{ "dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.2", "cveMetadata": { "cveId": "CVE-2025-38350", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "Linux", "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:24.006Z", "datePublished": "2025-07-19T06:46:29.849Z", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:01:19.171Z" }, "containers": { "cna": { "providerMetadata": { "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:01:19.171Z" }, "descriptions": [ { "lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty\n\nCertain classful qdiscs may invoke their classes' dequeue handler on an\nenqueue operation. This may unexpectedly empty the child qdisc and thus\nmake an in-flight class passive via qlen_notify(). Most qdiscs do not\nexpect such behaviour at this point in time and may re-activate the\nclass eventually anyways which will lead to a use-after-free.\n\nThe referenced fix commit attempted to fix this behavior for the HFSC\ncase by moving the backlog accounting around, though this turned out to\nbe incomplete since the parent's parent may run into the issue too.\nThe following reproducer demonstrates this use-after-free:\n\n tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: drr\n tc filter add dev lo parent 1: basic classid 1:1\n tc class add dev lo parent 1: classid 1:1 drr\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 1:1 handle 2: hfsc def 1\n tc class add dev lo parent 2: classid 2:1 hfsc rt m1 8 d 1 m2 0\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 2:1 handle 3: netem\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 3:1 handle 4: blackhole\n\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n tc class delete dev lo classid 1:1\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n\nSince backlog accounting issues leading to a use-after-frees on stale\nclass pointers is a recurring pattern at this point, this patch takes\na different approach. Instead of trying to fix the accounting, the patch\nensures that qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog always calls qlen_notify when\nthe child qdisc is empty. This solves the problem because deletion of\nqdiscs always involves a call to qdisc_reset() and / or\nqdisc_purge_queue() which ultimately resets its qlen to 0 thus causing\nthe following qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog() to report to the parent. Note\nthat this may call qlen_notify on passive classes multiple times. This\nis not a problem after the recent patch series that made all the\nclassful qdiscs qlen_notify() handlers idempotent." } ], "metrics": [ { "cvssV3_1": { "version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH" }, "scenarios": [ { "lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires configuring the qdisc/class hierarchy and deleting a class via local rtnetlink (RTM_NEWQDISC/RTM_DELTCLASS) syscalls, and the triggering packet is generated locally on `lo`. Per kernel guidance, tc/netlink qdisc bugs are Local.\nAC:L - The published reproducer is a deterministic sequence of seven `tc` commands plus two UDP datagrams — no race, no timing window, and no memory-layout condition outside the attacker's control. The attacker fully controls the qdisc tree shape that creates the stale class pointer.\nPR:L - The rtnetlink path requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, but `netlink_net_capable()` evaluates it against the network namespace's owning user namespace, so any unprivileged user with `unshare -Urn` gains it and the whole reproducer works on `lo` inside that namespace.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step — qdisc setup, class deletion, and sending the triggering packet to loopback — with no action by any other user or victim process.\nS:U - The freed `drr_class` and the corrupted active list live in kernel heap within the same security authority; this is a standard local kernel privilege-escalation primitive with no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed.\nC:H - The use-after-free lets the attacker reclaim the freed `drr_class` with sprayed data and have the kernel dereference `cl->qdisc` and `cl->qdisc->ops` from it, yielding an arbitrary kernel-memory read primitive and full disclosure of kernel memory.\nI:H - The stale class is both written through (`list_add_tail`/`list_del_init` on `cl->alist`, `cl->deficit`) and used for an indirect call via `cl->qdisc->ops->peek()`, giving controlled writes and control-flow hijacking for arbitrary code execution.\nA:H - Even without weaponization the dangling list entry causes an immediate use-after-free oops/panic on the next enqueue or dequeue, and it can be triggered repeatedly to reliably crash the kernel." } ] } ], "affected": [ { "product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": [ "net/sched/sch_api.c" ], "versions": [ { "version": "1034e3310752e8675e313f7271b348914008719a", "lessThan": "3b290923ad2b23596208c1e29520badef4356a43", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "f9f593e34d2fb67644372c8f7b033bdc622ad228", "lessThan": "e9921b57dca05ac5f4fa1fa8e993d4f0ee52e2b7", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "89c301e929a0db14ebd94b4d97764ce1d6981653", "lessThan": "e269f29e9395527bc00c213c6b15da04ebb35070", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "f1dde3eb17dc1b8bd07aed00004b1e05fc87a3d4", "lessThan": "7874c9c132e906a52a187d045995b115973c93fb", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "93c276942e75de0e5bc91576300d292e968f5a02", "lessThan": "f680a4643c6f71e758d8fe0431a958e9a6a4f59d", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "49b21795b8e5654a7df3d910a12e1060da4c04cf", "lessThan": "a553afd91f55ff39b1e8a1c4989a29394c9e0472", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "3f981138109f63232a5fb7165938d4c945cc1b9d", "lessThan": "a44acdd9e84a211989ff4b9b92bf3545d8456ad5", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "3f981138109f63232a5fb7165938d4c945cc1b9d", "lessThan": "103406b38c600fec1fe375a77b27d87e314aea09", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "3f3a22eebbc32b4fa8ce9c1d5f9db214b45b9335", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "5.4.294", "lessThan": "5.4.296", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.10.238", "lessThan": "5.10.240", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.15.185", "lessThan": "5.15.187", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.1.141", "lessThan": "6.1.144", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.6.93", "lessThan": "6.6.97", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.12.31", "lessThan": "6.12.37", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.14.9", "lessThan": "6.15", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver" } ] }, { "product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": [ "net/sched/sch_api.c" ], "versions": [ { "version": "6.15", "status": "affected" }, { "version": "0", "lessThan": "6.15", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.4.296", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.4.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.10.240", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.15.187", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.1.144", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.6.97", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.12.37", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.15.6", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.15.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.16", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix" } ] } ], "cpeApplicability": [ { "nodes": [ { "operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [ { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.4.294", "versionEndExcluding": "5.4.296" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.10.238", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.240" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.15.185", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.187" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.141", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.144" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.93", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.97" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.12.31", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.37" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.15", "versionEndExcluding": "6.15.6" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.15", "versionEndExcluding": "6.16" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.14.9" } ] } ] } ], "references": [ { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3b290923ad2b23596208c1e29520badef4356a43" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e9921b57dca05ac5f4fa1fa8e993d4f0ee52e2b7" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e269f29e9395527bc00c213c6b15da04ebb35070" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7874c9c132e906a52a187d045995b115973c93fb" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f680a4643c6f71e758d8fe0431a958e9a6a4f59d" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a553afd91f55ff39b1e8a1c4989a29394c9e0472" }, { "url": 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