Barry Smith Brian Athey Gil Omenn Hongfang Liu Ghida Arnous Anthony Huffman Ashley Yan Asiyah Yu Lin Bill Duncan Easheta Shah Edison Ong Ghida Arnous Guirui Huang (Ray) Hong Yu Hsin-Hui Huang Jie Zheng John Beverley Liwei Wang Muhui Ye Roshan Desai Sivaram Arabandi Suyuan Peng Yang Wang Yang Wang Yingtong Liu Yongqun "Oliver" He (YOH) Yujia Tian Zalan Shah Zhigang Wang The Ontology of Coronavirus Infectious Disease (CIDO) is a community-driven open-source biomedical ontology in the area of coronavirus infectious disease. The CIDO is developed to provide standardized human- and computer-interpretable annotation and representation of various coronavirus infectious diseases, including their etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. OWL-DL CIDO: A biomedical ontology in the area of coronavirus infectious disease. CIDO: Ontology of Coronavirus Infectious Disease http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2024-02-16 BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label BFO OWL specification label BFO CLIF specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label BFO CLIF specification label Chinese label Chinese label An annotation property that represents a laboratory, company or organization authorized by FDA emergency use authorization (EUA) to perform an assay such as a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay. Asiyah Yu Lin, Oliver He https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization FDA EUA laboratory,company or organization ZW, GH, SP, YH An annotation property that represents an annotation about an interaction detection method, which may include its name and code such as MI code Interaction detection method An annotation property that provides one or more keywords useful for text mining of the indicated ontology term. Liwei Wang, Oliver He has text mining keywords Asiyah Yu Lin 2021-09-08T02:48:51Z wikidata_ID An annotation property that represents an annotation about an interaction type, which may include its name and code such as MI code ZW, GH, SP, YH Interaction type has_RxCUI editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example example of usage A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage example of usage has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> DEFINITION definition definition textual definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true 1 editor_note editor note editor note definition editor term editor Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115. 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor definition editor term editor term editor alternative label alternative term A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like. An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) OBO Operations committee PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related). alternative label alternative term alternative term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source has obsolescence reason Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification. PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot has obsolescence reason curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg IAO:0000232 uberon curator_notes true 1 curator_notes curator note curator note curator notes term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg IAO:0000233 external term_tracker_item true true term_tracker_item The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item term tracker item ontology term requester The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term. ontology term requester imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from imported from expand expression to expand expression to OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) has associated axiom(fol) term replaced by term_mapping_to_NCIT A property created to allow the source NICHD to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are the contributing source. A11 Conceptual Entity Has_NICHD_Parent Has_NICHD_Parent Has_NICHD_Parent true NHC0 code code code The semantic type describes the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network. P106 Conceptual Entity Semantic Type Semantic_Type In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS. Semantic_Type Semantic_Type Provides an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems. P107 Conceptual Entity Display Name Display_Name Display Name Display_Name Display_Name The word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept. P108 Conceptual Entity Preferred Name Preferred_Name Preferred Name Preferred Term Preferred_Name Preferred_Name Concept Unique Identifiers, or CUIs, are concept numbers assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept. P207 Conceptual Entity UMLS CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI This property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake. P322 Conceptual Entity Contributing Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source English language definitions of what a source other than NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They include information about the definition's source in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. P325 Conceptual Entity [source] Definition ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION true A retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding. P366 Conceptual Entity Legacy Concept Name Legacy Concept Name Legacy_Concept_Name P371 Conceptual Entity NICHD_Hierarchy_Term NICHD NICHD_Hierarchy_Term NICHD_Hierarchy_Term Design notes are notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept. P98 Conceptual Entity DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote YH, JX a chinese translation represents a chinese translation of the existing term. Chinese translation The AE 'cough AE' has the 'label of AE outcome' of 'cough'; 'infection AE' has the 'label of AE outcom' of 'infection'. an annotation property that represents the label of an adverse event Yongqun Oliver He, Jiangan Hardy Xie label of adverse event outcome adverse event outcome has_MedDRA_id ISA alternative term An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org). Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org) ISA alternative term NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term An alternative term used by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Genomic Sequencing Centers for Infectious Diseases (GSCID) and Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRC). PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term IEDB alternative term An alternative term used by the IEDB. PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters IEDB IEDB alternative term the symbol assigned by the nomenclature authority Oliver He, Yue Liu symbol from nomenclature authority the full name assigned by the nomenclature authority Oliver He, Yue Liu full name from nomenclature authority A GeneID in the NCBI Gene database Oliver He, Yue Liu NCBI GeneID the NCBI LocusTag name of a gene Oliver He, Yue Liu NCBI LocusTag the map location of a gene Oliver He, Yue Liu gene map location a date of content modification Oliver He, Yue Liu modification date The NCBITaxon ontology ID of an organism. Oliver He, Yue Liu organism NCBITaxon ID A chromosome ID where a gene is located. Oliver He chromosome ID of gene an annotation property that specifies the type of a gene Oliver He type of gene an annotation property that specifies a nomenclature status Oliver He nomenclature status an annotation property that shows the GO information associated with a specific gene. Yongqun He YH: use the convention: GO_ID (EC: xx; Qualifier: xx; PMID: xxxxx;) where GO_ID is a GO ID, EC is the Evidence Code, Qualifier is a specific association type, and PMID is a PubMed ID of a paper that supports the gene-GO association. has GO association An annotation property that represents a gene's association with PubMed publication(s). Yongqun He YH: use the format: PMID: pmid1, pmid2, ... where pmid1 and pmid2 are specfic PubMed IDs (PMIDs). has PubMed association A subproperty of seeAlso that represents a NCIT identifier mapped to the specified term Oliver He term mapping to NCIT ID A subproperty of seeAlso that represents a UMLS CUI identifier mapped to the specified term Oliver He term mapping to UMLS CUI alternative term in Chinese temporal interpretation An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. temporal interpretation temporal interpretation https://oborel.github.io/obo-relations/temporal-semantics/ https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL. logical macro assertion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/shortcut-relations/ A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property logical macro assertion on a property Used to annotate object properties to describe a logical meta-property or characteristic of the object property. logical macro assertion on an object property logical macro assertion on an annotation property relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y The general property hierarchy is: "directly P" SubPropertyOf "P" Transitive(P) Where we have an annotation assertion "directly P" "is direct form of" "P" If we have the annotation P is-direct-form-of Q, and we have inverses P' and Q', then it follows that P' is-direct-form-of Q' Chris Mungall is direct form of relation p is the indirect form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, and there exists some p' such that p' is the direct form of q, p' o p' -> p, and forall x,y : x q y -> either (1) x p y or (2) x p' y Chris Mungall is indirect form of Used to annotate object properties representing a causal relationship where the value indicates a direction. Should be "+", "-" or "0" cjm 2018-03-13T23:59:29Z is directional form of cjm 2018-03-14T00:03:16Z is positive form of cjm 2018-03-14T00:03:24Z is negative form of part-of is homeomorphic for independent continuants. R is homemorphic for C iff (1) there exists some x,y such that x R y, and x and y instantiate C and (2) for all x, if x is an instance of C, and there exists some y some such that x R y, then it follows that y is an instance of C. cjm 2018-10-21T19:46:34Z R homeomorphic-for C expands to: C SubClassOf R only C. Additionally, for any class D that is disjoint with C, we can also expand to C DisjointWith R some D, D DisjointWith R some C. is homeomorphic for An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class. UBPROP:0000001 uberon external_definition true external_definition This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO external_definition A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology. UBPROP:0000002 uberon axiom_lost_from_external_ontology true axiom_lost_from_external_ontology This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO axiom_lost_from_external_ontology Notes on the homology status of this class. UBPROP:0000003 uberon homology_notes true homology_notes This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO homology_notes UBPROP:0000006 uberon implements_design_pattern true implements_design_pattern implements_design_pattern Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'. UBPROP:0000007 uberon has_relational_adjective true has_relational_adjective has_relational_adjective Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species. UBPROP:0000008 uberon taxon_notes true taxon_notes taxon_notes Notes on the ontogenic development of instances of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000011 uberon development_notes true development_notes development_notes Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000012 uberon external_ontology_notes true external_ontology_notes external_ontology_notes FMA has terms like 'set of X'. In general we do not include set-of terms in uberon, but provide a mapping between the singular form and the FMA set term UBPROP:0000202 uberon fma_set_term true fma_set_term fma_set_term An annotation property that represents the trade name of a product. Oliver He trade name The vaccine Prevnar (trade name) has a FDA-defined proper name: Pneumococcal 7-valent Conjugate Vaccine (Diphtheria CRM197 Protein). Reference: https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm180017.htm An annotation property that represents the proper name of a vaccine, which is defined in an official way such as one defined by FDA. Kallan Roan Oliver He vaccine proper name The vaccine Prevnar has the manufacturer: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. Reference: https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm180017.htm An annotation property that represents the manufacturer of a vaccine Kallan Roan Oliver He vaccine manufacturer An annotation property that refers to a specific CVX ID. Oliver He Penny Pan https://www2a.cdc.gov/vaccines/iis/iisstandards/vaccines.asp?rpt=cvx CVX code This annotation property gives the unique label of all Apollo_SV entities that are refered to in the schema. The UAL is the denotator for the Apollo_SV class in the schema. There can at all times only be ONE value of UAL for each class. UAL Unique Apollo Label A metadata relation between a class and its taxonomic rank (eg species, family) ncbi_taxonomy has_rank Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity. uberon dc-contributor true dc-contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. Contributor Contributor contributor Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity. An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Creator Creator Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format. A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource. Date Date Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content. An account of the content of the resource. Description Description Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats). The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Format Format The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. Source Source Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme. The topic of the content of the resource. Subject and Keywords Subject and Keywords Mark Miller 2018-05-11T13:47:29Z consider Author of the class. created_by Date class was created. creation_date ID of merged class. has_alternative_id An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/18 has broad synonym has_broad_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/18 Reference database or publication source. database_cross_reference has_definition An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. Exact synonym. Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has exact synonym has_exact_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/19 has narrow synonym has_narrow_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/19 has_obo_format_version Name space of the ontology. disease_ontology has_obo_namespace An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct. Has related synonym. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/21 has related synonym has_related_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/21 has_synonym_type An identifier for an individual entity. An identifier is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity. id In subset. Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset. Concept_In_Subset in subset in_subset shorthand ontology instance unique identifier ontology IUI ontology version instance unique identifier ontology version IUI Comment. comment Is defined by. is defined by rdfs:isDefinedBy label A human readable name for this class. label label uberon seeAlso true seeAlso see also A skos concept mapping used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably. has exact match uberon depicted_by true depicted_by depicted by C24 has_Ingredient C28 has_MoA C20 has_PE C32 has_PK C38 may_prevent C34 may_treat C50 site_of_metabolism is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part of part_of BFO:0000050 protein part_of part_of is part of part of part of part_of part_of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part BFO:0000051 chebi_ontology protein has_part false has_part has part has part has_part inheres-in_at inheresInAt b inheres_in c at t =Def. b is a dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [051-002]) Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance-level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'inheres in at all times@en' is: forall(t) exists_at(x,t) -> exists_at(y,t) and 'inheres in@en(x,y,t)'. BFO 2 Reference: Inherence is a subrelation of s-depends_on which holds between a dependent continuant and an independent continuant that is not a spatial region. Since dependent continuants cannot migrate from one independent continuant bearer to another, it follows that if b s-depends_on independent continuant c at some time, then b s-depends_on c at all times at which a exists. Inherence is in this sense redundantly time-indexed.For example, consider the particular instance of openness inhering in my mouth at t as I prepare to take a bite out of a donut, followed by a closedness at t+1 when I bite the donut and start chewing. The openness instance is then shortlived, and to say that it s-depends_on my mouth at all times at which this openness exists, means: at all times during this short life. Every time you make a fist, you make a new (instance of the universal) fist. (Every time your hand has the fist-shaped quality, there is created a new instance of the universal fist-shaped quality.) BFO2 Reference: independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO2 Reference: specifically dependent continuant (iff (inheresInAt a b t) (and (DependentContinuant a) (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [051-002] inheres in at all times bearer of bearer_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/omrse.owl is bearer of is_bearer_of realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro.owl [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes concretized-by_st [copied from inverse property 'concretizes at some time'] You may concretize a piece of software by installing it in your computer [copied from inverse property 'concretizes at some time'] You may concretize a recipe that you find in a cookbook by turning it into a plan which exists as a realizable dependent continuant in your head. [copied from inverse property 'concretizes at some time'] you may concretize a poem as a pattern of memory traces in your head [copied from inverse property 'concretizes at some time'] Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'concretizes at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'concretizes@en'(x,y,t) [copied from inverse property 'concretizes at some time'] b concretizes c at t means: b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is a generically dependent continuant & for some independent continuant that is not a spatial region d, b s-depends_on d at t & c g-depends on d at t & if c migrates from bearer d to another bearer e than a copy of b will be created in e. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [075-002]) concretized by at some time concretizes_st concretizesAt You may concretize a piece of software by installing it in your computer You may concretize a recipe that you find in a cookbook by turning it into a plan which exists as a realizable dependent continuant in your head. you may concretize a poem as a pattern of memory traces in your head Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'concretizes at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'concretizes@en'(x,y,t) b concretizes c at t means: b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is a generically dependent continuant & for some independent continuant that is not a spatial region d, b s-depends_on d at t & c g-depends on d at t & if c migrates from bearer d to another bearer e than a copy of b will be created in e. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [075-002]) if b g-depends on c at some time t, then there is some d, such that d concretizes b at t and d s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [076-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (concretizesAt x y t) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (GenericallyDependentContinuant y) (exists (z) (and (IndependentContinuant z) (specificallyDependsOnAt x z t) (genericallyDependsOnAt y z t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [075-002] (forall (x y t) (if (genericallyDependsOnAt x y t) (exists (z) (and (concretizesAt z x t) (specificallyDependsOnAt z y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [076-001] concretizes at some time preceded by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by preceded by precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in s-depends-on_at specificallyDependsOn A pain s-depends_on the organism that is experiencing the pain a gait s-depends_on the walking object. (All at some specific time.) a shape s-depends_on the shaped object one-sided s-dependence of a dependent continuant on an independent continuant: an instance of headache s-depends_on some head one-sided s-dependence of a dependent continuant on an independent continuant: an instance of temperature s-depends_on some organism one-sided s-dependence of a process on something: a process of cell death s-depends_on a cell one-sided s-dependence of a process on something: an instance of seeing (a relational process) s-depends_on some organism and on some seen entity, which may be an occurrent or a continuant one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on another: a process of answering a question is dependent on a prior process of asking a question one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on another: a process of obeying a command is dependent on a prior process of issuing a command one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on multiple independent continuants: a relational process of hitting a ball with a cricket bat one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on multiple independent continuants: a relational process of paying cash to a merchant in exchange for a bag of figs reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: a process of buying and the associated process of selling reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: a process of increasing the volume of a portion of gas while temperature remains constant and the associated process of decreasing the pressure exerted by the gas reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: in a game of chess the process of playing with the white pieces is mutually dependent on the process of playing with the black pieces the one-sided dependence of an occurrent on an independent continuant: football match on the players, the ground, the ball the one-sided dependence of an occurrent on an independent continuant: handwave on a hand the three-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the hue, saturation and brightness of a color [45 the three-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the pitch, timbre and volume of a tone [45 the two-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the roles of husband and wife [20 Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance-level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'specifically depends on at all times@en' is: forall(t) exists_at(x,t) -> exists_at(y,t) and 'specifically depends on@en(x,y,t)'. BFO 2 Reference: An entity – for example an act of communication or a game of football – can s-depends_on more than one entity. Complex phenomena for example in the psychological and social realms (such as inferring, commanding and requesting) or in the realm of multi-organismal biological processes (such as infection and resistance), will involve multiple families of dependence relations, involving both continuants and occurrents [1, 4, 28 BFO 2 Reference: S-dependence is just one type of dependence among many; it is what, in the literature, is referred to as ‘existential dependence’ [87, 46, 65, 20 BFO 2 Reference: the relation of s-depends_on does not in every case require simultaneous existence of its relata. Note the difference between such cases and the cases of continuant universals defined historically: the act of answering depends existentially on the prior act of questioning; the human being who was baptized or who answered a question does not himself depend existentially on the prior act of baptism or answering. He would still exist even if these acts had never taken place. BFO2 Reference: specifically dependent continuant\; process; process boundary To say that b s-depends_on a at t is to say that b and c do not share common parts & b is of its nature such that it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c and b is not a site of which c is the host [64 If b is s-depends_on something at some time, then b is not a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [052-001]) If b s-depends_on something at t, then there is some c, which is an independent continuant and not a spatial region, such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [136-001]) If occurrent b s-depends_on some independent continuant c at t, then b s-depends_on c at every time at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [015-002]) an entity does not s-depend_on any of its (continuant or occurrent) parts or on anything it is part of. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [013-002]) if b s-depends_on c at t & c s-depends_on d at t then b s-depends_on d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [054-002]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (Entity x) (or (continuantPartOfAt y x t) (continuantPartOfAt x y t) (occurrentPartOf x y) (occurrentPartOf y x))) (not (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [013-002] (forall (x y t) (if (and (Occurrent x) (IndependentContinuant y) (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t)) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t_1))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [015-002] (forall (x y t) (if (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t) (exists (z) (and (IndependentContinuant z) (not (SpatialRegion z)) (specificallyDependsOnAt x z t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [136-001] (forall (x y z t) (if (and (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t) (specificallyDependsOnAt y z t)) (specificallyDependsOnAt x z t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [054-002] (forall (x) (if (exists (y t) (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t)) (not (MaterialEntity x)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [052-001] specifically depends on at all times has_granular_part has granular part granular part of granular_part_of is granular part of located-at-r_st occupiesSpatialRegionAt Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'occupies spatial region at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'occupies spatial region@en'(x,y,t) BFO2 Reference: independent continuant BFO2 Reference: spatial region b occupies_spatial_region r at t means that r is a spatial region in which independent continuant b is exactly located (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [041-002]) every region r is occupies_spatial_region r at all times. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [042-002]) if b occupies_spatial_region r at t & b continuant_part_of b at t, then there is some r which is continuant_part_of r at t such that b occupies_spatial_region r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [043-001]) (forall (r t) (if (Region r) (occupiesSpatialRegionAt r r t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [042-002] (forall (x r t) (if (occupiesSpatialRegionAt x r t) (and (SpatialRegion r) (IndependentContinuant x)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [041-002] (forall (x y r_1 t) (if (and (occupiesSpatialRegionAt x r_1 t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (exists (r_2) (and (continuantPartOfAt r_2 r_1 t) (occupiesSpatialRegionAt y r_2 t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [043-001] occupies spatial region at some time exists-at existsAt BFO2 Reference: entity BFO2 Reference: temporal region b exists_at t means: b is an entity which exists at some temporal region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [118-002]) exists at o-has-part hasOccurrentPart [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] Mary’s 5th birthday occurrent_part_of Mary’s life [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] The process of a footballer’s heart beating once is an occurrent part but not a temporal_part of a game of football. [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] the first set of the tennis match occurrent_part_of the tennis match. b has_occurrent_part c = Def. c occurrent_part_of b. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [007-001]) [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion. [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] BFO2 Reference: occurrent [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] b occurrent_part_of c =Def. b is a part of c & b and c are occurrents. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [003-002]) (iff (hasOccurrentPart a b) (occurrentPartOf b a)) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [007-001] has occurrent part o-has-ppart hasProperOccurrentPart [copied from inverse property 'proper part of occurrent'] b proper_occurrent_part_of c =Def. b occurrent_part_of c & b and c are not identical. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [005-001]) b has_proper_occurrent_part c = Def. c proper_occurrent_part_of b. [XXX-001 has proper occurrent part r-location-of_st [copied from inverse property 'occupies spatial region at some time'] Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'occupies spatial region at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'occupies spatial region@en'(x,y,t) [copied from inverse property 'occupies spatial region at some time'] BFO2 Reference: independent continuant [copied from inverse property 'occupies spatial region at some time'] BFO2 Reference: spatial region [copied from inverse property 'occupies spatial region at some time'] b occupies_spatial_region r at t means that r is a spatial region in which independent continuant b is exactly located (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [041-002]) has spatial occupant at some time has-s-dep_st [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] A pain s-depends_on the organism that is experiencing the pain [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] a gait s-depends_on the walking object. (All at some specific time.) [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] a shape s-depends_on the shaped object [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of a dependent continuant on an independent continuant: an instance of headache s-depends_on some head [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of a dependent continuant on an independent continuant: an instance of temperature s-depends_on some organism [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of a process on something: a process of cell death s-depends_on a cell [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of a process on something: an instance of seeing (a relational process) s-depends_on some organism and on some seen entity, which may be an occurrent or a continuant [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on another: a process of answering a question is dependent on a prior process of asking a question [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on another: a process of obeying a command is dependent on a prior process of issuing a command [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on multiple independent continuants: a relational process of hitting a ball with a cricket bat [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on multiple independent continuants: a relational process of paying cash to a merchant in exchange for a bag of figs [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: a process of buying and the associated process of selling [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: a process of increasing the volume of a portion of gas while temperature remains constant and the associated process of decreasing the pressure exerted by the gas [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: in a game of chess the process of playing with the white pieces is mutually dependent on the process of playing with the black pieces [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] the one-sided dependence of an occurrent on an independent continuant: football match on the players, the ground, the ball [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] the one-sided dependence of an occurrent on an independent continuant: handwave on a hand [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] the three-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the hue, saturation and brightness of a color [45 [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] the three-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the pitch, timbre and volume of a tone [45 [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] the two-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the roles of husband and wife [20 [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'specifically depends on at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'specifically depends on@en'(x,y,t) [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] BFO 2 Reference: An entity – for example an act of communication or a game of football – can s-depends_on more than one entity. Complex phenomena for example in the psychological and social realms (such as inferring, commanding and requesting) or in the realm of multi-organismal biological processes (such as infection and resistance), will involve multiple families of dependence relations, involving both continuants and occurrents [1, 4, 28 [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] BFO 2 Reference: S-dependence is just one type of dependence among many; it is what, in the literature, is referred to as ‘existential dependence’ [87, 46, 65, 20 [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] BFO 2 Reference: the relation of s-depends_on does not in every case require simultaneous existence of its relata. Note the difference between such cases and the cases of continuant universals defined historically: the act of answering depends existentially on the prior act of questioning; the human being who was baptized or who answered a question does not himself depend existentially on the prior act of baptism or answering. He would still exist even if these acts had never taken place. [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] BFO2 Reference: specifically dependent continuant\; process; process boundary [copied from inverse property 'specifically depends on at some time'] To say that b s-depends_on a at t is to say that b and c do not share common parts & b is of its nature such that it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c and b is not a site of which c is the host [64 has specific dependent at some time occupied-by [copied from inverse property 'occupies spatiotemporal region'] BFO 2 Reference: The occupies_spatiotemporal_region and occupies_temporal_region relations are the counterpart, on the occurrent side, of the relation occupies_spatial_region. [copied from inverse property 'occupies spatiotemporal region'] p occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. This is a primitive relation between an occurrent p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [082-003]) has spatiotemporal occupant occupies occupiesSpatiotemporalRegion BFO 2 Reference: The occupies_spatiotemporal_region and occupies_temporal_region relations are the counterpart, on the occurrent side, of the relation occupies_spatial_region. p occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. This is a primitive relation between an occurrent p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [082-003]) occupies spatiotemporal region o-part-of occurrentPartOf Mary’s 5th birthday occurrent_part_of Mary’s life The process of a footballer’s heart beating once is an occurrent part but not a temporal_part of a game of football. the first set of the tennis match occurrent_part_of the tennis match. [copied from inverse property 'has occurrent part'] b has_occurrent_part c = Def. c occurrent_part_of b. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [007-001]) BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion. BFO2 Reference: occurrent b occurrent_part_of c =Def. b is a part of c & b and c are occurrents. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [003-002]) occurrent_part_of is antisymmetric. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [123-001]) occurrent_part_of is reflexive (every occurrent entity is an occurrent_part_of itself). (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [113-002]) occurrent_part_of is transitive. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [112-001]) occurrent_part_of satisfies unique product. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [125-001]) occurrent_part_of satisfies weak supplementation. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [124-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (occurrentPartOf x y t) (not (= x y))) (exists (z) (and (occurrentPartOf z y t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x t) (occurrentPartOf w z t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [124-001] (forall (x y t) (if (and (occurrentPartOf x y t) (occurrentPartOf y x t)) (= x y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [123-001] (forall (x y t) (if (exists (v) (and (occurrentPartOf v x t) (occurrentPartOf v y t))) (exists (z) (forall (u w) (iff (iff (occurrentPartOf w u t) (and (occurrentPartOf w x t) (occurrentPartOf w y t))) (= z u)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [125-001] (forall (x y z) (if (and (occurrentPartOf x y) (occurrentPartOf y z)) (occurrentPartOf x z))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [112-001] (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (occurrentPartOf x x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [113-002] part of occurrent o-ppart-of properOccurrentPartOf [copied from inverse property 'has proper occurrent part'] b has_proper_occurrent_part c = Def. c proper_occurrent_part_of b. [XXX-001 b proper_occurrent_part_of c =Def. b occurrent_part_of c & b and c are not identical. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [005-001]) (iff (properOccurrentPartOf a b) (and (occurrentPartOf a b) (not (= a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [005-001] proper part of occurrent t-part-of temporalPartOf the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life\. The first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game\. The process of your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the entire process of your heart beating.\ The 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life. your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating b proper_temporal_part_of c =Def. b temporal_part_of c & not (b = c). (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [116-001]) b temporal_part_of c =Def.b occurrent_part_of c & & for some temporal region t, b occupies_temporal_region t & for all occurrents d, t (if d occupies_temporal_region t & t? occurrent_part_of t then (d occurrent_part_of a iff d occurrent_part_of b)). (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [078-003]) if b proper_temporal_part_of c, then there is some d which is a proper_temporal_part_of c and which shares no parts with b. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [117-002]) (forall (x y) (if (properTemporalPartOf x y) (exists (z) (and (properTemporalPartOf z y) (not (exists (w) (and (temporalPartOf w x) (temporalPartOf w z)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [117-002] (iff (properTemporalPartOf a b) (and (temporalPartOf a b) (not (= a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [116-001] (iff (temporalPartOf a b) (and (occurrentPartOf a b) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion a t))) (forall (c t_1) (if (and (Occurrent c) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion c t_1) (occurrentPartOf t_1 r)) (iff (occurrentPartOf c a) (occurrentPartOf c b)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [078-003] temporal part of st-projects-onto-s_st projects onto spatial region at some time s-projection-of-st_st spatial projection of spatiotemporal at some time st-projects-onto-t projects onto temporal region t-projection-of-st temporal projection of spatiotemporal spans occupiesTemporalRegion p occupies_temporal_region t. This is a primitive relation between an occurrent p and the temporal region t upon which the spatiotemporal region p occupies_spatiotemporal_region projects. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [132-001]) occupies temporal region span-of spanOf [copied from inverse property 'occupies temporal region'] p occupies_temporal_region t. This is a primitive relation between an occurrent p and the temporal region t upon which the spatiotemporal region p occupies_spatiotemporal_region projects. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [132-001]) has temporal occupant during-which-exists [copied from inverse property 'exists at'] BFO2 Reference: entity [copied from inverse property 'exists at'] BFO2 Reference: temporal region [copied from inverse property 'exists at'] b exists_at t means: b is an entity which exists at some temporal region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [118-002]) during which exists bearer-of_at bearerOfAt b bearer_of c at t =Def. c s-depends_on b at t & b is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [053-004]) Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance-level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'bearer of at all times@en' is: forall(t) exists_at(x,t) -> exists_at(y,t) and 'bearer of@en(x,y,t)'. BFO2 Reference: independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO2 Reference: specifically dependent continuant (iff (bearerOfAt a b t) (and (specificallyDependsOnAt b a t) (IndependentContinuant a) (not (SpatialRegion a)) (existsAt b t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [053-004] bearer of at all times has-d_at hasDispositionAt a has_disposition b at t =Def. b disposition_of a at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [069-001]) Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance-level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'has disposition at all times@en' is: forall(t) exists_at(x,t) -> exists_at(y,t) and 'has disposition@en(x,y,t)'. (iff (hasDispositionAt a b t) (dispositionOf b a t)) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [069-001] has disposition at all times has-s-dep_at has specific dependent at all times s-depends-on_st specificallyDependsOn A pain s-depends_on the organism that is experiencing the pain a gait s-depends_on the walking object. (All at some specific time.) a shape s-depends_on the shaped object one-sided s-dependence of a dependent continuant on an independent continuant: an instance of headache s-depends_on some head one-sided s-dependence of a dependent continuant on an independent continuant: an instance of temperature s-depends_on some organism one-sided s-dependence of a process on something: a process of cell death s-depends_on a cell one-sided s-dependence of a process on something: an instance of seeing (a relational process) s-depends_on some organism and on some seen entity, which may be an occurrent or a continuant one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on another: a process of answering a question is dependent on a prior process of asking a question one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on another: a process of obeying a command is dependent on a prior process of issuing a command one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on multiple independent continuants: a relational process of hitting a ball with a cricket bat one-sided s-dependence of one occurrent on multiple independent continuants: a relational process of paying cash to a merchant in exchange for a bag of figs reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: a process of buying and the associated process of selling reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: a process of increasing the volume of a portion of gas while temperature remains constant and the associated process of decreasing the pressure exerted by the gas reciprocal s-dependence between occurrents: in a game of chess the process of playing with the white pieces is mutually dependent on the process of playing with the black pieces the one-sided dependence of an occurrent on an independent continuant: football match on the players, the ground, the ball the one-sided dependence of an occurrent on an independent continuant: handwave on a hand the three-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the hue, saturation and brightness of a color [45 the three-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the pitch, timbre and volume of a tone [45 the two-sided reciprocal s-dependence of the roles of husband and wife [20 Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'specifically depends on at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'specifically depends on@en'(x,y,t) BFO 2 Reference: An entity – for example an act of communication or a game of football – can s-depends_on more than one entity. Complex phenomena for example in the psychological and social realms (such as inferring, commanding and requesting) or in the realm of multi-organismal biological processes (such as infection and resistance), will involve multiple families of dependence relations, involving both continuants and occurrents [1, 4, 28 BFO 2 Reference: S-dependence is just one type of dependence among many; it is what, in the literature, is referred to as ‘existential dependence’ [87, 46, 65, 20 BFO 2 Reference: the relation of s-depends_on does not in every case require simultaneous existence of its relata. Note the difference between such cases and the cases of continuant universals defined historically: the act of answering depends existentially on the prior act of questioning; the human being who was baptized or who answered a question does not himself depend existentially on the prior act of baptism or answering. He would still exist even if these acts had never taken place. BFO2 Reference: specifically dependent continuant\; process; process boundary To say that b s-depends_on a at t is to say that b and c do not share common parts & b is of its nature such that it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c and b is not a site of which c is the host [64 If b is s-depends_on something at some time, then b is not a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [052-001]) If b s-depends_on something at t, then there is some c, which is an independent continuant and not a spatial region, such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [136-001]) If occurrent b s-depends_on some independent continuant c at t, then b s-depends_on c at every time at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [015-002]) an entity does not s-depend_on any of its (continuant or occurrent) parts or on anything it is part of. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [013-002]) if b s-depends_on c at t & c s-depends_on d at t then b s-depends_on d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [054-002]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (Entity x) (or (continuantPartOfAt y x t) (continuantPartOfAt x y t) (occurrentPartOf x y) (occurrentPartOf y x))) (not (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [013-002] (forall (x y t) (if (and (Occurrent x) (IndependentContinuant y) (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t)) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t_1))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [015-002] (forall (x y t) (if (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t) (exists (z) (and (IndependentContinuant z) (not (SpatialRegion z)) (specificallyDependsOnAt x z t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [136-001] (forall (x y z t) (if (and (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t) (specificallyDependsOnAt y z t)) (specificallyDependsOnAt x z t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [054-002] (forall (x) (if (exists (y t) (specificallyDependsOnAt x y t)) (not (MaterialEntity x)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [052-001] specifically depends on at some time c-part-of_st continuantPartOfAt Mary’s arm continuant_part_of Mary in the time of her life prior to her operation the Northern hemisphere of the planet Earth is a part of the planet Earth at all times at which the planet Earth exists. [copied from inverse property 'has continuant part at some time'] b has_continuant_part c at t = Def. c continuant_part_of b at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [006-001]) Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'part of continuant at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'part of continuant@en'(x,y,t) BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are in some cases continuant parts of their material hosts. Thus the hold of a ship, for example, is a part of the ship; it may itself have parts, which may have names (used for example by ship stow planners, customs inspectors, and the like). Immaterial entities under both 1. and 2. can be of zero, one, two or three dimensions. We define:a(immaterial entity)[Definition: a is an immaterial entity = Def. a is an independent continuant that has no material entities as parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [028-001]) BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion. BFO2 Reference: continuant BFO2 Reference: continuantThe range for ‘t’ (as in all cases throughout this document unless otherwise specified) is: temporal region. [copied from inverse property 'has continuant part at some time'] Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'has continuant part at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'has continuant part@en'(x,y,t) b continuant_part_of c at t =Def. b is a part of c at t & t is a time & b and c are continuants. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [002-001]) continuant_part_of is antisymmetric. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [120-001]) continuant_part_of is reflexive (every continuant entity is a continuant_part_of itself). (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [111-002]) continuant_part_of is transitive. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [110-001]) continuant_part_of satisfies unique product. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [122-001]) continuant_part_of satisfies weak supplementation. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [121-001]) if b continuant_part_of c at t and b is an independent continuant, then b is located_in c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [047-002]) (forall (x t) (if (Continuant x) (continuantPartOfAt x x t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [111-002] (forall (x y t) (if (and (continuantPartOfAt x y t) (IndependentContinuant x)) (locatedInAt x y t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [047-002] (forall (x y t) (if (and (continuantPartOfAt x y t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (= x y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [120-001] (forall (x y t) (if (and (continuantPartOfAt x y t) (not (= x y))) (exists (z) (and (continuantPartOfAt z y t) (not (exists (w) (and (continuantPartOfAt w x t) (continuantPartOfAt w z t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [121-001] (forall (x y t) (if (exists (v) (and (continuantPartOfAt v x t) (continuantPartOfAt v y t))) (exists (z) (forall (u w) (iff (iff (continuantPartOfAt w u t) (and (continuantPartOfAt w x t) (continuantPartOfAt w y t))) (= z u)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [122-001] (forall (x y z t) (if (and (continuantPartOfAt x y t) (continuantPartOfAt y z t)) (continuantPartOfAt x z t))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [110-001] (iff (ImmaterialEntity a) (and (IndependentContinuant a) (not (exists (b t) (and (MaterialEntity b) (continuantPartOfAt b a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [028-001] part of continuant at some time c-has-part_st hasContinuantPartAt [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] Mary’s arm continuant_part_of Mary in the time of her life prior to her operation [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] the Northern hemisphere of the planet Earth is a part of the planet Earth at all times at which the planet Earth exists. b has_continuant_part c at t = Def. c continuant_part_of b at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [006-001]) Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'has continuant part at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'has continuant part@en'(x,y,t) [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'part of continuant at some time@en' is: exists t, exists_at(x,t) & exists_at(y,t) & 'part of continuant@en'(x,y,t) [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are in some cases continuant parts of their material hosts. Thus the hold of a ship, for example, is a part of the ship; it may itself have parts, which may have names (used for example by ship stow planners, customs inspectors, and the like). Immaterial entities under both 1. and 2. can be of zero, one, two or three dimensions. We define:a(immaterial entity)[Definition: a is an immaterial entity = Def. a is an independent continuant that has no material entities as parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [028-001]) [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion. [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] BFO2 Reference: continuant [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] BFO2 Reference: continuantThe range for ‘t’ (as in all cases throughout this document unless otherwise specified) is: temporal region. [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at some time'] b continuant_part_of c at t =Def. b is a part of c at t & t is a time & b and c are continuants. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [002-001]) (iff (hasContinuantPartAt a b t) (continuantPartOfAt b a t)) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [006-001] has continuant part at some time c-has-part-object_at [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] Mary’s arm continuant_part_of Mary in the time of her life prior to her operation [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] the Northern hemisphere of the planet Earth is a part of the planet Earth at all times at which the planet Earth exists. forall(t) exists_at(y,t) -> exists_at(x,t) and 'has continuant part'(x,y,t) This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance level, relation. Unlike the rest of the temporalized relations which temporally quantify over existence of the subject of the relation, this relation temporally quantifies over the existence of the object of the relation. The relation is provided tentatively, to assess whether the GO needs such a relation. It is inverse of 'part of continuant at all times' [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] Alan Ruttenberg: This is a binary version of a ternary time-indexed, instance-level, relation. The BFO reading of the binary relation 'part of continuant at all times@en' is: forall(t) exists_at(x,t) -> exists_at(y,t) and 'part of continuant@en(x,y,t)'. [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are in some cases continuant parts of their material hosts. Thus the hold of a ship, for example, is a part of the ship; it may itself have parts, which may have names (used for example by ship stow planners, customs inspectors, and the like). Immaterial entities under both 1. and 2. can be of zero, one, two or three dimensions. We define:a(immaterial entity)[Definition: a is an immaterial entity = Def. a is an independent continuant that has no material entities as parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [028-001]) [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion. [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] BFO2 Reference: continuant [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] BFO2 Reference: continuantThe range for ‘t’ (as in all cases throughout this document unless otherwise specified) is: temporal region. [copied from inverse property 'part of continuant at all times'] b continuant_part_of c at t =Def. b is a part of c at t & t is a time & b and c are continuants. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [002-001]) has continuant part at all times that part exists is host of An object property that represents a relation between a material entity (e.g., drug or respirator) and a disease process where a drug is effective in treating a host against the disease process. Oliver He This term can be changed to the RO term 'is substance that treats' (RO_0002606). So it may be obsolete. treatment for An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a chemical entity that is the active ingredient of the drug Oliver He, Yingtong Liu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredient has active ingredient Oliver He, Asiyah Lin This relation is restricted to use for the LDTs authorization, means a diagnostic test deice is only authorized to use at the certain organization such as a company or hospital defined in the EUA authorization letter. EUA-authorized use at A short-cut relation that represents a direct relationship between a PCR test kit and the target gene (or gene region) that the test kit is designed to run a PCR assay for amplifying and detecting the targeted gene or gene region. Asiyah Yu Lin, Oliver He PCR kit detects gene An object property that represents a relation between a material entity (such as a drug or chemical or vaccine) and an adverse event (AE) where the administration of the material entity is susceptible to the presence of the adverse event. Note: This term needs to be moved to the OAE ontology. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu This term needs to be transferred to OAE susceptible to adverse event An object property that represents a relation between an assay and an organization and the assay is performed at the organization such as a company or hospital Asiyah Yu Lin, Oliver He performed at assay performed at We can use the following axiom to represent the relation between a camel and MERS-CoV: MERS-COV: ‘has susceptible host’ some Camelus An object property that represents a relation between a microbe and an organism that serves as the host role and can host the survival of the microbe. Oliver He, Yang Wang has susceptible host An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can degrate the protein. Oliver He, Jinyang Du chemical degrades protein An object property that represents the relation between a disease process and a pathogen where the disease process is caused by the infection with the pathogen. Oliver He caused by infection with An object property between a binding process and a paritipant where the participant is one input of the binding process. Oliver He, Anthony Huffman has binding participant An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical has protein target as modulator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_modulator We make the relation 'chemical has protein target as modulator' as an alternative term here since the modulator is a very broad term that covers different topics including enzyme inhibitor/inducer, agonist, antagonist, etc. chemical has protein target An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as an enzyme inhibitor. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical has protein target as inhibitor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor chemical inhibits protein An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as an receptor antagonist. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist chemical has protein target as antagonist An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as an receptor agonist. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist chemical has protein target as agonist An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as an binder that chemically binds to the targeted protein. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical has protein target as binder chemical binds protein An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as an enzyme inducer. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. An enzyme inducer is a type of chemical that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical has protein target as inducer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inducer chemical induces protein An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He drug has protein target An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as a potentiator. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. In clinical pharmacology, a potentiator is a drug, herb, or chemical that intensifies the effects of a given drug or protein regulator. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiator chemical has protein target as potentiator An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as an enzyme activator. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. An enzyme inducer is a type of drug or chemcial that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical has protein target as activator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_activator chemical activates protein An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as an receptor agonist. An agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist drug has protein target as agonist An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as an receptor antagonist. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist drug has protein target as antagonist An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as an binder that chemically binds to the targeted protein. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He drug has protein target as binder An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as an enzyme inducer. An enzyme inducer is a type of chemical that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inducer drug has protein target as inducer An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as an enzyme inhibitor. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor drug has protein target as inhibitor An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as a potentiator. In clinical pharmacology, a potentiator is a drug, herb, or chemical that intensifies the effects of a given drug or protein regulator. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiator drug has protein target as potentiator An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a protein where the drug can target the protein as an enzyme activator.An enzyme inducer is a type of drug or chemcial that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme. Yingtong Liu, Oliver He https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_activator drug has protein target as activator An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral infection Yingtong Liu, Oliver He chemical effective against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral replication in vivo Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical inhibits in vivo replication of virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral infection in vitro Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical effective in vitro against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral infection in vivo Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical effective in vivo against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral invasion in vivo Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical inhibits in vivo invasion of virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral replication in vitro Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical inhibits in vitro replication of virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral invasion in vitro Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical inhibits in vitro invasion of virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role in modulating host response against virual infection Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical modulates response against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role in modulating host response against viral infection in vivo Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical modulates response in vivo against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role in modulating host response against viral infection in vitro Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical modulates response in vitro against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against virual invasion Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical inhibits invasion of virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against virual replication Oliver He, Yingtong Liu chemical inhibits replication of virus An object property that represents a relation between a disease process and its susceptibility of inducing a phenotype outcome Oliver He, Yang Wang disease process susceptibly has phenotype An object property that represents a relation between a drug and a virus where the drug has an effective role against viral infection Yingtong Liu, Oliver He drug effective against virus An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a virus where the chemical has an effective role against viral infection in vivo Yingtong Liu, Oliver He drug effective in vivo against virus A COVID-19 disease process susceptibly occurs in the kidney. An object property that represents a relation between a process and a material entity (particularly an organism, anatomical entity, or cell) in which the process has a susceptible disposition to occur. Oliver He, Anthony Huffman susceptibly occurs in drug camostat --> molecule TMPRSS2 An object property between material entity a and b where a is capable of inhibiting the activity of b. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu capable of inhibiting activity of Oliver He, Yingtong Liu An object property between material entity a and b where a is capable of inducing the production of b in vivo. induces in vivo production of TMPRSS2 is responsible for priming of the viral spike protein that entails cleavage of the spike protein at two potential sites, Arg685/Ser686 and Arg815/Ser816. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.052639. An object property between material entity a and b where a is capable of priming the activity of b Oliver He, Yingtong Liu capable of priming activity of a subproperty of 'enabled by' that represents a relation between a process and an enzyme where a protein is catalyzed by the enzyme in a catalytic reaction Oliver He, Anthoney Huffman catalyzed by ARDS --> cytokine storm A causal relationship with disease as subject that shows that the realization of the disease is caused by a phenotype. Oliver He disease induced by phenotype Oliver He causal relation related to phenotype Oliver He phenotype has causal agent COVID-19 disease (process) --> hypertension Oliver He, Yang Wang An object property that represents a relation between a disease process and a phenotype comorbidity where the disease (e.g., COVID-19 disease process) with the comorbidity is likely to have more severe outcome. disease susceptibly severe with comorbidity causal process for agent process up-regulates agent An object property that represents a relation between a molecular variant and a gene or protein where the variant derives from the gene or protein Oliver He variant of a causal relation between a process and a phenotype where the process is capable of inducing the phenotype. Oliver He process capable of inducing phenotype a causal relation between a material entity and a phenotype where the material agent is capable of inducing the phenotype. Oliver He agent capable of inducing phenotype A subproperty of 'has participant' that represents a relation between a process and a participant where the participant has the ligand role. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu, Peiling Tan has ligand A subproperty of 'has participant' that represents a relation between a process and a participant where the participant has the receptor role. Oliver He, Yingtong Liu, Peiling Tan has receptor An object property that defines a relation between a microbe variant and an AA variant where the microbe (like SARS_CoV-2) variant has the AA variant such that the microbe variant changes its AA from a previous one to a new one. Anthony Huffman, Oliver He An AA variant represents not only an amino acid (AA), but also a record of change from a previous AA to a new one. Therefore, instead of using 'has part', we generate this new property to represent the history of AA mutation. has characteristic AA variant An object property that represents a relation between an organism and a gene where the organism is susceptible to have an up-regulation of the expression of the gene. Oliver He, Anthony Huffman organism susceptibly has up-regulated gene An object property that represents a relation between a gene and an organism where the gene is susceptibly up-regulated in the organism. Anthony Huffman, Oliver He gene susceptibly up-regulated in organism An object property that represents a relation between two epitopes X and Y where X is an homologous epitope of Y. Anthony Huffman, Oliver He homologous epitope of An object property that represents a relation between a pathway (biological process) and a process in which the pathway is susceptibly to differential regulation in the process. Anthony Huffman, Yongqun 'Oliver' He pathway susceptibly regulated in An object property that represents a relation between a pathway (biological process) and a process in which the pathway is susceptibly to differential up-regulation in the process. Anthony Huffman, Yongqun 'Oliver' He pathway susceptibly up-regulated in An object property that represents a relation between a molecule and a receptor of the molecule where the molecule binds physically to the receptor. Anthony Huffman, Oliver He binding to receptor An object property that represents a relation between a pathway (biological process) and a process in which the pathway is susceptibly to differential down-regulation in the process. Anthony Huffman, Yongqun 'Oliver' He pathway susceptibly down-regulated in interactive relatoin between material entities capable of binding to susceptible to infection of susceptible to lethal infection of has genetic mutation An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as a modulator. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Zalan Shah, Ashley Yan, Oliver He chemical has protein target as modulator chemical modulates protein An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as a negative modulator. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Zalan Shah, Ashely Yan, Oliver He chemical has protein target as negative modulator A relation between two chemical entities X and Y such that if a portion of X is an epitope that binds to some antigen, there is also a portion of Y that is also an epitope which will bind to the same antigen. Anthony Huffman has epitope cross-reactivity An object property that represents a relation between a chemical entity and a protein where the chemical entity can target the protein as a stimulator. Note that the chemical entity is usually an active compound of a corresponding drug. Zalan Shah, Ashley Yan, Oliver He chemical has protein target as stimulator chemical stimulates protein An object property that represents a relation between a material entity (e.g., gene or protein) that is secreted from another material entity (e.g., cell). Oliver He secreted from Oliver He An object property that represents a relation between an entity and a motivation in which the entity has the motivation. has motivation Anthony Huffman, Oliver He An object property that defines a relation between an AA variant and a microbe variant where the microbe (like SARS_CoV-2) variant has the AA variant such that the microbe variant changes its AA from a previous one to a new one. is AA variant of has AA variant has AA mutation An object property that defines a relation between a microbe variant and an AA mutation where the microbe (like SARS_CoV-2) variant has the AA mutation such that the microbe variant has an AA change. This is used over AA variant for deletions or nonsense mutations. Anthony Huffman, Oliver He is AA mutation of An object property that defines a relation between a microbe variant and an AA mutation where the microbe (like SARS_CoV-2) variant has the AA mutation such that the microbe variant has an AA change that is used to identify a mircrobe variant. This is used over AA variant for deletions or nonsense mutations. An AA mutation represents the process of change from a previous AA to a new one. Therefore, instead of using 'has part', we generate this new property to represent the history of AA mutation. 'has AA mutation' is distinct from 'has AA variant' to account for mutations. has characteristic AA mutation Anthony Huffman, Oliver He An object property that defines a relation between an AA variant and a microbe variant where the microbe (like SARS_CoV-2) variant has the AA variant such that the microbe variant changes its AA from a previous one to a new one and that such a variant is used to identify a microbe variant.. is characteristic AA variant of An object property that defines a relation between a microbe variant and an AA mutation where the microbe (like SARS_CoV-2) variant has the AA mutation such that the microbe variant has an AA change that is used to identify a microbe variant. This is used over AA variant for deletions or nonsense mutations. Anthony Huffman is characteristic AA mutation of has mutated from device utilizes material A short-cut relation that represents a direct relationship between a PCR test and the target gene (or gene region) that the test is designed to amplify and detect the targeted gene or gene region. Asiyah Lin, Oliver He PCR detects gene susceptibly reduces vaccine efficacy Placeholder for VO susceptibly alters process susceptibly reduces process frequency Placeholder susceptibly increases process frequency Placeholder SARS-CoV-2 is 'capable of infecting host' some human An object property that represents a relation between a microbe and a host organism where the microbe is capable of infecting the host organism. Muhui Ye, Oliver He capable of infecting host has measurement unit label A relation between a value specification and its unit of measurement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi.owl has measurement unit label is about This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/iao.owl is about is about denotes has_specified_input has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. The inverse property of is_specified_input_of 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input is_specified_input_of is_specified_input_of some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_input_of has_specified_output has_specified_output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. The inverse property of is_specified_output_of PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output is_manufactured_by http://www.affymetrix.com/products/arrays/specific/hgu133.affx is_manufactered_by http://www.affymetrix.com/ (if we decide to use these URIs for the actual entities) c is_manufactured_by o means that there was a process p in which c was built in which a person, or set of people or machines did the work(bore the "Manufacturer Role", and those people/and or machines were members or of directed by the organization to do this. Alan Ruttenberg Liju Fan has_make has_manufacturer is_manufactured_by is_specified_output_of is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of is_specified_output_of has_role A relation between a continuant C and a role R. The reciprocal relation of role_of. replaced by: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000087 GROUP:OBI:<http://obi.sourceforge.net> PERSON:Chris Mungal obsolete_has_role true achieves_planned_objective A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. BP, AR, PPPB branch PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective has grain the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car. Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. Definition take from the definition of granular parthood in the cited paper. Needs work to put into standard form PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PAPER: Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Rector, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 has grain objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI OBI objective_achieved_by has value specification A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has value specification bound_to A relationship between two material entities that form a complex based on a selective, non-covalent interaction. The definition of this term is modeled after the Chebi:50967 and GO:0005488 terms. Further alignment of the logical definitions with those ontologies will require agreement on the placement of GO:molecular function in BFO among other things. OBI will retire this term once such an alignment is achieved as 'bound to' is not in the primary OBI scope. bound_to a 'part of continuant at some time' relation that incides a genome belongs to a organism. Yongqun He, Bin Zhao is genome of organism a relation between a gene and the organism where this gene belongs to the organism in nature. It does not include a foreign gene that is transferred to an organism by a genetic engineering method. Oliver He, Yue Liu is gene of organism An object property that represents a relation between a person with a biological sex and a process where the person has a specific susceptbility to a process Anthony Huffman, Oliver He has sex-specific susceptibility to An object property that represents a relation between a person with a biological sex and a process where the person has an increased susceptbility to a process compared to corresponding male population Anthony Huffman, Oliver He has increased susceptibility compared to male to Male has increased susceptibility to death due to COVID-19 infection compared to female. Note that in this case, the male can mean one single male individual. however, the female here means the whole female population. It is reported that the ratio of deaths in COVID-19 infected males to females is 1·21:1 in high-income countries, but 2·8:1 in low-income countries (Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8023692/). An object property that represents a relation between a person with a biological sex and a process where the person has an increased susceptbility to a process compared to corresponding female population Anthony Huffman, Oliver He has increased susceptibility compared to female to has identifier A patient was admitted to the hospital from home or a long-term care facility. An object property that represents a relation between a patient and a site from which the patient was admitted. Long Tran, Oliver He http://ohdsi.github.io/CommonDataModel/cdm54.html#VISIT_OCCURRENCE admitted from After a visit, a person was discharged to home or a long-term care site. Typically this applies only to visits that have a length of stay of a day or more. An object property that represents a relation between a patient and a site to which the patient was discharged after a visit. http://ohdsi.github.io/CommonDataModel/cdm54.html#VISIT_OCCURRENCE discharged to inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color inheres in this apple this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro.owl Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro.owl http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant has_participant concretizes A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of function of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role RO:0000087 chebi_ontology has_role false false has_role has role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of derives from this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from derives from this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives_into derives into penicillin (CHEBI:17334) is allergic trigger for penicillin allergy (DOID:0060520) A relation between a material entity and a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host, in which the material entity is not part of the host, and is considered harmless to non-allergic hosts, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. is allergic trigger for A relation between a material entity and a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host, in which the material entity is part of the host itself, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. is autoimmune trigger for penicillin allergy (DOID:0060520) has allergic trigger penicillin (CHEBI:17334) A relation between a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host and a material entity, in which the material entity is not part of the host, and is considered harmless to non-allergic hosts, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. has allergic trigger A relation between a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host and a material entity, in which the material entity is part of the host itself, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. has autoimmune trigger located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in x 'regulates in other organism' y if and only if: (x is the realization of a function to exert an effect on the frequency, rate or extent of y) AND (the agents of x are produced by organism o1 and the agents of y are produced by organism o2). David Osumi-Sutherland regulates in other organism A part of relation that applies only between occurrents. occurrent part of A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:30:46Z has regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:31:01Z By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'. has negative regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:31:17Z By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'. has positive regulatory component activity dos 2017-05-24T09:36:08Z A has necessary component activity B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and B is necessary for A. For example, ATPase coupled transporter activity has necessary component ATPase activity; transcript factor activity has necessary component DNA binding activity. has necessary component activity dos 2017-05-24T09:44:33Z A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B. has component activity w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. dos 2017-05-24T09:49:21Z has component process dos 2017-09-17T13:52:24Z Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. directly regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:38Z directly negatively regulated by Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:47Z directly positively regulated by David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y) overlaps lactation SubClassOf 'only in taxon' some 'Mammalia' x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z. The original intent was to treat this as a macro that expands to 'in taxon' only ?Y - however, this is not necessary if we instead have supplemental axioms that state that each pair of sibling tax have a disjointness axiom using the 'in taxon' property - e.g. 'in taxon' some Eukaryota DisjointWith 'in taxon' some Eubacteria Chris Mungall only in taxon A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom. Chris Mungall Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) spatially disjoint from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Part-disjointness-Design-Pattern w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity. For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit. has component A relationship that holds between a biological entity and a phenotype. Here a phenotype is construed broadly as any kind of quality of an organism part, a collection of these qualities, or a change in quality or qualities (e.g. abnormally increased temperature). The subject of this relationship can be an organism (where the organism has the phenotype, i.e. the qualities inhere in parts of this organism), a genomic entity such as a gene or genotype (if modifications of the gene or the genotype causes the phenotype), or a condition such as a disease (such that if the condition inheres in an organism, then the organism has the phenotype). Chris Mungall has phenotype p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q. Chris Mungall David Hill Tanya Berardini GO Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process. regulates (processual) false regulates p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q. Chris Mungall negatively regulates (process to process) negatively regulates p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q. Chris Mungall positively regulates (process to process) positively regulates mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption' A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. Chris Mungall has function realized in For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)". capable of c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. Chris Mungall has function in capable of part of x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x Chris Mungall surrounded by surrounded by A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts. The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis. The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies. The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used. x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary. This relation acts as a join point with BSPO Chris Mungall adjacent to move to BFO? Chris Mungall Allen Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporal relation temporally related to p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. Chris Mungall consumes has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. Chris Mungall produces has output A broad relationship between an exposure event or process and any entity (e.g., an organism, organism population, or an organism part) that interacts with an exposure stimulus during the exposure event. ExO:0000001 has exposure receptor A broad relationship between an exposure event or process and any agent, stimulus, activity, or event that causes stress or tension on an organism and interacts with an exposure receptor during an exposure event. ExO:0000000 has exposure stressor A broad relationship between an exposure event or process and a process by which the exposure stressor comes into contact with the exposure receptor ExO:0000055 has exposure route A broad relationship between an exposure event or process and the course takes from the source to the target. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ExO_0000004 has exposure transport path Any relationship between an exposure event or process and any other entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving exposure events or processes. related via exposure to A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision. c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes. acts upstream of A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway. c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process. affects acts upstream of or within Inverse of 'expressed in' Chris Mungall expresses Inverse of 'is substance that treats' cjm is treated by substance p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q. cjm holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, positive effect p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q. cjm causally upstream of, negative effect A relationship between an exposure event or process and any agent, stimulus, activity, or event that causally effects an organism and interacts with an exposure receptor during an exposure event. Austin Meier Chris Mungall Marie Angelique Laporte cjm 2017-06-05T17:35:04Z has exposure stimulus q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of inheres in part of characteristic of part of A mereological relationship or a topological relationship Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships mereotopologically related to ATP citrate lyase (ACL) in Arabidopsis: it is a heterooctamer, composed of two types of subunits, ACLA and ACLB in a A(4)B(4) stoichiometry. Neither of the subunits expressed alone give ACL activity, but co-expression results in ACL activity. Both subunits contribute_to the ATP citrate lyase activity. Subunits of nuclear RNA polymerases: none of the individual subunits have RNA polymerase activity, yet all of these subunits contribute_to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. eIF2: has three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); one binds GTP; one binds RNA; the whole complex binds the ribosome (all three subunits are required for ribosome binding). So one subunit is annotated to GTP binding and one to RNA binding without qualifiers, and all three stand in the contributes_to relationship to "ribosome binding". And all three are part_of an eIF2 complex We would like to say if and only if exists c', p' c part_of c' and c' capable_of p and c capable_of p' and p' part_of p then c contributes_to p However, this is not possible in OWL. We instead make this relation a sub-relation of the two chains, which gives us the inference in the one direction. Chris Mungall In the context of the Gene Ontology, contributes_to may be used only with classes from the molecular function ontology. contributes to a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p. Chris Mungall catalyzes executes has is catalyzing is executing This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized. enables A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function functionally related to this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p. Chris Mungall false part of structure that is capable of c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p Chris Mungall actively involved in enables part of involved in inverse of regulates Chris Mungall regulated by (processual) regulated by inverse of negatively regulates Chris Mungall negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates Chris Mungall positively regulated by has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. has member inverse of upstream of Chris Mungall causally downstream of Chris Mungall immediately causally downstream of p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q. Chris Mungall indirectly activates indirectly positively regulates p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q. Chris Mungall indirectly inhibits indirectly negatively regulates relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causally related to p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q. Chris Mungall causally upstream of p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q. Chris Mungall immediately causally upstream of p provides input for q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and there exists some c such that p has_output c and q has_input c. This is currently called 'directly provides input for' to be consistent with our terminology where we use 'direct' whenever two occurrents succeed one another directly. We may relabel this simply 'provides input for', as directness is implicit Chris Mungall directly provides input for directly provides input for (process to process) provides input for transitive form of directly_provides_input_for Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that should probably not be used in annotation. Consider instead the child relation 'provides input for'. transitively provides input for (process to process) transitively provides input for p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 Chris Mungall influences (processual) affects causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within Chris Mungall causally downstream of or within c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p Chris Mungall involved in regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p Chris Mungall involved in positive regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p Chris Mungall involved in negative regulation of c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union Chris Mungall involved in or reguates involved in or involved in regulation of A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected. This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact. Considering relabeling as 'pairwise interacts with' Chris Mungall Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules. in pairwise interaction with interacts with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0914 An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other. Chris Mungall binds molecularly binds with molecularly interacts with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0915 The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré molecularly controls directly regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré directly inhibits molecularly decreases activity of directly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré directly activates molecularly increases activity of directly positively regulates activity of 'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate' x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y. Chris Mungall composed primarily of existence starts during or after existence ends during or before A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal agent in process p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between processes depends on The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between entities A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s. The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future Chris Mungall determined by (system to material entity) Chris Mungall Pier Buttigieg determined by inverse of determined by Chris Mungall determines (material entity to system) determines s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w. Chris Mungall determined by part of Chris Mungall causally influenced by (entity-centric) causally influenced by The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size). Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré causally influences (entity-centric) causally influences p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q. Chris Mungall directly regulates (processual) directly regulates gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell' s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p Chris Mungall has part structure that is capable of A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall causal relation between material entity and a process pyrethroid -> growth Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. capable of negatively regulating renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. capable of positively regulating pazopanib -> pathological angiogenesis Holds between a material entity c and a pathological process p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, where a inhibits p. treats The entity c may be a molecular entity with a drug role, or it could be some other entity used in a therapeutic context, such as a hyperbaric chamber. capable of inhibiting or preventing pathological process benzene -> cancer [CHEBI] Holds between a material entity c and a pathological process p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, where a negatively regulates p. causes disease capable of upregulating or causing pathological process c is a substance that treats d if c is a material entity (such as a small molecule or compound) and d is a pathological process, phenotype or disease, and c is capable of some activity that negative regulates or decreases the magnitude of d. treats is substance that treats Inverse of 'causal agent in process' process has causal agent A relationship that holds between two entities, where the relationship holds based on the presence or absence of statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. obsolete related via dependence to p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q. directly positively regulates (process to process) directly positively regulates p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q. directly negatively regulates (process to process) directly negatively regulates Holds between entity A (a transcription factor) and a nucleic acid B if and only if A down-regulates the expression of B. The nucleic acid can be a gene or an mRNA. Vasundra Touré represses expression of Holds between entity A (a transcription factor) and nucleic acid B if and only if A up-regulates the expression of B. The nucleic acid can be a gene or mRNA. Vasundra Touré increases expression of The genetic variant 'NM_007294.3(BRCA1):c.110C>A (p.Thr37Lys)' casues or contributes to the disease 'familial breast-ovarian cancer'. An environment of exposure to arsenic causes or contributes to the phenotype of patchy skin hyperpigmentation, and the disease 'skin cancer'. A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity has some causal or contributing role that influences the condition. Note that relationships of phenotypes to organisms/strains that bear them, or diseases they are manifest in, should continue to use RO:0002200 ! 'has phenotype' and RO:0002201 ! 'phenotype of'. Genetic variations can span any level of granularity from a full genome or genotype to an individual gene or sequence alteration. These variations can be represented at the physical level (DNA/RNA macromolecules or their parts, as in the ChEBI ontology and Molecular Sequence Ontology) or at the abstract level (generically dependent continuant sequence features that are carried by these macromolecules, as in the Sequence Ontology and Genotype Ontology). The causal relations in this hierarchy can be used in linking either physical or abstract genetic variations to phenotypes or diseases they cause or contribute to. Environmental exposures include those imposed by natural environments, experimentally applied conditions, or clinical interventions. causes or contributes to condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity has some causal role for the condition. causes condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity has some contributing role that influences the condition. contributes to condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity influences the severity with which a condition manifests in an individual. contributes to expressivity of condition contributes to severity of condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity influences the frequency of the condition in a population. contributes to penetrance of condition contributes to frequency of condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the presence of the entity reduces or eliminates some or all aspects of the condition. is preventative for condition Genetic variations can span any level of granularity from a full genome or genotype to an individual gene or sequence alteration. These variations can be represented at the physical level (DNA/RNA macromolecules or their parts, as in the ChEBI ontology and Molecular Sequence Ontology) or at the abstract level (generically dependent continuant sequence features that are carried by these macromolecules, as in the Sequence Ontology and Genotype Ontology). The causal relations in this hierarchy can be used in linking either physical or abstract genetic variations to phenotypes or diseases they cause or contribute to. Environmental exposures include those imposed by natural environments, experimentally applied conditions, or clinical interventions. ameliorates condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a chemical, environmental exposure, or some form of genetic variation) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the presence of the entity worsens some or all aspects of the condition. exacerbates condition A relationship between a condition (a phenotype or disease) and an entity (e.g. a chemical, environmental exposure, or some form of genetic variation) where some or all aspects of the condition are reduced or eliminated by the presence of the entity. condition ameliorated by A relationship between a condition (a phenotype or disease) and an entity (e.g. a chemical, environmental exposure, or some form of genetic variation) where some or all aspects of the condition are worsened by the presence of the entity. condition exacerbated by Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a more specific relations cjm 2017-11-05T02:38:20Z condition has genetic basis in cjm 2017-11-05T02:45:20Z has material basis in gain of function germline mutation in cjm 2017-11-05T02:45:37Z has material basis in loss of function germline mutation in cjm 2017-11-05T02:45:54Z has material basis in germline mutation in cjm 2017-11-05T02:46:07Z has material basis in somatic mutation in cjm 2017-11-05T02:46:26Z has major susceptibility factor cjm 2017-11-05T02:46:57Z has partial material basis in germline mutation in Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a more specific relations cjm 2017-11-05T02:53:08Z is genetic basis for condition Relates a gene to condition, such that a mutation in this gene in a germ cell provides a new function of the corresponding product and that is sufficient to produce the condition and that can be passed on to offspring[modified from orphanet]. cjm 2017-11-05T02:55:51Z is causal gain of function germline mutation of in Relates a gene to condition, such that a mutation in this gene in a germ cell impairs the function of the corresponding product and that is sufficient to produce the condition and that can be passed on to offspring[modified from orphanet]. cjm 2017-11-05T02:56:06Z is causal loss of function germline mutation of in Relates a gene to condition, such that a mutation in this gene is sufficient to produce the condition and that can be passed on to offspring[modified from orphanet]. cjm 2017-11-05T02:56:40Z is causal germline mutation in Relates a gene to condition, such that a mutation in this gene is sufficient to produce the condition but that cannot be passed on to offspring[modified from orphanet]. cjm 2017-11-05T02:57:07Z is causal somatic mutation in Relates a gene to condition, such that a mutation in this gene predisposes to the development of a condition and that is necessary but not sufficient to develop the condition[modified from orphanet]. cjm 2017-11-05T02:57:43Z is causal susceptibility factor for Relates a gene to condition, such that a mutation in this gene partially contributes to the presentation of this condition[modified from orphanet]. cjm 2017-11-05T02:58:43Z is causal germline mutation partially giving rise to cjm 2017-11-05T03:20:01Z realizable has basis in cjm 2017-11-05T03:20:29Z is basis for realizable cjm 2017-11-05T03:26:47Z disease has basis in A relation that holds between the disease and a material entity where the physical basis of the disease is a disorder of that material entity that affects its function. disease has basis in dysfunction of (disease to anatomical structure) cjm 2017-11-05T03:29:32Z disease has basis in dysfunction of A relation that holds between the disease and a process where the physical basis of the disease disrupts execution of a key biological process. disease has basis in disruption of (disease to process) cjm 2017-11-05T03:37:52Z disease has basis in disruption of A relation that holds between the disease and a feature (a phenotype or other disease) where the physical basis of the disease is the feature. cjm 2017-11-05T03:46:07Z disease has basis in feature Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all of which have a disease as the subject. cjm 2017-11-05T03:50:54Z causal relationship with disease as subject A relationship between a disease and a process where the disease process disrupts the execution of the process. disease causes disruption of (disease to process) cjm 2017-11-05T03:51:09Z disease causes disruption of disease causes dysfunction of (disease to anatomical entity) cjm 2017-11-05T03:58:20Z disease causes dysfunction of A relationship between a realizable entity R (e.g. function or disposition) and a material entity M where R is realized in response to a process that has an input stimulus of M. cjm 2017-12-26T19:45:49Z realized in response to stimulus A relationship between a disease and an anatomical structure where the material basis of the disease is some pathological change in the structure. Anatomical structure includes cellular and sub-cellular entities, such as chromosome and organelles. cjm 2017-12-26T19:58:44Z disease arises from alteration in structure cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:30Z acts upstream of or within, positive effect cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:51Z acts upstream of or within, negative effect c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:14Z acts upstream of, positive effect c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:22Z acts upstream of, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:05Z causally upstream of or within, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:19Z causally upstream of or within, positive effect A drought sensitivity trait that inheres in a whole plant is realized in a systemic response process in response to exposure to drought conditions. An inflammatory disease that is realized in response to an inflammatory process occurring in the gut (which is itself the realization of a process realized in response to harmful stimuli in the mucosal lining of th gut) Environmental polymorphism in butterflies: These butterflies have a 'responsivity to day length trait' that is realized in response to the duration of the day, and is realized in developmental processes that lead to increased or decreased pigmentation in the adult morph. r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r. Austin Meier Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Marie Angelique Laporte triggered by process realized in response to https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KWhZxVBhIPkV6_daHta0h6UyHbjY2eIrnON1WIRGgdY/edit The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B. Vasundra Touré regulates activity of The entity A has an activity that regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of the entity B. Vasundra Touré regulates quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B but A has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. Vasundra Touré indirectly regulates activity of The entity A has an activity that down-regulates by repression the quantity of B. The down-regulation is due to A having an effect on an intermediate entity (typically a DNA or mRNA element) which can produce B. For example, protein A (transcription factor) indirectly decreases by repression the quantity of protein B (gene product) if and only if A negatively regulates the process of transcription or translation of a nucleic acid element that produces B. Vasundra Touré decreases by repression quantity of The entity A has an activity that up-regulates by expression the quantity of B. The up-regulation is due to A having an effect on an intermediate entity (typically a DNA or mRNA element) which can produce B. For example, protein A (transcription factor) indirectly increases by expression the quantity of protein B (gene product) if and only if A positively regulates the process of transcription or translation of a nucleic acid element that produces B. Vasundra Touré increases by expression quantity of The entity A has an activity that directly positively regulates the quantity of B. Vasundra Touré directly positively regulates quantity of The entity A has an activity that directly negatively regulates the quantity of B. Vasundra Touré directly negatively regulates quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B and has an activity that up-regulates an activity performed by B. Vasundra Touré indirectly activates indirectly positively regulates activity of AKT1 destabilizes quantity of FOXO (interaction from Signor database: SIGNOR-252844) An entity A directly interacts with B and A has an activity that decreases the amount of an entity B by degradating it. Vasundra Touré destabilizes quantity of AKT1 stabilizes quantity of XIAP (interaction from Signor database: SIGNOR-119488) An entity A physically interacts with B and A has an activity that increases the amount of an entity B by stabilizing it. Vasundra Touré stabilizes quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B and has an activity that down-regulates an activity performed by B. Vasundra Touré indirectly inhibits indirectly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of B, has an activity that directly regulates the quantity of B. Vasundra Touré directly regulates quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B, but A has an activity that regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of B. Vasundra Touré indirectly regulates quantity of The entity A does not physically interact with the entity B, and A has an activity that down-regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of B. Vasundra Touré indirectly negatively regulates quantity of The entity A does not physically interact with the entity B, and A has an activity that up-regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of B. Vasundra Touré indirectly positively regulates quantity of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that regulates the process pg 2020-06-24T13:15:17Z is small molecule regulator of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that activates the process pg 2020-06-24T13:15:26Z is small molecule activator of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that inhibits the process pg 2020-06-24T13:15:35Z is small molecule inhibitor of p is constitutively upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, p is required for execution of q or a part of q, and the execution of p is approximately constant. pg 2022-09-26T06:01:01Z constitutively upstream of p removes input for q iff p is causally upstream of q, there exists some c such that p has_input c and q has_input c, p reduces the levels of c, and c is rate limiting for execution of q. pg 2022-09-26T06:06:20Z removes input for p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q. pg 2022-09-26T06:07:17Z indirectly causally upstream of p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q. pg 2022-09-26T06:08:01Z indirectly regulates A relationship between a disease and an infectious agent where the material basis of the disease is an infection with some infectious agent. disease has infectious agent Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a set of relations regarding presentation of phenotypes and disease. 2021-11-05T17:30:14Z has phenotype or disease https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/478 X has exposure medium Y if X is an exposure event (process), Y is a material entity, and the stimulus for X is transmitted or carried in Y. ExO:0000083 2021-12-14T20:41:45Z has exposure medium mibolerone (CHEBI:34849) is agonist of androgen receptor (PR:P10275) a relation between a ligand (material entity) and a receptor (material entity) that implies the binding of the ligand to the receptor activates some activity of the receptor is agonist of pimavanserin (CHEBI:133017) is inverse agonist of HTR2A (PR:P28223) a relation between a ligand (material entity) and a receptor (material entity) that implies the binding of the ligand to the receptor inhibits some activity of the receptor to below basal level is inverse agonist of tretinoin (CHEBI:15367) is antagonist of Nuclear receptor ROR-beta (PR:Q92753) a relation between a ligand (material entity) and a receptor (material entity) that implies the binding of the ligand to the receptor reduces some activity of the receptor to basal level is antagonist of A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C. regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C. positively regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C. negatively regulates characteristic Relates a gene to condition, such that a variation in this gene predisposes to the development of a condition. confers susceptibility to condition This relation groups relations between diseases and any other kind of entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, in which the subject or object is a disease. cjm 2018-09-26T00:00:32Z disease relationship An object property that defines a relation between a vaccine and its component Asiyah Yu Lin Oliver He has vaccine component An object property that specifies a vaccine antigen This relation only works for those vaccine antigen that is physically part of a vaccine preparation. It does not include those antigens that are not part of vaccine. For example, a protein antigen expressed in a DNA vaccine is not a part of vaccine pe ser. In this case, the vaccine expresses the protein, but the gene is part of the vaccine, not the protein. For the case, we can use the relation 'DNA vaccine expresses protein antigen' under the relation 'expresses'. Asiyah Yu Lin Oliver He has vaccine antigen A type of 'has vaccine component' relation that is specifically for vaccine vector component Asiyah Yu Lin Oliver He has vaccine vector An object property that specifies a relation between a vaccine and a vaccinate route vaccinated in route A shortcut relation that equals to: 'processed material' and (is_specified_output_of some 'vaccine preparation') and ('has function' some ('vaccine function' and ('is realized by' only ('vaccine immunization' and (realizes some ('vaccine host role' and (role_of some 'organism')))))))). The domain of this relation is a vaccine. The range of this relation is a organism. Asiyah Yu Lin Oliver He immunization for host vaccine immunization for host immunizes host A shortcut relation that equals to: processed material and (is_specified_output_of some vaccine preparation) and (has function some (vaccine function and (is realized by only (vaccine immunization and (realizes some ('immunization target role' and (role_of some 'pathogen')))))))) The domain of this relation is a vaccine. The range of this relation is a pathogen (a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, and a parasite) Ranges: organism and 'has role' some 'pathogen role' Oliver He immunization against pathogen immunizes against microbe vaccine immunization against pathogen https://github.com/vaccineontology/VO/issues/675 immunizes against pathogen A shortcut object property that represents a relation between a vaccine and a disease process where the vaccine immunizes a host against a disease process. immunizes against disease process An object property that represents a relation between a material entity and biological process Anthony Huffman Oliver He up-expressed as immune signature of chebi_ontology has_functional_parent false false has functional parent chebi_ontology has_parent_hydride false false has parent hydride chebi_ontology is_conjugate_acid_of true false is conjugate acid of chebi_ontology is_conjugate_base_of true false is conjugate base of chebi_ontology is_enantiomer_of true false is enantiomer of chebi_ontology is_substituent_group_from false false is substituent group from chebi_ontology is_tautomer_of true is tautomer of http://purl.org/obo/owl/relationship OBO_REL:0000007 relationship has_proper_part has_proper_part a administrates b if c owns b and some rights and obligations grounded in the owning relation regarding b are transferred from c to a. A definition of "tranfers" object property can be found in d-acts: http:purl.obolibrary.org/iao/d-acts.owl Ingredient Ingredient Strength Packaged Product VA Class VA Product Active Inactive has relative risk with no vaccination has relative risk post-vaccination has relative risk post-boost-vaccination A data property that represents a relation between an infectious agent (such as a viral strain) and a value that is the averge number of transmissions, i.e., the basic reproduction number (or called R0 value). Anthony Huffman, Bill Duncan, Oliver He has average R0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CIDO_0000589 has amino acid position A relation between a scalar measurement data item and a number that quantifies it. The range should probably not be restricted to "float". It makes sense to set it to "real". However we do not know how this change will affect SPARQL queries, so we have left the range as-is for now. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi.owl has measurement value has specified value A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has specified value Mental Disorders and Manifestations N0000000006 984721 C2916796 C190 Mental Disorders and Manifestations [Disease/Finding] Infectious Diseases N0000000007 1023583 189822004 190563008 191415002 40733004 C0009450 C192 Infectious Diseases [Disease/Finding] Elimination N0000000022 986944 C0221102 C222 Elimination [PK] Metabolism N0000000023 1023904 C0025519 C224 Metabolism [PK] Site of Metabolism N0000000024 988808 C1373176 C226 Site of Metabolism [PK] Route of Excretion N0000000041 987962 C1373186 C260 Route of Excretion [PK] Hepatic Excretion N0000000043 989209 C1373188 C264 Hepatic Excretion [PK] Small Ion Transport Pump Interactions N0000000066 986087 C1373107 C310 Small Ion Transport Pump Interactions [MoA] Active Transporter Interactions N0000000072 1031287 C1373104 C322 Active Transporter Interactions [MoA] Protease Inhibitors D011480 Protease Inhibitors N0000000076 992709 C2756997 C330 Protease Inhibitors [MoA] Immunologic Factors D007155 Immunologic Factors N0000000082 993127 C2757006 C342 Immunologic Factors [MoA] Receptor Interactions N0000000085 988560 C1372999 C348 Receptor Interactions [MoA] Adrenergic Antagonists D018674 Adrenergic Antagonists N0000000092 993129 C2757018 C362 Adrenergic Antagonists [MoA] Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptor Interactions N0000000097 986244 C1373009 C372 Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptor Interactions [MoA] Neurotransmitter Transporter Interactions N0000000105 985066 C1373006 C388 Neurotransmitter Transporter Interactions [MoA] Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors D017367 Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors N0000000109 992711 C2757053 C396 Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors [MoA] Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonists N0000000125 984609 C1373102 C428 Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonists [MoA] Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D016859 Lipoxygenase Inhibitors N0000000134 1031400 C2757064 C446 Lipoxygenase Inhibitors [MoA] Immunologic Adjuvants D000276 Adjuvants, Immunologic N0000000135 989878 Adjuvants, Immunologic C1383096 C448 Immunologic Adjuvants [MoA] Hormone Receptor Agonists N0000000149 985200 C1373095 C476 Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA] Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D011500 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors N0000000150 993158 C2757051 C478 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA] G-Protein-linked Receptor Interactions N0000000152 984725 G-Protein-linked Receptor-Effector Interactions C2916797 C482 G-Protein-linked Receptor Interactions [MoA] Adrenergic Receptor Interactions N0000000153 987972 C1373072 C484 Adrenergic Receptor Interactions [MoA] Uncouplers N0000000155 986674 C1373071 C488 Uncouplers [MoA] Chloride Channel Interactions N0000000156 987326 C1373070 C490 Chloride Channel Interactions [MoA] Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists N0000000159 989879 C1373068 C496 Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists [MoA] Enzyme Interactions N0000000163 988200 C1373066 C504 Enzyme Interactions [MoA] Serotonin Transporter Interactions N0000000167 987204 C1373063 C512 Serotonin Transporter Interactions [MoA] Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators D020845 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators N0000000168 993164 C2757056 C514 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators [MoA] Steroid Receptor Modulators N0000000172 987671 C1373061 C522 Steroid Receptor Modulators [MoA] Steroid Hormone Receptor Agonists N0000000182 990907 C1373054 C542 Steroid Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA] Progestational Hormone Receptor Agonists N0000000185 986818 C1373052 C548 Progestational Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA] Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonists D006634 Histamine H1 Antagonists N0000000190 992695 H1 Receptor Antagonists H1 Receptor Blockers Histamine H1 Antagonists Histamine H1 Blockers C2757048 C558 Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonists [MoA] Serotonin Receptor Interactions N0000000198 988082 C1373043 C574 Serotonin Receptor Interactions [MoA] Histamine Receptor Antagonists D006633 Histamine Antagonists N0000000207 989667 Histamine Antagonists C1383092 C592 Histamine Receptor Antagonists [MoA] Sex Hormone Receptor Agonists N0000000214 990080 C1373033 C606 Sex Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA] Histamine Receptor Interactions N0000000216 989394 C1373031 C610 Histamine Receptor Interactions [MoA] Dopamine Antagonists D018492 Dopamine Antagonists N0000000230 1032050 C2757008 C638 Dopamine Antagonists [MoA] Norepinephrine Transporter Interactions N0000000234 988817 C2267223 C646 Norepinephrine Transporter Interactions [MoA] Transcription Factor Activity N0000000242 1028825 C1148759 C662 Transcription Factor Activity [MoA] HIV Protease Inhibitors D017320 HIV Protease Inhibitors N0000000246 993149 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors C2756991 C670 HIV Protease Inhibitors [MoA] Biological Response Modifiers D015545 Biological Response Modifiers N0000000247 993132 C2757019 C672 Biological Response Modifiers [MoA] Immunologic and Biological Factors D007151 Immunologic and Biological Factors N0000000254 1032698 C0021048 C686 Immunologic and Biological Factors [MoA] Hormone Receptor Modulators N0000000255 989214 C1373075 C688 Hormone Receptor Modulators [MoA] Hormone Receptor Interactions N0000000257 986361 C1373074 C692 Hormone Receptor Interactions [MoA] Abnormalities, Drug-Induced M0000014 D000014 Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. Abnormalities, Drug-Induced N0000000265 989962 Drug-Induced Abnormalities C0000771 C708 Abnormalities, Drug-Induced [Disease/Finding] Actinomycetales Infections M0000289 D000193 Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES. Actinomycetales Infections N0000000299 1024017 Actinomycete Infections Infections, Actinomycetales Infections, Actinomycete C0001255 C776 Actinomycetales Infections [Disease/Finding] Adenocarcinoma M0000355 D000230 A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. Adenocarcinoma N0000000306 1023834 35917007 Adenoma, Malignant C0001418 C790 Adenocarcinoma [Disease/Finding] Adenoviridae Infections M0000404 D000257 Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE. Adenoviridae Infections N0000000314 1025703 25225006 Adenovirus Infections Infections, Adenoviridae Infections, Adenovirus C0001486 C806 Adenoviridae Infections [Disease/Finding] Adenovirus Infections, Human M0000405 D000258 Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses. Adenovirus Infections, Human N0000000315 1022278 Human Adenovirus Infections Infections, Human Adenovirus C0001487 C808 Adenovirus Infections, Human [Disease/Finding] Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors M0000918 D000592 Disorders affecting amino acid metabolism. The majority of these disorders are inherited and present in the neonatal period with metabolic disturbances (e.g., ACIDOSIS) and neurologic manifestations. They are present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic until later in life. Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors N0000000369 1022859 190680002 42930003 44779003 Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Error Amino Acidopathies, Congenital Amino Acidopathies, Inborn Congenital Amino Acidopathies Inborn Errors, Amino Acid Metabolism C0002514 C916 Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding] Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular M0001552 D001020 A pathological constriction occurring in the region below the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular N0000000442 1025918 Aortic Subvalvular Stenosis Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis C0003500 C1062 Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular [Disease/Finding] Aortic Valve Stenosis M0001557 D001024 A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. Aortic Valve Stenosis N0000000445 1021926 60573004 Aortic Stenosis C0003507 C1068 Aortic Valve Stenosis [Disease/Finding] Arbovirus Infections M0001658 D001102 Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified. Arbovirus Infections N0000000462 1023709 40610006 C0003723 C1102 Arbovirus Infections [Disease/Finding] Bacterial Infections and Mycoses M0002125 D001423 Infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified. Bacterial Infections and Mycoses N0000000523 986958 C0004615 C1224 Bacterial Infections and Mycoses [Disease/Finding] Basal Ganglia Diseases M0002198 D001480 Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Basal Ganglia Diseases N0000000536 1030459 70835005 Basal Ganglia Disorders C0004782 C1250 Basal Ganglia Diseases [Disease/Finding] Urinary Bladder Diseases M0002630 D001745 Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER. Urinary Bladder Diseases N0000000560 1022750 42643001 Bladder Diseases C0005686 C1298 Urinary Bladder Diseases [Disease/Finding] Blood Protein Disorders M0002708 D001796 Blood Protein Disorders N0000000578 1027678 C0005830 C1334 Blood Protein Disorders [Disease/Finding] Bone Marrow Diseases M0002788 D001855 Bone Marrow Diseases N0000000589 1023913 127035006 C0005956 C1356 Bone Marrow Diseases [Disease/Finding] Brain Diseases, Metabolic M0002875 D001928 Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function. Brain Diseases, Metabolic N0000000606 1024852 50122000 Brain Disorders, Metabolic Brain Syndrome, Metabolic Encephalopathies, Metabolic Metabolic Brain Diseases Metabolic Brain Syndrome Metabolic Brain Syndromes Metabolic Disorders, Brain Metabolic Encephalopathies C0006112 C1390 Brain Diseases, Metabolic [Disease/Finding] Breast Diseases M0002906 D001941 Pathological processes of the BREAST. Breast Diseases N0000000611 1025046 79604008 C0006145 C1400 Breast Diseases [Disease/Finding] Candidiasis M0003258 D002177 Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed) Candidiasis N0000000650 1022538 78048006 Moniliasis C0006840 C1478 Candidiasis [Disease/Finding] Carcinoma M0003424 D002277 A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed) Carcinoma N0000000664 1024578 68453008 Epithelial Neoplasms, Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Malignant Epithelioma Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms Neoplasms, Malignant Epithelial C0007097 C1506 Carcinoma [Disease/Finding] Cell Transformation, Neoplastic M0003771 D002471 Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill. Cell Transformation, Neoplastic N0000000705 990924 Neoplastic Cell Transformation Neoplastic Transformation, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell C0007621 C1588 Cell Transformation, Neoplastic [Disease/Finding] Central Nervous System Diseases M0003805 D002493 Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. Central Nervous System Diseases N0000000709 1023588 23853001 CNS Diseases Central Nervous System Disorders C0007682 C1596 Central Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding] Central Nervous System Infections M0003806 D002494 Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. Central Nervous System Infections N0000000710 1026115 128117002 Central Nervous System Infection Infections, Central Nervous System C0007684 C1598 Central Nervous System Infections [Disease/Finding] Cerebrovascular Disorders M0003914 D002561 A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES; or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. Cerebrovascular Disorders N0000000730 1022010 62914000 Brain Vascular Disorders Intracranial Vascular Disorders Vascular Diseases, Intracranial C0007820 C1638 Cerebrovascular Disorders [Disease/Finding] Chlamydiaceae Infections M0004111 D002694 Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE. Chlamydiaceae Infections N0000000755 987383 C0008153 C1688 Chlamydiaceae Infections [Disease/Finding] Coccidiosis M0004678 D003048 Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA. Coccidiosis N0000000801 1023852 62005008 C0009187 C1780 Coccidiosis [Disease/Finding] Colonic Diseases, Functional M0004815 D003109 Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category. Colonic Diseases, Functional N0000000812 1026889 Functional Colonic Diseases C0009374 C1802 Colonic Diseases, Functional [Disease/Finding] Conjunctival Diseases M0005013 D003229 Conjunctival Diseases N0000000831 1024252 59698003 C0009759 C1840 Conjunctival Diseases [Disease/Finding] Conjunctivitis M0005015 D003231 Conjunctivitis N0000000833 1026151 193875009 9826008 C0009763 C1844 Conjunctivitis [Disease/Finding] Consciousness Disorders M0005031 D003244 Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition. Consciousness Disorders N0000000840 1031236 C0009792 C1858 Consciousness Disorders [Disease/Finding] Deglutition Disorders M0005756 D003680 Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS. Deglutition Disorders N0000000910 1023938 40739000 Dysphagia Swallowing Disorders C0011168 C1998 Deglutition Disorders [Disease/Finding] Hepatitis D M0005790 D003699 INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. Hepatitis D N0000000913 1023265 Delta Hepatitis Delta Infection Hepatitis, Delta Infection, Delta C0011226 C2004 Hepatitis D [Disease/Finding] Demyelinating Diseases M0005825 D003711 Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system. Demyelinating Diseases N0000000915 1026682 Demyelinating Disorders C0011303 C2008 Demyelinating Diseases [Disease/Finding] Digestive System Neoplasms M0006375 D004067 Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Digestive System Neoplasms N0000000974 1027801 128348002 128415001 189527000 Neoplasms, Digestive System C0012243 C2126 Digestive System Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] DNA Virus Infections M0006675 D004266 DNA Virus Infections N0000000993 1027612 Infections, DNA Virus C0012922 C2164 DNA Virus Infections [Disease/Finding] Dysentery M0006913 D004403 Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION. Dysentery N0000001016 1022956 111939009 19213003 236076004 Infectious Diarrheal Disease C0013369 C2210 Dysentery [Disease/Finding] Ear Diseases M0006941 D004427 Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body. Ear Diseases N0000001036 986705 25906001 Otologic Diseases Otological Diseases C0013447 C2250 Ear Diseases [Disease/Finding] Ectoparasitic Infestations M0007037 D004478 Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS. Ectoparasitic Infestations N0000001051 1029036 C0013578 C2280 Ectoparasitic Infestations [Disease/Finding] Encephalitis M0007337 D004660 Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. Encephalitis N0000001076 1022474 45170000 Brain Inflammation Inflammation, Brain C0014038 C2330 Encephalitis [Disease/Finding] Encephalitis, Arbovirus M0007356 D004671 Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321) Encephalitis, Arbovirus N0000001078 1021779 186498004 192687008 285756005 Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis Arthropod-Borne Viral Encephalitis Encephalitis, Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis, Epidemic Epidemic Encephalitis Viral Encephalitis, Arthropod-Borne C0014055 C2334 Encephalitis, Arbovirus [Disease/Finding] Endocarditis M0007392 D004696 Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening. Endocarditis N0000001096 1027251 56819008 C0014118 C2370 Endocarditis [Disease/Finding] Endocrine System Diseases M0007396 D004700 Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES. Endocrine System Diseases N0000001099 1022080 362969004 Diseases of Endocrine System Endocrine Diseases C0014130 C2376 Endocrine System Diseases [Disease/Finding] Endocrine Gland Neoplasms M0007397 D004701 Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Endocrine Gland Neoplasms N0000001100 1022324 387922007 387927001 Neoplasms, Endocrine Gland C0014132 C2378 Endocrine Gland Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Enterobacteriaceae Infections M0007472 D004756 Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. Enterobacteriaceae Infections N0000001108 1024436 Enterobacterial Infections Infections, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Enterobacterial C0014347 C2394 Enterobacteriaceae Infections [Disease/Finding] Eosinophilia M0007532 D004802 Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs. Eosinophilia N0000001115 1021800 191363000 C0014457 C2408 Eosinophilia [Disease/Finding] Esophageal Diseases M0007747 D004935 Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS. Esophageal Diseases N0000001159 990942 37657006 C0014852 C2496 Esophageal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Facial Dermatoses M0008112 D005148 Facial Dermatoses N0000001190 1028247 Facial Dermatosis C0015456 C2558 Facial Dermatoses [Disease/Finding] Fascioloidiasis M0008246 D005213 Infection of cattle and other herbivores with the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna. It is characterized by extensive destruction of the liver parenchyma. Fascioloidiasis N0000001214 1026508 C0015655 C2606 Fascioloidiasis [Disease/Finding] Fatty Liver M0008275 D005234 Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS. Fatty Liver N0000001217 1022768 197321007 371330000 C0015695 C2612 Fatty Liver [Disease/Finding] Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications M0008309 D005261 Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT, the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE), and disorders related to PREGNANCY. Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications N0000001224 985609 C1720765 C2626 Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications [Disease/Finding] Filariasis M0008468 D005368 Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. Filariasis N0000001254 1023733 105706003 Filarioidea Infections Infections, Filarioidea C0016085 C2686 Filariasis [Disease/Finding] Gastroenteritis M0009018 D005759 INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER. Gastroenteritis N0000001317 1024672 25374005 C0017160 C2812 Gastroenteritis [Disease/Finding] Genital Diseases, Male M0009155 D005832 Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE). Genital Diseases, Male N0000001324 1021837 64557000 Male Genital Diseases C0017412 C2826 Genital Diseases, Male [Disease/Finding] Genital Neoplasms, Female M0009156 D005833 Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE). Genital Neoplasms, Female N0000001325 1024023 126907002 Female Genital Neoplasms Gynecologic Neoplasms Neoplasms, Female Genital Neoplasms, Gynecologic C0017416 C2828 Genital Neoplasms, Female [Disease/Finding] Glomerulonephritis M0009300 D005921 Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Glomerulonephritis N0000001351 1021985 236391006 36171008 C0017658 C2880 Glomerulonephritis [Disease/Finding] Gonadal Disorders M0009536 D006058 Pathological processes of the OVARIES or the TESTES. Gonadal Disorders N0000001376 986338 C0018050 C2930 Gonadal Disorders [Disease/Finding] Heart Valve Diseases M0009972 D006349 Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE). Heart Valve Diseases N0000001443 989613 368009 Valvular Heart Diseases C0018824 C3064 Heart Valve Diseases [Disease/Finding] Helminthiasis, Animal M0010009 D006374 Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary. Helminthiasis, Animal N0000001449 1028354 C0018891 C3076 Helminthiasis, Animal [Disease/Finding] Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases M0010072 D006425 Hematologic diseases and diseases of the lymphatic system collectively. Hemic diseases include disorders involving the formed elements (e.g., ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR) and chemical components (e.g., BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS); lymphatic diseases include disorders relating to lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes. Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases N0000001466 1026878 C0018981 C3110 Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Hepatitis M0010205 D006505 INFLAMMATION of the LIVER. Hepatitis N0000001499 989819 128241005 197351001 C0019158 C3176 Hepatitis [Disease/Finding] Hepatitis, Chronic M0010227 D006521 INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors. Hepatitis, Chronic N0000001504 989540 197286002 197288001 76783007 Chronic Hepatitis C0019189 C3186 Hepatitis, Chronic [Disease/Finding] Hepatitis, Viral, Human M0010233 D006525 INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D). Hepatitis, Viral, Human N0000001508 990781 C0019195 C3194 Hepatitis, Viral, Human [Disease/Finding] Hepatitis C M0010234 D006526 INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown. Hepatitis C N0000001509 1024879 186634008 50711007 Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted PT-NANBH Parenterally-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis C0019196 C3196 Hepatitis C [Disease/Finding] Herpes Simplex M0010279 D006561 A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.) Herpes Simplex N0000001530 1023866 88594005 C0019348 C3238 Herpes Simplex [Disease/Finding] Herpesviridae Infections M0010285 D006566 Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. Herpesviridae Infections N0000001533 1024733 23513009 Herpesvirus Infections Infections, Herpesviridae Infections, Herpesvirus C0019372 C3244 Herpesviridae Infections [Disease/Finding] Ileal Diseases M0011023 D007077 Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE. Ileal Diseases N0000001660 1025763 C0020875 C3498 Ileal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes M0011155 D007153 Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral. Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes N0000001667 1022772 191005003 234532001 Deficiency Syndrome, Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes, Immunologic Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome Immunological Deficiency Syndromes C0021051 C3512 Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes [Disease/Finding] Immunoproliferative Disorders M0011164 D007160 Disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of primary cells of the immune system or by excessive production of immunoglobulins. Immunoproliferative Disorders N0000001669 1028023 127071007 C0021070 C3516 Immunoproliferative Disorders [Disease/Finding] Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic M0011570 D007411 Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS. Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic N0000001699 1021992 87282003 Parasitic Intestinal Diseases C0021832 C3576 Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic [Disease/Finding] Intestinal Neoplasms M0011574 D007414 Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES. Intestinal Neoplasms N0000001701 1023921 126769007 Intestines Neoplasms Neoplasms, Intestinal C0021841 C3580 Intestinal Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Joint Diseases M0011860 D007592 Joint Diseases N0000001727 1022553 399269003 C0022408 C3632 Joint Diseases [Disease/Finding] Kidney Neoplasms M0012021 D007680 Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY. Kidney Neoplasms N0000001751 1026062 126880001 Neoplasms, Kidney Renal Neoplasms C0022665 C3680 Kidney Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Labyrinth Diseases M0012125 D007759 Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS). Labyrinth Diseases N0000001772 1025984 20425006 Inner Ear Disease C0022890 C3722 Labyrinth Diseases [Disease/Finding] Leukemia M0012382 D007938 A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) Leukemia N0000001815 1021987 188762002 93143009 C0023418 C3808 Leukemia [Disease/Finding] Leukemia, Myeloid M0012396 D007951 Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites. Leukemia, Myeloid N0000001826 1023661 188732008 Granulocytic Leukemia Leukemia, Granulocytic Leukemia, Myelocytic Leukemia, Myelogenous Myelocytic Leukemia Myelogenous Leukemia Myeloid Leukemia C0023470 C3830 Leukemia, Myeloid [Disease/Finding] Leukocyte Disorders M0012409 D007960 Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells. Leukocyte Disorders N0000001831 1025909 54097007 C0023510 C3840 Leukocyte Disorders [Disease/Finding] Lip Diseases M0012537 D008047 Lip Diseases N0000001846 1022975 90678009 C0023760 C3870 Lip Diseases [Disease/Finding] Liver Neoplasms M0012652 D008113 Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. Liver Neoplasms N0000001869 1025382 126851005 Hepatic Neoplasms Neoplasms, Hepatic Neoplasms, Liver C0023903 C3916 Liver Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous M0012754 D008178 A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID). Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous N0000001885 1027393 7119001 C0024137 C3948 Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous [Disease/Finding] Lymphatic Diseases M0012792 D008206 Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS. Lymphatic Diseases N0000001898 1024043 111590001 234087005 362971004 C0024228 C3974 Lymphatic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Lymphedema M0012800 D008209 Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. Lymphedema N0000001900 1023978 234097001 C0024236 C3978 Lymphedema [Disease/Finding] Lymphoma M0012817 D008223 A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. Lymphoma N0000001905 1024259 118600007 Germinoblastoma Lymphoma, Malignant Reticulolymphosarcoma Sarcoma, Germinoblastic C0024299 C3988 Lymphoma [Disease/Finding] Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin M0012822 D008228 Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin N0000001910 1024301 118601006 Diffuse Small Cleaved-Cell Lymphoma Lymphoma, Atypical Diffuse Small Lymphoid Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Nonhodgkin's Lymphoma, Nonhodgkins Lymphoma, Small Cleaved Cell, Diffuse Lymphoma, Small Cleaved-Cell, Diffuse Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Small Cleaved-Cell Lymphoma, Diffuse C0024305 C3998 Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin [Disease/Finding] Lymphoproliferative Disorders M0012826 D008232 Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. Lymphoproliferative Disorders N0000001914 987016 277466009 Duncan's Syndrome C0024314 C4006 Lymphoproliferative Disorders [Disease/Finding] Metabolic Diseases M0013493 D008659 Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) Metabolic Diseases N0000002004 1022778 30390004 75934005 Diseases, Metabolic Thesaurismosis C0025517 C4186 Metabolic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Metabolism, Inborn Errors M0013496 D008661 Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. Metabolism, Inborn Errors N0000002005 1024978 86095007 Inborn Errors of Metabolism Metabolism Errors, Inborn C0025521 C4188 Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding] Mite Infestations M0013932 D008924 Infestations with arthropods of the subclass ACARI, superorder Acariformes. Mite Infestations N0000002018 1022195 187214007 240885009 Acariasis C0026229 C4214 Mite Infestations [Disease/Finding] Stomatognathic Diseases M0014128 D009057 General or unspecified diseases of the stomatognathic system, comprising the mouth, teeth, jaws, and pharynx. Stomatognathic Diseases N0000002034 1027350 Mouth and Tooth Diseases C0038368 C4246 Stomatognathic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Mouth Diseases M0014130 D009059 Mouth Diseases N0000002036 1027441 118938008 C0026636 C4250 Mouth Diseases [Disease/Finding] Musculoskeletal Diseases M0014259 D009140 Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively. Musculoskeletal Diseases N0000002067 1022076 928000 C0026857 C4312 Musculoskeletal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Mycobacterium Infections M0014287 D009164 Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM. Mycobacterium Infections N0000002071 1022908 88415009 Infections, Mycobacterium C0026918 C4320 Mycobacterium Infections [Disease/Finding] Mycoplasma Infections M0014307 D009175 Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA. Mycoplasma Infections N0000002073 1023539 186462007 186464008 Infections, Mycoplasma C0026936 C4324 Mycoplasma Infections [Disease/Finding] Mycoplasmatales Infections M0014312 D009180 Infections with bacteria of the order MYCOPLASMATALES. Mycoplasmatales Infections N0000002074 1030047 Infections, Mycoplasmatales C0026945 C4326 Mycoplasmatales Infections [Disease/Finding] Mycoses M0014313 D009181 Mycoses N0000002075 1024676 3218000 Fungus Diseases C0026946 C4328 Mycoses [Disease/Finding] Myeloproliferative Disorders M0014332 D009196 Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE. Myeloproliferative Disorders N0000002082 1022355 128925001 414792005 414794006 C0027022 C4342 Myeloproliferative Disorders [Disease/Finding] Nematode Infections M0014560 D009349 Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified. Nematode Infections N0000002119 990406 84706005 Infections, Nematode C0027583 C4416 Nematode Infections [Disease/Finding] Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities M0014570 D009358 Diseases existing at birth and often before birth, or that develop during the first month of life (INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES), regardless of causation. Of these diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities N0000002121 989203 C0027612 C4420 Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms by Histologic Type M0014588 D009370 A collective term for the various histological types of NEOPLASMS. It is more likely to be used by searchers than by indexers and catalogers. Neoplasms by Histologic Type N0000002129 986146 Histological Type of Neoplasm Histological Types of Neoplasms Neoplasms by Histological Type C0027652 C4436 Neoplasms by Histologic Type [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms by Site M0014589 D009371 A collective term for precoordinated organ/neoplasm headings locating neoplasms by organ, as BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DUODENAL NEOPLASMS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; etc. Neoplasms by Site N0000002130 1026659 Neoplasms by Sites Site, Neoplasm Sites, Neoplasm C0027653 C4438 Neoplasms by Site [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal M0014592 D009373 Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS. Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal N0000002132 1026873 Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms Germ Cell and Embryonic Neoplasms Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonic C0027658 C4442 Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Experimental M0014595 D009374 Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms. Neoplasms, Experimental N0000002133 1025199 Experimental Neoplasms C0027659 C4444 Neoplasms, Experimental [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial M0014596 D009375 Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue. Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial N0000002134 1028442 Glandular and Epithelial Neoplasms Neoplasms, Glandular Epithelial C0027660 C4446 Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent M0014599 D009376 Certain tumors that 1, arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2, are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment. Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent N0000002135 1023294 Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms C0027661 C4448 Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue M0014605 D009380 Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves. Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue N0000002139 985772 Neoplasms, Nervous Tissue Nerve Tissue Neoplasms Nervous Tissue Neoplasms C0027665 C4456 Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue M0014610 D009383 Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels. Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue N0000002142 1023689 Blood Vessel Tumors Vascular Tissue Neoplasms C0282607 C4462 Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue [Disease/Finding] Neoplastic Processes M0014612 D009385 The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity. Neoplastic Processes N0000002144 1026939 Processes, Neoplastic C0027671 C4466 Neoplastic Processes [Disease/Finding] Nephritis M0014626 D009393 Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY. Nephritis N0000002147 1022904 52845002 C0027697 C4472 Nephritis [Disease/Finding] Nervous System Neoplasms M0014668 D009423 Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms. Nervous System Neoplasms N0000002160 1024871 126950007 Neoplasms, Nervous System Nervous System Tumors Tumors of the Nervous System C0027766 C4498 Nervous System Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Neuromuscular Diseases M0014726 D009468 A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA. Neuromuscular Diseases N0000002176 1026561 255522009 257277002 C0027868 C4530 Neuromuscular Diseases [Disease/Finding] Nose Diseases M0015012 D009668 Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified. Nose Diseases N0000002194 1024498 89488007 Nasal Diseases Nasal Disorders C0028432 C4566 Nose Diseases [Disease/Finding] Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases M0015124 D009750 A collective term for nutritional disorders resulting from poor absorption or nutritional imbalance, and metabolic disorders resulting from defects in biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) or breakdown (CATABOLISM) of endogenous substances. Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases N0000002197 1026553 C0028715 C4572 Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Otitis M0015561 D010031 Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain (EARACHE), fever, HEARING DISORDERS, and VERTIGO. Inflammation of the external ear is OTITIS EXTERNA; of the middle ear, OTITIS MEDIA; of the inner ear, LABYRINTHITIS. Otitis N0000002264 1022127 43275000 Ear Inflammation C0029877 C4706 Otitis [Disease/Finding] Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases M0015572 D010038 Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases. Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases N0000002269 985940 ENT Diseases Otolaryngologic Diseases Otolaryngological Diseases Otorhinolaryngologic Disease Otorhinolaryngological Disease C0029896 C4716 Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Oxyuriasis M0015707 D010123 Infection with nematodes of the superfamily OXYUROIDEA. Oxyuriasis N0000002275 1024080 266162007 C0030100 C4728 Oxyuriasis [Disease/Finding] Pancreatic Diseases M0015794 D010182 Pathological processes of the PANCREAS. Pancreatic Diseases N0000002285 1022020 3855007 C0030286 C4748 Pancreatic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Paraproteinemias M0015905 D010265 A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin. Paraproteinemias N0000002317 1022681 190816000 Paraimmunoglobulinemias C0030489 C4812 Paraproteinemias [Disease/Finding] Parasitic Diseases M0015919 D010272 Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. Parasitic Diseases N0000002319 987316 17322007 C0030499 C4816 Parasitic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Parasitic Diseases, Animal M0015920 D010273 Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary. Parasitic Diseases, Animal N0000002320 1027455 C0030500 C4818 Parasitic Diseases, Animal [Disease/Finding] Pharyngeal Diseases M0016479 D010608 Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX. Pharyngeal Diseases N0000002385 1024885 195832000 75860007 Diseases of Pharynx Pharynx Diseases C0031345 C4948 Pharyngeal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Pharyngitis M0016483 D010612 Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX). Pharyngitis N0000002387 1024296 405737000 C0031350 C4952 Pharyngitis [Disease/Finding] Phenylketonurias M0016567 D010661 A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). Phenylketonurias N0000002389 1023735 Phenylketonuria C0031485 C4956 Phenylketonurias [Disease/Finding] Phlebitis M0016608 D010689 Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS). Phlebitis N0000002393 986358 61599003 C0031542 C4964 Phlebitis [Disease/Finding] Pneumonia M0017064 D011014 Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma. Pneumonia N0000002432 1022757 205237003 233604007 Lung Inflammation Pneumonitis Pulmonary Inflammation C0032285 C5042 Pneumonia [Disease/Finding] Porphyrias M0017334 D011164 A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues. Porphyrias N0000002464 1022410 29094004 371628009 418470004 Porphyria C0032708 C5106 Porphyrias [Disease/Finding] Pre-Excitation Syndromes M0017444 D011226 A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS. Pre-Excitation Syndromes N0000002474 1026072 Preexcitation Syndrome C0032915 C5126 Pre-Excitation Syndromes [Disease/Finding] Protozoan Infections M0017926 D011528 Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. Protozoan Infections N0000002508 1021795 95896000 Infections, Protozoan C0033740 C5194 Protozoan Infections [Disease/Finding] Protozoan Infections, Animal M0017927 D011529 Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary. Protozoan Infections, Animal N0000002509 1031669 C0033741 C5196 Protozoan Infections, Animal [Disease/Finding] Respiration Disorders M0018879 D012120 Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available. Respiration Disorders N0000002595 1022107 50043002 C0035204 C5368 Respiration Disorders [Disease/Finding] Respiratory Hypersensitivity M0018896 D012130 A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL. Respiratory Hypersensitivity N0000002598 1025923 Hypersensitivity, Respiratory C0035228 C5374 Respiratory Hypersensitivity [Disease/Finding] Respiratory Tract Diseases M0018918 D012140 Respiratory Tract Diseases N0000002602 1024163 C0035242 C5382 Respiratory Tract Diseases [Disease/Finding] Respiratory Tract Infections M0018919 D012141 Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases. Respiratory Tract Infections N0000002603 1025855 275498002 Infections, Respiratory Infections, Respiratory Tract Respiratory Infections C0035243 C5384 Respiratory Tract Infections [Disease/Finding] Retinal Degeneration M0018942 D012162 A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304) Retinal Degeneration N0000002607 1026317 95695004 C0035304 C5392 Retinal Degeneration [Disease/Finding] Retroviridae Infections M0018986 D012192 Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE. Retroviridae Infections N0000002623 1025440 105635000 Infections, Retroviridae Infections, Retrovirus Retrovirus Infections C0035369 C5424 Retroviridae Infections [Disease/Finding] RNA Virus Infections M0019160 D012327 RNA Virus Infections N0000002650 1027571 Infections, RNA Virus C0035690 C5478 RNA Virus Infections [Disease/Finding] Sarcoma M0019428 D012509 A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. Sarcoma N0000002671 1021824 269469005 Sarcoma, Soft Tissue C1261473 C5520 Sarcoma [Disease/Finding] Sebaceous Gland Diseases M0019581 D012625 Diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS). Sebaceous Gland Diseases N0000002710 1021910 3441005 C0036502 C5598 Sebaceous Gland Diseases [Disease/Finding] Sensation Disorders M0019651 D012678 Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM). Sensation Disorders N0000002715 1030029 C0036659 C5608 Sensation Disorders [Disease/Finding] Sexually Transmitted Diseases M0019758 D012749 Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. Sexually Transmitted Diseases N0000002724 1023328 8098009 STDs Venereal Diseases C0036916 C5626 Sexually Transmitted Diseases [Disease/Finding] Signs and Symptoms M0019845 D012816 Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. Signs and Symptoms N0000002748 1024593 C0037088 C5674 Signs and Symptoms [Disease/Finding] Signs and Symptoms, Digestive M0019846 D012817 Digestive system manifestations of diseases of the gastrointestinal system or of other organs. Signs and Symptoms, Digestive N0000002749 1029901 C0037089 C5676 Signs and Symptoms, Digestive [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous M0019930 D012872 Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990) Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous N0000002762 1027633 Vesiculobullous Dermatoses Vesiculobullous Skin Diseases C0037275 C5702 Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Genetic M0019934 D012873 Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism. Skin Diseases, Genetic N0000002763 986094 239001006 Genetic Skin Diseases C0037277 C5704 Skin Diseases, Genetic [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Metabolic M0019936 D012875 Diseases of the skin associated with underlying metabolic disorders. Skin Diseases, Metabolic N0000002765 1027237 Metabolic Skin Diseases C0037279 C5708 Skin Diseases, Metabolic [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Parasitic M0019937 D012876 Skin diseases caused by ARTHROPODS; HELMINTHS; or other parasites. Skin Diseases, Parasitic N0000002766 1023415 128938009 33042004 Parasitic Skin Diseases C0037280 C5710 Skin Diseases, Parasitic [Disease/Finding] Slow Virus Diseases M0019974 D012897 Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES. Slow Virus Diseases N0000002775 1030191 C0037341 C5728 Slow Virus Diseases [Disease/Finding] Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms M0020949 D013568 Abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, not classified as disease or syndrome. Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms N0000002872 984268 Symptoms and General Pathology C0039058 C5922 Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms [Disease/Finding] Thrombocytosis M0021429 D013922 Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 27th ed) Thrombocytosis N0000002933 1022830 6631009 Thrombocythemia C0836924 C6044 Thrombocytosis [Disease/Finding] Trematode Infections M0021868 D014201 Infections caused by infestation with worms of the class Trematoda. Trematode Infections N0000003004 1023326 26089000 Infections, Trematode C0040820 C6186 Trematode Infections [Disease/Finding] Tumor Virus Infections M0022156 D014412 Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses. Tumor Virus Infections N0000003056 988538 Infections, Tumor Virus C0041374 C6290 Tumor Virus Infections [Disease/Finding] Urethral Diseases M0022332 D014522 Pathological processes involving the URETHRA. Urethral Diseases N0000003072 1022102 4985009 C0041969 C6322 Urethral Diseases [Disease/Finding] Urethral Obstruction M0022334 D014524 Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void. Urethral Obstruction N0000003074 985086 95588004 C0041972 C6326 Urethral Obstruction [Disease/Finding] Urogenital Neoplasms M0022391 D014565 Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female. Urogenital Neoplasms N0000003084 1025116 Genito-urinary Neoplasm Genitourinary Neoplasms Neoplasms, Genitourinary Neoplasms, Urogenital C0042065 C6346 Urogenital Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Male Urogenital Diseases M0489510 D052801 Pathological processes of the male URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, MALE). Male Urogenital Diseases N0000003085 1027597 Male Genitourinary Diseases C1720894 CMSHM0489510 Male Urogenital Diseases [Disease/Finding] Urologic Neoplasms M0022401 D014571 Tumors or cancer of the URINARY TRACT in either the male or the female. Urologic Neoplasms N0000003087 1023305 126879004 254913005 Neoplasms, Urologic Urinary Tract Neoplasms Urological Neoplasms C0042076 C6352 Urologic Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Vaginal Diseases M0022482 D014623 Pathological processes of the VAGINA. Vaginal Diseases N0000003104 1026314 25658005 C0042251 C6386 Vaginal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Vaginitis M0022488 D014627 Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. Vaginitis N0000003107 1021851 198213001 30800001 C0042267 C6392 Vaginitis [Disease/Finding] Vasculitis M0022540 D014657 Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. Vasculitis N0000003113 1026759 31996006 Angiitis C0042384 C6404 Vasculitis [Disease/Finding] Ventricular Outflow Obstruction M0022598 D014694 Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This may result from CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or HEART NEOPLASMS. Ventricular Outflow Obstruction N0000003119 1028258 C0042512 C6416 Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [Disease/Finding] Vulvar Diseases M0022856 D014845 Pathological processes of the VULVA. Vulvar Diseases N0000003145 1024723 5089007 C0042994 C6468 Vulvar Diseases [Disease/Finding] Vulvitis M0022858 D014847 Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination. Vulvitis N0000003147 1023099 266586003 63144007 C0042996 C6472 Vulvitis [Disease/Finding] Vulvovaginitis M0022859 D014848 Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS. Vulvovaginitis N0000003148 1025805 198215008 53277000 C0042998 C6474 Vulvovaginitis [Disease/Finding] West Nile Fever M0022928 D014901 A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71) West Nile Fever N0000003161 1024531 C0043124 C6500 West Nile Fever [Disease/Finding] Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral M0023402 D015229 Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral N0000003211 1027279 Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral Venereal Diseases, Viral Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Viral Venereal Diseases C0036918 C6600 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral [Disease/Finding] Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial M0023404 D015231 Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial N0000003212 1027541 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases Bacterial Venereal Diseases Sexually Transmitted Disease, Bacterial Venereal Diseases, Bacterial C0036917 C6602 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial [Disease/Finding] Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive M0023821 D015464 Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS. Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive N0000003261 1021752 92818009 Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic Leukemia, Granulocytic, Chronic Leukemia, Myelocytic, Chronic Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic Leukemia, Myelogenous, Ph1 Positive Leukemia, Myelogenous, Ph1-Positive Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic Leukemia, Myeloid, Ph1 Positive Leukemia, Myeloid, Ph1-Positive Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia Positive Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia-Positive Myelocytic Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, Ph1-Positive Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Ph1-Positive Myeloid Leukemia, Philadelphia-Positive C0023473 C6700 Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive [Disease/Finding] HIV Infections M0023997 D015658 Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV Infections N0000003302 1022756 86406008 HTLV-III Infections HTLV-III-LAV Infections T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human C0019693 C6782 HIV Infections [Disease/Finding] Vestibular Diseases M0024253 D015837 Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls. Vestibular Diseases N0000003336 1026474 20425006 C0042594 C6850 Vestibular Diseases [Disease/Finding] Lentivirus Infections M0024697 D016180 Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentivirus Infections N0000003384 1024090 24907000 Infections, Lentivirus C0079680 C6946 Lentivirus Infections [Disease/Finding] Lymphoma, T-Cell M0025079 D016399 A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes. Lymphoma, T-Cell N0000003398 1023910 109978004 T-Cell Lymphoma C0079772 C6974 Lymphoma, T-Cell [Disease/Finding] Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous M0025093 D016410 A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders. Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous N0000003409 1025184 400122007 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Lymphoma, T Cell, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous C0079773 C6996 Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous [Disease/Finding] Peripheral Vascular Diseases M0025176 D016491 Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART. Peripheral Vascular Diseases N0000003422 1022504 400047006 Diseases, Peripheral Vascular Peripheral Angiopathies Vascular Diseases, Peripheral C0085096 C7022 Peripheral Vascular Diseases [Disease/Finding] Central Nervous System Neoplasms M0025244 D016543 Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges. Central Nervous System Neoplasms N0000003434 1025007 126951006 Central Nervous System Tumors Neoplasms, Central Nervous System Tumors, Central Nervous System C0085136 C7046 Central Nervous System Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] Embolism and Thrombosis M0025559 D016769 A collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an EMBOLUS, undissolved materials in the blood stream. Embolism and Thrombosis N0000003473 1031715 195440003 C0085307 C7124 Embolism and Thrombosis [Disease/Finding] Neisseriaceae Infections M0025673 D016870 Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE. Neisseriaceae Infections N0000003493 1025935 Infections, Neisseriaceae C0085396 C7164 Neisseriaceae Infections [Disease/Finding] Pasteurellaceae Infections M0025674 D016871 Infections with bacteria of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. Pasteurellaceae Infections N0000003494 985866 Infections, Pasteurellaceae C0085397 C7166 Pasteurellaceae Infections [Disease/Finding] Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections M0025725 D016905 Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections N0000003506 1023284 Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative Infections, Gram-Negative Bacterial C0085423 C7190 Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding] Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections M0025728 D016908 Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method. Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections N0000003507 1022700 Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive Infections, Gram-Positive Bacterial C0085426 C7192 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding] Porphyrias, Hepatic M0025973 D017094 A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues. Porphyrias, Hepatic N0000003528 1024983 55056006 Hepatic Porphyria Porphyria, Hepatic C0162533 C7234 Porphyrias, Hepatic [Disease/Finding] Adenophorea Infections M0026092 D017188 Infections with nematodes of the subclass ADENOPHOREA. Adenophorea Infections N0000003542 1023621 Aphasmidia Infections Infections, Adenophorea Infections, Aphasmidia C0162623 C7262 Adenophorea Infections [Disease/Finding] Enoplida Infections M0026094 D017189 Infections with nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA. Enoplida Infections N0000003543 1022471 Infections, Enoplida C0162624 C7264 Enoplida Infections [Disease/Finding] Secernentea Infections M0026095 D017190 Infections with nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Secernentea Infections N0000003544 1026460 Infections, Phasmidia Infections, Secernentea Phasmidia Infections C0162625 C7266 Secernentea Infections [Disease/Finding] Ascaridida Infections M0026096 D017191 Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA. Ascaridida Infections N0000003545 1028907 Infections, Ascaridida C0162626 C7268 Ascaridida Infections [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Bacterial M0026097 D017192 Skin diseases caused by bacteria. Skin Diseases, Bacterial N0000003546 984383 128936008 Bacterial Skin Diseases C0162627 C7270 Skin Diseases, Bacterial [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Viral M0026098 D017193 Skin diseases caused by viruses. Skin Diseases, Viral N0000003547 1029386 128937004 Viral Skin Diseases C0162628 C7272 Skin Diseases, Viral [Disease/Finding] Oxyurida Infections M0026099 D017194 Infections with nematodes of the order OXYURIDA. Oxyurida Infections N0000003548 986714 Infections, Oxyurida C0162629 C7274 Oxyurida Infections [Disease/Finding] Rhabditida Infections M0026101 D017196 Infections with nematodes of the order RHABDITIDA. Rhabditida Infections N0000003549 1025888 Infections, Rhabditida C0162631 C7276 Rhabditida Infections [Disease/Finding] Spirurida Infections M0026109 D017205 Infections with nematodes of the order SPIRURIDA. Spirurida Infections N0000003552 1021997 Infections, Spirurida C0162636 C7282 Spirurida Infections [Disease/Finding] Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases M0026454 D017437 A collective term for diseases of the skin and its appendages and of connective tissue. Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases N0000003573 1027511 C0175166 C7324 Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous M0026467 D017444 A group of dermatoses with distinct morphologic features. The primary lesion is most commonly a papule, usually erythematous, with a variable degree of scaling on the surface. Plaques form through the coalescing of primary lesions. Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous N0000003577 1024350 22585003 Papulosquamous Disorders Papulosquamous Skin Diseases C0162818 C7332 Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous [Disease/Finding] Acneiform Eruptions M0026528 D017486 Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575) Acneiform Eruptions N0000003583 1027471 402644006 C0175167 C7344 Acneiform Eruptions [Disease/Finding] Neuroectodermal Tumors M0026668 D017599 Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells. Neuroectodermal Tumors N0000003613 1022212 253096008 73676002 C0206093 C7404 Neuroectodermal Tumors [Disease/Finding] Flavivirus Infections M0027404 D018177 Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE. Flavivirus Infections N0000003657 1027981 Infections, Flavivirus C0206608 C7492 Flavivirus Infections [Disease/Finding] Flaviviridae Infections M0027405 D018178 Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. Flaviviridae Infections N0000003658 1027902 Infections, Flaviviridae C0206609 C7494 Flaviviridae Infections [Disease/Finding] Paramyxoviridae Infections M0027412 D018184 Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Paramyxoviridae Infections N0000003660 1028342 Infections, Paramyxoviridae C0206613 C7498 Paramyxoviridae Infections [Disease/Finding] Pneumovirus Infections M0027415 D018186 Infections with viruses of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS, an important cause of respiratory disease in humans. Pneumovirus Infections N0000003662 1023009 Infections, Pneumovirus C0206615 C7502 Pneumovirus Infections [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue M0027433 D018204 Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue. Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue N0000003678 1028165 Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasms C0206765 C7534 Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue [Disease/Finding] Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary M0027533 D018299 Neoplasms, usually carcinoma, located within the center of an organ or within small lobes, and in the case of the breast, intraductally. The emphasis of the name is on the location of the neoplastic tissue rather than on its histological type. Most cancers of this type are located in the breast. Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary N0000003763 1023140 189704005 Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary Neoplasms C0206768 C7704 Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary [Disease/Finding] Nevi and Melanomas M0027561 D018326 A collective term for the various types of nevi and melanomas. Nevi and Melanomas N0000003787 1027690 189747005 Melanomas and Nevi C0206769 C7752 Nevi and Melanomas [Disease/Finding] Cardiovascular Abnormalities M0027602 D018376 Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS. Cardiovascular Abnormalities N0000003808 1026475 9904008 Abnormalities, Cardiovascular C0243050 C7794 Cardiovascular Abnormalities [Disease/Finding] Pneumonia, Bacterial M0027639 D018410 Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections. Pneumonia, Bacterial N0000003812 1025309 53084003 Bacterial Pneumonia C0004626 C7802 Pneumonia, Bacterial [Disease/Finding] Mononegavirales Infections M0028015 D018701 Infections with viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES. The concept includes FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS. Mononegavirales Infections N0000003845 1023194 Infections, Mononegavirales C0242916 C7868 Mononegavirales Infections [Disease/Finding] Encephalitis, Viral M0028131 D018792 Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS. Encephalitis, Viral N0000003858 1025326 34476008 Encephalomyelitis, Infectious, Viral Infectious Encephalomyelitis, Viral Viral Encephalitis C0243010 C7894 Encephalitis, Viral [Disease/Finding] Neurodegenerative Diseases M0029135 D019636 Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. Neurodegenerative Diseases N0000003949 1022112 Degenerative Diseases, Nervous System Degenerative Diseases, Neurologic Degenerative Neurologic Diseases Degenerative Neurologic Disorders Nervous System Degenerative Diseases Neurodegenerative Disorders Neurologic Degenerative Conditions Neurologic Degenerative Diseases Neurologic Diseases, Degenerative C0524851 C8076 Neurodegenerative Diseases [Disease/Finding] Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood M0029626 D019952 Those psychiatric disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These disorders can also be first diagnosed during other life stages. Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood N0000003966 987008 Disorders Usually Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence C0525040 C8110 Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood [Disease/Finding] Neurobehavioral Manifestations M0333801 D019954 Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. Neurobehavioral Manifestations N0000003967 1025867 Cognitive Manifestations Cognitive Symptoms Neurobehavioral Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms, Neurobehavioral C0525041 C8112 Neurobehavioral Manifestations [Disease/Finding] Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders M0029645 D019965 Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes. Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders N0000003976 1022574 106014008 111479008 Mental Disorders, Organic Organic Mental Disorders C0029227 C8130 Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders [Disease/Finding] Substance-Related Disorders M0029657 D019966 Disorders related to substance abuse, the side effects of a medication, or toxin exposure. Substance-Related Disorders N0000003977 1027904 C0236969 C8132 Substance-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding] Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features M0029660 D019967 Marked disorders of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behavior), and deterioration from a previous level of functioning. Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features N0000003978 984843 C0525046 C8134 Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features [Disease/Finding] Hemostatic Disorders M0029879 D020141 Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of BLOOD VESSELS, blood fluidity, and BLOOD COAGULATION. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, the plasma proteins (including BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS), and PLATELETS. Hemostatic Disorders N0000003999 1023569 21112004 Hemostatic Disorders, Vascular Vascular Hemostatic Disorders C0600502 C8176 Hemostatic Disorders [Disease/Finding] Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System M0328129 D020274 Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME). Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System N0000004092 1025977 Autoimmune Diseases, Nervous System Autoimmune Diseases, Neurologic Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System Autoimmune Disorders, Nervous System Autoimmune Nervous System Diseases Nervous System Autoimmune Diseases Neurologic Autoimmune Diseases C0751871 C8362 Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System [Disease/Finding] Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS M0328372 D020278 Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see MYELIN SHEATH) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or OLIGODENDROGLIA associated autoantigens. Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS N0000004095 989466 Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, CNS Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System Autoimmune Demyelinating Disorders, CNS CNS Autoimmune Demyelinating Disorders CNS Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, Central Nervous System Demyelinating Autoimmune Disorders, CNS Demyelinating Disease, Autoimmune, CNS C0751873 C8368 Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS [Disease/Finding] Neuromuscular Junction Diseases M0328288 D020511 Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions. Neuromuscular Junction Diseases N0000004153 984412 128213006 Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders C0751950 C8484 Neuromuscular Junction Diseases [Disease/Finding] Parkinsonian Disorders M0328250 D020734 A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA. Parkinsonian Disorders N0000004168 987649 32798002 Parkinsonian Diseases Parkinsonian Syndrome Parkinsonian Syndromes Parkinsonism C0242422 C8514 Parkinsonian Disorders [Disease/Finding] Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn M0328165 D020739 Brain disorders resulting from inborn metabolic errors, primarily from enzymatic defects which lead to substrate accumulation, product reduction, or increase in toxic metabolites through alternate pathways. The majority of these conditions are familial, however spontaneous mutation may also occur in utero. Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn N0000004169 1022797 Brain Syndrome, Metabolic, Inborn Encephalopathies, Metabolic, Inborn Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Brain Inborn Metabolic Brain Diseases Inborn Metabolic Brain Disorders Inborn Metabolic Disorders, Brain Metabolic Brain Diseases, Inborn Metabolic Brain Syndrome, Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Inborn, Brain C0752109 C8516 Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn [Disease/Finding] Central Nervous System Viral Diseases M0328064 D020805 Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces. Central Nervous System Viral Diseases N0000004195 1025144 302810003 Central Nervous System Viral Infections Infections, CNS, Viral Infections, Viral CNS Viral Diseases, Central Nervous System Viral Infections, Central Nervous System C0348165 C8568 Central Nervous System Viral Diseases [Disease/Finding] Urological Manifestations M0328644 D020924 Clinical disturbances of the urinary system. Urological Manifestations N0000004224 988624 C0752303 C8626 Urological Manifestations [Disease/Finding] Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal M0352972 D021441 Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS. Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal N0000004241 985550 Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic Duct-Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas Duct-Cell Carcinoma, Pancreas Ductal Carcinoma of the Pancreas Pancreatic Duct Cell Carcinoma Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma C0887833 C8660 Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal [Disease/Finding] mycophenolate mofetil M0174120 C063008 mycophenolate mofetil N0000005137 68149 mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolic acid morpholinoethyl ester C0209368 C17504 mycophenolate mofetil [Chemical/Ingredient] Methylprednisolone M0013662 D008775 A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action. Methylprednisolone N0000005719 6902 Methylprednisolone 6-Methylprednisolone Metipred Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 11,17,21-trihydroxy-6-methyl-, (6alpha,11beta)- C0025815 C21782 Methylprednisolone [Chemical/Ingredient] Proteins M0017890 D011506 Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein. Proteins N0000005817 8859 Proteins C0033684 C21978 Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient] Amodiaquine M0001005 D000655 A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties. Amodiaquine N0000005832 720 Amodiaquine Amodiachin Amodiaquin Phenol, 4-((7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)amino)-2-((diethylamino)methyl)- C0002641 C22008 Amodiaquine [Chemical/Ingredient] Phenazopyridine M0016493 D010621 A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity. Phenazopyridine N0000005854 8120 Phenazopyridine 2,6-Pyridinediamine, 3-(phenylazo)- C0031379 C22052 Phenazopyridine [Chemical/Ingredient] Ribavirin M0019062 D012254 A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. Ribavirin N0000005892 9344 Ribavirin 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxamide, 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl- Ribovirin Tribavirin C0035525 C22128 Ribavirin [Chemical/Ingredient] Digitoxin M0006383 D004074 A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) Digitoxin N0000005895 3403 Digitoxin Card-20(22)-enolide, 3-((O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-14-hydroxy-, (3beta,5beta)- C0012258 C22134 Digitoxin [Chemical/Ingredient] Progesterone M0017672 D011374 The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS. Progesterone N0000005934 8727 Progesterone Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione Pregnenedione C0033308 C22212 Progesterone [Chemical/Ingredient] Dihydroergotamine M0006401 D004087 A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS. Dihydroergotamine N0000005941 3418 Dihydroergotamine Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 9,10-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'alpha,10alpha)- C0012291 C22226 Dihydroergotamine [Chemical/Ingredient] Triazolam M0021910 D014229 A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. Triazolam N0000006001 10767 Triazolam 4H-(1,2,4)Triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl- C0040879 C22346 Triazolam [Chemical/Ingredient] Promethazine M0017706 D011398 A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. Promethazine N0000006007 8745 Promethazine 10H-Phenothiazine-10-ethanamine, N,N,alpha-trimethyl- Proazamine Prometazin C0033405 C22358 Promethazine [Chemical/Ingredient] Rimantadine M0019119 D012299 An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. Rimantadine N0000006040 9386 Rimantadine Remantadine Riamantadine Tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)decane-1-methanamine, alpha-methyl- C0035629 C22424 Rimantadine [Chemical/Ingredient] Pimozide M0016871 D010868 A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403) Pimozide N0000006115 8331 Pimozide 2H-Benzimidazol-2-one, 1-(1-(4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1,3-dihydro- C0031935 C22574 Pimozide [Chemical/Ingredient] Triflupromazine M0021962 D014273 A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic. Triflupromazine N0000006126 10805 Triflupromazine 10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine, N,N-dimethyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)- Fluopromazine Trifluopromazine C0040989 C22596 Triflupromazine [Chemical/Ingredient] Emetine M0007281 D004640 The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS. Emetine N0000006145 3820 Emetine Emetan, 6',7',10,11-tetramethoxy- Ipecine Methylcephaeline C0013974 C22634 Emetine [Chemical/Ingredient] Lipids M0012553 D008055 A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Lipids N0000006185 6411 C0023779 C22714 Lipids [Chemical/Ingredient] interferon beta-1b M0129586 C044327 interferon beta-1b N0000006215 72257 interferon beta-1b IFN-beta ser Ser(17) IFN-beta beta-IFN-1b interferon beta, Ser(17)- interferon beta, serine(17)- serine(17) interferon beta C0244713 C22776 interferon beta-1b [Chemical/Ingredient] Toremifene M0026287 D017312 A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue. Toremifene N0000006270 38409 Toremifene Ethanamine, 2-(4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl-, (Z)- C0076836 C22886 Toremifene [Chemical/Ingredient] Interferon Alfa-2a M0023693 D015380 A recombinant alfa interferon consisting of 165 amino acids with lysine at position 23 and histidine at position 34. It is used extensively as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. Interferon Alfa-2a N0000006291 5879 Interferon Alfa-2a Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2a Recombinant Interferon alpha-2a C0021734 C22928 Interferon Alfa-2a [Chemical/Ingredient] Ergotamine M0007662 D004878 A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS. Ergotamine N0000006354 4025 Ergotamine Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'alpha)- C0014710 C23056 Ergotamine [Chemical/Ingredient] Ivermectin M0011815 D007559 A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form. Ivermectin N0000006374 6069 Ivermectin C0022322 C23096 Ivermectin [Chemical/Ingredient] famciclovir M0168276 C060590 famciclovir N0000006388 68099 famciclovir 9-(4-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)but-1-yl)-2-aminopurine C0209227 C23124 famciclovir [Chemical/Ingredient] Warfarin M0022871 D014859 An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. Warfarin N0000006403 11289 Warfarin 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)- 4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one C0043031 C23154 Warfarin [Chemical/Ingredient] Mefloquine M0024162 D015767 A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects. Mefloquine N0000006467 6694 Mefloquine 4-Quinolinemethanol, alpha-2-piperidinyl-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-, (R*,S*)-(+-)- Mephloquine C0025153 C23282 Mefloquine [Chemical/Ingredient] Niclosamide M0014827 D009534 An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48) Niclosamide N0000006489 7402 Niclosamide Benzamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxy- C0028017 C23326 Niclosamide [Chemical/Ingredient] gemcitabine M0158478 C056507 gemcitabine N0000006563 12574 gemcitabine 2',2'-DFDC 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine 2'-deoxy-2'-difluorocytidine dFdCyd C0045093 C23474 gemcitabine [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydroxychloroquine M0010751 D006886 A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970) Hydroxychloroquine N0000006573 5521 Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychlorochin Oxychlorochin Oxychloroquine ethanol, 2-((4-((7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)amino)pentyl)ethylamino)- C0020336 C23494 Hydroxychloroquine [Chemical/Ingredient] terconazole M0114183 C037815 terconazole N0000006622 37806 terconazole 1-(4-((2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)piperazine C0076115 C23592 terconazole [Chemical/Ingredient] Prednisolone M0017460 D011239 A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. Prednisolone N0000006669 8638 prednisolone Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 11,17,21-trihydroxy-, (11beta)- C0032950 C23686 Prednisolone [Chemical/Ingredient] Midazolam M0013843 D008874 A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. Midazolam N0000006704 6960 Midazolam 4H-Imidazo(1,5-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl- C0026056 C23756 Midazolam [Chemical/Ingredient] Interferon-alpha M0025711 D016898 One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways. Interferon-alpha N0000006710 541 Interferon-alpha Interferon Alfa Interferon, Leukocyte Interferon, Lymphoblast Interferon, Lymphoblastoid Interferon, alpha alpha-Interferon C0002199 C23768 Interferon-alpha [Chemical/Ingredient] Azithromycin M0027129 D017963 A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Azithromycin N0000006752 18631 Azithromycin 1-Oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one, 13-((2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-11-((3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-, (2R-(2R*,3S*,4R*,5R*,8R Azythromycin C0052796 C23854 Azithromycin [Chemical/Ingredient] Yohimbine M0023104 D015016 A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. Yohimbine N0000006817 220982 Yohimbe Preparation Yohimban-16-carboxylic acid, 17-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (16alpha,17alpha)- C0724441 C23984 Yohimbine [Chemical/Ingredient] Fatty Acids M0008265 D005227 Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Fatty Acids N0000006847 4297 C0015684 C24044 Fatty Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] Chlorpromazine M0004198 D002746 The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. Chlorpromazine N0000006947 2403 Chlorpromazine 10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine, 2-chloro-N,N-dimethyl- C0008286 C24244 Chlorpromazine [Chemical/Ingredient] Flecainide M0008556 D005424 A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias. Paradoxically, however, in myocardial infarct patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmia, flecainide exacerbates the arrhythmia and is not recommended for use in these patients. Flecainide N0000006966 4441 Flecainide Benzamide, N-(2-piperidinylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)- C0016229 C24282 Flecainide [Chemical/Ingredient] Cetylpyridinium M0003973 D002594 Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges. Cetylpyridinium N0000006978 2286 Cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridium Hexadecylpyridinium Pyridinium, 1-hexadecyl- C0007906 C24306 Cetylpyridinium [Chemical/Ingredient] Tamoxifen M0021024 D013629 One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM. Tamoxifen N0000007041 10324 Tamoxifen Ethanamine, 2-(4-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl-, (Z)- C0039286 C24432 Tamoxifen [Chemical/Ingredient] Loperamide M0012692 D008139 One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. Loperamide N0000007084 6468 Loperamide 1-Piperidinebutanamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl- C0023992 C24520 Loperamide [Chemical/Ingredient] Lovastatin M0012707 D008148 A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. Lovastatin N0000007106 6472 Lovastatin 6-Methylcompactin Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthalenyl ester, (1S-(1alpha(R*),3alpha,7beta,8beta(2S*,4S*),8abeta))- Mevinolin Monacolin K C0024027 C24564 Lovastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] Fluphenazine M0008641 D005476 A phenothiazine used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Fluphenazine N0000007109 4496 Fluphenazine 1-Piperazineethanol, 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)- Flufenazin C0016368 C24570 Fluphenazine [Chemical/Ingredient] Erythromycin M0007715 D004917 A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin N0000007133 4053 Erythromycin Erythromycin A C0014806 C24618 Erythromycin [Chemical/Ingredient] Thiethylperazine M0021336 D013847 A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457) Thiethylperazine N0000007176 10471 Thiethylperazine 10H-Phenothiazine, 2-(ethylthio)-10-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl)- Novartis Brand of Thiethlperazine C0039865 C24704 Thiethylperazine [Chemical/Ingredient] Clomipramine M0004598 D002997 A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. Clomipramine N0000007182 2597 Clomipramine 5H-Dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-propanamine, 3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl- Chlomipramine Chlorimipramine C0009010 C24716 Clomipramine [Chemical/Ingredient] Hexachlorophene M0010306 D006582 A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797) Hexachlorophene N0000007260 5293 Hexachlorophene Hexachlorophane Phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis(3,4,6-trichloro)- C0019435 C24872 Hexachlorophene [Chemical/Ingredient] penciclovir M0151646 C053539 penciclovir N0000007265 59839 penciclovir 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl)guanine C0164815 C24882 penciclovir [Chemical/Ingredient] Acyclovir M0000326 D000212 A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes. Acyclovir N0000007269 281 Acyclovir 6H-Purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)- 9-((2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl)guanine Aciclovir Acycloguanosine C0001367 C24890 Acyclovir [Chemical/Ingredient] Thiothixene M0021384 D013888 A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. Thiothixene N0000007308 10510 Thiothixene 9H-Thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide, N,N-dimethyl-9-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propylidene)- Tiotixene C0039955 C24968 Thiothixene [Chemical/Ingredient] Adenine M0000347 D000225 A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. Adenine N0000007309 290 Adenine 1H-Purin-6-amine Vitamin B 4 C0001407 C24970 Adenine [Chemical/Ingredient] Cyclosporine M0025279 D016572 A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). Cyclosporine N0000007346 3008 Cyclosporine Ciclosporin Cyclosporin Cyclosporin A Cyclosporine A C0010592 C25044 Cyclosporine [Chemical/Ingredient] Astemizole M0025303 D016589 A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects. Astemizole N0000007383 42328 Astemizole 1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine, 1-((4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-N-(1-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-4-piperidinyl)- C0085170 C25118 Astemizole [Chemical/Ingredient] Terfenadine M0025307 D016593 A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. Terfenadine N0000007398 42330 Terfenadine 1-Piperidinebutanol, alpha-(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)-4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)- Terfenidine alpha-(4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-1-piperdinebutanol C0085173 C25148 Terfenadine [Chemical/Ingredient] Methylergonovine M0013636 D008755 A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed) Methylergonovine N0000007462 6883 Methylergonovine Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)-6-methyl-, (8beta(S))- Methylergobasin Methylergometrin Methylergometrine C0025760 C25276 Methylergonovine [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzamides M0002327 D001549 BENZOIC ACID amides. Benzamides N0000007520 1381 C0005029 C25396 Benzamides [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzazepines M0002330 D001552 Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES. Benzazepines N0000007524 1384 C0005034 C25404 Benzazepines [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzhydryl Compounds M0002345 D001559 Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed. Benzhydryl Compounds N0000007528 1392 Diphenylmethyl Compounds C0005046 C25412 Benzhydryl Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Digitalis Glycosides M0006379 D004071 Glycosides from plants of the genus DIGITALIS. Some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. Included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. The term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, but here is restricted to those related to Digitalis. Digitalis Glycosides N0000007534 3400 C0012253 C25424 Digitalis Glycosides [Chemical/Ingredient] Phenols M0016520 D010636 Phenols N0000007540 8140 Carbol C0031428 C25436 Phenols [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzodiazepines M0002356 D001569 A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Benzodiazepines N0000007542 1402 Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine Compounds C0005064 C25440 Benzodiazepines [Chemical/Ingredient] Cardenolides M0003448 D002298 C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS. Cardenolides N0000007543 2078 C0007143 C25442 Cardenolides [Chemical/Ingredient] Phenothiazines M0016525 D010640 Compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. Some of them are neuroactive. Phenothiazines N0000007544 8146 C0031436 C25444 Phenothiazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzofurans M0002359 D001572 Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring. Benzofurans N0000007548 1405 Coumarones C0005068 C25452 Benzofurans [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzopyrans M0002367 D001578 Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings. Benzopyrans N0000007553 1411 Chromenes C0005078 C25462 Benzopyrans [Chemical/Ingredient] Benztropine M0002383 D001590 A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine. Benztropine N0000007558 1424 Benztropine 8-Azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane, 3-(diphenylmethoxy)-8-methyl-, endo- Benzatropine C0005098 C25472 Benztropine [Chemical/Ingredient] Triazoles M0021911 D014230 Triazoles N0000007567 10768 C0040880 C25490 Triazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] Pyrazoles M0018226 D011720 Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions. Pyrazoles N0000007569 8989 C0034242 C25494 Pyrazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] Pyridinium Compounds M0018234 D011726 Pyridinium Compounds N0000007571 8996 C0034256 C25498 Pyridinium Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Pyrimidines M0018260 D011743 A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. Pyrimidines N0000007587 9015 C0034289 C25530 Pyrimidines [Chemical/Ingredient] Pyrimidinones M0018261 D011744 Pyrimidinones N0000007588 9016 C0034290 C25532 Pyrimidinones [Chemical/Ingredient] Interferon Type I, Recombinant M0023692 D015379 A type I interferon with antiviral and antineoplastic activity produced by recombinant DNA technology. It can be a mixture of alpha and beta interferons. Interferon Type I, Recombinant N0000007612 5878 C0021733 C25584 Interferon Type I, Recombinant [Chemical/Ingredient] Interferon Type I M0011489 D007370 Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA). Interferon Type I N0000007614 5884 Interferons Type I Type I Interferon Type I Interferons C0021743 C25588 Interferon Type I [Chemical/Ingredient] Ergolines M0007652 D004873 A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure. Ergolines N0000007618 4020 C0014699 C25596 Ergolines [Chemical/Ingredient] Ergonovine M0007653 D004874 An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties. Ergonovine N0000007619 4021 Ergonovine Ergobasin Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6-methyl-, (8beta(S))- Ergometrin Ergometrine C0014704 C25598 Ergonovine [Chemical/Ingredient] Ergot Alkaloids M0007656 D004876 Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists. Ergot Alkaloids N0000007620 4023 Ergot Alkaloids Clavine Alkaloids Ergots C0014707 C25600 Ergot Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Mycophenolic Acid M0014304 D009173 An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301) Mycophenolic Acid N0000007622 7145 Mycophenolic Acid -Hexenoic acid, 6-(1,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-isobenzofuranyl)-4-methyl-, (E)- C0026933 C25604 Mycophenolic Acid [Chemical/Ingredient] Acids, Acyclic M0000221 D000144 Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures. Acids, Acyclic N0000007627 231 Acyclic Acids C0001129 C25614 Acids, Acyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] Interferon-beta M0025715 D016899 One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. Interferon-beta N0000007668 4381 Interferon-beta Interferon, Fibroblast Interferon, beta beta-Interferon C0015980 C25696 Interferon-beta [Chemical/Ingredient] Propiophenones M0017764 D011427 Propiophenones N0000007679 8780 C0033483 C25718 Propiophenones [Chemical/Ingredient] Propylamines M0017781 D011437 Propylamines N0000007691 8790 C0033504 C25742 Propylamines [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzoic Acids M0029896 D020185 Acids, salts, and derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Benzoic Acids N0000007692 155099 C0600423 C25744 Benzoic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] Quinolines M0018350 D011804 Quinolines N0000007731 9077 C0034424 C25822 Quinolines [Chemical/Ingredient] Chlorophenols M0004174 D002733 Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position. Chlorophenols N0000007732 2387 Hydroxychlorobenzenes C0008257 C25824 Chlorophenols [Chemical/Ingredient] Stilbenes M0020537 D013267 Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. Stilbenes N0000007736 10081 C0038333 C25832 Stilbenes [Chemical/Ingredient] Chloroquine M0004182 D002738 The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. Chloroquine N0000007737 2393 Chloroquine 1,4-Pentanediamine, N4-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N1,N1-diethyl- Chingamin Chlorochin Khingamin C0008269 C25834 Chloroquine [Chemical/Ingredient] Quinuclidines M0018359 D011812 Quinuclidines N0000007740 9086 C0034439 C25840 Quinuclidines [Chemical/Ingredient] Tropanes M0022031 D014326 N-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes best known for the ones found in PLANTS. Tropanes N0000007744 10866 C0041177 C25848 Tropanes [Chemical/Ingredient] 2-Aminopurine M0023189 D015075 A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine). 2-Aminopurine N0000007749 37 1H-Purin-2-amine C0000263 C25858 2-Aminopurine [Chemical/Ingredient] Deoxycytidine M0005997 D003841 Deoxycytidine N0000007762 3195 CDR Cytidine, 2'-deoxy- Cytosine Deoxyribonucleoside Cytosine Deoxyriboside C0011485 C25884 Deoxycytidine [Chemical/Ingredient] Deoxyribonucleosides M0006016 D003853 A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE. Deoxyribonucleosides N0000007768 3215 C0011528 C25896 Deoxyribonucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient] Adamantane M0000336 D000218 A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. Adamantane N0000007793 287 Diamantane Tricyclo(3.3.1.1(3,7))decane C0001392 C25946 Adamantane [Chemical/Ingredient] Naphthalenes M0014459 D009281 Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics. Naphthalenes N0000007809 7251 C0027378 C25978 Naphthalenes [Chemical/Ingredient] Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic M0028488 D019086 A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31) Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic N0000007813 82186 Bicyclic Heterocyclic Compounds Heterocyclic Bicyclo Compounds Heterocyclic Cpds, Bicyclic C0282650 C25986 Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] Aminopyridines M0000964 D000631 Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond. Aminopyridines N0000007862 694 C0002585 C26084 Aminopyridines [Chemical/Ingredient] Aminoquinolines M0000967 D000634 Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Aminoquinolines N0000007864 697 C0002588 C26088 Aminoquinolines [Chemical/Ingredient] Glycopeptides M0009481 D006020 Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight. Glycopeptides N0000007889 4944 C0017953 C26138 Glycopeptides [Chemical/Ingredient] Ribonucleosides M0019074 D012263 Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed) Ribonucleosides N0000007894 9356 C0035546 C26148 Ribonucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient] Cycloparaffins M0005477 D003516 Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) Cycloparaffins N0000007896 2997 Cyclic Olefins Cycloalkanes C0010578 C26152 Cycloparaffins [Chemical/Ingredient] Cyclosporins M0005493 D003524 A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection. Cyclosporins N0000007903 3009 Cyclosporines C0010594 C26166 Cyclosporins [Chemical/Ingredient] 4-Hydroxycoumarins M0023241 D015110 Substances found in many plants, containing the 4-hydroxycoumarin radical. They interfere with vitamin K and the blood clotting mechanism, are tightly protein-bound, inhibit mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes, and are used as oral anticoagulants. 4-Hydroxycoumarins N0000007905 82 C0000506 C26170 4-Hydroxycoumarins [Chemical/Ingredient] Cytidine M0005567 D003562 A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. Cytidine N0000007916 3042 Cytosine Ribonucleoside Cytosine Riboside C0010715 C26194 Cytidine [Chemical/Ingredient] Piperazines M0016884 D010879 Piperazines N0000007927 8341 C0031958 C26216 Piperazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Recombinant Proteins M0018641 D011994 Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant Proteins N0000007956 9218 Biosynthetic Proteins Proteins, Biosynthetic C0034861 C26276 Recombinant Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient] Isoquinolines M0011785 D007546 A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed) Isoquinolines N0000007960 6056 C0022248 C26284 Isoquinolines [Chemical/Ingredient] Dibenzazepines M0006249 D003984 Compounds with two BENZENE rings fused to AZEPINES. Dibenzazepines N0000007962 3331 C0012029 C26288 Dibenzazepines [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydrazines M0010683 D006834 Hydrazines N0000007972 5473 C0020233 C26308 Hydrazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated M0010693 D006843 Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE. Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated N0000007975 5481 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Chlorine Compounds, Organic Organochlorine Compounds C0020247 C26314 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydrocarbons, Halogenated M0010696 D006846 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated N0000007977 5484 Halogenated Hydrocarbons C0020250 C26318 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated [Chemical/Ingredient] Pregnadienes M0017468 D011245 Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures. Pregnadienes N0000008001 8642 C0032959 C26366 Pregnadienes [Chemical/Ingredient] Pregnadienetriols M0017469 D011246 Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains. Pregnadienetriols N0000008002 8643 Trihydroxypregnadienes C0032960 C26368 Pregnadienetriols [Chemical/Ingredient] Pregnenediones M0017514 D011282 Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures. Pregnenediones N0000008024 8665 Diketopregnenes Dioxopregnenes C0033013 C26412 Pregnenediones [Chemical/Ingredient] Pregnenes M0017515 D011283 Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES. Pregnenes N0000008025 8666 C0033014 C26414 Pregnenes [Chemical/Ingredient] Guanine M0009679 D006147 Guanine N0000008039 5039 6H-Purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,7-dihydro- C0018321 C26442 Guanine [Chemical/Ingredient] Cinchona Alkaloids M0004487 D002930 Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona. Cinchona Alkaloids N0000008058 2545 C0008792 C26480 Cinchona Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Thiazoles M0021333 D013844 Thiazoles N0000008087 10468 C0039859 C26538 Thiazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydroxyprogesterones M0010776 D006908 Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites. Hydroxyprogesterones N0000008102 5542 Hydroxyprogesterone C0020387 C26568 Hydroxyprogesterones [Chemical/Ingredient] Thioxanthenes M0021388 D013892 Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with a SULFUR in the center ring. Thioxanthenes N0000008107 10516 C0039961 C26578 Thioxanthenes [Chemical/Ingredient] Ketones M0011995 D007659 Ketones N0000008109 6141 C0022634 C26582 Ketones [Chemical/Ingredient] Xanthenes M0023042 D014966 Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring. Xanthenes N0000008115 11352 C0043313 C26594 Xanthenes [Chemical/Ingredient] Caproates M0003305 D002208 Ca