KBpedia Knowledge Ontology
To our knowledge, KBpedia is the first knowledge representation usable by computers that attempts to embrace Peircean principles in all of its aspects. Being first also means little scrutinized. We hope other scholars of Charles Sanders Peirce (CSP, pronounced "purse") contribute with their understandings. The history of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) also shows periodic, big chunks of change. The ideas behind KKO are grand and encompassing. The writings of CSP are subtle and profound. Further, CSP's writings are still being transcribed and organized, and it is difficult to get what does exist in the literature in electronic form. The net result is sometimes new understandings and change in the upper KKO structure. Any attempt to capture the ideas of Charles Sanders Peirce or to be guided by an understanding of his teachings is fraught with many difficulties. His views shifted over the years; he was not always in a position to completely explicate his views; and much of his writing still remains untranscribed. Such is the nature of facts trying to lead to truth. We welcome input at any time about how best to capture Peircean ideas into a computable knowledge graph. Useful input will be readily acknowledged, including in future updates of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontolgy (KKO). Peircean scholars have been the first source of information here. A good starting point is the entire Peirce category on Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Sanders_Peirce). There are speciality Peircean online sources too numerous to list that are also useful from these starting links. Another resource is the Peirce online discussion list: http://www.iupui.edu/~arisbe/PEIRCE-L/PEIRCE-L.HTM.
In KKO, 'CSP' is a shorthand for Charles Sanders Peirce (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce), whose writings have had a great influence on the design of this knowledge graph. Also, some CSP quotes are derived from the following sources: CP x.y =Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, volume x, paragraph y. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_bibliography.
Cognonto Corporation, via its agent, Semantics Press LLC
Version 1.10 of KKO and KBpedia, released Nov 15, 2016, focused on two major updates. First, certain aspects of the upper structure of KKO were streamlined. And, second, KBpedia’s core typologies, which capture the overwhelming majority of reference concepts that are classified as entity types, were further organized to create tighter taxonomic structures.
Version 1.00 of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO), released Aug 6, 2016, was the first commercial release of the system. It was a rather complete re-write and re-organization of the UMBEL (Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer) ontology, significantly modified to accommodate its purpose for integrating knowledge bases (KBs).
The KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) is a foundational ontology for capturing the essential components (or 'primitives') of knowledge bases. It is an amalgam of seven of the largest public knowledge bases available -- Wikipedia, DBpedia, Wikidata, GeoNames, OpenCyc, schema.org, and the UN Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC). It is designed for mapping and interoperating diverse ontologies to one another. The ultimate objective of KKO is to provide an ontology that surfaces and organizes the features within knowledge bases most useful to machine learning, artificial intelligence, data interoperability, schema mapping, and fact tagging and extraction. The design of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology is informed by the semiotics (theory of signs) articulated by the 19th century American logician, Charles Sanders Peirce. The design is based on the triadic ideas of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness that informed virtually all of Peirce's formulations in logic and philosophy. Peirce's theory of signs reflects a continual process of the understanding of what a sign means evolving through truth-testing and community use and consensus. The ultimate basis of a sign resides in the idea or quality of something (a Firstness), which has a monadic relationship to itself; an object which is described or made evident in relation to these qualities through dyadic relationships (a Secondness); and then which is understood or perceived by an interpretant (a Thirdness), such as an intelligent human being. (Though in broadest terms, semiosis is not limited to human mediation, and may apply to other agents, such as artificial intelligence.) All signs embody all three of these triadic aspects. Signs build upon signs -- such is the case with human languages and the concepts conveyed by them -- and ultimately are subject to logic and questioning, the results of which may cause the nature of the relationships between these aspects of signs to undergo revision and refinement. Semiosis is thus intimately related to logic and is itself a continuous and community-oriented process. Words and language are themselves a Thirdness, which is the result of signmaking consensus. The semiotic or signmaking process builds from things as they are or may be to an ability to name and describe them though language -- and then ultimately to reason and argue over them leading to shared understandings, laws and complex notions of human concepts and worldviews. Each successive progression of signs involves this interplay of requisite Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness. This triadic nature of signs provides a coherent way to understand and organize the representation of knowledge at any level.
Version 1.40 of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) and KBpedia, released Feb 28, 2017, was the result of reciprocal mapping from Wikipedia to KBpedia. Reciprocal mapping adds sub-graph structure and new nodes to the target knowledge base. Nearly 40% more reference concepts were added to KBpedia in this v 1.40 release compared to prior versions of KBpedia.
The KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) is a foundational ontology for capturing the essential components (or 'primitives') of knowledge bases. It is designed for mapping and interoperating diverse ontologies -- or knowledge graphs (KGs) -- to one another. The ultimate objective of KKO is to provide an ontology that surfaces and organizes the features within knowledge bases most useful to machine learning, artificial intelligence, data interoperability and mapping, and fact tagging and extraction.
Version 2.21 of KKO and KBpedia was updated Dec 7, 2019, with minor placement improvements from the original v 2.20, released Nov 11, 2019. This version was devoted to clean up of the individual typologies in the system, the removal of long species lists and individuals, some re-organization of the results, and removal of UMBEL linkages due to the retirement of that system. Nearly 2000 reference concepts (RCs) were removed from KBpedia due to these changes.
Version 2.00 of KBpedia and KKO, released Jan 23, 2019, provided full mappings to Wikidata and Wikipedia, as well as complete definitions for all RCs (reference concepts). Duplicates were checked and many minor typology corrections were made. This version was the first, complete, open-source release of KBpedia. Because of these substantial changes, the version numbers were skipped forward.
Version 1.50 of KKO and KBpedia, released Sep 13, 2017, marked a major update. KKO properties were updated and organized according the three main property splits into Attributes, (external) Relations, and Representations (or Annotations) according to Peircean principles and the universal categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness. Version 1.50 also used this structure to introduce a comprehensive mapping against Wikidata properties.
Version 2.50 of KKO and KBpedia, released Feb 10, 2020, is another major upgrade that resulted in version numbers skipping forward. The major change in this version is to completely integrate the UN Standard Products and Services Codes (UNSPSC) as the seventh core knowledge base included in the system, joining Wikidata, Wikipedia, OpenCyc, schema.org, GeoNames, and DBpedia. This addition now brings ecommerce and marketing capabilities to KBpedia. The Products typology was split into three parts and better disjointedness tests were added to the system. The addition of UNSPSC added a net of about 5000 reference concepts (RCs) to the system, including identification and removal of about 700 duplicate RCs from the merge. (Total RCs now exceed 58 K.) Mappings to Wikidata and Wikipedia were also made for this new UNSPSC structure, which now contains all three levels of the four-level UNSPSC structure, as well as thousands of the 'commodity' level items in it. Property mappings to UNSPSC, Wikidata, Wikipedia, and GeoNames, while previously available in separate mapping files, were also added to the base KBpedia system. Note that these KBpedia mappings are still available as separate files.
Version 1.20 of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) and KBpedia, released Dec 5, 2016, was a fairly significant re-write of the KKO upper structure. This update was driven by two factors: 1) a revisiting of some assignments due to the attention given actions and predicates (specifically, Actions, Events, Situations, Relations) as opposed to earlier efforts that focused on Entities and Classes (Generals); and 2) an attempt to both rely more directly on Peircean terminology where it made sense and to rely less directly on that terminology where it was obscure or dated.
kko
Version 1.60 of KKO and KBpedia, released Oct 1, 2018, marked the first open-source version of KBpedia. It greatly expanded mappings to Wikidata and Wikipedia and moved to address gaps in the definitions of resource concepts (RCs). However, because of time pressures, not all open-source updates were completed for this release.
KBpedia
Version 2.10, released Mar 27, 2019, resulted in instance mappings for Wikidata achieving 99% coverage. All 45 K mappings were manually checked, resulting in a further 1.25% correction of assignments. About half of existing mappings to Wikidata categories were converted to be represented by the topic entity. Wikipedia mappings have been similarly improved.
Version 1.30 of KKO, released on Jan 27, 2017, was an internal release version only. This version tested procedures for reverse mapping of sub-graph structures within a source knowledge base (B) to those of the target KBpedia knowledge structure (A). Most conventional mappings are of the B --> A form, where what is mapped from B requires a direct tie-in point in A. Reverse mapping, tentatively called reciprocal mapping, identifies and places new structure from B into A, resulting in the target now being (B+A).
These are a situational and contextual properties of proximity, affiliation or adjacency of the subject with regard to any contiguity.
associatives
A Thirdness
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are see also, lists, links (incoming + outgoing), associations, likenesses, resemblances.
An indicator to an external factor in relation to the object, which factor itself leads to still further explanations.
augments
An assignment of an object to a symbolic token or string that acts to group that object with similar items; the generation and interpretation of the token is (often) done in relation to an understood scheme or system.
codes
These ae icons or symbols that name or describe the subject.
denotatives
A Firstness
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are names, labels, images, descriptions, definitions, denotations, icons, designations, proper nouns.
abstracts
definitions
Symbol or text strings that are longer than labels and provide additional or contextual information about the object beyond simply drawing attention to it.
descriptions
The property kko:hasCharacteristic is used to assert the relation between a Reference Concept and external properties that may be used in external ontologies to characterize, describe, or provide attributes for data records associated with that concept. It is via this property or its inverse, kko:isCharacteristicOf, that external data characterizations may be incorporated and modeled within a domain ontology based on the KKO vocabulary.
has characteristic
Generally (unique) symbols or strings that provide a key to the given subject, often within some conventional scheme for generating and recognizing the token assigned.
identifiers
A Secondness
These ae indirect references or pointers that help situate or draw attention to the subject.
indexes
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are URIs, identifiers, keys, indices, references, semes, propositions (w/o objects), codes, selections, directional, citations, pronouns.
The property kko:isCharacteristicOf is used to assert the relation between a property and a Reference Concept (or its punned individual) to which it applies. Such properties may be used in external ontologies to characterize, describe, or provide attributes for data records associated with that concept. It is via this property or its inverse, kko:hasCharacteristic, that external data characterizations may be incorporated and modeled within a domain ontology based on the KKO vocabulary.
is characteristic of
names
Symbolic text strings that help to name or draw attention to a particular object.
labels
Labels such as names, proper names, titles, aliases, synonyms, misspellings, honorifics and such that draw attention to a particular object are all part of the property category.
An aggregation, either ordered or unordered, of objects similar to one another with respect to given characters or types.
lists
images
Iconic images or sounds that invoke the identification with a given object or representation. Media in this sense draws attention to the object.
media
indicators
Physical or symbolic indicators of a given thing and which draw attention to it.
pointers
see also
An indicator of some nature to other objects similar or related to the given object; the criteria and degree or strength of relationship between the items are indeterminant.
relateds
annotations
indexicals
metadata
Pointers or indicators, including symbolic ones such as text or URLs, that draw attention to the actual or dynamic object.
representations
Indexicals are of the form of re:A; that is, statements about or references to subject A.
Indexicals can not be inferred over because there are not class-subclass relations, nor natural relatedness, but may be analyzed in other ways.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Writings aspects related to the main subject at hand; a separate grouping deals explicitly with Books.
perception
reaction
Simple relations of energetics, perception or thought of subject (A) to some other object (B).
actions
This category could be further split by energetic (1o), perceptual (2o) and thinking (3o).
accidental
happening
These are events that may occur to a single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
adjunctual
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are birth, death, marriage, events, accidents, surprises, happenings, extrinsic, adjunctual.
Though Peirce used ‘accidental’ much (Eventuals), he applied it in most cases to ‘accidental actuals’; thus, ‘adjunct’ better captures potentiality.
attribute
characteristic
characteristics
essenses
inherences
Attributes are the ways by which a subject (A) may be described, characterized, or situated. All relations are inward looking to the subject, A.
attributes
Attributes are of the form of A:A. All inherential and referential characteristics of and for subject A are included in this category.
Can also call Attributes ‘internal relations’.
contexts
situations
thoughts
Relations of subject (A) to external circumstances, situations or contexts.
circumstances
classification
classify
A characterization of subject (A) that involves evaluating subject (A) and providing a multi-factor typing, coding or value in relation to a given attribute or set of attributes.
classifications
compared to
similar
Relations that compare, contrast or size up similarities or differences or overlaps between subject (A) and object (B).
comparisons
Directly from Peirce; "of the nature of logical possibilities” (CP 2.234)
Relations that involve the joining of a subject (A) to an object (B) via an intermediate object.
conjoins
context
perspective
These are circumstances or placements of single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
contextual
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties include space, time, continuity, contiguous, smooth, otherness, ratings, situational (w/ respect to A), sensible, contiguous, all placements thereto, derivative, classificatory, rankings.
These are relatiionships of combination, membership, quantity, action, or identification.
copulative
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are accidental, real, place, time, situation, quantity, facets, aspects, conjunctive, lists, one-to-many, many-to-one, sum of, contextual, verbs.
hypernym
hyponym
subtype
supertype
A simple relationship where object (B) is a direct child or parent or subsumption (hyponym) or supersumption (hypernym) to subject (A).
descendants
simple relations
These properties are in a simple (direct) relationship, meaning no intermediaries, between two different objects (entities, events, or their types, considered as instances).
direct relations
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are is a, simple without parts, part of, members in types or classes, genealogical roles (parent, child, brother), identity, extensional.
components
ingredients
parts
A contributing part of or integral input or aspect that adds to the understanding about the subject (A).
elementals
equal
identical to
same as
A simple relatiionship between a subject (A) and an object (B) that asserts equalness or sameness.
equivalences
accidentals
dates
events
eventuals
Chance, accidental or planned occurrences that directly involve subject (A).
Attributes of time are often candidates for this property category. "Thus, space does for different subjects of one predicate precisely what time does for different predicates of the same subject." (CP 1.501)
All external facing relations of a subject (A) to outside objects or data.
external relations
Direct relations + Copulative properties are intended to inclusively conform to what Peirce called "simple relations".
External relations are of the form A:B. These are all of the external facing relations for subject A, be they actions or perceptions or situations with respect to the external world.
external events
external factors
External events or circumstances that directly involve subject (A) or help define the nature or reality of subject (A).
extrinsics
arrangements
configurations
forms
shapes
Configurations or arrangements that are of the nature or perceivable of the subject (A).
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Academics aspects related to the main subject at hand. Academics are understood to exclude other notable persons, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Actions aspects related to the main subject at hand. Recreation, Sports and War actions are specifically excluded, since these have their own properties.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Analysis and Organizing aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Animals aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Artists aspects related to the main subject at hand. Artists are understood to exclude academics, other notable persons, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Athletes aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Attributes aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Audio aspects related to the main subject at hand. Music recordings, including singles, albums, long-playing and extended-play records are specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Books aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Businesspersons aspects related to the main subject at hand. Businesspersons are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, other notable persons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Cartoons aspects related to the main subject at hand. General animation-related topics are also specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Chemistry aspects related to the main subject at hand. Inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry are specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Commercial Establishments aspects related to the main subject at hand. Commercial Establishments are a subset of facilities, which have some separate aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Companies aspects related to the main subject at hand. Companies are a subset of organizations, which have some separate aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Computing aspects related to the main subject at hand. This aspect is specifically separate from Software.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Country or Nationality aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Crime & War (strife) aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Dates aspects related to the main subject at hand. Individual years and centuries are specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Disasters aspects related to the main subject at hand. Disasters are a subset of events, which have some other aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Drink aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Drugs aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Entertainers aspects related to the main subject at hand. Entertainers (or performers) are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, other notable persons, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Eras aspects related to the main subject at hand. Eras refer to nameable, large durations of time.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Events aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Extraterrestrial aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Fictional aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Fields Of Study aspects related to the main subject at hand. Academic disciplines and department names and emphases are specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Films aspects related to the main subject at hand. All film and movie forms are specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Financial aspects related to the main subject at hand. General economic topics are also specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Food aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Games aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Genres aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Governmental aspects related to the main subject at hand. Government is a subset of organizations, which have some separate aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Habited Areas aspects related to the main subject at hand. Habited Areas may span from single rooms to larger complexes and communities in which individuals live. Animal habitations are specifically included in this aspect.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Health or Disease aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Honors & Celebrations aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Images aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have In Year aspects related to the main subject at hand. In Year is a reference to a specific calendar year.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Industrial Facilities aspects related to the main subject at hand. Industrial Facilities are a subset of facilities, which have some separate aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Job Types aspects related to the main subject at hand. Job Types is one subset of overall Person aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Landforms aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Languages aspects related to the main subject at hand. Both human and artificial languages are specifically included.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Leaders aspects related to the main subject at hand. Leaders are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, other notable persons, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Lists aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Living Things aspects related to the main subject at hand. Living Things are understood to include all life forms and concepts apart from Animals and Plants.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Locations (other) aspects related to the main subject at hand. This grouping complements the Habited Areas or Countries & Nationalities properties.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Math & Numbers aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Military aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Monuments aspects related to the main subject at hand. Monuments are a subset of facilities.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Music aspects related to the main subject at hand. Music recordings, shown under the Audio property, are specifically excluded.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Natural Areas aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Natural Phenomena aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Natural Substance aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Notable Persons aspects related to the main subject at hand. Notable Persons are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Other Facilities aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Other Organizations aspects related to the main subject at hand. Sports teams, companies, and colleges and universities, are explicitly excluded since they have their own separate groupings.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Performing Arts aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Plants aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Politics aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Products aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Professionals aspects related to the main subject at hand. Professionals are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, other notable persons, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Recreation aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Religious aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Religious Persons aspects related to the main subject at hand. Religions Persons are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, other notable persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Schools aspects related to the main subject at hand. Education topics and colleges and universities are explicitly included in this grouping.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Shady Characters aspects related to the main subject at hand. Shady characters, including criminals and persons of possibly poor reputation, are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and other notable persons, which each have their own aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Society aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Software aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Sports aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Standards aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Structured Data aspects related to the main subject at hand. Databases, structured forms of information such as spreadsheets and markup, and structured notations are specifically included in this grouping.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Structured Info aspects related to the main subject at hand. Structured Info is a less organized (structured) format than Structured Data, which has its own aspect, or is a notation reflecting the same.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have TV aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Teams aspects related to the main subject at hand. Most teams are sports in nature.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Time aspects related to the main subject at hand. Specific Dates are excluded since they have their own separate grouping.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Topics aspects related to the main subject at hand.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Transport Facilities aspects related to the main subject at hand. Transport Facilities are a subset of facilioties, which have some separate aspects.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Visual Arts aspects related to the main subject at hand. Films and TV are specifically excluded since they have their own separate groupings.
This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Web Stuff aspects related to the main subject at hand.
Innate characteristics or essences of single entities or events (particulars).
intrinsics
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are oneness, qualities, feelings, inherent, negation, is, has, intensional, naturalness, internal, innateness.
The property kko:isAbout is used to assert the relation between a named entity (individual) and a Reference Concept class. kko:isAbout relates the named entity (individual) to the class through the basis of its subject matter. The relation acknowledges that the scope of the class can not be determined solely by the aggregation or extent of its associated individual entity members, and that the nature of the Reference Concept class may not alone bound or define the individual entity. This property is therefore used to create a topical assertion between an individual and a Reference Concept.
is about
The property kko:isLike is used to assert an associative link between similar individuals who may or may not be identical, but are believed to be so. This property is not intended as a general expression of similarity, but rather the likely but uncertain same identity of the two resources being related. This property can and should be changed if the certainty of the sameness of identity is subsequently determined. In general, we may not be able to assert that two individuals are the same based solely on current information on hand. However, there may be quite reasonable bases or methods that the two individuals are likely the same without being one hundred percent sure. kko:isLike has the semantics of likely identity, but where there is some uncertainty that the two resources indeed refer to the exact same individual with the same identity. Such uncertainty can arise when, for example, common names may be used for different individuals (e.g., John Smith). It is appropriate to use this property when there is strong belief the two resources refer to the same individual with the same identity, but that association can not be asserted at the present time with certitude.
is like
Check the definition of kko:isAbout for the definition of this property; isRelatedTo is the inverse property of isAbout.
links entity
A category of convenience for aggregating all of the mapping properties.
mapping properties
These are relationships of relevance, meaning or explanation – namely, thirdness – about subjects and types.
mediative
Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are concepts, generalities, similarity, genres, aspects, comparison, performance, thought, triadic, agreement/ difference, placement in space/time (contiguity), conditional, reasoning, classification.
part
A simple relationship where the object (B) is a part of or component of subjext (A).
parts of
performance
Relations of quantity or rank for how subject (A) performed in relation to object (B).
performances
Directly from Peirce; “of the nature of actual facts” (CP 2.234)
Other concepts associated with this set of properties are sequences; processes; combinations.
From Peirce “every fact is a relation”; all facts are assertions.
The predicate object properties in KKO are organized into a three-level schema based on the Peircean universal categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness, resulting in 27 predicate types (3 * 3 * 3) in the hierarchy. Either data or object properties may relate to nearly all levels in this schema.
The same organizatonal schema (3 * 3 * 3) for these object properties is duplicated for data properties, since sources do not uniformly (nor correctly!) determine their appropriate format. In the paralellism the object property categoreis have the most direct names; those for data properties are appended with the 'xxx data' term. Efforts to be comprehensive across external property mappings should best consult both property types.
predicate properties
inherent
intrinsic
quality
An internal characteristic or aspect of an object; collectively these internal relations define intensionally what kind of thing to which the object belongs, though that relationship is not intrinsic.
qualities
amount
number of
population
quantifiable
quantity
A characteristic of a subject (A) that is expressed as a number quantity.
quantities
orderings
rankings
An assigned value or characterization that orders subject (A) in relation to other subjects for a given attribute.
ratings
This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship
has abstraction
has activity
relates to animal
This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.
relates to area or region
has attribute
relates to audio information
relates to a biological process
relates to chemistry
relates to disease
relates to drug
relates to atom or element
relates to entity
has event
relates to facility
relates to finance or economy
has food drink
has form
relates to geopolitical entity
relates to a location or place
relates to organic chemistry
has organization type
relates to other organism
has person type
relates to natural phenomenon
relates to plant
has product type
A parental category of convenience for aggregating all of the relatesTo properties.
relatesTo properties
relates to situation
relates to society
relates to structured information
relates to natural substance
has time
has topic
relates to visual information
relates to written information
placements
Attributes or characteristics that help situate, or place in a locational context, the subject (A).
situants
Attributes of space are often a part of this property category. "Thus, space does for different subjects of one predicate precisely what time does for different predicates of the same subject." (CP 1.501)
A category of convenience for aggregating all of the SKOS properties.
SKOS properties
identities
is a
This simple relation is for all of the is-a relations to types (B) for subject (A).
typings
Open question: do 'circumstances' belong here as well?
perceptions
reactions
actions data properties
adjunctual data properties
attributes data properties
contextual data properties
circumstances data properties
classifications data properties
comparisons data properties
conjoins data properties
copulative data properties
descendants data properties
simple relations data properties
These properties are a direct relationship (no intermediaries) between two different objects (entities, events, or their types, considered as instances).
direct relations data properties
elementals data properties
equivalences data properties
eventuals data properties
happenings
external relations data properties
extrinsics data properties
Forms or arrangements that are of the nature or perceivable of the subject (A).
forms data properties
intrinsics data properties
mediative data properties
parts data properties
performances data properties
A category of convenience for aggregating all of the predicate data properties.
The predicate data properties in KKO are organized into a three-level schema based on the Peircean universal categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness, resulting in 27 predicate types (3 * 3 * 3) in the hierarchy. Either data or object properties may relate to nearly all levels in this schema.
The same organizatonal schema (3 * 3 * 3) for these data properties is duplicated for object properties, since sources do not uniformly (nor correctly!) determine their appropriate format. In the paralellism the object property categoreis have the most direct names; those for data properties are appended with the 'xxx data' term. Efforts to be comprehensive across external property mappings should best consult both property types.
predicate data properties
data properties
quantities data properties
ratings data properties
situants data properties
typings data properties
The AV Info SuperType is for information that contains BOTH audio and visual information, such as talking movies, TV commercials, etc.
AV info
This is the tie-in point for the AVInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
completeness
ipso facto
perfection
An absolute is something that is existing, able to be thought of, or able to be viewed without relation to other things. An absolute is something that is complete in and of itself.
Could possibly expand this branch with the following structure: Inclusive [1ns] Equivalence [1ns] Member [2ns] Set [3ns] Exclusive [2ns] Difference [3ns]
absolute
occurrence
Accidentals are those occurrences that bring things into actuality. As used here, accidental is an "indecomposable" that represents the potentiality of such an occurrence. Per CS 1.430, an accidental "is something that can only happen by having a subject with an independent mode of being not dependent upon this nor upon any determination whatsoever. It is something which happens."
See CP 2.377, but also a common qualifier used by CSP.
non-essential
Accidental forms are the non-essential properties of things; that is, properties that the thing could lose or gain without changing its essential nature. For example, the red color of a ball is an accidental form of a ball in that the ball could be changed to green or blue without losing its essential character. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
From Aristotle
accidental form
activity type
activity types
Acts or actions, organized by types, that result (mostly) from human effort, often conducted by organizations to assist other organizations or individuals (in which case they are known as services, such as medicine, law, printing, consulting or teaching) or individual or group efforts for leisure, fun, sports, games or personal interests (activities). Generic, broad grouping of actions that apply to generic objects are also included in this SuperType.
This is the tie-in point for the ActionTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of action or activity Types.
action types
brute force
Action is where the modification of things is more prominent than reaction to it (or the perception of it). Action always occurs in combination with reaction. It is what gives rise to events and entities.
From CP 1.324: "The waking state is a consciousness of reaction; and as the consciousness itself is two-sided, so it has also two varieties; namely, action, where our modification of other things is more prominent than their reaction on us, and perception, where their effect on us is overwhelmingly greater than our effect on them."
See CP 1.324.
Struggle is the equal combination of action and reaction (CP 5.45).
Struggle is the equal combination of action and reaction (CP 5.45.).
action
activity
Activities are particulars that are ongoing or occur over a period of time and result (often) from human effort or other agents. Human activities are often conducted by organizations to assist other organizations or individuals (in which case they are known as services, such as medicine, law, printing, consulting or teaching) or individual or group efforts for leisure, fun, sports, games or personal interests (activities).
activities
accidents
adjunctual attribute
life events
Events that may occur to a single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
Concepts in this type include birth, death, marriage, events, accidents, surprises, happenings, extrinsic, adjunctual.
This is the tie-in point for the AdjunctualAttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, AdjunctualAttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. AdjunctualAttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of adjunctual attributes.
adjunctual attributes
agent
animate agent
The Agents SuperType is for all beings, single or acting as groups, that can express and act upon desires or beliefs. Agents may be individual Persons, general Organizations, or Geopolitical entities.
This is the tie-in point for the Agents SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
agents
aniimal
This large SuperType includes all animal types, including specific animal types and vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, amphibia, birds, mammals, and animal body parts. Animal parts are specifically included. Also, groupings of such animals are included. Humans, as an animal, are included (versus as an individual Person). Diseases are specifically excluded. Animals have many of the similar overlaps to Plants. However, in addition, there are more terms for animal groups, animal parts, animal secretions, etc. Also Animals can include some human traits (posture, dead animal, etc)
This is the tie-in point for the Animals SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
animals
area
areas
region
regions
The AreaRegion SuperType includes all nameable or definable areas or regions that may be found within "space". Though the distinction is not sharp, this SuperType is meant to be distinct from specific points of interest (POIs) that may be mapped (often displayed as a thumbtack). Areas or regions are best displayed on a map as a polygon (area) or path (polyline).
This is the tie-in point for the AreaRegion SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
area or region
Any 2D or defined area that may change over time or scope.
artifact
The Artifacts SuperType is a major grouping of SuperTypes and is for all material expressions of human works, except for those strictly related to information or data.
This is the tie-in point for the Artifacts SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
artifacts
Associative, or association, is when two or more ideas or things exhibit an "attraction" between them due to likeness or similarity or some other correspondence. An associative monad is not amenable to a logical assertion. Associatives are the juxtaposition of a different thing to a given thing to indicate a relationship of some nature. Associatives must be between two or more objects. Since the degree of association can not be defined, no inference can be made about associations. Sameness or being a member of the same type is specifically excluded from this definition As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
Addition and multiplication are associative operations.
In CP 1.270, CSP calls 'association' "an attraction between ideas," analogous to gravitation.
associative
adjacency
associations
proximity
A situational or contextual assertion of proximity, affiliation or adjacency of the subject with regard to any contiguity.
Concepts in this type include see also, lists, links (incoming + outgoing), associations, likenesses, resemblances.
atoms
chemical element
The Atoms and Elements SuperType contains all known chemical elements and the constituents of atoms.
This is the tie-in point for the AtomElements SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
atoms or elements
attribute types
Attributes are the intensional characteristics of an object, event, entity, type (when viewed as an instance), or concept. The relationship is between the individual instance (or Particular) and its own attributes and characteristics, in the form of A:A. Attributes may be intrinsic characteristics or essences of single particulars, such as colors, shapes, sizes, or other descriptive characteristics. Attributes may be adjunctual or accidental happenings to the particular, such as birth or death. Or, attributes may be contextual in terms of placing the particular within time or space or in relation to external circumstances. These attributes have been categorized according to these distinctions and grouped and organized into types.
This is the tie-in point for the AttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, AttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. AttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Attributes.
attributive
Attributives are dyadic monads that capture the attributes or characteristics of subjects. Attributives provide the characteristics for self-identity ('Oneness'), characteristics and individuals that are external ('Otherness'), and those essences that make things what they are ('Inherence'). As "indecomposables", attributives are the potential or possibility of such a dyad, rather than being the actual dyad.
attributives
This SuperType is for any audio-only human work. Examples include live music performances, record albums, or radio shows or individual radio broadcasts
This is the tie-in point for the AudioInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
audio information
existence
ousia
Being, or existence, is that which exists independent of perception or thought. As an "indecomposable", this is the possibility or potential of existence rather than actual existence.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousia
being
binary logic
binary relation
dyadic
dyadic logic
propositional logic
A logical relation is part of a formal system (together with defined semantics) in the form of model-theoretic interpretation that assigns truth values to sentences of the formal language; that is, formulae that contain no free variables. A logic is sound if all sentences that can be derived are true in the interpretation, and complete if, conversely, all true sentences can be derived. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
binary
biochemical pathways
biological process
The Biochemical Processes SuperType is for all sequences of reactions and chemical pathways associated with living things. Includes decompositional processes.
This is the tie-in point for the BiologicalProcesses SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
biological processes
random
A chance is a random occurrence with an indeterminate outcome. As an "indecomposable", this monad is merely a potential or possibility, and not an actual occurrence.
chance
This SuperType is the category for chemical bonds, chemical composition groupings, and the like. It is formed by what is not a natural substance or living thing (organic) substance. Organic Chemistry and Biological Processes are, by definition, separate SuperTypes. This Chemistry SuperType thus includes inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, nuclear chemistry, and theoretical chemistry.
This is the tie-in point for the Chemistry SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
chemistry
collective entities
collective entity
mob
A grouping of similar stuff, which may or may not have its own identity, such as a "lump" or "mob" or "cloud", but also including "buckets of water" and "lumps of clay", and which are not a type or class of like entities
collective stuff
A complex quantity is one whose determinations can differ from others in different linear respects.
See CP 4.664.
complex quantity
complex entity
whole
A complex entity is a nameable, discrete thing, comprised itself of more than one individual. These individual parts are not all of the same kind, which are better known as classes or types. Many organizations and products, as examples, may be complex entities.
complex entities
compound entity
unit
units
A compound entity is an integral individual made up of multiple parts or individuals of different kinds working together as a unit. Machines and living bodies are two examples of a compound entity.
compound entities
concept
Concepts are ideas and mediated combinations of ideas that reflect more abstract or generalized thoughts than the typing or natural classing of objects, the focus of most other supertypes. Concepts are non-disjoint with all other supertypes.
As defined in KKO, concepts are NOT entities, but may be entity types. Concepts are the most abstract treatment of particulars and types, and are organized not by logically determinable semiosis, but by "worldviews" that provide a coherent, but not necessarily decomposable, organization of ideas. Concepts are organized into schema, which have a kind of hierarchical or taxonomic backbone of sorts, but are ultimately graphs. (Not sure here, but the typologies used for organizing entities are strictly taxonomic, I think.) Concept structures are most often what is seen in current ontologies, both those of the upper and domain variety. How we go about constructing the concept schema, let alone whether there will only be a single one or perhaps 2-3, remains to be determined. The basic ideas at present for the first schema are all based on "bridging from" or leveraging an existing schema. Possible source schema include: 1) the upper structure of OpenCyc, absent many abstract concepts, entities and entity types 2) an existing organizational structure from Wikipedia. Individual candidates include: -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Main_topic_classifications -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fundamental_categories 3) another existing upper ontology, though all I have inspected seemed flawed (as does now OpenCyc to me) 4) an existing KOS system in widespread use, such as UDC, or LCSH (Library of Congress) (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification) 5) some other internal means based on residual RCs with some unknown method. This general topic should also address the questions of Rules, Domains, Schema, and Worldviews.
This is the tie-in point for the Concepts SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
concepts
conceptual system
mental process
mental processes
thinking
A conceptual system is a system that is composed of non-physical objects, i.e. ideas or concepts. In this context a system is taken to mean "an interrelated, interworking set of objects". Such systems may be related to any topic from formal science to individual imagination. Conceptual systems may be found within the human mind, as works of art and fiction, and within the academic world. The Conceptual Systems SuperType is for human and cognitive constructs not otherwise related to natural classes. Concepts, topics and categories and category systems are specifically included in this SuperType. All conceptual systems and processes are inherently non-disjoint.
conceptual systems
This is the tie-in point for the ConceptualSystems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
concurrent
self-relative
A concurrent is a simple relative whose elements are of the form A:A. The character signified by a concurrent is an absolute character. Concurrents express a mere agreement among objects. All concurrents are copulative and continuous. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
See CP 3.136; CP 3.226.
concurrents
conditional operation
A conditional, or ternary, operation is an n-ary operation with n = 3. A ternary operation on a set A takes any given three elements of A and combines them to form a single element of A. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
conditional
join
Any entity formed by joining two or more smaller entities together; to join together.
conjugative
and
conjunction
conjunctive
'And' is the truth-functional operator of logical conjunction, and acts to assign (assert) an attribute to an entity. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
conjunctives
dynamical
logic function
operator
operators
A logical connective (also called a logical operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the sense of the compound sentence produced depends only on the original sentences. The most common logical connectives are binary connectives (also called dyadic connectives) which join two sentences which can be thought of as the function's operands. Also commonly, negation is considered to be a unary connective. Logical connectives along with quantifiers are the two main types of logical constants used in formal systems such as propositional logic and predicate logic. Semantics of a logical connective is often, but not always, presented as a truth function. A logical relation is part of a formal system (together with defined semantics) in the form of model-theoretic interpretation that assigns truth values to sentences of the formal language; that is, formulae that contain no free variables. A logic is sound if all sentences that can be derived are true in the interpretation, and complete if, conversely, all true sentences can be derived. A logical connective is similar to but not equivalent to a conditional operator. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
For additional background, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_function.
logical connective
constituent
constituent types
This grouping of SuperTypes represents building blocks, or components, commonly used by other SuperTypes. The basic building block areas are Space, Time and fundamental Natural Phenomena or processes. Because of their role as constituents in orther SuperTypes, there are few disjoint assertions within this grouping.
This is the tie-in point for the Constituents SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
constituents
contextual attribute
situational
Circumstances or placements of single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
Concepts in this type include space, time, continuity, contiguous, smooth, otherness, ratings, situational (w/ respect to A), sensible, contiguous, all placements thereto, derivative, classificatory, rankings.
This is the tie-in point for the ContextualAttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, ContextualAttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. ContextualAttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of contextual attributes.
contextual attributes
Association by contiguity means proximity of things in either time or space. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
From CP 4.87: "Phenomena that inward force puts together appear similar; phenomena that outward force puts together appear contiguous."
contiguity
continuant
A thing of a continuous nature that retains its identity even though its states and relations may change.
SpaceTime is a likely included here. SpaceTime combines the three dimensions of space and the dimension of time into an interwoven continuum. See http://www.textlog.de/4279-5.html for triadic discussion of space-time.
continuants
continua
continuum
durative
dynamics
inconstant
occurants
perdurants
A continuous event or thing is one that varies over time or space, respectively, and which may be approximated by a function. Though different individuals may have different continuous quantities at any given moment, across all instances the distribution can be modeled as continuous. By definition, continuous quantities are not discrete.
SpaceTime is a likely sub-category here. SpaceTime combines the three dimensions of space and the dimension of time into an interwoven continuum. See http://www.textlog.de/4279-5.html for triadic discussion of space-time.
continuous
combinations
copulative relation
Relatiionships of combination, membership, quantity, action, or circumstance.
Concepts in this type include accidental, real, place, time, situation, quantity, facets, aspects, conjunctive, lists, one-to-many, many-to-one, sum of, contextual, verbs.
The three main branches of this SuperType (ST) are Typings (a Firstness), ActionTypes (a Secondness) and Conjoins (a Thirdness). Only the ActionTypes ST is listed formally with the KKO. See the CopulativeRelations typology for the entire presentation of reference concepts (RCs).
This is the tie-in point for the CopulativeRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, CopulativeRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. CopulativeRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of copulative relations, including the major ActionTypes.
copulative relations
denominative
designation
designative
proper name
A denotative is the purest means to draw attention to something, such as a proper name or definitive symbol. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
denotative
denotive
denotives
Icons or symbols that name or describe the subject.
Concepts in this type include names, labels, images, descriptions, definitions, denotations, icons, designations, proper nouns.
direct relation
identity
A direct relationship (no intermediaries) between two different objects (entities, events, or their types, considered as instances).
Concepts in this type include is a, simple without parts, part of, members in types or classes, genealogical roles (parent, child, brother), identity, extensional.
This is the tie-in point for the DirectRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, DirectRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. DirectRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of direct relations.
quanta
quantized
A discrete quantity is one that is separate or discontinuous from other values. The distribution of discrete quantities is lumpy or ordinal across multiple entities in the same class or type. By definition, discrete quantities are not continuous.
discrete
disease
pathology
Diseases are atypical or unusual or unhealthy conditions for (mostly human) living things, generally known as conditions, disorders, infections, diseases or syndromes. Diseases only affect living things and sometimes are caused by living things. This SuperType also includes impairments, disease vectors, wounds and injuries, and poisoning.
This is the tie-in point for the Diseases SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
diseases
drug
pharmaceutical
This SuperType is a drug, medication or addictive substance, or a toxin or a poison.
This is the tie-in point for the Drugs SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
drugs
assertion
relation
simple sentence
statement
Dyadic monads are "indecomposable" elements that capture the ideas of relation, fact and reaction characteristic of Secondness. Like all monads, they are possibles or potentials, and not actually realized in any way. They are the possible ways that particulars might be understood in and of themselves, in isolation without respect to any other or contrast.
dyadic monads
economic system
economy
finance
finance and economy
An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption and financing that comprise the economic structure of a given community. As such, an economic system is a type of social system. This SuperType pertains to all things financial and with respect to the economy, including chartable company performance, stock index entities, money, local currencies, taxes, incomes, accounts and accounting, mortgages and property.
This is the tie-in point for the EconomicSystems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
economic systems
emergence
new knowledge
Knowledge emergence is the result of a process (the methodeutic) whereby new complex entities, principals of the real world, or discovery of new insights are made. The new knowledge so discovered then requires inspection for how it fits and interacts with the world, oft resulting in the emergence of new domains for inquiry. Knowledge may also emerge when existing assumptions are tested and found to be incorrect. Thus, knowledge is always emerging and our understanding of the world is always fallible. But the discovery and the emergence of new knowledge is always available to any domain of inquiry. Emergence is central in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things. Likewise, economic and legal phenomena emerge from psychology. In philosophy, emergence typically refers to emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels. In the Peircean sense, the basis for emergence rests in the logic of semiosis and the triadic categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness.
This is the tie-in point for the EmergentKnowledge SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
emergent knowledge
entity
instance
instances
Entities are the various ways that individuals (or particulars) may be expressed and understood. Entities may be qualitative, actual, or conceptual. The awareness of entities begins in an instant. The awareness of entities is an event, as is the cognition about them.
entities
An essential dyad is where both the subject and the object of the dyad are monads. This realization takes the form of a subsumptive realization (as scarlet is to red, for example).
From CP 1.462: "The only primary essential dyadism is that between a containing monadic quality and a contained monadic quality. For qualities cannot resemble one another nor contrast with one another unless in respect to a third quality; so that the resemblance of qualities is triadic."
essential dyad
always
permanent
Eternal is lasting forever, unending.
See CP 1.427.
eternal
eukaryote
Eukaryotes are living things that have a cell nucleus and cell membrane, and are one of the three major kingdoms of life.
This is the tie-in point for the Eukaryotes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
eukaryotes
event
event types
These are nameable occasions, games, sports events, conferences, natural phenomena, natural disasters, wars, incidents, anniversaries, holidays, or notable moments or periods in time Events have a finite duration, with a beginning and end. Individual events (such as wars, disasters, newsworthy occasions) may also have their own names.
This is the tie-in point for the EventTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
actuality
Events are occurrences resulting from the dual effects of an action and a countervailing reaction, that result in an existence. Events begin in an instant and may be no longer than that, or may continue through many instants and still retain an event identity. Thus, events may have duration. Also, thoughts are events. Without events, there are no entities. Events may have a finite duration, with a beginning and end. Individual events (such as wars, disasters, newsworthy occasions) may also have their own names. Events are demarcated by a change, or a difference in state (that is, qualities). A change may occur by chance, by exertion, by perception, or any other action.
From 5.284: ". . . there is no intuition or cognition not determined by previous cognitions, it follows that the striking in of a new experience is never an instantaneous affair, but is an event occupying time, and coming to pass by a continuous process."
From CP 1.132: ". . . every event is precisely determined by general laws, which evidently never can be rendered probable by observation, and which, if admitted, must, therefore, stand as self-evident."
From CP 1.24: "Let us begin with considering actuality, and try to make out just what it consists in. If I ask you what the actuality of an event consists in, you will tell me that it consists in its happening then and there. The specifications then and there involve all its relations to other existents. The actuality of the event seems to lie in its relations to the universe of existents. . . . Actuality is something brute. There is no reason in it. I instance putting your shoulder against a door and trying to force it open against an unseen, silent, and unknown resistance. We have a two-sided consciousness of effort and resistance, which seems to me to come tolerably near to a pure sense of actuality. On the whole, I think we have here a mode of being of one thing which consists in how a second object is. I call that Secondness."
From CP 1.336: "We perceive objects brought before us; but that which we especially experience -- the kind of thing to which the word "experience" is more particularly applied -- is an event. We cannot accurately be said to perceive events; for this requires what Kant called the "synthesis of apprehension," not however, by any means, making the needful discriminations. A whistling locomotive passes at high speed close beside me. As it passes the note of the whistle is suddenly lowered from a well-understood cause. I perceive the whistle, if you will. I have, at any rate, a sensation of it. But I cannot be said to have a sensation of the change of note. I have a sensation of the lower note. But the cognition of the change is of a more intellectual kind. That I experience rather than perceive. It is [the] special field of experience to acquaint us with events, with changes of perception. Now that which particularly characterizes sudden changes of perception is a shock. A shock is a volitional phenomenon."
From CP 1.492: "It is, in the first place, only real events that "take place," or have dates, in real time. Imaginary events, the course of a romance, are represented as having relations like those of time among one another, but they have no real places in time. . . . What, then, is a real event? It is an existential junction of incompossible facts." See further CP 1.492 - 1.494.
From CP 1.493: "In general, however, we may say that for an event there is requisite: first, a contradiction; second, existential embodiments of these contradictory states; [third,] an immediate existential junction of these two contradictory existential embodiments or facts, so that the subjects are existentially identical; and fourth, in this existential junction a definite one of the two facts must be existentially first in the order of evolution and existentially second in the order of involution. We say the former is earlier, the latter later in time. That is, the past can in some measure work upon and influence (or flow into) the future, but the future cannot in the least work upon the past. On the other hand, the future can remember and know the past, but the past can only know the future so far as it can imagine the process by which the future is to be influenced."
From CP 5.472: "An event, A, may, by brute force, produce an event, B; and then the event, B, may in its turn produce a third event, C. The fact that the event, C, is about to be produced by B has no influence at all upon the production of B by A. It is impossible that it should, since the action of B in producing C is a contingent future event at the time B is produced. Such is dyadic action, which is so called because each step of it concerns a pair of objects."
In CP 2.245, CSP defines a Sinsign as either an existent thing or an event.
See CP 1.492-494.
effort
work
Exertion is the application of force, including thought.
exertion
facility
Facilities are physical places or buildings constructed by humans, such as schools, public institutions, markets, museums, amusement parks, worship places, stations, airports, ports, carstops, lines, railroads, roads, waterways, tunnels, bridges, parks, sport facilities, monuments. All can be geospatially located. Facilities also include animal pens and enclosures and general human "activity" areas (golf course, archeology sites, etc.). Iportantly Facilities include infrastructure systems such as roadways and physical networks. Facilities also include the component parts that go into making them (such as foundations, doors, windows, roofs, etc.) Facilities can also include natural structures that have been converted or used for human activities, such as occupied caves or agricultural facilities. Finally, facilities also include workplaces. Workplaces are areas of human activities, ranging from single person workstations to large aggregations of people (but which are not formal political entities)
This is the tie-in point for the Facilities SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
facilities
fiction
imaginary
not real
Fictional is invented, imaginary or not real. Fictions exist in the mind or in concept, but are not real things in the world. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
fictional
ontic
qualia
First monads are "indecomposable" elements that capture the quality (suchness), haecceity (thisness) or pluralness of things. Like all monads, they are possibles or potentials, and not actually realized in any way. They are the possible ways that particulars and generals might be understood in and of themselves, in isolation without respect to any other or contrast. Like its alternate label, first monads are similar to ontic (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: "of that which is"), relating to the physical, real, or factual existence. Ontic describes what is there, as opposed to the nature or properties of that being.
Category name could also be 'Ontic'; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontic. Could also be called 'Qualia'; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia. See also http://cogprints.org/254/1/quinqual.htm for whether Qualia are a descriptor we want to use
From CP 1.303: "The pure idea of a monad is not that of an object. For an object is over against me. But it is much nearer an object than it is to a conception of self, which is still more complex. There must be some determination, or suchness, otherwise we shall think nothing at all. But it must not be an abstract suchness, for that has reference to a special suchness. It must be a special suchness with some degree of determination, not, however, thought as more or less. There is to be no comparison. So that it is a suchness Imagine me to make and in a slumberous condition to have a vague, unobjectified, still less unsubjectified, sense of redness, or of salt taste, or of an ache, or of grief or joy, or of a prolonged musical note. That would be, as nearly as possible, a purely monadic state of feeling. Now in order to convert that psychological or logical conception into a metaphysical one, we must think of a metaphysical monad as a pure nature, or quality, in itself without parts or features, and without embodiment. Such is a pure monad. The meanings of names of "secondary" qualities are as good approximations to examples of monads as can be given."
first monads
This SuperType is any edible substance grown, made or harvested by humans. The category also specifically includes the concept of cuisines
This is the tie-in point for the FoodDrink SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
food or drink
appearance
congfiguration
shape
Form is the material transformation or appearance of matter; it is what is perceived about an object including shape, material, color and other perceptual properties. As an "indecomposable" this is the possibility or potential of form rather than actual form.
form
form types
This SuperType category includes all aspects of the shapes that objects take in space; Forms is thus closely related to Shapes. The Forms SuperType is also the collection of natural cartographic features that occur on the surface of the Earth or other planetary bodies, as well as the form shapes that naturally occurring matter may assume. Positive examples include Mountain, Ocean, and Mesa. Artificial features such as canals are excluded. Most instances of these natural features have a fixed location in space.
This is the tie-in point for the Forms SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
functional component
sub-system
A functional component is a system of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex/intricate unit, but which still fulfills its essence as a part of a whole. For example, a heart is a functional component of many animals, or a transmission or engine are functional components of automobiles.
functional components
class
classes
super type
super types
universals
Generals are classes, types or kinds (natural kinds or classes) whose members are instances that share intensional or extensional aspects with other instance members. In Peircean terms, 'generals' are collections of individuals or predicates that have the same properties or characteristics (are intensional). Generals may be organized into a hierarchy of sub-types, with children inheriting the properties or characteristics of the parent(s). It is thus possible to infer across sub-type lineages. Generals are also sometimes referred to as either types or kinds.
Generals include all of the types in the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO). The types themselves are organized into typologies, segregated by the SuperTypes noted under this branch. Most of the typologies (especially those marked as 'major' ones) are disjoint (non-overlapping) with one another. This disjointedness is a key structural aspect in being able to reason and slice-and-dice the entire KBpedia knowledge space.
Note there is a degree of structural similarity between the main Particulars branch in KKO and the main Generals branch. This structural similarity is because Particulars deal with the nature and classification of individuals or instances, while Generals deal with the quite similar classification of classes or types. Fundamentally, all instances are characterized according to the Particulars branch; all types are characterized according to the Generals branch.
generals
The Geopolitical SuperType is for named places that have some informal or formal political (authorized) component. Important subcollections include Country, IndependentCountry, State_Geopolitical, City, and Province.
This is the tie-in point for the Geopolitical SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
geopolitical
icons
replica
An Icon is a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes merely by virtue of characters of its own, and which it possesses, just the same, whether any such Object actually exists or not. (from CP 2.247) As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
icon
likeness
Iconic monads are where the representation of something has an analogous relationship to that thing. They are of the form of an image or diagram or perceptual analog. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
iconic
Identity is the relation each thing bears just to itself, or sameness. Identity is a relation that x and y stand in if, and only if, they are one and the same thing, or identical to each other (i.e. if, and only if x = y). As an "indecomposable", identity is the potential or possibility of such a dyadic relationship, rather than the dyad itself. Nature is the essential properties and causes of things to be what they are. Nature defines what the essence, or hypokeimenon, is of the given thing.
indice
An Index is a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes by virtue of being really affected by that Object. (from CP 2.248) As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
index
IDs
indices
Indirect references or pointers that help situate or draw attention to the subject.
Concepts in this type include URIs, identifiers, keys, indices, references, semes, propositions (w/o objects), codes, selections, directional, citations, contextual (?), pronouns.
indicator
An indexical monad is anything that directs attention. An indexical does not assert anything. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
indexical
about
indication
indicative
Indicatives are dyadic monads that relate two items together but do not enable or support logical assertions. Indicatives act as iconic or referential indexes or provide associations such as denotation or similarity. An indicative, like a pointing finger or an iconic image, directs attention to an object. Indicatives are any indicator, pointer, connecter, or reference between individuals that stands apart from the referent. Indicatives are not assertions, they are more like associations and indicators, and can not be reasoned over, but provide an alternative means to indicate a given thing. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
Pronouns are indicative words, such as: this, that, something, anything.
indicatives
The Information SuperType is a grouping of SuperTypes dealing with any aspect of human or computer information, including written, audio, visual or structural forms. All instances in this SuperType are conceptual works.
This is the tie-in point for the Information SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
information
An inherence dyad is one in which a quality (single monad) is matched with a subject.
inherence
quiddity
Inherent is a quality "possessed" by something. As an "indecomposable", inherent is a potential character or characteristic of something that helps define what it is. In scholastic philosophy, quiddity is another term for the essence of an object, literally its "whatness" or "what it is". Quiddity describes properties that a particular entity (e.g., an automobile) shares with others of its kind. It is not exactly equivalent to essence, since some shared properties may not be central to a thing's essence. For example, an automobile may share with another automobile the property of tinted windows, but that character is not central to the automobile's essence.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiddity.
An inherential dyad is one where a monad is matched with a non-monadic subject. An inherential dyad is also known as an intrinsic attribute.
Though an inherential dyad strongly resembles an essential dyad, "It is, after all, however, radically different from the essential dyad, because the quality of the subject of inherence is a mere accident of that individual. Inherence may be regarded from another point of view. Namely, the individual subject may be conceived as brought into relation to itself by the possession of the attribute." (from CP 1.464)
inherential dyad
inquiry
inquiry methods
knowledge discovery
These are the methods and techniques for testing facts and assumptions, organizing inquiry and research, and all other methodologies associated with the quest to gain new knowledge. The methods of inquiry and the information base to which they are applied differ by knowledge domain.
This is the tie-in point for the InquiryMethods SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
methods of inquiry
moments
An instant is an infinitesimal moment in time, a moment whose passage is instantaneous.
instants
interval
segments
time span
Any duration of time from the shortest of moments to eons.
intervals
An intrinsic attribute is shown by reaction; it is a quality that arises from the thing as a result of an action (perception or exertion). It is a character that is embodied or integral to the thing at hand. An intrinsic attribute is of the nature of a given thing; it is a necessary inherence. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
See CP 1.563.
innate
intensional
intrinsic attribute
Concepts in this type include oneness, qualities, feelings, inherent, negation, is, has, intensional, naturalness, internal, innateness.
This is the tie-in point for the IntrinsicAttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, IntrinsicAttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. IntrinsicAttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of intrinsic attributes.
intrinsic attributes
academic disciplines
fields of study
Knowledge domains are the topics for study and discovery. The boundaries of the domains are somewhat arbitrary, but describe common fields of inquiry and study. It is through the intense knowledge gained by studying these domains that can produce the insights for new knowledge. Knowledge domains are often the focus of academic studies and disciplines, what OpenCyc calls FieldsOfStudy. Systematic human activity in these domains creates, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the domain at hand (which may result in the expansion into new domains).
This is the tie-in point for the KnowledgeDomains SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types. KnowledgeDomain is nearly synonymous with FieldsOfStudy.
This node traces out all of the major sub-branches of the OpenCyc FieldsOfStudy. The upper portions may be aligned with Peirce's natural science classification (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_sciences_%28Peirce%29)
knowledge domains
learning
learning process
Learning processes are the ways to acquire new, or to modify or reinforce, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.
This is the tie-in point for the LearningProcesses SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
learning processes
animate thing
animate things
life form
life forms
living thing
organism
organisms
The Living Things SuperType is for all living organisms, including humans (as animals). Also included in the definition are the diseases that may affect living things.
This is the tie-in point for the LivingThings SuperType (ST); it connects to an intermediate typology.
living things
location
locations
place
places
The LocationPlace SuperType is for bounded and defined points in "space", which can be positiioned via some form of coordinate system and can often be shown as points of interest (POIs) on a map. This SuperType is distinguished by areas or locations, which are often best displayed as polygons or polylines on a map.
This is the tie-in point for the LocationPlace SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
location or place
magnitude
Magnitude is the size of a mathematical object, a property by which the object can be compared as larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is an ordering (or ranking) of the class of objects to which it belongs.
magnitudes
manifestation
This grouping of SuperTypes includes what might be termed perceived "reality", including substances and ideas and concepts. Manifestations are the various ways that substances or ideas and concepts may be expressed or perceived. The three major subdivisions of Manifestation are Natural (inanimate) Matter, Organic (living and decomposed) Matter, and Symbolic (which are human works, ideas or information). Fictional things may also be manifestations of a symbolic type.
This is the tie-in point for the Manifestions SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
manifestations
ordinary matter
substance
Matter includes ordinary matter composed of atoms, and in the 20th centry also has come to be understood as including other energy phenomena such as light or sound. Most matter is understood to have mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substances that make up all observable physical or real objects. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
matter
betweenness
conciliation
intermediation
representation
satisficing
synthesis
Mediation is the representation of "something of" to "something to". Mediation is the bringing together of a Firstness and a Secondness. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
Mediation is perhaps the most common term used by CSP for Thirdness.
See CP 6.32.
mediation
genres
mediative relation
similarities
Relationships of relevance, meaning or explanation – namely, thirdness – about subjects and types.
Concepts in this type include concepts, generalities, similarity, genres, aspects, comparison, performance, thought, triadic, agreement/difference, placement in space/time (contiguity), conditional, reasoning, classification.
This is the tie-in point for the MediativelRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, MediativeRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. MediativeRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of mediative relations.
mediative relations
individual
member
A member is any one of the distinct objects that make up that set. Members are normally understood as the instances or individuals that comprise a class, kind or type.
members
considering
mentality
Mentation is the formation of concepts, ideas, thinking and any symbol formation or modification in the mind. Cognition is not an exact synomym or analog because mentation is not necessarily as structured or knowledge-oriented. Mentation is thought of any kind or nature. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
mentation
The methodeutic, so coined by Charles S. Peirce to distinguish from common methods, is nonetheless the methodology and techniques for inquiry and knowledge development, expressed as the scientific method in its fullest form. Abductive reasoning and hypothesis generation are key aspects of the method, which involves, for any given domain, observing and questioning the facts and generalities of the domain in order to discover new knowledge. That new knowledge results from posing and testing hypotheses about the possible explanations for the observations and potentials. The methodeutic is the penultimate and last step in logical inquiry. The new knowledge generated as a result of the methodeutic then becomes the object of subsequent inspection and inquiry, with new hypotheses generated and new tests conducted. In this manner knowledge is discovered, confirmed or denied, which forms the basis for extensions and revisions to the current knowledge base.
methods
speculative rhetoric
The methodeutic is the methodology and techniques for inquiry and knowledge development. Abductive reasoning and hypothesis generation are key aspects of the methodeutic.
No. 27 of Methodeutic. The first business of this memoir is to show the precise nature of methodeutic; how it differs from critic; how, although it considers not what is admissable but what is advantageous, it is nevertheless a purely theoretical study, and not an art; how it is from the most strictly theoretical point of view, an absolutely essential and distinct department of logical inquiry; and how upon the other hand, it is readily made useful to a researcher into any science, even mathematics. It strongly resembles the purely mathematical part of political economy, which is also a theoretical study of advantages. Of the different classes of arguments, abductions are the only ones in which after they have been admitted to be just, it still remains to inquire whether they are advantageous. But since the whole business of heuretic, so far as its theory goes, falls under methodeutic, there is no kind of argumentation that methodeutic can pass over without notice. Nor is methodeutic confined to the consideration of arguments. On the contrary, its special subjects have always been understood to be the definition and division of terms. The formation of systems of propositions, although it has been neglected, should also evidently be included in methodeutic. In its method, methodeutic is less strict than critic. CSP 1902 | Carnegie Institution Correspondence | HP 2:1035; NEM 4:26
This is the tie-in point for the Methodeutic SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
This node traces out all of the major sub-branches of the OpenCyc FieldsOfStudy. It should be reviewed to see if the upper portions can be aligned with Peirce's natural science classification (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_sciences_%28Peirce%29)
…Methodeutic, which is the last goal of logical study[,] is the theory of the advancement of knowledge of all kinds. CSP 1903 | Lecture I [R] | MS [R] 449:56
…one branch of logic is methodeutic, which should investigate the general principles upon which scientific studies should be carried on. CSP 1905 | Adirondack Summer School Lectures | MS [R] 1334:28
methodeutic
mixture
Mixed stuff is the combination of two or more individuals that has no identity beyond its mixture. For example, dry cement mix or baking ingredients fits into this category. However, if by virtue of the mixture or some process applied to it, such as adding water to make concrete or baking in an oven, a new identity gets created, then the thing should be more properly categorized as a compound entity.
mixed stuff
monadic dyad
A monadic dyad has at least one monad as part of the pair in a dyad. It can be formed from monads alone (applicable to all under the Monads branch), or an inherential dyad of a subject and a monad, because it is an intrinsic quality of an object. A monadic dyad is the realization of these dyads, making real the possibility by conceptualizing or discussing them. A monadic dyad is a realized thing, but it is not clear if it is an individual or instance. If it could be so grasped, it would be an entity.
From CP 1.532: "We may say with some approach to accuracy that the general Firstness of all true Secondness is existence, though this term more particularly applies to Secondness in so far as it is an element of the reacting first and second."
monadic dyads
element
elements
indecomposable
indecomposables
monad
primitive
primitives
Monads are what CSP called "indecomposables", that is fundamental concepts and ideas that are integral to themselves and can not be "decomposed" into smaller units or concepts. The purest form (a First) of monads is what CSP called Quality or Feeling. it is the unrealized possiblity or potential of a sensation. (If realized, it becomes Secondness.) CSP maintained (proved) that all complex structures and concepts can be "decomposed" to no more than two (Secondenss, or Relations or Facts) or three (Thirdness, or Mediation or Thought) of these monads. The concept of these monads together and in themselves constitutes a monad in that the idea or concept of them stands on its own, and can not be "decomposed" to smaller units.
CSP considered the term 'elements' but rejected it as not sufficiently precise. 'Primitives' are also a possible term, but is not used because CSP reserved that term for some kinds of relations.
Concepts that are Firstness and at the appropriate level of generality, but NOT yet included in this Monads branch are: Beauty Ethics State Truth
From CP 1.328: "The being of a monadic quality is a mere potentiality, without existence. Existence is purely dyadic."
We can have first, second, and third monads because the idea of the things can be seen as a possibility in itself. As CSP states in CP 1.450: "The first of these is that any unit (or units) whatsoever contemplated in itself without conscious regard to its parts would, were our sense to respond to it, be seen to embody a monad." Peirce goes on to say (in CP 1.451): "What has been here affirmed of collections of units is equally true of collections of monads. Namely, any monads may be contemplated together, and in their monadic aspect without regard to the single monads are seen to be one monad. There is thus a relation between monads similar to the relation of a unit to a monad. But there is this difference in the two cases: a monad thus embraced under another monad is so embraced in its very mode of being, while that a unit should be embraced under a monad has no concern with the mode of existence of the unit, which lies in its brute self-identity and otherness from all the rest." What this means is that a *type*, a natural class or natural kind, can itself be represented as a monad when considered in its entirety (as the idea or concept, not as its collection of members). We can thus apply the same idea of dyadic relations as applied to monads as being applicable to the type ideal. This formulation is somewhat akin to the idea of "punning" in the OWL 2 language.
monads
secondary quality
A monoidal dyad is a dyad formed by realizing (conceptualizing or denoting) a single monad; it is self-referential. A monoidal dyad is a realized monad, making real the possibility by conceptualizing or discussing it. Any of the possibles or potentials provided under the Monads branch may be realized as a monoidal dyad.
Every possible or potential monad provided under the Monads branch may be made real or conceptualized as a monoidal dyad (particular).
See CP 1.303: "The meanings of names of "secondary" qualities are as good approximations to examples of monads as can be given."
monoidal dyad
count
multitude
Multitude, or count, is the number of elements of a finite set of objects.
multitudes
natural things
The Natural Matter SuperType captures all non-living, non-artifactual actual things found in nature, and not a result of human or cognitive activity.
This is the tie-in point for the NaturalMatter SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
natural matter
natural phenomenon
natural processes
This SuperType includes natural phenomena and natural processes such as weather, weathering, erosion, fires, lightning, earthquakes, tectonics, etc. Clouds and weather processes are specifically included. Also includes climate cycles, general natural events (such as hurricanes) that are not specifically named.
This is the tie-in point for the NaturalPhenomona SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
natural phenomena
Were this to be split, possible categories are Energy (Firstness), Light (Secondness) and Matter (Thirdness) as constituent concepts
natural materials
natural substance
The Natural Substances SuperType are minerals, compounds, chemicals, or physical objects that are not the outcome of purposeful human effort, but are found naturally occurring. Other natural objects (such as rock, fossil, etc.) are also found under this SuperType. Chemicals can be Natural Substances, but only if they are naturally occurring, such as limestone or salt.
This is the tie-in point for the NaturalSubstances SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
natural substances
Negation is the complementary selection of all other characters when a given character (monad) is selected. That is, when something is selected, all other characters of a similar nature are not selected. Negation can also be indicated as an active exclusion. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
From CP 2.379: "The conception of negation, objectively considered, is one of the most important of logical relations; but subjectively considered, it is not a term of logic at all, but is prelogical. That is to say, it is one of those ideas which must have been fully developed and mastered before the idea of investigating the legitimacy of reasonings could have been carried to any extent."
See CP 1.450: "Those objects of the universe which do not possess a given character possess another character which, in reference to that universe, is in the relation of negation to the first. Hence, it is impossible to form a single class of dyads; two classes of dyads must be formed at once. Hence, considering all the monads which can appear on the contemplation of sets of units of the universe in their monadic aspect, every single unit is determined to be one subject of a dyad which has any one of those monads as its second subject, namely it is either such a dyad as determines it to have the character of being one of the units which made up the object of the contemplation in which that monad appeared, or it is such a dyad as determines the unit to have the character belonging to all the other units of the universe."
See CP 1.563, where it is also called a “possible inherence” or “negative unity”.
negation
number
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label values.
numbers
essence
hypokeimenon
identical
sameness
Oneness is the identity and nature of the attributive in relation to its subject. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokeimenon and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence.
oneness
alio-relative
opponent
An opponent is a simple relative whose elements are of the form A:B. The character signified by an opponent is a relative character (that is, one that cannot be prescinded from reference to a correlate). An opponent contains no pair of elements with itself. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
opponents
biochemistry
The Organic Chemistry SuperType is for all chemistry involving carbon, including the biochemistry of living organisms and the materials chemistry (including polymers) of organic compounds such as fossil fuels.
This is the tie-in point for the OrganicChemistry SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
organic chemistry
This umbrella SuperType represents all living things, dead things, decompositions from dead things, and fluids or excretions from living things. All agents related to living things or organizations are included. The organic chemistry underlying life is also included, as are diseases associated with living things.
This is the tie-in point for the OrganicMatter SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
organic matter
groups
organization
Organization is a broad SuperType and includes formal collections of humans, sometimes by legal means, charter, agreement or some mode of formal understanding. Examples include geoplotical entities such as nations, municipalities or countries (though these have also been segregated into their own supertype); or companies, institutes, governments, universities, militaries, political parties, game groups, international organizations, trade associations, etc. All institutions, for example, are organizations. Also included are informal collections of humans. Informal or less defined groupings of humans may result from ethnicity or tribes or nationality or from shared interests (such as social networks or mailing lists) or expertise ("communities of practice"). This dimension also includes the notion of identifiable human groups with set members at any given point in time. Examples include music groups, cast members of a play, directors on a corporate Board, TV show members, gangs, mobs, juries, generations, minorities, etc. Finally, Organizations contain the concepts of Industries and Programs and Communities.
This is the tie-in point for the Organizations SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
organizations
other
secundo
In CP 1.296: "In secundo, there is no reason why there should not be indecomposable elements which are what they are relatively to a second but independently of any third. Such, for example, is the idea of otherness. We will call such ideas and all that is marked by them (i.e., dependent on a second)."
In CP 1.566: "Otherness . . . is the inseparable spouse of identity: wherever there is identity there is necessarily otherness; and in whatever field there is true otherness there is necessarily identity. Since identity belongs exclusively to that which is hic et nunc, so likewise must otherness. It is, therefore, in a sense a dynamical relation, though only a relation of reason."
Otherness is that which comes into focus upon the realization of the one, as its contrast or exclusion from the middle. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
otherness
An entity that, while discrete, is understood to be part of a larger whole. An entity that is part of a larger whole may exist independently or not from the whole of which it is a part, but in either case is unable to fulfill its essence or complete nature if apart from the whole. A part of entity may be seen as having an identity of its own, and is often nameable.
part of
individuals
specifics
Particulars, often referred to as Individuals (but that is not absolutely so because of the uncertain status of monadic dyads), are discrete, separate things that have their own identity. Particulars arise from a head-butting duality of action and reaction, and exist totally in the present. Both events and entities are kinds of particulars. Particulars may be understood in an intensional sense, wherein they are defined through a set of characteristics or attributes, the necessary and sufficient properties for belonging to that set. Or, particulars may be understood in an extensional sense, wherein they are defined as one of the members within the set or concept at hand, which is a more relational or contextual view. Particulars may also be a part of something broader so long as they have their own discrete identity. For examples, a specific tire or engine may be an individual or particular part of a car; a baton pass may be a moment within a relay race.
particulars
meronym
part-of
A part, or meronym, denotes a constituent part of, or a member of something. A meronym refers to a part of a whole. For example, 'finger' is a meronym of 'hand' because a finger is part of a hand. Similarly, 'wheel' is a meronym of 'automobile'. In knowledge representation languages, meronymy is often expressed as "part-of".
sensation
Perception is the sensation of feelings. It is also the awareness of qualities (Firstness).
person types
The appropriate SuperType for all named, individual human beings. This SuperType also includes the assignment of formal, honorific or cultural titles given to specific human individuals. It further includes names given to humans who conduct specific jobs or activities (the latter case is known as an avocation). Examples include steelworker, waitress, lawyer, plumber, artisan. Ethnic groups are specifically included. Persons as living animals are included under the Animals SuperType.
This is the tie-in point for the Persons SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
persons
An object is anything that we can perceive, think or talk about.
material
object
A phenomenal entity is an object that is manifest in some way and form; it is material or can be experienced.
phenomenal
place types
The Places SuperType is for any area within a space. Areas within Places may be either areas or regions or specific locations or places.
This is the tie-in point for the Places SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
plant
This SuperType includes all plant types and flora, including flowering plants, algae, non-flowering plants, gymnosperms, cycads, and plant parts and body types. Note that all Plant Parts are also included.
This is the tie-in point for the Plants SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
plants
combination
composition
conceptual
plurality
tertian
Pluralness is the idea of more than one, and is more than the idea of one in relation to another. As an "indecomposable", pluralness is the potential or possibility of a group or collection more than one or two, but is not an actual collection.
From CP 1.297: "In tertio there is no a priori reason why there should not be indecomposable elements which are what they are relatively to a second and a third, regardless of any fourth. Such, for example, is the idea of composition. We will call everything marked by being a third or medium of connection, between a first and second anything, tertian."
From CP 4.332: "The general idea of plurality is involved in the fundamental concept of Thirdness, a concept without which there can be no suggestion of such a thing as logic, or such a character as truth. Plurality, therefore, is an idea much more fundamental than that of the ordinal place of a member of a linear series."
pluralness
POI
coordinate
point
A point is a primitive notion upon which geometry is built. Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects. A point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy. In two-dimensional Euclidean space, a point is represented by an ordered pair (x, y) of numbers, where the first number conventionally represents the horizontal and is often denoted by x, and the second number conventionally represents the vertical and is often denoted by y.
points
predication
relations
Predications are the various ways that statements may be made about a subject, including attributes (internal relations), external relations, indexicals and annotations. Collectively, all of these may be deemed as "relations", but it is better to maintain the more distinct typings.
This is the tie-in point for the Predications SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
predications
extractive goods
primary sector
This SuperType (ST) is for the primary sector of the economy, which includes products for any industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources; such as farming, forestry, mining and fishing. This is the first (Primary) economic sector, based on the classical breakdown of economic activity into three sectors: * Primary: involves the retrieval and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A coal miner, farmer or fisherman would be workers in the primary sector); * Secondary: involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing. (A builder and a dressmaker would be workers in the secondary sector); and * Tertiary: involves the supplying of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking. (A shopkeeper and an accountant would be workers in the tertiary sector.) This sector contains the UNSPSC segments 10000000 to 21000000, inclusive.
primary sector product
process
Processes are a series of activities or events that when combined can lead to particular outcomes. Often the activities or events need to occur in a set order or through set proportions in order for the outcome to occur. Processes may be natural (such as erosion or weathering or sunlight) or biological (such as growth, reproduction or death) or agentivie (such as industrial production, creating works or transporting goods).
processes
good
product
This is SuperType includes any instance offered for sale or performed as a commercial service. A Product is often a physical object made by humans that is not a conceptual work or a facility, such as vehicles, cars, trains, aircraft, spaceships, ships, foods, beverages, clothes, drugs, weapons.
This is the tie-in point for the Products SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
products
prokaryote
The Prokaryotes include all prokaryotic organisms, including the Monera, Archaebacteria, Bacteria, and Blue-green algas. Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane and cell nucleus. By convention, also included in this SuperType are viruses and prions.
This is the tie-in point for the Prokaryotes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
prokaryotes
fungi
fungus
protista
protists
This is the remaining cluster of eukaryotic organisms, specifically including the fungus and the protista (protozoans and slime molds).
This is the tie-in point for the ProtistsFungus SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
protists fungus
A Quality in the dyadic monad sense is any of the singular monads under Suchness. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
See CP 1.563, wherein it is described as a “quality in degree a contingent inherence” or "qualitative unity”.
Quantity is a predicate that can exist as a magnitude or multitude. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more," "less," or "equal," or by assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement. Some quantities are such by their inner nature (as number), while others are functioning as states (properties, dimensions, attributes) of things such as heavy and light, long and short, broad and narrow, small and great, or much and little. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
From CP 4.664: "A quantity is in one sense or another an object of almost any category; but most appropriately the word is used to denote a dyadic relation, which is considered as having conceivable exact determinations differing from one another only in a linear respect, that is, so that there is a dyadic relation of "being r to" such that, of any two of the determinations in the same linear respect, one is r to whatever the other is r to, and is r to something the other is not r to; and to know all the possible determinations to which any determination was in that linear relation would be to know the determination exactly, the determinations being defined as such as to satisfy (especially so as just to satisfy) some general condition. If there is but a single linear respect such that, whatever two conceivable determinations of a quantity be taken, they can differ in that respect alone, it is called a simple quantity; but a quantity whose determinations can differ from others in different linear respects is called a complex quantity. The expressed determination of a quantity in all its linear respects of determination (especially if the expression be such that the determination is exact, that is, is a single one and is not any other), is called the value of the quantity."
See also CP 3.252 and CP 4.152.
reality
Real are things or concepts that have existed, do exist, or will exist. The truth refers to what is real, while falsity refers to what is not. Fictions are considered not real. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
real
Reference Concepts are a distinct subset of the more broadly understood concept such as used in the SKOS RDFS controlled vocabulary or formal concept analysis or the very general or abstract concepts common to some upper ontologies. Reference Concepts are selected for their use as concrete, subject-related or commonly used notions for describing tangible ideas and referents in human experience and language. Reference Concepts are classes, the members of which are nameable instances or named entities, which by definition are held as distinct from these concepts. The KKO ontology is a coherently organized structure (or reference "backbone") of these Reference Concepts.
It is not unusual to want to treat things either as a class or an instance in an ontology, depending on context. Among other aspects, this is known as metamodeling and it can be accomplished in a number of ways. One of the reasons KKO is modeled using the Web Ontology Language (OWL2) is its ability to provide a neat trick for doing this called “punning“. Let's take the example of 'trucks' for why we may want to pun. We may have a category called 'trucks', which may further be split into truck types, brands of trucks, type of engine, and so forth. Yet, when talking about the idea of 'truck', we may want to characterize that a truck is designed primarily for the transport of cargo (as opposed to automobiles for people transport), or that trucks may have different drivers license requirements or different license fees than autos, or certain sizes or weights. These descriptive properties refer to trucks as an instance. These mixed cases combine both the organization of concepts in relation to one another and with respect to their set members, and with the description and characterization of these concepts as things unto themselves. This is a natural and common way to express most any domain of interest. Where we have different contexts for describing or discussing 'trucks', punning gives us the abiity to model both contexts. The punning technique works because the IRI for the object ends up being treated as both a concept (class) and an instance (individual). Thus, while the object shares the same IRI, depending on its context, it is evaluated by an OWL reasoner as a different thing (class or individual). The OWL API achieves this by actually writing out the object in both its class view and individual view. Because of the KKO's role (among others) as a reference structure for mapping and interoperating external data, it is helpful to think of all of the Reference Concepts (RCs) in the system as classes. This can apply to things which are seemingly individuals, such as specific persons or events, because they may be referred to in multiple ways and in multiple contexts. On the other hand, we want to describe and provide characteristics for these RCs, a view best accomplished when the RC is treated as an instance. Thus, all RCs in the KKO are punned. To learn more about punning and metamodeling, see further http://www.mkbergman.com/913/metamodeling-in-domain-ontologies/.
reference concept
external relation
relation types
By definition, RelationTypes are external relations. External relations are assertions between an object, event, entity, type, or concept and another particular or general. An external relationship has the form of A:B. External relations may be simple ones of a direct relationship between two different instances. External relations may be copulative by combining objects or asserting membership, quantity, action or circumstance. Or, external relations may be mediative to provide meaning, context, relevance, generalizations, or other explanations of the subject with respect to the external world. External relations are extensional. These external relations have been categorized according to these distinctions and grouped and organized into types.
This General could be split as follows: DyadicRelations [1ns] ExistentialRelations [2ns] (needs to include Creation [3ns] and Destruction [3ns]; separate from CSP definition in 3.571) SituationTypes [3ns]
This is the tie-in point for the ExternalRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, ExternalRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. ExternalRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Relations.
connection
A relational is something that brings two monads together. In this "indecomposable" sense, a relational is a possible or potential something to bring or connect or relate two items together; no actual relationship is realized.
relational
relative
Relatives are the manner in which two different or similar things may be connected or related. All of these relationships are dyadic. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
From CP 3.136: "The first division of relatives is, of course, into simple relatives and conjugatives. The most fundamental divisions of simple relatives are based on the distinction between elementary relatives of the form (A:A), and those of the form (A:B). These are divisions in regard to the amount of opposition between relative and correlative."
This entire branch likely requires further attention and refinement. A key source for this possible change is CSP's lengthy discussion on 'dyadic relations' (see further CP 3.571). Under that dichotomous scheme, all of the dyadic relations are presented in a dichotomous manner. Further, Concurrents and Opponents are further down the dyadic relation change, all being 'Existential Relations'. This possible review will require extensive study.
relatives
sign
A representation is any icon, index, or symbol referring to another specific thing, be it an event, entity, type, predicate, or any other particular that might be used to refer to another particular or general. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
annotation
indexical type
Representations are signs, and the means by which we point to, draw or direct attention to, or designate, denote or describe a particular object, entity, event, type or general. A representational relationship has the form of re:A. Representations can be designative of the subject, that is, be icons or symbols (including labels, definitions, and descriptions). Representations may be indexes that more-or-less help situate or provide traceable reference to the subject. Or, representations may be associations, resemblances and likelihoods in relation to the subject, more often of indeterminate character. These representations have been categorized according to these distinctions and grouped and organized into types.
Signifier is also a good preferred label, but is not used to avoid confusion with Saussure's semiotic terminology, which has a different grounding than CSP's version.
This is the tie-in point for the RepresentationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, RepresentationTypes are NOT EntityTypes.
representation types
manufactured goods
secondary sector
This SuperType is for the secondary sector of the economy, which includes industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction. This is the second (Secondary) economic sector, based on the classical breakdown of economic activity into three sectors: * Primary: involves the retrieval and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A coal miner, farmer or fisherman would be workers in the primary sector); * Secondary: involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing. (A builder and a dressmaker would be workers in the secondary sector); and * Tertiary: involves the supplying of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking. (A shopkeeper and an accountant would be workers in the tertiary sector.) This sector contains the UNSPSC segments 22000000 to 60000000, inclusive.
secondary sector product
shape types
The Shapes SuperType captures all 1D, 2D and 3D shapes, regular or irregular. Most shapes are geometrically describable things.
This is the tie-in point for the Shapes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types. Most entities are characterized by a shape. Thus, the Shapes ST is not very useful in disjointedness assertions.
resemblance
Similarity is that which resembles something else, as in quality, form, etc. Similarity is often qualified by the nature, traits or characteristics in common between the two compared entities. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
From CP 1.567: "Similarity, on the other hand, is of quite a different nature. The forms of the words similarity and dissimilarity suggest that one is the negative of the other, which is absurd, since everything is both similar and dissimilar to everything else. Two characters, being of the nature of ideas, are, in a measure, the same. Their mere existence constitutes a unity of the two, or, in other words, pairs them. Things are similar and dissimilar so far as their characters are so. We see, then, that the first category of relations embraces only similarities; while the second, embracing all other relations, may be termed dynamical relations."
similarity
A simple relative is a binary relationship where a pair of things stands in a particular relation. Simple relatives may be equivalent relationships or partially equivalent relationships, with various kinds of order.
binary relationship
correspondence
dyadic relationship
simple relative
single entity
A single entity is an individual that has Identity unique to it without needing to be part of a collective or whole, Identify is the difference or character that marks off an individual from the rest of the same kind; also known by selfhood or sameness.
single entities
situation
situation types
The Situations SuperType is a state or context consisting of one or more objects having certain properties or bearing certain relations to each other. Situations capture the conditions or circumstances for something. Situations can often be a complex combination of contextual conditions.
This is the tie-in point for the SituationTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
circumstance
A situation is a particular set of circumstances or state of affairs or that set the context for how particular actions or events may unfold. Situations influence outcomes and potential outcomes for given occurrences.
social process
social processes
social system
A social system is a network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. The term refers to the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, corporations, and industries. The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on various shared characteristics such as location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features, and may cover perspectives on issues held by different groups. Social systems attempt to capture the complex systems and processes pursued by humans as social groups.
This is the tie-in point for the SocialSystems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
social systems
This SuperType category includes concepts related to political systems, laws, rules or cultural mores governing societal or community behavior, or doctrinal, faith or religious bases or entities (such as gods, angels, totems) governing spiritual human matters. Culture, Issues, beliefs and various activisms (most -isms) are included.
This is the tie-in point for the Society SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
society
Space entities relate to the idea of "space" and locations and positions within that "space". Specific sub-groupings under the category include the definition and specification of 1D, 2D and 3D shapes; places, regions and locations within space; and forms that objects may take within "space".
Space is different subjects of one predicate (from CP 1.501).
space
Any 3D region that may change over time or scope.
space regions
space types
This category is a grouping of concepts related to the idea of "space" and locations and positions within that "space". Specific sub-groupings under the category include the definition and specification of 1D, 2D and 3D shapes; places, regions and locations within space; and forms that objects may take within "space".
This is the tie-in point for the SpaceTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
randomness
An unpredictable event occurring without apparent cause; a "surprise"
spontaneous
condition
state
A state is a condition or of circumstances applying at any given time. States are possible characteristics of entities, components, compound entities, or kinds. Often states are one of multiple possible conditions potentially applicable to the object at hand. For examples, on-off are two possible states for electrical circuits. Life stages are possible states for living things. Or, gas, liquid or solid states may characterize matter.
states
This information SuperType is for all kinds of structured information and datasets, including computer programs, databases, files, Web pages and structured data that can be presented in tabular form.
structured information
This is the tie-in point for the StructuredInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
essential character
Substantial forms are the forms or ideas that organize matter and make it intelligible. Substantial forms are the source of properties, order, unity, identity, and information about objects. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
substantial form
hiearchical
is-a
subsumption
types
typical
Subsumption is a 'is-a' relationship between two things where one thing is a sub-class or instance of the other thing, which is its super-class or type, respectively. Anything that satisfies the sub-class or instance specification also satisfies the super-class or type specification. In this way, things become specifics of the general. When referring to a parent thing, the synonym is typical, which relates to types, wherein multiple, shared attributes comprise the types. The shared characteristics of an individual to other individuals in its class constitutes its typicality.
subsumptive
ens
primen
protoidal
Suchness, also known as qualities, or qualia, are the perceived attributes of entities. These perceived properties are an interpretation of the underlying, intrinsic characteristics of the object. Suchness is not realized, but a possibility or potential, and is an "indecomposable" element.
In a triples concept, a suchness could represent either the S – P – 0 individually
See CP 1.295 (related to the components of the Phaneron): "These things being premised we may say in primo, there is no a priori reason why there should not be indecomposable elements of the phaneron which are what they are regardless of anything else, each complete in itself; provided, of course, that they be capable of composition. We will call these and all that particularly relates to them Priman. Indeed, it is almost inevitable that there should be such, since there will be compound concepts which do not refer to anything, and it will generally be possible to abstract from the internal."
suchness
general
kind
kinds
type
SuperTypes are a collection of (mostly) similar Reference Concepts. Most of the SuperType classes have been designed to be (mostly) disjoint from the other SuperType classes. SuperTypes thus provide a higher-level of clustering and organization of Reference Concepts for use in user interfaces and for reasoning purposes.
In Peircean (Charles Sanders Peirce) terms, these are 'Generals'
SuperTypes include all of the types in the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO). The types themselves are organized into typologies, segregated by these SuperTypes as placed under this branch. Most of the typologies (especially those marked as 'major' ones) are disjoint (non-overlapping) with one another. This disjointedness is a key structural aspect in being able to reason and slice-and-dice the entire KBpedia knowledge space.
Two concepts at sufficient level of generality and seemingly appropriate to this Generals branch, but which are NOT presently listed are: Logic Belief
SuperTypes
symbols
A Symbol is a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes by virtue of a law, usually an association of general ideas, which operates to cause the Symbol to be interpreted as referring to that Object. (from CP 2.249) As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
symbol
This grouping of SuperTypes is for all works, ideas, information and concepts resulting from symbolic human (and artificial agent) cognition.
This is the tie-in point for the Symbolic SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
symbolic
system
Systems are ongoing processes of human- or cognitive-related effort. This SuperType is a grouping of such individual supertypes.
This is the tie-in point for the Systems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
systems
service
service sector
services
tertiary sector
This SuperType (ST) is for the service sector, which consists of the production of services instead of end products. Services (also known as "intangible goods") include attention, advice, access, experience, and affective labor. The production of information has also long been regarded as a service. This is the third (Tertiary) economic sector, based on the classical breakdown of economic activity into three sectors: * Primary: involves the retrieval and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A coal miner, farmer or fisherman would be workers in the primary sector); * Secondary: involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing. (A builder and a dressmaker would be workers in the secondary sector); and * Tertiary: involves the supplying of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking. (A shopkeeper and an accountant would be workers in the tertiary sector.) This sector contains the UNSPSC segments 70000000 to 94000000, inclusive.
tertiary sector service
haecceity
hecceity
secundan
thatness
Thisness (or thatness) is what kind of thing something is. Thisness, which applies to an undifferentiated individual, is the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing that make it a particular thing. Haecceity is a person's or object's "thisness," the individualising difference. Haecceity denotes the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing which make it a particular thing.
From CP 3.434: "A sign which denotes a thing by forcing it upon the attention is called an index. An index does not describe the qualities of its object. An object, in so far as it is denoted by an index, having thisness, and distinguishing itself from other things by its continuous identity and forcefulness, but not by any distinguishing characters, may be called a hecceity. A hecceity in its relation to the assertion is a subject thereof."
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haecceity. Hecceity is the term used by CSP.
Thisness comes about in contrast to otherness, which is why it is secundan.
thisness
Thought is a sign created in the mind.
thought
A time particular is an entity that represents the indefinite continued progression of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Time is different predicates of one subject (from CP 1.501).
time
time types
This grouping of SuperTypes is for all concepts with a time-related component, such as an activity that spans over time, an event which has a beginning and an end, or general time-related concepts.
This is the tie-in point for the TimeTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
This SuperType is for specific time or date or period (such as eras, or days, weeks, months type intervals) references in various formats
This is the tie-in point for the Times SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
times
categories
category
topic
topics
This largely subject-oriented and conceptual category is where related topics or subjects "about" a given topic may be brought together, compared, related to one another, and provide a basis of real instances for the topic at hand. Topics bring together the concepts of a domain into meaningful groupings for inspecting and questioning the nature of the domain. There is, by definition, broad latitude as to how to group and relate the specific topics, including introducing new ones. The topics raised herein may often be good nucleating points for new categorizations.
The OpenCyc topics goe here, starting with CycVocabularyTopLevelTopic (http://localhost:3602/cgi-bin/cg?cb-cf&c89438).
This is the tie-in point for the TopicsCategories SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
topics categories
semiosis
Triadic action is when one event, A, produces a second event, B, that is a means to the production of a third event, C. An example of this action is 'A gives B to C'.
Peirce's object-representamen-interpretant sign is an example of triadic action.
triadic action
triadic monad
Triadic monads are "indecomposable" elements that capture the ideas of combination, thought, mediation, and signs characteristic of Thirdness. Like all monads, they are possibles or potentials, and not actually realized in any way. They are the possible ways that such three-way relationships, or generals, might be understood in and of themselves, in isolation without respect to any other or contrast. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
triadic monads
Alogical refers to any relation that is not based upon a form of logic.
unary logic
unary relation
There are 4 unary operations: 1) always true; 2) never true (unary falsum); 3) unary Identity; and 4) unary negation. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
unary
value
worth
The value of an attribute is any number, amount or other mathematical object assigned to it, computed for it, or implied by a function as a result of a particular number being assigned to its argument. Values may be strings or numbers, with magnitudes or multitudes possible for the numbers.
values
The Visual Info SuperType is for any still image or picture or streaming video human work, with or without audio. Examples include graphics, pictures, movies, TV shows, individual shows from a TV show, etc.
This is the tie-in point for the VisualInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
visual information
This SuperType includes any general material written by humans including books, blogs, articles, manuscripts, but any written information conveyed via text.
written information
This is the tie-in point for the WrittenInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.