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        "cveId": "CVE-2023-2728",
        "assignerOrgId": "a6081bf6-c852-4425-ad4f-a67919267565",
        "state": "PUBLISHED",
        "assignerShortName": "kubernetes",
        "dateReserved": "2023-05-16T00:32:00.189Z",
        "datePublished": "2023-07-03T20:06:11.796Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2025-02-13T16:45:20.353Z"
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    "containers": {
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            "affected": [
                {
                    "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                    "product": "Kubernetes",
                    "vendor": "Kubernetes",
                    "versions": [
                        {
                            "lessThanOrEqual": "<=",
                            "status": "affected",
                            "version": "v1.24.14",
                            "versionType": "semver"
                        },
                        {
                            "status": "affected",
                            "version": "v1.25.0 - v1.25.10"
                        },
                        {
                            "status": "affected",
                            "version": "v1.26.0 - v1.26.5"
                        },
                        {
                            "status": "affected",
                            "version": "v1.27.0 - v1.27.2"
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                    "lang": "en",
                    "type": "reporter",
                    "user": "00000000-0000-4000-9000-000000000000",
                    "value": "Rita Zhang"
                }
            ],
            "datePublic": "2023-06-15T04:30:00.000Z",
            "descriptions": [
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                    "lang": "en",
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                            "type": "text/html",
                            "value": "<div>Users may be able to launch containers that bypass the mountable secrets policy enforced by the ServiceAccount admission plugin when using ephemeral containers. The policy ensures pods running with a service account may only reference secrets specified in the service account’s secrets field. Kubernetes clusters are only affected if the ServiceAccount admission plugin and the `kubernetes.io/enforce-mountable-secrets` annotation are used together with ephemeral containers.</div>"
                        }
                    ],
                    "value": "Users may be able to launch containers that bypass the mountable secrets policy enforced by the ServiceAccount admission plugin when using ephemeral containers. The policy ensures pods running with a service account may only reference secrets specified in the service account’s secrets field. Kubernetes clusters are only affected if the ServiceAccount admission plugin and the `kubernetes.io/enforce-mountable-secrets` annotation are used together with ephemeral containers."
                }
            ],
            "impacts": [
                {
                    "capecId": "CAPEC-554",
                    "descriptions": [
                        {
                            "lang": "en",
                            "value": "CAPEC-554 Functionality Bypass"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "metrics": [
                {
                    "cvssV3_1": {
                        "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                        "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                        "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
                        "baseScore": 6.5,
                        "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                        "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                        "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                        "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                        "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                        "userInteraction": "NONE",
                        "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
                        "version": "3.1"
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                    "scenarios": [
                        {
                            "lang": "en",
                            "value": "GENERAL"
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            ],
            "problemTypes": [
                {
                    "descriptions": [
                        {
                            "cweId": "CWE-20",
                            "description": "CWE-20 Improper Input Validation",
                            "lang": "en",
                            "type": "CWE"
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                    ]
                }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
                "orgId": "a6081bf6-c852-4425-ad4f-a67919267565",
                "shortName": "kubernetes",
                "dateUpdated": "2023-08-03T14:06:30.139Z"
            },
            "references": [
                {
                    "tags": [
                        "mailing-list"
                    ],
                    "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/kubernetes-security-announce/c/vPWYJ_L84m8"
                },
                {
                    "tags": [
                        "issue-tracking"
                    ],
                    "url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/118640"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/07/06/3"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230803-0004/"
                }
            ],
            "solutions": [
                {
                    "lang": "en",
                    "supportingMedia": [
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                            "base64": false,
                            "type": "text/html",
                            "value": "<div><div>To mitigate this vulnerability, upgrade Kubernetes: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-management/#upgrading-a-cluster\">https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-management/#upgrading-a-cluster</a></div></div>"
                        }
                    ],
                    "value": "To mitigate this vulnerability, upgrade Kubernetes:  https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-management/#upgrading-a-cluster https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-management/#upgrading-a-cluster"
                }
            ],
            "source": {
                "discovery": "INTERNAL"
            },
            "title": "Bypassing enforce mountable secrets policy imposed by the ServiceAccount admission plugin",
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                "engine": "Vulnogram 0.1.0-dev"
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        "adp": [
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                "title": "CVE Program Container",
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                        "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/kubernetes-security-announce/c/vPWYJ_L84m8"
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                        "url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/118640"
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                "metrics": [
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                        "other": {
                            "type": "ssvc",
                            "content": {
                                "timestamp": "2024-11-25T17:02:56.391082Z",
                                "id": "CVE-2023-2728",
                                "options": [
                                    {
                                        "Exploitation": "none"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "Automatable": "no"
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                                ],
                                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                                "version": "2.0.3"
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                "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment",
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