---
id: scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis
name: Single-Cell RNA-seq Core Analysis (Seurat)
category: transcriptomics
short-description: Complete single-cell RNA-seq analysis using Seurat from raw data to cell type annotation with clustering and visualization.
detailed-description: Complete single-cell RNA-seq analysis using Seurat v5 from raw data to cell type annotation. Use when you have 10X Chromium, Drop-seq, or other scRNA-seq data requiring QC, normalization, clustering, and visualization. Implements current best practices including ambient RNA correction (SoupX), batch-aware adaptive QC (MAD), doublet detection (DoubletFinder), SCTransform normalization, batch integration (Harmony/CCA), multi-resolution clustering, and pseudobulk differential expression for condition comparisons. Best for human or mouse data with 500+ cells per sample. Produces publication-ready plots and annotated Seurat objects.
starting-prompt: "Analyze my single-cell RNA-seq data using Seurat from QC through cell type annotation. Generate a PDF report with an intro, methods, results, conclusions and figures from all of the analyses you perform."
---

# Single-Cell RNA-seq Core Analysis (Seurat)

Complete workflow for single-cell RNA-seq analysis using Seurat v5. Process raw data through quality control, normalization, clustering, and cell type annotation with publication-ready visualizations.

## When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:
- ✅ **Analyze 10X Chromium data** (CellRanger output, H5 files, raw/filtered matrices)
- ✅ **Process Drop-seq, Smart-seq2, or inDrop** single-cell RNA-seq data
- ✅ **Perform complete QC workflow** with adaptive thresholds and doublet detection
- ✅ **Integrate multi-batch data** using Harmony or Seurat CCA/RPCA
- ✅ **Discover cell populations** via graph-based clustering with validation
- ✅ **Annotate cell types** manually or with automated reference-based methods
- ✅ **Compare conditions** using pseudobulk differential expression (multi-sample data)

**Don't use this skill for:**
- ❌ Bulk RNA-seq data → Use bulk-rnaseq-counts-to-de-deseq2
- ❌ Python-based scRNA-seq analysis → Use scrnaseq-scanpy-core-analysis
- ❌ Spatial transcriptomics → Use spatial-transcriptomics-seurat (coming soon)

**Key Concept:** Single-cell RNA-seq captures individual cell transcriptomes, revealing cell type heterogeneity, rare populations, and cell states invisible to bulk methods. This workflow implements Seurat v5 best practices for robust, reproducible analysis.

## Installation

### Required Software

| Package | Version | License | Commercial Use | Installation |
|---------|---------|---------|----------------|--------------|
| Seurat | ≥5.0 | MIT | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("Seurat")` |
| ggplot2 | ≥3.4 | MIT | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("ggplot2")` |
| ggprism | ≥1.0.4 | GPL-3 | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("ggprism")` |
| dplyr | ≥1.0 | MIT | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("dplyr")` |
| patchwork | ≥1.1 | MIT | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("patchwork")` |
| DoubletFinder | ≥2.0.3 | CC0 | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("DoubletFinder")` |
| harmony | ≥0.1.0 | GPL-3 | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("harmony")` |
| SoupX | ≥1.5 | GPL-2 | ✅ Permitted | `install.packages("SoupX")` |
| DESeq2 | ≥1.36 | LGPL | ✅ Permitted | `BiocManager::install("DESeq2")` |
| muscat | ≥1.10 | GPL-3 | ✅ Permitted | `BiocManager::install("muscat")` |
| SingleR | ≥2.0 | GPL-3 | ✅ Permitted | `BiocManager::install("SingleR")` |
| celldex | ≥1.8 | GPL-3 | ✅ Permitted | `BiocManager::install("celldex")` |

**License Compliance:** All packages use permissive licenses (MIT, GPL, LGPL, CC0) that permit commercial use in AI agent applications. GPL allows commercial use and distribution.

**Minimum versions:** R ≥4.1, Seurat ≥5.0

## Inputs

**Required:**
- **Raw or filtered count matrix** from:
  - CellRanger output (`filtered_feature_bc_matrix/` or `raw_feature_bc_matrix/`)
  - H5 files (`.h5` from 10X)
  - Seurat objects (`.rds`)
  - Count matrices (genes × cells, CSV/TSV)
  - SeuratData packages (`pbmc3k`, `ifnb`)

**Optional but recommended:**
- **Sample metadata** (CSV/TSV): Sample IDs, conditions, batches, donor IDs

**Data requirements:**
- Minimum 500 cells per sample (1000+ recommended)
- Human (GRCh38) or Mouse (GRCm39)
- UMI-based (10X, Drop-seq) or read counts (Smart-seq2)

**Tissue types:** PBMC, brain, tumor, lung, liver, kidney, muscle, custom. See [references/qc_guidelines.md](references/qc_guidelines.md) for tissue-specific QC thresholds.

## Outputs

**Processed data:**
- `seurat_processed.rds` - Annotated Seurat object for downstream use
  - Load with: `seurat_obj <- readRDS('seurat_processed.rds')`
  - **Note:** The default assay data slot contains log-normalized (not scaled) data. Scaled data is used internally for PCA but stored separately. This is correct for downstream analysis (DE, visualization).
  - Required for: trajectory analysis, cell-cell communication, advanced visualizations
- `normalized_counts.csv` - Normalized expression matrix
- `normalized_counts.rds` - Normalized counts (sparse format, faster loading)
- `cell_metadata.csv` - Cell annotations, clusters, QC metrics
- `umap_coordinates.csv` - UMAP embeddings
- `pca_coordinates.csv` - PCA embeddings

**Visualizations (PNG + SVG at 300 DPI):**
- QC plots (violin, scatter, per-batch)
- UMAP plots (clusters, batches, cell types, QC metrics)
- Heatmaps of cluster markers
- Dot plots for cell type markers
- Volcano/MA plots for pseudobulk DE

**Differential expression:**
- `cluster_markers_all.csv` - Marker genes per cluster (exploratory)
- `{celltype}_deseq2_results.csv` - Pseudobulk DE per cell type (inferential)

**Integration diagnostics (multi-batch):**
- LISI/ASW scores, before/after UMAPs
- `analysis_report.pdf` — Comprehensive PDF report with Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusions, and embedded figures

**⚠️ PDF style rules:**
- **US Letter page size (8.5 × 11 in)** — always set page dimensions explicitly; do not rely on library defaults
- **No Unicode superscripts** — use `3.36e-06` or `3.36 × 10^(-6)`, not Unicode superscript chars (they render as ■ in PDF fonts)
- **No half-empty pages** — group headings with their content; only page-break before major sections (Results, Conclusions)
- **Figures ≥80% page width** — multi-panel figures must be large enough to read; never embed below 50% width

## Clarification Questions

**Default settings (use unless user specifies otherwise):**
- Format: Filtered 10X CellRanger output
- Species: Human
- Tissue: PBMC
- Normalization: SCTransform
- Clustering: Test resolutions 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0
- Annotation: Manual

**Questions to ask only if ambiguous:**

### 1. **Input Files** (ASK THIS FIRST):
   - Do you have specific single-cell data file(s) to analyze?
   - If uploaded: Is this the scRNA-seq data you'd like to process?
   - Expected formats: 10X CellRanger output (`filtered_feature_bc_matrix/`), H5 files (`.h5`), Seurat objects (`.rds`), count matrices (CSV/TSV)
   - **Or use example data?** (pbmc3k from SeuratData package - see Quick Start below)

### 2. **What format is your data?**
   - Filtered 10X matrix (default, `filtered_feature_bc_matrix/`)
   - Raw 10X matrix (needs ambient RNA correction)
   - H5 file (.h5)
   - Seurat object (.rds)
   - SeuratData (dataset name)

### 3. **Species and tissue type?**
   - **Human** (default) or **Mouse**
   - **Tissue:** PBMC (default), brain, tumor, lung, liver, kidney, other

### 4. **Multiple samples or batches?**
   - Single sample (no integration)
   - Multiple batches (requires integration: Harmony recommended)

### 5. **Which analyses?**
   - Ambient RNA correction (raw data or high-soup tissues)
   - Doublet detection (recommended)
   - Batch integration (multi-batch: Harmony, CCA, or RPCA)
   - Cell type annotation (manual, SingleR, or both)
   - Pseudobulk DE (condition comparisons)

### 6. **Clustering granularity?**
   - Coarse (major types): 0.3-0.5
   - Standard (default): 0.6-0.8
   - Fine (subtypes): 1.0-1.5
   - Test multiple: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 (recommended)

## Quick Start

**Test the workflow with example data in ~15 minutes:**

```r
# Load example data
source("scripts/load_example_data.R")
seurat_obj <- load_seurat_data("pbmc3k")

# Load required core scripts
source("scripts/setup_and_import.R")
source("scripts/qc_metrics.R")
source("scripts/filter_cells.R")
source("scripts/normalize_data.R")
source("scripts/scale_and_pca.R")
source("scripts/cluster_cells.R")
source("scripts/run_umap.R")
source("scripts/find_markers.R")
source("scripts/plot_dimreduction.R")
source("scripts/annotate_celltypes.R")
source("scripts/export_results.R")

setup_seurat_libraries()

# QC and filter
seurat_obj <- calculate_qc_metrics(seurat_obj, species = "human") |>
  filter_cells_by_qc(min_features = 200, max_features = 2500, max_mt_percent = 5)

# Normalize and reduce dimensions
seurat_obj <- run_sctransform(seurat_obj, vars_to_regress = "percent.mt") |>
  run_pca_analysis(n_pcs = 30) |>
  run_umap_reduction(dims = 1:30)

# Cluster and find markers
seurat_obj <- cluster_multiple_resolutions(seurat_obj, dims = 1:30, resolutions = c(0.6, 0.8))
all_markers <- find_all_cluster_markers(seurat_obj, resolution = 0.8)

# Visualize
plot_umap_clusters(seurat_obj, output_dir = "results/umap")
plot_top_markers_heatmap(seurat_obj, all_markers, n_top = 10, output_dir = "results/markers")

# Export all results
export_all(seurat_obj, output_dir = "results")
```

**Expected results:** ~2,700 PBMC cells in 8-9 major cell types (T cells, B cells, monocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells)

**For complete analysis with all QC steps:** See [assets/eval/complete_example_analysis.R](assets/eval/complete_example_analysis.R)

## Standard Workflow

> **Note:** Run from the OmicsClaw root directory and add the workflow scripts to `sys.path`:
> ```python
> import sys; import os; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis'))
> ```

Complete scRNA-seq analysis in 10 steps using modular scripts. **CRITICAL: Use relative paths (knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/, references/). DO NOT construct absolute paths like /mnt/knowhow/**

**Detailed code examples and explanations:** [references/workflow-details.md](references/workflow-details.md)

### Phase 1: QC and Filtering (Steps 1-3)

**Step 1: Ambient RNA Correction** (Optional - Raw Data Only)

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly - do not reimplement:**

[scripts/remove_ambient_rna.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/remove_ambient_rna.R)
```r
source("scripts/remove_ambient_rna.R")
seurat_obj <- run_soupx_correction(raw_matrix_dir, filtered_matrix_dir)
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ SoupX correction completed successfully!"`

**When to use:** Raw matrices or high-soup tissues (brain, lung, tumor). See [references/ambient_rna_correction.md](references/ambient_rna_correction.md)

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline SoupX correction code → causes parameter mismatches and inconsistent results

**Step 2: Load Data and Calculate QC**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly - do not reimplement:**

[scripts/setup_and_import.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/setup_and_import.R), [scripts/qc_metrics.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/qc_metrics.R)
```r
source("scripts/setup_and_import.R")
source("scripts/qc_metrics.R")
seurat_obj <- import_10x_data("filtered_feature_bc_matrix/")
seurat_obj <- calculate_qc_metrics(seurat_obj, species = "human")
seurat_obj <- batch_mad_outlier_detection(seurat_obj, batch_col = "batch", nmads = 5)
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ QC metrics calculated successfully"` and `"✓ MAD outlier detection completed"`

**QC Metrics calculated:** `nFeature_RNA` (genes/cell), `nCount_RNA` (UMIs/cell), `percent.mt` (mitochondrial %)

**Decision:** MAD (adapts to batches) or fixed tissue thresholds. See [references/qc_guidelines.md](references/qc_guidelines.md)

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline QC calculation code → missing mitochondrial gene patterns, incorrect species handling

**Step 3: Doublet Detection and Filtering**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly - do not reimplement:**

[scripts/filter_cells.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/filter_cells.R)
```r
source("scripts/filter_cells.R")
seurat_obj <- run_doubletfinder(seurat_obj, batch_col = "batch")
seurat_obj <- filter_by_mad_outliers(seurat_obj, remove_doublets = TRUE)
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ DoubletFinder completed successfully"` and `"✓ Cell filtering completed successfully"`

**QC checkpoint:** Aim for >70% cell retention

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline doublet detection code → DoubletFinder has complex parameterization that requires batch-aware setup

### Phase 2: Normalization and Dimensionality Reduction (Steps 4-5)

**Step 4: Normalize and Select Features**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly - choose ONE normalization method:**

[scripts/normalize_data.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/normalize_data.R)
```r
source("scripts/normalize_data.R")

# SCTransform (recommended for UMI data)
seurat_obj <- run_sctransform(seurat_obj, vars_to_regress = "percent.mt")

# Alternative: LogNormalize (faster, classic workflow)
seurat_obj <- run_lognormalize(seurat_obj)
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ SCTransform normalization completed"` or `"✓ LogNormalize completed"`

**Decision:** SCTransform (UMI, batch effects) or LogNormalize (speed, non-UMI). See [references/seurat_best_practices.md](references/seurat_best_practices.md)

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline normalization code → SCTransform has complex variance stabilization; LogNormalize requires proper scaling

**Step 5: PCA and Determine Dimensionality**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly:**

[scripts/scale_and_pca.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/scale_and_pca.R)
```r
source("scripts/scale_and_pca.R")
seurat_obj <- run_pca_analysis(seurat_obj, n_pcs = 50)
plot_elbow(seurat_obj, output_dir = "results/pca")
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:**
- `"PCA loadings verified: N variable features used"` — if you see a WARNING about feature count mismatch, check feature selection
- Cumulative variance printed for PC1-10, PC1-20, PC1-30
- After PCA, call `suggest_n_pcs(seurat_obj)` to get recommended PC count for Step 7

**Decision:** Look for "elbow" in scree plot. **Standard: 20-30 PCs. NEVER use <15 PCs.** Use `suggest_n_pcs()` for data-driven recommendation.

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline PCA code → missing proper feature selection and scaling steps

### Phase 3: Integration (Step 6 - Multi-Batch Only)

**Step 6: Batch Integration**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly - skip if single-batch data:**

[scripts/integrate_batches.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/integrate_batches.R), [scripts/integration_diagnostics.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/integration_diagnostics.R)
```r
source("scripts/integrate_batches.R")
source("scripts/integration_diagnostics.R")

# Harmony (fast, recommended)
seurat_obj <- run_harmony_integration(seurat_obj, batch_var = "batch", dims_use = 1:30)

# Validate integration
lisi_scores <- compute_lisi_scores(seurat_obj, batch_var = "batch", reduction = "harmony")
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ Harmony integration completed successfully"` and LISI score summary

**Success criteria:** Batch LISI ≈1 (good mixing), cell type LISI preserved. See [references/integration_methods.md](references/integration_methods.md)

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline Harmony/CCA integration code → complex parameter tuning and batch handling required

### Phase 4: Clustering and Visualization (Steps 7-8)

**Step 7: Clustering and UMAP**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly:**

[scripts/cluster_cells.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/cluster_cells.R), [scripts/run_umap.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/run_umap.R)
```r
source("scripts/cluster_cells.R")
source("scripts/run_umap.R")

reduction <- if ("harmony" %in% names(seurat_obj@reductions)) "harmony" else "pca"
# Default dims=1:30 is standard. NEVER use <15 PCs.
seurat_obj <- cluster_multiple_resolutions(seurat_obj, dims = 1:30, reduction = reduction, resolutions = c(0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0))
seurat_obj <- run_umap_reduction(seurat_obj, dims = 1:30, reduction = reduction)
```

**⚠️ dims for clustering:** Default is `1:30` (standard). Using <15 PCs risks collapsing distinct populations. If you used `suggest_n_pcs()` in Step 5, pass `1:suggested_pcs` here.

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ Clustering completed at X resolutions"` and `"✓ UMAP completed successfully"`

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline clustering code → graph construction and Louvain algorithm have many hyperparameters

**Step 8: Find Markers and Visualize**

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly:**

[scripts/find_markers.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/find_markers.R), [scripts/plot_dimreduction.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/plot_dimreduction.R)
```r
source("scripts/find_markers.R")
source("scripts/plot_dimreduction.R")

all_markers <- find_all_cluster_markers(seurat_obj, resolution = 0.8)
plot_umap_clusters(seurat_obj, output_dir = "results/umap")
plot_top_markers_heatmap(seurat_obj, all_markers, n_top = 10)
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:**
- `"✓ Found markers for X clusters"` and plots saved in results/umap/
- After `find_all_cluster_markers()`: verify the returned DataFrame and print `head(all_markers)` to confirm values are sensible before saving to CSV.

**Important:** Exploratory DE for characterizing clusters. For condition comparisons, use pseudobulk (Step 10).

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline marker finding or plotting code (ggsave, ggplot, DimPlot, FeaturePlot, etc.) → publication-quality plots require ggprism/ggrepel; marker tests need proper multiple testing correction. Scripts handle PNG + SVG export with graceful fallback.

### Phase 5: Annotation and Differential Expression (Steps 9-10)

**Step 9: Annotate Cell Types**

[scripts/annotate_celltypes.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/annotate_celltypes.R)

**For manual annotation (recommended):**
```r
source("scripts/annotate_celltypes.R")

# Define annotations based on marker genes
annotations <- c("0" = "CD4 T cells", "1" = "CD14+ Monocytes", ...)
seurat_obj <- annotate_clusters_manual(seurat_obj, annotations, resolution = 0.8)
```

**For automated annotation:**
```r
seurat_obj <- annotate_with_singler(seurat_obj, reference = "HPCA")
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ Cell type annotation completed"` and updated metadata

**Decision:** Manual (accurate) vs Automated (fast). See [references/marker_gene_database.md](references/marker_gene_database.md)

**Step 10: Pseudobulk DE** (Multi-Sample Only)

🚨 **Execute these function calls directly:**

[scripts/pseudobulk_de.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/pseudobulk_de.R)
```r
source("scripts/pseudobulk_de.R")

pseudobulk_data <- aggregate_to_pseudobulk(seurat_obj, sample_col = "sample_id", celltype_col = "cell_type")
de_results <- run_pseudobulk_deseq2(pseudobulk_data, formula = "~ batch + condition", contrast = c("condition", "treated", "control"))
```

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You should see: `"✓ Pseudobulk aggregation completed"` and `"✓ DESeq2 analysis completed"`

**Critical:** Exploratory (Step 8, Wilcoxon on cells) vs Inferential (Step 10, DESeq2 on pseudobulk). See [references/pseudobulk_de_guide.md](references/pseudobulk_de_guide.md)

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline pseudobulk aggregation or DESeq2 code → requires proper sample-level aggregation and statistical modeling

### Phase 6: Export Results (Step 11)

**Step 11: Export All Results**

🚨 **MANDATORY: USE export_all() - DO NOT WRITE CUSTOM EXPORT CODE** 🚨

[scripts/export_results.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/export_results.R)
```r
source("scripts/export_results.R")
export_all(seurat_obj, output_dir = "results", all_markers = all_markers)
```
**DO NOT write custom export code. Use export_all().**

**✅ VERIFICATION:** You MUST see: `"=== Export Complete ==="`

**What gets exported:**
- Seurat object (RDS) for downstream analysis
- Normalized counts (CSV + RDS)
- Cell metadata with clusters and annotations
- UMAP/PCA coordinates
- Marker gene tables (if all_markers provided)
- Summary statistics

⚠️ **DO NOT** write inline export code → missing RDS objects breaks downstream skills

---

**That's it! The scripts handle all complex operations automatically.**

**What the scripts provide:**
- [scripts/setup_and_import.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/setup_and_import.R) - Data import functions for 10X, H5, and matrix formats
- [scripts/qc_metrics.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/qc_metrics.R) - Comprehensive QC with species-aware mitochondrial detection
- [scripts/filter_cells.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/filter_cells.R) - DoubletFinder integration and MAD-based filtering
- [scripts/normalize_data.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/normalize_data.R) - SCTransform and LogNormalize workflows
- [scripts/integrate_batches.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/integrate_batches.R) - Harmony, CCA, RPCA integration methods
- [scripts/plot_dimreduction.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/plot_dimreduction.R) - Publication-quality plots **with automatic SVG fallback handling**
- [scripts/pseudobulk_de.R](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/pseudobulk_de.R) - Proper pseudobulk aggregation and DESeq2 analysis

---

⚠️ **CRITICAL ENFORCEMENT RULES:**

**DO NOT:**
- ❌ **Write inline plotting code (ggsave, DimPlot, FeaturePlot, etc.)** → Use plotting scripts
- ❌ **Write inline analysis code** → Use provided workflow scripts
- ❌ **Try to install svglite** → scripts handle SVG fallback automatically

**⚠️ IF SCRIPTS FAIL - Script Failure Hierarchy:**
1. **Fix and Retry (90%)** - Install missing package, re-run script
2. **Modify Script (5%)** - Edit the script file itself, document changes
3. **Use as Reference (4%)** - Read script, adapt approach, cite source
4. **Write from Scratch (1%)** - Only if genuinely impossible, explain why

**NEVER skip directly to writing inline code without trying the script first.**

---

## Decision Guide

Make six critical decisions during analysis:

| Decision | Options | Quick Guide | Detailed Reference |
|----------|---------|-------------|-------------------|
| **Ambient RNA** | Skip / SoupX | Skip for filtered/PBMC. Use for raw/high-soup tissues (brain, lung, tumor) | [ambient_rna_correction.md](references/ambient_rna_correction.md) |
| **QC Strategy** | MAD / Fixed | MAD (multi-batch, adapts). Fixed (single batch, tissue-specific) | [qc_guidelines.md](references/qc_guidelines.md) |
| **Normalization** | SCTransform / LogNormalize | SCTransform (UMI, batch effects). LogNormalize (speed, non-UMI) | [seurat_best_practices.md](references/seurat_best_practices.md) |
| **Integration** | Harmony / CCA / RPCA | Harmony (fast, simple). CCA (complex batches). RPCA (>100k cells) | [integration_methods.md](references/integration_methods.md) |
| **Resolution** | 0.4-1.5 | Test multiple (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0). Choose by biology and stability | [seurat_best_practices.md#clustering](references/seurat_best_practices.md#clustering) |
| **Annotation** | Manual / SingleR / Both | Manual (accurate, needs expertise). SingleR (fast, may misclassify). Both (validate) | [marker_gene_database.md](references/marker_gene_database.md) |

**Comprehensive decision guidance:** [references/decision-guide.md](references/decision-guide.md)

## Common Issues

| Issue | Cause | Solution |
|-------|-------|----------|
| "Cannot find package 'Seurat'" | Package not installed | `install.packages("Seurat")` or check R version ≥4.1 |
| Low cell retention (<50%) | Too strict QC thresholds | Use MAD-based filtering instead of fixed thresholds. Review tissue-specific QC guidelines: [references/qc_guidelines.md](references/qc_guidelines.md) |
| "No harmony reduction found" | Trying to cluster on harmony before integration | Skip integration step for single-batch data, or run `run_harmony_integration()` before clustering |
| Clusters don't separate on UMAP | Wrong reduction used or insufficient PCs | Verify using correct reduction (`harmony` for integrated, `pca` for single-batch). Increase dims to 30-40 PCs |
| Memory error during SCTransform | Dataset too large (>50k cells) | Use `run_lognormalize()` instead, or process in batches |
| All cells marked as doublets | DoubletFinder parameters incorrect | Check expected doublet rate (typically 0.075 per 1000 cells). Use batch-aware processing |
| "Cannot find mitochondrial genes" | Wrong species or gene format | Specify correct species in `calculate_qc_metrics()`. Check if genes use gene symbols (MT-) or Ensembl IDs |

**Detailed troubleshooting:** [references/troubleshooting_guide.md](references/troubleshooting_guide.md)

## Common Patterns

### Pattern 1: Standard 10X PBMC Analysis

```r
# QC and filter
seurat_obj <- import_10x_data("filtered_feature_bc_matrix/") |>
  calculate_qc_metrics(species = "human") |>
  run_doubletfinder() |>
  filter_by_mad_outliers(remove_doublets = TRUE)

# Normalize and cluster
seurat_obj <- seurat_obj |>
  run_sctransform(vars_to_regress = "percent.mt") |>
  run_pca_analysis(n_pcs = 50) |>
  cluster_multiple_resolutions(dims = 1:30, resolutions = c(0.4, 0.6, 0.8)) |>
  run_umap_reduction(dims = 1:30)

# Annotate
all_markers <- find_all_cluster_markers(seurat_obj, resolution = 0.8)
seurat_obj <- annotate_clusters_manual(seurat_obj, annotations)
```

### Pattern 2: Multi-Batch Integration

```r
# After QC/filtering and normalization
seurat_obj <- seurat_obj |>
  run_pca_analysis(n_pcs = 50) |>
  run_harmony_integration(batch_var = "batch", dims_use = 1:30)

lisi_scores <- compute_lisi_scores(seurat_obj, batch_var = "batch", reduction = "harmony")

# Cluster on integrated space
seurat_obj <- seurat_obj |>
  cluster_multiple_resolutions(dims = 1:30, reduction = "harmony") |>
  run_umap_reduction(dims = 1:30, reduction = "harmony")
```

### Pattern 3: Condition Comparison with Pseudobulk

```r
# After clustering and annotation
pseudobulk_data <- aggregate_to_pseudobulk(seurat_obj, sample_col = "sample_id", celltype_col = "cell_type")
de_results <- run_pseudobulk_deseq2(pseudobulk_data, formula = "~ donor + condition", contrast = c("condition", "disease", "healthy"))
```

**Additional patterns and complete code examples:** [references/common-patterns.md](references/common-patterns.md)

## Suggested Next Steps

After completing core scRNA-seq analysis:

1. **Functional Enrichment** - Use functional-enrichment-from-degs to test pseudobulk DE results for enriched pathways and interpret biological differences
2. **Trajectory Analysis** - Monocle3, Slingshot, or RNA velocity for developmental/differentiation datasets
3. **Cell-Cell Communication** - CellChat, CellPhoneDB, or NicheNet for ligand-receptor interactions
4. **Advanced Visualization** - Alluvial diagrams, proportional bar plots, gene regulatory networks

## Related Skills

**Alternative single-cell:** scrnaseq-scanpy-core-analysis (Python-based)

**Downstream:** functional-enrichment-from-degs, de-results-to-plots, de-results-to-gene-lists

**Complementary:** bulk-omics-clustering (non-scRNA-seq), experimental-design-statistics (plan experiments)

## References

### Primary Citations

1. **Seurat v5:** Hao Y, et al. (2024) Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis. *Nat Biotechnol*. 42:293-304.
2. **SCTransform:** Hafemeister C, Satija R. (2019) Normalization and variance stabilization of single-cell RNA-seq data. *Genome Biol*. 20:296.
3. **Pseudobulk DE:** Squair JW, et al. (2021) Confronting false discoveries in single-cell differential expression. *Nat Commun*. 12:5692.
4. **Harmony:** Korsunsky I, et al. (2019) Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data. *Nat Methods*. 16:1289-1296.

### Detailed Documentation

**Reference guides:**
- [references/decision-guide.md](references/decision-guide.md) - Comprehensive decision guidance for all workflow choices
- [references/workflow-details.md](references/workflow-details.md) - Detailed code examples for all workflow steps
- [references/common-patterns.md](references/common-patterns.md) - Complete code patterns and use cases
- [references/seurat_best_practices.md](references/seurat_best_practices.md) - Comprehensive best practices
- [references/qc_guidelines.md](references/qc_guidelines.md) - Tissue-specific QC thresholds
- [references/integration_methods.md](references/integration_methods.md) - Batch integration comparison
- [references/pseudobulk_de_guide.md](references/pseudobulk_de_guide.md) - Pseudobulk methodology
- [references/ambient_rna_correction.md](references/ambient_rna_correction.md) - SoupX guidance
- [references/marker_gene_database.md](references/marker_gene_database.md) - Cell type markers
- [references/troubleshooting_guide.md](references/troubleshooting_guide.md) - Common issues

**Scripts:** See [scripts/](knowledge_base/scripts/scrnaseq-seurat-core-analysis/) for all modular R functions

**Evaluation:** [assets/eval/complete_example_analysis.R](assets/eval/complete_example_analysis.R) - Full PBMC 3k example

**Online resources:**
- Official Seurat tutorials: https://satijalab.org/seurat/articles/
- Seurat GitHub: https://github.com/satijalab/seurat