---
name: cesiumjs-3d-tiles
description: "CesiumJS 3D Tiles - Cesium3DTileset, compressed and CAD-style glTF content, MVTDataProvider, UrlTemplate3DTilesDataProvider, styling, metadata, feature picking, voxels, point clouds, I3S, Gaussian splats, clipping. Use when a task involves loading 3D Tiles or Mapbox Vector Tiles, draping vector tiles on terrain, rendering KHR meshopt/CAD content, styling or querying features, working with voxels or point clouds, or clipping spatial data."
---
# CesiumJS 3D Tiles

Version baseline: CesiumJS v1.144 (ES module imports, async factory methods).

## Loading a Tileset

Always use async factory methods -- never call the constructor directly.
For public/no-token examples, prefer URL-backed tilesets such as CesiumGS sample
tilesets. `fromIonAssetId`, `createOsmBuildingsAsync`, and Google
Photorealistic 3D Tiles require external entitlements; use them only when the
caller explicitly asks for those services and the runtime is configured for
them.

```js
import { Cesium3DTileset, HeadingPitchRange, Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";

// From a URL
const tileset = await Cesium3DTileset.fromUrl(
  "https://example.com/tileset.json",
  { maximumScreenSpaceError: 16 }, // lower = higher quality
);
viewer.scene.primitives.add(tileset);
await viewer.zoomTo(tileset, new HeadingPitchRange(
  0.0, CesiumMath.toRadians(-25.0), tileset.boundingSphere.radius * 2.0,
));
```

CesiumJS 1.143 applies standalone model loading to glTF embedded in tilesets.
Read the [glTF compatibility matrix](../cesiumjs-models-particles/REFERENCE.md)
for automatic `KHR_meshopt_compression`, CAD extension behavior, and the unsupported planar-fill boundary.

```js
// From Cesium ion
const tileset = await Cesium3DTileset.fromIonAssetId(75343);
viewer.scene.primitives.add(tileset);
```

```js
// Google Photorealistic 3D Tiles
import { createGooglePhotorealistic3DTileset } from "cesium";
const google3D = await createGooglePhotorealistic3DTileset({
  onlyUsingWithGoogleGeocoder: true,
});
viewer.scene.primitives.add(google3D);
```

```js
// OSM Buildings
import { createOsmBuildingsAsync } from "cesium";
const osmBuildings = await createOsmBuildingsAsync();
viewer.scene.primitives.add(osmBuildings);
```

## Key Constructor Options

| Option | Default | Purpose |
|--------|---------|---------|
| `maximumScreenSpaceError` | 16 | LOD quality threshold (pixels) |
| `cacheBytes` | 536870912 | Tile cache trim target (bytes) |
| `maximumCacheOverflowBytes` | 536870912 | Extra cache headroom |
| `shadows` | ShadowMode.ENABLED | Shadow casting/receiving |
| `modelMatrix` | Matrix4.IDENTITY | Root transform |
| `clippingPlanes` | undefined | ClippingPlaneCollection |
| `clippingPolygons` | undefined | ClippingPolygonCollection (WebGL 2) |
| `enableCollision` | false | Camera collision with tileset surface |
| `pointCloudShading` | undefined | Point attenuation options object |
| `classificationType` | undefined | TERRAIN, CESIUM_3D_TILE, or BOTH |
| `dynamicScreenSpaceError` | true | Horizon LOD optimization |
| `foveatedScreenSpaceError` | true | Center-screen tile priority |
| `preloadFlightDestinations` | true | Prefetch tiles at flight target |
| `featureIdLabel` | "featureId_0" | EXT_mesh_features ID set label |
| `backFaceCulling` | true | Cull back faces per glTF material |
| `edgeDisplayMode` | EdgeDisplayMode.SURFACES_ONLY | Render glTF edge-visibility data when present |

## Mapbox Vector Tiles as Runtime 3D Tiles (Experimental, 1.142+)

`MVTDataProvider` loads `{z}/{x}/{y}` Mapbox Vector Tile `.mvt`/`.pbf`
templates and converts tile payloads into runtime 3D Tiles. Use it when vector
data is naturally tiled and you want 3D Tiles styling, metadata picking, and LOD
instead of a single GeoJSON primitive.

For one in-memory or URL-backed GeoJSON object, prefer `GeoJsonPrimitive` in
`cesiumjs-primitives`. For Entity/DataSource conveniences, prefer
`GeoJsonDataSource` in `cesiumjs-entities`.

```js
import {
  Cesium3DTileStyle,
  MVTDataProvider,
  Rectangle,
} from "cesium";

const provider = await MVTDataProvider.fromUrl(
  "https://example.com/tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf",
  {
    minZoom: 4,
    maxZoom: 14,
    extent: Rectangle.fromDegrees(-125, 24, -66, 50),
    featureIdProperty: "id",
  },
);

viewer.scene.primitives.add(provider);

// The provider owns a generated Cesium3DTileset.
provider.tileset.style = new Cesium3DTileStyle({
  color: {
    conditions: [
      ["${kind} === 'park'", "color('seagreen', 0.65)"],
      ["${kind} === 'water'", "color('steelblue', 0.55)"],
      ["true", "color('white', 0.45)"],
    ],
  },
});
```

Feature properties are encoded as `EXT_structural_metadata`, so standard
3D Tiles styling and picking patterns apply:

```js
const picked = viewer.scene.pick(windowPosition);
if (picked && typeof picked.getProperty === "function") {
  console.log(picked.getProperty("name"));
}
```

Notes:
- URL templates must contain `{z}`, `{x}`, and `{y}` placeholders; tile URLs are parsed from `/z/x/y`.
- Empty 204/404 tiles are treated as missing instead of hard failures.
- `provider.show` proxies visibility to the generated tileset.
- Runtime vector glTF content uses draft `EXT_mesh_polygon` and `3DTILES_content_gltf_vector` support; treat this path as experimental.

**Terrain draping (1.144+):** clamped vector tile polylines and polygons drape
onto terrain automatically, with screen-space-constant line width, and
per-feature styling stays driven by `Cesium3DTileStyle`. There is no opt-in
flag; clamped vector content follows the terrain surface beneath it.

**Custom vector tile formats (1.144+):** `MVTDataProvider` now extends
`UrlTemplate3DTilesDataProvider`, a public base class that turns any
`{z}/{x}/{y}` URL-template vector source into a runtime-generated
`Cesium3DTileset`. Its `fromUrl`, `tileset`, `show`, `extent`, and
`minZoom`/`maxZoom` options behave the same as on `MVTDataProvider`; subclass
it and implement its protected codec hook to support a tiled vector format
other than MVT.

## Tileset Events and Render Readiness

`fromUrl` resolves when tileset metadata is usable; it does not mean the tiles
for the current camera view have rendered. `initialTilesLoaded` fires only for
the first loaded view, while `allTilesLoaded` and `tilesLoaded` are
view-dependent. After `zoomTo`, `flyTo`, `setView`, or interactive camera
movement, check readiness again. Do not substitute a fixed delay for this
semantic condition.

```js
function waitForTilesetView(viewer, tileset, timeoutMs = 30_000) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const scene = viewer.scene;
    let readyFrames = 0;
    const remove = scene.postRender.addEventListener(() => {
      readyFrames = tileset.tilesLoaded ? readyFrames + 1 : 0;
      if (readyFrames < 2) {
        scene.requestRender();
        return;
      }
      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
      remove();
      resolve(tileset);
    });
    const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
      remove();
      reject(new Error(`Tileset did not load within ${timeoutMs} ms`));
    }, timeoutMs);
    scene.requestRender();
  });
}

await viewer.zoomTo(tileset);
await waitForTilesetView(viewer, tileset);
```

Use `loadProgress` for loading UI, `tileLoad`/`tileUnload` for cache activity,
and `tileFailed` for diagnostics. Do not treat an individual `tileLoad` event as
proof that the current view is complete.

```js
import { Color } from "cesium";

// Per-frame manual styling
tileset.tileVisible.addEventListener((tile) => {
  const content = tile.content;
  for (let i = 0; i < content.featuresLength; i++) {
    content.getFeature(i).color = Color.fromRandom();
  }
});
```

## Runtime Properties

```js
import { Matrix4, Cartesian3 } from "cesium";

tileset.show = false;                     // toggle visibility
tileset.maximumScreenSpaceError = 8;      // increase quality
const { center, radius } = tileset.boundingSphere;
tileset.modelMatrix = Matrix4.fromTranslation(new Cartesian3(0, 0, 100));
```

## Declarative Styling

Assign a `Cesium3DTileStyle` to `tileset.style`. Expressions reference feature
properties with `${PropertyName}`.

**Style DSL constraints:**
- `defined()` is **not supported** in the style expression language; using it causes a render error.
- Referencing a property that does not exist in the tileset data (e.g., `${Height}` on a tileset with no height attribute) halts style evaluation and triggers a Cesium error panel. Always guard with a `["true", "..."]` catch-all as the last condition.
- To reset styles, assign `tileset.style = undefined`.

```js
import { Cesium3DTileStyle } from "cesium";

// Color by height conditions -- requires tileset to have a 'Height' property
tileset.style = new Cesium3DTileStyle({
  color: {
    conditions: [
      ["${Height} >= 100", "color('purple', 0.5)"],
      ["${Height} >= 50",  "color('red')"],
      ["true",             "color('blue')"],   // catch-all: always include this
    ],
  },
  show: "${Height} > 0",
});
```

```js
// Safe constant style -- works on any tileset regardless of metadata
tileset.style = new Cesium3DTileStyle({
  color: {
    conditions: [
      ["true", "color('cyan', 1.0)"],
    ],
  },
});
```

```js
// Use defines to simplify repeated sub-expressions
tileset.style = new Cesium3DTileStyle({
  defines: { material: "${feature['building:material']}" },
  color: {
    conditions: [
      ["${material} === null",    "color('white')"],
      ["${material} === 'glass'", "color('skyblue', 0.5)"],
      ["${material} === 'brick'", "color('indianred')"],
      ["true",                    "color('white')"],
    ],
  },
});
```

```js
// Show/hide by property
tileset.style = new Cesium3DTileStyle({
  show: "${feature['building']} === 'office'",
});
```

```js
// Point cloud styling
tileset.style = new Cesium3DTileStyle({
  color: "vec4(${Temperature})",
  pointSize: "${Temperature} * 2.0",
});
```

```js
tileset.style = undefined; // reset to default appearance
```

### Color Blend Modes

```js
import { Cesium3DTileColorBlendMode } from "cesium";
tileset.colorBlendMode = Cesium3DTileColorBlendMode.REPLACE; // HIGHLIGHT | REPLACE | MIX
tileset.colorBlendAmount = 0.5; // only used with MIX
```

### Edge Display Mode (Experimental, 1.142+)

`edgeDisplayMode` controls edges contributed by the draft glTF
`EXT_mesh_primitive_edge_visibility` extension. Tiles without that extension
render normally regardless of this setting.

```js
import { Cesium3DTileset, EdgeDisplayMode } from "cesium";

const tileset = await Cesium3DTileset.fromUrl("/cad/tileset.json", {
  edgeDisplayMode: EdgeDisplayMode.SURFACES_AND_EDGES,
});
viewer.scene.primitives.add(tileset);

// CAD-style wireframe for content that carries edge-visibility data.
tileset.edgeDisplayMode = EdgeDisplayMode.EDGES_ONLY;

// Default rendering: hide extension-provided edges.
tileset.edgeDisplayMode = EdgeDisplayMode.SURFACES_ONLY;
```

## Feature Picking and Properties

`Scene.pick` returns `Cesium3DTileFeature` for 3D Tiles features. Modifications
persist until the owning tile is evicted from the cache.

```js
import {
  ScreenSpaceEventHandler, ScreenSpaceEventType,
  Cesium3DTileFeature, Color,
} from "cesium";

const handler = new ScreenSpaceEventHandler(viewer.scene.canvas);

// Hover: read properties
handler.setInputAction((movement) => {
  const feature = viewer.scene.pick(movement.endPosition);
  if (feature instanceof Cesium3DTileFeature) {
    const ids = feature.getPropertyIds();
    for (const id of ids) console.log(`${id}: ${feature.getProperty(id)}`);
    feature.color = Color.YELLOW; // highlight
  }
}, ScreenSpaceEventType.MOUSE_MOVE);

// Click: inspect a single property
handler.setInputAction((movement) => {
  const feature = viewer.scene.pick(movement.position);
  if (feature instanceof Cesium3DTileFeature) {
    console.log("Height:", feature.getProperty("Height"));
    feature.setProperty("selected", true); // write custom property
    feature.show = false;                  // hide individual feature
  }
}, ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
```

### Inherited Metadata (3D Tiles 1.1 / EXT_structural_metadata)

```js
// Searches: batch table -> content -> tile -> subtree -> group -> tileset
const value = feature.getPropertyInherited("semanticOrPropertyName");
```

## Clipping Planes

`ClippingPlaneCollection` clips via half-space planes in the tileset's local
coordinate system.

```js
import {
  ClippingPlane, ClippingPlaneCollection,
  Cartesian3, Color, Matrix4,
} from "cesium";

const clippingPlanes = new ClippingPlaneCollection({
  planes: [new ClippingPlane(new Cartesian3(0.0, 0.0, -1.0), 0.0)],
  edgeWidth: 1.0,
  edgeColor: Color.WHITE,
  unionClippingRegions: false, // false = intersection (AND); true = union (OR)
});

const tileset = await Cesium3DTileset.fromUrl(url, { clippingPlanes });
// Or: tileset.clippingPlanes = clippingPlanes;

// Offset the clip boundary at runtime
clippingPlanes.modelMatrix = Matrix4.fromTranslation(new Cartesian3(0, 0, 50));
clippingPlanes.get(0).distance = 25.0;
```

## Clipping Polygons

`ClippingPolygonCollection` clips using arbitrary polygons. **WebGL 2 only.**

```js
import { ClippingPolygon, ClippingPolygonCollection, Cartesian3 } from "cesium";

const polygon = new ClippingPolygon({
  positions: Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray([
    -105.0077, 39.7519, -105.0095, 39.7504,
    -105.0071, 39.7513, -105.0077, 39.7519,
  ]),
});

tileset.clippingPolygons = new ClippingPolygonCollection({
  polygons: [polygon],
  inverse: false, // false = clip inside polygon; true = clip outside
});

// Also works on the globe
viewer.scene.globe.clippingPolygons = new ClippingPolygonCollection({
  polygons: [polygon],
});
```

## Point Cloud Shading

```js
const tileset = await Cesium3DTileset.fromUrl(pointCloudUrl, {
  pointCloudShading: {
    attenuation: true,           // scale points by geometric error
    geometricErrorScale: 1.0,
    maximumAttenuation: 10,      // max pixel size; undefined = maximumScreenSpaceError
    eyeDomeLighting: true,       // depth-aware edge enhancement
    eyeDomeLightingStrength: 1.0,
    eyeDomeLightingRadius: 1.0,
    backFaceCulling: false,      // requires normals in point data
    normalShading: true,
  },
});
viewer.scene.primitives.add(tileset);

// Runtime adjustment
tileset.pointCloudShading.eyeDomeLightingStrength = 2.0;
```

## Voxel Primitives

`VoxelPrimitive` renders volumetric data from a `Cesium3DTilesVoxelProvider`.
Shapes: `BOX`, `CYLINDER`, `ELLIPSOID` (see `VoxelShapeType`).

```js
import {
  VoxelPrimitive, Cesium3DTilesVoxelProvider,
  CustomShader, viewerVoxelInspectorMixin,
} from "cesium";

const provider = await Cesium3DTilesVoxelProvider.fromUrl("voxel/tileset.json");

const voxelPrimitive = new VoxelPrimitive({
  provider,
  customShader: new CustomShader({
    fragmentShaderText: `void fragmentMain(FragmentInput fsInput, inout czm_modelMaterial material) {
      material.diffuse = fsInput.metadata.a.rgb;
      material.alpha = fsInput.metadata.a.a;
    }`,
  }),
});
viewer.scene.primitives.add(voxelPrimitive);
voxelPrimitive.nearestSampling = true;
viewer.camera.flyToBoundingSphere(voxelPrimitive.boundingSphere, { duration: 0 });

// For voxel shader authoring — struct availability, raymarching semantics, metadata
// access — see the cesiumjs-custom-shader skill. This skill covers VoxelPrimitive setup.

// Optional inspector widget
viewer.extend(viewerVoxelInspectorMixin);
viewer.voxelInspector.viewModel.voxelPrimitive = voxelPrimitive;
```

## I3S Data Provider

Load Esri I3S scene layers (3D Objects, IntegratedMesh, Building Scene Layer).

```js
import { I3SDataProvider, ArcGISTiledElevationTerrainProvider, Ellipsoid, Rectangle } from "cesium";

const geoidService = await ArcGISTiledElevationTerrainProvider.fromUrl(
  "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/.../EGM2008/ImageServer",
);
const i3sProvider = await I3SDataProvider.fromUrl(
  "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/.../SceneServer/layers/0",
  { geoidTiledTerrainProvider: geoidService },
);
viewer.scene.primitives.add(i3sProvider);

const center = Rectangle.center(i3sProvider.extent);
center.height = 5000.0;
viewer.camera.setView({
  destination: Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartographicToCartesian(center),
});
```

## Gaussian Splats

Loaded as standard 3D Tiles; CesiumJS handles `KHR_gaussian_splatting` automatically.

```js
const splats = await Cesium3DTileset.fromIonAssetId(3667783);
viewer.scene.primitives.add(splats);
viewer.zoomTo(splats);
```

## Classification

Drape tileset geometry as a classification overlay on terrain or other tilesets.

```js
import { Cesium3DTileset, ClassificationType } from "cesium";
const classified = await Cesium3DTileset.fromUrl(url, {
  classificationType: ClassificationType.BOTH, // TERRAIN | CESIUM_3D_TILE | BOTH
});
viewer.scene.primitives.add(classified);
```

## Adjusting Tileset Height

```js
import { Cartographic, Cartesian3, Matrix4 } from "cesium";
const cartographic = Cartographic.fromCartesian(tileset.boundingSphere.center);
const surface = Cartesian3.fromRadians(cartographic.longitude, cartographic.latitude, 0.0);
const offset = Cartesian3.fromRadians(cartographic.longitude, cartographic.latitude, heightOffset);
const translation = Cartesian3.subtract(offset, surface, new Cartesian3());
tileset.modelMatrix = Matrix4.fromTranslation(translation);
```

## Performance Tips

1. Keep `maximumScreenSpaceError` as high as acceptable (16 default; 32+ for mobile).
2. Leave `dynamicScreenSpaceError: true` for street-level views with large tilesets.
3. Leave `foveatedScreenSpaceError: true` to prioritize center-screen tiles.
4. Size `cacheBytes` and `maximumCacheOverflowBytes` to device memory (512 MB each default).
5. Use `preloadFlightDestinations: true` to prefetch tiles at the camera flight target.
6. Enable `skipLevelOfDetail: true` for large replacement-refined tilesets to reduce memory.
7. Avoid `maximumScreenSpaceError` below 4 -- diminishing returns, many more tile requests.
8. For point clouds, enable `attenuation` and `eyeDomeLighting` to fill gaps and add depth.
9. Keep `enableCollision: false` unless camera collision or CLAMP_TO_GROUND on tiles is needed.
10. Preload hidden tilesets with `show: false` and `preloadWhenHidden: true`.
11. Avoid translucent styles when possible -- they add rendering passes and disable optimizations.
12. Listen to `tileFailed` to log errors; call `trimLoadedTiles()` after large camera jumps.

## See Also

- **cesiumjs-models-particles** -- glTF compression and CAD-extension compatibility used by tile content
- **cesiumjs-custom-shader** -- GLSL authoring for `Cesium3DTileset.customShader` and `VoxelPrimitive.customShader` (struct reference, feature IDs, metadata)
- **cesiumjs-materials-shaders** -- ImageBasedLighting, post-processing stages for tilesets
- **cesiumjs-interaction** -- Scene.pick, drillPick, ScreenSpaceEventHandler for feature selection
- **cesiumjs-terrain-environment** -- Globe, terrain providers, atmosphere, lighting, shadows