBattery
a type of redox flow battery comprising at least one solid electroactive material that is deposited or stripped within the stack
CylindricalBatteryCell
CylindricalCell
RoundCell
CylindricalBattery
cell with a cylindrical shape in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
KR6
NickelCadmiumAABattery
nickel cadmium (NiCd) cylindrical cell in an R6 (AA) case
lithium metal batteries are often (but not always) primary cells
LithiumMetalBattery
cell containing a non-aqueous electrolyte and a negative electrode of lithium metal
LithiumAirBattery
a metal-air battery with a lithium negative electrode
BatteryRack
support, stand or grating with one or more levels or tiers for the installation of cells or mono-bloc containers in a stationary battery
the name "zinc-ion battery" is a misnomer as it uses a metallic zinc negative electrode instead of a zinc-insertion negative electrode
ZincShuttleBattery
a battery that shuttles zinc ions as charge carriers
PotatoBattery
a simple battery cell with electrodes of zinc and copper inserted into a potato as electrolyte
ServiceMass
total mass of a battery in its operational condition.
BatteryContinuumModel
LithiumIonSiliconOxideGraphiteBattery
a lithium-ion battery with a blended silicon oxide graphite negative electrode
AlkalineBattery
AlkalineZincManganeseDioxideBattery
primary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide and a negative electrode of zinc
AlkalineZincAirBattery
metal air battery with an alkaline electrolyte and a negative electrode of zinc
CR2032
a Li | MnO2 coin cell with a R2032 case
in practice, the term coin is used exclusively for non-aqueous lithium cells
ButtonBatteryCell
ButtonCell
CoinBattery
CoinBatteryCell
CoinCell
cell with a cylindrical shape in which the overall height is less than the diameter e.g. in the shape of a button or a coin
SilverOxideBattery
ZincSilverOxideBattery
primary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing silver oxide and a negative electrode of zinc
FilledDischargedBattery
state of delivery of some types of secondary battery where the cells contain electrolyte and whose plates are in a discharged state
BatteryCyclerSystem
BatteryTray
container with a base and walls for holding several cells or batteries
invented by Welsh scientist William Robert Grove
GroveCell
a primary battery cell with a zinc anode and platinum cathode in a sulfuric acid electrolyte
BatteryPack
a battery containing multiple cells and a casing
For primary batteries, service life relates to the total discharge time or capacity under specific conditions.
For secondary cells and batteries, the service life may be expressed in time, number of charge/discharge cycles, or capacity in ampere hours (Ah).
ServiceLife
total period of useful life of a cell or a battery in operation.
LMFPBattery
LithiumIonManganeseIronPhosphateBattery
a lithium ion battery with a manganese iron phosphate positive electrode
a lithium-ion battery with a silicon metal negative electrode
LithiumIonSiliconBattery
InitialCharge
FirstCharge
first charge given to a new secondary battery at beginning of its service life
usually in a rectangular prismatic case with spring terminals
4LR25
AlkalineLanternBattery
an alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery cell with 4 LR25 cells in series
NickelOxideBattery
a battery with a nickel oxide positive electrode
MetalCarbonDioxideBattery
battery in which gaseous carbon dioxide serves as the active material at the positive electrode and a metal as the active material of the negative electrode
AlkalineCBattery
LR14
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R14 case
LR1154
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide button cell in a R1154 case
CadmiumBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of cadmium or containing cadmium
SodiumIonHardCarbonBattery
a sodium-ion battery with a hard carbon negative electrode
LithiumIonSiliconOxideBattery
a lithium-ion battery with a silicon oxide negative electrode
depending on the design features chosen, a lithium cell may be primary or secondary
LithiumCell
LithiumBattery
cell containing a non-aqueous electrolyte and a negative electrode of lithium or containing lithium
ClarkCell
a wet cell with zinc and mercury electrodes in a zinc sulfate solution, invented by English engineer Josiah Latimer Clark
MaintanenceFreeBattery
secondary battery which, during the service life, requires no maintenance provided specified operating conditions are fulfilled
invented in 1836 by British chemist and meteorologist John Frederic Daniell
DaniellCell
a primary battery cell with zinc and copper electrodes and a mixed electrolyte system of copper (II) sulfate and sulfuric acid
cell containing a positive electrode with an active material of silver oxide or containing silver oxide
BatteryTimeSeriesDataSet
the molten salt may be in a solid (inactivated) state and is activated by heat
MoltenSaltCell
cell with an electrolyte consisting of one or more anhydrous molten salts.
BufferBattery
battery connected across a direct current supply in order to reduce the effects of power variations of the source.
AlkalineBBattery
LR12
alkaline zinc manganese dioxide cylindrical cell in a R12 case
ZincCeriumFlowBattery
a flow battery that uses solutions of zinc as anolyte and cerium as catholyte
ZincBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of zinc or containing zinc
VFB
VRB
VRFB
VanadiumRedoxFlowBattery
a type of flow battery that employs vanadium ions as charge carriers
CalciumSulfurBattery
a battery with a calcium negative electrode and a sulfur positive electrode
ZAB
ZincAirBattery
a type of metal-air battery with a zinc negative electrode
RandlesCircuitModel
An equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance RS in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance Cdl and an impedance of a faradaic reaction.
LithiumCopperOxideBattery
primary battery with a non-aqueous electrolyte, a positive electrode containing copper oxide and a negative electrode of lithium
FilledChargedBattery
state of delivery of some types of secondary battery where the cells contain electrolyte and whose plates are in a charged state
AqueousMetallicFlowBattery
a full redox flow battery with aqueous electrolytes that contain metallic species as the active components
CalciumAirBattery
a metal-air battery with a calcium negative electrode
ASSB
AllSolidStateBattery
SSB
SolidElectrolyteCell
SolidStateBattery
cell with an ionically conducting solid as electrolyte
P4DModel
the recharge is accomplished by way of a reversible chemical reaction
Accumulator
RechargeableBattery
SecondaryBattery
cell which is designed to be electrically recharged
MagnesiumMetalBattery
LithiumThionylChlorideBattery
primary battery with a non-aqueous inorganic electrolyte, a positive electrode containing thionyl chloride and a negative electrode of lithium
BatteryPhenomenon
SilverCadmiumBattery
SilverOxideCadmiumBattery
secondary battery with an alkaline electrolyte, a positive electrode containing silver oxide and a negative electrode of cadmium
IronBattery
cell containing a negative electrode with an active material of iron or containing iron
the trickle charge compensates self-discharge effects and maintains the battery in an approximately fully charged state
the trickle charge is not suitable for some secondary battery types, for example lithium cells and batteries
TrickleCharge
method of charge applied to a battery wherein the state of charge is maintained by a continuous, long term, regulated small electric current
NominalBatteryProperty
LithiumIronDisulphideBattery
primary battery with a non-aqueous electrolyte, a positive electrode containing iron disulphide and a negative electrode of lithium
a lithium ion battery with a lithium titanate (LTO) negative electrode
LTOBattery
LithiumIonTitanateBattery
InsertionBattery
ShuttlecockBattery
SwingCell
RockingChairBattery
secondary battery containing two insertion electrodes in which the guest ion is transferred between the cathode and anode host compounds
The resulting alternating current is plotted versus imposed DC potential. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
ACVoltammetry
ACV
voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp
electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve
AbrasiveStrippingVoltammetry
Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1989) Naturwiss 76:71;
AccessConditions
Describes what is needed to repeat the experiment
In case of national or international facilities such as synchrotrons describe the programme that enabled you to access these.
Was the access to your characterisation tool an inhouse routine or required a 3rd party service?
Was the access to your sample preparation an inhouse routine or required a 3rd party service?
A peak-shaped adsorptive stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
AdSV is usually employed for analysis of organic compounds or metal complexes with organic ligands. Stripping is done by means of an anodic or a cathodic voltammetric scan (linear or pulse), during which the adsorbed compound is oxidized or reduced.
AdsorptiveStrippingVoltammetry
AdSV
Stripping voltammetry involving pre-concentration by adsorption of the analyte (in contrast to electro- chemical accumulation).
AlphaSpectrometry
Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from.
Amperometry can be distinguished from voltammetry by the parameter being controlled (electrode potential E) and the parameter being measured (electrode current I which is usually a function of time – see chronoamperometry).
In a non-stirred solution, a diffusion-limited current is usually measured, which is propor-tional to the concentration of an electroactive analyte.
The current is usually faradaic and the applied potential is usually constant.
The integral of current with time is the electric charge, which may be related to the amount of substance reacted by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Amperometry
The amperometric method provides the ability to distinguish selectively between a number of electroactive species in solution by judicious selection of the applied potential and/or choice of electrode material.
AnalyticalElectronMicroscopy
Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) refers to the collection of spectroscopic data in TEM or STEM, enabling qualitative or quantitative compositional analysis.
A peak-shaped anodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
A solid electrode, carbon paste or composite electrode, bismuth film electrode, mercury film electrode, or static mercury drop electrode may be used.
AnodicStrippingVoltammetry
Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically oxi- dized in the stripping step.
AtomProbeTomography
Atom Probe Tomography (APT or 3D Atom Probe) is the only material analysis technique offering extensive capabilities for both 3D imaging and chemical composition measurements at the atomic scale (around 0.1-0.3nm resolution in depth and 0.3-0.5nm laterally). Since its early developments, Atom Probe Tomography has contributed to major advances in materials science. The sample is prepared in the form of a very sharp tip. The cooled tip is biased at high DC voltage (3-15 kV). The very small radius of the tip and the High Voltage induce a very high electrostatic field (tens V/nm) at the tip surface, just below the point of atom evaporation. Under laser or HV pulsing, one or more atoms are evaporated from the surface, by field effect (near 100% ionization), and projected onto a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) with a very high detection efficiency. Ion efficiencies are as high as 80%, the highest analytical efficiency of any 3D microscopy.
AtomicForceMicroscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an influential surface analysis technique used for micro/nanostructured coatings. This flexible technique can be used to obtain high-resolution nanoscale images and study local sites in air (conventional AFM) or liquid (electrochemical AFM) surroundings.
CalibrationData
Calibration data are used to provide correction of measured data or perform uncertainty calculations. They are generally the result of a measuerement on a reference specimen.
CalibrationDataPostProcessing
Post-processing of the output of the calibration in order to get the actual calibration data to be used as input for the measurement.
CalibrationProcess
Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions 1. establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2. uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually considered to occur after the calibration. NOTE 5 A comparison between two measurement standards may be viewed as a calibration if the comparison is used to check and, if necessary, correct the value and measurement uncertainty attributed to one of the measurement standards. -- International Vocabulary of Metrology(VIM)
Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data.
In nanoindentation, the electrical signal coming from capacitive displacement gauge is converted into a real raw-displacement signal after using a proper calibration function (as obtained by the equipment manufacturer). Then, additional calibration procedures are applied to define the point of initial contact and to correct for instrument compliance, thermal drift, and indenter area function to obtain the real useable displacement data.
Usually the calibration process involve a reference sample (with pre-defined, specific, and stable physical characteristics and known properties), in order to extract calibration data. In this way, the accuracy of the measurement tool and its components (for example the probe) will be evaluated and confirmed.
Single calibration Task that is part of a Calibration Process Workflow.
Calorimetry
In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat', and Greek μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter.
A peak-shaped cathodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
CathodicStrippingVoltammetry
CSV
stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically reduced in the stripping step
Represents every type of data that is produced during a characterisation process
CharacterisationDataValidation
Procedures to validate the characterisation data.
CharacterisationEnvironment
Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment.
Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
CharacterisationExperiment
A characterisation experiment is the process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained.
CharacterisationHardware
Whatever hardware is used during the characterisation process.
HardwareManufacturer
HardwareModel
CharacterisationHardwareSpecification
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure.
The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts.
Measuring instrument
CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications. -- International Vocabulary of Metrology(VIM)
The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector.
CharacterisationMeasurementTask
Single calibration Task that is part of a Characterisation Measurement Process Workflow.
CharacterisationMethod
Characterisation procedure
Characterisation technique
The description of the overall characterisation method. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing).
A characterisation method is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
CharacterisationProcedure
The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules.
Sample preparation Sample inspection Calibration Microscopy Viscometry Data sampling
Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process.
CharacterisationProcedureValidation
Describes why the characterization procedure was chosen and deemed to be the most useful for the sample.
CharacterisationProperty
The characterisation property is the investigate property or behaviour of a sample. It is derived from the secondary data, usually after classification or quantification (manually or by a model).
CharacterisationProtocol
A characterisation protocol is defined whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories.
A software application to process characterisation data
In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
CharacterisationSystem
Set of one or more measuring instruments and often other components, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
A set of one or more 'CharacterisationInstruments' and often other devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds.
Measuring system
CharacterisationTask
CharacterisationWorkflow
A characterisation procedure that has at least two characterisation tasks as proper parts.
The sample after having been subjected to a characterization process
ChargeDistribution
Chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
If the potential step is from a potential at which no current flows (i.e., at which the oxidation or reduction of the electrochemically active species does not take place) to one at which the current is limited by diffusion (see diffusion-limited current), the current obeys the Cottrell equation.
Chronoamperometry
AmperiometricDetection
AmperometricCurrentTimeCurve
amperometry in which the current is measured as a function of time after a change in the applied potential
Chronocoulometry provides the same information that is provided by chronoamperometry, since it is based on the integration of the I-t curve. Nevertheless, chronocoulometry offers important experimental advantages, such as (i) the measured signal usually increases with time and hence the later parts of the transient can be detected more accurately, (ii) a better signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved, and (iii) other contributions to overall charge passed as a function of time can be discriminated from those due to the diffusion of electroactive substances.
Chronocoulometry
direct coulometry at controlled potential in which the electric charge passed after the application of a potential step perturbation is measured as a function of time (Q-t curve)
The change in applied current is usually a step, but cyclic current reversals or linearly increasing currents are also used.
Chronopotentiometry
potentiometry in which the potential is measured with time following a change in applied current
CompressionTest
Compression tests characterize material and product strength and stiffness under applied crushing loads. These tests are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen using platens or specialized fixtures with a testing machine that produces compressive loads.
The equivalence-point is obtained as the intersection of linear parts of the conductance G, versus titrant volume V, curve (see
The method can be used for deeply coloured or turbid solutions. Acid-base and precipita- tion reactions are most frequently used.
The method is based on replacing an ionic species of the analyte with another species, cor- responding to the titrant or the product with significantly different conductance.
ConductometricTitration
titration in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured as a function of the amount of titrant added
The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present.
Conductometry
measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured
Monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
ConfocalMicroscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
Coulometric titrations are usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode using a large surface working electrode. The reference and auxiliary electrodes are located in sepa- rate compartments. A basic requirement is a 100 % current efficiency of titrant generation at the working electrode. End-point detection can be accomplished with potentiometry, amperometry, biamperometry, bipotentiometry, photometry, or by using a visual indicator.
The main advantages are that titration is possible with less stable titrants, the standardi- zation of titrant is not necessary, the volume of the test solution is not changed, and the method is easily automated.
CoulometricTitration
titration in which the titrant is generated electrochemically, either by constant current or at constant potential. The titrant reacts stoichiometrically with the analyte, the amount of which is calculated using Faraday’s laws of electrolysis from the electric charge required to reach the end-point
Coulometry used to measure the amount of substance is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] not requiring calibration with a standard for a quantity of the same kind (i.e. amount of substance).
The coulometric experiment can be carried out at controlled (constant) potential (see direct coulometry at controlled potential) or controlled (constant) current (see direct coulometry at controlled current).
Coulometry
electrochemical measurement principle in which the electric charge required to carry out a known electrochemical reaction is measured. By Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, the amount of substance is proportional to the charge
CreepTest
The creep test is a destructive materials testing method for determination of the long-term strength and heat resistance of a material. When running a creep test, the specimen is subjected to increased temperature conditions for an extended period of time and loaded with a constant tensile force or tensile stress.
CriticalAndSupercriticalChromatography
CyclicChronopotentiometry
chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal
J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
Cyclic voltammetry is frequently used for the investigation of mechanisms of electrochemi- cal/electrode reactions. The current-potential curve may be modelled to obtain reaction mechanisms and electrochemical parameters.
Normally the initial potential is chosen where no electrode reaction occurs and the switch- ing potential is greater (more positive for an oxidation or more negative for a reduction) than the peak potential of the analyte reaction.
The initial potential is usually the negative or positive limit of the cycle but can have any value between the two limits, as can the initial scan direction. The limits of the potential are known as the switching potentials.
The plot of current against potential is termed a cyclic voltammogram. Usually peak-shaped responses are obtained for scans in both directions.
CyclicVoltammetry
voltammetry in which the electric current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied with time cycli- cally between two potential limits, normally at a constant scan rate
If the whole scan is performed on a single growing drop, the technique should be called single drop scan voltammetry. The term polarography in this context is discouraged.
This is the oldest variant of polarographic techniques, introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967).
Usually the drop time is between 1 and 5 s and the pseudo-steady-state wave-shaped dependence on potential is called a polarogram. If the limiting current is controlled by dif- fusion, it is expressed by the Ilkovich equation.
DCPolarography
linear scan voltammetry with slow scan rate in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode
DataAcquisitionRate
Quantify the raw data acquisition rate, if applicable.
DataAnalysis
Data processing activities performed on the secondary data to determine the characterisation property (e.g. classification, quantification), which can be performed manually or exploiting a model.
DataFiltering
Data filtering is the process of examining a dataset to exclude, rearrange, or apportion data according to certain criteria.
DataNormalisation
Data normalization involves adjusting raw data to a notionally common scale.
It involves the creation of shifted and/or scaled versions of the values to allow post-processing in a way that eliminates the effects of influences on subsequent properties extraction.
DataPostProcessing
Analysis, that allows one to calculate the final material property from the calibrated primary data.
DataPreparation
Data preparation is the process of manipulating (or pre-processing) data (which may come from disparate data sources) to improve their quality or reduce bias in subsequent analysis.
DataProcessingThroughCalibration
Describes how raw data are corrected and/or modified through calibrations.
DataQuality
Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material.
Example evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis)
Detector
Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample.
Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM
Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing
DielectricAndImpedanceSpectroscopy
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) or impedance spectroscopy, also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, is frequently used to study the response of a sample subjected to an applied electric field of fixed or changing frequency. DS describes the dielectric properties of a material as a function of frequency. In DS, the radio and microwave frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been successfully made to interact with materials, so as to study the behavior of molecules. The interaction of applied alternating electric fields with dipoles possessing reorientation mobility in materials is also dealt by DS.
Dielectrometric titrations use dielectrometry for the end-point detection.
The method is used to monitor the purity of dielectrics, for example to detect small amounts of moisture.
Dielectrometry
electrochemical measurement principle based on the measurement of the dielectric constant of a sample resulting from the orientation of particles (molecules or ions) that have a dipole moment in an electric field
DifferentialLinearPulseVoltammetry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.
Differential pulse polarography is differential pulse voltammetry in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied before the mechani- cally enforced end of the drop and the current is sampled twice: just before the onset of the pulse and just before its end. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop life. The drop dislodgement is synchronized with current sampling, which is carried out as in DPV.
The ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated in the same way as in normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). Moreover, subtraction of the charging current sampled before the application of the pulse further decreases its negative influence. Due to the more enhanced signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lower than with NPV.
The sensitivity of DPV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
DifferentialPulseVoltammetry
DPV
voltammetry in which small potential pulses (constant height 10 to 100 mV, constant width 10 to 100 ms) are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential or onto a staircase potential ramp. The current is sampled just before the onset of the pulse (e.g. 10 to 20 ms) and for the same sampling time just before the end of the pulse. The difference between the two sampled currents is plotted versus the potential applied before the pulse. Thus, a differential pulse voltammogram is peak-shaped
DifferentialRefractiveIndex
DifferentialScanningCalorimetry
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. Additionally, the reference sample must be stable, of high purity, and must not experience much change across the temperature scan. Typically, reference standards have been metals such as indium, tin, bismuth, and lead, but other standards such as polyethylene and fatty acids have been proposed to study polymers and organic compounds, respectively.
DifferentialStaircasePulseVoltammetry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.
DifferentialThermalAnalysis
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference.[1] This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and is not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.
Dilatometry
Dilatometry is a method for characterising the dimensional changes of materials with variation of temperature conditions.
Direct coulometry at controlled current is usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode. The end-point of the electrolysis, at which the current is stopped, must be determined either from the inflection point in the E–t curve or by using visual or objective end-point indi- cation, similar to volumetric methods. The total electric charge is calculated as the product of the constant current and time of electrolysis or can be measured directly using a coulometer.
The advantage of this method is that the electric charge consumed during the electrode reaction is directly proportional to the electrolysis time. Care must be taken to avoid the potential region where another electrode reaction may occur.
DirectCoulometryAtControlledCurrent
coulometry at an imposed, constant current in the electrochemical cell
Direct coulometry at controlled potential is usually carried out in convective mass trans- fer mode using a large surface working electrode. Reference and auxiliary electrodes are placed in separate compartments. The total electric charge is obtained by integration of the I–t curve or can be measured directly using a coulometer.
In principle, the end point at which I = 0, i.e. when the concentration of species under study becomes zero, can be reached only at infinite time. However, in practice, the electrolysis is stopped when the current has decayed to a few percent of the initial value and the charge passed at infinite time is calculated from a plot of charge Q(t) against time t. For a simple system under diffusion control Qt= Q∞[1 − exp(−DAt/Vδ)], where Q∞ = limt→∞Q(t) is the total charge passed at infinite time, D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species, A the electrode area, δ the diffusion layer thickness, and V the volume of the solution.
DirectCoulometryAtControlledPotential
coulometry at a preselected constant potential of the working electrode
DynamicLightScattering
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution. In the scope of DLS, temporal fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon auto-correlation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy - PCS or quasi-elastic light scattering - QELS).
DynamicMechanicalAnalysis
Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a characterisation technique where a sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature[1] of the material, as well as to identify transitions corresponding to other molecular motions.
DynamicMechanicalSpectroscopy
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a material characterization technique where a small deformation is applied to a sample in a cyclic manner. This allows measurement of the materials response to stress, temperature, frequency or time. The term is also used to refer to the analyzer that performs the test.
Electrochemical
In electrochemical characterization, the measurement of potential, charge, or current is used to determine an analyte's concentration or to characterize an analyte's chemical reactivity
Impedimetric sensors are based on measurement of a concentration-dependent parameter taken from analysis of the respective electrochemical impedance spectra, or from the impedance magnitudes at a chosen fixed frequency.
The sinusoidal current response lags behind the sinusoidal voltage perturbation by a phase angle φ. Resistances (e.g. to charge transfer) give a response in phase with the voltage perturbation; capacitances (e.g. double layer) give a response 90° out of phase; combinations of resistances and capacitances give phase angles between 0 and 90°. Plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested are called complex plane (or Nyquist) plots. Plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency are called Bode diagrams. Complex plane plots are the more commonly used for electrochemical sensors.
ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy
EIS
electrochemical measurement method of the complex impedance of an electrochemical system as a function of the frequency of a small amplitude (normally 5 to 10 mV) sinusoidal voltage perturbation superimposed on a fixed value of applied potential or on the open circuit potential
The change of mass is, for rigid deposits, linearly proportional to the change of the reso- nance frequency of the quartz crystal, according to the Sauerbrey equation. For non- rigid deposits, corrections must be made.
ElectrochemicalPiezoelectricMicrogravimetry
Electrogravimetry using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance.
Electrogravimetry
method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.
ElectronBackscatterDiffraction
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In this configuration, the SEM incident beam hits the tilted sample. As backscattered electrons leave the sample, they interact with the crystal's periodic atomic lattice planes and diffract according to Bragg's law at various scattering angles before reaching the phosphor screen forming Kikuchi patterns (EBSPs). EBSD spatial resolution depends on many factors, including the nature of the material under study and the sample preparation. Thus, EBSPs can be indexed to provide information about the material's grain structure, grain orientation, and phase at the micro-scale. EBSD is applied for impurities and defect studies, plastic deformation, and statistical analysis for average misorientation, grain size, and crystallographic texture. EBSD can also be combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) for advanced phase identification and materials discovery.
ElectronProbeMicroanalysis
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is used for quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of solid specimens at a micrometer scale. The method uses bombardment of the specimen by keV electrons to excite characteristic X-rays from the sample, which are then detected by using wavelength-dispersive (WD) spectrometers.
Ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is an optical technique that uses polarised light to probe the dielectric properties of a sample (optical system). The common application of ellipsometry is the analysis of thin films. Through the analysis of the state of polarisation of the light that is reflected from the sample, ellipsometry yields information on the layers that are thinner than the wavelength of the light itself, down to a single atomic layer or less. Depending on what is already known about the sample, the technique can probe a range of properties including layer thickness, morphology, and chemical composition.
EnvironmentalScanningElectronMicroscopy
The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.
Exafs
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Like other absorption spectroscopies, XAS techniques follow Beer's law. The X-ray absorption coefficient of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a narrow energy range at a sample, while recording the incident and transmitted x-ray intensity, as the incident x-ray energy is incremented. When the incident x-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron of an atom within the sample, the number of x-rays absorbed by the sample increases dramatically, causing a drop in the transmitted x-ray intensity. This results in an absorption edge. Every element has a set of unique absorption edges corresponding to different binding energies of its electrons, giving XAS element selectivity. XAS spectra are most often collected at synchrotrons because of the high intensity of synchrotron X-ray sources allow the concentration of the absorbing element to reach as low as a few parts per million. Absorption would be undetectable if the source is too weak. Because X-rays are highly penetrating, XAS samples can be gases, solids or liquids.
FatigueTesting
Fatigue testing is a specialised form of mechanical testing that is performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be susceptible to fatigue.
The FIB-DIC (Focused Ion Beam - Digital Image Correlation) ring-core technique is a powerful method for measuring residual stresses in materials. It is based on milling a ring-shaped sample, or core, from the material of interest using a focused ion beam (FIB).
FieldEmissionScanningElectronMicroscopy
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is an advanced technology used to capture the microstructure image of the materials. FE-SEM is typically performed in a high vacuum because gas molecules tend to disturb the electron beam and the emitted secondary and backscattered electrons used for imaging.
Fractography
Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces in order to determine the relation between the microstructure and the mechanism(s) of crack initiation and propagation and, eventually, the root cause of the fracture .Fractography qualitatively interprets the mechanisms of fracture that occur in a sample by microscopic examination of fracture surface morpholog.
FreezingPointDepressionOsmometry
The general principle of freezing point depression osmometry involves the relationship between the number of moles of dissolved solute in a solution and the change in freezing point.
GalvanostaticIntermittentTitrationTechnique
GITT
electrochemical method that applies current pulses to an electrochemical cell at rest and measures the voltage response
GammaSpectrometry
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.[1] Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement.[2] Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced. A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just like in an optical spectrometer, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.
HPPC
HybridPulsePowerCharacterisation
HybridPulsePowerCharacterization
electrochemical method that measures the voltage drop of a cell resulting from a square wave current load
HardnessTesting
A test to determine the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material.
Hazard
Set of inherent properties of a substance, mixture of substances, or a process involving substances that, under production, usage, or disposal conditions, make it capable of causing adverse effects to organisms or the environment, depending on the degree of exposure; in other words, it is a source of danger.
Holder
An object which supports the specimen in the correct position for the characterisation process.
A linear potential scan, at sufficiently slow scan rates so as to ensure a steady state response, is usually applied.
Mass transport of a redox species enhanced by convection in this way results in a greater electric current. Convective mass transfer occurs up to the diffusion-limiting layer, within which the mass transfer is controlled by diffusion. Electroactive substance depletion outside the diffusion layer is annulled by convective mass transfer, which results in steady- state sigmoidal wave-shaped current-potential curves.
The forced flow can be accomplished by movement either of the solution (solution stirring, or channel flow), or of the electrode (electrode rotation or vibration).
HydrodynamicVoltammetry
voltammetry with forced flow of the solution towards the electrode surface
ICI
IntermittentCurrentInterruptionMethod
electrochemical method that measures the voltage response of an electrochemical cell under galvanostatic conditions to short interruptions in the current
Impedimetry
measurement principle in which the complex electric impedance of a system is measured, usually as a function of a small amplitude sinusoidal electrode potential
InteractionVolume
The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information).
In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc.
In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress, …).
In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem.
It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
IntermediateSample
IonChromatography
Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
IonMobilitySpectrometry
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) It is a method of conducting analytical research that separates and identifies ionized molecules present in the gas phase based on the mobility of the molecules in a carrier buffer gas. Even though it is used extensively for military or security objectives, such as detecting drugs and explosives, the technology also has many applications in laboratory analysis, including studying small and big biomolecules. IMS instruments are extremely sensitive stand-alone devices, but are often coupled with mass spectrometry, gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography in order to achieve a multi-dimensional separation. They come in various sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters depending on the specific application, and are capable of operating under a broad range of conditions. IMS instruments such as microscale high-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry can be palm-portable for use in a range of applications including volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring, biological sample analysis, medical diagnosis and food quality monitoring.
IsothermalMicrocalorimetry
Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is a laboratory method for real-time monitoring and dynamic analysis of chemical, physical and biological processes. Over a period of hours or days, IMC determines the onset, rate, extent and energetics of such processes for specimens in small ampoules (e.g. 3–20 ml) at a constant set temperature (c. 15 °C–150 °C). IMC accomplishes this dynamic analysis by measuring and recording vs. elapsed time the net rate of heat flow (μJ/s = μW) to or from the specimen ampoule, and the cumulative amount of heat (J) consumed or produced.
The laboratory where the whole characterisation process or some of its stages take place.
LevelOfAutomation
Describes the level of automation of the test.
LevelOfExpertise
Describes the level of expertise required to carry out a process (the entire test or the data processing).
LightScattering
Light scattering is the way light behaves when it interacts with a medium that contains particles or the boundary between different mediums where defects or structures are present. It is different than the effects of refraction, where light undergoes a change in index of refraction as it passes from one medium to another, or reflection, where light reflects back into the same medium, both of which are governed by Snell’s law. Light scattering can be caused by factors such as the nature, texture, or specific structures of a surface and the presence of gas, liquid, or solid particles through which light propagates, as well as the nature of the light itself, of its wavelengths and polarization states. It usually results in diffuse light and can also affect the dispersion of color.
LinearChronopotentiometry
chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly
LSV corresponds to the first half cycle of cyclic voltammetry.
The peak current is expressed by the Randles-Ševčík equation.
The scan is usually started at a potential where no electrode reaction occurs.
LinearScanVoltammetry
LSV
LinearPolarization
LinearSweepVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which the current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied linearly with time.
MassSpectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of different molecules.
MeasurementDataPostProcessing
Application of a post-processing model to signals through a software, in order to calculate the final characterisation property.
Analysis of SEM (or optical) images to gain additional information (image filtering/integration/averaging, microstructural analysis, grain size evaluation, Digital Image Correlation procedures, etc.)
In nanoindentation testing, this is the Oliver-Pharr method, which allows calculating the elastic modulus and hardness of the sample by using the load and depth measured signals.
MeasurementParameter
Describes the main input parameters that are needed to acquire the signal
Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured NOTE 1 If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2 Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3 Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4 After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated. -- International Vocabulary of Metrology(VIM)
Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process.
Adjustment
MeasurementTime
The overall time needed to acquire the measurement data
Mechanical
Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types: 1. those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry. 2. those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
MembraneOsmometry
In the membrane osmometry technique, a pure solvent and polymer solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, due to the higher chemical potential of the solvent in the pure solvent than in polymer solution, the solvent starts moving towards the polymer solution.
Microscopy
Microscopy is a category of characterization techniques which probe and map the surface and sub-surface structure of a material. These techniques can use photons, electrons, ions or physical cantilever probes to gather data about a sample's structure on a range of length scales.
Nanoindentation
Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation.
By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
NeutronSpinEchoSpectroscopy
Neutron spin echo spectroscopy is a high resolution inelastic neutron scattering method probing nanosecond dynamics. Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy uses the precession of neutron spins in a magnetic field to measure the energy transfer at the sample and decouples the energy resolution from beam characteristics like monochromatisation and collimation.
Nexafs
Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), also known as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
Normal pulse polarography is NPV in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied just before the mechanically enforced end of the drop. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop time. The drop dislodgment is synchro- nized with current sampling, which is carried out just before the end of the pulse, as in NPV.
Sigmoidal wave-shaped voltammograms are obtained.
The current is sampled at the end of the pulse and then plotted versus the potential of the pulse.
The current is sampled just before the end of the pulse, when the charging current is greatly diminished. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detec- tion is lowered.
The sensitivity of NPV is not affected by the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
NormalPulseVoltammetry
NPV
voltammetry in which potential pulses of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms are superimposed on a constant initial potential
NuclearMagneticResonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
OpenCircuitHold
OCVHold
a process in which the electric current is kept constant at 0 (i.e., open-circuit conditions)
Operator
The human operator who takes care of the whole characterisation method or sub-processes/stages.
Optical
OpticalMicroscopy
Optical microscopy is a technique used to closely view a sample through the magnification of a lens with visible light
Osmometry
Osmometry is an advanced analytical method for determining the osmotic concentration of solutions. The osmotic – or solute – concentration of a colloidal system is expressed in osmoles (Osm) per unit of volume (Osm/L) or weight (Osm/kg).
PhotoluminescenceMicroscopy
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely used technique for characterisation of the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors and molecules.
PhysicsOfInteraction
Set of physics principles (and associated governing equations) that describes the interaction between the sample and the probe.
In x-ray diffraction, this is represented by the set of physics equations that describe the relation between the incident x-ray beam and the diffracted beam (the most simple form for this being the Bragg’s law).
PostProcessingModel
Mathematical model used to process data.
The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury
the accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry
the stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution
the time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution
PotentiometricStrippingAnalysis
PSA
two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential
For measurements using ion-selective electrodes, the measurement is made under equi- librium conditions what means that the macroscopic electric current is zero and the con- centrations of all species are uniform throughout the solution. The indicator electrode is in direct contact with the analyte solution, whereas the reference electrode is usually separated from the analyte solution by a salt bridge. The potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is normally directly proportional to the logarithm of the activity (concentration) of the analyte in the solution (Nernst equation). See also ion selec- tive electrode.
Method of electroanalytical chemistry based on measurement of an electrode potential.
Potentiometry
Potentiometric methods are used to measure the electrochemical potentials of a metallic structure in a given environment.
The sample after a preparation process.
PrimaryData
Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing.
Baseline subtraction
Noise reduction
X and Y axes correction
Probe
Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties.
In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics.
In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm.
In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…)
In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence).
In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry
ProbeSampleInteraction
Process representing the interaction between the Probe and the Sample (with a certain Interaction Volume) which generates a Signal
ProcessingReproducibility
Description of performed statistical analysis to check for data reproducibility (e.g. easily reproducible for everyone, reproducible for a domain expert, reproducible only for Data processing Expert)
Profilometry
Profilometry is a technique used to extract topographical data from a surface. This can be a single point, a line scan or even a full three dimensional scan. The purpose of profilometry is to get surface morphology, step heights and surface roughness.
PulsedElectroacousticMethod
The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is an established method for space charge measurements in polymeric dielectrics.
RamanSpectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy (/ˈrɑːmən/) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Raman scattering. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Infrared spectroscopy typically yields similar yet complementary information. Typically, a sample is illuminated with a laser beam. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the laser line (Rayleigh scattering) is filtered out by either a notch filter, edge pass filter, or a band pass filter, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector.
RawData
Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated.
The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy.
In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time.
In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam.
In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
RawSample
ReferenceSample
Certified Reference Material
Reference material
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. -- International Vocabulary of Metrology(VIM)
Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method. [ISO 17858:2007]
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process”.
Sample
Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material. If there is no or negligible sampling error, the portion removed is a test portion, aliquot, or specimen.
Sample and Specime are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
SampleInspection
Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method.
In the Nanoindentation method the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area.
SampleInspectionParameter
Parameter used for the sample inspection process
SamplePreparation
Sample preparation processes (e.g., machining, polishing, cutting to size, etc.) before actual observation and measurement.
SamplePreparationHardware
Hardware used for the preparation of the sample.
SamplePreparationParameter
Parameter used for the sample preparation process
In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to double layer charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lowered.
SampledDCPolarography
TASTPolarography
DC polarography with current sampling at the end of each drop life mechanically enforced by a knocker at a preset drop time value. The current sampling and mechanical drop dislodge are synchronized.
SamplingProcess
Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated.
The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
ScanningAugerElectronMicroscopy
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES or simply Auger) is a surface analysis technique that uses an electron beam to excite electrons on atoms in the particle. Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can emit “Auger” electrons. AES measures the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons. The energy of the emitted electrons is characteristic of elements present at the surface and near the surface of a sample.
ScanningElectronMicroscopy
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.
ScanningKelvinProbe
Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) are probe techniques which permit mapping of topography and Volta potential distribution on electrode surfaces. It measures the surface electrical potential of a sample without requiring an actual physical contact.
ScanningProbeMicroscopy
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.
ScanningTunnelingMicroscopy
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, or STM, is an imaging technique used to obtain ultra-high resolution images at the atomic scale, without using light or electron beams.
ScatteringAndDiffraction
SecondaryData
Elaborated data
Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data.
Deconvoluted curves
Intensity maps
SecondaryIonMassSpectrometry
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions.
ShearOrTorsionTest
According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661 ).
Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity.
Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
Spectrometry
Spectroscopic techniques are numerous and varied, but all involve measuring the response of a material to different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the technique used, material characterization may be based on the absorption, emission, impedance, or reflection of incident energy by a sample.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is a category of characterization techniques which use a range of principles to reveal the chemical composition, composition variation, crystal structure and photoelectric properties of materials.
Most instruments show plots of the current at the end of the forward-going pulse and of the backward-going pulse vs. the potential, as well as their difference. This can give valuable information on the kinetics of the electrode reaction and the electrode process.
The current is sampled just before the end of the forward- going pulse and of the backward-going pulse and the difference of the two sampled currents is plotted versus the applied potential of the potential or staircase ramp. The square-wave voltammogram is peak-shaped
The sensitivity of SWV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
SquareWaveVoltammetry
OSWV
OsteryoungSquareWaveVoltammetry
SWV
voltammetry in which a square-wave potential waveform is superimposed on an underlying linearly varying potential ramp or staircase ramp
StepChronopotentiometry
chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps
Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was historically used to measure concentrations of metal ions in solution using cathodic accumulation with mercury to form an amalgam. Due to the toxicity of mercury and its compounds, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have frequently replaced ASV at mercury electrodes in the laboratory, often sacrificing the probing of speciation and lability in complex matrices. Mercury has now been replaced by non-toxic bismuth or anti- mony as films on a solid electrode support (such as glassy carbon) with equally good sensi- tivity and detection limits.
Because the accumulation (pre-concentration) step can be prolonged, increasing the amount of material at the electrode, stripping voltammetry is able to measure very small concentrations of analyte.
Often the product of the electrochemical stripping is identical to the analyte before the accumulation.
Stripping voltammetry is a calibrated method to establish the relation between amount accumulated in a given time and the concentration of the analyte in solution.
Types of stripping voltammetry refer to the kind of accumulation (e.g. adsorptive stripping voltammetry) or the polarity of the stripping electrochemistry (anodic, cathodic stripping voltammetry).
StrippingVoltammetry
two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the amount of an accumulated species is measured by voltammetry. The measured electric current in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution by calibration.
Synchrotron
TensileTest
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main difference between these testing machines being how load is applied on the materials.
Thermochemical
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
Thermogravimetry
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).
Tomography
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, cosmochemistry, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" or, in this context as well, "to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.
TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
High level description of the user case. It can include the properties of the material, the conditions of the environment and possibly mentioning which are the industrial sectors of reference.
VaporPressureDepressionOsmometry
Vapor pressure osmometry measures vapor pressure indirectly by measuring the change in temperature of a polymer solution on dilution by solvent vapor and is generally useful for polymers with Mn below 10,000–40,000 g/mol. When molecular weight is more than that limit, the quantity being measured becomes very small to detect.
Viscometry
Viscometry or viscosity method was one of the first methods used for determining the MW of polymers. In this method, the viscosity of polymer solution is measured, and the simplest method used is capillary viscometry by using the Ubbelohde U-tube viscometer. In this method, both the flow time of the polymer solution (t) and the flow time of the pure solvent (t0) are recorded. The ratio of the polymer solution flow time (t) to the flow time of pure solvent (t0) is equal to the ratio of their viscosities (η/η0) only if they have the same densities.
The current vs. potential (I-E) curve is called a voltammogram.
Voltammetry
Voltammetry is an analytical technique based on the measure of the current flowing through an electrode dipped in a solution containing electro-active compounds, while a potential scanning is imposed upon it.
VoltammetryAtARotatingDiskElectrode
hydrodynamic voltammetry using a a rotating disc electrode, where the limiting current is described by the Levich equation
WearTest
A wear test measures the changes in conditions caused by friction, and the result is obtained from deformation, scratches, and indentations on the interacting surfaces. Wear is defined as the progressive removal of the material from a solid surface and manifested by a change in the geometry of the surface.
XpsVariableKinetic
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also known as ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is a surface analysis technique which provides both elemental and chemical state information virtually without restriction on the type of material which can be analysed. It is a relatively simple technique where the sample is illuminated with X-rays which have enough energy to eject an electron from the atom. These ejected electrons are known as photoelectrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is characteristic of the element from which the photoelectron originated. The position and intensity of the peaks in an energy spectrum provide the desired chemical state and quantitative information. The surface sensitivity of XPS is determined by the distance that that photoelectron can travel through the material without losing any kinteic energy. These elastiaclly scattered photoelectrons contribute to the photoelectron peak, whilst photoelectrons that have been inelastically scattered, losing some kinetic energy before leaving the material, will contribute to the spectral background.
XrdGrazingIncidence
MagnesiumSaltCompound
TitaniumOxideCompound
Mg(PF6)2
MagnesiumHexafluorophosphate
CdO
CadmiumOxide
GalliumOxideCompound
PbCO3
LeadIICarbonate
NMO
SodiumManganeseOxide
TransitionMetalSaltCompound
NonStoichiometricSiliconOxide
SiliconOxide
an oxide of silicon with the general form SiOx where the stoichiometry of oxygen, x, is between 1 and 2
NaTFSI
SodiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Al(ClO3)3
AluminiumChlorate
Pb(OAc)2
LeadIIAcetate
HCO2H
FormicAcid
LeadSaltCompound
AcrylicAcid
GBL
GButyrolactone
GammaButyrolactone
One of the furans with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.
CoF2
CobaltIIFluoride
Al2(CO3)3
AluminiumCarbonate
Cu(NO3)2
CopperIINitrate
2MethoxyethylMethylCarbonate
MOEMC
Ba(TFSI)2
BariumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Co(NO2)2
CobaltIINitrite
InBr3
IndiumIIIBromide
CopperSaltCompound
Ca(OTf)2
CalciumTriflate
Copper
Mn(ClO3)2
ManganeseIIChlorate
MeOH
Methanol
Ca(OH)2
CalciumHydroxide
In(BF4)3
IndiumIIITetrafluoroborate
CarbonBlack
NaBOP
SodiumBisoxalatophosphate
In(OTf)2
IndiumIIITriflate
SodiumCobaltPhosphate
PalladiumOxideCompound
LiPF6
LithiumHexafluorophosphate
Al(OH)3
AluminiumHydroxide
DOL
Dioxolane
Dioxolane appears as a clear colorless liquid. Slightly denser than water. Vapors heavier than air.
Technetium
a substance into which another substance is dissolved
PropionicAcid
Ni(TFSI)2
NickelIIBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Cu3(PO4)2
CopperIIPhosphate
TinOxideCompound
MixedMetalOxideCompound
Oxolane
THF
Tetrahydrofuran
Ba(BF4)2
BariumTetrafluoroborate
ZincHydroxide
In(ClO4)3
IndiumIIIPerchlorate
CoSO3
CobaltIISulfite
HClO3
ChloricAcid
Ga2O3
GalliumOxide
Zn(CN)2
ZincCyanide
Al(OAc)3
AluminiumAcetate
NaTFOB
SodiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
TTFEB
Tris222TrifluoroethylBorate
CO2
CarbonDioxide
MeOAc
MethylEthanoate
MethylAcetate
NiSO4
NickelIISulfate
ZnSO3
ZincSulfite
Ca(BOP)2
CalciumBisoxalatophosphate
FEC
FluoroethyleneCarbonate
Arsenic
SBR
StyreneButadiene
DMM
Methylal
Dimethoxymethane
Dimethoxymethane is an acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde. It is an acetal and a diether. It is functionally related to a methanediol.
Cu2O
CopperIOxide
HOCH2CO2H
GlycolicAcid
Sr(OAc)2
StrontiumAcetate
ClO4
AmmoniumPerchlorate
In(NO3)3
IndiumIIINitrate
Cr(OH)3
ChromiumHydroxide
CuO
CopperIIOxide
Platinum
BPFPB
NaI
SodiumIodide
Mg(BOB)2
MagnesiumBisoxalatoborate
ClO3
AmmoniumChlorate
KPF6
PotassiumHexafluorophosphate
RhO2
RhodiumIVOxide
ZincOxideCompound
H2CO3
CarbonicAcid
Oxygen
MnI2
ManganeseIIIodide
Co(OH)2
CobaltHydroxide
CoSO4
CobaltIISulfate
MnBr2
ManganeseIIBromide
Ethyldiglyme
DiethyleneGlycolDiethylEther
WeakAcid
Ag2O
SilverIOxide
In2O3
IndiumIIIOxide
Rubidium
NiSO3
NickelIISulfite
CuF2
CopperIIFluoride
Mg(TFOB)2
MagnesiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Be(OH)2
BerylliumHydroxide
Krypton
PotassiumIodide
TetraFluoroBorate
Tetrafluoroborate(1-) is a boron fluoride. It is a conjugate base of a tetrafluoroboric acid. It derives from a hydride of a borohydride.
Na2CO3
SodiumCarbonate
Sr(OTf)2
StrontiumTriflate
PlatinumOxideCompound
Mg(OAc)2
MagnesiumAcetate
LiAlCl4
LithiumTetrachloroaluminate
Nitrogen
IPA
IsopropylAlcohol
Mn(OAc)2
ManganeseIIAcetate
TransitionMetalElementalSubstance
C4H9OH
NButanol
AmmoniumChloride
MnCl2
ManganeseIIChloride
AlI3
AluminiumIodide
VinyleneCarbonate
HMPA
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Fe(OH)3
IronIIIHydroxide
Perchlorate
Zn(BF4)2
ZincTetrafluoroborate
Bismuth
LiTFOB
LithiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Ni(OTf)2
NickelIITriflate
H3PO4
PhosphoricAcid
SrSO4
StrontiumSulfate
CadmiumOxideCompound
K2SO3
PotassiumSulfite
PentanoicAcid
SrC2l
StrontiumChloride
ZrO2
ZirconiumIVOxide
Germanium
Argon
Fe2O3
IronIIIOxide
TEOS
Tetraethoxysilane
TetraethylOrthosilicate
Sr(PF6)2
StrontiumHexafluorophosphate
Solute
a substance dissolved into another substance
NMC
LithiumNickelManganeseCobaltOxide
Polonium
DMS
Dimethylsulfate
InPO4
IndiumIIIPhosphate
2,4,5-trioxa-1λ5-phospha-3-indabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1-oxide
CuI2
CopperIIIodide
NH3
Ammonia
CuI
CopperIIodide
InF3
IndiumIIIFluoride
LiBF4
LithiumTetrafluoroborate
CaSO3
CalciumSulfite
GlycericAcid
PbO
LeadIIOxide
Co(NO3)2
CobaltIINitrate
Zn(ClO4)2
ZincPerchlorate
IronSalt
K3PO4
PotassiumPhosphate
Sr(FSI)2
StrontiumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Mg(NO2)2
MagnesiumNitrite
Nafion
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)propan-2-yl]oxyethanesulfonic acid
Co(OAc)2
CobaltIIAcetate
Cl2
Chlorine
Mg(FSI)2
MagnesiumBisfluorosulfonylimide
SnO
TinIIOxide
Mg(ClO3)2
MagnesiumChlorate
Ni(NO3)2
NickelIINitrate
Cu(NO2)2
CopperIINitrite
PropyleneCarbonate
Li3PO4
LithiumPhosphate
LithiumSaltCompound
NaAlCl4
SodiumTetrachloroaluminate
KNO3
PotassiumNitrate
Vi2O3
VanadiumIIIOxide
Ni(OAc)2
NickelIIAcetate
LiDFOB
LithiumDifluorooxalatoborate
Co(OTf)2
CobaltIITriflate
Na2SO4
SodiumSulfate
TartaricAcid
CoI2
CobaltIIIodide
KOTf
PotassiumTriflate
IridiumOxideCompound
LiNO3
LithiumNitrate
LiBOB
LithiumBisoxalatoborate
Al(ClO4)3
AluminiumPerchlorate
LCO
LithiumCobaltOxide
RutheniumOxideCompound
NaCl
SodiumChloride
Ba(TFOB)2
BariumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
Na3PO4
SodiumPhosphate
NaOAc
SodiumAcetate
BaSO3
BariumSulfite
Carbon
SuccinicAnhydride
Isopropylbenzene
Cumene
Cumene is an alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.
NaClO4
SodiumPerchlorate
Ni(PF6)2
NickelIIHexafluorophosphate
Fluorine
NiO
NickelIIOxide
CaF2
CalciumFluoride
Hafnium
Zn3(PO4)2
ZincPhosphate
MgF2
MagnesiumFluoride
CaBr2
CalciumBromide
HN3
HydrazoicAcid
IronOxideCompound
SrI2
StrontiumIodide
BaI2
BariumIodide
SO3
AmmoniumSulfite
AmmoniumBromide
PbSO3
LeadIISulfite
Ca(DFOB)2
CalciumDifluorooxalatoborate
Ba(BOP)2
BariumBisoxalatophosphate
Zirconium
In(OAc)3
IndiumIIIAcetate
RuO4
RutheniumVIIIOxide
Ca(OAc)2
CalciumAcetate
TiO
TitaniumIIOxide
PdO
PalladiumOxide
TDI
EthyleneCarbonate
Ethylene carbonate is a carbonate ester.
NiCl2
NickelIIChloride
SrCO3
StrontiumCarbonate
SodiumSaltCompound
Magnesium
NaPF6
SodiumHexafluorophosphate
NMP
NMethyl2Pyrrolidone
ZnS
ZincSulfide
ManganeseOxideCompound
Anion
PbCl2
LeadIIChloride
NH2OH
Hydroxylamine
TPFTB
TrisPentafluorophenylBorane
Ti2O3
TitaniumIIIOxide
Niobium
HardCarbon
3Methylsulfolane
ThreeMeSulfolane
NaNO2
SodiumNitrite
Molybdenum
CoCO3
CobaltIICarbonate
Mg(ClO4)2
MagnesiumPerchlorate
Triflate
TriFluoroMethaneSulfonate
Xenon
Pb(ClO3)2
LeadIIChlorate
PostTransitionMetalOxideCompound
PDI
Mg(TFSI)2
MagnesiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
3Methyl2Oxazolidone
ThreeMeTwoOxazolidinone
IridiumSaltCompound
NiS
NickelIISulfide
LiPO2F2
LithiumDifluorophosphate
Ni(BF4)2
NickelIITetrafluoroborate
AluminiumOxideCompound
Li2SO3
LithiumSulfite
Ba(PF6)2
BariumHexafluorophosphate
Mn2O3
ManganeseIIIOxide
LithiumHydroxide
CoBr2
CobaltIIBromide
Zn(TFSI)2
ZincBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
NaDFOB
SodiumDifluorooxalatoborate
Mn3O4
ManganeseII_IIIOxide
Silicon
AlkaliMetalElementalSubstance
SodiumChromiumOxide
Mn3(PO4)2
ManganeseIIPhosphate
Thallium
2Methyltetrahydrofuran
TwoMeTHF
Methyltetrahydrofuran appears as a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Used to make other chemicals and as a solvent.
AlF3
AluminiumFluoride
NiCO3
NickelIICarbonate
Zn(ClO3)2
ZincChlorate
K2SO4
PotassiumSulfate
CarbonElementalSubstance
Sr(ClO4)2
StrontiumPerchlorate
AlkaliMetalSaltCompound
BOP
LithiumBisoxalatophosphate
Sr(DFOB)2
StrontiumDifluorooxalatoborate
MnO
ManganeseIIOxide
Iodine
Pb(NO3)2
LeadIINitrate
InI3
IndiumIIIIodide
ZnCO3
ZincCarbonate
Ba(ClO4)2
BariumPerchlorate
NaF
SodiumFluoride
Cu(ClO4)2
CopperIIPerchlorate
Ca(NO3)2
CalciumNitrate
Gallium
Ni(NO2)2
NickelIINitrite
KClO3
PotassiumChlorate
4Glyme
TEGDME
TetraethyleneGlycolDimethylEther
Tetraglyme
Tetraglyme is a polyether.
TartronicAcid
Helium
ZnI2
ZincIodide
DMF
Dimethylformamide
InCl3
IndiumIIIChloride
ReactiveNonMetalElementalSubstance
Cu(OH)2
CopperHydroxide
PAA
PolyacrylicAcid
(3S,5S,7S)-octane-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid
ButanoicAcid
Polyethylene
NiBr2
NickelIIBromide
SrF2
StrontiumFluoride
K2CO3
PotassiumCarbonate
Aquivion
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)ethanesulfonyl fluoride
MalicAcid
Ca(ClO3)2
CalciumChlorate
AlkalineSubstance
Base
substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen cations when dissolved
LiBr
LithiumBromide
Ba(FSI)2
BariumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Pb(BF4)2
LeadIITetrafluoroborate
NiOOH
NickelOxideHydroxide
BariumSaltCompound
PolymerCompound
BOB
BisOxalatoBorate
Al(OTf)3
AluminiumTriflate
AproticSolventCompound
BaS
BariumSulfide
V2O5
VanadiumVOxide
In2O
IndiumIOxide
Calcium
CuCO3
CopperIICarbonate
N,N-dimethylformamide is a member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent, a hepatotoxic agent and a geroprotector. It is a volatile organic compound and a member of formamides. It is functionally related to a formamide.
SolventCompound
LiTFSI
LithiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Mg(DFOB)2
MagnesiumDifluorooxalatoborate
Cd(OH)2
CadmiumHydroxide
HydrogenIodide
DCM
MethyleneChloride
MethyleneDichloride
Dichloromethane
MnS
ManganeseIISulfide
LiOAc
LithiumAcetate
Ca3(PO4)2
CalciumPhosphate
ZnO
ZincOxide
Caesium
Tungsten
(CH2)4SO2
Sulfolane
ProticSolventCompound
Na2S
SodiumSulfide
ChromiumOxideCompound
Potassium
TFSI
BisTriflimide
AlPO4
AluminiumPhosphate
AlCl3
AluminiumChloride
Na2SO3
SodiumSulfite
Iron
Sr(ClO3)2
StrontiumChlorate
CaSO4
CalciumSulfate
AmmoniumSulfide
BMB
BisMalonatoBorate
Li2S
LithiumSulfide
InBr
IndiumIBromide
SrBr2
StrontiumBromide
PostTransitionMetalSaltCompound
MgSO3
MagnesiumSulfite
SrS
StrontiumSulfide
Ba3(PO4)2
BariumPhosphate
Tellurium
PbF2
LeadIIFluoride
Ba(ClO3)2
BariumChlorate
Ca(PF6)2
CalciumHexafluorophosphate
WeakBaseCompound
IndiumOxideCompound
Aluminium
Cobalt
PVA
PolyvinylAlcohol
2-FP
TwoFluoropyridine
NaOH
SodiumHydroxide
Cadmium
ZnSO4
ZincSulfate
Ni(ClO4)2
NickelIIPerchlorate
DMPU
Dimethylpropyleneurea
PbSO4
LeadIISulfate
In2S3
IndiumIIISulfide
MgS
MagnesiumSulfide
Pb(NO2)2
LeadIINitrite
Alcohol
SodiumNickelPhosphate
Mn(ClO4)2
ManganeseIIPerchlorate
2Glyme
DiethyleneGlycolDimethylEther
Diglyme
Diglyme is a polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol. It has a role as a solvent, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is functionally related to a diethylene glycol.
Sr(NO2)2
StrontiumNitrite
H2SO3
SulfurousAcid
Ruthenium
CuCl2
CopperIIChloride
Indium
Zinc
Sulfur
Tin
HexanoicAcid
PbO2
LeadIVOxide
Ca(BOB)2
CalciumBisoxalatoborate
MethoxyTrimethylSilane
MgSO4
MagnesiumSulfate
CFx
CarbonMonofluoride
NH4F
AmmoniumFluoride
CFC11
Freon11
Trichlorofluoromethane
Co(BF4)2
CobaltIITetrafluoroborate
HNO2
NitrousAcid
MgCO3
MagnesiumCarbonate
(CH3)2CO
Acetone
StrontiumSaltCompound
a(DFOB)2
BariumDifluorooxalatoborate
Sodium
Al2O3
AluminiumOxide
Rhenium
AlkalineEarthMetalElementalSubstance
Zn(PF6)2
ZincHexafluorophosphate
VandaiumOxideCompound
Sr(BF4)2
StrontiumTetrafluoroborate
(CH2)4O
NaNO3
SodiumNitrate
NO3
AmmoniumNitrate
ZirconiumOxideCompound
KCl
PotassiumChloride
MetalloidElementalSubstance
Li2CO3
LithiumCarbonate
HCl
HydrogenChloride
LFP
LithiumIronPhosphate
AmmoniumSaltCompound
Ba(OAc)2
BariumAcetate
Sr(TFOB)2
StrontiumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
KBr
PotassiumBromide
Benzene
Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It evaporates into the air very quickly and dissolves slightly in water. It is highly flammable and is formed from both natural processes and human activities. Benzene is widely used in the United States; it ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume. Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.
HBr
HydrogenBromide
LTO
LithiumTitanate
Zn(OAc)2
ZincAcetate
Ba(BOB)2
BariumBisoxalatoborate
VanadiumIIOxide
LiF
LithiumFluoride
ChromiumIIIOxide
BaF2
BariumFluoride
Yttrium
SodiumManganesePhosphate
ZincSaltCompound
Pb(ClO4)2
LeadIIPerchlorate
CH3CO2H
AceticAcid
MgCl2
MagnesiumChloride
OHCCO2H
GlyoxylicAcid
CitricAcid
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Sr(NO3)2
StrontiumNitrate
OrganicAcidCompound
MeCN
Acetonitrile
Gold
EtOH
Ethanol
RuO2
RutheniumIVOxide
TransitionMetalOxideCompound
Manganese
DMSO
DimethylSulfoxide
Scandium
Sr(BOB)2
StrontiumBisoxalatoborate
Vanadium
Al(NO3)3
AluminiumNitrate
DME
Dimethoxyethane
1,2-dimethoxyethane is a diether that is the 1,2-dimethyl ether of ethane-1,2-diol. It has a role as a non-polar solvent. It is functionally related to an ethylene glycol.
CaI2
CalciumIodide
Mg3(PO4)2
MagnesiumPhosphate
InI
IndiumIIodide
LiOTf
LithiumTriflate
DEC
DiethylCarbonate
Diethyl carbonate is a carbonate ester.
NickelOxideCompound
PostTransitionMetalElementalSubstance
Ni(OH)2
NickelHydroxide
DimethoxyDimethylSilane
MgI2
MagnesiumIodide
124Trimethylbenzene
Pseudocumeme
Fluoroarsenate
HexaFluoroArsenate
EMC
EthylMethylCarbonate
Ca(BF4)2
CalciumTetrafluoroborate
MesoxalicAcid
Iridium
CobaltSaltCompound
Radon
LeadOxideCompound
Br2
Bromine
Cu(OAc)2
CopperIIAcetate
MnSO4
ManganeseIISulfate
ZnF2
ZincFluoride
Al2S3
AluminiumSulfide
Co3(PO4)2
CobaltIIPhosphate
H2SO4
SulfuricAcid
StrongBaseCompound
Graphene
ZnCl2
ZincChloride
THU
Thiourea
NaBr
SodiumBromide
Ga2O
GalliumIOxide
Radium
Mg(BOP)2
MagnesiumBisoxalatophosphate
FeO
IronIIOxide
Lithium
CalciumSaltCompound
Ir2O3
IridiumIIIOxide
LNO
LithiumNickelOxide
SO4
AmmoniumSulfate
K2S
PotassiumSulfide
DMC
DimethylCarbonate
Dimethyl carbonate is a carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4℃, b.p. 90℃) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent. It has a role as a solvent and a reagent.
SiliconMonoxide
LacticAcid
Pb(OTf)2
LeadIITriflate
SodiumIronPhosphate
Mg(BF4)2
MagnesiumTetrafluoroborate
MnCO3
ManganeseIICarbonate
Polypropylene
Sr(BOP)2
StrontiumBisoxalatophosphate
KBF4
PotassiumTetrafluoroborate
PotassiumSaltCompound
Li2SO4
LithiumSulfate
FeS2
IronDisulfide
PrOH
NPropanol
Rh2O3
RhodiumIIIOxide
Beryllium
RhodiumOxideCompound
Ba(OH)2
BariumHydroxide
InSO4
IndiumIIISulfate
Boron
NobleGasElementalSubstance
CaCO3
CalciumCarbonate
ManganeseSaltCompound
Acid
substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen cations when dissolved
KOH
PotassiumHydroxide
Ni(ClO3)2
NickelIIChlorate
NCA
LithiumNickelCobaltAluminiumOxide
Osmium
SodiumCobaltOxide
Mg(NO3)2
MagnesiumNitrate
HO2CCO2H
OxalicAcid
Rhodium
BenzoicAcid
Sr(TFSI)2
StrontiumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
KClO4
PotassiumPerchlorate
BaSO4
BariumSulfate
CuSO4
CopperIISulfate
SrSO3
StrontiumSulfite
Ca(TFSI)2
CalciumBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
CMC
CarboxymethylCellulose
acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
Cu(OTf)2
CopperIITriflate
Mg(OH)2
MagnesiumHydroxide
BaCO3
BariumCarbonate
PFPI
PentafluorophenylIsocyanate
Selenium
Graphite
NaClO3
SodiumChlorate
NO2
AmmoniumNitrite
CuS
CopperIISulfide
Strontium
TiO2
TitaniumDioxide
CaCl2
CalciumChloride
CuBr2
CopperIIBromide
NaOTf
SodiumTriflate
GlycidicAcid
Neon
MalonicAcid
ZnBr2
ZincBromide
CO3
AmmoniumCarbonate
MercuryOxideCompound
BaCl2
BariumChloride
EthyleneGlycolDiethylEther
Ethylmonoglyme
In2(CO3)3
IndiumIIICarbonate
Cation
SnO2
TinIVOxide
Zn(NO2)2
ZincNitrite
K4BiI7
TetrapotassiumHeptaiodobismuthate
CaS
CalciumSulfide
Mercury
IonomerCompound
PEG
PolyethyleneGlycol
Pb3O4
LeadII_IVOxide
MnO2
ManganeseDioxide
NickelSaltCompound
PF6
HexaFluoroPhosphate
Hexafluorophosphate(1-) is a phosphorus halide.
Ca(TFOB)2
CalciumTrifluoromethanesulfonyloxalatoborate
AmphotericCompound
substance that can act as an acid or a base
NonMetalOxide
CoS
CobaltIISulfide
LiClO4
LithiumPerchlorate
Chromium
Mg(OTf)2
MagnesiumTriflate
Ni3(PO4)2
NickelIIPhosphate
FSI
BisFluorosulfonylAmide
Cu(BF4)2
CopperIITetrafluoroborate
PTFE
Polyterafluoroethylene
Co(ClO4)2
CobaltIIPerchlorate
Sr3(PO4)2
StrontiumPhosphate
Ba(NO2)2
BariumNitrite
Zn(NO3)2
ZincNitrate
Antimony
Ba(NO3)2
BariumNitrate
Silver
LiI
LithiumIodide
AmmoniumIodide
VO2
VanadiumIVOxide
CoCl2
CobaltIIChloride
Methylbenzene
Toluol
Toluene
ChromiumIVOxide
Sr(OH)2
StrontiumHydroxide
Al2(SO4)3
AluminiumSulfate
NaBF4
SodiumTetrafluoroborate
NaBOB
SodiumBisoxalatoborate
LMO
LithiumManganeseOxide
NiI2
NickelIIIodide
Fe3O4
IronII_IIIOxide
LithiumChlorate
Mn(NO3)2
ManganeseIINitrate
Zn(OTf)2
ZincTriflate
PotassiumFluoride
TrimethoxyMethylSilane
HClO4
PerchloricAcid
Co(ClO3)2
CobaltIIChlorate
Tantalum
PtO
PlatinumOxide
Salt
a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of cations and anions
IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.
VEC
VinylEthyleneCarbonate
OrthoXylene
OXylene
Cu(ClO3)2
CopperIIChlorate
Ion
LiFSI
LithiumBisfluorosulfonylimide
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene is an alkylbenzene carrying an ethyl substituent. It is a constituent of coal tar and petroleum.
C5H5N
Pyridine
KOAc
PotassiumAcetate
SilverOxideCompound
Ca(NO2)2
CalciumNitrite
PVDF
PolyvinylideneFluoride
(2S)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]propanethioic S-acid
AluminiumSaltCompound
LNMO
LithiumNickelManganeseOxide
MetaXylene
MXylene
Co(TFSI)2
CobaltIIBistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
Pb3(PO4)2
LeadIIPhosphate
3Glyme
TriethyleneGlycolDimethylEther
Triglyme
Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (also called triglyme) is a glycol ether used as a solvent.
StrongAcid
Tris(222Trifluoroethyl)Phosphate
TFP
PropylSulfone
DipropylSulfone
CO(NH2)2
Urea
IrO2
IridiumDioxide
HydrogenFluoride
CopperOxideCompound
LiNO2
LithiumNitrite
Titanium
PbS
LeadIISulfide
Nickel
Palladium
KNO2
PotassiumNitrite
MnF2
ManganeseIIFluoride
HNO3
NitricAcid
MgBr2
MagnesiumBromide
SOCl2
ThionylChloride
Barium
PbBr2
LeadIIBromide
AlkalineEarthMetalSaltCompound
Ba(OTf)2
BariumTriflate
Ca(ClO4)2
CalciumPerchlorate
HgO
MercuryIIOxide
PAN
Polyacrylonitrile
EthylAcetate
Ca(FSI)2
CalciumBisfluorosulfonylimide
PyruvicAcid
PbI2
LeadIIIodide
AlBr3
AluminiumBromide
Silica
SiliconDioxide
dioxosilane
BaBr2
BariumBromide
LiCl
LithiumChloride
NiF2
NickelIIFluoride
Lead
PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageTest
a test where an electrochemical device is operated at a very low current, approximating equilibrium behaviour, in order to extract a pseudo-open-circuit-voltage profile
ImaginaryElectricImpedance
the imaginary part of the complex electric impedance
Passivation
ElectrodePassivation
formation of compounds that reduces the conductivity at the surface of an electrode
AH-OUT
CapD
CapD/mAh
Q discharge/mA.h
DischargingCapacity
electric charge which an energy storage device can deliver under specified discharging conditions
wf dis cap
Discharge_Capacity (Ah)
Capacitance_DChg(mAh)
discharge_capacity
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 4.8 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 5.4 mm
FastCharging
BoostCharging
accelerated charge applied at greater than normal values of electric currents or of voltages (for a particular design) during a short time interval
D95ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 95% of the sample's particles fall.
ElectrochemicalPerformanceQuantity
a quantity that indicates the performance of an electrochemical device
ReactionRateConstant
a proportionality constant which quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction by relating it with the concentration of reactants
OhmicOvervoltage
OhmicPolarization
OhmicOverpotential
part of the electrode polarization arising from an electric current through an ohmic resistance within the electrode or the electrolyte
Neutralization
Neutralisation
insertion or removal of electrons into or from ions to obtain particles having zero electric charge
ThermalRunaway
unstable condition arising during constant voltage charge in which the rate of heat dissipation capability, causing a continuous temperature increase with resulting further charge current increase, which can lead to the destruction of the battery
in lithium batteries thermal runaway may cause melting of lithium
ACRatio
AToCRatio
NToPRatio
NPRatio
quotient of the capacity of the negative electrode and the capacity of the positive electrode in a cell
FastIonConductor
SolidStateElectrolyte
SolidElectrolyte
a solid electrolyte is a solid material where the predominant charge carriers are ions.
NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor), which has the general formula Na1+xZr2P3-xSix O12 , 0 < x < 3.
GCE
GlassyCarbonElectrode
electrode made of glassy carbon material with an intertwined graphitic ribbon structure, formed by pyrolysis of a resol precursor at temperatures up to 3000 °C
extremely resistant to many chemicals, impermeable to gases and liquids, and has good electrical conductivity, high hardness and strength, and biocompatibility
glassy carbon combines glass-like mechanical characteristics with physical properties similar to graphite, owing to its “graphene ribbon” structure
one of the most frequently used working electrodes
SurfaceArea
a measure of the total area that the surface of a solid object occupies
a coin cell case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
ElectrochemicalDischarging
Discharging
operation during which an electrochemical cell supplies electric energy as the result of chemical changes within the cell
the opposite of a charging process
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
I_{r}
The residual (or background) current may be subtracted from the total current to calculate the net faradaic current.
BackgroundCurrent
ResidualCurrent
Electric current that flows, at a particular value of the applied potential, in the absence of the substance whose electrode behaviour is being investigated, i.e. a "blank" solution.
CathodicPolarization
CathodicOverpotential
electrode polarization associated with an electrochemical reduction reaction
DC-Cap
DC-Cap/mAh
ConstantCurrentDischargingCapacity
the capacity obtained during constant current discharging of an electrochemical device
LowerCRateLimit
the lower value for C-Rate that is used to indicate a change in an electrochemical measurement process
NMCLCOElectrode
LithiumNickelManganeseCobaltOxideLithiumCobaltOxideElectrode
an electrode with blended lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) active materials
InitialChargeCarrierConcentrationInElectrolyte
the initial amount concentration of lithium in an electrolyte
this is a very specific term with a narrow conceptualization, used mostly as an anchor term for supporting interoperability; a more general term is suitable in most cases.
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Initial concentration [mol.m-3]']
['electrolyte','initial_concentration','value']
Coating
a covering on the surface of an object
TriangularCurrentWaveform
Linear ramp of electric current followed by a reversal to the initial current (typically I=0), both at the same current change rate.
dV/dt
VoltageChangeLimit
a control limit placed on the rate of change of the cell voltage, dV/dt.
ElectricPotentialSignal
Time-dependent variation of electric potential
ElectrochemicalDegradationPhenomenon
A phenomenon that causes an electrochemical device to deviate from its ideal behaviour.
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialVolumetricSurfaceArea
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Surface area per unit volume [m-1]']
Additive
a substance added to something in small quantities to alter its properties
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
ElectrochemicalDevice
a device whose primary function is facilitating the conversion between chemical and electrical energy.
an electrochemical device contains at least one electrochemical cell plus the apparati required to make it work as a practical device (e.g. terminals, container, etc.)
PotassiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of potassium or potassium compounds
StepSignalVoltage
the magnitude of the voltage step in step voltammetry and related techniques
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 3.6 mm
GasDissolution
the dissolution of molecules from a gas into another phase
inverse of internal resistance
InternalConductance
CCCV
ConstantCurrentConstantVoltageCharging
a two-step charging process in which a constant current is applied until a set upper cutoff voltage is reached and then the cell is potentiostatically held at that voltage until the current falls below some set threshhold value
NickelBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of nickel or nickel compounds
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter N
this class is intended to enable designations based on IEC recommendations
ConstantPotentialSignal
signal consisting of a constant electric potential.
ReversibleHydrogenElectrode
a practical hydrogen electrode whose potential depends on the pH of the solution
MinimumStorageTemperature
the miniumum temperature at which an electrochemical device shall be stored
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialOpenCircuitVoltage
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','OCP [V]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'OCP','value']
SquareWavePotentialWaveform
Periodic potential where the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum.
In an ideal square wave, the transitions between minimum and maximum are instantaneous.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 21 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 128 mm
DeviceDensity
the overall density of an electrochemical device, calculated as the quotient of the total mass and the total volume
['Parameterisation','Cell','Density [kg.m-3]']
['properties','density','value']
MaximumStorageTemperature
the maximum temperature at which an electrochemical device shall be stored
D30ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 30% of the sample's particles fall.
VanadiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of vanadium or vanadium compounds
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter V
Electrode
electronically conductive part in electric contact with a medium of lower electronic conductivity and intended to perform one or more of the functions of emitting charge carriers to or receiving charge carriers from that medium or to establish an electric field in that medium
Alternative definition: Half-cell consisting of at least one electron conductor and at least one ionic conductor (electrolyte). - Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)
Electron conductor in an electrochemical cell connected to the external circuit.
In some electroanalytical techniques (conductometry and differential potentiometry), two indicator electrodes are used. For many analytical measurements in cells with current flow, a three-electrode cell is used.
Many types of electrodes are used. These may be classified into groups according to their composition, form and size, and according to their operating mode. See section 4.
The current flow through electrochemical cells may be zero or non-zero. An electrochemical cell with current flow can operate either as a galvanic cell or an electrolytic cell.
GassingOfACell
evolution of gas resulting from electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte of a cell
TotalEnergy
the total amount of energy that has passed through an electrochemical device
dQ/dV
DifferentialCapacity
the derivative of the capacity of an electrochemical device with respect to the terminal voltage
dQ/dV(mAh/V)
SodiumMetatitanateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium metatitanate
AH-IN
CapC
CapC/mAh
Q charge/mA.h
ChargingCapacity
electric charge which an energy storage device can deliver under specified charging conditions
wf chg cap
Charge_Capacity (Ah)
Capacitance_Chg(mAh)
charge_capacity
RuO2Electrode
RutheniumOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is ruthenium oxide
AmplitudeOfAlternatingCurrent
half the peak-to-peak amplitude of a sinusoidal alternating current
Thermocell
ThermogalvanicCell
electrochemical cell that has two half-cells separated by a wall permeable to ions, both containing the same electrolyte differing only in their temperatures.
FaradaysLaw
FaradaysLawOfElectrolysis
FaradaysFirstLawOfElectrolysis
mass m of electrochemically-transformed substance is proportional to the charge Q passed, m ∝ Q.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 3.0 mm
ProtonInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is a proton (hydrogen)
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 3.0 mm
ElectrochemicalStabilityWindow
ElectrochemicalWindow
The electrode electric potential range between which the substance is neither oxidized nor reduced.
Voltmeter
instrument intended to measure the value of a voltage.
The selectivity coefficient is determined by means of the potential difference of the ion- selective electrode in mixed solutions of the primary ion, A, and interfering ion, B (Fixed Interference Method) or, less desirably, in separate solutions of A and B (Separate Solution Method). The activities of the primary ion, A, and the interfering ion, B, at which K is determined should always be specified, as the value of K is defined by a modified Nikolsky-Eisenman equation. The smaller the value of K , the A,B greater the electrode’s preference for the primary ion, A.
SelectivityCoefficient
SelectivityConstant
SelectivityFactor
PotentiometricSelectivityCoefficient
parameter defining the ability of an ion-selective electrode to distinguish a particular ion, i.e., a primary ion A from an interfering ion B
CapacityTest
a process that measures the total amount of charge an electrochemical device can store and deliver under specified conditions
in quantum mechanical terms, electrochemical potential is defined as the energy level of the electron orbitals in the species that have a 50 percent probability of occupancy
ElectrochemicalPotential
the chemical potential of an ion in the presence of an electric potential
J. Newman and K. E. Thmoas-Alyea, Electrochemical Systems, 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Atkins and DePaula, Aktins' Physical Chemistry, 8th ed., p.952
RectangularElectrode
an electrode in the shape of a rectangle
NetFaradaicCurrent
algebraic sum of faradaic currents flowing through an electrode
EffectivePorousMediaQuantity
a physical quantity that is adjusted to consider the effects of porous media structure
IonExchangeMembrane
A membrane having ion-exchange groups:
a selective barrier that permits the passage of ions of one sign while preventing the passage of ions of opposite sign.
FormFactor
a sign that is used to indicate the shape of the case of an electrochemical device
ElectricCurrentMeasurement
measurement of electric current
Catholyte
electrolyte on the cathode side of an electrochemical cell that is divided into compartments.
Electrolyte solution in the cathodic compartment of an electrolysis cell or galvanic cell, i.e., in that part of the cell where the cathode is placed.
A. J. Bard, G. Inzelt, and F. Scholz, Eds., Electrochemical Dictionary, 2nd Edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29551-5
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 6.8 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 38 mm and height of 138 mm
Polarity
nominal property of an electrode, having values negative or positive according to the sign of the electrode potential, or neutral when the electrode potential is zero.
Diffusion current is governed by Fick’s Laws of diffusion. It is the principle on which many electroana- lytical methods are based, because the current is proportional to the bulk concentration of the diffusing species. I_{d} = z*F*A*D*\grad(c)_{x=0}, where z is the electron number of an electrochemical reaction, F the Faraday constant, A the electrode surface area, D the diffusion coefficient of electroactive substance, and (∂c/∂x)x=0 the gradient of the amount concentration at the electrode surface position x = 0.
I_{d}
DiffusionCurrent
faradaic current that is controlled by the rate at which electroactive species diffuse toward (or away from) and electrode-solution interface.
CathodicPolarisation
electrode polarization associated with a cathodic reaction
RotatingDiskSpeed
rotational frequency of a rotating component in a rotating disk electrode
The rotating component can be the main rotating disk or a secondary ring as used in rotating ring disk electrodes.
ElectrochemicalPhenomenon
a chemical phenomenon that is accompanied by the flow of electric current
Buck and Lindner suggest a slope of 0.6 mV min-1 .
Previously defined response times t95 (corresponding to the 95% change of the potential span) and t* (to 1 mV from the steady value) require prior knowledge of steady-state E values that may not be available. These descriptive quantities underestimate practical response times of ion-selective electrodes in clinical applications where the total span may be narrower than 10 mV. The response time expressed in terms of ΔE/Δt (i.e., rate of cell potential variation with time) seems to be the best choice among non-ideal options. It can be related to t95 and t* through mathematical models, provided that the long-time potential- determining processes are identified.
ResponseTimeAtAnISE
Duration between the time when an ion-selective electrode and an external reference electrode (the two completing the ion-selective electrode cell) are brought into contact with a sample solution (or the time at which the activity of the ion of interest in solution is changed) and the first time at which the slope of the cell potential vs. time plot (ΔE/Δt) becomes equal to a limiting value selected on the basis of the experimental conditions and/or requirements concerning accuracy.
Buck, Richard P., and Erno Lindner. "Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 66.12 (1994): 2527-2536. DOI: 10.1351/pac199466122527
Mudrib
ridges in the bottom of the case which support the plate pack (electrode stack) and thus create a space which allows the active material detached from the plates (electrodes) to settle without causing a short-circuit between the plates (electrodes)
the ratio of the discharged capacity to the rated capacity of an electrochemical device
Can
Container
Housing
Case
container for the plate pack or packs and electrolyte of a cell or cells made of a material impervious to the electrolyte
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 46 mm and height of 80 mm
MaximumPulseChargeCurrent
MaximumPulseChargingCurrent
the maximum current approved for pulse charge of an electrochemical device
D65ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 10% of the sample's particles fall.
Seawater
a naturally occuring solution of salts (mostly NaCl) dissolved in water
CarbonFelt
a non-woven mat of randomly oriented carbon fibers, providing excellent thermal insulation, chemical resistance, and high surface area for various industrial and electrochemical applications
AluminiumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is aluminium
difference between the electrode potential with current flow, and the electrode potential without current flow, i.e. the equilibrium potential
overpotential is positive for oxidation reactions and negative for reduction reactions
ElectrodePolarization
Overvoltage
PolarizationPotential
Overpotential
electrode potential (E) minus the equilibrium electrode potential (Eeq) of an electrochemical reaction
MaximumStorageEnergy
the maximum amount of energy that can be reversible stored within an electrochemical device, component, or material - operated at an infinitely low rate - based on its chemical composition and design
LFPElectrode
LithiumIronPhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium iron phosphate
Foil
a sheet of material in which the thickness is much smaller than the length and width
CellLid
part used to close the case normally having holes for filling, topping-up, gas escape, terminals, etc.
Can also be applied to electrodes.
GravimetricCapacity
SpecificChargeCapacity
SpecificElectricChargeCapacity
SpecificCapacity
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery [ or electrode or active material ] by its mass.
Capacity Density(mAh/g)
ChemicalEquation
ChemicalReactionEquation
StoichiometricEquation
the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side
ActiveMassLoading
the mass of active material per unit area
BaseElectrolyte
IndifferentElectrolyte
InertElectrolyte
SupportingElectrolyte
electrolyte solution, the ions of which are electroinactive in the range of applied potential being studied, and whose ionic strength (and, therefore, contribution to the overall conductivity) is usually much greater than the concentration of an electroactive substance to be dissolved in it.
SquareWaveVoltammetryWaveform
Square wave potential waveform superimposed to a linear potential ramp or a staircase potential ramp.
ElectrodeCurrentCollector
CurrentCollector
A good electron conductor support designed to transfer electrons from the external circuit to the active materials of the cell.
Copper foil Aluminum foil
I_{ads}
The terms “adsorption current” and “limiting adsorption current” should not be applied to faradaic cur- rents that have been increased or decreased by adding a non-electroactive surfactant to a solution con- taining an electroactive substance, nor to currents resulting from the effect of adsorption or desorption on double-layer currents.
AdsorptionCurrent
electric current that accompanies the adsorption of a species
ElectrochemicalKineticQuantity
a quantity that relates to the kinetics of a reaction.
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Minimum stoichiometry']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry0','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 3.6 mm
Amperostat
Galvanostat
instrument which controls the electric current between the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode
I_{m}
The sign convention regarding current is such that the migration current is positive for the oxida- tion of a cation or the reduction of an anion and is negative for the reduction of a cation or for the oxidation of an anion. Hence, the migration current may either increase or decrease the total current observed. The migration current approaches zero as the transport number of the electroactive sub- stance is decreased by increasing the concentration of supporting electrolyte, and hence the conduc- tivity of the solution.
MigrationCurrent
component of electric current due to transport of ions in the electric field between the electrodes
LeclancheElectrolyte
an aqueous mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride
ZincInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is zinc
Coin
a form factor describing a coin cell, which is a cylindrical cell where the height is less than the diameter
ContinuousServiceTest
service test with an uninterrupted discharge
IonicConductivity
a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction
the discharge rate is calculated as the rated capacity divided by the corresponding discharge time which results in an electric current
the quantity DRate is not used for energy-decoupled batteries like Redox Flox batteries
CRate
DRate
DischargeRate
DischargingCRate
[an indicator of the] electric current at which a battery is discharged
PotentialSweepRate
ScanRate
SweepRate
PotentialScanRate
the rate of change of applied potential with time
CellPolarizationPotential
CellPolarisationPotential
sum of the absolute values of the potential differences resulting from anodic and cathodic polarizations of an electrochemical cell
RestingDuration
the duration during which an electrochemical device is kept at open-circuit conditions
RestingTime
BaselineCellVoltage
In electrochemical measurements, the voltage of an electrochemical cell to which a voltage signal is superimposed.
in EIS, an alternating voltage signal is superimposed to a baseline voltage, which can be the open circuit potential or a fixed cell voltage
AqueousPotassiumHydroxideSolution
KOHSolution
PotassiumHydroxideSolution
a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissolved in water (H2O)
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of copper or copper compounds
CopperBasedElectrode
In practice, appropriate correction for the double-layer charging current is needed.
QuarterTransitionTimePotential
electric potential of the indicator electrode, in chronopotentiometry at constant current, at the instant when the time that has elapsed since the application of current is equal to one-fourth of the transition time
PlatePack
ElectrodeStack
finished assembly of the positive and negative plate (electrode) groups with interleaved separators and terminals or intercell connectors
ElectricChargeSignal
Time-dependent variation of electric charge passed through a system.
FRA
FrequencyResponseAnalyzer
FrequencyResponseAnalyser
analyzes the output signal of a stimulated system
based on the Fourier Transform analysis
SaturatedSolution
solution which has the same concentration of a solute as one that is in equilibrium with undissolved solute at specified values of the temperature and pressure
RunTime
TestTime/Sec
time/s
TestTime
time of a measurement relative to the start of the test (t = 0)
test (sec)
Test_Time (s)
Time(h:min:s.ms)
time_s
test_time
Run Time (h)
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 103 mm, and height of 310 mm
AnodicPolarization
AnodicPolarisation
electrode polarization associated with an anodic reaction
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 18 mm, width of 65 mm, and height of 140 mm
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 12.5 mm and a height of 2.0 mm
LinearPotentialRamp
Signal where the electric potential is varied linearly from an initial potential.
MagnesiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of magnesium or magnesium compounds
MinimumDischargingTemperature
the minimum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a discharging process
Current that is produced by other processes, for example by diffusion of charged species, is termed ‘non- faradaic current’.
I_f
FaradaicCurrent
electric current that results from the electrooxidation or electroreduction of an electroactive substance
SHE
StandardHydrogenElectrode
for solutions in protic solvents, the universal reference electrode for which, under standard conditions, the standard electrode potential (H+ / H2) is zero at all temperatures
Potential of a platinum electrode in a theoretical ideal solution (the current standard for zero potential for all temperatures)
Energy charge/W.h
EnergyC
EnergyC/mWh
WH-IN
ChargingEnergy
energy delivered by a deviced under some specific charge conditions
wf chg e
Charge_Energy (Wh)
Engy_Chg(mWh)
charge_energy
E1/2 is used in techniques providing a sigmoidal wave-shaped current including DC voltammetry/polarography, normal pulse voltammetry, hydrodynamic voltammetry, and tast polarography.
For quasi-reversible and irreversible electrode reactions, the value of E1/2 is also affected by the rate constant of the charge transfer reaction, the difference being greater than that caused by different diffusion coefficients.
The quarter-wave potential, Ep/4, the three-quarter-wave potential, Ep3/4 , etc., may be similarly defined.
HalfWavePotential
electric potential of a steady-state voltammetric working electrode at the point, on the rising part of the voltammetric wave, where the current is equal to one-half of the limiting current
EDL
ElectricalDoubleLayer
DoubleLayer
a double layer of charges exists at the interface between two conducting media: One side carries a positive excess charge, which is balanced by a negative excess of equal magnitude on the other side.
WeightPercent
InitialCondition
the initial value of a property at the start of a simulation or experiment
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 45 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 225 mm
InactiveMassLoading
the mass of inactive material per unit area
PtElectrode
PlatinumElectrode
foil, wire, disc, or mesh electrode made of platinum, which is the most commonly used metallic working electrode in electrochemistry
Pt has a very small overpotential for hydrogen evolution, which determines the negative potential limit in protic solvents. Pt adsorbs hydrogen, resulting in hydrogen adsorption/desorption waves. However, the positive potential limit in polar aprotic solvents free of oxygen and water is higher than that for any other commonly used electrode materials. In the presence of water and/or oxygen, Pt forms a film of oxide (and/or chemisorbed oxygen), resulting in potentially interfering waves or peaks.
StepType
a description (usually an integer, string, or alpha numeric code) describing the nature of a step in an electrochemical test protocol
state
Step Type
ElectrochemicalThermodynamicQuantity
an electrochemical quantity describing concepts from thermodynamics
PotentialPulse
Rapid, transient change in the amplitude of an electric potential, from a baseline value to a higer or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
CelsiusTemperatureMeasurementResult
a measurement of the value of the temperature in units of degree Celsius
D5ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 5% of the sample's particles fall.
ElectrodeReaction
electrochemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between electrolyte and electrode
An interfacial reaction that necessarily involves a charge-transfer step.
The electrode (or interfacial) reaction involves all the processes (chemical reaction, structural reorganization, adsorption) accompanying the charge transfer step.
Polarisation
Polarization
ElectrodePolarisation
accumulation or depletion of electric charges at an electrode, resulting in a difference between the electrode potential with current flow, and the potential without current flow or equilibrium electrode potential
SiliconOxideGraphiteElectrode
an electrode with blended silicon oxide and graphite active materials
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
often used in wrist watches
ChargingEnergyDensity
the energy density of a device obtained during a charging process
ExpandedMesh
a sheet that has been slit and stretched to form a network of diamond-shaped openings, providing structural strength and high surface area for applications like filtration and reinforcement
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
TimeSeriesElectricalDataSet
a time series of electrical quantities
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
I_{SW}
The component may be faradaic (if the analyte is electroactive) or non-faradaic (if the analyte is surface-active). The simultaneous occurrence of both effects is quite common.
SquareWaveCurrent
component of an electric current that is associated with the presence of an analyate in square-wave voltammetry
CellBaffle
internal component used to reduce the amount of electrolyte loss due to electrolyte spray being carried in the gas and/or by electrolyte movement
a cell baffle has a second function in protecting the plate pack from damage by objects inserted through the filling hole
ElectrochemicalSeparator
Separator
in an electrochemical cell, device made of insulating material permeable to the ions of the electrolyte and prohibiting totally or partially the mixing of the substances on both sides.
Membranes and diaphragms are special forms of electrochemical separators.
SulfuricAcidSolution
a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dissolved in water (H2O)
FTOElectrode
FluorineDopedTinOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is tin oxide doped with fluorine
ControlledQuantity
SetQuantity
ControlProperty
a target quantity in a control system
NiOOHElectrode
NickelOxyhydroxideElectrode
NickelOxideHydroxideElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of nickel oxide hydroxide or nickel oxide hydroxide compounds.
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code Z
MagnitudeOfCurrentPulse
PulseMagnitudeCurrent
PulseCurrent
the magnitude of a current pulse applied to an electrochemical cell during pulsed potentiometry and related techniques
Dendrite
needle-like or tree-like formation of crystalline growth formed during deposition of a material
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 1.65 mm
Resting
a step in an electrochemical testing workflow in which the electrochemical device is held at open-circuit conditions (i.e. cell current = 0 A) and occuring in series with at least one active (i.e. cell current ~= 0 A) step.
Cathode
by convention, cell electrode at which, a reduction reaction occurs
electrode of an electrochemical cell through which net electric current flows and at which the predominating electrochemical reaction is a reduction
the cathode is the positive electrode during discharge and the negative electrode during charge
the concepts of “anode” and “cathode” are related only to the direction of electron flow, not to the polarity of the electrodes
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 45 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 115 mm
PorousElectrode
porous electrodes consist of porous matrices of a single reactive electronic conductor or a mixture of solids that include essentially non-conducting, reactive materials in addition to electronic conductors. An electrolytic solution fills the void spaces of the porous matrix.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 12.5 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 29 mm, width of 135 mm, and height of 214 mm
not to be confused with MassDiffusivity (i.e., DiffusionCoefficient)
Diffusivity
a measure of the rate at which particles or heat or fluids spread
CC-Cap
CC-Cap/mAh
ConstantCurrentChargingCapacity
the capacity obtained during constant current charging of an electrochemical device
I_{p}
Since the concentration of an electroactive substance at the electrode-solution interface decreases mono- tonically, the faradaic current due to its electrooxidation or electroreduction increases monotonically with time because of the increasing concentration gradient of the electroactive substance, the concentra- tion of which remains constant in the bulk. The maximum current value is passed when the transport rate of electroactive substance to the electrode-solution interface starts to be lower than the rate at which it is removed by reaction at the electrode. The result of these two competing processes leads to the peak- shaped I-E dependence.
PeakCurrent
in dynamic voltammetric techniques, the maximum value of the faradaic current attained by varying the applied potential in the current-potential or I-E curve
Typical examples of imposed potential programmes in dynamic voltammetric techniques resulting in peak-shaped responses are linear-scan voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, ac voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, and derivative techniques.
AnolyteTank
a tank for holding anolyte
usually used in a flow cell system
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 2.7 mm
StoichiometricCoefficientAtSOC100
the stoichiometric coefficient for a reactive entity in a chemical substance that corresponds to a cell-level state-of-charge of 100%
ButtonCase
CoinCase
a round-type case with a height that is less than the diameter
RhodiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of rhodium or rhodium compounds
AmbientThermodynamicTemperature
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.5 mm and a height of 3.0 mm
MaximumContinuousChargeCurrent
MaximumContinuousChargingCurrent
the maximum current approved for continuous charge for a given electrochemical device
WovenMesh
a fabric-like structure created by interweaving wires or fibres in an over-under pattern, commonly used for filtration, screening, and reinforcement due to its high strength and durability
RingElectrode
AnnularWorkingElectrode
a working electrode in the shape of a ring used in a rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE).
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 21 mm and height of 70 mm
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 21 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 85 mm
CoatingThickness
thickness of the coating before any additional treatment is applied
TemperatureCoefficientOfTheOpenCircuitVoltage
quotient of change in open-circuit voltage of a cell or battery by the corresponding change in temperature.
The pulse duration includes the sampling interval.
PulseDuration
time interval during which the excitation signal deviates from the base line in normal pulse voltamme- try, differential pulse voltammetry, and related techniques
in particle size distribution measurements, the mass-median-diameter, considered to be the average particle size by mass
MassMedianDiameter
D50ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 50% of the sample's particles fall.
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 18 mm and height of 65 mm
ElectrochemicalRelation
A material relation in electrochemistry.
UpperCurrentLimit
the upper bounding limit on the current used in the definition of an electrochemical testing protocol
MaximumPulseDischargeCurrent
MaximumPulseDischargingCurrent
the maximum current approved for pulse discharge of an electrochemical device
IridiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iridium or iridium compounds
ConstantVoltageCharging
PotentiostaticCharging
FloatCharging
charge during which the voltage is maintained at a constant value regardless of charge current or temperature
charging process during which the voltage is maintained at a constant value regardless of charge current or temperature
AqueousAmmoniumChlorideSolution
AmmoniumChlorideSolution
a solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) dissolved in water (H2O)
ElectrolyteCreep
gradual and slow spreading of an electrolyte film on the external surface of a cell or battery
electrolyte creep is sometimes indicated by the presence of a visible solid deposit or wet spots
Terminal
conductive part of a device, electric circuit or electric network, provided for connecting that device, electric circuit or electric network to one or more external conductors
ElectricPotentialMeasuringSystem
a system for measuring electric potential
a digital voltmeter connected to a computer
WO3Electrode
TungstenOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is tungsten oxide
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 5.0 mm
InterphaseGrowth
the process through which the size of an interphase increases over time
solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth
ElectrodeCoating
an electrode which is coated onto a substrate, typically a metallic foil current collector.
PositiveElectrodeReactionRateConstant
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Reaction rate constant [mol.m-2.s-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'kinetic_constant','value']
ConstantCurrentSignal
DirectCurrent
Signal consisting of a constant electric current.
SiliconOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is silicon oxide
SingleCoatedElectrode
an electrode that is coated on only one side of the current collector
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 40 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 95 mm
LNMOElectrode
LithiumNickelManganeseOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel manganese oxide
ZincElectrode
an electrode in which the main active material is zinc metal
the combination with manganese dioxide and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code L
the combination with nickel oxide hydroxide and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code Z
the combination with oxygen and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code P
the combination with oxygen and an ammonium chloride zinc chloride electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code A
the combination with silver oxide and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code S
Gassing
GasEvolution
process through which a gas is evolved
CyclingTest
a process that determines the number of complete charge-discharge cycles an electrochemical device can undergo before its capacity falls below a predefined threshold
PrismaticCase
a rigid prismatic case that is described by characteristic length, width, and height
often represented in cell designations by the letter P
PositiveElectrodeElectronicConductivity
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Conductivity [S.m-1]']
['positive_electrode','electronic_conductivity','value']
ChargeRetention
SelfDischarging
phenomenon by which a cell or battery loses energy in other ways than by discharge into an external circuit
TerminationQuantity
a quantity that is used to express the termination criteria for an electrochemical process
PlateGroup
assembly of plates of the same polarity electrically connected together
ConstantCurrentDischargePercentage
DC-Per
DC-Per/%
DischargingConstantCurrentPercentage
the percentage of the total discharge capacity that is obtained during a constant current discharge process
EnergyStorageCapability
Energy/mWh
Watt-hr
mWatt-hr
StoredEnergy
amount of energy that is passed to or from an energy storage device under specified conditions
watt-hr
Energy(mWh)
cell_energy_j
Energy (Wh)
DeviceTemperature
the temperature of an electrochemical device
Cell_Temperature (C)
ChargeTimeCurve
ElectricChargeTimeCurve
ElectricChargeTimePlot
QtCurve
ChargeTimePlot
plot of the time-dependent amount of electric charge passed through an electrochemical system due to the application of a electric potential
ManganesePhosphateBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese phosphate or manganese phosphate compounds
often represented in cell designations by the letter Mp
VoltageControlledProcess
a process in which the voltage is controlled
StrontiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of strontium or strontium compounds
MaximumConcentration
the maximum amount concentration of a species in a phase, either imposed or naturally occurring
SeparatorThickness
['Parameterisation','Separator','Thickness [m]']
['separator','thickness','value']
LithiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of lithium or lithium compounds
MiniumumTemperature
the minimum allowable temperature
Min-T(C)
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCells
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid
The geometric area, A_{geom} , is the interfacial area, determined on the assumption that the interface is truly flat (2-dimensional) and calculated using the geometric data of the involved surfaces. The real (true) area, A_{real}, takes into account non-idealities of the interface (roughness, porosity, etc.) and can be measured by a variety of electrochemical methods. The electroactive area is the area calculated from experiments with model electroactive species and may be different from the real surface area in cases where not all of the surface is electrochemically active or accessible.
ElectrodeSurfaceArea
area of electrode - solution interface.
NumberOfCellsConnectedInParallel
BimetallicOxideElectrode
an electrode consisting of two metal oxide active materials
SpeCapC
SpeCapC/mAh/g
ChargingSpecificCapacity
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery [ or electrode or active material ] obtained during a charge process by its mass.
NMCLMOElectrode
LithiumNickelMananeseCobaltOxideLithiumManganeseOxideElectrode
an electrode with blended lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO) active materials
ElectricCurrentData
electric current data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
Dissolution
mixing of a substance into another substance with formation of one new homogeneous substance
the result of the dissolution of one or more solutes into a solvent is a solution
TimeMeasurementResult
ThionylChlorideElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of thionyl chloride
the combination with lithium metal and non-aqueous in-organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code E
Spacer
component of a cell made of insulating material intended to maintain the spacing between plates of opposite polarity or between the plate pack and the case
SelfDischarge
CapacityRetention
ability of a cell or battery to retain capacity on open circuit under specified conditions.
SodiumNickelPhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium nickel phosphate
TotalDuration
the total duration of a test
MaximumChargingTemperature
the maximum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a charging process
ElectrochemicalTransportQuantity
an electrochemical quantity related to the transport of mass, charge, or energy.
CellCan
cell container which is usually metallic and typically, but not exclusively, cylindrical
EnergyDensityOfStorage
VolumetricEnergyDensity
EnergyDensity
the quotient of the energy of an energy-storage device or system and its volume
DropTimeInPolarography
the time that elapses between the instants at which two successive drops of liquid metal are detached from the tip of the capillary.
ElectrochemicalImmunity
situation in which a material in a given environment undergoes negligible electrochemical corrosion.
cathodic protection
BDM
BockrisDevanathanMuellerModel
a model for the double layer that includes the action of the solvent on the surface
proposed by John Bockris, M. A. V. Devanathan, and Klaus Mueller in 1963
ChargeCarrierDiffusivityInElectrolyte
the diffusivity of lithium in an electrolyte
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Diffusivity [m2.s-1]']
['electrolyte','diffusion_constant','value']
LithiumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is lithium
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 85 mm
VoltageData
voltage data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
MagnitudeOfPotentialPulse
PulseMagnitudePotential
PulseVoltage
The magnitude of a voltage pulse applied to an electrochemical cell during pulsed amperometry and related techniques.
ActivationEnergyOfGuestDiffusivityInPositiveElectrodeActiveMaterial
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the diffusivity of lithium in the positive electrode
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Diffusivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','arrhenius','activation_energy']
Electrocatalysis
increasing the rate of an electrode reaction by adding specific material to the electrode.
Electrodissolution
the electrochemical dissolution of a material to soluble species
It can be regarded as the reversal of electrodeposition.
BinaryElectrolyte
an electrolyte consisting of anions and cations with equal absolute charge numbers.
difference of electric potentials measured between identical metallic leads to two electrodes of an electrochemical cell
AppliedPotential
Ecell/V
Voltage/V
Volts
CellVoltage
voltage between the terminals of an electrochemical cell
volts
Voltage (V)
Voltage(V)
cell_voltage_v
voltage
Potential (V)
SodiumManganeseHexacyanoferrateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate
DischargingEnergyDensity
the energy density of a device obtained during a discharging process.
CalciumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of calcium or calcium compounds
ElectrochemicalInterface
the two-dimensional space comprising the boundary between two electrochemical constituents
The area where electrochemical reactions normally take place.
GuestDiffusivityInNegativeElectrodeActiveMaterial
the diffusivity of lithium in the negative electrode
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Diffusivity [m2.s-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','value']
SodiumIronPhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium iron phosphate
the quantity CRate is not used for energy-decoupled batteries like Redox Flox batteries
FinishingChargeRate
FinishingCRate
[an indicator of the] electric current at which a battery is charged towards the end of charge
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 98 mm
DiffusionData
data that describes the mass diffusivity of some particle under some stated conditions
ChromiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of chromium or chromium compounds
BlendedActiveElectrode
an active electrode with a blend of two or more active materials
CalenderedDensity
density after calendering
PositiveTerminal
accessible conductive part provided for the connection of an external electric circuit to the positive electrode of the cell
GoldBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of gold or gold compounds
ResidualActiveMass
charged active material remaining in a cell following a discharge to a specified end-of-discharge voltage.
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialOpenCircuitVoltage
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','OCP [V]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'OCP','value']
SamplingInterval
time interval during which the current is measured in pulse voltammetry
specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated.
CutOffVoltage
DischargeCutoffVoltage
EndOfDischargeVoltage
EndPointVoltage
EndVoltage
FinalVoltage
LowerCutoffVoltage
minimum voltage limit at which an applied excitation is altered or terminated
GalvanostaticDischarging
ConstantCurrentDischarging
a discharging process in which the current is kept at a constant value
InterfacialLayer
InterfacialRegion
Interphase
a spatial region at the interface between two bulk phases in contact, which is different chemically and physically from both phases in contact
SEI
ElectrolyteAdditive
A substance added to an electrolyte to alter its properties
CurrentControlledProcess
a process in which the electric current is controlled
LithiumElectrode
an electrode in which the active material is lithium metal
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and height of 108 mm
Electroosmosis
movement of a fluid through a diaphragm, produced by application of an electric field
OrganicElectrolyte
an electrolyte solution with an organic solvent
AnodicOverpotential
electrode polarization associated with an electrochemical oxidation reaction
CoulombEfficiency
CurrentEfficiency
FaradayEfficiency
CoulombEfficiency/%
CoulombicEfficiency
fraction of the electric current passing through an electrochemical cell which accomplishes the desired chemical reaction
PostiveElectrodeActivationEnergyOfReaction
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Reaction rate constant activation energy [J.mol-1]']
ActivationEnergyOfChargeCarrierDiffusivityInElectrolyte
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the diffusivity of lithium in an electrolyte
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Diffusivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['electrolyte','diffusion_constant','arrhenius','activation_energy']
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 17 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 91 mm
DoubleCoatedElectrode
an electrode that is coated on both sides of the current collector
ElectrolyticConductivityData
data that describes the electrolytic conductivitysome material under some stated conditions
CardonDioxideElectrode
a gas diffusion electrode in which the active material is carbon dioxide (CO2)
Cycle
CycleNumber
Cycle-Index
CycleNo
CycleIndex
the number of charge-discharge cycles that an electrochemical device has experienced
cyc#
Cycle_Index
cycle number
Cycle ID
cycle_count
cycle_index
Cycle Number
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialParticleRadius
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Particle radius [m]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'particle_radius','value']
PorousSeparator
a separator with a porosity greater than 0
ACVoltammetrySignal
Sinusoidal potential waveform superimposed to a linear potential ramp.
TimeData
time data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
InstantaneousPower
for a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit with terminals A and B, product of the voltage uAB between the terminals and the electric current i in the element or circuit
Power(mW)
cell_power_w
KohlrauschsLaw
For any electrolyte A_xB_y, the limiting molar conductivity is expressed as x times the limiting molar conductivity of A^{y+} and y times the limiting molar conductivity of B^{x-}.
proposed by Friedrich Kohlrausch between 1875-1879
valid for dilute solutions
Record
a measurement of one or more quantities, usually at a given time
PotentiostaticCycling
electrochemical method where the voltage of an electrochemical device is held constant while measuring the current response over multiple charge-discharge cycles to evaluate its performance and stability
LawOfMassAction
the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants
MetalElectrode
an electrode in which the actve electrochemical material is a metal
the term metal is meant to loosely cover alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, and metalloids
CarbonMonofluorideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is carbon monofluoride
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code B
valid in situations where the insulating phase is present in a low volume fraction and represented by random, isotropic spheres
BruggemanCoefficient
quantity that is used to estimate effective transport coefficients in porous media
NegativeElectrodeCoatingPorosity
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Porosity']
['negative_electrode','porosity','value']
Electrocapillarity
change of the mechanical stress at the surface separating two bodies due to the presence of electric charges at the interface
TapDensity
TappedDensity
the density of a powdered or granular material when it is subjected to tapping or mechanical vibration
IronBasedElectrode
an electrode which contains mostly materials based on iron
often represented in cell designations by the letter F
SpeEnergyC
SpeEnergyC/mWh/g
ChargingSpecificEnergy
the specific energy of an electrochemical device obtained during a charge process
ConcentrationLimit
limit on the amount concentration of a species in a phase, either imposed or naturally occurring
VoltageLimit
limit on the voltage of an electrical system
NonAqueousElectrolyticSolution
NonAqueousSolution
NonAqueousElectrolyte
an ion-transport medium that does not contain water.
IEEE Standard Glossary of Stationary Battery Terminology (2016), https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7552407
I_{d,lim}
LimitingDiffusionCurrent
DiffusionLimitedCurrent
diffusion current of the potential-independent value that is approached as the rate of the charge-transfer process is increased by varying the applied potential, being greater than the rate of mass transport controlled by diffusion
DonnanPotential
MembraneElectromotiveForce
MembranePotential
electric potential difference between two solutions separated by an ion-selective membrane in the absence of any electric current flowing through the membrane
A positive surface overpotential produces a positive (anodic) current.
The driving force for an electrochemcial charge-transfer reaction.
\eta_s = \phi_{electrode} - \phi_{solution} - E_{eq}
SurfacePolarization
SurfaceOverpotential
The potential of a working electrode relative to a reference electrode of the same kinds placed in the solution adjacent to the surface of the working electrode (just outside the double layer).
LiquidElectrolyte
an electrolyte in the liquid phase.
TerminalCover
TerminalProtector
cover of insulating material used to avoid electric contact with the cell or battery terminal
FaradaysSecondLawOfElectrolysis
when the same electric charge (quantity of electricity) Q is passed through several electrolytes, the mass, m_i, of the substances deposited are proportional to their respective chemical equivalent molar mass, M_i/z_i.
LeadBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of lead or lead compounds
AlkalineAqueousElectrolyte
AlkalineSolution
AlkalineElectrolyte
an aqueous electrolyte with a nominal pH greater than 7
KOH-H2O
typical alkaline electrolytes have a pH in the range 13 < x < 15
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 129 mm
HardCarbonElectrode
electrode in which the active material is hard carbon
StaircaseCurrentRamp
Successive current steps that form a signal with a staircase waveform.
D20ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 20% of the sample's particles fall.
PositiveElectrodeCoatingThickness
thickness of the positive electrode coating
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Thickness [m]']
['positive_electrode','thickness','value']
LiquidJunction
any junction between two electrolyte solutions of different composition.
Across such a junction there arises a potential difference, called the liquid junction potential.
In the operational pH cell the junction is between the test, or pH standard, solution and the filling solution or the bridge solution of the reference electrode.
SaltBridge
means of making electrolytic connection between two half cells without introducing a significant liquid junction potential.
A typical construction is a tube of an inert material (e.g. agar agar) filled with a solution containing an electrolyte with approximately equal ion mobilities of the cation and the anion (e.g., KNO3, KCl), with the ends of the tube immersed in the electrolyte solution of the half cells.
electric current flowing to or from an electrochemical cell or device
/mA
Amps
Current/mA
mAmps
CellCurrent
amps
Current (A)
I/mA
Current(mA)
cell_current_a
current
WaveSpring
a spring made of pre-hardened flat wire, formed into a wavy washer shape
NominalVoltage
suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an electrochemical system
The total coverage may be distinguished from coverage that is electrochemically reactive or accessible on some given timescale.
ElectrodeCoverage
ElectrodeCoverageDensity
amount of a chemical modifier at an electrode surface per unit area
ElectrochemicalMigration
transport of ions in an electrolyte due to an electric field
CurrentChangeRate
the first order time rate of change of electric current
dIdt (V/h)
LidSealingCompound
material used to seal the cell lid to the case or to the terminals of a cell
AcidicAqueousElectrolyte
AcidicSolution
AcidicElectrolyte
an aqueous electrolyte with a nominal pH values less than 7
HCl-H2O
typical alkaline electrolytes have a pH in the range 0 < x < 4
SAE
SolidAmalgamElectrode
electrode made of a solid amalgam of an appropriate metal
Liquid and paste amalgams can also be used.
Solid amalgam electrodes are electrochemically similar to the hanging mercury drop electrode. Their main advantages are high hydrogen overpotential (similar to liquid mercury); a wide working potential range; the simple mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical regeneration of the surface; a long lifetime; low toxicity of material (comparable with that of dental amalgams); applicability for field measurements; compatibility with flow-through systems; simple construction, without mobile parts; and easy miniaturization.
UpperFrequencyLimit
the higher end of the interval of frequencies tested in impedimetry and related techniques
StepSignalCurrent
the magnitude of the current step in chronopotentiometry and related techniques
Prismatic
a form factor describing a prismatic cell, which has the shape of a rectangular prism
Alternating potential signals such as the ones applied in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy are superimposed to a reference potential, which can be an applied potential or the open circuit potential.
BaselinePotential
SignalReferencePotential
Potential to which the magnitude of an excitation signal is compared to.
PINGARRÓN, José M., et al. Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2020, 92.4: 641-694.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 6.8 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
ElectrodeBinder
Binder
material or substance that holds or draws other materials together to form a cohesive whole
CMC, PVDF
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 54 mm and height of 137 mm
TubularPlate
positive plate (electrode) which is either composed of an assembly of porous tube of perforated metal or tissue either a gauntlet with or without a central current collector spine, the active material being placed within the tubes
RDE
RotatingDiskElectrode
A disc electrode that is embedded in the centre of a cylinder which rotates in solution around the longitudinal cylinder axis.
The current is directly proportional to the electrode area and the electrode is uniformly accessible.
The limiting current is given by the Levich equation.
LTOElectrode
LithiumTitanateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium titanate
TotalNumberOfCycles
the total number of cycles carried out on a specific device under a given set of conditions
EndOfChargeVoltage
UpperCutoffVoltage
UpperVoltageLimit
maximum voltage limit at which an applied excitation is altered or terminated
term used in the context of primary and secondary cells and batteries
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and height of 92 mm
SilverChlorideElectrode
A type of reference electrode based on the reaction between sliver and silver chloride.
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 27 mm and height of 66 mm
ElectrochemicalCell
a system containing two electrodes that allow transport of electrons, separated by an electrolyte that allows movement of ions but blocks movement of electrons.
If processes of interest occur at both the anode and the cathode of a cell (as in differential amperometry or controlled-current potentiometric titration with two indicator electrodes), the cell should be said to comprise two indicator or two working electrodes.
In electrochemistry the term “cell” is commonly qualified to describe the particular device on which electrochemical reactions take place. It is important to distinguish between the concept of an electrochemical cell (two electrodes separated by electrolyte) and an electrochemical device (a manufactured object for making practical use of an electrochemical cell, e.g. for measurement or energy storage purposes).
composite system in which the supplied electric energy mainly produces chemical reactions or, conversely, in which the energy released by chemical reactions is mainly delivered by the system as electric energy
system that consists of at least two electron conductors (electrodes) in contact with ionic conductors (electrolytes)
AuElectrode
GoldElectrode
foil, wire or disc electrode made of gold which is easily fabricated into a variety of electrode geometries
At positive potentials, Au forms an oxide and/or chemisorbed oxygen layer, while in the presence of complexing anions, such as chloride or cyanide, it readily undergoes oxidation and dissolution, limiting its working potential range and its applications.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 70 mm, and height of 120 mm
CurrentPulseSignal
rapid, transient change in the amplitude of an electric current, from a baseline value to a higer or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
LMPElectrode
LithiumManganesePhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium manganese phosphate
CurrentChangeLimit
AqueousZincChlorideSolution
ZincChlorideSolution
a solution of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) dissolved in water (H2O)
RecoveryCapacity
RecoveredCapacity
the capacity that can be obtained from an electrochemical device after it has been subjected to some specified conditions, then recharged and discharged according to a recommended protocol
PouchCase
a soft pouch case that is described by its length, width, and height
PositiveElectrodeCoatingPorosity
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Porosity']
['positive_electrode','porosity','value']
InitialClosedCircuitVoltage
InitialDischargingVoltage
discharge voltage of a cell or battery at the beginning of the discharge immediately after any transients have subsided
CurrentLimit
limit on the electric current of an electrical system
IntercalationElectrode
InsertionElectrode
an electrode at which the predominant electrochemical reaction includes an insertion (intercalation) step
zero electric resistance is a hypothetical condition and in practice the short-circuit current is the peak current flowing in a circuit of very low resistance compared to the internal resistance of the battery
ShortCircuitCurrent
maximum current which should be delivered by a cell or battery into an external circuit with zero electric resistance, or an external circuit which depresses the cell or battery voltage to approximately zero volt
PulseMagnitude
a single value, for instance a mean, root mean square or peak value characterizing the aggregate instantaneous values of a unidirectional pulse with respect to the common initial and final value
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
OutputCable
cable used for the electrical connection of the battery terminals and the load and/or the charger
NiOElectrode
NickelOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is nickel oxide
CurrentDensityLimit
maximum electric current density that can be achieved for an electrode reaction at a given concentration of a electrochemically active material in the presence of a large excess of supporting electrolyte
TiO2Electrode
TitaniumDioxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is titanium dioxide
ReferenceElectrode
The standard hydrogen electrode represents the primary standard in electrochemistry. Elec- trodes of the 2nd kind, such as Ag | AgCl, Hg | Hg2 Cl2, Hg | Hg2SO4, and Hg | HgO, can be used as reference electrodes in aqueous solutions containing ions Cl^{−}, SO_4^{2−}, and OH^{−}, respectively.
Electrode that maintains an essentially constant potential under the conditions prevailing in an electrochemical measurement, and that serves for observation, measurement, or control of the potential of the indicator or working electrode.
Electrode with a well-defined and constant equilibrium potential with respect to which it is possible to measure or calculate electrode potentials of other electrodes by including them in an appropriate electrochemical cell.
In potentiometry, under zero current condition, the essentially constant potential is achieved by ensuring a constant composition of solution in contact with the electrode forming a half-cell. Practical reference half-cells are generally non-polarizable electrodes of the 2nd kind (metal | insoluble salt | ion), constructed so that their electrolyte solutions serve as salt bridges to the solutions under investigation.
“Double” junction reference electrodes are recommended when the reference electrolyte contains interfering components.
PhotoelectrolyticCell
electrolytic cell in which a chemical reaction is influenced by the absorption of light.
IncreasingPotentialPulses
Pulses of electric potential, of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms, which are superimposed on a constant initial potential.
FaradayConstant
fundamental physical constant representing molar elementary charge
Cylindrical
a form factor describing a cylindrical cell, which has the shape of a cylinder nominally described by a height and diameter
GalvanostaticProcess
CurrentHold
a process in which the electric current is kept constant
PhosphoricAcidSolution
a solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) dissolved in water (H2O)
RoundTripEfficiency
EnergyEfficiency/%
EnergyEfficiency
ratio of the electric energy provided from a secondary battery [ or electrochemical device ] during discharge to the electric energy supplied to the battery during the preceding charge
the SI unit for electric charge is the coulomb (1 C = 1 A·s) but in practice, capacity is usually expressed in ampere hours (A·h)
ChargeCapacity
ElectricChargeCapacity
StorageCapacity
Amp-hr
Capacity/mAh
mAmp-hr
Capacity
electric charge which an energy storage device can deliver under specified conditions
amp-hr
Capacity(mAh)
cell_coulomb_count_c
Capacity (Ah)
ChargingCurrent
electric current applied to an electrochemical device during a charging process
GalvanostaticCycling
a cycling protocol in which an electrochemical cell is subject to alternating galvanostatic charging and discharging processes
ChargingVoltage
voltage between the terminals of a cell or battery when being charged
ActiveElectrochemicalMaterial
ElectrochemicallyActiveMaterial
ActiveMaterial
material that is oxidized or reduced at an electrode in an electrochemical cell
SiliconBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of silicon or silicon compounds
CobaltBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of cobalt or cobalt compounds
IndiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of indium or indium compounds
ElectricCurrentMeasurementResult
CaesiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of caesium or caesium compounds
ReticulatedFoam
OpenCellFoam
a lightweight, porous material characterized by a network of interconnected pores, typically made from metals or polymers, which allows for high gas and liquid permeability and is used in applications such as filtration, thermal insulation, and energy absorption
LowerCurrentLimit
the lower bounding limit on the current used in the definition of an electrochemical testing protocol
ConstantCurrentChargePercentage
CC-Per
CC-Per/%
ChargingConstantCurrentPercentage
the percentage of the total charge capacity that is obtained during a constant current charge process
GrahameModel
a modification of the Stern model that considers the double layer as three regions separated by the inner Helmholtz plane and the outer Helmholtz plane
proposed by D. C. Grahame in 1947
D25ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 25% of the sample's particles fall.
SurfaceAreaPerVolume
RRDE
RotatingRingDiskElectrode
a second annular working electrode positioned concentric with a rotating disc electrode to make a rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE)
This arrangement is largely used in mechanistic studies.
ActivationPolarization
ActivationOverpotential
part of the electrode polarization arising from a charge-transfer step of the electrode reaction
TimeSeriesDataSet
a series of data points indexed in time order
E° is related to the standard Gibbs Energy of the electrode reaction, Δr G° or ΔrG , written as a reduction with respect to that of the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) E° = −ΔrG°/zF.
The standard electrode potential of an electrochemical reaction is the standard potential of a hypothetical cell in which the electrode (half cell) at the left of the cell diagram is the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and the electrode at the right is the electrode in question. See also line representation of electrochemical cells.
equilibrium electrode potential referenced to the standard hydrogen electrode.
StandardPotential
StandardElectrodePotential
equilibrium electrode potential of an electrode under standard conditions
TimeMeasurement
measurement of time
Of a substance in a specified phase, the partial molar Gibbs energy of the substance at the specified electric potential.
MolarElectrochemicalPotential
electrochemical potential per mole.
RutheniumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of ruthenium or ruthenium compounds
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Minimum stoichiometry']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry0','value']
StepTime/Sec
StepTime
time of a measurement relative to the start of the step (t = 0)
step (sec)
step_time
Step Time (h)
LiquidGalliumElectrode
a liquid electrode with an active material of gallium
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 32 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 115 mm
IonConcentration
the amount concentration of some ionic species in a given volume of solution
ActiveMaterialMix
blend containing a material which reacts chemically to produce electrical energy with other constituents and additives
ElectrochemicalCellVoltageMeasurement
VoltageMeasurement
measurement of the electric potential between the terminals of an electrochemical cell
SaturatedCalomelElectrode
A reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury(I) chloride.
ZnOElectrode
ZincOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is zinc oxide
TemperatureLimit
limit on the temperature of a system
ElectronicallyConductiveElectrodeAdditive
ConductiveAdditive
a material added to an electrode for the purpose of increasing its electronic conductivity.
carbon black
ElectrochemicalTestingProcedure
the process of evaluating the performance and operational capabilities of an electrochemical device under specific conditions to determine its practical suitability for intended applications
PulseCharging
charging an electrochemical device at a given charging current for a defined short duration
Rec#
an entry in a dataset, typically consisting of one line.
an electrode which contains mostly materials based on cobalt
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter C
ElectrolyteContainment
ability of a cell or battery to contain its electrolyte under specified mechanical and environmental conditions
CellReversal
PolarityReversal
reversing of the polarities of the electrodes of a cell, generally due to over-discharge of a low-capacity cell in a series arrangement
NHE
NormalHydrogenElectrode
potential of a platinum electrode in 1 M acid solution.
hydrogen gas at 1 atm pressures is bubbled through the acid solution
GalvanostaticCharging
ConstantCurrentCharging
charge during which the electric current is maintained at a constant value regardless of the battery voltage or temperature
[a sign that] qualifies a cell or a battery having the shape of a parallelepiped whose faces are rectangular
PercentUnit
ConstantPotentialPulses
Signal consisting of successive pulses of electric potential of the same magnitude.
TotalMassLoading
the mass of all material (active and inactive) per unit area
CarbonCloth
a woven fabric made from carbon fibers, offering flexibility, high electrical conductivity, and durability, commonly used in high-performance fuel cells
StepDuration
the duration between two consecutive steps in a staircase signal
Typically, the duration is defined between the onset of one step and the onset of the next step.
MinimumStoichiometricCoefficient
The minimum allowed value for stoichiometric coefficient for an entity in a chemical substance
Anolyte
electrolyte on the anode side of an electrochemical cell that is divided into compartments
Electrolyte solution in the anodic compartment of an electrolysis cell or galvanic cell, i.e., in that part of the cell where the anode is placed.
ActivationEnergyOfGuestDiffusivityInNegativeElectrodeActiveMaterial
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the diffusivity of lithium in the negative electrode
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Diffusivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','arrhenius','activation_energy']
BimetallicElectrode
electrode containing two different metals (e.g. platinum and ruthenium) on its surface (e.g. to modify its electrocatalytic properties)
AuxiliaryElectrode
CounterElectrode
electrode whose function is to carry the electric current flowing through the electrical circuit of an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical processes on its surface not being of interest
An auxiliary electrode is used in any three-electrode cell, together with a working electrode and reference electrode.
An auxiliary electrode must not add an excessive potential burden to the cell. It is chosen for the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction and usually has a greater surface area than the working electrode.
Spring
an elastic device
ConstantPowerOperation
FonctionnementAPuissanceConstante
PowerHold
a process in which the electric power is kept constant
D60ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 60% of the sample's particles fall.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 3.1 mm
SpecificDischargeCapacity
SpeCapD
SpeCapD/mAh/g
DischargingSpecificCapacity
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery [ or electrode or active material ] obtained during a discharge process by its mass.
electric current that flows in a constant direction, i.e. a current with a constant sign
I_{DC}
The term ‘direct current’ should be used where there is ambiguity concerning the constancy of direction of current. See alternating current.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 3.5 mm
SulfurBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of sulfur or sulfur compounds
NumberOfIterations
the number of times an iterative process should occur
SodiumIronHexacyanoferrateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium iron hexacyanoferrate
ElectricSignal
Time dependent variation of an electric quantity.
ChemicalReaction
a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1096
ConcentrationCell
electrochemical cell that has two half-cells separated by a wall permeable to ions, both containing the same electrolyte differing only in their ion concentrations
a concentration cell produces a voltage as it attempts to reach equilibrium, which will occur when the concentration in both cells is equal.
Catalyst
substance that increases chemical reaction speed, and which is conserved after the reaction
NominalCapacity
the rated capacity that is representative of the typical value associated with a cell as stated by the manufacturer
the ratio of the charged capacity to the rated capacity of an electrochemical device
AirElectrode
a gas diffusion electrode in which the gas is air
The reaction occuring in an air electrode is typically the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
ActivationEnergyOfElectrolyteConductivity
the activation energy barrier in an Arrhenius expression for the ionic conductivity of an electrolyte
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Conductivity activation energy [J.mol-1]']
['electrolyte','ionic_conductivity','arrhenius','activation_energy']
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Maximum stoichiometry']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry1','value']
SeriesConnection
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein the positive terminal of each cell or battery is connected to the negative terminal of the next cell or battery in sequence.
SealedCell
cell which remains closed and does not release either gas or liquid when operated within the limits specified by the manufacturer
a sealed cell may be equipped with a safety device to prevent a dangerously high internal pressure and is designed to operate during its life in its original sealed state
CrystalizationPolarization
CrystalizationOverpotential
part of the electrode polarization arising from crystal nucleation and growth phenomena
D90ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 90% of the sample's particles fall.
TemperatureCoefficientOfTheCapacity
quotient of the change in capacity of a cell by the corresponding change in temperature.
ElectrochemicalStabilityLimit
electric potential at which a material undergoes an oxidation or reduction decomposition
ElectrolyticCapacitor
capacitor consisting of a metallic plate as first conductor, a very thin oxide film formed on the metal as the dielectric and an electrolyte as second conductor
ElectrochemicalProperty
CalciumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is calcium
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 2.0 mm
ElectricCurrentSignal
Time-dependent variation of electric current
LMFPElectrode
LithiumManganeseIronPhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium manganese iron phosphate
Plate
CoatedElectrode
cell electrode consisting of a current collector and active material
D15ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 15% of the sample's particles fall.
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 13 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 85 mm
ChargingPRate
an indicator of the electric power at which an electrochemical device is charged
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 1.3 mm
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
very common case for lithim metal cells
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 32 mm, width of 173 mm, and height of 225
Interface
the plane ideally marking the boundary between two phases
AluminiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of aluminium or aluminium compounds
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 26 mm and height of 65 mm
ElectrochemicalFlowCell
FlowCell
an electrochemical cell in which the active materials are flowed through the cell from an external source
MaximumStoichiometricCoefficient
The maximum allowed value for stoichiometric coefficient for an entity in a chemical substance
ECL
ElectrogeneratedChemiluminescence
Electrochemiluminescence
chemiluminescence produced in electrode reactions
D80ParticleSize
PotentiostaticDischarging
ConstantVoltageDischarging
a discharging process in which the voltage between the terminals of the electrochemical cell is kept at a constant value
The kinetic current is partially or entirely controlled by the rate of the chemical reaction. This reaction may be heterogeneous, occurring at an electrode-solution interface (surface reaction), or it may be homo- geneous, occurring at some distance from the interface (bulk reaction).
KineticCurrent
faradaic current of an electroactive substance B formed by a prior chemical reaction from another substance Y that is no electroactive at the potential at which B is electrochemically transformed
BellevilleWasher
a type of spring, in the form of a conical washer
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Maximum stoichiometry']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'stoichiometry1','value']
EqualizationCharge
extended charge to ensure an equal state of charge of all cells in a battery
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 30.0 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
CRateTest
a process that assesses the performance of an electrochemical device at different charge and discharge rates to understand its behavior under various current loads
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.3 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
8 of these in series are used to form an A23 battery
rarely used independently
NonInertElectrode
ReactiveElectrode
ActiveElectrode
an electrode which is chemically altered by the electrode reaction
the opposite of an inert electrode
RatedCapacity
capacity value of a battery [or electrode or electrochemical device] determined under specified conditions and declared by the manufacturer
CatholyteTank
a tank for holding catholyte
HelmholtzModel
a structural representation of the double layer that states that the accumulation of electric charge on the surface of the electrode is balanced by a layer of ions in the electrolyte
proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1853
the first model for the double layer
According to to Thévenin's theorem can any linear electric curcuit be replaced with a voltage source in series with an impedance. This impedance is for historical reasons termed "internal resistance".
For batteries, it the internal resistance the resistance of the cell.
InternalResistance
impedance of a linear circuit's Thévenin representation
dcir/ohms
DCIR(O)
internal_resistance
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 1.2 mm
TitaniumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of titanium or titanium compounds
often represented in cell designations by the letter T
In the case of a reversible electrode system, the OCP is also referred to as the equilibrium electrode potential. Otherwise, it is called the rest potential, or the corrosion potential, depending on the system being studied.
voltage of a cell or battery when the discharge current is zero.
OCP
OCV
OpenCircuitPotential
OpenCircuitVoltage
electrode potential of working electrode relative to the reference electrode when no potential or electric current is being applied to the electrochemical cell
ActiveSurfaceOfAnElectrode
ElectrodeElectrolyteInterface
interface between an electrolyte and an electrode where an electrode reaction takes place.
InititalThermodynamicTemperature
DeviceLumpedSpecificHeatCapacity
the lumped specific heat capacity of an electrochemical device
['Parameterisation','Cell','Specific heat capacity [J.K-1.kg-1]']
['properties','specific_heat','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
often used in wrist watches and automobile remotes
D75ParticleSize
PositiveElectrodeEntropicChangeCoefficient
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Entropic change coefficient [V.K-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'entropy_coefficient','value']
SpeEnergyD
SpeEnergyD/mWh/g
DischargingSpecificEnergy
the specific energy of an electrochemical device obtained during a discharge process
D45ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 45% of the sample's particles fall.
NumberOfCellsConnectedInSeries
NernstEinsteinEquation
an equation relating the limiting molar conductivity Λ_m^0 to the ionic diffusion coefficients.
CapacityCalculation
data processing procedure that determines the capacity based on time data and electric current data
HalfCell
ElectrochemicalHalfCell
a system comprising one electrode in contact with an ionic conductor.
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 19 mm and height of 66 mm
SodiumCobaltPhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium cobalt phosphate
part of the electrode polarization arising from concentration gradients of electrode reactants and products.
ConcentrationPolarization
MassTransferOverpotential
MassTransferPolarization
ConcentrationOverpotential
The concentration overpotential of an electrode reaction at a given electrode current density (c.d.) is basically the difference in equilibrium potentials across the diffusion layer. More precisely, it is the potential of a reference electrode (of the same electrode reaction as the working electrode ) with the interfacial concentrations which establish themselves at c.d., relative to the potential of a similar reference electrode with the concentrations of the bulk solution. From such a measured potential difference, with c.d. flowing, one needs to subtract the ohmic potential drop prevailing between the two electrodes.
Overcharging
continued charging of a fully charged secondary cell or battery
overcharge is also the act of charging beyond a certain limit specified by the manufacturer
CurrentPulsing
the process of applying a current pulse to an electrochemical device
NonPolarizableElectrode
an electrode that holds its potential essentially constant by efficiently allowing electric current to pass
this is a desirable characteristic for a reference electrode
LiquidMetalElectrode
an electrode that uses a liquid metal
they can be used in electrocapillarity, voltammetry, and impedance measurements
Electrooxidation
ElectrooxidationReaction
AnodicReaction
electrode reaction in which oxidation occurs at the anode
an electrode reaction, when the energy of electrons in the working electrode is lower than the HOMO orbital of the substrate
electrode reaction involving an electrochemical oxidation
InertElectrode
electrode that serves only as a source or sink for electrons without playing a chemical role in the electrode reaction
Noble metals, mercury, and carbon are typically used as (nearly) inert electrodes.
Jacket
partial or complete external covering of a cell
a jacket may be made of metal (insulated from the cell terminals), plastic, paper or other suitable material
TinBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of tin or tin compounds
DischargingData
data that is obtained from experiment or simulation during a discharging process
Kohlrausch's Law
Nernst-Einstein Equation
LimitingMolarConductivity
molar conductivity at infinite dilution
PastedElectrode
PastedPlate
plate in which the active material is applied as a paste to a conductive current collector
I_{t}
The instantaneous current is usually time-dependent and may have the character of an adsorption current, catalytic current, diffusion current, double-layer current, or kinetic current, and may include a migration current. A plot of the dependence of instantaneous current on time is commonly called an “I-t curve”.
InstantaneousCurrent
value of an electric current at an instant in time
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
ComplexPlanePlot
NyquistDiagram
NyquistPlot
plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested in an impedimetry measurement
process inside an electrolytic cell used to coat a conductive object with a layer of a material
The process of depositing a usually thin layer of metal upon a usually metallic substrate (or any other conductor, e.g. graphite), in order to improve the appearance, and/or to change the surface properties of the substrate.
Valve
component of a cell which permits the flow of gas in one direction only
a valve has a characteristic venting or opening and closing pressure
ConstantPowerDischarging
discharge during which the electric power is maintained at a constant value
SilverOxideElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese dioxide or vmanganese dioxide compounds
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code S
Electrocatalyst
material that can cause electrocatalysis.
AgElectrode
SilverElectrode
electrode in the form of foil, mesh, wire, rod, tube, powder, pellets, or single crystal of silver
Ag electrodes were first used in potentiometry for the determination of Cl−, Br−, I−, as well as for Ag+ ions, to which they are sensitive.
SeparatorPorosity
['Parameterisation','Separator','Porosity']
['separator','porosity','value']
POCVData
PseudoOCVData
PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageData
a dataset resulting from a pseudo-open-circuit voltage experiment or simulation
The cathodic transfer coefficient αc is defined as –(RT/nF)(dlnkc /dE), where kc is the electroreduction rate constant, E is the applied potential, and R, T, and F have their usual significance. This definition is equivalent to the other, -(RT/nF)(dln|jc |/dE), where jc is the cathodic current density corrected for any changes in the reactant concentration at the electrode surface with respect to its bulk value.
ChargeTransferCoefficient
the fraction of the electrostatic potential energy affecting the reduction rate in an electrode reaction, with the remaining fraction affecting the corresponding oxidation rate
R. Guidelli et al., “Defining the transfer coefficient in electrochemistry: An assessment (IUPAC Technical Report),” Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 245–258, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-5026
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 1.2 mm
AlternatingCurrent
periodic current where the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum
SurfaceAreaToVolumeRatio
VolumetricSurfaceArea
ratio of the surface area of a solid object to the volume of the object
DoubleLayerCurrent
non-faradaic current associated with the charging of the electrical double layer at the electrode-solution interface
ChargeEfficiency
ratio of the electric charge discharged from a secondary battery to the electric charge provided during the preceding charge
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 70 mm, and height of 102 mm
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCellsInZ
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid in the Z-direction
ChargeTransferReaction
ElectrochemicalReaction
a chemical reaction in an electrolyte involving a transfer of electrons between chemical components or between chemical components and an electrode
any process either caused or accompanied by the passage of an electric current and involving in most cases the transfer of electrons between two substances
electrochemical reactions occur at electrochemical interfaces
the electrode reaction can also involve other chemical reactions including subreactions on a cell electrode
Bockris, J. O'M. and Despić, . Aleksandar R. (2011, December 15). Electrochemical reaction. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/electrochemical-reaction
VoltageMeasurementResult
Water
chemical compound with raw molecular formula H2O
ChargingCRate
[an indicator of the] electric current at which a secondary cell or battery is charged
the charge rate is expressed as the reference current It = Cr/n where Cr is the rated capacity declared by the manufacturer and n is the time base in hours for which the rated capacity is declared
VolumetricPowerDensity
the quotient of the power of an energy-storage device or system and its volume
the electroactive area is the area calculated from experiments with model electroactive species and may be different from the real surface area in cases where not all of the surface is electrochemically active or accessible
ElectrodeRealSurfaceArea
surface area of an electrode that takes into account non-idealities of the interface (roughness, porosity, etc.) and can be measured by a variety of electrochemical methods
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 7.7 mm
RoundElectrode
an electrode in the shape of a circle
CupricOxideElectrode
CopperOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is cupric oxide (copper (II) oxide)
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code G
MiniumumConcentration
the minimum amount concentration of a species in a phase, either imposed or naturally occuring
ElectrochemicalCharging
Charging
operation during which a secondary cell or battery is supplied with electric energy from an external circuit which results in chemical changes within the cell and thus the storage of energy as chemical energy.
Potentiostat
measuring instrument for electric current that controls the potential difference between a working electrode and a reference electrode and measures the electric current between a working electrode and an auxiliary electrode.
SternModel
describes the double layer as divided into two parts separated by the Stern plane, located about one hydrated ion radius from the electrode surface
proposed by Otto Stern in 1924
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 24.5 mm and a height of 5.0 mm
TwoStepCharging
charging method applied to a secondary battery using two levels of charge rate with feedback control to initiate the changeover from a high to a low charge rate
AmbientCelsiusTemperature
the celsius temperature of the ambient environment
Environmental_Temperature (C)
ACResistance
RealElectricImpedance
Symbol n is commonly used when there is no risk of confusion with an amount of substance.
The apparent number of electrons transferred, z_{app} , represents the experimentally measured number of electrons transferred between an electrode and one electroactive substance species, whose identity must be specified. When the electrooxidation or electroreduction of a substance B is accompanied by chemical processes, such as the catalyzed or induced reduction of a second substance, or a side reaction that consumes B or an intermediate, the value of z_{app} will differ from that of z.
ElectronNumberOfAnElectrochemicalReaction
NumberOfElectronsTransferred
number of electrons transferred in a charge transfer reaction between an electrode and a single entity (ion, radical-ion, or molecule) of an electroactive substance, whose identity must be specified
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 4.2 mm
GITTData
GalvanostaticIntermittentTitrationTechniqueData
a dataset resulting from a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique experiment or simulation
CCCVCycling
ConstantCurrentConstantVoltageCycling
a cycling protocol in which an electrochemical cell is first put through a CCCV charging process followed by a constant current discharge process
ElectricalDoubleLayerModel
ElectricalPolarizationLayerModel
DoubleLayerModel
model representing the structure of an electrolyte at an electrode-electrolyte interface by a rigid layer formed by the charge carriers on the surface of the electrode and a diffuse layer formed by mobile ions in the electrolyte.
ModifiedConstantVoltageCharging
constant voltage charge where the electric current is limited to a predetermined value
PulseDischarging
discharging an electrochemical device at a given charging current for a defined short duration
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 32 mm and height of 70 mm
NonAqueousInorganicElectrolyte
an electrolyte solution that contains no water and no organic species
StepCapacity
the amount of charge that has passed through an electrochemical device within the time interval of a given testing step
FlameArrestorVent
vent of special design which provides protection against the propagation of a flame front from or into the interior of a secondary cell
this flame front may originate from a spark or an external naked flame igniting combustible electrolysis gas
a typical end-of-life criterion in the battery domain is 80% of the initial capacity of the device
ElectrochemicalCycleLife
CycleLife
the maximum number of cycles achieved in an electrochemical device before reaching some end-of-life criterion
In experimental practice, the latter is often taken to be the moment when the rate of varia- tion of the potential of the indicator electrode attains a maximum value.
TransitionTime
in chronopotentiometry and related techniques, the duration between the application of current and when the concentration of an electroactive substance at the electrode-solution interface becomes indistinguishable from zero
ElectrochemicalQuantity
Physical quantities defined within the domain of electrochemistry.
Pouch
a form factor describing a pouch cell, which has the shape of a rectangular prism where the thickness less than the length and the width and the case material is flexible
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 5.4 mm
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 70 mm, and height of 131 mm
PositivePlate
PositiveElectrode
for a device having two electrodes, that electrode having the higher electric potential
by convention, a reduction reaction occurs during discharge
D55ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 55% of the sample's particles fall.
CPE
CarbonPasteElectrode
Electrode of a composite of carbon powder and a pasting liquid (including mineral oil, Nujol, bromoform, bromonaphthalene).
The CPE was first described by Adams in 1958. A CPE is typically housed in a Teflon holder, contacted by a conductive wire (occasionally a piston is used to renew the surface by extrusion of the used paste). Problems are long-term stability of the paste and that the binder can influence its properties.
These electrodes can easily be chemically modified by the incorporation of reagents (electrocatalysts, redox mediators, complexation agents, enzymes, etc.) and by the attachment of micro- or nanoparticles to prepare electrochemical sensors for analytical applications.
ManganeseBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese or manganese compounds
often represented in cell designations by the letter M
CylindricalCase
a round-type case with a height that is greater than or equal to the diameter
E^{\circ '}
E_{eq} = E^{\circ '} - (R*T / (z*F)) * \sum_i{\nu_i * ln(c_i/c^{circ})}
It is E°′ which is calculated in electrochemical experiments when the concentrations of the various species are known, but their activities are not. Its value depends on the composi- tion of the electrolyte solution. The argument of ln is dimensionless, while the concentration ci is normalized through division by the standard concentration, usually c° = 1 mol dm^{−3} for soluble species.
FormalPotential
FormalElectrodePotential
equilibrium electrode potential under conditions of unit concentration of species involved in the electrode reaction
AsymmetricMembrane
membrane constituted of two or more structural planes of non-identical morphologies
LimitQuantity
a limit quantity in a control system
Dissociation
process where molecules split up into ions due to being dissolved
NMCElectrode
LithiumNickelManganeseCobaltOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel manganese cobalt
DeviceVolume
the total volume of an electrochemical device, determined by its external dimensions
['Parameterisation','Cell','Volume [m3]']
['properties','volume','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 3.1 mm
DifferentialPotentialPulse
Small pulses of electric potential superimposed to a linear potential ramp or a staircase potential ramp.
The pulses are usually of constant height 10 to 100 mV and constant width 10 to 100 ms.
ConductivityCell
an electrochemical cell for conductivity measurements
Formed, in theory, by two 1 cm2 reversible electrodes spaced 1 cm apart, providing a uniform distribution of electrical field. In practice, however, a number of other configurations are used.
A. J. Bard, G. Inzelt, and F. Scholz, Eds., Electrochemical Dictionary, 2nd Edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29551-5
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 5.8 mm and a height of 2.7 mm
LithiumVanadiumOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium vanadium oxide
ElectrochemicalConstituent
A constituent in an electrochemical system.
a constituent is essential to the functioning of the system and cannot be replaced by a comparable thing without altering the behaviour of the system
Anode
by convention, cell electrode at which an oxidation reaction occurs
at an anode, electrons are produced in a galvanic cell or extracted in an electrolytic cell
electrode of an electrochemical cell through which net electric current flows and at which the predominating electrochemical reaction is an oxidation
the anode is the negative electrode during discharge and the positive electrode during charge
LowerFrequencyLimit
the lower end of the interval of frequencies tested in impedimetry and related techniques
DischargingPRate
an indicator of the electric power at which an electrochemical device is discharged
DroppingMercuryElectrode
mercury electrode formed by sequence of mercury drops falling from a small aperture
Other kinds of mercury drop electrodes are the static mercury drop electrode (SMDE), in which a drop is held at constant radius before being mechanically knocked off, and the hanging mercury drop elec- trode (HMDE), in which the whole experiment is performed on a single drop of mercury.
The DME was introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967). A drop is renewed every few seconds. Many metals amalgamate with mercury so that in the analysis of metal ions in aqueous solution the DME maintains a fresh surface throughout.
TheoreticalChargeCapacity
MaximumStorageCapacity
the maximum amount of electric charge that can be reversible stored within an electrochemical device, component, or material - operated at an infinitely low rate - based on its chemical composition and design
ParasiticReaction
an unwanted side reaction
in a galvanic cell, parasitic reactions may cause inefficiencies or loss of performance
ExchangeCurrentDensityData
data that describes the exchange current density of some material or electrode under some stated conditions
PulseResponseData
time series data that contains a controlled pulse and the response of a system
AqueousElectrolyticSolution
AqueousElectrolyte
an ion-transport medium, which may be immobilized, in which water is the solvent.
D10ParticleSize
NegativeTerminal
accessible conductive part provided for the connection of an external electric circuit to the negative electrode of the cell
RetainedCapacity
the capacity that an electrochemical device can deliver after being stored under some specified conditions
MinimumChargingTemperature
the minimum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a charging process
DoubleLayerCapacitor
EDLC
ElectrochemicalCapacitor
ElectrochemicalDoubleLayerCapacitor
Device that stores electrical energy using a double layer in an electrochemical cell.
stores energy electrostatically in the Helmholtz Layer
ParticleRadius
radius of a particle
CurrentTimeCurve
CurrentTimePlot
plot of the dependence of instantaneous current on time
CurrentPotentialCurve
ElectricCurrentPotentialCurve
CurrentPotentialPlot
plot of current versus applied potential (I-E) for a given system
The curve is sigmoidal in hydrodynamic voltammetry, voltammetry at microelectrodes and polarography, or peak-shaped in ac voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square- wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, and derivative techniques.
Pingarrón, José M., et al. "Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92.4 (2020): 641-694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
ThreeElectrodeElectrochemicalCell
ThreeElectrodeCell
electrochemical cell with a working electrode, reference electrode, and auxiliary electrode
A potentiostat can be used to maintain a potential difference between the working and ref- erence electrodes.
Electric current flows between the working and auxiliary electrodes. Electrode potential may be measured between the working and reference electrodes.
MaximumContinuousDischargeCurrent
MaximumContinuousDischargingCurrent
the maximum current approved for continuous discharge for a given electrochemical device
EASA
ECSA
ElectrochemicalActiveSurfaceArea
ElectrochemicallyActiveSurfaceArea
the area of the electrode material that is accessible to the electrolyte that is used for charge transfer and/or storage
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 7.9 mm and a height of 1.3 mm
LNMOLFPElectrode
LithiumNickelManganeseOxideLithiumIronPhosphateElectrode
an electrode with blended lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) active materials
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 20 mm, width of 100 mm, and height of 141 mm
Voltammogram
current-potential curve in a voltammetry experiment
GDE
GasDiffusionElectrode
a type of electrode specifically designed for gaseous reactants or products or both
A gas diffusion electrode usually comprises one or more porous layers, like the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer.
Gas diffusion electrodes can be gas diffusion anodes or gas diffusion cathodes.
Gas diffusion electrodes can be used in batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers.
EdgeInsulator
part which insures insulation between the plate (electrode) edges and adjacent plates (electrodes) and the container side walls
ArealCapacity
AreicCapacity
quotient of the capacity of a battery cell or battery by its plane area.
FuelCell
galvanic cell that transforms chemical energy from continuously supplied reactants to electric energy by an electrochemical process.
NegativeElectrodeElectronicConductivity
the electronic conductivity of the negative electrode
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Conductivity [S.m-1]']
['negative_electrode','electronic_conductivity','value']
CelsiusTemperatureMeasurement
measurement of temperature
SeriesParallelConnection
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein in series connected cells or batteries are connected in parallel.
ChargingData
data that is obtained from experiment or simulation during a charging process
StrippingChronopotentiometry
an electroanalytical technique that involves applying a constant current to a working electrode to strip previously deposited analyte from the electrode surface while measuring the potential change over time
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialParticleRadius
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Particle radius [m]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'particle_radius','value']
EISData
ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopyData
a dataset resulting from an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiment or simulation
ElectrolyteLevelIndicator
device used to assist in the measurement of the level of electrolyte in a cell
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 32 mm and height of 134 mm
HermeticallySealedCell
permanently sealed gas tight cell without pressure release device
PotassiumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is potassium
D35ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 35% of the sample's particles fall.
PolarizableElectrode
electrode whose potential changes with an applied potential
LMOElectrode
LithiumManganeseOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium manganese oxide
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCellsInY
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid in the Y-direction
Because the working potential range is a function of a specific electrode/electrolyte system, only approximate ranges can be given for generic systems.
The working potential range is usually limited by the stability of the electrolyte, itself affected by the catalytic properties of the electrode, or by the stability of the electrode.
WorkingPotentialRange
range of electrode potentials of a given working electrode in a given electrolyte, where the electric current from reactions of the electrode or electrolyte is negligible compared with the current from reactions of the system under investigation
IonicLiquid
IonicLiquidElectrolyte
An ionic liquid is an electrolyte composed of a salt that is liquid below 100 °C. Ionic liquids have found uses in electrochemical analysis, because their unconventional properties include a negligible vapor pressure, a high thermal and electrochemical stability, and exceptional dissolution properties for both organic and inorganic chemical species.
PRate
an indicator of the electric power at which an electrochemical device is operated
HydrogenElectrode
platinized platinum electrode saturated by a stream of pure gaseous hydrogen
A platinized platinum electrode consists of a platinum rod covered by compact platinum powder called platinum black.
The quarter-peak potential, Ep/4, the three-quarter-peak potential, Ep3/4, etc., may be similarly defined.
This term is used in techniques providing peak-shaped responses (linear scan voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, AC voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltam- metry, stripping voltammetry, and derivative techniques).
HalfPeakPotential
for dynamic voltammetric techniques, the electric potential of the working electrode at which the current is equal to one-half of the peak current
ElectrochemicalControlQuantity
quantities that control electroanalytical techniques
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 80 mm
I_{cat}
In either of the two following situations, the current increase is termed a catalytic current: (i) The scheme below generates a catalytic or regenerative current: B±e→ B′ B' + A → B (ii) The presence at the electrode-solution interface of a substance, which may be added or generated by an electrochemical reaction, decreases the overpotential for the electrochemical reaction of B. In either case, the magnitude of the catalytic current depends on the applied potential. If the current observed with a mixture of A and B is lower than the sum of the separate currents, the term non-additive current should be used.
CatalyticCurrent
faradaic current measured in a solution containing two electroactive substances, A and B, that exceeds the sum of the faradaic currents that would be obtained for A and B separately under the same experimental conditions
Leakage
unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
NegativeElectrodeReactionRateConstant
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Reaction rate constant [mol.m-2.s-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'kinetic_constant','value']
SodiumTitaniumOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium titanium oxide
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialVolumetricSurfaceArea
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Surface area per unit volume [m-1]']
TungstenBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of tungsten or tungsten compounds
NonSpillableCell
cell from which electrolyte cannot escape regardless of its orientation
some vented cells or batteries are designed so as to be non-spillable when operated within the limits specified by the manufacturer
ITO
IndiumTinOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is indium tin oxide
PositiveElectrodeActiveMaterialMaximumGuestConcentration
maximum concentration of lithium in the positive electrode
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Maximum concentration [mol.m-3]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'maximum_concentration','value']
PolymerElectrolyte
a polymer matrix capable of ion conduction
SinusoidalPotentialWaveform
Sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz).
SpecificPower
the quotient of the power of an energy-storage device or system and its mass
ClosedCircuitVoltage
DischargingVoltage
voltage between the terminals of a cell or battery when being discharged
ReferencePerformanceTest
a periodic assessment of battery degradation during life testing
GraphiteElectrode
electrode in which the active material is graphite
PerforatedFoil
a thin sheet that has been punched with a pattern of holes, offering controlled porosity and strength for uses in filtration, sound suppression, and structural components
D40ParticleSize
a statistical measure used in particle size distribution analysis, indicating the particle diameter below which 40% of the sample's particles fall.
SelfDischargeTest
StorageTest
test carried out to measure the loss of capacity, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current or other quantities after storage under specified conditions
CathodicProtection
electrochemical immunity produced by an appropriate cathodic polarization.
NegativePlate
NegativeElectrode
for a device having two electrodes, that electrode having the lower electric potential
by convention, an oxidation reaction occurs during discharge
MassLoading
mass of a material per unit area
ElectrochemicalPseudocapacitor
a type of supercapacitor that uses metal oxide or conducting polymer electrodes with a high amount of electrochemical pseudocapacitance additional to the double-layer capacitance
stores energy electrochemically via Faradaic mechanisms
Energy discharge/W.h
EnergyD
EnergyD/mWh
WH-OUT
DischargingEnergy
energy delivered by a deviced under some specific discharge conditions
wf dis e
Discharge_Energy (Wh)
Engy_DChg(mWh)
discharge_energy
CycleNumberData
cycle number data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
MnO2Electrode
ManganeseDioxideElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of manganese dioxide or manganese dioxide compounds.
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code C
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydoxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code L
LNOElectrode
LithiumNickelOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel oxide
FormationCycling
the cycling of a cell after manufacturing, usually for the purpose of forming interfacial layers
IrO2Electrode
IridiumOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is iridium oxide
EnergyCalculation
SodiumManganesePhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium manganese phosphate
VentCap
component fitted into the filling hole of a cell with a provision of allowing the venting of electrolysis gas from the cell¨
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iron or iron compounds
MaximumTemperature
the maximum allowable temperature
Max-T(C)
For an electrode at equilibrium at which only one reaction is significant i = 0. When more than one reaction is significant at a given electrode, subscripts to i0 may be used to distinguish exchange currents. i is not usually zero when only one of these reactions is at equilibrium.
i0 = ia = - ic
ExchangeCurrent
the common value (i0) of the anodic and cathodic partial currents when the reaction is at equilibrium
DeviceSurfaceArea
the external surface area of an electrochemical device
['Parameterisation','Parameterisation','Cell','External surface area [m2]']
['properties','external_surface_area','value']
SwagelokCase
a container for an electrochemical cell manufactured by the company Swagelok
CarbonPaper
a thin, flat material composed of compressed carbon fibers, used in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices for its high electrical conductivity and gas permeability
ElectricPotentialTimeCurve
ElectricPotentialTimePlot
PotentialTimeCurve
PotentialTimePlot
plot of the time-dependence of instantaneous electric potential following a change in applied current
NegativeElectrodeCoatingThickness
thickness of the negative electrode coating
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Thickness [m]']
['negative_electrode','thickness','value']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 15.8 mm and a height of 11.1 mm
ElectronicConductivity
measure of a substance's tendency towards electronic conduction
PercentQuantity
SpecificSurfaceArea
total surface of a solid per mass
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 2.6 mm
SodiumTitaniumPhosphateElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium titanium phosphate
ZincBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of zinc or zinc compounds
ChargeCarrier
a generic denomination of particles or quasiparticles responsible for electric charge transport.
electron, hole, ion
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 12 mm, width of 120 mm, and height of 81 mm
FibreglassSeparator
GlassFibreSeparator
a separator is composed of a mass of intermeshed glass fibers.
PassivationLayer
an interfacial layer of an electrode surface, that causes the electrode to become passivated
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 18 mm, width of 68 mm, and height of 107 mm
IronDisulfideElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iron disulfide or iron disulfide compounds.
the combination with lithium metal and an organic electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code F
CycleSeriesDataset
a series of data points indexed in cycle order
StaircasePotentialRamp
Successive steps of electric potential that form a staircase waveform.
MiniumumAcceptedCapacity
the minimum acceptable threshold value for the rated capacity of an electrochemical device, as stated by the manufacturer.
ChargeCycle
ElectrochemicalCycling
Cycling
set of operations that is carried out on a secondary cell or battery and is repeated regularly in the same sequence.
in a secondary battery these operations may consist of a sequence of a discharge followed by a charge or a charge followed by a discharge under specified conditions
this sequence may include rest periods
ResidualCapacity
electric charge capacity remaining in a cell or battery following a discharge, operation or storage under specific test conditions
ButlerVolmerApproximation
ErdeyGruzVolmerEquation
ButlerVolmerEquation
a phenomenological model for electrode kinetics, describing the relation between the electrode current from an electrochemical charge-transfer reaction and the surface overpotential of the electrode
i = i0 * (exp(alpha*n*F*eta/(R*T)) – exp(-(1-alpha)*n*F*eta/(R*T)))
IronPhosphateBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of iron phosphate or iron phosphate compounds
represented in IEC cell designations by the letter code Fp
A limiting current is reached when the overpotential is sufficiently large that the faradaic current is deter- mined solely by the ability to supply electroactive species by mass transport. A limiting current is there- fore independent of applied potential over a corresponding finite potential range. A limiting current may have the character of an adsorption, catalytic, diffusion, or kinetic current, and may include a migration current.
LimitingCurrent
faradaic current that is approached as the rate of the charge-transfer process is increased by varying the applied potential, being greater than the rate of mass transport controlled by diffusion
ParallelSeriesConnection
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein parallel connected cells or batteries are connected in series.
MaximumDischargingPulseDuration
the maximum duration of a pulse discharge for a given electrochemical device
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 16.0 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
SinusoidalCurrentWaveform
alternating current consistent with a sinusoidal waveform
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 3.6 mm
StepNumber
StepIndex
the currently running step number in the procedure
step
Step ID
step_index
Step Number
ArrheniusActivationEnergy
ActivationEnergy
Connector
conductor of electricity used for carrying current between components in an electric circuit
a connector electrically joins two cells, or a terminal of a cell to a terminal of the battery, or a terminal of the battery to an exterior circuit and also to auxiliary devices
PlatinumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of platinum or platinum compounds
PlatePair
ElectrodePair
assembly of one positive plate, one negative plate and the associated separator if any
Eeq is related to the standard electrode potential by the Nernst equation.
Temperature and activities of relevant species must be specified.
electrode potential when the electrode reaction is in equilibrium.
EquilibriumPotential
NernstPotential
ReversiblePotential
EquilibriumElectrodePotential
potential of an electrode when no electric current flows through the cell and all local charge transfer equilibria across phase boundaries that are represented in the cell diagram (except at possible electrolyte-electrolyte junctions) and local chemical equilibria are established
SodiumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is sodium
MagnesiumInsertionElectrode
an insertion electrode in which the guest molecule is magnesium
RatedEnergy
the amount of energy that an electrochemical device can store under some specific conditions
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 10.8 mm
VolumePercent
ReferenceThermodynamicTemperature
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 6.8 mm and a height of 1.65 mm
PowerControlledProcess
a process in which the electric power is controlled
NearNeutralAqueousElectrolyte
NearNeutralSolution
NearNeutralElectrolyte
an aqueous electrolyte with a nominal pH value between 4 and 10.
this covers the pH domain typically described as "weakly acidic", "neutral", and "weakly alkaline"
Supercap
Supercapacitor
type of capacitor characterized by high capacitance, high specific and volumetric energy density, and low voltage limits
ConstantPowerCharging
charge during which the electric power is maintained at a constant value
CadmiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of cadmium or cadmium compounds.
ElectrochemicalPlot
Graphical representation of a dataset resulting from the measurement of the response of an electrochemical system.
Shows the relationship between two or more electrochemical variables.
MaximumDischargingTemperature
the maximum allowable temperature of an electrochemical device during a discharging process
SodiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of sodium or sodium compounds
HgElectrode
MercuryElectrode
liquid metal electrode used in polarography
A mercury film electrode (MFE) or thin mercury film electrode (TMFE) is formed by coating a conducting substrate, usually glassy carbon, with a layer of mercury (thin film, amalgam, or array of microdrops), often by electrodeposition from a solution containing Hg(II). The electrode area is normally in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 cm2 and mercury film thickness typically ranges from 10 to 1000 nm, producing a film of large surface area-to-volume ratio that results in a high analyte pre-concentration during the deposition step of anodic stripping voltammetry. Compared to an HMDE, the MFE provides high sensitivity and resolution; however, it is somewhat less reproducible and more prone to interferences from intermetallic formation and surface-active substances.
Liquid mercury is an ideal electrode material for negative potentials because of its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution (electrochemical reduction of hydroxonium cations from solution). However, mercury is readily oxidized, particularly in the presence of anions that form complexes or that pre- cipitate with Hg(I) or Hg(II) ions, and thus it is not suitable for use at positive potentials. The use of liquid mercury has largely been discontinued because of concerns about the toxicity of the element and its compounds.
TotalCapacity
the total amount of electric charge that has passed through an electrochemical device within a defined time interval
D70ParticleSize
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 15.5 mm and a height of 6.0 mm
BodeDiagram
BodePlot
plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency at all the frequencies tested in an impedimetry measurement
a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
CapacityRate
GalvanicCell
electrochemical cell in which chemical reactions occur spontaneously and chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
An electrochemical cell that spontaneously produces work.
Electrochemical cell intended to produce electric energy.
ReactionRate
rate at which a chemical reaction takes place
Electrolysis
method of separating and neutralizing ions by an electric current in an electrolytic cell
OxygenElectrode
a gas diffusion electrode in which the active material is oxygen (O2)
the combination with zinc metal and an alkali metal hydroxide electrolyte is designated using IEC electrochemical system letter code P
DiffuseLayerPotential
electric potential difference between the rigid layer and the diffuse layer of a double layer
CapacityLoss
CapacityFade
a degradation phenomena in electrochemical devices in which the practicaclly achieveable capacity of the cell is less than the measured capacity at the beginning of life.
ChargeCarrierTransportNumber
transport number of lithium ion in electrolyte
['Parameterisation','Electrolyte','Cation transference number']
['electrolyte','transference_number','value']
DepletionLayer
DepletionRegion
DepletionZone
JunctionRegion
SpaceChargeRegion
SpaceChargeLayer
an interphase formed when two materials with different chemical potentials are brought in contact with each other, and the atoms or electrons are unable to migrate to establish local charge neutrality
This term is used in dynamic voltammetric techniques providing a peak-shaped current response (linear-sweep voltammetry, triangular-wave voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, AC voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, stripping voltamme- try and derivative techniques).
PeakPotential
electrode potential of the working electrode at which the peak current is attained
MetalOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is a metal oxide
DischargingCurrent
electric current delivered by a battery during its discharge
GuestDiffusivityInPositiveElectrodeActiveMaterial
the diffusivity of lithium in the positive electrode
['Parameterisation','Positive electrode','Diffusivity [m2.s-1]']
['positive_electrode','active_materials',0,'diffusion_constant','value']
VolumetricChargeCapacity
VolumetricElectricChargeCapacity
VolumetricCapacity
quotient of the capacity of a cell or battery by its volume.
NumberOfFiniteVolumeCellsInX
number of discrete finite volume cells in a grid or sub-grid in the X-direction
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 10.0 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
NegativeElectrodeActiveMaterialMaximumGuestConcentration
maximum concentration of lithium in the negative electrode
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Maximum concentration [mol.m-3]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'maximum_concentration','value']
AqueousLithiumHydroxideSolution
LiOHSolution
LithiumHydroxideSolution
a solution of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) dissolved in water (H2O)
SiliconGraphiteElectrode
an electrode with blended silicon and graphite active materials
SodiumManganeseOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium manganese oxide
StorageLife
ShelfLife
duration, under specific conditions, at the end of which a battery [ or electrochemical device ] has retained the ability to perform a specified function
ElectrolyticCell
electrochemical cell intended to produce chemical reactions
An electrochemical cell that requires input of work to drive the reaction.
Electrochemical cell in which electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.
MonoblocContainer
case with multiple separate cell compartments
MeanExchangeCurrentDensity
ExchangeCurrentDensity
defined by j0 = i0/A, where i0 is the exchange current of the electrode reaction and A is usually taken as the geometric area of the electrode
NegativeElectrodeEntropicChangeCoefficient
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Entropic change coefficient [V.K-1]']
['negative_electrode','active_materials',0,'entropy_coefficient','value']
RoundCase
a case that is described by its diameter and height
often represented in cell designations by the letter R
BismuthBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of bismuth or bismuth compounds.
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 2.1 mm
AqueousSodiumHydroxideSolution
NaOHSolution
SodiumHydroxideSolution
a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved in water (H2O)
ElectrochemicalMaterial
a material that takes active part in an electrochemical reaction
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 9.5 mm and a height of 1.6 mm
VentedCell
secondary cell having a cover provided with an opening through which products of electrolysis and evaporation are allowed to escape freely from the cell to the atmosphere
CarbonInkElectrode
development of a carbon paste electrode that is screen printed using a carbon/polymer mixture of suitable composition
Typical composition of a carbon ink expressed as mass fractions is graphite powder 60 % and polystyrene 40 %.
SamplingTime
duration of the sampling interval in pulse voltammetry
SolidElectrolyteInterphase
an interfacial layer that forms between an electrode phase and and electrolyte phase, due to the decomposition of the electrolyte
although the definition could apply to any electrode, it is conventionally used to describe interfacial layers that form on the anode of an electrochemical cell.
SodiumCobaltOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium cobalt oxide
Powder
CelsiusTemperatureData
celsius temperature data, usually resulting from an electrochemical measurement process
ParallelConnection
arrangement of cells or batteries wherein all the positive terminals and all the negative terminals, respectively, are connected together.
CurrentScanRate
The rate of change of an applied current with time.
Used in linear potentiometry and related techniques, where a linearly-changing current is imposed to a cell to measure its voltage response.
StoichiometricCoefficient
the absolute value of the stoichiometric number
PotentiostaticProcess
VoltageHold
a process in which the voltage is kept constant
Electrodeposition
the process of forming a film or a bulk material using an electrochemical process where the electrons are supplied by an external power supply
NCAElectrode
LithiumNickelCobaltAluminumOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide
BilayerMembrane
an asymmetric membrane composed of two layers, typically with different chemical properties or functional roles
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 26 mm and height of 70 mm
StoichiometricCoefficientAtSOC0
the stoichiometric coefficient for a reactive entity in a chemical substance that corresponds to a cell-level state-of-charge of 0%
CarbonBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of carbon or carbon compounds
often represented in IEC cell designations by the letter I
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 16.0 mm and a height of 3.2 mm
BoundaryCondition
a property whose value is controlled on some surface or domain
PressureReliefVent
vent of special design which allows to release gas from a cell in order to avoid excessive internal pressure and thereby to preclude rupture or explosion of the cell container
SecondaryReaction
SideReaction
chemical reaction which occurs in addition to the main process
ElectrochemicalMethod
Electroreduction
ElectroreductionReaction
CathodicReaction
electrode reaction in which reduction occurs at the cathode
electrode reaction involving an electrochemical reduction
electrode reaction, where the energy of electrons in the working electrode is higher than the LUMO orbital of the substrate
a prismatic case with a nominal length of 27 mm, width of 148 mm, and height of 91 mm
ElectrochemicalMeasurementProcess
The measurement step in an electrochemical testing procedure or characterization method with output data for voltage, current, time, and temperature.
ReactionOvervoltage
ReactionPolarization
ReactionOverpotential
part of the electrode polarization arising from a chemical reaction impeding the electrode reaction
E, U
The absolute value of the electrode potential cannot be measured, so E is always reported relative to the potential of a reference electrode, e.g. that of a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
cell source voltage when the electrodes of the electrochemical cell are a reference electrode and the electrode in question.
ElectrodePotential
electric potential at an electrode, reported as the difference in potential relative to a reference electrode
HybridFlowCell
a flow cell that uses one or more electroactive components deposited as a solid layer
TrasattiBuzzancaModel
considers the effects of specific adsorbed ions in the double layer
proposed by Sergio Trasatti and Giovanni Buzzanca in 1971
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 38 mm and height of 136 mm
For Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, the Peak Potential Amplitude is usually small, (normally 5 to 10 mV).
AmplitudeOfAlternatingVoltage
half of the peak-to-peak amplitude of a periodic voltage perturbation within a single time period, with respect to a reference potential value
This term should denote half of the peak-to-peak amplitude. Peak-to-peak and r.m.s. amplitudes should be so specified.
PbOElectrode
LeadOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lead oxide
ActiveMaterialParticleCracking
a degradation mechanism in electrochemical cells in which fractures in the active material particles increase cell resistance.
ElectricCurrentMeasuringSystem
a system for measuing electric current
a digital coulometer connected to a computer
VoltageChangeRate
the first order time rate of change of voltage
dv/dt
dVdt (I/h)
IndicatorElectrode
electrode that responds to one, or more than one, species in the solution being investigated, with no appreciable change of bulk solution composition during the measurement
If processes of interest occur both at the anode and the cathode of a cell (as in differential amperometry or controlled-current potentiometric titration with two indicator electrodes), the cell should be said to comprise two indicator or working electrodes.
This term is typically used in potentiometry.
a 3D spatial region at an interface with physical properties that are distinct from the bulk phases in contact
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 12.05 mm and a height of 2.5 mm
SilverBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of silver or silver compounds
CathodeElectrolyteInterphase
a type of solid electrolyte interface that forms on the surface of the electrode designated as the "cathode" or positive electrode
used to distinguish the interphase on the cathode surface from that on the anode, which is typically called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)
SodiumChromiumOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is sodium chromium oxide
internal apparent resistance is expressed in ohms
InternalApparentResistance
quotient of change of voltage of a battery by the corresponding change in discharge current under specified conditions.
TriangularPotentialWaveform
Linear ramp of electric potential, followed by a reversal to the initial potential. Both forward and reversed signal ramps are applied at the same scan rate.
CalenderedCoatingThickness
thickness of the coating after a calendering process
AqueousAmmoniaSolution
AmmoniaSolution
a solution of ammonia (NH3) dissolved in water (H2O)
the solution can also be made by dissolving ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) in water
PalladiumBasedElectrode
an electrode in which the primary active material consists of palladium or palladium compounds
ElectrolyticSolution
ElectrolyteSolution
a liquid electrolyte that consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
GouyChapmanModel
an extension of the Helmholtz model that describes the distribution of ions as a function of distance from the electrode surface to the bulk of the electroylte
this model fails for highly charged double layers
LinearCurrentRamp
signal where an electric current is varied linearly from an initial current, typically 0 A
A_{geom}
ElectrodeGeometricSurfaceArea
the interfacial area, determined on the assumption that the interface is truly flat (2-dimensional) and calculated using the geometric data of the involved surfaces
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 20.0 mm and a height of 4.0 mm
Electrolyte
a material in which the mobile species are ions and free movement of electrons is blocked.
A solid electrolyte is a solid material where the predominant charge carriers are ions. For example: NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor), which has the general formula Na1+xZr2P3-xSix O12 , 0 < x < 3.
conducting medium in which the flow of electric current is accompanied by the movement of ions
liquid or solid substance containing mobile ions that render it conductive
substance that provides ions on dissolution in a solvent or on melting
WorkingElectrode
electrode at which one or more electroactive substances undergo reaction in the solution being investigated
Te potential of a working electrode is controlled with respect to the reference electrode.
This term is typically used in voltammetry, polarography, amperometry, and coulometry.
Voltameter
Coulometer
measuring instrument to obtain the electrical charge passed in an experiment, or to produce a known amount of substance in a titration.
Modern instruments for measuring trace water by Karl Fischer titration use the passage of a measured charge to produce iodine from iodide solution. They are known as Karl Fischer coulometers
The silver coulometer is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] for charge and current. By weighing the mass of silver deposited in a known time at constant current, the charge and current are calculated from Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
D85ParticleSize
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 23.0 mm and a height of 2.0 mm
a cylindrical case with a nominal diameter of 54 mm and height of 215 mm
LCOElectrode
LithiumCobaltOxideElectrode
electrode in which the active material is lithium cobalt oxide
NegativeElectrodeActivationEnergyOfReaction
['Parameterisation','Negative electrode','Reaction rate constant activation energy [J.mol-1]']
a coin case with a nominal diameter of 11.6 mm and a height of 5.4 mm
NernstEquation
An equation that relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to the standard electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation.
An expression of the Law of Mass Action.
The specification of the ISE and outer reference electrode must be described.
When an isothermal cell is used with identical internal and external reference electrodes, the isopotential point is the activity of sensed ions for which zero net membrane potential difference is measured, e.g., sensed ion activity is the same in the inner and outer (test) solution. Slopes of calibration plots for different cell temperatures are different, but inter- sect at a common activity point. Cells with temperature gradients are not recommended.
IsopotentialPoint
electric potential of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) and activity of an analyte ion at which the potential of the ISE is independent of temperature
LMOLFPElectrode
LithiumManganeseOxideLithiumIronPhosphateElectrode
an electrode with blended lithium manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) active materials
universe
The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.
metrologicalReference
This perspective specify elementary objects as from the Standard Model of Particles.
deprecate_OrganicCompound
An electrochemical cell which is not designed to be electrically recharged.
An electrochemical cell which is designed to be electrically recharged.
hasIECCode
battmoKey
hasANSICode
Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.
Enforcing parthood reflexivity.
Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.
Implementation of equality based on mereology.
Transitivity for parthood.
Enforcing a strict one-way causality direction.
Ensure that the hasNext relation expresses a strictly one-way causality arrow between two entities.
Transitivity for proper parthood.
Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.