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<li><a href="./">Disease Surveillance</a></li>
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<li><a href="index.html#section"></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#passive-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#climate-change"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.2</b> Climate change</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#the-report"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.3</b> The report</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Diseases of Cattle Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#neonatal-calves-birth-to-one-month-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Neonatal Calves (birth to one month of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#calves-one-to-five-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Calves (one to five months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#weanlings-six-months-to-one-year-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Weanlings (six months to one year of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#adult-cattle-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Adult Cattle (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Johne’s Disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-transmission"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> JD transmission</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> JD Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#post-mortem-examination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Post mortem examination</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#control-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Control Programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#acknowledgement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Acknowledgement</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Clostridial disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#blackleg"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Blackleg</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#botulism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Botulism</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#malignant-oedema"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Malignant Oedema</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#enterotoxaemia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Enterotoxaemia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#black-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Black Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#braxy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Braxy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-abomasitis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Clostridial abomasitis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-vaccination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Clostridial Vaccination</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Bovine Neonatal Enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#neonatal-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Neonatal enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#rotavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Rotavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#cryptosporidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> <em>Cryptosporidiosis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coronavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> Coronavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#escherichia-coli-k99"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.4</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em> K99</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.5" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#salmonella-dublin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.5</b> <em>Salmonella</em> Dublin</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.6" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#campylobacter-jejuni"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.6</b> <em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.7" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#giardia-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.7</b> <em>Giardia spp.</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.8" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coccidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.8</b> Coccidiosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) Test</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-test-and-the-importance-of-colostrum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> ZST test and the importance of colostrum</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#outline-of-2018-figures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Outline of 2018 figures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#shortcomings-in-submission-practices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Shortcomings in submission practices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-and-immunoglobulin-classes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> ZST and immunoglobulin classes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#post-mortem-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> <em>Post mortem</em> samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#ovine-submissions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Ovine submissions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Bovine Abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#primary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Primary Pathogens</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#salmonella-dublin-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> <em>Salmonella Dublin</em> abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#listerial-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Listerial abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#leptospiral-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Leptospiral abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#minor-primary-abortifacients-sporadic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Minor Primary Abortifacients (sporadic abortions)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#protoozoal-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Protoozoal abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#secondary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Secondary Pathogens</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#mycotic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Mycotic abortions</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Bovine Mastitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#milk-culture-in-rvls"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Milk Culture in RVLs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#staphylococcus-aureus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#streptococcus-uberis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#truperella-pyogenes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> <em>Truperella pyogenes</em></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#contaminated-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Contaminated samples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#bacterial-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#viral-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Viral Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#trends"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Trends</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#parasitic-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Parasitic Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Antimicrobial Resistance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#staphylococcus-aureus-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#streptococcus-uberis-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#pasteurella-multocida"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> <em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#mannheimia-haemolytica"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> <em>Mannheimia haemolytica</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#escherichia-coli"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em></a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#maldi-tof"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> Maldi-ToF</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#whole-genome-sequencing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Whole Genome Sequencing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Bovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Trichostrongylidae</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Nematodirus spp.</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Coccidia</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Treatment and control</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#rumen-and-liver-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Rumen and Liver Fluke</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Treatment and Control</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Eradication Programme and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#negative-herd-status-nhs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> Negative herd status (NHS)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#targeted-advisory-service-on-animal-health-tasah"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> Targeted Advisory Service on Animal Health (TASAH)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis eradication programme</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Sheep Diseases Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#diseases-of-sheep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Diseases of Sheep</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#lambs-birth-to-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Lambs (birth to 12 months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#adult-sheep-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Adult Sheep (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Ovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#agents-of-parasitic-gastroenteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Agents of Parasitic Gastroenteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Trichostrongylidae</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Nematodirus</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> Coccidia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#liver-and-rumen-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Liver and rumen fluke</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#sarcocystosis-cysticercosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Sarcocystosis & Cysticercosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Disease of Pigs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#post-mortem-diagnoses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Post mortem diagnoses</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#gastrointestinal-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.1</b> Gastrointestinal disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#systemic-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.2</b> Systemic disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.3" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.3</b> Respiratory disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#notifiable-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Notifiable disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#african-swine-fever-awareness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> African swine fever awareness</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-influenza-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Avian Influenza Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-mycoplasma-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Avian Mycoplasma Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-salmonella-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Avian Salmonella surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#newcastle-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Newcastle Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#disease-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.5</b> DISEASE DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#case-reports-in-poultry"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6</b> Case reports in poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#tetratrichomonas-gallinarum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.1</b> <em>Tetratrichomonas gallinarum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#gallibacterium-anatis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.2</b> <em>Gallibacterium anatis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#enterococcus-caecorum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.3</b> <em>Enterococcus caecorum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#chronic-cholera"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.4</b> Chronic cholera</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#ornithobacterium-rhinotracheale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.5</b> Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><a href="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> TB and Deer in Ireland</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="r-packages.html"><a href="r-packages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> R packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie" target="blank"> DAFM webpage</a></li>
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<div id="diseases-of-cattle-overview" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Section 1</span> Diseases of Cattle Overview</h1>
<hr />
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Jim O’Donovan,
<ul>
<li>Research Officer, Cork Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Model Fam Road, Bishoptown, Cork, Ireland</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<p>The Regional Veterinary Laboratories (RVLs) of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) are engaged primarily in scanning (passive) surveillance by gathering data from <em>post-mortem</em> and clinical sample submissions. Analysis of this data provides an insight into trends of disease incidence and causes of mortality on Irish farms, thereby informing decision-making relevant to disease control at a national level. Tables and charts are generated with test results and <em>post-mortem</em> diagnoses from voluntary submissions of material (carcasses and clinical samples) to RVLs by farmers through their private veterinary practitioners (PVPs). Therefore, it should be noted that data reflects only those cases where PVPs considered it appropriate to request laboratory investigation and the herdowner was motivated to deliver the carcass to an RVL.</p>
<p>This section presents the most commonly diagnosed causes of death in cattle presented for post-mortem examination at RVLs.</p>
<p>The range of diagnoses of animals submitted for <em>post-mortem</em> examination varies according to age of the animal, thus the results in this section are presented by age category. In order to facilitate presentation and comparison, conditions which affect given systems have been grouped together.</p>
<p>During 2018, 2902 cattle carcasses were submitted for examination. Geographical distribution of herds submitting bovine cases, colour coded by RVL where the carcases were examined, is illustrated in Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:map">1.1</a>.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:map"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/map-1.png" alt="Distribution of bovine carcasses. Bovine carcasses (excluding foetuses), aggregated and mapped at their DED (District Electoral Division) and colour-coded by the Regional Veterinary Laboratory of submission (n= 2902 )" width="384" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.1: Distribution of bovine carcasses. Bovine carcasses (excluding foetuses), aggregated and mapped at their DED (District Electoral Division) and colour-coded by the Regional Veterinary Laboratory of submission (n= 2902 )
</p>
</div>
<div id="neonatal-calves-birth-to-one-month-of-age" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Neonatal Calves (birth to one month of age)</h2>
<p>The trend of gastrointestinal infections being the most frequently diagnosed cause of death in neonatal calves continued in 2018 (Table <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#tab:neonetaltb">1.1</a> & Figure @ref(fig:neonetalfig}). The deaths of almost thirty <em>per cent</em> of calves in this age group were attributed to gastrointestinal infections. Not surprisingly, a number of these cases had hypogammaglobulinaemia recorded as well, indicating failure of passive transfer of humoral immunity from dam to calf.</p>
<p>Systemic infections (sepsis) continued as the second most frequently diagnosed cause of death in DAFM laboratories. In the last three years, systemic infections reached a peak of 24 <em>per cent</em> of deaths in 2016 <span class="citation">(DAFM <a href="#ref-AMR">2016</a>)</span>, but in 2018 the percentage of neonatal calves with systemic infections fell to 17.8 <em>per cent</em>.</p>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:neonetaltb">Table 1.1: </span>Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of bovine neonatal calves in 2018 (n= 845 ).
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Category
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of Cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
253
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
29.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Systemic Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
150
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
17.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Respiratory Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
97
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
11.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Navel Ill/Joint Ill
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
65
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
7.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Nutritional/metabolic conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
53
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
6.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Hereditary and developmental abnormality
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
50
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT torsion/obstruction
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
35
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT ulcer/perforation/foreign body
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
25
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
3.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Diagnosis not reached
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
24
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Peritonitis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
18
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Integument/Musculoskeletal
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Unclassified
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Cardiac/circulatory conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Fractures/Calving injuries
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Liver disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
5
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Urinary Tract conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
5
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Bovine Neonatal Pancytopaenia
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
4
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
CNS
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
4
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Trauma
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
4
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Abscessation
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
3
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
BVD/Mucosal disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
3
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Poisoning
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Reproductive Tract Conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
2
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Clostridial disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
1
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Tick Borne Fever
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
1
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
0.1
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Navel ill/ joint ill has stayed at a level consistent with previous years at 7.7 <em>per cent</em>. <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Trueperella pyogenes</em> were the infectious agents most frequently isolated. Similarly, the rate of peritonitis cases has stayed at 2.1 <em>per cent</em>, with <em>Trueperella pyogenes</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> commonly isolated from such cases.</p>
<p>Respiratory infections are normally responsible for about one in ten deaths in neonatal calves, and at 11.5 <em>per cent</em>, 2018 was a typical year.</p>
<p>Nutritional and metabolic conditions equate to 6.3 <em>per cent</em> of diagnoses in neonatal calves. This category includes failure of passive transfer of humoral immunity (hypogammaglobulinaemia) and ruminal milk drinking.</p>
<p>Hereditary and developmental abnormalities were recorded in DAFM laboratories in almost 6 <em>per cent</em> of carcasses submitted. Common diagnoses in this category include intestinal atresia and cardiac defects. Cardiac abnormalities most commonly noted were ventricular and atrial septum defects and persistent patent foramen ovale (Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:septaldefect">1.3</a>).</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:neonetalfig"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/neonetalfig-1.png" alt="Diagnoses of neonatal calves. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of bovine neonatal calves in 2018 (n= 845 )." width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.2: Diagnoses of neonatal calves. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of bovine neonatal calves in 2018 (n= 845 ).
</p>
</div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:septaldefect"></span>
<img src="images/septaldefect2.jpg" alt="Septal defect. Enlarged liver, ascites (arrow) and pulmonary oedema observed in chronic passive congestion as result of a congenital ventricular septal defect (arrow in left inset). Right inset: Accentuated hepatic lobular pattern (nutmeg liver) due to chronic passive congestion. Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.3: Septal defect. Enlarged liver, ascites (arrow) and pulmonary oedema observed in chronic passive congestion as result of a congenital ventricular septal defect (arrow in left inset). Right inset: Accentuated hepatic lobular pattern (nutmeg liver) due to chronic passive congestion. Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="calves-one-to-five-months-of-age" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> Calves (one to five months of age)</h2>
<p>Respiratory infections are by far the biggest cause of mortality among 1–5 <em>month</em> old calves in Ireland (Table <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#tab:calvestb">1.2</a> & Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:calvesfig">1.4</a>). They accounted for 34.3 <em>per cent</em> of deaths in this age group. Examination of data for the last few years shows that respiratory infections are responsible for an increasing percentage of deaths in this age category, though this has leveled off recently. The percentage of respiratory infections in this age category has risen by approximately 8 <em>per cent</em> since 2014. A breakdown of detected agents in these cases is presented in the <em>Bovine Respiratory Disease</em> section of this report.</p>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:calvestb">Table 1.2: </span>Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of calves (1-5 months old) in 2018 (n= 669 )
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Category
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of Cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Respiratory Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
235
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
34.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
91
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
13.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT torsion/obstruction
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
56
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
8.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Systemic Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
52
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
7.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT ulcer/perforation/foreign body
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
42
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
6.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Nutritional/metabolic conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
33
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Diagnosis not reached
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
30
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Clostridial disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
3.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
CNS
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
20
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Poisoning
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
14
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Navel Ill/Joint Ill
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Peritonitis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Cardiac/circulatory conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Urinary Tract conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Hereditary and developmental abnormality
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Tuberculosis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Integument/Musculoskeletal
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
7
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.0
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) infections (13.3 per cent) and systemic infections (7.6 per cent) remain similar to the trend of previous years as the second and third most frequently diagnosed conditions accounting for one in five of diagnosed causes of death. Common bacterial agents implicated include <em>Salmonella enterica Dublin</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Coccidia (<em>Eimeria spp.</em>) are the most frequently detected GIT pathogens in this age group.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:calvesfig"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/calvesfig-1.png" alt="Diagnoses of calves. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of calves (1--5 months old) in 2018 (n= 669 )" width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.4: Diagnoses of calves. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of calves (1–5 months old) in 2018 (n= 669 )
</p>
</div>
<p>Navel ill/ joint ill, consequences of navel infections at birth, were diagnosed in 1.9 <em>per cent</em> of calves in this age group presented to DAFM laboratories. Diagnosis of peritonitis in this age category has remained at a consistent level, between 1 and 3 <em>per cent</em>, from 2014 to 2018.</p>
<p>GIT ulcers and perforations continued to be a frequent diagnosis in 2018 accounting for 8.2 <em>per cent</em> of diagnoses. Perforating abomasal ulcers, leading to leakage of stomach contents and peritonitis, accounted for the majority of these cases (Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:abomasalulceration">1.5</a>).</p>
<p>GIT torsion/obstruction was recorded in 8.2 <em>per cent</em> of calves. Torsions of intestines, full mesentery, abomasum, omasum and reticulum were recorded. There was no fluctuation in their occurrence from previous years. Nutritional and metabolic conditions were diagnosed in 4.8 <em>per cent</em> of calves. The leading diagnoses in this category were ruminal acidosis and malnutrition.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:abomasalulceration"></span>
<img src="images/abomasalulceration2.jpg" alt="Fibrinous peritonitis. Peritonitis resulting from a perforating abomasal ulcer (inset). Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.5: Fibrinous peritonitis. Peritonitis resulting from a perforating abomasal ulcer (inset). Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="weanlings-six-months-to-one-year-of-age" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Weanlings (six months to one year of age)</h2>
<p>As in previous years, respiratory infections were the most commonly diagnosed cause of mortality (32.3 <em>per cent</em>) in this age group (Table <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#tab:weanlingstb">1.3</a> & Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:weanlingsfig">1.7</a>.</p>
<p>GIT infections were identified as the second most common cause of death in six to 12 month-old weanlings in Ireland at 21.6 <em>per cent</em>.</p>
<p>Clostridial diseases were the third biggest grouping of cause of mortality in this age group (8.7 <em>per cent</em>).</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:Blackleg11"></span>
<img src="images/Blackleg112.jpg" alt="Clostridial myositis (blackleg). Muscular necrosis and oedema in the gluteus muscle of a weanling. Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel." width="60%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.6: Clostridial myositis (blackleg). Muscular necrosis and oedema in the gluteus muscle of a weanling. Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel.
</p>
</div>
<p>Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) were diagnosed in 2.1 <em>per cent</em> of carcases in Ireland in 2018. Diseases in this category include cerebro-cortical necrosis, encephalopathies, encephalitis/meningitis and thrombotic meningo-encephalitis.</p>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:weanlingstb">Table 1.3: </span>Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of weanlings (6–12 months old) in 2018 (n= 396 )
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Category
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of Cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Respiratory Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
138
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
32.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
92
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
21.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Clostridial disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
37
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
8.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Diagnosis not reached
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
37
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
8.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Systemic Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Poisoning
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
14
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
3.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Cardiac/circulatory conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Nutritional/metabolic conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Integument/Musculoskeletal
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
10
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
CNS
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Tuberculosis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT torsion/obstruction
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.4
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:weanlingsfig"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/weanlingsfig-1.png" alt="Diagnoses in weanlings. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of weanlings (6--12 months old) in 2018 (n= 396 )" width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.7: Diagnoses in weanlings. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of weanlings (6–12 months old) in 2018 (n= 396 )
</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:adulttb">Table 1.4: </span>Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of adult cattle (over 12 months old) in 2018 (n= 527 )
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Category
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of Cases
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Respiratory Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
85
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
15.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Diagnosis not reached
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
83
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
15.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Cardiac/circulatory conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
47
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
8.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
32
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Nutritional/metabolic conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
32
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Clostridial disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
29
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Peritonitis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
28
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
5.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Poisoning
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
26
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
CNS
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT ulcer/perforation/foreign body
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Systemic Infections
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
4.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Urinary Tract conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Integument/Musculoskeletal
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Reproductive Tract Conditions
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
2.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Liver disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
10
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Babesiosis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
GIT torsion/obstruction
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Tumour
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Unclassified
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Abscessation
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
7
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Johne’s Disease
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;">
Tuberculosis
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
1.1
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="adult-cattle-over-12-months-of-age" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Adult Cattle (over 12 months of age)</h2>
<p>Similar to previous years, respiratory diseases accounted for 15.7 <em>per cent</em> of adult deaths, (Table <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#tab:adulttb">1.4</a> & Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:adultfig">1.8</a>). This incidence has remained roughly static in Ireland since 2014.</p>
<p>Cardiac/circulatory system conditions were the second biggest diagnosis in adult cattle in Ireland, occurring in 8.7 <em>per cent</em> of cases. Endocarditis, pericarditis, caudal vena cava thrombosis, haemorrhage and haemolysis were common diagnoses in this category. <em>T. pyogenes</em> was regularly isolated from cases of endocarditis, pericarditis and caudal vena cava thrombosis.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:adultfig"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/adultfig-1.png" alt="Diagnoses of adult cattle. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of adult cattle (over 12 months old) in 2018 (n= 527 )" width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 1.8: Diagnoses of adult cattle. Conditions most frequently diagnosed on post-mortem examinations of adult cattle (over 12 months old) in 2018 (n= 527 )
</p>
</div>
<p>Clostridial disease only accounted for 5.3 <em>per cent</em> of adult cattle deaths diagnosed and included cases of blackleg (Figure <a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#fig:Blackleg11">1.6</a>), malignant oedema, botulism and tetanus. Cases of GIT ulceration/perforation and foreign body accounted for 4.3 <em>per cent</em> of deaths, a slight decrease on rates in previous years. Hardware disease or traumatic reticuloperitionitis account for a significant proportion of these cases every year. Peritonitis diagnoses equated to 5.2 <em>per cent</em> in Ireland, in keeping with the trend of previous years.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>References</h3>
<div id="refs" class="references">
<div id="ref-AMR">
<p>DAFM. 2016. “All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report.” Dept. of Agriculture, Food; the Marine. <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/animalhealthwelfare/labservice/rvlreports/AIDSRReport016230118.pdf" class="uri">https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/animalhealthwelfare/labservice/rvlreports/AIDSRReport016230118.pdf</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: center;font-size: medium">A cooperative effort between the VLS and the SAT Section of the <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/">DAFM</a></p>
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