<!DOCTYPE html>
<html >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<title>Section 3 Clostridial disease | Animal Disease Surveillance</title>
<meta name="description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook.">
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown and GitBook 2.6.7">
<meta property="og:title" content="Section 3 Clostridial disease | Animal Disease Surveillance" />
<meta property="og:type" content="book" />
<meta property="og:description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Section 3 Clostridial disease | Animal Disease Surveillance" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="author" content="Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
<link rel="prev" href="johnes-disease.html">
<link rel="next" href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html">
<script src="libs/jquery-2.2.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-table.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-search.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/kePrint-0.0.1/kePrint.js"></script>
<script src="libs/htmlwidgets-1.3/htmlwidgets.js"></script>
<script src="libs/viz-0.3/viz.js"></script>
<link href="libs/DiagrammeR-styles-0.2/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/grViz-binding-1.0.0/grViz.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fontawesome.min.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="toc.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="book without-animation with-summary font-size-2 font-family-1" data-basepath=".">
<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">Disease Surveillance</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="index.html#section"></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#passive-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#climate-change"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.2</b> Climate change</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#the-report"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.3</b> The report</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Diseases of Cattle Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#neonatal-calves-birth-to-one-month-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Neonatal Calves (birth to one month of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#calves-one-to-five-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Calves (one to five months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#weanlings-six-months-to-one-year-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Weanlings (six months to one year of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#adult-cattle-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Adult Cattle (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Johne’s Disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-transmission"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> JD transmission</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> JD Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#post-mortem-examination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Post mortem examination</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#control-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Control Programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#acknowledgement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Acknowledgement</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Clostridial disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#blackleg"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Blackleg</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#botulism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Botulism</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#malignant-oedema"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Malignant Oedema</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#enterotoxaemia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Enterotoxaemia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#black-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Black Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#braxy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Braxy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-abomasitis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Clostridial abomasitis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-vaccination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Clostridial Vaccination</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Bovine Neonatal Enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#neonatal-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Neonatal enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#rotavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Rotavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#cryptosporidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> <em>Cryptosporidiosis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coronavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> Coronavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#escherichia-coli-k99"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.4</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em> K99</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.5" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#salmonella-dublin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.5</b> <em>Salmonella</em> Dublin</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.6" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#campylobacter-jejuni"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.6</b> <em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.7" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#giardia-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.7</b> <em>Giardia spp.</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.8" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coccidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.8</b> Coccidiosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) Test</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-test-and-the-importance-of-colostrum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> ZST test and the importance of colostrum</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#outline-of-2018-figures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Outline of 2018 figures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#shortcomings-in-submission-practices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Shortcomings in submission practices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-and-immunoglobulin-classes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> ZST and immunoglobulin classes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#post-mortem-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> <em>Post mortem</em> samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#ovine-submissions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Ovine submissions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Bovine Abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#primary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Primary Pathogens</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#salmonella-dublin-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> <em>Salmonella Dublin</em> abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#listerial-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Listerial abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#leptospiral-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Leptospiral abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#minor-primary-abortifacients-sporadic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Minor Primary Abortifacients (sporadic abortions)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#protoozoal-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Protoozoal abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#secondary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Secondary Pathogens</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#mycotic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Mycotic abortions</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Bovine Mastitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#milk-culture-in-rvls"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Milk Culture in RVLs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#staphylococcus-aureus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#streptococcus-uberis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#truperella-pyogenes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> <em>Truperella pyogenes</em></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#contaminated-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Contaminated samples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#bacterial-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#viral-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Viral Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#trends"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Trends</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#parasitic-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Parasitic Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Antimicrobial Resistance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#staphylococcus-aureus-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#streptococcus-uberis-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#pasteurella-multocida"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> <em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#mannheimia-haemolytica"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> <em>Mannheimia haemolytica</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#escherichia-coli"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em></a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#maldi-tof"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> Maldi-ToF</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#whole-genome-sequencing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Whole Genome Sequencing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Bovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Trichostrongylidae</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Nematodirus spp.</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Coccidia</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Treatment and control</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#rumen-and-liver-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Rumen and Liver Fluke</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Treatment and Control</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Eradication Programme and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#negative-herd-status-nhs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> Negative herd status (NHS)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#targeted-advisory-service-on-animal-health-tasah"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> Targeted Advisory Service on Animal Health (TASAH)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis eradication programme</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Sheep Diseases Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#diseases-of-sheep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Diseases of Sheep</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#lambs-birth-to-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Lambs (birth to 12 months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#adult-sheep-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Adult Sheep (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Ovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#agents-of-parasitic-gastroenteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Agents of Parasitic Gastroenteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Trichostrongylidae</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Nematodirus</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> Coccidia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#liver-and-rumen-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Liver and rumen fluke</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#sarcocystosis-cysticercosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Sarcocystosis & Cysticercosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Disease of Pigs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#post-mortem-diagnoses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Post mortem diagnoses</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#gastrointestinal-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.1</b> Gastrointestinal disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#systemic-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.2</b> Systemic disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.3" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.3</b> Respiratory disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#notifiable-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Notifiable disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#african-swine-fever-awareness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> African swine fever awareness</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-influenza-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Avian Influenza Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-mycoplasma-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Avian Mycoplasma Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-salmonella-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Avian Salmonella surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#newcastle-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Newcastle Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#disease-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.5</b> DISEASE DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#case-reports-in-poultry"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6</b> Case reports in poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#tetratrichomonas-gallinarum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.1</b> <em>Tetratrichomonas gallinarum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#gallibacterium-anatis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.2</b> <em>Gallibacterium anatis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#enterococcus-caecorum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.3</b> <em>Enterococcus caecorum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#chronic-cholera"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.4</b> Chronic cholera</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#ornithobacterium-rhinotracheale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.5</b> Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><a href="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> TB and Deer in Ireland</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="r-packages.html"><a href="r-packages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> R packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie" target="blank"> DAFM webpage</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="book-body">
<div class="body-inner">
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">Animal Disease Surveillance</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-">
<img src="images/logo.png" align="right" height="130">
<br><br><br><br>
<div id="clostridial-disease" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Section 3</span> Clostridial disease</h1>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Maresa Sheehan
<ul>
<li>Senior Research Officer, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, DAFM, Leggatsrath, Hebron Road, Kilkenny, Ireland</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<p><em>Clostridial spp.</em> cause significant disease in both sheep and cattle and are encountered regularly in post mortem room submissions. They also cause disease in other species including goats and pigs. Typically, clostridial disease presents as acute disease or sudden death and mortality approaches 100% in most cases.</p>
<div id="blackleg" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> Blackleg</h2>
<p>Blackleg is the most frequently diagnosed clostridial disease in bovine submissions; it is commonly, but not exclusively, associated with detection of <em>Clostridium chauvoei</em> (Table <a href="clostridial-disease.html#tab:cdtabuno">3.1</a> and Figure <a href="clostridial-disease.html#fig:cdfiguno">3.3</a>). The pathogenesis of this disease requires pre-existence of bacteria in tissue that, in conjunction with favourable circumstances such as trauma, establish anaerobic conditions which allow bacterial proliferation and toxin production, the latter causes severe local necrotising myositis (Figure <a href="clostridial-disease.html#fig:blackleg">3.1</a>) and systemic toxaemia. Cases encountered in <em>post-mortem</em> rooms frequently have a typical rancid butter odour and affect muscles of the limbs, tongue and heart.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:blackleg"></span>
<img src="images/blackleg2.jpg" alt="Blackleg lesion (severe necrotising myositis) in the hindquarters of a bullock. Photo: Maresa Sheehan." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.1: Blackleg lesion (severe necrotising myositis) in the hindquarters of a bullock. Photo: Maresa Sheehan.
</p>
</div>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:cdtabuno">Table 3.1: </span>Clostridial disease diagnosed in bovine carcasses in 2018 (n= 88 ).
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Disease
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of Cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Blackleg
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
40
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
45.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Botulism
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
21
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
23.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Malignant Oedema
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
14
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
15.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Enterotoxaemia
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
10
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
11.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Black Disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
3
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
3.4
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="botulism" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> Botulism</h2>
<p>Botulism is the second most frequently diagnosed bovine clostridial disease. <em>Clostridium botulinum</em> toxin typically results in affected animals lying in sternal recumbancy with the head on the ground or turned into the flank, similar to a cow suffering from post parturient hypocalcaemia/milk fever. However, a range of clinical signs can be detected within an affected group, likely reflecting levels of toxin ingested, these can include restlessness, inco-ordination and knuckling. The association of this disease with the spread of poultry litter has resulted in Codes of Practice being established for disposal of such material. The laboratory service has been involved in the investigation of a number of cases where a direct link with poultry litter was not established, carrion and forage associated botulism could not be ruled out in these cases.</p>
</div>
<div id="malignant-oedema" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.3</span> Malignant Oedema</h2>
<p>Malignant oedema can be caused by a number of <em>Clostridial spp.</em> including <em>C. septicum</em>, <em>chauvoei</em>, <em>sordellii</em> and <em>novyi</em>. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of this disease differs from blackleg in that bacteria is introduced through a wound and causes focally extensive skin gangrene and oedema of the sub-cutaneous and intra-muscular connective tissue, there is less frequent involvement of underlying muscle.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:PulpyKidney"></span>
<img src="images/PulpyKidney.jpg" alt="Perivascular oedema in the brain associated with vascular compromise due to Epsilon toxin-Pulpy kidney. Photo: Maresa Sheehan." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.2: Perivascular oedema in the brain associated with vascular compromise due to Epsilon toxin-Pulpy kidney. Photo: Maresa Sheehan.
</p>
</div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:cdfiguno"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/cdfiguno-1.png" alt="Clostridial disease diagnosed in Bovine carcasses in 2018 (n= 88 )." width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.3: Clostridial disease diagnosed in Bovine carcasses in 2018 (n= 88 ).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="enterotoxaemia" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.4</span> Enterotoxaemia</h2>
<p>Enterotoxaemia is a disease caused by <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> that causes significant losses in both cattle and sheep (Table <a href="clostridial-disease.html#tab:cdtabdos">3.2</a>) and Figure <a href="clostridial-disease.html#fig:cdfigdos">3.5</a>). This micro-organism can be a normal inhabitant in the intestine of most species inlcuding humans. When intestinal environment is altered by sudden changes in diet or other factors, <em>C. perfringens</em> proliferates in large numbers and produces several potent toxins that are absorbed into the general circulation or act locally with usually devastating effects on the host. Enterotoxaemia diagnosis presents a diagnostic challenge as this bacteria is a normal inhabitant of the gut, therefore, demonstration of toxins is essential. However, as some of the toxins can be present in small amounts in clinically normal animals, presence of concurrent gross lesions and histopathological changes is desirable.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:ChickenFatClot"></span>
<img src="images/ChickenFatClot2.jpg" alt="Fibrin clot in pericardial sac associated with clostridial enterotoxaemia. Photo: Maresa Sheehan." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.4: Fibrin clot in pericardial sac associated with clostridial enterotoxaemia. Photo: Maresa Sheehan.
</p>
</div>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:cdtabdos">Table 3.2: </span>Clostridial disease diagnosed in ovine carcasses in 2018 (n= 101 ).
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Disease
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of Cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Pulpy Kidney Disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
38
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
37.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Enterotoxaemia
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
36
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
35.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Malignant Oedema
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
11.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Abomasitis- emphysematous
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
7.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Black Disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-style: italic;">
Braxy
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
1
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.0
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>In lambs, <em>C. perfringens</em> type A produces a rare form of acute enterotoxemia known as <em>yellow lamb disease</em>, clinically characterised by depression, anemia, icterus and hemoglobinuria <span class="citation">(Uzal and Songer <a href="#ref-Uzal2008">2008</a>)</span>. In cattle, it has been associated with haemorrhagic enteritis, indistinguishable from that caused by Types B and C. It has also been proposed as a cause of acute deaths in calves due to clostridial abomasitis and of jejunal haemorrhage syndrome in adult cows. The latter is a disease entity sporadically diagnosed in the veterinary laboratory service and, consequently, no definitive conclusions on its aetiology can be made <span class="citation">(Van Kruiningen et al. <a href="#ref-VanKruiningen2009">2009</a>,<span class="citation">Songer and Miskimins (<a href="#ref-Songer2005">2005</a>)</span>)</span>.</p>
<p><em>Clostridium Perfringens</em> Type B and C can cause sudden death, with or without haemorrhagic enteritis, in lambs and calves, and <em>struck</em> in adult sheep. <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> Type D produces epsilon toxin, which causes vascular endothelial damage (Figure <a href="clostridial-disease.html#fig:PulpyKidney">3.2</a>) resulting in typical lesions of <em>Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia (FSE)</em> and <em>pulpy kidney</em>. In the PM room, detection of fibrin clots in fluid of the pericardial sac (Figure <a href="clostridial-disease.html#fig:ChickenFatClot">3.4</a>) is a strong indicator of epsilon toxin involvement.</p>
</div>
<div id="black-disease" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.5</span> Black Disease</h2>
<p>Black Disease is a less frequently diagnosed cause of acute or sudden death in cattle and sheep. <em>Clostridium novyi</em> proliferates in anaerobic conditions, typically associated with liver damage due to <em>Fasciola hepatica</em> migration. Multifocal areas of hepatic necrosis are observed at post mortem. Pathogenesis of <em>bacillary haemoglobinuria</em> is similar, although in addition to multifocal hepatic necrosis and vascular damage, the organism also produces an haemolytic toxin which causes haemoglobinuria. <em>Clostridium haemolyticum</em> should be included in the list of differentials for haemoglobinuria, which also includes <em>Babesiosis</em>, <em>periparturient hypophosphataemia</em>, <em>copper poisoning</em> in sheep and <em>brassica poisoning</em> amongst others.</p>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:cdfigdos"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/cdfigdos-1.png" alt="Clostridial diseases diagnosed in Ovine carcasses in 2018 (n= 101 )." width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.5: Clostridial diseases diagnosed in Ovine carcasses in 2018 (n= 101 ).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="braxy" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.6</span> Braxy</h2>
<p><em>Braxy</em> is caused by <em>Clostridium septicum</em> and is typically seen in animals submitted after grazing frozen/snow covered pasture. It causes necrosis, ulceration, congestion and emphysema of the abomasal wall.</p>
</div>
<div id="clostridial-abomasitis" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.7</span> Clostridial abomasitis</h2>
<p>Abomasitis caused by <em>Clostridium sordellii</em> has a similar post mortem presentation. Histopathology will reveal a severe necrotising abomasitis (Figure <a href="clostridial-disease.html#fig:Abomasitis">3.6</a>) with intra-lesional bacilli. It is essential that gross signs and histopathology concur with isolation/FAT detection of bacteria, as <em>C. sordellii</em> and <em>septicum</em> are normal inhabitants of the gut.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:Abomasitis"></span>
<img src="images/Abomasitis.jpg" alt="Haemorrhagic and emphysematous abomasitis associated with Clostridium sordellii. Photo: Maresa Sheehan." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.6: Haemorrhagic and emphysematous abomasitis associated with Clostridium sordellii. Photo: Maresa Sheehan.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="clostridial-vaccination" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.8</span> Clostridial Vaccination</h2>
<p>Vaccination using a multivalent vaccine is recommended for protection of animals against clostridial diseases. Due to the ubiquitous nature of agents involved, vaccination should be considered an essential component of herd/flock management. However, in a recent study into sheep mortality by regional veterinary laboratories, fifteen flocks that reported vaccinating against clostridial disease recorded a clostridial disease diagnosis. This finding is not wholly unexpected as vaccination of flocks does not infer <em>sterile immunity</em>, nor does detection of a pathogen on postmortem necessarily infers causation. Without data on vaccine storage, administration frequency or checks to validate that all submitted animals actually received the vaccine, it is impossible to be more specific about the reasons for these findings. However, it can be speculated that at least some clostridial disease in lambs may be due to insufficient maternal transfer of immunity to newborn lambs or waning of passive immunity in older lambs. <span class="citation">Uzal and Songer (<a href="#ref-Uzal2008">2008</a>)</span> and <span class="citation">Songer and Miskimins (<a href="#ref-Songer2005">2005</a>)</span> reported that, although widely used, there can be variations in individual responses or manufacturer’s vaccine quality, when determining the response of sheep flocks to multivalent clostridial vaccination <span class="citation">(Murray et al. <a href="#ref-Murray2019">2019</a>)</span>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>References</h3>
<div id="refs" class="references">
<div id="ref-Uzal2008">
<p>Uzal, Francisco A, and J Glenn Songer. 2008. “Diagnosis of Clostridium Perfringens Intestinal Infections in Sheep and Goats.” <em>Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc</em> 20 (3): 253–65. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000301">10.1177/104063870802000301</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ref-VanKruiningen2009">
<p>Van Kruiningen, Herbert J, Carol A Nyaoke, Inga F Sidor, Jaroslaw J Fabis, Lynn S Hinckley, and Kevin A Lindell. 2009. “Clostridial Abomasal Disease in Connecticut Dairy Calves.” <em>The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne</em> 50 (8): 857–60.</p>
</div>
<div id="ref-Songer2005">
<p>Songer, J. Glenn, and Dale W. Miskimins. 2005. “Clostridial Abomasitis in Calves: Case Report and Review of the Literature.” <em>Anaerobe</em> 11 (5): 290–94. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.12.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.12.004</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ref-Murray2019">
<p>Murray, Gerard M, Seamus Fagan, Denise Murphy, John Fagan, Colm Ó Muireagáin, Rebecca Froehlich-Kelly, Damien J Barrett, et al. 2019. “Descriptive Analysis of Ovine Mortality in Sentinel Sheep Flocks in Ireland.” <em>Veterinary Record</em> 184 (21). British Medical Journal Publishing Group: 649–49. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105291">10.1136/vr.105291</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: center;font-size: medium">A cooperative effort between the VLS and the SAT Section of the <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/">DAFM</a></p>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="johnes-disease.html" class="navigation navigation-prev " aria-label="Previous page"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a>
<a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html" class="navigation navigation-next " aria-label="Next page"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/app.min.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/lunr.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-search.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-sharing.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-fontsettings.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-bookdown.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/jquery.highlight.js"></script>
<script>
gitbook.require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({
"sharing": {
"github": false,
"facebook": true,
"twitter": true,
"google": false,
"linkedin": false,
"weibo": false,
"instapaper": false,
"vk": false,
"all": ["facebook", "google", "twitter", "linkedin", "weibo", "instapaper"]
},
"fontsettings": {
"theme": "white",
"family": "sans",
"size": 2
},
"edit": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"history": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"download": [["ADSR_2018_Compressed_29_7_2019.v2.pdf", "ADSR-2018"]],
"toc": {
"collapse": "section",
"scroll_highlight": true
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>