<!DOCTYPE html>
<html >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<title>Section 7 Bovine Mastitis | Animal Disease Surveillance</title>
<meta name="description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook.">
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown and GitBook 2.6.7">
<meta property="og:title" content="Section 7 Bovine Mastitis | Animal Disease Surveillance" />
<meta property="og:type" content="book" />
<meta property="og:description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Section 7 Bovine Mastitis | Animal Disease Surveillance" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="author" content="Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
<link rel="prev" href="bovine-abortion.html">
<link rel="next" href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html">
<script src="libs/jquery-2.2.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-table.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-search.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/kePrint-0.0.1/kePrint.js"></script>
<script src="libs/htmlwidgets-1.3/htmlwidgets.js"></script>
<script src="libs/viz-0.3/viz.js"></script>
<link href="libs/DiagrammeR-styles-0.2/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/grViz-binding-1.0.0/grViz.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fontawesome.min.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="toc.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="book without-animation with-summary font-size-2 font-family-1" data-basepath=".">
<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">Disease Surveillance</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="index.html#section"></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#passive-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#climate-change"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.2</b> Climate change</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#the-report"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.3</b> The report</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Diseases of Cattle Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#neonatal-calves-birth-to-one-month-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Neonatal Calves (birth to one month of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#calves-one-to-five-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Calves (one to five months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#weanlings-six-months-to-one-year-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Weanlings (six months to one year of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#adult-cattle-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Adult Cattle (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Johne’s Disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-transmission"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> JD transmission</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> JD Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#post-mortem-examination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Post mortem examination</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#control-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Control Programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#acknowledgement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Acknowledgement</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Clostridial disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#blackleg"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Blackleg</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#botulism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Botulism</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#malignant-oedema"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Malignant Oedema</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#enterotoxaemia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Enterotoxaemia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#black-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Black Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#braxy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Braxy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-abomasitis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Clostridial abomasitis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-vaccination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Clostridial Vaccination</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Bovine Neonatal Enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#neonatal-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Neonatal enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#rotavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Rotavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#cryptosporidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> <em>Cryptosporidiosis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coronavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> Coronavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#escherichia-coli-k99"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.4</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em> K99</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.5" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#salmonella-dublin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.5</b> <em>Salmonella</em> Dublin</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.6" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#campylobacter-jejuni"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.6</b> <em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.7" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#giardia-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.7</b> <em>Giardia spp.</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.8" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coccidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.8</b> Coccidiosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) Test</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-test-and-the-importance-of-colostrum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> ZST test and the importance of colostrum</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#outline-of-2018-figures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Outline of 2018 figures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#shortcomings-in-submission-practices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Shortcomings in submission practices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-and-immunoglobulin-classes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> ZST and immunoglobulin classes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#post-mortem-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> <em>Post mortem</em> samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#ovine-submissions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Ovine submissions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Bovine Abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#primary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Primary Pathogens</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#salmonella-dublin-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> <em>Salmonella Dublin</em> abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#listerial-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Listerial abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#leptospiral-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Leptospiral abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#minor-primary-abortifacients-sporadic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Minor Primary Abortifacients (sporadic abortions)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#protoozoal-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Protoozoal abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#secondary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Secondary Pathogens</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#mycotic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Mycotic abortions</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Bovine Mastitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#milk-culture-in-rvls"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Milk Culture in RVLs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#staphylococcus-aureus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#streptococcus-uberis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#truperella-pyogenes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> <em>Truperella pyogenes</em></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#contaminated-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Contaminated samples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#bacterial-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#viral-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Viral Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#trends"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Trends</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#parasitic-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Parasitic Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Antimicrobial Resistance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#staphylococcus-aureus-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#streptococcus-uberis-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#pasteurella-multocida"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> <em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#mannheimia-haemolytica"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> <em>Mannheimia haemolytica</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#escherichia-coli"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em></a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#maldi-tof"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> Maldi-ToF</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#whole-genome-sequencing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Whole Genome Sequencing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Bovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Trichostrongylidae</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Nematodirus spp.</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Coccidia</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Treatment and control</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#rumen-and-liver-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Rumen and Liver Fluke</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Treatment and Control</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Eradication Programme and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#negative-herd-status-nhs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> Negative herd status (NHS)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#targeted-advisory-service-on-animal-health-tasah"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> Targeted Advisory Service on Animal Health (TASAH)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis eradication programme</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Sheep Diseases Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#diseases-of-sheep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Diseases of Sheep</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#lambs-birth-to-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Lambs (birth to 12 months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#adult-sheep-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Adult Sheep (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Ovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#agents-of-parasitic-gastroenteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Agents of Parasitic Gastroenteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Trichostrongylidae</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Nematodirus</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> Coccidia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#liver-and-rumen-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Liver and rumen fluke</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#sarcocystosis-cysticercosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Sarcocystosis & Cysticercosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Disease of Pigs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#post-mortem-diagnoses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Post mortem diagnoses</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#gastrointestinal-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.1</b> Gastrointestinal disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#systemic-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.2</b> Systemic disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.3" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.3</b> Respiratory disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#notifiable-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Notifiable disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#african-swine-fever-awareness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> African swine fever awareness</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-influenza-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Avian Influenza Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-mycoplasma-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Avian Mycoplasma Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-salmonella-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Avian Salmonella surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#newcastle-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Newcastle Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#disease-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.5</b> DISEASE DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#case-reports-in-poultry"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6</b> Case reports in poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#tetratrichomonas-gallinarum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.1</b> <em>Tetratrichomonas gallinarum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#gallibacterium-anatis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.2</b> <em>Gallibacterium anatis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#enterococcus-caecorum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.3</b> <em>Enterococcus caecorum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#chronic-cholera"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.4</b> Chronic cholera</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#ornithobacterium-rhinotracheale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.5</b> Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><a href="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> TB and Deer in Ireland</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="r-packages.html"><a href="r-packages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> R packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie" target="blank"> DAFM webpage</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="book-body">
<div class="body-inner">
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">Animal Disease Surveillance</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-">
<img src="images/logo.png" align="right" height="130">
<br><br><br><br>
<div id="bovine-mastitis" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Section 7</span> Bovine Mastitis</h1>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Alan Johnson
<ul>
<li>Senior Research Officer, Limerick Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<p>Dairy farmers are committed to producing food of the highest standard for consumers. Cellcheck, the National Mastitis Control Programme coordinated by Animal Health Ireland, in association with farmers, milk processors, service providers and Government, have been focusing on reducing somatic cell counts of milk produced in Ireland. Farmers are being encouraged to collect and submit milk samples from cows with cases of clinical and suspect subclinical mastitis for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Bacteria are responsible for virtually all cases of mastitis; by identifying the agent responsible, important information about possible source of infection may be gathered, enabling a focus for control measures to improve milk quality.</p>
<div id="milk-culture-in-rvls" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">7.1</span> Milk Culture in RVLs</h2>
<p>All RVLs follow a similar procedure for culturing milk samples. Samples are initially tested for inhibitory substances, such as antibiotics, which can interfere with bacterial growth in the laboratory. At least four different types of agar plates are used to culture each milk sample. Using a sterile swab, a small quantity of milk is spread on to each plate (Figure <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#fig:fmastdos">7.1</a>). These plates are incubated at 37C for 24 <em>hours</em>. If, on inspection, no bacterial growth has occurred at that stage, plates are incubated for a further 24 <em>hours</em>. If there is no change after 48 <em>hours</em> of culture, the result <em>no significant growth</em> is entered.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:fmastdos"></span>
<img src="images/mastitis2b.jpg" alt="Inoculation of agar plates for culture of a milk sample in Limerick RVL. Photo: Alan Johnson." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.1: Inoculation of agar plates for culture of a milk sample in Limerick RVL. Photo: Alan Johnson.
</p>
</div>
<p>If bacterial growth is seen on plates, further tests are carried out to identify organisms growing (Figure <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#fig:fmastunox">7.2</a>). If milk sample has been contaminated, cultures usually yield a mixed bacterial growth (Figure <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#fig:fmastseis">7.3</a>); in these cases it can be difficult to identify the significant bacterial species and the result is entered as <em>mixed bacterial growth</em>. Contamination usually occurs when bacteria from sources other than milk inside the udder enter the sample. This could be from skin of the udder, sampler’s hands or from inside of the container itself, if the latter is not sterile.</p>
<p>For additonal information, see the <span class="citation">Animal Health Ireland (<a href="#ref-AHIMastitis">2019</a><a href="#ref-AHIMastitis">a</a>)</span> webpage.</p>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:tmastone">Table 7.1: </span>Relative frequency of mastitis isolates in milk samples submitted to RVLs in 2018 (n= 3413 ).
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Result
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Staphylococcus aureus
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
911
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
26.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
No Significant Growth
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
591
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
17.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Other Isolates
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
578
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
16.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Contaminated
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
557
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
16.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Streptococcus uberis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
407
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
11.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
E. coli
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
193
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
109
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
3.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Trueperella pyogenes
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
41
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Bacillus spp.
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
26
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.8
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:fmastunox"></span>
<img src="images/mastitis1-small.jpg" alt=" Staphylococcus aureus growing on a blood agar plate. Photo: Alan Johnson." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.2: Staphylococcus aureus growing on a blood agar plate. Photo: Alan Johnson.
</p>
</div>
<p>RVLs have seen an increase in the number of samples received for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In 2018, 3413 individual milk samples were received for testing (Table <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#tab:tmastone">7.1</a>)}.</p>
<div id="staphylococcus-aureus" class="section level3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">7.1.1</span> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></h3>
<p>This organism continued to be the most commonly pathogen isolated in cases of mastitis by RVLs in 2018 (Figure <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#fig:fmastunox">7.2</a>). It was identified in 911, 26.69 <em>per cent</em>, of samples submitted (Table <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#tab:tmastone">7.1</a>). <em>Staph. aureus</em> is the main cause of contagious mastitis and typically, though not always, spreads from cow-to-cow by contact with infected milk on cluster liners or on milker’s hands. It can be difficult to cure, particularly during lactation and culling is frequently the best option in older infected cows with persistently high somatic cell counts.</p>
<p>Other isolates, mostly coagulase-negative <em>Staphylococcus spp.</em>, were cultured from 578, 16.94 <em>per cent</em>, milk samples.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:fmastseis"></span>
<img src="images/ContaminatedAgarPlateSmall3.jpg" alt="Mixed bacterial growth on a blood agar plate following culture of a contaminated milk sample. Photo: Alan Johnson." width="50%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.3: Mixed bacterial growth on a blood agar plate following culture of a contaminated milk sample. Photo: Alan Johnson.
</p>
</div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:unnamed-chunk-55"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-55-1.png" alt="Relative frequency of selected mastitis pathogens during 2018." width="672" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.4: Relative frequency of selected mastitis pathogens during 2018.
</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
<style>
div.blue { background-color:#e6f0ff; border-radius: 5px; padding: 20px;}
</style>
<div class="blue">
<p><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> mastitis</p>
<p>Herds with mastitis caused by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> infection should reassess their milking hygiene. To prevent spread of infection, infected cows should be segregated and milked last or in a separate unit.</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
<div id="streptococcus-uberis" class="section level3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">7.1.2</span> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></h3>
<p>This organism is described as an environmental mastitis pathogen. It is usually due to faecal contamination of surfaces. Sub-optimal housing and poor udder hygiene can increase the risk of infection <span class="citation">(Barrett et al. <a href="#ref-Barrett2005">2005</a>)</span>. In addition, <em>Strep. uberis</em> also has some characteristics of a contagious pathogen and can be spread from cow-to-cow at milking time. <em>Strep. uberis</em> was isolated from 407, 11.92 <em>per cent</em>, of milk samples cultured during 2018 (Table <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#tab:tmastone">7.1</a>).</p>
</div>
<div id="truperella-pyogenes" class="section level3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">7.1.3</span> <em>Truperella pyogenes</em></h3>
<p>This is the most commonly isolated pathogen in cases of summer mastitis. It is associated with a suppurative foul-smelling secretion and loss of the quarter for milk production. Insect vectors are considered central to its spread, hence its assotiation with the summer months.</p>
<p>A similar syndrome can be found during the indoor (in-house) season following a teat injury.</p>
<p><em>T. pyogenes</em> was isolated from 41, 1.2 <em>per cent</em>, milk submissions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="contaminated-samples" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">7.2</span> Contaminated samples</h2>
In 2018 the number of samples described as contaminated was high at 557, 16.32 <em>per cent</em>. When collecting milk samples for culture, it is very important to collect them in a sterile manner. This will ensure that any bacteria isolated has originated from within the udder, and not from the teat skin, milker’s hands or non-sterile equipment. Contaminated samples usually result in growth of coliforms or a mixture of bacterial species
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:fmasttres"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/fmasttres-1.png" alt="Monthly isolation counts of important mastitis pathogens from milk submissions in 2018 (n= 3413 )." width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.5: Monthly isolation counts of important mastitis pathogens from milk submissions in 2018 (n= 3413 ).
</p>
</div>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:tmastdos">Table 7.2: </span>Number of milk samples submitted to the RVLs from 2010 to 2017.
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2010
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2011
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2012
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2013
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2014
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2015
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2016
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2017
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;">
5355
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
3469
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2899
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
3329
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2288
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2315
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2849
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2416
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:fmastcuatro"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/fmastcuatro-1.png" alt=" Mastitis-associated Organisms Isolated in Milk (2010-2017)." width="672" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.6: Mastitis-associated Organisms Isolated in Milk (2010-2017).
</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
<style>
div.blue { background-color:#e6f0ff; border-radius: 5px; padding: 20px;}
</style>
<div class="blue">
<p><strong>Milk Sample Collection for Bacteriology: </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Materials for Sampling</li>
</ul>
<p>The quality of milk samples taken for laboratory examination is extremely important. An aseptic technique for sample collection is a necessity. Contaminated samples lead to misdiagnosis, confusion and frustration. If dry cow therapy decisions are to be based on the results of a small number of milk samples, it is vital that proper procedures are followed.</p>
<p>*Materials for sampling:</p>
<ul>
<li>Disposable latex gloves.</li>
<li>Sterile screw-top plastic tubes ( capacity approximately).</li>
<li>Cotton wool balls soaked in 70 % alcohol or medicated wipes.</li>
<li>Paper towels. \end{itemize} \end{tcolorbox}</li>
</ul>
<p>Over the last number of years there has been a fall in isolation rates for <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and a rise in isolation rates for <em>Streptococcus uberis</em> (Figure <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#fig:fmastcuatro">7.6</a>). This may be associated with increased attention by farmers to controlling the spread of infections from cow to cow at milking time.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:universal"></span>
<img src="images/MilkSampleBottleSmall.jpg" alt="Labeled milk sample bottle with date and quarter sampled. Photo: Alan Johnson." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 7.7: Labeled milk sample bottle with date and quarter sampled. Photo: Alan Johnson.
</p>
</div>
<p>However, results from 2018 show a reverse in this trend with a rise in isolation of <em>Staph. aureus</em> and a drop in <em>Strep. uberis</em>. Reasons for this are not clear but may be due to weather conditions during 2018; a cold winter and spring followed by a summer drought.</p>
<p>In many countries, <em>Streptococcus uberis</em> is the most commonly isolated mastitis pathogen.</p>
<p>\begin{widetext} \begin{tcolorbox}[colback=green!5,colframe=pinpblue,title=Milk Sample Collection for Bacteriology: ]</p>
<p>\begin{enumerate}[noitemsep]</p>
<ul>
<li>Take the sample before milking and before any treatment is given.</li>
<li>Label the tubes prior to sampling with name/creamery number/herd number, cow number, quarter and date.</li>
<li>Using a hand or paper towel brush any loose dirt, straw or hair from teat or underside of the udder. Washing should be avoided if possible. However, if teat is soiled it should be washed and carefully dried with paper towels.</li>
<li>Put on gloves.</li>
<li>Soak a number of cotton wool balls in alcohol.</li>
<li>Clean teat thoroughly with alcohol soaked cotton wool or the medicated wipes until it is thoroughly clean.</li>
<li>Remove cap from sampling tube. Place cap on a clean surface with closing side up. Hold open tube at an angle of 45 degrees (holding it straight up will allow dust etc. to fall inside). Using your other hand, discard first few streams of milk on to the ground before collecting three or four streams in the tube.</li>
<li>Replace cap on sampling tube (Figure <a href="bovine-mastitis.html#fig:universal">7.7</a>).</li>
<li>If you feel that some contamination has occurred, discard sample and use a new tube.</li>
<li>Place labelled tube in a fridge and cool to . This is very important.</li>
<li>Sample should be taken to the laboratory as quickly as possible. If sample is handed to milk tank driver for delivery, ensure that it is placed in a cool box.</li>
<li>If sample is not going to a laboratory immediately, it must be refrigerated until delivery.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>References</h3>
<div id="refs" class="references">
<div id="ref-AHIMastitis">
<p>Animal Health Ireland. 2019a. “Farm Guidelines for Mastitis Control.” Animal Health Ireland. <a href="http://animalhealthireland.ie/?page_id=52" class="uri">http://animalhealthireland.ie/?page_id=52</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ref-Barrett2005">
<p>Barrett, Damien J., Anne M. Healy, Finola C. Leonard, and Michael L. Doherty. 2005. “Prevalence of Pathogens Causing Subclinical Mastitis in 15 Dairy Herds in the Republic of Ireland.” <em>Irish Veterinary Journal</em> 58 (6): 333. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-0481-58-6-333">10.1186/2046-0481-58-6-333</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: center;font-size: medium">A cooperative effort between the VLS and the SAT Section of the <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/">DAFM</a></p>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="bovine-abortion.html" class="navigation navigation-prev " aria-label="Previous page"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a>
<a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html" class="navigation navigation-next " aria-label="Next page"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/app.min.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/lunr.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-search.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-sharing.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-fontsettings.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-bookdown.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/jquery.highlight.js"></script>
<script>
gitbook.require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({
"sharing": {
"github": false,
"facebook": true,
"twitter": true,
"google": false,
"linkedin": false,
"weibo": false,
"instapaper": false,
"vk": false,
"all": ["facebook", "google", "twitter", "linkedin", "weibo", "instapaper"]
},
"fontsettings": {
"theme": "white",
"family": "sans",
"size": 2
},
"edit": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"history": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"download": [["ADSR_2018_Compressed_29_7_2019.v2.pdf", "ADSR-2018"]],
"toc": {
"collapse": "section",
"scroll_highlight": true
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>