epoch_id,epoch_name,epoch_description,epoch_type,person_id,start_year_ah,end_year_ah,period_length,start_year_calculation,start_year_offset,start_year_reference_id,end_year_calculation,end_year_reference_id,period_length_reference_id,epoch_notes Creation,The Creation,All of Creation was formed by G-d's spoken word. (GEN 1:1-31),Unique,YHVH_1,1,,,,,,,,,Seven days of creation (GEN 2:2) Life_of_Adam_1,The Life of Adam,"So all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years, and he died. (GEN 5:5)",Life,Adam_1,1,931,930,The year of Adam_1's birth is year 1 of mankind (1 AH).,,GEN 1:27,Adam_1 birth year (1) + Adam_1 age at death (930) = 931,GEN 5:5,GEN 5:5,"Adam was CREATED (not born) on the 6th day. [Shulman date p15] [Ussher date p17]" Life_of_Seth_1,The Life of Seth,"When Adam had lived one hundred and thirty years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, according to his image, and named him Seth. (GEN 5:3) So all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years, and he died. (GEN 5:5)",Life,Seth_1,131,1043,912,"The year of Seth_1's birth is the year his father, Adam_1, was born (1) + the age of his father at Seth_1's birth (130) = 131",130,GEN 5:3,The year of Seth_1's death is his birth year (131) + his age at death (912) = 1043,GEN 5:8,GEN 5:8, Life_of_Enosh_1,The Life of Enosh,"Seth lived one hundred and five years, and became the father of Enosh. (GEN 5:6) So all the days of Enosh were nine hundred and five years, and he died. (GEN 5:11)",Life,Enosh_1,236,1141,905,"The year of Enosh_1's birth is the year his father, Seth_1, was born (131) + the age of his father at Enosh_1's birth (105) = 236",105,GEN 5:6,The year of Enosh_1's death is his birth year (236) + his age at death (905) = 1141,GEN 5:11,GEN 5:11, Life_of_Kenan_1,The Life of Kenan,"Enosh lived ninety years, and became the father of Kenan. (GEN 5:9) So all the days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten years, and he died. (GEN 5:14)",Life,Kenan_1,326,1236,910,"The year of Kenan_1's birth is the year his father, Enosh_1, was born (236) + the age of his father at Kenan_1's birth (90) = 326",90,GEN 5:9,The year of Kenan_1's death is his birth year (326) + his age at death (910) = 1236,GEN 5:14,GEN 5:14, Life_of_Mahalalel_1,The Life of Mahalalel,"Kenan lived seventy years, and became the father of Mahalalel. (GEN 5:12) So all the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred and ninety-five years, and he died. (GEN 5:17)",Life,Mahalalel_1,396,1291,895,"The year of Mahalalel_1's birth is the year his father, Kenan_1, was born (326) + the age of his father at Mahalalel_1's birth (70) = 396",70,GEN 5:12,The year of Mahalalel_1's death is his birth year (396) + his age at death (895) = 1291,GEN 5:17,GEN 5:17, Life_of_Jared_1,The Life of Jared,"Mahalalel lived sixty-five years, and became the father of Jared. (GEN 5:15) So all the days of Jared were nine hundred and sixty-two years, and he died. (GEN 5:20)",Life,Jared_1,461,1423,962,"The year of Jared_1's birth is the year his father, Mahalalel_1, was born (396) + the age of his father at Jared_1's birth (65) = 461",65,GEN 5:15,The year of Jared_1's death is his birth year (461) + his age at death (962) = 1423,GEN 5:20,GEN 5:20, Life_of_Enoch_2,The Life of Enoch,"Jared lived one hundred and sixty-two years, and became the father of Enoch. (GEN 5:18) So all the days of Enoch were three hundred and sixty-five years. (GEN 5:23) Enoch walked with God; and he was not, for God took him. (GEN 5:24)",Life,Enoch_2,623,988,365,"The year of Enoch_2's birth is the year his father, Jared_1, was born (461) + the age of his father at Enoch_2's birth (162) = 623",162,GEN 5:18,The year of Enoch_2's death is his birth year (623) + his age at death (365) = 988,GEN 5:23,GEN 5:23,"Enoch did not die but was ""taken"". [Shulman date p15] [Ussher date p18]" Life_of_Methuselah_1,The Life of Methuselah,"Enoch lived sixty-five years, and became the father of Methuselah. (GEN 5:21) So all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred and sixty-nine years, and he died. (GEN 5:27) ",Life,Methuselah_1,688,1657,969,"The year of Methuselah_1's birth is the year his father, Enoch_2, was born (623) + the age of his father at Methuselah_1's birth (65) = 688",65,GEN 5:21,The year of Methuselah_1's death is his birth year (688) + his age at death (969) = 1657,GEN 5:27,GEN 5:27,"Methuselah lived 969 years, longer than any other person born. Methuselah died just before the time of the Flood." Life_of_Lamech_2,The Life of Lamech,"Methuselah lived one hundred and eighty-seven years, and became the father of Lamech. (GEN 5:25) So all the days of Lamech were seven hundred and seventy-seven years, and he died. (GEN 5:31)",Life,Lamech_2,875,1652,777,"The year of Lamech_2's birth is the year his father, Methuselah_1, was born (688) + the age of his father at Lamech_2's birth (187) = 875",187,GEN 5:25,The year of Lamech_2's death is his birth year (875) + his age at death (777) = 1652,GEN 5:31,GEN 5:31, Life_of_Noah_1,The Life of Noah,"Lamech lived one hundred and eighty-two years, and became the father of a son. Now he called his name Noah, saying, ""This one will give us rest from our work and from the toil of our hands arising from the ground which the LORD has cursed."" (GEN 5:28-29) Noah lived three hundred and fifty years after the flood. (GEN 9:28)",Life,Noah_1,1057,2008,951,"The year of Noah_1's birth is the year his father, Lamech_2, was born (875) + the age of his father at Noah_1's birth (182) = 1057",182,GEN 5:28,The year of Noah_1's death is the year the Flood ended (1658) + the years he lived afterward (350) = 2008,GEN 9:29,GEN 9:28,"The Flood occurred in the 600th year of Noah's life 600 years before the Flood +001 year of the Flood +350 years after the Flood =951 years" Life_of_Shem_1,The Life of Shem,"Noah was five hundred years old, and Noah became the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth. (GEN 5:32) In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the floodgates of the sky were opened. (GEN 7:11) These are the records of the generations of Shem. Shem was one hundred years old, and became the father of Arpachshad two years after the flood. (GEN 11:10) ...and Shem lived five hundred years, after he became the father of Arpachshad, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:11)",Life,Shem_1,1560,2160,600,"The year of Shem_1's birth is the year his father, Noah_1, was born (1057) + the age of his father at Shem_1's birth (503) = 1560",503,GEN 5:32,"The year of Shem_1's death is the year his son, Arpachshad_1 was born (1660) + the years Shem_1 lived after his son's birth (500) = 2160",GEN 11:11,GEN 11:11,"The Flood began when Noah was 600 (GEN 7:11). Two years after the Flood ended, Noah was 603 years old. (math) Two years after the Flood ended, Shem is 100 years old and sires Arpachshad (GEN 11:10). This means that Shem was born 100 years prior, in the 503rd year of Noah's life. Shem lived 100 years BEFORE Arpachshad's birth (GEN 11:10) + 500 years AFTER Arpachshad's birth (GEN 11:11) = 600 years of life." The_Flood,Noah's Flood,"In the SIX HUNDREDTH YEAR of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the floodgates of the sky were opened. The rain fell upon the earth for forty days and forty nights. (GEN 7:11-12) Now it came about in the SIX HUNDRED AND FIRST YEAR, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water was dried up from the earth. Then Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and behold, the surface of the ground was dried up. (GEN 8:13)",Unique,Noah_1,1657,1658,1,The year the Flood began is the year of Noah_1's birth (1057) + his age when the Flood began (600) = 1657,600,GEN 7:11,The year the Flood ended is the year of Noah_1's birth (1057) + his age when the Flood ended (601) = 1658,GEN 8:13,GEN 8:13,"START:[Shulman date p15] [Ussher date p19] END:The Flood began on the 17th day of the 2nd month during Noah's 600th year of life (GEN 7:11). Noah's birth date could have fallen on ANY date after that up to the 1st day of the 1st month the following year since the Flood ended in the 601st year of Noah's life (GEN 8:13). The water abated and the land was dry at the end of the second month (GEN 8:14). [Shulman date p15] [Ussher date p19]" Life_of_Arpachshad_1,The Life of Arpachshad,"These are the records of the generations of Shem. Shem was one hundred years old, and became the father of Arpachshad two years after the flood; (GEN 11:10) Arpachshad lived thirty-five years, and became the father of Shelah; and Arpachshad lived four hundred and three years after he became the father of Shelah, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:12-13)",Life,Arpachshad_1,1660,2098,438,"The year of Arpachshad_1's birth is the year his father, Shem_1, was born (1560) + the age of his father at Arpachshad_1's birth (100) = 1660. (This is also TWO years after the Flood ended (1658+2) = 1660)",100,GEN 11:10,"The year of Arpachshad_1's death is the year his son, Shelah_1, was born (1695) + the years Arpachshad_1 lived after his son's birth (403) = 2098",GEN 11:13,GEN 11:13,Shem was 100 years old when Arpachshad was born... two years after the Flood. Life_of_Shelah_1,The Life of Shelah,"Arpachshad lived thirty-five years, and became the father of Shelah; (GEN 11:12) Shelah lived thirty years, and became the father of Eber; and Shelah lived four hundred and three years after he became the father of Eber, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:14-15)",Life,Shelah_1,1695,2128,433,"The year of Shelah_1's birth is the year his father, Arpachshad_1, was born (1660) + the age of his father at Shelah_1's birth (35) = 1695",35,GEN 11:12,"The year of Shelah_1's death is the year his son, Eber_1, was born (1725) + the years Shelah_1 lived after his son's birth (403) = 2128",GEN 11:15,GEN 11:15, Life_of_Eber_1,The Life of Eber,"Shelah lived thirty years, and became the father of Eber; (GEN 11:14) Eber lived thirty-four years, and became the father of Peleg; and Eber lived four hundred and thirty years after he became the father of Peleg, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:16-17)",Life,Eber_1,1725,2189,464,"The year of Eber_1's birth is the year his father, Shelah_1, was born (1695) + the age of his father at Eber_1's birth (30) = 1725",30,GEN 11:14,"The year of Eber_1's death is the year his son, Peleg_1 was born (1789) + the years Eber_1 lived after his son's birth (430) = 2189",GEN 11:16,GEN 11:16, Life_of_Peleg_1,The Life of Peleg,"Eber lived thirty-four years, and became the father of Peleg; (GEN 11:16) Peleg lived thirty years, and became the father of Reu; and Peleg lived two hundred and nine years after he became the father of Reu, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:18-19)",Life,Peleg_1,1759,1998,239,"The year of Peleg_1's birth is the year his father, Eber_1, was born (1725) + the age of his father at Peleg_1's birth (34) = 1759",34,GEN 11:16,"The year of Peleg_1's death is the year his son, Reu_1, was born (1789) + the years Peleg_1 lived after his son's birth (209) = 1998",GEN 11:19,GEN 11:19, Life_of_Reu_1,The Life of Reu,"Peleg lived thirty years, and became the father of Reu; (GEN 11:18) Reu lived thirty-two years, and became the father of Serug; and Reu lived two hundred and seven years after he became the father of Serug, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:20)",Life,Reu_1,1789,2028,239,"The year of Reu_1's birth is the year his father, Peleg_1, was born (1759) + the age of his father at Reu_1's birth (30) = 1789",30,GEN 11:18,"The year of Reu_1's death is the year his son, Serug_1, was born (1821) + the years Reu_1 lived after his son's birth (207) = 2028",GEN 11:21,GEN 11:21, Life_of_Serug_1,The Life of Serug,"Reu lived thirty-two years, and became the father of Serug; (GEN 11:20) Serug lived thirty years, and became the father of Nahor; and Serug lived two hundred and seven years after he became the father of Nahor, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:22)",Life,Serug_1,1821,2051,230,"The year of Serug_1's birth is the year his father, Reu_1, was born (1789) + the age of his father at Serug_1's birth (32) = 1821",32,GEN 11:20,"The year of Serug_1's death is the year his son, Nahor_1, was born (1851) + the years Serug_1 lived after his son's birth (200) = 2051",GEN 11:23,GEN 11:23, Life_of_Nahor_1,The Life of Nahor,"Serug lived thirty years, and became the father of Nahor; (GEN 11:22) Nahor lived twenty-nine years, and became the father of Terah; and Nahor lived one hundred and nineteen years after he became the father of Terah, and he had other sons and daughters. (GEN 11:24)",Life,Nahor_1,1851,1999,148,"The year of Nahor_1's birth is the year his father, Serug_1, was born (1821) + the age of his father at Nahor_1's birth (30) = 1851",30,GEN 11:22,"The year of Nahor_1's death is the year his son, Terah_1, was born (1880) + the years Nahor_1 lived after his son's birth (119) = 1999",GEN 11:25,GEN 11:25,"Terah lived seventy years, and became the father of Abram, Nahor and Haran. (GEN 11:26) Terah was at least 70 years old when Abram was born. The days of Terah were two hundred and five years; and Terah died in Haran. (GEN 11:32) Terah died in Haran at the age of 205 in Haran. Now Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran. (GEN 12:4) Terah was 205 when he died in Haran and Abram (aged 75) left Haran when Terah died (Acts 7:4). This means Terah was 130 when Abram was born." Life_of_Terah_1,The Life of Terah,"Nahor lived twenty-nine years, and became the father of Terah; (GEN 11:24) The days of Terah were two hundred and five years and Terah died in Haran. (GEN 11:32)",Life,Terah_1,1880,2085,205,"The year of Terah_1's birth is the year his father, Nahor_1, was born (1851) + the age of his father at Terah_1's birth (29) = 1880",29,GEN 11:24,The year of Terah_1's death is his birth year (1880) + his age at his death (205) = 2085,GEN 11:32,GEN 11:32, Life_of_Haran_1,The Life of Haran,"Terah lived SEVENTY YEARS, and became the father of Abram, Nahor and Haran. (GEN 11:26)",Life,Haran_1,1950,2080,130,"The year of Haran_1's birth is the year his father, Terah_1, was born (1880) + the age of his father at Haran_1's birth (70) = 1950",70,GEN 11:26,The year of Haran_1's death is the year Terah and Abram depart Ur = 2080,GEN 11:28,,"The days of Terah were TWO HUNDRED AND FIVE YEARS; and Terah died in Haran. (GEN 11:32) Now Abram was SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he departed from Haran. (GEN 12:4) [Terah was 205 when he died in Haran and Abram was 75 left Haran when Terah died (Acts 7:4). This means Terah was 130 when Abram was born so either Nahor or Haran was born when Terah was 70.]" Life_of_Abram_1,The Life of Abraham,"Terah lived SEVENTY YEARS, and became the father of Abram, Nahor and Haran. (GEN 11:26) These are all the years of Abraham's life that he lived, one hundred and seventy-five years. (GEN 25:7)",Life,Abram_1,2010,2185,175,"The year of Abram_1's birth is the year his father, Terah_1, was born (1880) + the age of his father at Abram_1's birth (130) = 2010",130,GEN 12:4,The year of Abram_1's death is the year he was born (2010) + his age at death (175) = 2185,GEN 25:7,GEN 25:7,"Terah lived SEVENTY YEARS, and became the father of Abram, Nahor and Haran. (GEN 11:26) [Who was born first? Terah was at least 70 years old when Abram was born.] The days of Terah were two hundred and five years; and Terah died in Haran. (GEN 11:32) [Terah died in Haran at the age of 205 in Haran.] Now Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran. (GEN 12:4) [Terah was 205 when he died in Haran and Abram (aged 75) left Haran when Terah died (Acts 7:4). This means Terah was 130 when Abram was born.]" Life_of_Sarai_1,The Life of Sarah,"Then Abraham fell on his face and laughed, and said in his heart, “Will a child be born to a man one hundred years old? And will Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a child?” (GEN 17:17) Now Sarah lived one hundred and twenty-seven years; these were the years of the life of Sarah. (GEN 23:1)",Life,Sarai_1,2020,2147,127,"The year of Sarai_1's birth is the the year her husband,Abram_1, was born (2010) + their difference in age (10 years) = 2020",10,GEN 17:17,The year of Sarai_1's death is the year she was born (2020) + her age at death (127) = 2147,GEN 23:1,GEN 23:1,Sarah was 90 when Abraham was 100 so she was 10 years younger than Abraham. (GEN 17:17) Promise_to_Covenant,The 430 years between the Promise and the Covenant,"Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. He does not say, ""And to seeds,"" as referring to many, but rather to one, ""And to your seed,"" that is, Christ. What I am saying is this: the Law, which came FOUR HUNDRED AND THIRTY YEARS later, does not invalidate a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to nullify the promise. (GAL 3:16-17)",Period,,2085,2515,430,The year the 430-year period began is the year it ended with the covenant at Sinai (2515) - the 430 years it occurred = 2085,-430,GEN 15:1,The year the 430-year period ended is the year the covenant is given at Sinai = 2515,GEN 15:1,GAL 3:17,"START:The giving of the Law at Mt. Sinai (51 days after the Exodus from Egypt) was 430 years after the giving of the Promise to Abram. [Shulman date p45] [Ussher date p25] END:[Shulman date p55] [Ussher date p40]" Life_of_Ishmael_1,The Life of Ishmael,"Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to him. (GEN 16:16) These are the years of the life of Ishmael, one hundred and thirty-seven years; and he breathed his last and died, and was gathered to his people. (GEN 25:17)",Life,Ishmael_1,2096,2233,137,"The year of Ishmael_1's birth is the year his father, Abram_1, was born (2010) + the age of his father at Ishmael_1's birth (86) = 2096",86,GEN 16:16,The year of Ishmael_1's death is the year he was born (2096) + his age at death (137) = 2233,GEN 25:17,GEN 25:17, Life_of_Isaac_1,The Life of Isaac,"Now Abraham was one hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him. (GEN 21:5) Now the days of Isaac were one hundred and eighty years. (GEN 35:28) ",Life,Isaac_1,2110,2290,180,"The year of Isaac_1's birth is the year his father, Abram_1, was born (2010) + the age of his father at Isaac_1's birth (100) = 2110",100,GEN 21:5,The year of Isaac_1's death is the year he was born (2110) + his age at death (180) = 2290,GEN 35:28,GEN 35:28, Shem_alive_during_Isaacs_life,Shem's life during Isaac's lifetime,"Isaac was born when Shem was 550 years old and Shem lived to an age of 600 years. Abraham and Isaac could have heard about the Flood first-hand from Shem.",Period,Shem_1,2110,2160,50,Birth year of Isaac (2110),,GEN 21:5,death year of Shem (2160),GEN 11:11,, Period_oppression_slavery,The 400-year period of oppression and slavery,"God said to Abram, ""Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, where they will be enslaved and oppressed FOUR HUNDRED YEARS. (GEN 15:13)",Period,,2115,2515,400,The year the 400-year period of oppression began is the year it ended at the Exodus (2515) - the 400 years it occurred = 2115,-400,GEN 15:13,The year the 400-year period of oppression ended is the year of the Exodus = 2515,GEN 15:13,GEN 15:13,"START:This period of oppression began with Ishmael mocking Isaac at the feast to celebrate Isaac's weaning (GEN 21:8-9) at age 5. [Shulman date p45] [Ussher date p26] END:[Shulman date p45]" Life_of_Jacob_1,The Life of Jacob,"Now the first came forth red, all over like a hairy garment; and they named him Esau. Afterward his brother came forth with his hand holding on to Esau's heel, so his name was called Jacob; and Isaac was sixty years old when she gave birth to them. (GEN 25:25-26) Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years; so the length of Jacob's life was one hundred and forty-seven years. (GEN 47:28)",Life,Jacob_1,2170,2317,147,"The year of Jacob_1's birth is the year his father, Isaac_1, was born (2110) + the age of his father at Jacob_1's birth (60) = 2170",60,GEN 25:26,The year of Jacob_1's death is the year he was born (2170) + his age at death (147) = 2317,GEN 47:28,GEN 47:28, Life_of_Levi_1,The Life of Levi*,"She conceived again and bore a son and said, “Now this time my husband will become attached to me, because I have borne him three sons.” Therefore he was named Levi. (GEN 29:34) [Eliezer Shulman's ""The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament"" (page 28) places Levi's birth in the year 2195 AM, 3 years after Leah is given to Jacob in marriage. *This date is oral history informed by logic.] These are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations: Gershon and Kohath and Merari; and the length of Levi's life was one hundred and thirty-seven years. (EXO 6:16)",Life,Levi_1,2257,2394,137,The year of Levi_1's birth is the year Jacob_1 married Leah_1 (2254) + time to conceive and bear a third son (3) = 2257,3,GEN 29:34,The year of Levi_1's death is the year he was born (2257) + his age at death (137) = 2394,EXO 6:16,EXO 6:16, Life_of_Joseph_1,The Life of Joseph,"She named him Joseph, saying, “May the LORD give me another son.” (GEN 30:24) So Joseph died at the age of one hundred and ten years; and he was embalmed and placed in a coffin in Egypt. (GEN 50:26)",Life,Joseph_1,2261,2371,110,"The year of Joseph_1's birth is the year his father, Jacob_1, was born (2170) + the age of his father at Joseph_1's birth (91) = 2261",91,GEN 30:24,The year of Joseph_1's death is the year he was born (2261) + his age at death (110) = 2371,GEN 50:26,GEN 50:26,"Now Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh, king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh and went through all the land of Egypt. (GEN 41:46) [Joseph is made Pharaoh at age 30 and would have been 37 at the end of the seven years of plenty. (math)] For the famine has been in the land these two years, and there are still five years in which there will be neither plowing nor harvesting. (GEN 45:6) [Jacob goes to Egypt two years into the seven years of famine and Joseph would have been 39 (math).] So Jacob said to Pharaoh, “The years of my sojourning are one hundred and thirty; few and unpleasant have been the years of my life, nor have they attained the years that my fathers lived during the days of their sojourning.” (GEN 47:9) [Jacob was 130 when he entered the land and Joseph was 39. Therefore, Jacob was 91 when Joseph was born. (math)]" Years_of_plenty_in_Egypt,Seven years of plenty in Egypt,During the seven years of plenty the land brought forth abundantly. (GEN 41:47),Period,Joseph_1,2291,2298,7,The year the seven years of plenty in Egypt began is the year it ended (2298) - its duration (7) = 2291,7,GEN 41:47,The year the seven years of plenty in Egypt ended is the year the seven-year famine began = 2298,GEN 41:53,GEN 41:47,"START:[Ussher date p30] END:[Ussher date p31]" Years_of_famine_in_Egypt,Seven years of famine in Egypt,"When the seven years of plenty which had been in the land of Egypt came to an end, and the seven years of famine began to come, just as Joseph had said, then there was famine in all the lands, but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. (GEN 41:53-54)",Period,Joseph_1,2298,2305,7,The year the seven-year famine in Egypt began is the year Jacob goes to Egypt (2300) - 2 years = 2298,2,GEN 41:53,The year the seven-year famine in Egypt ended is the year the famine began (2298) + 7 years = 2305,,,"START:[Ussher date p31] END:" Israel_sojourns_in_Egypt,Israelites sojourned in Egypt,"""They left Egypt in the month Xanthicus, on the fifteenth day of the lunar month; four hundred and thirty years after our forefather Abraham came into Canaan, but two hundred and fifteen years only after Jacob removed into Egypt."" (Josephus' Antiquities, Book 2, Chapter 15, 2) Josephus states the Hebrews left Egypt 215 years after Jacob moved there. His statement (along with similar statements in the Septuagint and the Samaritan Pentateuch) often causes confusion but simply reflects the 215-year period of time between when Jacob went down to Egypt (in the second year of the seven-year famine) and the Exodus.",Period,,2300,2515,215,The year Jacob_1 went to Egypt is his birth year (2170) + his age when he arrives and speaks to Pharaoh (130) = 2300,130,GEN 47:9,The year of the Exodus is the year of Abram was called (2085) + the years until the covenant (430) = 2515,EXO 12:40,EXO 12:40,"START: END:" Life_of_Kohath_1,The Life of Kohath*,"Now these are the names of the sons of Israel, Jacob and his sons, who went to Egypt: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn... The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. (GEN 46:8, 11) The sons of Kohath: Amram and Izhar and Hebron and Uzziel; and the length of Kohath’s life was one hundred and thirty-three years. (EXO 6:18)",Life,Kohath_1,2300,2433,133,"The year of Kohath_1's birth is the year his father, Levi_1 was born (2257) + the age of his father at Kohath_1's birth (43) = 2300",43,GEN 46:11,The year of Kohath_1's death is the year he was born (2300) + his age at death (133) = 2433,EXO 6:18,EXO 6:18,"Kohath was already born when the Israelites went down to Egypt. Eliezer Shulman's ""The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament"" (page 41) places Kohath's birth in the year 2238AM, when Levi is 43 years old." Life_of_Amram_1,The Life of Amram*,"The sons of Kohath: Amram and Izhar and Hebron and Uzziel; and the length of Kohath’s life was one hundred and thirty-three years. (EXO 6:18) Amram married his father’s sister Jochebed, and she bore him Aaron and Moses; and the length of Amram’s life was one hundred and thirty-seven years. (EXO 6:20)",Life,Amram_1,2317,2454,137,"The year of Amram_1's birth is the year his father, Kohath_1 was born (2300) + the age of his father at Amram_1's birth (17) = 2317",17,EXO 6:18,The year of Amram_1's death is the year he was born (2317) + his age at death (137) = 2454,EXO 6:20,EXO 6:20,"Amram is not counted among the Israelites who travel down to Egypt with the 70 so he was born AFTER that event. Eliezer Shulman's ""The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament"" (page 44) places Kohath's birth in the year 2255AM (his date for Jacob's death) and Kohath was 17 years(???) old." Life_of_Aaron_1,The Life of Aaron,"Moses was eighty years old and Aaron eighty-three, when they spoke to Pharaoh. (EXO 7:7) Aaron was one hundred twenty-three years old when he died on Mount Hor. (NUM 33:39)",Life,Aaron_1,2432,2555,123,The year of Aaron_1's birth is the year of the Exodus (2515) - his age when he spoke with Pharaoh just before the Exodus (83) = 2432,83,EXO 7:7,The year of Aaron_1's death is the year he was born (2432) + his age at death (123) = 2555,NUM 33:39,NUM 33:39,Aaron was 83 when they spoke with Pharaoh at the time of the Exodus so Aaron was born 83 years before the Exodus. Life_of_Moses_1,The Life of Moses,"The child grew, and she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter and he became her son. And she named him Moses, and said, “Because I drew him out of the water.” (EXO 2:10) Moses was eighty years old and Aaron eighty-three, when they spoke to Pharaoh. (EXO 7:7) Although Moses was one hundred and twenty years old when he died, his eye was not dim, nor his vigor abated. (DEU 34:7)",Life,Moses_1,2435,2555,120,The year of Moses_1's birth is the year of the Exodus (2515) - his age when he spoke with Pharaoh before the Exodus (80) = 2435,80,EXO 7:7,The year of Moses_1's death is the year he was born (2435) + his age at death (120) = 2555,DEU 34:7,DEU 34:7,Moses was 80 when they spoke with Pharaoh at the time of the Exodus so Moses was born 80 years before the Exodus. Life_of_Joshua_1,The Life of Joshua*,"It came about after these things that Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being ONE HUNDRED AND TEN YEARS old. (JOS 24:29)",Life,Joshua_1,2473,2583,110,The year of Joshua_1's birth is the year of the Exodus (2515) - his age at the time of the Exodus (42) = 2473,42,JOS 24:29,The year of Joshua_1's death is the year he was born (2473) + his age at death (110) = 2583,JOS 24:29,JOS 24:29,"Eliezer Shulman's ""The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament"" (page 107) places Joshua's birth in the year 2406 AM by working backwards from Joshua's death 14 years (judging while the Tent of Meeting was in Shiloh), 14 years (conquering and apportioning the Land), 40 years (wandering in the wilderness) to the Exodus in 2448 AM when Joshua was 42 years old." Life_of_Caleb_1,The Life of Caleb*,"I was forty years old when Moses the servant of the LORD sent me from Kadesh-barnea to spy out the land, and I brought word back to him as it was in my heart. (JOS 14:7) “Now behold, the LORD has let me live, just as He spoke, these forty-five years, from the time that the LORD spoke this word to Moses, when Israel walked in the wilderness; and now behold, I am EIGHTY-FIVE YEARS old today."" (JOS 14:10)",Life,Caleb_1,2477,2573,96,The year of Caleb_1's birth is the year the twelve spies were sent into the Land (2517) - his age at that time (40) = 2477,40,JOS 14:7,The year of Caleb_1's death is the year he was born (2477) + his age at death (96) = 2573,JOS 14:10,JOS 14:10,"Caleb was 40 years old when he was sent to spy out the Land, two years after the Exodus." Wandering_wilderness,Israel wanders in the wilderness,"The sons of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to an inhabited land; they ate the manna until they came to the border of the land of Canaan. (EXO 16:35) 'Your sons shall be shepherds for forty years in the wilderness, and they will suffer for your unfaithfulness, until your corpses lie in the wilderness. 'According to the number of days which you spied out the land, forty days, for every day you shall bear your guilt a year, even forty years, and you will know My opposition. (NUM 14:33-34) ""So the LORD'S anger burned against Israel, and He made them wander in the wilderness forty years, until the entire generation of those who had done evil in the sight of the LORD was destroyed. (NUM 32:13) For the sons of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, until all the nation, that is, the men of war who came out of Egypt, perished because they did not listen to the voice of the LORD, to whom the LORD had sworn that He would not let them see the land which the LORD had sworn to their fathers to give us, a land flowing with milk and honey. (JOS 5:6)",Travel,,2515,2555,40,The year Israel's time of wandering in the wilderness began is the year of the Exodus = 2515,,NUM 14:33,The year Israel's time of wandering in the wilderness ended is the year they began wandering (2515) + 40 years (2 years at Sinai + 38 years wandering in the desert) = 2555,JOS 1:1,JOS 1:1,"START:This event is keyed off of the The_Exodus event. The Exodus 16:35 passage connects the beginning of the forty years with year they began eating mannah shortly after the Exodus. [Shulman date p93] [Ussher date p39] END:The Israelites forty-year period of wandering included the two years at Sinai building the tabernacle. It is in that second year that the twelve men are sent to spy out the Land (NUM 13:1). Moses specifies the thirty-eight year wandering period in Deuteronomy 2:14. [Shulman date p93] [Ussher date p50]" Exodus_to_Temple,The 480-year period between the Exodus and Solomon's Temple,"Now it came about in the four hundred and eightieth year after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD. (1KI 6:1)",Period,,2515,2995,480,The year the 480-year Exodus-to-the-Temple period began is the year of the Exodus = 2515,,1KI 6:1,The end of the 480-year Exodus-to-Temple period is the year of the Exodus (2515) + 480 years = 2995,1KI 6:1,1KI 6:1,"START:[Shulman date p115] END:[Shulman date p115] [Ussher date p67]" Heshbon_to_Jair,From Heshbon to Jair,"While Israel lived in Heshbon and its villages, and in Aroer and its villages, and in all the cities that are on the banks of the Arnon, three hundred years, why did you not recover them within that time? (JDG 11:26) [When did Israel take these cities and villages?] Israel took all these cities and Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all her villages. (NUM 21:25) ""Ataroth, Dibon, Jazer, Nimrah, Heshbon, Elealeh, Sebam, Nebo and Beon, the land which the LORD conquered before the congregation of Israel, is a land for livestock, and your servants have livestock."" (NUM 32:3-4) Israel captured Heshbon and Aroer (east of the Jordan) the year before they entered the Land. Israel began a new year and celebrated Passover only a few days later. (JOS 5:10) [Jephthah made this statement in the first year of Jair's judgeship at the beginning of the Amorites affliction of Gilead. (JDG 10:8)] ",Period,,2555,2855,300,The year Jephthah's 300-year period began is the year Israel enters the Land = 2555,,JDG 11:26,The year Jephthah_1's 300-year period ended is the year Israel enters the Land (2555) + 300 years = 2855,JDG 11:26,JDG 11:26,"START:Although Israel conquered Heshbon and its villages at the time of the Exodus (NUM 21:25), they wandered for 40 years (NUM 32:13) and did not begin living there until they settled the Land. [Shulman date p109] END:Although Israel conquered Heshbon and its villages at the time of the Exodus (NUM 21:25), they wandered for 40 years (NUM 32:13) and did not begin living there until they settled the Land. [Shulman date p109] [Ussher date p55]" Conquest_of_the_Land,The Conquest of the Land,"Now behold, the LORD has let me live, just as He spoke, these forty-five years, from the time that the LORD spoke this word to Moses, when Israel walked in the wilderness; and now behold, I am eighty-five years old today. (JOS 14:10) [Caleb is 85 years old at the end of the conquest when the Israelites are apportioning the Land and he is 78 when the Israelites enter the Land and begin the conquest. The conquest of the Land took 7 years (math).",Period,,2555,2562,7,The year the conquest of the Land began is the year Israel enters the Land = 2555,,JOS 6:20,The year Israel's conquest of the Land ended is the year they entered the Land (2555) + 7 years of conquest = 2562,JOS 14:15,,"START:[Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p50] END:Caleb_1 was 40 years old (JOS 14:7) when he spied out the Land in 2517. He was 85 at the end of the conquest in 2562. The difference between the incident of the spies and the end of the conquest is 45 years. Israel continued wandering in the wilderness for 38 of those years. So, 45 - 38 = 7 years of conquest. [Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p52]" Joshua_leads_Israel,Joshua leads Israel,"Joshua led the nation of Israel for 13 years after the conquest of the Land (a total of 20 years) The Seder Olam has Joshua leading the nation of Israel for 28 years. p121. ",Period,,2555,2583,28,The year Joshua's rule began is the year Moses died = 2555,,DEU 34:9,The year Joshua's reign ended is the year of his death = 2583,JOS 24:29,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p50] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Eliezer Shulman's ""The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament"" (page 107) indicates Joshua was 42 at the time of the Exodus and led the people of Israel for 28 years. Josephus Ant 5.117: Joshua ruled for 25 years after Moses Eusebius (Chron 31-34) gives 27 years for Joshua's rule. [https://ia800702.us.archive.org/26/items/EusebiusChroniclechronicon/Eusebius_Chronicle.pdf]" Apportioning_the_Land,Apportioning the Land,"Apportioning the Land- The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament, Shulman, p107. ",Period,,2562,2569,7,The year Israel's division and apportioning of the Land began is the year conquest of the Land was complete = 2562,,JOS 15:1,The year Israel's division and apportioning of the Land ended is the year apportioning began (2562) + 7 years of apportioning = 2569,JOS 19:51,,"START:[Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p51] END:[Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p52]" Israel_bondage_Cushan,Israel in bondage to Cushan,"And they buried him [Joshua] in the territory of his inheritance in Timnath-heres, in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash. All that generation also were gathered to their fathers; and there arose another generation after them who did not know the LORD, nor yet the work which He had done for Israel. (JDG 2:9-10) Then the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, so that He sold them into the hands of Cushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia; and the sons of Israel served Cushan-rishathaim eight years. (JOS 3:8)",Bondage,Cushan-rishathaim_1,2593,2601,8,The year Cushan-rishathaim's oppression began is the year his oppression ended (2601) - the years his oppression lasted (8) = 2593,8,JDG 3:8,The year Cushan-rishathaim's oppression ended is the year Othniel_1 began to judge = 2601,JDG 3:9,,"START:[Ussher date p52] END:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Othniel began to judge is the end of Cushan-rishathaim's 8-year period of oppression. [Ussher date p53]" Othniel_judges,Othniel judges,"When the sons of Israel cried to the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer for the sons of Israel to deliver them, Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother. (JDG 3:9) Then the land had rest forty years. And Othniel the son of Kenaz died. (JDG 3:11)",Judge,Othniel_1,2601,2641,40,The year Othniel_1 began to judge is the year the Joshua-to-Judges period ended = 2601,,JDG 3:9,The year Othniel_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2601) + the years he judged (40) = 2641,JDG 3:11,,"START:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus' ""Antiquities of the Jews"" records a period of 18 years between Joshua and the first judge. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Othniel judged Israel throughout the 40-year period the land had rest. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]" Israel_bondage_Eglon,Israel in bondage to Eglon," Now the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD. So the LORD strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel, because they had done evil in the sight of the LORD. And he gathered to himself the sons of Ammon and Amalek; and he went and defeated Israel, and they possessed the city of the palm trees. (JDG 3:12-13) The sons of Israel served Eglon the king of Moab eighteen years. (JDG 3:14)",Bondage,Eglon_1,2641,2659,18,The year Eglon_1's oppression of Israel began is the year Othniel_1 died = 2641,,JDG 3:14,The year Eglon_1's oppression ended is the year he began to oppress Israel (2641) + the years of his oppression (18) = 2659,JDG 3:14,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Eglon's oppression began is the year Othniel died. [Ussher date p53] END:[Ussher date p53]" Israel_bondage_Jabin,Israel in bondage to Jabin/Sisera,"Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, after Ehud died. And the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor; and the commander of his army was Sisera, who lived in Harosheth-hagoyim. (JDG 4:1-2) The sons of Israel cried to the LORD; for he had nine hundred iron chariots, and he oppressed the sons of Israel severely for twenty years. (JDG 4:3)",Bondage,Jabin_1,2649,2769,120,The year Jabin_1's oppression of Israel began is the year Ehud_1's time as judge ended (2659) - 10 years = 2649,10,JDG 4:2,The year Jabin_1's oppression ended is the year he began to oppress Israel (2749) + the years of his oppression (20) = 2769,JDG 4:3,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Jabin's oppression began is ten years before Ehud's period of peace ended. [Ussher date p53] END:[Ussher date p53]" Ehud_judges,Ehud judges,"But when the sons of Israel cried to the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer for them, Ehud the son of Gera, the Benjamite, a left-handed man. And the sons of Israel sent tribute by him to Eglon the king of Moab. (JDG 3:15) So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the land was undisturbed for eighty years. (JDG 3:30)",Judge,Ehud_1,2659,2749,90,The year Ehud_1 began to judge is the year Eglon_1's oppression ended = 2659,,JDG 3:15,The year Ehud_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2669) + the years he judged (80) = 2749,JDG 3:30,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Ehud began to judge is the year Eglon's oppression ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Ehud judged Israel throughout the 80-year period the land was undisturbed. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]" Deborah_judges,Deborah judges,"Now Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lappidoth, was judging Israel at that time. (JDG 4:4) And behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him and said to him, ""Come, and I will show you the man whom you are seeking."" And he entered with her, and behold Sisera was lying dead with the tent peg in his temple. (JDG 4:22) So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the sons of Israel. (JDG 4:23) ""Thus let all Your enemies perish, O LORD; But let those who love Him be like the rising of the sun in its might."" And the land was undisturbed for forty years. (JDG 3:30)",Judge,Deborah_2,2759,2799,40,The year Deborah_2 began to judge is the year Shamgar_1's oppression began (2749) + 10 years = 2759,10,JDG 4:4,The year Deborah_2 ceased to judge Israel is the year she began to judge (2759) + the years she judged (40) = 2799,JDG 5:3,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Deborah began to judge is the year Shamgar's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Deborah judged Israel throughout the 40-year period the land was undisturbed. [Shulman date p83]" Israel_bondage_Midian,Israel in bondage to Midian,Then the sons of Israel did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD gave them into the hands of Midian seven years. (JDG 6:1),Bondage,,2799,2806,7,The year Midian's oppression of Israel began is the year Deborah_2's time of peace ended = 2799,,JDG 6:1,The year Midian's oppression ended is the year they began to oppress Israel (2819) + the years of their oppression (7) = 2826,JDG 6:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Midian's oppression began is the year Deborah's period of peace ended. [Ussher date p54] END:[Ussher date p54]" Gideon_judges,Gideon judges,"Then the angel of the LORD came and sat under the oak that was in Ophrah, which belonged to Joash the Abiezrite as his son Gideon was beating out wheat in the wine press in order to save it from the Midianites. (JDG 6:11) So Midian was subdued before the sons of Israel, and they did not lift up their heads anymore. And the land was undisturbed for forty years in the days of Gideon. (JDG 8:28)",Judge,Gideon_1,2801,2841,40,The year Gideon_1 began to judge is the year Midian's oppression began (2799) + 2 years = 2801,2,JDG 8:28,The year Gideon_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2801) + the years he judged (40) = 2841,JDG 8:28,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Gideon began to judge is the second year of Midian's oppression. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Gideon judged Israel throughout the 40-year period the land was undisturbed. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]" Life_of_Eli_1,The Life of Eli,"Now Eli was NINETY-EIGHT YEARS old, and his eyes were set so that he could not see. (1SA 4:15) When he mentioned the ark of God, Eli fell off the seat backward beside the gate, and his neck was broken and he died, for he was old and heavy. Thus he judged Israel FORTY years. (1SA 4:18)",Life,Eli_1,2838,2936,98,The year of Eli_1's birth is the year he died (2936) - his age when he died (98) = 2838,98,1SA 4:15,The year of Eli_1's death is the year the ark was taken in battle = 2936,1SA 4:18,, Abimelech_rules,Abimelech rules,"And Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal [i.e. Gideon] went to Shechem to his mother's relatives, and spoke to them and to the whole clan of the household of his mother's father, saying, ""Speak, now, in the hearing of all the leaders of Shechem, 'Which is better for you, that seventy men, all the sons of Jerubbaal, rule over you, or that one man rule over you?' Also, remember that I am your bone and your flesh."" (JDG 9:1-2) Now Abimelech ruled over Israel three years. (JDG 9:22) When the men of Israel saw that Abimelech was dead, each departed to his home. Thus God repaid the wickedness of Abimelech, which he had done to his father in killing his seventy brothers. (JDG 9:55-56)",Reign,Abimelech_2,2841,2844,3,The year Abimelech_2 began to rule is the year Gideon_1's time as judge ended = 2841,,JDG 9:22,The year Abimelech_2's rule ended is the year he began to rule (2841) + the years he ruled (3) = 2844,JDG 9:22,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Abimelech's treachery that brought about his rule occurred at the end of Gideon's 40-year period of peace upon Gideon's death and the search for a successor. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]" Tola_judges,Tola judges,"Now after Abimelech died, Tola the son of Puah, the son of Dodo, a man of Issachar, arose to save Israel; and he lived in Shamir in the hill country of Ephraim. He judged Israel twenty-three years. Then he died and was buried in Shamir. (JDG 10:1-2)",Judge,Tola_2,2844,2867,23,The year Tola_2 began to judge is the year Abimelech_2's rule ended = 2844,,JDG 10:1,The year Tola_2 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2844) + the years he judged (23) = 2867,JDG 10:2,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Tola began to judge is the year Abimelech's rule ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Tola's judgeship overlapped with Jair's. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]" Jair_judges,Jair judges,"After him, Jair the Gileadite arose and judged Israel twenty-two years. (JDG 10:3) ",Judge,Jair_2,2852,2875,23,The year Jair_2 began to judge is the year Tola_2 began to judge (2844) + 8 years = 2852,8,JDG 10:1,The year Jair_2 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2852) + the years he judged (23) = 2875,JDG 10:2,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Jair began to judge is 10 years into Tola's time as judge. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55] END:[Shulman date p83]" Jephthah_judges,Jephthah judges,"When the sons of Ammon fought against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to get Jephthah from the land of Tob; and they said to Jephthah, ""Come and be our chief that we may fight against the sons of Ammon."" (JDG 11:5-6) Jephthah judged Israel six years . Then Jephthah the Gileadite died and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead. (JDG 12:7)",Judge,Jephthah_1,2855,2861,6,The year Jephthah_1 began to rule is the year Jair_2's time as judge ended = 2875,,JDG 11:11,The year Jephthah_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2855) + the years he judged (6) = 2861,JDG 12:7,,"START:The Ammonite oppression is still ongoing when Jephthah began to judge (see JDG 11:12). *HYPOTHESIS: The year Jephthah began to judge is the year Jair's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]" Israel_bondage_Philistines_Ammonites,Israel in bondage to the Philistines and Ammonites,"Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him. The anger of the LORD burned against Israel, and He sold them into the hands of the Philistines and into the hands of the sons of Ammon. (JDG 10:6-7) They afflicted and crushed the sons of Israel that year; for eighteen years they afflicted all the sons of Israel who were beyond the Jordan in Gilead in the land of the Amorites. (JDG 10:8) So Jephthah crossed over to the sons of Ammon to fight against them; and the LORD gave them into his hand. He struck them with a very great slaughter from Aroer to the entrance of Minnith, twenty cities, and as far as Abel-keramim. So the sons of Ammon were subdued before the sons of Israel. (JDG 11:32-33)",Bondage,,2860,2878,18,The year the Philistine's and Ammonite's oppression of Israel began is the year Jair_2's time as judge began (2852) + 8 years = 2860,8,JDG 10:6,The year the Philistine's and Ammonite's oppression ended is the year they began to oppress Israel (2860) + the years of their oppression (18) = 2878,JDG 10:8,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year the Philistine and Ammonite oppression of Israel began is 8 years after Jair's time as judge began. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]" Ibzan_judges,Ibzan judges,"Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then Jephthah the Gileadite died and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead. Now Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel after him. (JDG 12:7-8) Now Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel after him. He had thirty sons, and thirty daughters whom he gave in marriage outside the family, and he brought in thirty daughters from outside for his sons. And he judged Israel seven years. Then Ibzan died and was buried in Bethlehem. (JDG 12:8-10) ",Judge,Ibzan_1,2861,2868,7,The year Ibzan_1 began to judge is the year Jephthah_1's time as judge ended = 2861,,JDG 12:8,The year Ibzan_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2861) + the years he judged (7) = 2868,JDG 12:9,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Ibzan began to judge is the year Jephthah's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]" Elon_judges,Elon judges,Then Ibzan died and was buried in Bethlehem. Now Elon the Zebulunite judged Israel after him; and he judged Israel ten years. (JDG 12:10-11),Judge,Elon_3,2868,2878,10,The year Elon_3 began to judge is the year Ibzan_1's time as judge ended = 2868,,JDG 12:11,The year Elon_3 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2868) + the years he judged (10) = 2878,JDG 12:11,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Elon began to judge is the year Ibzan's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56]" Abdon_judges,Abdon judges,"Then Elon the Zebulunite died and was buried at Aijalon in the land of Zebulun. Now Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite judged Israel after him. (JDG 12:12-13) Now Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite judged Israel after him. He had forty sons and thirty grandsons who rode on seventy donkeys; and he judged Israel eight years. (JDG 12:13-14)",Judge,Abdon_1,2878,2886,8,The year Abdon_1 began to judge is the year Elon_3's time as judge ended = 2878,,JDG 12:13,The year Abdon_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2878) + the years he judged (8) = 2886,JDG 12:14,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Abdon began to judge is the year Elon's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56]" Samson_judges,Samson judges,"Then the woman gave birth to a son and named him Samson; and the child grew up and the LORD blessed him. (JDG 13:24) So he judged Israel twenty years in the days of the Philistines. (JDG 15:20)",Judge,Samson_1,2886,2906,20,The year Samson_1 began to judge is the year Abdon_1's time as judge ended = 2886,,JDG 12:13,The year Samson_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year he began to judge (2886) + the years he judged (20) = 2906,JDG 12:14,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Samson began to judge is the year Abdon's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p57] - 385a" Life_of_Saul_1,The Life of Saul*,"He had a son whose name was Saul, a choice and handsome man, and there was not a more handsome person than he among the sons of Israel; from his shoulders and up he was taller than any of the people. (1SA 9:2) Then Saul said to his armor bearer, ""Draw your sword and pierce me through with it, otherwise these uncircumcised will come and pierce me through and make sport of me."" But his armor bearer would not, for he was greatly afraid. So Saul took his sword and fell on it. (1SA 31:4)",Life,Saul_1,2891,2951,60,"The year of Saul_1's birth is the year his son, Jonathan_2, was born (2911) - 20 years (estimated) = 2891",20,1SA 9:2,The year of Saul_1's death is the year David began to reign = 2951,1SA 31:4,, Israel_bondage_Philistines,Israel in bondage to Philistines,"Now the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, so that the LORD gave them into the hands of the Philistines forty years. (JDG 13:1)",Bondage,,2896,2937,41,The year the Philistine's 40-year oppression of Israel began was the year Samson_1's time as judge began (2886) + 10 years = 2896,10,JDG 13:1,The year the Philistine's 40-year oppression of Israel ended is the year the ark was returned to Beth-shemesh in Israel = 2937,JDG 13:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year the Philistine's 40-year oppression of Israel began is 10 years after Samson's time as judge began. [Ussher date p56] END:*HYPOTHESIS: The Philistines's oppression of Israel ended when they returned the ark to Israel. [Ussher date p57]" Eli_judges,Eli judges,"When he mentioned the ark of God, Eli fell off the seat backward beside the gate, and his neck was broken and he died, for he was old and heavy. Thus he judged Israel forty years. (1SA 4:18)",Judge,Eli_1,2896,2936,40,The year Eli_1 began to judge is the year his time as judge ended (2936) - the 40 years he judged = 2896,40,1SA 4:18,The year Eli_1 ceased to judge Israel is the year the ark was taken in battle = 2936,1SA 4:18,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p57]" Life_of_Jonathan_2,The Life of Jonathan*,"Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan and Ishvi and Malchi-shua; and the names of his two daughters were these: the name of the firstborn Merab and the name of the younger Michal. (1SA 14:49) When the men of Israel who were on the other side of the valley, with those who were beyond the Jordan, saw that the men of Israel had fled and that Saul and his sons were dead, they abandoned the cities and fled; then the Philistines came and lived in them. (1SA 31:7)",Life,Jonathan_2,2911,2951,40,"The year of Jonathan_2's birth is the year his younger brother, Ishvi_2, was born (2912) - 1 year (estimated) = 2911",1,1SA 13:16,The year of Jonathan_2's death is the year Saul_1 died = 2951,1SA 31:7,, Samuel_judges,Samuel judges,Samuel judges Israel,Judge,Samuel_2,2917,2949,32,The year Samuel_2 began to judge is the year his time as judge ended (2949) - the 32 years he judged = 2917,32,1SA 7:6,The year Samuel_2 ceased to judge Israel is 2 years* before Saul died (2951 - 2) = 2949,1SA 25:1,,"START:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus records that Samuel judged for THIRTY-TWO YEARS. Since Saul's reign took up twelve of those thirty-two years, then Samuel's time as a judge before the reign of Saul would have taken up the remaining twenty. Samuel's remaining time as judge would have overlapped Saul's time as king for ten of Saul's twelve-year reign. [Shulman date p83] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus records that Samuel judged for THIRTY-TWO YEARS. Since Saul's reign took up twelve of those thirty-two years, then Samuel's time as a judge before the reign of Saul would have taken up the remaining twenty. Samuel's remaining time as judge would have overlapped Saul's time as king for ten of Saul's twelve-year reign. [Shulman date p83]" Life_of_David_1,The Life of David,"David was THIRTY YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned FORTY YEARS. (2SA 5:4) Then David slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of David. (1KI 2:10)",Life,David_1,2921,2991,70,The year of David_1's birth is the year his reign began (2951) - his age when his reign began (30) = 2921,30,2SA 5:4,The year of David_1's death is the year Solomon_1 began to reign = 2995,1KI 2:10,, Ark_at_Kiriath-jearim,The Ark is at Kiriath-jearim,"And the men of Kiriath-jearim came and took the ark of the LORD and brought it into the house of Abinadab on the hill, and consecrated Eleazar his son to keep the ark of the LORD. From the day that the ark remained at Kiriath-jearim, the time was long, for it was twenty years; and all the house of Israel lamented after the LORD. (1SA 7:1-2)",Travel,,2938,2958,20,The year beginning the time the ark was in Kiriath-jearim (K-j) is the year David moved it to Jerusalem (2958) - the years it was in K-j (20) = 2938,20,1SA 7:1,The year David's reign in Jerusalem began is the year he moved the ark there from Kiriath-jearim = 2958,1SA 7:2,,"START:[Ussher date p57] END:*HYPOTHESIS The year David began to reign in Jerusalem is the year he moved the ark there from Kiriath-jearim. [Ussher date p60]" Reign_of_Saul,The reign of Saul,"A son of a year is Saul in his reigning, even two years he has reigned over Israel. (1SA 13:1) Then they asked for a king, and God gave them Saul the son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for forty years. (Acts 13:21)",Reign,Saul_1,2939,2951,12,The year Saul's reign began is the year his reign ended (2951) - the 12 years he reigned = 2939,12,1SA 13:1,The year Saul's reign (2951) ended is the year he died = 2951,1SA 31:4,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Saul reigned for 12 years beginning the year AFTER the ark is returned to Kiriath-jearim and Israel asks for a king (see 1SA 8:5) This article explains why his reign can only be 12 years: https://onemessianicgentile.com/articles/musings/the-age-and-reign-of-king-saul.html [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p57] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p58]" Reign_of_David,The reign of David,"David was thirty years old when he became king, and he reigned forty years. (2SA 5:4)",Reign,David_1,2951,2991,40,The year David's overall reign began is the year he began to reign in Hebron = 2951,,2SA 5:4,The year David's reign as king ended is the year he died= 2991,1KI 2:10,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p59] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p63]" David_reigns_in_Hebron,David reigns in Hebron,"The days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: seven years he reigned in Hebron and thirty-three years he reigned in Jerusalem. (1KI 2:11) Six were born to him in Hebron, and there he reigned seven years and six months. And in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years. (1CH 3:4)",Reign,David_1,2951,2958,7,The year David's reign in Hebron began is the year his reign there ended (2958) - the years he reigned there (7.5) = 2951,7.5,2SA 5:5,The year David's reign in Hebron ended (2958) is the year his reign in Jerusalem began = 2958,2SA 5:5,1KI 2:11,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: David's reign started in the first half of the year [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p59] END:[Ussher date p60]" Life_of_Amnon_1,The Life of Amnon*,"Sons were born to David at Hebron: his firstborn was Amnon, by Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; (2SA 3:2) Absalom commanded his servants, saying, “See now, when Amnon’s heart is merry with wine, and when I say to you, ‘Strike Amnon,’ then put him to death. Do not fear; have not I myself commanded you? Be courageous and be valiant. The servants of Absalom did to Amnon just as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king’s sons arose and each mounted his mule and fled. (2SA 13:28-29)",Life,Amnon_1,2952,2970,18,The year of Amnon_1's birth is the year David's reign began in Hebron (2951) + 1 year (hypothesis) = 2952,1,2SA 3:2,The year of Amnon_1's death (2970) is the year Absalom_1 had him killed and then fled to Geshur = 2970,2SA 13:29,, Life_of_Absalom_1,The Life of Absalom*,"and his second, Chileab, by Abigail the widow of Nabal the Carmelite; and the third, Absalom the son of Maacah, the daughter of Talmai, king of Geshur; (2SA 3:3) Then Joab said, “I will not waste time here with you.” So he took three spears in his hand and thrust them through the heart of Absalom while he was yet alive in the midst of the oak. And ten young men who carried Joab’s armor gathered around and struck Absalom and killed him. (2SA 18:14-15)",Life,Absalom_1,2954,2978,24,"The year of Absalom_1's birth is the year his older brother, Chileab_1, was born (2953) + 1 year (hypothesis) = 2954",1,2SA 3:3,The year of Absalom_1's death (2978) is the year he rebelled against his father = 2978,2SA 18:15,, David_reigns_in_Jerusalem,David reigns in Jerusalem,The days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: seven years he reigned in Hebron and thirty-three years he reigned in Jerusalem. (1KI 2:11),Reign,David_1,2958,2991,33,The year David's reign in Jerusalem began is the year his reign there ended (2991) - the years he reigned there (33) = 2958,33,2SA 5:5,The year David's reign in Jerusalem ended is the year he died = 2991,2SA 5:5,1KI 2:11,"START:[Ussher date p60] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p63]" Life_of_Solomon_1,The Life of Solomon*,"Then David comforted his wife Bathsheba, and went in to her and lay with her; and she gave birth to a son, and he named him Solomon. (2SA 12:24) Thus the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years. And Solomon slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of his father David, and his son Rehoboam reigned in his place. (1KI 11:42-43)",Life,Solomon_1,2971,3031,60,The year of Solomon_1's birth is the year his reign began (2991) - his age when he became king (20) = 2971,20,2SA 12:24,The year of Solomon_1's death is the year his reign ended = 3031,1KI 11:42,, Life_of_Rehoboam_1,The Life of Rehoboam,"Now Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was FORTY-ONE YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned SEVENTEEN YEARS in Jerusalem, bthe city which the LORD had chosen from all the tribes of Israel to put His name there. And his mother’s name was Naamah the Ammonitess. (1KI 14:21)",Life,Rehoboam_1,2990,3049,59,The year of Rehoboam_1's birth is the year he became king (3031) - his age his reign began (41) = 2990,41,1KI 11:42,The year of Rehoboam_1's death is the year his reign ended = 3049,1KI 14:21,, Reign_of_Solomon,The reign of Solomon,"Now it came about in the four hundred and eightieth year after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD. (1KI 6:1) Thus the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years. (1KI 11:42)",Reign,Solomon_1,2991,3031,40,The year Solomon's reign began is the year Solomon began construction on his Temple (2995) - 4 years = 2991,4,1KI 1:39,The year Solomon's reign ended (3031) is the year his reign began (2991) + the length of his reign (40) = 3031,1KI 11:42,,"START:Now it came about in the FOUR HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH YEAR after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the FOURTH YEAR of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv which is the second month, that he 1began to build the house of the LORD. (1KI 6:1) [Shulman date p83 and p117] [Ussher date p63] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p67]" First_Temple_constructed,First Temple constructed,"Now it came about in the four hundred and eightieth year after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD. (1KI 6:1) In the eleventh year, in the month of Bul, which is the eighth month, the house was finished throughout all its parts and according to all its plans. So he was seven years in building it. (1KI 6:38)",Construction,,2995,3002,7,The year construction began on Solomon's Temple is the year of the Exodus (2515) + 480 years = 2995,,1KI 6:1,The year construction on Solomon's Temple was completed (3002) is the year construction began (2995) + 7 years of construction = 3002,1KI 6:38,,"START:[Shulman date p115] [Ussher date p67] END:[Shulman date p127] [Ussher date p67]" Ahijah_prophesies,Ahijah prophesies,"It came about at that time, when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him on the road. Now Ahijah had clothed himself with a new cloak; and both of them were alone in the field. Then Ahijah took hold of the new cloak which was on him and tore it into twelve pieces. He said to Jeroboam, “Take for yourself ten pieces; for thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, ‘Behold, I will tear the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon and give you ten tribes.'"" (1KI 11:29-31) Go, say to Jeroboam, ‘Thus says the LORD God of Israel, “Because I exalted you from among the people and made you leader over My people Israel, and tore the kingdom away from the house of David and gave it to you — yet you have not been like My servant David, who kept My commandments and who followed Me with all his heart, to do only that which was right in My sight; you also have done more evil than all who were before you, and have gone and made for yourself other gods and molten images to provoke Me to anger, and have cast Me behind your back — therefore behold, I am bringing calamity on the house of Jeroboam, and will cut off from Jeroboam every male person, both bond and free in Israel, and I will make a clean sweep of the house of Jeroboam, as one sweeps away dung until it is all gone. (1KI 14:7-10)",Prophet,Ahijah_1,3026,3036,10,The year of Ahijah's first prophecy to Jeroboam is estimated to be the year of Solomon's death (3031) - 5 years = 3026,5,1KI 11:29,The year of Ahijah's second prophecy to Jeroboam is estimated to be the year Jeroboam's reign began (3031) + 5 years = 3036,1KI 14:7,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Five years before Solomon's death is sufficient time in his life to obtain ""seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines"" (1KI 11:3) and for them to ""turn his heart away"" from the LORD. It also allows sufficient time for his deep introspection and repentance which he recorded in the book of Ecclesiastes. [Shulman date p83] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Five years after Jeroboam's reign began is sufficient time for him to institute his idolatrous practices (1KI 12), be warned (1KI 13), and fail to repent (1KI 13:33), resulting in Ahijah's second prophecy. [Shulman date p83]" Reign_of_Jeroboam,The reign of Jeroboam,"It came about when all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, that they sent and called him to the assembly and made him king over all Israel. None but the tribe of Judah followed the house of David. (1KI 12:20) The time that Jeroboam reigned was twenty-two years; and he slept with his fathers, and Nadab his son reigned in his place. (1KI 14:20)",Reign,Jeroboam_1,3031,3052,21,The year Jeroboam's reign began is the year Rehoboam's reign began = 3031,,1KI 12:20,The year Jeroboam's reign ended is the year his reign began (3031) + the length of his reign (22) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3052,1KI 14:20,,"START:Thiele places this in the fall of 930 BCE which is AH 3030. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p67] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]" Reign_of_Rehoboam,The reign of Rehoboam,"Thus the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years. And Solomon slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of his father David, and his son Rehoboam reigned in his place. (1KI 11:42-43) Rehoboam reigned after Solomon. Now Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD had chosen from all the tribes of Israel to put His name there. And his mother's name was Naamah the Ammonitess. (1KI 14:21) Rehoboam reigned in Judah for 17 years: 961-944 BCE Shulman, p121",Reign,Rehoboam_1,3031,3049,18,The year Rehoboam's reign began is the year Solomon's reign ended = 3031,,1KI 11:43,The year Rehoboam's reign ended is the year his reign began (3031) + the length of his reign (17) + the 1-year accession year duration undercount = 3049,1KI 14:21,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p67] END:Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 12:13 HYPOTHESIS: Judah began counting Rehoboam's regnal years in AH 3032 instead of AH 3031 due to their ""accession year"" methodology. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p68]" Reign_of_Abijam,The reign of Abijam,"And Rehoboam slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David; and his mother's name was Naamah the Ammonitess. And Abijam his son became king in his place. (1KI 14:31) Now in the eighteenth year of King Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, Abijam became king over Judah. (1KI 15:1) He reigned three years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Maacah the daughter of Abishalom. (1KI 15:2)",Reign,Abijam_1,3049,3052,3,The year Abijam's reign began is the year Rehoboam's reign ended = 3049 which is also the eighteenth year of Jeroboam's reign (3031 + 18) = 3049,,1KI 15:1,The year Abijam's reign ended is the year his reign began (3049) + the length of his reign (2) + the 1-year accession year duration undercount = 3052,1KI 15:2,,"START:Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 13:1-2 HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""eighteenth year of King Jeroboam"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p68] END:HYPOTHESIS: Judah began counting Abijam's regnal years in AH 3050 instead of AH 3049 due to their ""accession year"" methodology. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]" Reign_of_Asa,The reign of Asa,"And Abijam slept with his fathers and they buried him in the city of David; and Asa his son became king in his place. (1KI 15:8) He reigned forty-one years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Maacah the daughter of Abishalom. (1KI 15:10)",Reign,Asa_1,3052,3093,41,The year Asa's reign began is the year Jeroboam's reign ended = 3052 which is also the twentieth year of Jeroboam's reign (3031 + 20) + 1 year for the Israel-Judah calendar offset = 3052,,1KI 15:9,The year Asa's reign ended is the year his reign began (3052) + the length of his reign (41) = 3093,1KI 15:10,,"START:Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 16:13 HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""twentieth year of King Jeroboam"" when accounting for the Israel-Judah calendar offset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69] END:So Asa slept with his fathers, having died in the FORTY-FIRST YEAR of his reign. (2CH 16:13) [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]" Reign_of_Nadab,The reign of Nadab,"The time that Jeroboam reigned was twenty-two years; and he slept with his fathers, and Nadab his son reigned in his place. (1KI 14:20) Now Nadab the son of Jeroboam became king over Israel in the second year of Asa king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years. (1KI 15:25)",Reign,Nadab_2,3052,3053,1,The year Nadab's reign began is the year Jeroboam's reign ended = 3052,,1KI 14:20,The year Nadab's reign ended is the year his reign began (3052) + the length of his reign (2) - Israel's 1-year all-calender-years overcount = 3053,1KI 15:25,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]" Reign_of_Baasha,The reign of Baasha,"Then Baasha the son of Ahijah of the house of Issachar conspired against him, and Baasha struck him down at Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines, while Nadab and all Israel were laying siege to Gibbethon. So Baasha killed him in the third year of Asa king of Judah and reigned in his place. (1KI 15:27-28) In the third year of Asa king of Judah, Baasha the son of Ahijah became king over all Israel at Tirzah, and reigned twenty-four years. (1KI 15:33)",Reign,Baasha_1,3053,3076,23,The year Baasha's reign began is the year Asa's reign began (3052) + 3 years - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset - the 1-year Israel-Judah calendar offset = 3053,3,1KI 15:33,The year Baasha's reign ended is the year his reign began (3053) + the length of his reign (24) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3076,1KI 15:33,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]" Life_of_Jehoshaphat_3,The Life of Jehoshaphat,"Jehoshaphat was THIRTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned TWENTY-FIVE YEARS in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. (1KI 22:42)",Life,Jehoshaphat_3,3058,3114,56,The year of Jehoshaphat_3's birth is the year his reign began (3093) - his age when his reign began (35) = 3058,35,1KI 22:42,The year of Jehoshaphat_3's death is the year his reign ended = 3114,1KI 22:42,, Jehu_prophesies,Jehu prophesies,"Now the word of the LORD came to Jehu the son of Hanani against Baasha, saying, “Inasmuch as I exalted you from the dust and made you leader over My people Israel, and you have walked in the way of Jeroboam and have made My people Israel sin, provoking Me to anger with their sins, behold, I will consume Baasha and his house, and I will make your house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat. (1KI 16:1-3) Jehu the son of Hanani the seer went out to meet him and said to King Jehoshaphat, “Should you help the wicked and love those who hate the LORD and so bring wrath on yourself from the LORD? But there is some good in you, for you have removed the Asheroth from the land and you have set your heart to seek God.” (2CH 19:2-3)",Prophet,Jehu_1,3075,3109,34,The estimated year Jehu_1's time as prophet begins is the year of his prophesy against Baasha = 3075,,1KI 16:1,The estimated year Jehu_1's time as prophet ends is the year of his prophecy to Jehoshaphat = 3109,2CH 19:2,,"START: END:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Jehu's time as prophet ends is the year of his prophecy to Jehoshaphat." Reign_of_Elah,The reign of Elah,"And Baasha slept with his fathers and was buried in Tirzah, and Elah his son became king in his place. (1KI 16:6) In the twenty-sixth year of Asa king of Judah, Elah the son of Baasha became king over Israel at Tirzah, and reigned two years. (1KI 16:8) ",Reign,Elah_2,3076,3077,1,The year Elah's reign began is the year Asa's reign began (3052) + 26 years - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset - the 1-year Israel-Judah calendar offset = 3076,26,1KI 16:8,The year Elah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3076) + the length of his reign (2) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3077,1KI 16:8,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]" Life_of_Jehoram_1,The Life of Jehoram,"He was THIRTY-TWO YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned EIGHT YEARS in Jerusalem. (2KI 8:17)",Life,Jehoram_1,3077,3121,44,The year of Jehoram_1's birth is the year his reign began (3121) - his age when his reign began (44) = 3077,32,2KI 8:17,The year of Jehoram_1's death is the year his reign ended = 3121,2KI 9:24,, Reign_of_Zimri,The reign of Zimri,"His [Elah's] servant Zimri, commander of half his chariots, conspired against him. Now he was at Tirzah drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza, who was over the household at Tirzah. Then Zimri went in and struck him and put him to death in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and became king in his place. (1KI 15:9-10) In the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri reigned SEVEN DAYS at Tirzah. Now the people were camped against Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines. The people who were camped heard it said, ""Zimri has Conspired and has also struck down the king."" Therefore all Israel made Omri, the commander of the army, king over Israel that day in the camp. Then Omri and all Israel with him went up from Gibbethon and besieged Tirzah. When Zimri saw that the city was taken, he went into the citadel of the king's house and burned the king's house over him with fire, and died, because of his sins which he sinned, doing evil in the sight of the LORD, walking in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin which he did, making Israel sin. (1KI 16:15-19) ",Reign,Zimri_2,3078,3078,0,The year Zimri's reign began is the year Asa's reign began (3052) + 27 years - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset = 3078,27,1KI 16:15,The year Zimri's reign ended is the same year his reign began (3078) as he only reigned for seven days = 3078,1KI 16:15,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]" Reign_of_Tibni,The reign of Tibni,"Then the people of Israel were divided into two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to make him king; the other half followed Omri. (1KI 16:21) But the people who followed Omri prevailed over the people who followed Tibni the son of Ginath. And Tibni died and Omri became king. (1KI 16:22)",Reign,Tibni_1,3078,3082,4,The year Tibni's reign began is the year Zimri's reign ended = 3078,,1KI 16:21,The year Tibni's reign ended is the year his reign began (3078) + the length of his reign (6) - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3082,1KI 16:22,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Tibni and Omri began a disputed reign over Israel at the same time. Omri is stated to have ruled TWELVE years (total) with SIX undisputed in Tirzah. This leaves SIX years of his reign disputed with Omri. Also, Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]" Reign_of_Omri,The reign of Omri,"Then the people of Israel were divided into two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to make him king; the other half followed Omri. (1KI 16:21) But the people who followed Omri prevailed over the people who followed Tibni the son of Ginath. And Tibni died and Omri became king. In the thirty-first year of Asa king of Judah, Omri became king over Israel and reigned twelve years; he reigned six years at Tirzah. (1KI 16:22-23)",Reign,Omri_1,3078,3088,10,The year Omri's disputed reign began is the year Zimri's reign ended = 3078,,1KI 16:21,The year Omri's reign ended is the year his (undisputed) reign began (3082) + the total length of his reign (6) = 3088,1KI 16:23,,"Shulman, p121" Reign_of_Ahab,The reign of Ahab,"So Omri slept with his fathers and was buried in Samaria; and Ahab his son became king in his place. Now Ahab the son of Omri became king over Israel in the thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Judah, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty-two years. (1KI 16:28-29) Now Ahab the son of Omri became king over Israel in the thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Judah, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty-two years. (1KI 16:29)",Reign,Ahab_1,3088,3109,21,The year Ahab's reign began is the year Asa's reign began (3052) + 38 years - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset - the 1-year Israel-Judah calendar offset = 3088,38,1KI 16:29,The year Ahab's reign ended is the year his reign began (3088) + the length of his reign (22) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3109,1KI 16:29,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]" Elijah_prophesies,Elijah prophesies,1KI 17-21,Prophet,Elijah_1,3089,3110,21,The estimated year Elijah's time as prophet ends is estimated to be in year 1 of Ahab's reign (3088 + 1) = 3089,1,1KI 17:1,The estimated year Elijah's time as prophet ends is the year Ahaziah died = 3110,2KI 2:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Elijah's prophetic ministry began a year after Ahab became king of Israel END:Elijah's time of prophecy ended the year of Ahaziah's death [Ussher date p71]" Reign_of_Jehoshaphat,The reign of Jehoshaphat,"Now Jehoshaphat the son of Asa became king over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. (1KI 22:41) Jehoshaphat became king in the 4th year of Ahab's reign. Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. (1KI 22:42) Jehoshaphat reigned in Judah for 25 years: 900-875 BCE Shulman, p122",Reign,Jehoshaphat_3,3090,3114,24,The year Jehoshaphat's regency began is the year his reign ended (3114) - the 25 years of his reign + the 1-year accession year duration undercount = 3090,25,2KI 8:16,The year Jehoshaphat's reign ended is the year his reign began (3090) + the length of his reign (25) - a 1-year duration overcount = = 3114,1KI 22:42,,"Shulman, p121" Life_of_Ahaziah_2,The Life of Ahaziah,"Ahaziah was TWENTY-TWO YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned ONE YEAR in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Athaliah the granddaughter of Omri king of Israel. (2KI 8:26)",Life,Ahaziah_2,3099,3121,22,The year of Ahaziah_2's birth is the year his reign began (3121) - his age when his reign began (22) = 3099,22,2KI 8:26,The year of Ahaziah_2's death is the year his reign ended = 3121,2KI 9:27,, Micaiah_prophesies,Micaiah prophesies,"The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “There is yet one man by whom we may inquire of the LORD, but I hate him, because he does not prophesy good concerning me, but evil. He is Micaiah son of Imlah.” But Jehoshaphat said, “Let not the king say so.” (1KI 22:8) Micaiah said, “If you indeed return safely the LORD has not spoken by me.” And he said, “Listen, all you people.” (1KI 22:28)",Prophet,Micaiah_1,3108,3109,1,The estimated year Micaiah_1's time as prophet begins is at least 1 year before the battle of Ramoth-gilead (3109) since Ahab complains of his former prophecies of evil against Ahab = 3108,1,1KI 22:8,The estimated year Micaiah_1's time as prophet ends was the year of the battle of Ramoth-gilead = 3109,1KI 22:28,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Micaiah prophesies against Ahab at least one year before the prophecy regarding the battle at Ramoth-gilead. END:*HYPOTHESIS: Micaiah's last prophecy was against Ahab regarding the battle at Ramoth-gilead." Reign_of_Ahaziah,The reign of Ahaziah,"Ahaziah the son of Ahab became king over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned two years over Israel. (1KI 22:51)",Reign,Ahaziah_1,3109,3110,1,The year Ahaziah's reign began is the year Jehoshaphat's reign began (3093) + 17 years - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset = 3109,17,1KI 22:51,The year Ahaziah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3109) + the length of his reign (2) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3110,1KI 22:51,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]" Reign_of_Joram,The reign of Joram,"Now in the fifth year of J[eh]oram the son of Ahab king of Israel, Jehoshaphat being then the king of Judah, Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah became king. (2KI 8:16)",Reign,Jehoram_1,3109,3121,12,The year Jehoram's regency began is the year Jehoshaphat's reign began (3093) + 16 years = 3109,16,,The year Jehoram's reign ended is the year his reign began (3114) + the length of his reign (8) - a 1-year duration overcount = 3121,2KI 8:17,,"""In the eleventh year."" That is to say, after the eleventh year, for he became king in the twelfth year, as we read above: (2KI 8:25): ""In the twelfth year of King Joram..."" For his father Joram became king in the fifth year of Joram son of Ahab, and he reigned for eight incomplete years, ending in the twelfth year of Joram son of Ahab, when Ahaziah became king. (Mezudat David) Shulman, p122" Reign_of_Ahaziah,The reign of Ahaziah,"In the twelfth year of Joram the son of Ahab king of Israel, Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah began to reign. (2KI 8:25) Ahaziah was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned one year in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Athaliah the granddaughter of Omri king of Israel. (2KI 8:26)",Reign,Ahaziah_1,3109,3110,1,The year Ahaziah's reign began is the year Jehoshaphat's reign began (3093) + 17 years - the 1-year accession/non-accession-year offset = 3109,17,1KI 22:51,The year Ahaziah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3109) + the length of his reign (2) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3110,1KI 22:51,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]" Elisha_prophesies,Elisha prophesies,"The LORD said to him, “Go, return on your way to the wilderness of Damascus, and when you have arrived, you shall anoint Hazael king over Aram; and Jehu the son of Nimshi you shall anoint king over Israel; and Elisha the son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah you shall anoint as prophet in your place. So he departed from there and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, while he was plowing with twelve pairs of oxen before him, and he with the twelfth. And Elijah passed over to him and threw his mantle on him. (1KI 19:15-16, 19) Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites would invade the land in the spring of the year. (2KI 13:20)",Prophet,Elisha_1,3110,3164,54,The estimated year Elisha's time as prophet begins is the year Elijah's time as prophet ended = 3110,,1KI 19:15,The estimated year Elisha's time as prophet ends is the year Joash (Jehoash) began to reign over Israel = 3164,2KI 13:20,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]" Reign_of_Jehoram,The reign of Jehoram,"Now Jehoram the son of Ahab became king over Israel at Samaria in the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned twelve years. (2KI 3:1)",Reign,Jehoram_2,3110,3121,11,"The year Jehoram's reign began is the year Jehoshaphat's reign began (3093) + 18 years - the 1-year Israel-Judah calendar offset = 3110. This is also the second year of Jehoram's, son of Jehoshaphat, reign (3109) + 2 - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount ) = 3110",18,2KI 3:1,The year Jehoram's reign ended is the year his reign began (3110) + the length of his reign (12) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3121,2KI 3:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72]" Reign_of_Jehu,The reign of Jehu,"Then Jehu rode in a chariot and went to Jezreel, for Joram was lying there. Ahaziah king of Judah had come down to see Joram. (2KI 9:16) And Jehu drew his bow with his full strength and shot Joram between his arms; and the arrow went through his heart and he sank in his chariot. (2KI 9:24) Now the time which Jehu reigned over Israel in Samaria was twenty-eight years. (2KI 10:36)",Reign,Jehu_2,3121,3148,27,The year Jehu's reign began is the year Jehoram's reign ended = 3121,,2KI 9:13,The year Jehu's reign ended is the year his reign began (3121) + the length of his reign (28) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3148,2KI 10:36,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]" Reign_of_Athaliah,The reign of Athaliah,"When Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she rose and destroyed all the royal offspring. But Jehosheba, the daughter of King Joram, sister of Ahaziah, took Joash the son of Ahaziah and stole him from among the king's sons who were being put to death, and placed him and his nurse in the bedroom. So they hid him from Athaliah, and he was not put to death. So he was hidden with her in the house of the LORD six years, while Athaliah was reigning over the land. (2KI 11:1-3)",Reign,Athaliah_1,3121,3127,6,"The year Athaliah's reign began is the year her son, Ahaziah, died = 3121",,2KI 11:1,The year Athaliah's reign ended is the year she was killed and Jehoash was made king = 3127,2KI 12:1,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72] END:So he was hidden with her in the house of the LORD SIX YEARS, while Athaliah was reigning over the land. (2KI 11:3) [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72]" Reign_of_Jehoash,The reign of Jehoash,"In the seventh year of Jehu, Jehoash became king, and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba. (2KI 12:1)",Reign,Joash_3,3127,3166,39,The year Joash's reign began is the year Jehu's reign began (3121) + 7 years - the Israel-Judah calendar year offset = 3127,7,2KI 12:1,The year Joash's reign ended is the year his reign began (3127) + the length of his reign (40) - a 1-year duration overcount = 3166,2KI 12:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: 3127 is the ""seventh year of Jehu"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72] END:In this case, the duration (forty years) includes the first year of Joash's reign (3127). [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]" Life_of_Amaziah_1,The Life of Amaziah,"He was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem. (2KI 14:2) Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah lived FIFTEEN YEARS after the death of Jehoash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel. (2KI 14:17)",Life,Amaziah_1,3141,3195,54,The year of Amaziah_1's birth is the year his reign began (3166) - his age when his reign began (25) = 3141,25,2KI 14:2,The year of Amaziah_1's death (3195) is 15 years after Jehoash died (3180 + 15) = 3195,2KI 14:17,, Reign_of_Jehoahaz,The reign of Jehoahaz,"And Jehu slept with his fathers, and they buried him in Samaria. And Jehoahaz his son became king in his place. (2KI 10:35) In the twenty-third year of Joash the son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz the son of Jehu became king over Israel at Samaria, and he reigned seventeen years. (2KI 13:1)",Reign,Jehoahaz_1,3148,3164,16,The year Jehoahaz's reign began is the year Joash's reign began (3127) + 23 years - the Israel-Judah calendar year offset - a 1-year duration overcount = 3148,23,2KI 13:1,The year Jehoahaz's reign ended is the year his reign began (3148) + the length of his reign (17) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3164,2KI 13:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. Israel and Judah were using a nonaccession-year approach during this time. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]" Life_of_Azariah_3,The Life of Azariah,"All the people of Judah took Azariah, who was SIXTEEN YEARS old, and made him king in the place of his father Amaziah. (2KI 14:21) He was SIXTEEN YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned FIFTY-TWO YEARS in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Jecoliah of Jerusalem. (2KI 15:2)",Life,Azariah_3,3154,3223,69,The year of Azariah_3's birth is the year his reign began (3170) - his age when his reign began (16) = 3154,16,2KI 14:21,The year of Azariah_3's death (3223) is the year his reign ended = 3223,2KI 15:2,, Reign_of_Jehoash,The reign of Jehoash,"In the thirty-seventh year of Joash king of Judah, Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned sixteen years. (2KI 13:10)",Reign,Joash_4,3164,3180,16,The year Joash's reign over Israel began is the year Joash (Jehoahaz)'s reign over Judah began (3127) + 37 = 3164,37,2KI 13:10,The year Joash's reign ended is the year his reign began (3164) + the length of his reign (16) = 3180,2KI 13:10,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]" Reign_of_Amaziah,The reign of Amaziah,"In the second year of Joash son of Joahaz king of Israel, Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah became king. (2KI 14:1) He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jehoaddin of Jerusalem. (2KI 14:2)",Reign,Amaziah_1,3166,3195,29,The year Amaziah's reign began is the year Joash's reign began (3164) + 2 years = 3166,2,2KI 14:1,The year Amaziah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3166) + the length of his reign (29) = 3195,2CH 25:1,,"START:He was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king... (2KI 14:2) Amaziah was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king (2CH 25:1) [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]" Reign_of_Jeroboam,The reign of Jeroboam,"So J[eh]oash slept with his fathers, and Jeroboam sat on his throne; and Joash was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel. (2KI 13:13) In the fifteenth year of Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah, Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel became king in Samaria, and reigned forty-one years. (2KI 14:23)",Reign,Jeroboam_2,3169,3209,40,The year Jeroboam's reign began is the year Azariah's reign began (3195) - 27 years + the Israel-Judah calendar year offset (since we're counting backwards) = 3169,27,2KI 15:1,The year Jeroboam's reign ended is the year his reign began (3169) + the length of his reign (41) - Israel's 1-year all-calendar-years overcount = 3209,2KI 14:23,,"Shulman, p124" Jonah_prophesies,Jonah prophesies,"He [Jeroboam] restored the border of Israel from the entrance of Hamath as far as the Sea of the Arabah, according to the word of the LORD, the God of Israel, which He spoke 1through His servant Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet, who was of Gath-hepher. (2KI 14:25) Jonah's time as prophet ends",Prophet,Jonah_1,3169,3209,40,The estimated year Jonah's time as prophet begins is the year Jeroboam's reign began = 3169,,2KI 14:25,The estimated year Jonah's time of prophecy ends is the year Jeroboam's reign ended = 3209,,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Jonah prophesied at the beginning of Jeroboam's reign that he would restore the border of Israel. Ussher places these events at the time of the 13th Jubilee rather than the 12th. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Jonah's time as prophet around the time Jeroboam's reign ended." Hosea_prophesies,Hosea prophesies,"The word of the LORD which came to Hosea the son of Beeri, during the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and during the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel. (HOS 1:1) The word of the LORD which came to Hosea the son of Beeri, during the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and during the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel. (HOS 1:1)",Prophet,Hosea_1,3180,3235,55,The estimated year Hosea's time as prophet begins is the year Jeroboam's reign began = 3180,,HOS 1:1,The estimated year Hosea_1's time as prophet ends is 2 years after Hezekiah's reign began = 3235,HOS 1:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Hoshea began to prophecy was at the beginning of Jeroboam's reign. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p74] END:*HYPOTHESIS: The year Hoshea's time of prophecy ended to prophecy shortly after Hezekiah began to reign and before the Assyrian captivity. [Shulman date p83]" Life_of_Jotham_2,The Life of Jotham,"He was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Jerusha the daughter of Zadok. (2KI 15:33) And Jotham slept with his fathers, and he was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father; and Ahaz his son became king in his place. (2KI 15:38)",Life,Jotham_2,3187,3231,44,The year of Jotham_2's birth is the year his reign began (3212) - his age when his reign began (25) = 3187,25,2KI 15:33,The year of Jotham_2's death (3231) is the year his reign ended = 3231,2KI 15:38,, Reign_of_Uzziah_Azariah,The reign of Uzziah (Azariah),"All the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the place of his father Amaziah. (2KI 14:21) He was sixteen years old when he became king, and he reigned fifty-two years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jecoliah of Jerusalem. (2KI 15:2)",Reign,Azariah_3,3195,3223,28,The year Azariah's reign began is the same year his father died = 3195. This is also the year Jeroboam's reign began (3169) + 27 years - the Israel-Judah calendar year offset = 3195,27,2KI 15:1,The year Azariah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3170) + the length of his reign (52) + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3223,2KI 15:2,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel began their calendar year in the spring (Nisan) and Judah began their calendar year in the fall (Tishrei). See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76]" Amos_prophesies,Amos prophesies,"The words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders from Tekoa, which he envisioned in visions concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake. (AMO 1:1) Amos' time as prophet ends",Prophet,Amos_1,3197,3199,2,The estimated year Amos's time of prophecy begins is 2 years after Azariah's (sole) reign began (3195) = 3197,2,AMO 1:1,The estimated year Amos's time of prophecy ends is 2 years after it began (3197) = 3199,,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Amos' time of prophecy began shortly after the sole reign of Azariah (Uzziah) began. Archaeological evidence at Hazor establishes the time of the earthquake (AMO 1:1) around 760-750 BCE. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p74] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Amos' time of prophecy ended shortly it began." Life_of_Ahaz_1,The Life of Ahaz,"Ahaz was TWENTY YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD his God, as his father David had done. (2KI 16:2) So Ahaz slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David; and his son Hezekiah reigned in his place. (2KI 16:20)",Life,Ahaz_1,3207,3246,39,The year of Ahaz_1's birth is the year his reign began (3227) - his age when his reign began (20) = 3207,20,2KI 16:2,The year of Ahaz_1's death (3246) is the year his reign ended = 3246,2KI 16:20,, Reign_of_Zechariah,The reign of Zechariah,"In the thirty-eighth year of Azariah king of Judah, Zechariah the son of Jeroboam became king over Israel in Samaria for six months. (2KI 15:8) Zechariah reigned in Israel for 6 months: 772 BCE",Reign,Zechariah_1,3209,3210,1,The year Zechariah's reign began is the year Azariah's (Uzziah's) reign began (3170) + 38 years + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3209,38,2KI 15:8,The year Zechariah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3209) + the length of his reign (6 months) = 3209,2KI 15:8,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75]" Reign_of_Shallum,The reign of Shallum,"Shallum son of Jabesh became king in the thirty-ninth year of Uzziah king of Judah, and he reigned one month in Samaria. (2KI 15:13)",Reign,Shallum_1,3210,3210,0,The year Shallum's reign began is the year Azariah's (Uzziah's) reign began (3170) + 39 years + the Israel-Judah calendar year offset + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3210,39,2KI 15:13,The year Shallum's reign ended is the year his reign began (3210) + the length of his reign (1 month) = 3210,2KI 15:13,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75]" Reign_of_Menachem,The reign of Menachem,"Then Menachem son of Gadi went up from Tirzah and came to Samaria, and struck Shallum son of Jabesh in Samaria, and killed him and became king in his place. (2KI 15:14) In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah, Menachem son of Gadi became king over Israel and reigned ten years in Samaria. (2KI 15:17)",Reign,Menachem_1,3210,3221,11,The year Menachem's reign began is the year Azariah's (Uzziah's) reign began (3170) + 39 years + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3210,39,2KI 15:17,The year Menachem's reign ended is the year his reign began (3210) + the length of his reign (10) + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3221,2KI 15:17,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76]" Reign_of_Pekah,The reign of Pekah,"Then Pekah son of Remaliah, his officer, conspired against him [Pekahiah] and struck him in Samaria, in the castle of the king's house with Argob and Arieh; and with him were fifty men of the Gileadites, and he killed him and became king in his place. (2KI 15:25) In the fifty-second year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah son of Remaliah became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned twenty years. (2KI 15:27)",Reign,Pekah_1,3210,3231,21,The year Pekah's rival reign with Menachem as king over Israel began is the same year as Menachem's reign began = 3210,,2KI 15:27,The year Pekah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3210) + the length of his reign (20) + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3231,2KI 15:27,,"Shulman, p125" Reign_of_Jotham,The reign of Jotham,"And Azariah slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his fathers in the city of David, and Jotham his son became king in his place. (2KI 15:7) In the second year of Pekah the son of Remaliah king of Israel, Jotham the son of Uzziah king of Judah became king. (2KI 15:32) He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Jerusha the daughter of Zadok. (2KI 15:33) ",Reign,Jotham_2,3212,3227,15,The year Jotham's reign began is the year Pekah's reign began (3210) + 2 years = 3212,2,2KI 15:32,The year Jotham's sole reign ended is the year his reign began (3212) + the length of his reign (16) - 1 year for a Hebrew-Anno Hominis calendar misalignment = 3227,2KI 15:33,,"Shulman, p125" Reign_of_Pekahiah,The reign of Pekahiah,"And Menahem slept with his fathers, and Pekahiah his son became king in his place. (2KI 15:22) In the fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekahiah son of Menahem became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned two years. (2KI 15:23)",Reign,Pekahiah_1,3221,3223,2,The year Pekahiah's reign began is the year Azariah's (Uzziah's) reign began (3170) + 50 years + 1 year for the the accession-year undercount = 3221,50,2KI 15:23,The year Pekahiah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3221) + the length of his reign (2) = 3223,2KI 15:23,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76]" Isaiah_prophesies,Isaiah prophesies,"In the year of King Uzziah’s death I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, lofty and exalted, with the train of His robe filling the temple. (ISA 6:1) Isaiah's time as prophet ends",Prophet,Isaiah_1,3223,3275,52,The estimated year Isaiah's time as a prophet begins is the year of Azariah's (Uzziah's) death = 3223,,ISA 6:1,The estimated year Isaiah's time as prophet ends is the year Manasseh's reign began = 3275,,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Isaiah's time as prophet began with his prophecy in ISA 6:1 the year Uzziah died. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL HISTORY: The Talmud (Yevamot 49b-50a) and later Christian texts like the “Martyrdom of Isaiah” (a 2nd-century BC apocryphal work), claim Isaiah was martyred by being sawn in two under King Manasseh’s orders. This tradition is reflected in Hebrews 11:37. *HYPOTHESIS: This happened at the beginning of Manasseh's reign. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p86]" Micah_prophesies,Micah prophesies,"The word of the LORD which came to Micah of Moresheth in the days of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. (MIC 1:1) Micah of Moresheth prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah; and he spoke to all the people of Judah, saying, ‘Thus the LORD of hosts has said, “Zion will be plowed as a field, And Jerusalem will become ruins, And the mountain of the house as the high places of a forest.”’ (JER 26:18)",Prophet,Micah_4,3223,3275,52,The estimated year Micah's time of prophecy begins is the year Jotham's sole reign began = 3223,,MIC 1:1,The estimated year Micah's time as prophet ends is the year Hezekiah's reign ended = 3275,JER 26:18,,"START:[Shulman date p83] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p83]" Joel_prophesies,Joel prophesies,"The word of the LORD that came to Joel, the son of Pethuel: (JOE 1:1) Joel's time as prophet ends",Prophet,Joel_11,3223,3224,1,The estimated year Joel_'s time as prophet begins is the year Isaiah's time as prophet begins = 3223,,,The estimated year Joel_'s time as prophet ends is the year after it began (3223 + 1) = 3224,,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: No clear date is given in the book of Joel for its timing. Ussher places Joel after the 13th Jubilee around 808 BC during Isaiah's time of prophesying. [Ussher date p74] END:" Reign_of_Ahaz,The reign of Ahaz,"And Jotham slept with his fathers, and he was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father; and Ahaz his son became king in his place. (2KI 15:38) Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD his God, as his father David had done. (2KI 16:2)",Reign,Ahaz_1,3231,3246,15,"The year Ahaz's sole reign began is the year his co-regency with his father, Jotham, ended = 3231",,,The year Ahaz's reign ended is the year his (sole) reign began (3231) + the length of his reign (16) - a 1-year duration overcount = 3246,2KI 16:2,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p77] END:*HYPOTHESIS: The duration does not extend into the next calendar year. [Shulman date p83]" Reign_of_Hoshea,The reign of Hoshea,"And Hoshea the son of Elah made a conspiracy against Pekah the son of Remaliah, and struck him and put him to death and became king in his place, in the twentieth year of Jotham the son of Uzziah. (2KI 15:30) In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah, Hoshea the son of Elah became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned nine years. (2KI 17:1)",Reign,Hoshea_1,3231,3239,8,The year Hoshea's reign began is the year Ahaz's reign began (3212) + 20 years - 1 year for the Israel-Judah calendar offset = 3231,20,2KI 17:1,The year Hoshea's reign ended is the year his reign began (3231) + the length of his reign (10) - 1 year for the all-calendar-years overcount = 3239,2KI 17:1,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel began their calendar year in the spring (Nisan) and Judah began their calendar year in the fall (Tishrei). See dataset notes for more information. Thiele considers the ""twelfth year of Ahaz"" in 2KI 17:1 to be a late addition to the text and a miscalculation on the part of the editor(s) of that chapter since it is impossible to reconcile with other synchronisms of related kings. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p79] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p80]" Reign_of_Hezekiah,The reign of Hezekiah,"So Ahaz slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David; and his son Hezekiah reigned in his place. (2KI 16:20) Now it came about in the third year of Hoshea, the son of Elah king of Israel, that Hezekiah the son of Ahaz king of Judah became king. He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Abi the daughter of Zechariah. (2KI 18:1-2)",Reign,Hezekiah_1,3233,3275,42,The year Hezekiah's co-regency began is the year Hoshea's reign began (3231) + 3 years - a 1-year duration overcount = 3233,3,2KI 18:1,The year Hezekiah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3246) + the length of his reign (29) = 3275,2KI 18:2,,"Shulman, p125" Life_of_Manasseh_3,The Life of Manasseh,"Manasseh was TWELVE YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned fifty-five years in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Hephzibah. (2KI 21:1) And Manasseh slept with his fathers and was buried in the garden of his own house, in the garden of Uzza, and Amon his son became king in his place. (2KI 21:18)",Life,Manasseh_3,3253,3320,67,The year of Manasseh_3's birth is the year his reign began (3265) - his age when his reign began (12) = 3253,12,2KI 21:1,The year of Manasseh_3's death (3320) is the year his reign ended = 3320,2KI 21:18,, Reign_of_Manasseh,The reign of Manasseh,"So Hezekiah slept with his fathers, and Manasseh his son became king in his place. (2KI 20:21) Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned fifty-five years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Hephzibah. (2KI 21:1)",Reign,Manasseh_3,3265,3320,55,The year Manasseh's co-regency began is the year his sole reign began (3275) - the length of his co-regency (10) = 3265,10,,The year Manasseh's reign ended is the year his reign (co-regency) began (3265) + the length of his reign (55) = 3320,2KI 21:1,,"Shulman, p126" Nahum_prophesies,Nahum prophesies,"Are you better than No-amon [Thebes], Which was situated by the waters of the Nile, With water surrounding her, Whose rampart was the sea, Whose wall consisted of the sea? (NAH 3:8) The oracle of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite. (NAH 1:1)",Prophet,Nahum_1,3298,3349,51,"The estimated year Nahum's time as prophet begins is the year No-amon (Thebes, Egypt) was destroyed (664 BCE) = 3298",,NAH 3:8,The estimated year Nahum's time as prophet ends was the year before Nineveh was destroyed (612 BCE) - 1 = 3349,NAH 1:1,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76] Ussher refers to Josephus' view that Nahum's ministry was earlier and his statements regarding No-Amon were predictive rather than observational. END:[Shulman date p83] Nahum's prophecy preceded the fall of Nineveh." Life_of_Amon_2,The Life of Amon,"Amon was TWENTY-TWO years old when he became king, and he reigned two years in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Meshullemeth the daughter of Haruz of Jotbah. (2KI 21:19) The servants of Amon conspired against him and killed the king in his own house. (2KI 21:23)",Life,Amon_2,3298,3321,23,The year of Amon_2's birth is the year his reign began (3320) - his age when his reign began (22) = 3298,22,2KI 21:19,The year of Amon_2's death (3321) is the year his reign ended = 3321,2KI 21:23,, Life_of_Josiah_1,The Life of Josiah,"Josiah was EIGHT YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned thirty-one years in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Jedidah the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. (2KI 22:1) In his days Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt went up to the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates. And King Josiah went to meet him, and when Pharaoh Neco saw him he killed him at Megiddo. (2KI 23:29)",Life,Josiah_1,3313,3353,40,The year of Josiah_1's birth is the year his reign began (3321) - his age when his reign began (8) = 3313,8,2KI 22:1,The year of Josiah_1's death (3353) is the year his reign ended = 3353,2KI 23:29,, Reign_of_Amon,The reign of Amon,"And Manasseh slept with his fathers and was buried in the garden of his own house, in the garden of Uzza, and Amon his son became king in his place. (2KI 21:18) Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned two years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Meshullemeth the daughter of Haruz of Jotbah. (2KI 21:19)",Reign,Amon_2,3320,3321,1,The year Amon's reign began is the year Manasseh's reign ended = 3320,,2KI 21:18,The year Amon's reign ended is the year his reign began (3320) + the length of his reign (2) - a 1-year duration overcount = 3321,2KI 21:19,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p90] END:*HYPOTHESIS: The duration does not extend into the next calendar year. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p90]" Reign_of_Josiah,The reign of Josiah,"The servants of Amon conspired against him and killed the king in his own house. Then the people of the land killed all those who had conspired against King Amon, and the people of the land made Josiah his son king in his place. (2KI 21:23-24) Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned thirty-one years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Jedidah the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. He did right in the sight of the LORD and walked in all the way of his father David, nor did he turn aside to the right or to the left. (2KI 22:1-2)",Reign,Josiah_1,3321,3353,32,The year Josiah's reign began is the year Amon's reign ended = 3321,,2KI 21:24,The year Josiah's reign ended is the year his reign began (3321) + the length of his reign (31) + 1 year for accession year undercount = 3353,2KI 22:1,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p90] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p94]" Zephaniah_prophesies,Zephaniah prophesies,"The word of the LORD which came to Zephaniah son of Cushi, son of Gedaliah, son of Amariah, son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah (ZEP 1:1) The word of the LORD which came to Zephaniah son of Cushi, son of Gedaliah, son of Amariah, son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah (ZEP 1:1)",Prophet,Zephaniah_3,3321,3353,32,The estimated year Zephaniah's time as prophet begins is the year Josiah's reign began = 3321,,ZEP 1:1,The estimated year Zephaniah's time as prophet ends is the year Josiah's reign ended = 3353,ZEP 1:1,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p92] END:[Shulman date p83]" Life_of_Eliakim_2,The Life of Eliakim,"Jehoiakim was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Zebidah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah. (2KI 23:36) So Jehoiakim slept with his fathers, and Jehoiachin his son became king in his place. (2KI 24:6)",Life,Eliakim_2,3328,3364,36,The year of Eliakim_2's (Jehoiakim's) birth is the year his reign began (3353) - his age when his reign began (25) = 3328,25,2KI 23:36,The year of Eliakim_2's death (3364) is the year his reign ended = 3364,2KI 24:6,, Jeremiah_prophesies,Jeremiah prophesies,"The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests who were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin, to whom the word of the LORD came in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah, in the thirteenth year of his reign. (Jeremiah 1:1-2)",Prophet,Jeremiah_6,3335,3376,41,The year Jeremiah's time as prophet begins is year 13 of Josiah's reign + 1 year for accession year undercount = (3321 + 13 + 1) = 3335,13,JER 1:1,The estimated year Jeremiah's time as prophet ends is 11 years after Mattaniah's (Zedekiah's) reign began (3365 + 11) = 3376,JER 1:3,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p92] END:Jeremiah prophesied 23 years (JER 25:3). See The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament by Shulman, p173 [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p103]" Reign_of_Jehoahaz,The reign of Jehoahaz,"His [Josiah's] servants drove his body in a chariot from Megiddo, and brought him to Jerusalem and buried him in his own tomb. Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah and anointed him and made him king in place of his father. (2KI 23:30) Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. (2KI 23:31)",Reign,Jehoahaz_2,3353,3353,0,The year Jehoahaz's reign began is the year Josiah's reign ended = 3353,,2KI 23:30,The year Jehoahaz's reign ended is the year his reign began (3353) + the length of his reign (3 months) = 3353,2KI 23:31,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p94] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p94]" Reign_of_Jehoiakim,The reign of Eliakim (Jehoiakim),"Pharaoh Neco made Eliakim the son of Josiah king in the place of Josiah his father, and changed his name to Jehoiakim. But he took Jehoahaz away and brought him to Egypt, and he died there. (2KI 23:34) Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Zebidah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah. (2KI 23:36)",Reign,Eliakim_2,3353,3364,11,The year Eliakim's (Jehoiakim's) reign began is the year Jehoahaz's reign ended = 3353,,2KI 23:34,The year Eliakim's (Jehoiakim's) reign ended is the year his reign began (3353) + the length of his reign (11) = 3364,2KI 23:36,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p94] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p98]" Habakkuk_prophesies,Habakkuk prophesies,"For behold, I am araising up the Chaldeans, That fierce and impetuous people Who march throughout the earth To seize dwelling places which are not theirs. (HAB 1:6) Habakkuk time as prophet ends",Prophet,Habakkuk_1,3353,3376,23,The estimated year Habakkuk's time as prophet begins is the year Eliakim's regin began = 3353,,HAB 1:6,The estimated year Habakkuk's time as prophet ends is the year Judah's exile in Babylon began = 3376,,,"START:[Ussher date p95] END:" Reign_of_Nebuchadnezzar,The reign of Nebuchadnezzar,"The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah (that was the first year of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon)... (Jeremiah 25:1)",Reign,Nebuchadnezzar_1,3357,3402,45,The year Nebuchadnezzar's reign began is 8 years before Jehoiachin's reign ended (3365 - 8) = 3357,8,2KI 24:12,The year Nebuchadnezzar's reign ended is the year his son's (Evil-merodach's) reign began = 3402,2KI 24:12,,"START:[Shulman date p142] [Ussher date p95] END:Various extra-biblical sources indicate Nebuchadnezzar reigned about 45 years so this date aligns with those sources. [Shulman date p142] [Ussher date p110]" Daniel_in_Shinar,Daniel in Shinar,"In the THIRD YEAR of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it. The Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, along with some of the vessels of the house of God; and he brought them to the land of Shinar, to the house of his god, and he brought the vessels into the treasury of his god. Then the king ordered Ashpenaz, the chief of his officials, to bring in some of the sons of Israel, including some of the royal family and of the nobles, youths in whom was no defect, who were good-looking, showing intelligence in every branch of wisdom, endowed with understanding and discerning knowledge, and who had ability for serving in the king's court; and he ordered him to teach them the literature and language of the Chaldeans. Now among them from the sons of Judah were Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah. (Dan 1:1-4, 5) And Daniel continued until the first year of Cyrus the king. (Dan 1:21)",Exile,Daniel_2,3357,3423,66,The year Daniel's captivity began is the year Jehoiakim's reign began (3353) + the year of his reign with the captivity began (3) + 1 year for accession year undercount = 3357,3,DAN 1:1,The year Daniel's captivity ended is the first year of Cyrus' reign over Babylon = 3423,DAN 1:21,,"START:*HYPOTHESIS: Daniel's count used the accession year counting of Jehoiakim's regnal years resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p146] [Ussher date p96] END:As a captive of Babylon, Daniel would have only been set free in the first year of Cyrus AFTER Cyrus conqured Babylon. [Shulman date p146] [Ussher date p117]" Reign_of_Jehoiachin,The reign of Jehoiachin,"Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Nehushta the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem. (2KI 24:8)",Reign,Jehoiachin_1,3364,3365,1,The year Jehoiachin's (Jehoiakim's) reign began is the year Eliakim's reign ended = 3364,,2KI 24:6,The year Jehoiachin's reign ended is the year his reign began (3364) + the length of his reign (3 months) = 3365,2KI 24:8,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p98] END:*HYPOTHESIS: The three months began in A.H. 3364 and ended in A.H. 3365. This ensures the remaining regnal dates end with the destruction of the Temple in 586 BCE. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p98]" Jehoiachin_in_exile,Jehoiachin in exile,"Now it came about in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, that Evil-merodach king of Babylon, in the year that he became king, released Jehoiachin king of Judah from prison; (2KI 25:27) Now it came about in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the twenty-fifth of the month, that Evil-merodach king of Babylon, in the first year of his reign, showed favor to Jehoiachin king of Judah and brought him out of prison. (Jeremiah 52:31)",Exile,Jehoiachin_1,3365,3402,37,The year Jehoiachin's exile began is the year his reign ended = 3365,,2KI 24:15,The year Jehoiachin's exile ended is the year his exile began (3365) + 37 years = 3402,2KI 25:27,, Reign_of_Zedekiah,The reign of Mattaniah (Zedekiah),"Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. (2KI 24:18)",Reign,Mattaniah_1,3365,3376,11,The year Mattaniah's (Zedekiah's) reign began is the year Jehoiachin's reign ended = 3365,11,2KI 24:17,The year Mattaniah's (Zedekiah's) reign ended is the year his reign began (3365) + the length of his reign () = 3365,2KI 24:18,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p99] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p104]" Ezekiel_prophesies,Ezekiel prophesies,"(On the fifth of the month in the fifth year of King Jehoiachin’s exile, the word of the LORD came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and there the hand of the LORD came upon him.) (EZE 1:2-3) Ezekiel's time as prophet ends",Prophet,Ezekiel_1,3370,3376,6,The year Ezekiel's time as prophet begins is in year 5 of Jehoiachin's exile (3365 + 5) = 3370,5,EZE 1:2,The estimated year Ezekiel's time as prophet ends is the year Judah's exile in Babylon began = 3376,,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p98] END:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p109]" Nebuchadnezzar_attacks_Jerusalem,Nebuchadnezzar attacks Jerusalem,"In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it. (Daniel 1:1)",Battle,Nebuchadnezzar_1,3374,3376,2,The year Nebuchadnezzar's seige of Jerusalem began is nine years after Mattaniah's (Zedekiah's) reign began (3365 + 9) = 3374,9,2KI 25:1,The year Nebuchadnezzar's seige of Jerusalem ended is eleven years after Mattaniah's (Zedekiah's) reign began (3376 + 11) = 3387,2KI 25:2,,"START:[Ussher date p102] END:[Ussher date p104]" Babylonian_Captivity,Babylonian Captivity,"But because our fathers had provoked the God of heaven to wrath, He gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this temple and deported the people to Babylon. (Ezra 5:12) For thus says the LORD, 'When seventy years have been completed for Babylon, I will visit you and fulfill My good word to you, to bring you back to this place. (Jeremiah 29:10)",Captivity,,3376,3446,70,The year the seventy-year exile (Babylonian captivity) began is the year the Temple was destroyed = 3376,,JER 29:10,The year the Babylonian captivity ended was the year the captivity began (3376) + its duration (70) = 3446,JER 29:10,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p104] END:[Shulman date p83 and p143] [Ussher date p128]" Obadiah_prophesies,Obadiah prophesies,"On the day that you stood aloof, On the day that strangers carried off his wealth, And foreigners entered his gate And cast lots for Jerusalem — You too were as one of them. (OBA 1:11) Obadiah's time as prophet ends",Prophet,Obadiah_12,3377,3378,1,The estimated year Obadiah's time as prophet begins is the year after Jerusalem fell to Nebuzaradan = 3377,1,OBA 1:11,The estimated year Obadiah's time as prophet ends is the year after it began = 3378,,,"START:[Ussher date p108] END:" Reign_of_Evil-merodach,The reign of Evil-merodach,Evil-merodach reigned after Nebuchadnezzar for 23 years: 560-538 BCE.,Reign,Evil-merodach_1,3402,3404,2,The year Evil-merodach's reign began is the year Jehoiachin's exile began (3365) + 37 years = 3402,37,JER 52:31,The year Evil-merodach's reign ended is the year his reign began (3402) + the length of his reign (2 years) = 3404,,,"START:[Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p110] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - Berossus, a Hellenistic-era Babylonian priest and historian, is cited in later works (e.g., by Josephus and Eusebius) stating that Evil-Merodach reigned for two years before being assassinated by his brother-in-law, Neriglissar. His account, preserved in fragments, describes Evil-Merodach’s rule as ""lawless and outrageous,"" leading to his overthrow after a short reign. This aligns with the two-year timeframe. - Abydenus, another ancient historian, is referenced in the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia as assigning Evil-Merodach a reign of two years. His works, though surviving only in fragments, corroborate Berossus’ account of the brief rule ending with Neriglissar’s usurpation. - The Canon of Ptolemy, a chronological list of kings, records Evil-Merodach (under the name Ilvoradam or similar) as reigning for two years, from 562 to 560 BCE. This astronomical and historical document is considered a reliable source for Babylonian chronology. - Approximately 30 cuneiform contract tablets dated to Evil-Merodach’s reign have been discovered, covering a period of about two years and five months (562–560 BCE). These tablets, used for economic transactions, provide direct evidence of his rule’s duration, as they cease after August 560 BCE, when Neriglissar’s documents appear. - The Uruk King List, a cuneiform document, records the reigns of Babylonian kings. While it does not provide detailed narratives, it confirms Evil-Merodach’s reign as brief, consistent with the two-year period noted in other sources. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p111]" Reign_of_Cyrus,The reign of Cyrus,Cyrus reigned after Darius for 3 years: 534-531 BCE.,Reign,Cyrus_1,3403,3432,29,The year Cyrus' reign over Persia began (according to extra-biblical sources) is 559 BCE which is 27 years after the destruction of the Temple in 586 (3376 AH + 27) = 3403,27,,The year Cyrus's reign over Persia ended is the year his reign over Persia began (3403) + the length of his reign (29) = 3432 (530 BCE),,, Reign_of_Belshazzar,The reign of Belshazzar,"Daniel 5 Belshazzar reigned after Evil-merodach for 3 years: 538-535 BCE.",Reign,Belshazzar_1,3406,3423,17,The year Belshazzar's reign began (according to extra-biblical sources) is 5 about years after Evil-merodach's reign ended (3404 + 5) = 3409,5,,The year Belshazzar's reign ended is the year Cyrus' reign began = 3423,,,"START:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: The Nabonidus Chronicle, a Babylonian cuneiform text, documents the reign of Nabonidus, Belshazzar’s father, from 556 to 539 BCE. It notes that Nabonidus entrusted the kingship to Belshazzar in his third year (ca. 553 BCE) while Nabonidus was in Tema (Arabia). This suggests Belshazzar acted as co-regent or ruler in Babylon from around 553 BCE until the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE, implying a period of about 14 years. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p113] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - The Nabonidus Chronicle, a Babylonian cuneiform text, documents the reign of Nabonidus, Belshazzar’s father, from 556 to 539 BCE. It notes that Nabonidus entrusted the kingship to Belshazzar in his third year (ca. 553 BCE) while Nabonidus was in Tema (Arabia). This suggests Belshazzar acted as co-regent or ruler in Babylon from around 553 BCE until the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE, implying a period of about 14 years. The chronicle does not explicitly state the duration but provides key chronological markers. - The Verse Account of Nabonidus (Cuneiform Text, 6th Century BCE), a propagandistic cuneiform text, likely composed after the Persian conquest, describes Nabonidus’ absence from Babylon and his delegation of authority to his son (presumably Belshazzar). It aligns with the Nabonidus Chronicle, indicating Belshazzar’s rule began around Nabonidus’ third year (553 BCE) and continued until 539 BCE, supporting a roughly 14-year period of influence. - Numerous cuneiform tablets from Babylon, dated to the reign of Nabonidus, mention Belshazzar in roles of authority, such as overseeing transactions or military matters. These tablets span from around 553 BCE (Nabonidus’ third year) to 539 BCE, suggesting Belshazzar’s active rule or co-regency during this period. While they do not explicitly state a reign length, the consistent references over these years imply about 14 years of prominence. - Herodotus, in his Histories (Book 1), does not directly name Belshazzar but refers to a Babylonian king (possibly Belshazzar or Nabonidus) during the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE. He does not provide a reign length, but his account aligns with the timeline of Babylonian rule ending in 539 BCE, consistent with Belshazzar’s final year as co-regent. - In his Cyropaedia, Xenophon describes the fall of Babylon and mentions a young king ruling at the time, likely Belshazzar. While he does not specify the length of the reign, his narrative supports the timeline of 539 BCE as the end of Belshazzar’s rule, corroborating other sources that place Belshazzar in power during Nabonidus’ later years. - Berossus, as cited by later authors like Josephus, describes the final years of Babylonian rule and mentions Belshazzar (under the name ""Nabonnedus’ son"") as ruling when Babylon fell to Cyrus in 539 BCE. While Berossus does not explicitly state the duration of Belshazzar’s rule, his account implies a shorter period of authority under Nabonidus, consistent with the co-regency starting around 553 BCE. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p116]" Second_Temple_construction,Second Temple construction,"Now in the SECOND YEAR of their coming to the house of God at Jerusalem in the second month, Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel and Jeshua the son of Jozadak and the rest of their brothers the priests and the Levites, and all who came from the captivity to Jerusalem, began the work and appointed the Levites from twenty years and older to oversee the work of the house of the LORD. Then Jeshua with his sons and brothers stood united with Kadmiel and his sons, the sons of Judah and the sons of Henadad with their sons and brothers the Levites, to oversee the workmen in the temple of God. Now when the builders had laid the foundation of the temple of the LORD, the priests stood in their apparel with trumpets, and the Levites, the sons of Asaph, with cymbals, to praise the LORD according to the directions of King David of Israel. (Ezra 3:8-10)",Construction,,3425,3446,21,The year the Second Temple foundation work began was in year 2 after Cyrus' decree (3423 + 2) = 3425,2,EZR 3:8,The year the second Temple's construction resumed is the year Darius' reign began (3440) + the years of his reign that had elapsed (6) = 3446,EZR 6:5,,"START:[Shulman date p15] [Ussher date p19]The giving of the Law at Mt. Sinai (51 days after the Exodus from Egypt) was 430 years after the giving of the Promise to Abram. [Shulman date p45] [Ussher date p25]This period of oppression began with Ishmael mocking Isaac at the feast to celebrate Isaac's weaning (GEN 21:8-9) at age 5. [Shulman date p45] [Ussher date p26][Ussher date p30][Ussher date p31]This event is keyed off of the The_Exodus event. The Exodus 16:35 passage connects the beginning of the forty years with year they began eating mannah shortly after the Exodus. [Shulman date p93] [Ussher date p39][Shulman date p115]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel began construction of the tabernacle after the giving of the Torah at Sinai, after Moses goes up on the mountain, and after the sin of the golden calf. [Ussher date p41][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p50]Although Israel conquered Heshbon and its villages at the time of the Exodus (NUM 21:25), they wandered for 40 years (NUM 32:13) and did not begin living there until they settled the Land. [Shulman date p109][Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p50][Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p51]*HYPOTHESIS: The year to begin counting Land Sabbaths and Jubilees after Israel conquers the Land (7 years) and apportions it (7 years) rather than the year Israel entered the Land. [Ussher date p51]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus' ""Antiquities of the Jews"" records a period of 18 years between Joshua and the first judge: Antiq. 6:84 (6.5.4) for in the days of Moses and his disciple Joshua, who was their general, they continued under an aristocracy; but after the death of Joshua, for EIGHTEEN years in all, the multitude had no settled form of government, but were in an anarchy; Antiq. 6:85 (6.5.4) after which they returned to their former government, they then permitted themselves to be judged by him who appeared to be the best warrior and most courageous, whence it was that they called this interval of their government the Judges.[Ussher date p52][Ussher date p53]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus' ""Antiquities of the Jews"" records a period of 18 years between Joshua and the first judge. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Eglon's oppression began is the year Othniel died. [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Jabin's oppression began is ten years before Ehud's period of peace ended. [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Ehud began to judge is the year Eglon's oppression ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Shamgar began to judge is the last year of Ehud's time as judge. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Deborah began to judge is the year Shamgar's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Midian's oppression began is the year Deborah's period of peace ended. [Ussher date p54]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Gideon began to judge is the second year of Midian's oppression. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]*HYPOTHESIS: Abimelech's treachery that brought about his rule occurred at the end of Gideon's 40-year period of peace upon Gideon's death and the search for a successor. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Tola began to judge is the year Abimelech's rule ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Jair began to judge is 10 years into Tola's time as judge. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]The Ammonite oppression is still ongoing when Jephthah began to judge (see JDG 11:12). *HYPOTHESIS: The year Jephthah began to judge is the year Jair's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]*HYPOTHESIS: The year the Philistine and Ammonite oppression of Israel began is 8 years after Jair's time as judge began. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Ibzan began to judge is the year Jephthah's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Elon began to judge is the year Ibzan's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Abdon began to judge is the year Elon's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Samson began to judge is the year Abdon's time as judge ended. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56]*HYPOTHESIS: The year the Philistine's 40-year oppression of Israel began is 10 years after Samson's time as judge began. [Ussher date p56]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus records that Samuel judged for THIRTY-TWO YEARS. Since Saul's reign took up twelve of those thirty-two years, then Samuel's time as a judge before the reign of Saul would have taken up the remaining twenty. Samuel's remaining time as judge would have overlapped Saul's time as king for ten of Saul's twelve-year reign. [Shulman date p83]The ark was with the Phililstines in Ashdod, Gath, and Ekron for seven months (1SA 6:1) before it was returned to the Israelites during the wheat harvest (1SA 6:13) which is usually around May/June. The battle when the Philistines captured the ark (1SA 4:11) would have been towards the end of autumn (Nov/Dec) the year before. [Ussher date p57][Ussher date p57]*HYPOTHESIS: Saul reigned for 12 years beginning the year AFTER the ark is returned to Kiriath-jearim and Israel asks for a king (see 1SA 8:5) This article explains why his reign can only be 12 years: https://onemessianicgentile.com/articles/musings/the-age-and-reign-of-king-saul.html [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p57][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p59]*HYPOTHESIS: David's reign started in the first half of the year [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p59][Ussher date p59][Ussher date p60]Now it came about in the FOUR HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH YEAR after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the FOURTH YEAR of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv which is the second month, that he 1began to build the house of the LORD. (1KI 6:1) [Shulman date p83 and p117] [Ussher date p63][Shulman date p115] [Ussher date p67]*HYPOTHESIS: Five years before Solomon's death is sufficient time in his life to obtain ""seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines"" (1KI 11:3) and for them to ""turn his heart away"" from the LORD. It also allows sufficient time for his deep introspection and repentance which he recorded in the book of Ecclesiastes. [Shulman date p83][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p67]Thiele places this in the fall of 930 BCE which is AH 3030. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p67]Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 13:1-2 HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""eighteenth year of King Jeroboam"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p68]Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 16:13 HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""twentieth year of King Jeroboam"" when accounting for the Israel-Judah calendar offset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other. See dataset notes for more information. [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Elijah's prophetic ministry began a year after Ahab became king of IsraelConsider also that Jehoshaphat's regency began in the 39th year of Asa and this verse: In the THIRTY-NINTH YEAR of his reign Asa became diseased in his feet. His disease was severe, yet even in his disease he did not seek the LORD, but the physicians. (2CH 16:12)Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 20:31 *HYPOTHESIS: Judah began counting Ahab's regnal years in AH 3089 instead of AH 3088 due to their ""accession year"" methodology. This is the ""fourth year of King Ahab"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. See dataset notes for more information. Jehoshaphat was THIRTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king. (1KI 22:42) [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Micaiah prophesies against Ahab at least one year before the prophecy regarding the battle at Ramoth-gilead.So Ahaziah died according to the word of the LORD which Elijah had spoken. And because he had no son, JEHORAM became king in his place in the SECOND YEAR of Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah. (2KI 1:17) Now JEHORAM the son of Ahab became king over Israel at Samaria in the EIGHTEENTH YEAR of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned twelve years. THE ONLY WAY FOR THE SECOND YEAR OF JEHORAM AND THE EIGHTEENTH YEAR OF JEHOSHAPHAT TO BE THE SAME YEAR IS WITH JEHORAM BEING A REGENT DURING HIS FATHER'S REIGN. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 21:5, 20 HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""fifth year of King Joram"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p71]This is the ""twelfth year of King Joram"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. 2KI 9:29 counts this time using the accession-year approach and states ""eleventh year"" accordingly. See dataset notes for more information. Ahaziah was TWENTY-TWO YEARS old when he became king (2KI 8:26) [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72]*HYPOTHESIS: 3127 is the ""seventh year of Jehu"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p72]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. Israel and Judah were using a nonaccession-year approach during this time. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]He was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king... (2KI 14:2) Amaziah was TWENTY-FIVE YEARS old when he became king (2CH 25:1) [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]*HYPOTHESIS: Jonah prophesied at the beginning of Jeroboam's reign that he would restore the border of Israel. Ussher places these events at the time of the 13th Jubilee rather than the 12th. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Ussher date p73]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information.Amaziah died and his son, Azariah (Uzziah), became king in his place in the same year (3195) which was the TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR of Jeroboam (2KI 15:1). Basic math (3195 - 27) would place the start of Jeroboam's reign in 3168. However, 2KI 14:23 states Jeroboam became king in the FIFTEENTH YEAR of Amaziah (3166 + 15 - 1 year duration overcount = 3180). HOW CAN IT BE BOTH? The year Amaziah died (3195) was FIFTEEN YEARS *AFTER* the death of Jehoash (2KI 14:17) which means Jehoash' death occurred in 3195 - 15 = 3180 (math). This tells us that Jereboah co-reigned with his father for TWELVE YEARS. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]*HYPOTHESIS: The year Hoshea began to prophecy was at the beginning of Jeroboam's reign. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p74]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel began their calendar year in the spring (Nisan) and Judah began their calendar year in the fall (Tishrei). See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p73]*HYPOTHESIS: Amos' time of prophecy began shortly after the sole reign of Azariah (Uzziah) began. Archaeological evidence at Hazor establishes the time of the earthquake (AMO 1:1) around 760-750 BCE. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p74]*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75]*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75]*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p75]*HYPOTHESIS: Hoshea takes the throne in the 12th year of Ahaz (2KI 17:1) upon the death of Pekah. The 12th year of Ahaz would have been the same as the 20th year of Jotham (math). The only way for the END of Pekah's reign to align with the START of Hoshea's reign AND the START of Jotham's reign to align with the 2nd year of Pekah is if Pekah had a rival reign with Menachem that began in the same year as Menachem's reign. His undisputed SOLE reign began in the 52nd year of Azariah (2KI 15:27). [Ussher date p75]""He was twenty-five years old when he became king"" (2KI 15:33) We know this was a co-regency because of the start date (second year of Pekah) is still during the reign of Azariah. *HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""second year of Pekah"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach.*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76]*HYPOTHESIS: Hoshea takes the throne in the 12th year of Ahaz (2KI 17:1) upon the death of Pekah. The 12th year of Ahaz would have been the same as the 20th year of Jotham (math). The only way for the END of Pekah's reign to align with the START of Hoshea's reign AND the START of Jotham's reign to align with the 2nd year of Pekah is if Pekah had rival reigns with Menachem and Pekahiah that began in the same year as Menachem's reign and ended in the same year Pekahiah's reign ended. His undisputed SOLE reign began in the 52nd year of Azariah (2KI 15:27).*HYPOTHESIS: This was the beginning of Pekah's undisputed sole reign over Israel. Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76]*HYPOTHESIS: Isaiah's time as prophet began with his prophecy in ISA 6:1 the year Uzziah died. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76]*HYPOTHESIS: No clear date is given in the book of Joel for its timing. Ussher places Joel after the 13th Jubilee around 808 BC during Isaiah's time of prophesying. [Ussher date p74]""He was twenty-five years old when he became king"" (2KI 15:33) *HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""second year of Pekah"" when counted using Israel's non-accession-year approach. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76][Shulman date p83]""Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king"" (2KI 16:2) *HYPOTHESIS: This is the ""seventeenth year of Pekah"" when counted starting with Pekah's disputed rival reign with Menachem.*HYPOTHESIS: Israel began their calendar year in the spring (Nisan) and Judah began their calendar year in the fall (Tishrei). See dataset notes for more information. Thiele considers the ""twelfth year of Ahaz"" in 2KI 17:1 to be a late addition to the text and a miscalculation on the part of the editor(s) of that chapter since it is impossible to reconcile with other synchronisms of related kings. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p79][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p77]*HYPOTHESIS: The duration does not extend into the next calendar year.[Ussher date p80]""He was twenty-five years old when he became king"" (2KI 18:2) This is the year that starts the count of Hezekiah's 29-year reign.*HYPOTHESIS: If Manasseh's reign started at the END of Hezekiah's reign then the reigns of the subsequent kings of Judah end ten years AFTER the destruction of the Temple in 586 BCE which is not possible.[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p86][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p76] Ussher refers to Josephus' view that Nahum's ministry was earlier and his statements regarding No-Amon were predictive rather than observational.[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p90][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p90][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p92]*HYPOTHESIS: Judah counted regnal years starting the year AFTER a king took the throne (accession year) resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p92][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p94][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p94][Ussher date p95][Shulman date p142] [Ussher date p95]*HYPOTHESIS: Daniel's count used the accession year counting of Jehoiakim's regnal years resulting in a 1-year undercount. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p146] [Ussher date p96][Ussher date p97][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p98][Shulman date p142] [Ussher date p98][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p99][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p98][Ussher date p102][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p104][Ussher date p108][Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p110]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: The Nabonidus Chronicle, Babylonian contract tablets, and Ptolemy’s Canon, combined with Herodotus (Histories 1.46–214) and Berossus (via Josephus), indicate Cyrus became king of Anshan (a precursor to his Persian rule) around 559 BCE. This marks the beginning of his reign over the Persian tribes before his conquests of Media, Lydia, and Babylon. [Ussher date p111]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: The Nabonidus Chronicle, a Babylonian cuneiform text, documents the reign of Nabonidus, Belshazzar’s father, from 556 to 539 BCE. It notes that Nabonidus entrusted the kingship to Belshazzar in his third year (ca. 553 BCE) while Nabonidus was in Tema (Arabia). This suggests Belshazzar acted as co-regent or ruler in Babylon from around 553 BCE until the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE, implying a period of about 14 years. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p113]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - The Nabonidus Chronicle, a Babylonian cuneiform document, explicitly records the fall of Babylon to Cyrus in the 17th year of Nabonidus’ reign, which corresponds to 539 BCE. It describes Cyrus’ army entering Babylon without a battle in the month of Tishri (October) 539 BCE, after defeating Babylonian forces at Opis. This is the most precise and authoritative source for dating Cyrus’ conquest to 539 BCE. - The Cyrus Cylinder, a propagandistic cuneiform document, details Cyrus’ capture of Babylon and his claim to legitimate rule. While it does not provide an exact year, it describes his peaceful entry into Babylon and restoration of temples, aligning with the Nabonidus Chronicle’s account of 539 BCE. - Cuneiform economic and administrative tablets from Babylon show a transition in dating formulas from Nabonidus’ reign to Cyrus’ reign in 539 BCE. Tablets dated to Nabonidus cease in October 539 BCE, and those dated to “Year 1 of Cyrus, King of Babylon” begin shortly after, confirming the conquest and start of his reign in 539 BCE. These records provide precise chronological evidence. - The Canon of Ptolemy, a chronological list of kings used for astronomical calculations, records Cyrus as ruler of Babylon starting in 538/539 BCE (following Nabonidus’ 17-year reign). While compiled later, it relies on earlier Babylonian records and aligns with the Nabonidus Chronicle, placing Cyrus’ accession over Babylon in 539 BCE. - In his Histories (Book 1.178–191), Herodotus describes Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon, including diverting the Euphrates River to enter the city. While he does not provide a specific year, his narrative aligns with the Babylonian timeline of 539 BCE, as it follows Cyrus’ earlier conquests (e.g., Lydia in 546 BCE) and precedes later Persian campaigns. His account supports the general chronology established by Babylonian sources. - Xenophon’s Cyropaedia (Book 7) recounts Cyrus’ capture of Babylon, describing a nighttime assault during a festival. Like Herodotus, Xenophon does not specify a year, but his narrative is consistent with the 539 BCE conquest described in Babylonian records, reinforcing the timeline. - Berossus, as cited by later authors like Josephus (Against Apion 1.20), describes Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon after defeating Nabonidus. He does not explicitly state 539 BCE, but his account of Cyrus’ victory and rule over Babylon aligns with the Nabonidus Chronicle’s timeline, supporting the start of Cyrus’ reign in 539 BCE. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p116][Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p118]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - The Behistun Inscription, a monumental rock relief and trilingual cuneiform inscription, commissioned by Darius I, details his rise to power. It describes how Darius, a Persian noble, overthrew Gaumata (a Magian usurper claiming to be Bardiya, son of Cyrus) in 522 BCE, thus becoming king. - The Babylonian Contract Tablets, economic and administrative tablets from Babylon record transactions dated by regnal years of Persian kings. Tablets dated to “Year 1 of Darius” begin in late 522 BCE, after those dated to Bardiya (March–September 522 BCE). - The Canon of Ptolemy, a chronological list of kings used for astronomical calculations, lists Darius I as succeeding Cambyses II and Bardiya, with his reign beginning in 522/521 BCE. - In his Histories (Book 3.61–88), Herodotus narrates Darius’ rise to power, describing how he and six Persian nobles conspired to overthrow the usurper “Smerdis” (Gaumata, posing as Bardiya) in 522 BCE. - In his Persica, Ctesias offers an alternative account of Persian history, preserved in fragments by later authors like Photius. He mentions Darius’ rise after Cambyses but includes less reliable details. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p125][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p126][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p126][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p160] Malachi, the last of the prophets, was contemporary with Nehemiah. This we gather from the following. He nowhere exhorts the people to build the temple as Haggai and Zechariah did. Since the Temple was now built, he reproved those disorders among the Jews which Nehemiah at his second return with a new commission did also. These are, the marriage with foreign women, Mal 2:11 withholding of tithes, Mal 3:8 and abuses in the worship of God. Mal 1:13 2:8.Most scholars identify Ahasuerus in Esther with Xerxes I (486–465 BCE). The description of his vast empire (127 provinces in EST 1:1) and opulent court aligns with Herodotus’ portrayal of Xerxes’ wealth and campaigns (Histories 7–9). The Greek form of Xerxes (Xerxes) matches the Hebrew Achashverosh via the Old Persian Xšayārša. The account of the book of Esther, with its Persian court intrigue and reference to Susa (Shushan), fits Xerxes I’s reign. No ancient sources explicitly name Xerxes as Ahasuerus, but the linguistic and historical fit is strong. The absence of precise dates in Esther allows flexibility, but Xerxes I is the consensus. Xerxes I preceded Artaxerxes I, his son. Thus, Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) in Esther is not the same person as Artaxerxes in Ezra or Nehemiah. EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: Babylonian contract tablets dated to Darius I’s reign (522–486 BCE) cease in late 486 BCE (around October/November), and tablets dated to “Year 1 of Xerxes, King of Persia and Media” begin shortly thereafter, marking his accession in late 486 BCE. The transition is seamless, indicating Xerxes’ immediate recognition as king. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p119]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - Babylonian contract tablets dated to “Year 21 of Xerxes” appear until mid-465 BCE (around August), after which tablets dated to “Year 1 of Artaxerxes” begin, indicating Xerxes’ death in the summer of 465 BCE. Some tablets note a brief period of instability, possibly due to the assassination. - Ptolemy’s Canon lists Xerxes I’s reign as 21 years, ending in 465 BCE, with Artaxerxes I succeeding him. - In his Library of History (Book 11.69), Diodorus provides a later account of Xerxes’ assassination, attributing it to Artabanus, who briefly usurped power before Artaxerxes I’s rise. - The Persepolis Fortification and Treasury Tablets are administrative records continue under Xerxes until his death until mid-465 BCE, after which Artaxerxes I’s tablets begin. This transition supports Xerxes’ death in 465 BCE. [Shulman date p149] END:The Flood began on the 17th day of the 2nd month during Noah's 600th year of life (GEN 7:11). Noah's birth date could have fallen on ANY date after that up to the 1st day of the 1st month the following year since the Flood ended in the 601st year of Noah's life (GEN 8:13). The water abated and the land was dry at the end of the second month (GEN 8:14). [Shulman date p15] [Ussher date p19][Ussher date p31][Shulman date p45][Shulman date p55] [Ussher date p40]This event is keyed off of the The_Exodus event. Israel had not departed Sinai until the SECOND month of the SECOND year (NUM 10:11) [Shulman date p55] [Ussher date p41]The Israelites forty-year period of wandering included the two years at Sinai building the tabernacle. It is in that second year that the twelve men are sent to spy out the Land (NUM 13:1). Moses specifies the thirty-eight year wandering period in Deuteronomy 2:14. [Shulman date p93] [Ussher date p50]Caleb_1 was 40 years old (JOS 14:7) when he spied out the Land in 2517. He was 85 at the end of the conquest in 2562. The difference between the incident of the spies and the end of the conquest is 45 years. Israel continued wandering in the wilderness for 38 of those years. So, 45 - 38 = 7 years of conquest. [Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p52][Shulman date p107] [Ussher date p52]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Eliezer Shulman's ""The Sequence of Events in the Old Testament"" (page 107) indicates Joshua was 42 at the time of the Exodus and led the people of Israel for 28 years. Josephus Ant 5.117: Joshua ruled for 25 years after Moses Eusebius (Chron 31-34) gives 27 years for Joshua's rule. [https://ia800702.us.archive.org/26/items/EusebiusChroniclechronicon/Eusebius_Chronicle.pdf]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus' ""Antiquities of the Jews"" records a period of 18 years between Joshua and the first judge: Antiq. 6:84 (6.5.4) for in the days of Moses and his disciple Joshua, who was their general, they continued under an aristocracy; but after the death of Joshua, for EIGHTEEN years in all, the multitude had no settled form of government, but were in an anarchy; Antiq. 6:85 (6.5.4) after which they returned to their former government, they then permitted themselves to be judged by him who appeared to be the best warrior and most courageous, whence it was that they called this interval of their government the Judges.*HYPOTHESIS: The year Othniel began to judge is the end of Cushan-rishathaim's 8-year period of oppression. [Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: Othniel judged Israel throughout the 40-year period the land had rest. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53][Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: Ehud judged Israel throughout the 80-year period the land was undisturbed. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus' ""Antiquities of the Jews"" records a ""short breathing time"" (less than a year?) for Shamgar's time as judge. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p53][Ussher date p53]*HYPOTHESIS: Deborah judged Israel throughout the 40-year period the land was undisturbed. [Shulman date p83][Ussher date p54]*HYPOTHESIS: Gideon judged Israel throughout the 40-year period the land was undisturbed. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54]Although Israel conquered Heshbon and its villages at the time of the Exodus (NUM 21:25), they wandered for 40 years (NUM 32:13) and did not begin living there until they settled the Land. [Shulman date p109] [Ussher date p55][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55]*HYPOTHESIS: Tola's judgeship overlapped with Jair's. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p54][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55][Shulman date p83][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p55][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p56][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p57] - 385a[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p57][Ussher date p57]*HYPOTHESIS: The Philistines's oppression of Israel ended when they returned the ark to Israel. [Ussher date p57]*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCE: Josephus records that Samuel judged for THIRTY-TWO YEARS. Since Saul's reign took up twelve of those thirty-two years, then Samuel's time as a judge before the reign of Saul would have taken up the remaining twenty. Samuel's remaining time as judge would have overlapped Saul's time as king for ten of Saul's twelve-year reign. [Shulman date p83][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p58]Ish-bosheth's death and the end of his reign marked the beginning of David's rule over all of Israel [Ussher date p60][Ussher date p60]*HYPOTHESIS The year David began to reign in Jerusalem is the year he moved the ark there from Kiriath-jearim. [Ussher date p60][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p63][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p63][Shulman date p115] [Ussher date p67][Shulman date p127] [Ussher date p67][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p67]*HYPOTHESIS: Five years after Jeroboam's reign began is sufficient time for him to institute his idolatrous practices (1KI 12), be warned (1KI 13), and fail to repent (1KI 13:33), resulting in Ahijah's second prophecy. [Shulman date p83]Additional Scriptural reference: 2CH 12:13 HYPOTHESIS: Judah began counting Rehoboam's regnal years in AH 3032 instead of AH 3031 due to their ""accession year"" methodology. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p68]HYPOTHESIS: Judah began counting Abijam's regnal years in AH 3050 instead of AH 3049 due to their ""accession year"" methodology. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p69]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Israel's ""all calendar years"" approach means that Scipture records one year more than the ""total duration"" used in this dataset. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]*HYPOTHESIS: Tibni and Omri began a disputed reign over Israel at the same time. Omri is stated to have ruled TWELVE years (total) with SIX undisputed in Tirzah. This leaves SIX years of his reign disputed with Omri. Also, Israel and Judah counted the years of a king's reign differently than the other and also began their calendar year on different days. These two factors need to be considered when calculating this date. See dataset notes for more information. [Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70][Ussher date p70][Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p70]So Asa slept with his fathers" Reign_of_Darius,The reign of Darius,Darius (the First) reigned after Belshazzar for 1 year: 535-534 BCE.,Reign,Darius_1,3440,3476,36,The year Darius's reign began is 8 years after Cyrus' reign ended (3432 + 8 [the time of the reign of Cambyses]) = 3440,8,,The year Darius's reign ended is the his reign began (3440) + the length of his reign (36) = 3476,,,"START:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - The Behistun Inscription, a monumental rock relief and trilingual cuneiform inscription, commissioned by Darius I, details his rise to power. It describes how Darius, a Persian noble, overthrew Gaumata (a Magian usurper claiming to be Bardiya, son of Cyrus) in 522 BCE, thus becoming king. - The Babylonian Contract Tablets, economic and administrative tablets from Babylon record transactions dated by regnal years of Persian kings. Tablets dated to “Year 1 of Darius” begin in late 522 BCE, after those dated to Bardiya (March–September 522 BCE). - The Canon of Ptolemy, a chronological list of kings used for astronomical calculations, lists Darius I as succeeding Cambyses II and Bardiya, with his reign beginning in 522/521 BCE. - In his Histories (Book 3.61–88), Herodotus narrates Darius’ rise to power, describing how he and six Persian nobles conspired to overthrow the usurper “Smerdis” (Gaumata, posing as Bardiya) in 522 BCE. - In his Persica, Ctesias offers an alternative account of Persian history, preserved in fragments by later authors like Photius. He mentions Darius’ rise after Cambyses but includes less reliable details. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p125] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - The Behistun Inscription, a monumental rock relief and trilingual cuneiform inscription, commissioned by Darius I, details his rise to power. It describes how Darius, a Persian noble, overthrew Gaumata (a Magian usurper claiming to be Bardiya, son of Cyrus) in 522 BCE, thus becoming king. - The Babylonian Contract Tablets, economic and administrative tablets from Babylon record transactions dated by regnal years of Persian kings. Tablets dated to “Year 1 of Darius” begin in late 522 BCE, after those dated to Bardiya (March–September 522 BCE). - The Canon of Ptolemy, a chronological list of kings used for astronomical calculations, lists Darius I as succeeding Cambyses II and Bardiya, with his reign beginning in 522/521 BCE. - In his Histories (Book 3.61–88), Herodotus narrates Darius’ rise to power, describing how he and six Persian nobles conspired to overthrow the usurper “Smerdis” (Gaumata, posing as Bardiya) in 522 BCE. - In his Persica, Ctesias offers an alternative account of Persian history, preserved in fragments by later authors like Photius. He mentions Darius’ rise after Cambyses but includes less reliable details." Haggai_prophesies,Haggai prophesies,"In the SECOND YEAR of Darius the king, on the first day of the sixth month, the word of the LORD came by the prophet Haggai to Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, saying, ""Thus says the LORD of hosts, 'This people says, ""The time has not come, even the time for the house of the LORD to be rebuilt.""'"" (HAG 1:1-2) Then the word of the LORD came a second time to Haggai on the twenty-fourth day of the month, saying, (HAG 2:20)",Prophet,Haggai_1,3442,3444,2,The year Haggai's time as prophet begins is the year Darius' reign began (3440) + the years of his reign that had elapsed (2) = 3442,2,HAG 1:1,The estimated year Haggai's time as prophet ends is 2 years after it began (3442 + 2) = 3444,,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p126] END:*HYPOTHESIS: Haggai's time as prophet ended two years after it began and two years before the Temple was rebuilt." Zechariah_prophesies,Zechariah prophesies,"In the eighth month of the SECOND YEAR of Darius, the word of the LORD came to Zechariah the prophet, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo saying, “The LORD was very aangry with your fathers. Therefore say to them, ‘Thus says the LORD of hosts, “Return to Me,” declares the LORD of hosts, “that I may return to you,” says the LORD of hosts. (ZEC 1:1-3) In the fourth year of King Darius, the word of the LORD came to Zechariah on the fourth day of the ninth month, which is Chislev. (ZEC 7:1)",Prophet,Zechariah_13,3442,3444,2,The year Zechariah_'s time as prophet begins is the year Darius' reign began (3440) + the years of his reign that had elapsed (2) = 3442,2,ZEC 1:1,The estimated year Zechariah_'s time as prophet begins is the year Darius' reign began (3440) + the years of his reign that had elapsed (4) = 3444,ZEH 7:1,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p126] END:[Shulman date p83]" Malachi_prophesies,Malachi prophesies,"The oracle of the word of the LORD to Israel through Malachi. (MAL 1:1) Malachi's time as prophet ends",Prophet,Malachi_1,3472,3485,13,The estimated year Malachi's time as prophet begins is the year Nehemiah's second trip to Jerusalem occurred = 3472,,,The estimated year Malachi's time as prophet ends is the year his time as prophet began (3472) + 13 years = 3485,,,"START:[Shulman date p83] [Ussher date p160] Malachi, the last of the prophets, was contemporary with Nehemiah. This we gather from the following. He nowhere exhorts the people to build the temple as Haggai and Zechariah did. Since the Temple was now built, he reproved those disorders among the Jews which Nehemiah at his second return with a new commission did also. These are, the marriage with foreign women, Mal 2:11 withholding of tithes, Mal 3:8 and abuses in the worship of God. Mal 1:13 2:8. END:[Shulman date p83]" Reign_of_Ahasuerus,The reign of Ahasuerus,Ahasuerus reigned after Cyrus for 14 years: 532-519 BCE.,Reign,Ahasuerus_1,3476,3497,21,The year Ahasuerus's reign began is the year Darius' reign ended = 3476,,,The year Ahasuerus's reign ended is the year his reign began (3476) + the length of his reign (21) years = 3497,,,"START:Most scholars identify Ahasuerus in Esther with Xerxes I (486–465 BCE). The description of his vast empire (127 provinces in EST 1:1) and opulent court aligns with Herodotus’ portrayal of Xerxes’ wealth and campaigns (Histories 7–9). The Greek form of Xerxes (Xerxes) matches the Hebrew Achashverosh via the Old Persian Xšayārša. The account of the book of Esther, with its Persian court intrigue and reference to Susa (Shushan), fits Xerxes I’s reign. No ancient sources explicitly name Xerxes as Ahasuerus, but the linguistic and historical fit is strong. The absence of precise dates in Esther allows flexibility, but Xerxes I is the consensus. Xerxes I preceded Artaxerxes I, his son. Thus, Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) in Esther is not the same person as Artaxerxes in Ezra or Nehemiah. EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: Babylonian contract tablets dated to Darius I’s reign (522–486 BCE) cease in late 486 BCE (around October/November), and tablets dated to “Year 1 of Xerxes, King of Persia and Media” begin shortly thereafter, marking his accession in late 486 BCE. The transition is seamless, indicating Xerxes’ immediate recognition as king. [Shulman date p143] [Ussher date p119] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - Babylonian contract tablets dated to “Year 21 of Xerxes” appear until mid-465 BCE (around August), after which tablets dated to “Year 1 of Artaxerxes” begin, indicating Xerxes’ death in the summer of 465 BCE. Some tablets note a brief period of instability, possibly due to the assassination. - Ptolemy’s Canon lists Xerxes I’s reign as 21 years, ending in 465 BCE, with Artaxerxes I succeeding him. - Herodotus’ Histories does not explicitly describe Xerxes’ death, as his account focuses on the Greek wars (480–479 BCE) and ended before 465 BCE. - In his Persica, preserved in fragments by later authors like Photius, Ctesias describes Xerxes’ assassination by a courtier, Artabanus, in a palace conspiracy. - In his Library of History (Book 11.69), Diodorus provides a later account of Xerxes’ assassination, attributing it to Artabanus, who briefly usurped power before Artaxerxes I’s rise. - The Persepolis Fortification and Treasury Tablets are administrative records continue under Xerxes until his death until mid-465 BCE, after which Artaxerxes I’s tablets begin. This transition supports Xerxes’ death in 465 BCE. [Shulman date p143]" Reign_of_Artaxerxes,The reign of Artaxerxes,Artaxerxes reigned after Ahasuerus for 41 years:,Reign,Artaxerxes_1,3497,3538,41,"The year Artaxerxes's reign began is the year his father's, Ahasuerus' (Xerxes'), reign reign ended = 3497",,,The year Artaxerxes's reign ended is the year his reign began (3497) + the length of his reign (41) = 3538,,,"START:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - Babylonian contract tablets dated to “Year 21 of Xerxes” appear until mid-465 BCE (around August), after which tablets dated to “Year 1 of Artaxerxes” begin, indicating Xerxes’ death in the summer of 465 BCE. Some tablets note a brief period of instability, possibly due to the assassination. - Ptolemy’s Canon lists Xerxes I’s reign as 21 years, ending in 465 BCE, with Artaxerxes I succeeding him. - In his Library of History (Book 11.69), Diodorus provides a later account of Xerxes’ assassination, attributing it to Artabanus, who briefly usurped power before Artaxerxes I’s rise. - The Persepolis Fortification and Treasury Tablets are administrative records continue under Xerxes until his death until mid-465 BCE, after which Artaxerxes I’s tablets begin. This transition supports Xerxes’ death in 465 BCE. [Shulman date p149] END:*EXTRA-BIBLICAL SOURCES: - Babylonian contract tablets dated to “Year 41 of Artaxerxes” appear until late 424 BCE (around December), after which a brief period of tablets dated to “Year 1 of Xerxes II” (Artaxerxes I’s son) and “Sogdianus” (a rival) emerges, followed by “Year 1 of Darius II” in early 423 BCE. This indicates Artaxerxes I’s death in late 424 BCE, with a short succession crisis. - Ptolemy’s Canon lists Artaxerxes I’s reign as 41 years, ending in 424 BCE, with Darius II succeeding him. - In his Persica, Ctesias describes Artaxerxes I’s death and the subsequent succession struggle involving Xerxes II, Sogdianus, and Darius II (Ochus). - In his Library of History (Book 12.71), Diodorus recounts Artaxerxes I’s death and the brief reigns of Xerxes II and Sogdianus before Darius II’s accession. - The Elephantine Papyri continue to use Artaxerxes I’s regnal years until his death. - Persepolis Treasury Tablets dated to Artaxerxes I’s reign continue until late 424 BCE, with a transition to Darius II’s records in 423 BCE, supporting Artaxerxes’ death in 424 BCE."