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This ontology is designed to represent sites, spatial regions, and other entities, especially those that are located near the surface of Earth, as well as the relations that hold between them.
Geospatial Ontology
Version 2.0
coincides with
x coincides_with y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and x is a spatial part of y and y is a spatial part of x.
Given a stronger temporal interpretation, this property may be transitive and symmetric. For more info please refer to https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO-2020/tree/master/src/owl/temporal%20extensions.
tangential part of
x tangential_part_of y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and x is a spatial part of y and there exists an instance of Immaterial Entity z such that z externally connects with x and z externally connects with y.
Given a stronger temporal interpretation, this property may be transitive. For more info please refer to https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO-2020/tree/master/src/owl/temporal%20extensions.
Randell, D. A., Cui, Z. and Cohn, A. G.: 1992, "A spatial logic based on regions and connection," Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp. 165-176. Available at: https://www.dpi.inpe.br/gilberto/references/cohn_rcc.pdf
partially overlaps with
x partially overlaps with y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and x overlaps with y and x is not a spatial part of y and y is not a spatial part of x.
Given a stronger temporal interpretation, this property may be symmetric. For more info please refer to https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO-2020/tree/master/src/owl/temporal%20extensions.
connected with
x is_connected_with y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and there exists an instance of Immaterial Entity z that is part of both x and y.
nontangential part of
x nontangential_part_of y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and x is a spatial part of y and there does not exist an instance of Immaterial Entity z such that z externally connects with x and z externally connects with y.
disconnected with
x disconnected_with y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and there does not exist some immaterial entity z that is part of both x and y.
has spatial part
y has_spatial_part x iff x, y, z, and q are instances of Immaterial Entity, such that for any z connected with x, z is also connected with y, and q is connected with y but not connected with x.
has tangential part
x has_tangential_part y iff x, y, and z are instances of Immaterial Entity, and x has_spatial_part y, such that z externally connects with both x and y.
externally connects with
x externally_connects_with y iff x and y are both instances of Immaterial Entity and x connects with y and x does not overlap y.
in the sense used here, spatial part of is elsewhere referred to as proper spatial part of
spatial part of
x spatial_part_of y iff x, y, z, and q are instances of Immaterial Entity, such that for any z connected with x, z is also connected with y, and q is connected with y but not connected with x.
has nontangential part
x has_nontangential_part y iff x and y are instances of Immaterial Entity, and x has_spatial_part y, such that there does not exist another instance of an Immaterial Entity which externally connects with both x and y.
as WKT
A Data Property that has as its range a string formated according to the Well-known text standardization for geometric objects.
Altitude values typically use kilometers as the Unit of Measurement.
has altitude value
This data property can be used along with has_latitude_value and has_longitude_value to connect three-dimensional spatial data to a single Information Bearing Entity to specify the location of an entity in a Geospatial Region.
has longitude value
A Data Property that has as its range the longitude value from some Geospatial Location coordinates set expressed in decimal degrees.
has latitude value
A Data Property that has as its range the latitude value from some Geospatial Location coordinates set expressed in decimal degrees.
Minor Axis
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that is the longest line segment perpendicular to the Major Axis that connects two points on the edge of an Ellipse.
Atmospheric Feature
A Geographic Feature that is part of the atmosphere (including the atmosphere itself as a non-proper part) having a relatively stable lifecycle and which has a location that can be distinguished from the surrounding portion of the atmosphere.
Three-Dimensional Path
A Three-Dimensional Spatial Region that encompasses the spatial region through which some Object travels.
Ground Track Point
A Zero-Dimensional Spatial Region that is an idealized point located on the surface of an Astronomical Body directly below an Object Track Point.
Low Density Residential Area
A Populated Place where houses are on lots of more than one acre.
Anderson et. al. A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for use with Remote Sensor Data, Geological Survey Professional Paper 964
Bounding Box Point
A Geospatial Position that is a proper part of some Geospatial Region Bounding Box.
Coordinate System Axis
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region defined by a Coordinate System for the purpose of identifying the position of entities along one dimension of the Coordinate System's spatial framework.
z-Axis
A Coordinate System Axis designated by the variable 'z'.
Object Track Point
A Zero-Dimensional Spatial Region that is an idealized point where an Object is or was located during some motion.
Ground Track
Ground Trace
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region defined by the line formed on the surface of an Astronomical Body by projecting an imaginary line from the center of the tracked Object to the center of the Astronomical Body as the Object travels above the surface.
The Ground Track is the line on the surface of the Earth or other Astronomical Body that is located directly below the Object Track.
The exact line of the Object Track may be drawn based on the Center of Mass of the Object or another reference point, such as the location of a transponder beacon or the center of a radar cross-section, depending on the Object being tracked.
Object Track
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that consists of the idealized line along which an Object has traversed during some motion.
One-Dimensional Geospatial Boundary
A Fiat Line that is a boundary of some Geospatial Region.
Subcontinent
A Geospatial Region that is bounded by a large, relatively self-contained landmass forming a subdivision of a Continent.
Major Axis
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that is the longest line segment that connects two points on the edge of an Ellipse.
Semi-Minor Axis
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that is equal to half the length of the Minor Axis of an Ellipse.
Populated place
An Anthropogenic Feature at which people live or have lived.
Continent
A Geospatial Region that is bounded by any of the Earth's main continuous expanses of land.
Portion of Hydrosphere
A fiat object part of the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a natural satellite
Geospatial Region Bounding Box
A Geospatial Polygon that has some Geospatial Region as a non-tangential proper part.
x-Axis
A Coordinate System Axis designated by the variable 'x'.
Geospatial Position
A Fiat Point that is at or near the surface of the Earth and fixed according to some Geospatial Coordinate Reference System.
Axis of Rotation
Rotational Axis
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region defined by the line around which a spinning body rotates.
Yaw Axis
Vertical Axis
An Axis of Rotation that passes through the center of an object's Mass from the top to the bottom and is perpendicular to the direction of the object's motion. For objects in Orbit, the Yaw Axis passes through the Barycenter of its Orbit.
Park
An Anthropogenic Feature that is a bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation.
Geospatial Region
A Site that is at or near the surface of the Earth.
Geospatial Location
A Geospatial Region that is the location of an Independent Continuant (that is not a Spatial Region) or that environs some Process.
High Density Residential Area
A Populated Place which is characterized by densely contained multiple-unit living structures.
Hydrographic Feature
A Geographic Feature associated with water.
Environmental Feature
A Material Entity that is either a natural or man-made feature of the environment.
Sea Level
A Fiat Surface that divides the spheroid composed of Earth and its atmosphere at some point that corresponds to the mean level of calm water in the Earth’s oceans.
Zenith
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that extends from a given location upward along the local vertical direction pointing in the direction opposite the apparent Gravitational Force at that location.
Portion of Cryosphere
A fiat object part of the frozen part of a natural satellite's hydosphere
Geospatial Ellipse
A One-Dimensional Geospatial Boundary that is formed by following a symmetric arc between four vertices which are connected to the center point of the ellipse via a straight line.
y-Axis
A Coordinate System Axis designated by the variable 'y'.
Geospatial Line String
A One-Dimensional Geospatial Boundary that has two or more Geospatial Positions as vertices, where each vertex is connected to only one other vertex by a straight line.
Physiographic Feature
A Geographic Feature that is a geomorphological unit characterized by its surface form and location in the landscape.
Semi-Major Axis
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that is equal to half the length of the Major Axis of an Ellipse.
Geospatial Line
A Geospatial Line String that has only two vertices.
Portion of Lithosphere
A fiat object part of the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a natural satellite.
Pitch Axis
Lateral Axis
An Axis of Rotation that passes through the center of an object's Mass and is perpendicular both to the direction of the object's motion and to the object's Yaw Axis.
Constructed Feature
An Anthropogenic Feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort.
Nadir
A One-Dimensional Spatial Region that extends from a given location downward along the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the apparent Gravitational Force at that location.
Geographic Feature
An Environmental Feature that is a natural (i.e. not human made) topographical feature having a (relatively) stable location in some Geospatial Region which can be designated by location-specific data.
Roll Axis
Longitudinal Axis
An Axis of Rotation that passes through the center of an object's Mass from the front to the back of the object as defined by the direction of the object's motion.
Geospatial Polygon
A Geospatial Line String that has at least three vertices where the connecting lines form a closed loop.
Geospatial Error Region
A One-Dimensional Geospatial Boundary that bounds some Geospatial Region according to probability estimations for locating some object within it.
Anthropogenic Feature
An Environmental Feature that is related to or is the result of the influence of human beings on the environment.
Portion of Atmosphere
A fiat object part of the layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a natural satellite.
Portion of Geosphere
A fiat object part that is composed of one or more portions of the atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, or lithosphere
For an object in motion, its Three-Dimensional Position is part of its Three-Dimensional Path.
Three-Dimensional Position
A Three-Dimensional Spatial Region that encompasses the (minimal) spatial region in which some object is located at a particular time.
Center of Mass
A Fiat Point that is where the weighted position vectors of the distributed Mass of a Material Entity relative to this point sum to zero.
Asimov, Isaac. Understanding Physics. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1993. 76-79. Available at: https://archive.org/details/understandingphy00isaa/page/n91/mode/2up