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<title>Section 5 Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) Test | Animal Disease Surveillance</title>
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<li><a href="./">Disease Surveillance</a></li>
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<li><a href="index.html#section"></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#passive-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#climate-change"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.2</b> Climate change</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#the-report"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.3</b> The report</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Diseases of Cattle Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#neonatal-calves-birth-to-one-month-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Neonatal Calves (birth to one month of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#calves-one-to-five-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Calves (one to five months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#weanlings-six-months-to-one-year-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Weanlings (six months to one year of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html"><a href="diseases-of-cattle-overview.html#adult-cattle-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Adult Cattle (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Johne’s Disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-transmission"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> JD transmission</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#jd-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> JD Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#post-mortem-examination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Post mortem examination</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#control-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Control Programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="johnes-disease.html"><a href="johnes-disease.html#acknowledgement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Acknowledgement</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Clostridial disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#blackleg"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Blackleg</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#botulism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Botulism</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#malignant-oedema"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Malignant Oedema</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#enterotoxaemia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Enterotoxaemia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#black-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Black Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#braxy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Braxy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-abomasitis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Clostridial abomasitis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="clostridial-disease.html"><a href="clostridial-disease.html#clostridial-vaccination"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Clostridial Vaccination</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Bovine Neonatal Enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#neonatal-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Neonatal enteritis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#rotavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Rotavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#cryptosporidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> <em>Cryptosporidiosis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coronavirus-enteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> Coronavirus enteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.4" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#escherichia-coli-k99"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.4</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em> K99</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.5" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#salmonella-dublin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.5</b> <em>Salmonella</em> Dublin</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.6" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#campylobacter-jejuni"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.6</b> <em>Campylobacter jejuni</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.7" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#giardia-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.7</b> <em>Giardia spp.</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.8" data-path="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html"><a href="bovine-neonatal-enteritis.html#coccidiosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.8</b> Coccidiosis</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) Test</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-test-and-the-importance-of-colostrum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> ZST test and the importance of colostrum</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#outline-of-2018-figures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Outline of 2018 figures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#shortcomings-in-submission-practices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Shortcomings in submission practices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#zst-and-immunoglobulin-classes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> ZST and immunoglobulin classes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#post-mortem-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> <em>Post mortem</em> samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html"><a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#ovine-submissions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Ovine submissions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Bovine Abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#primary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Primary Pathogens</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#salmonella-dublin-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> <em>Salmonella Dublin</em> abortion</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#listerial-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Listerial abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#leptospiral-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Leptospiral abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#minor-primary-abortifacients-sporadic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Minor Primary Abortifacients (sporadic abortions)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#protoozoal-abortion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Protoozoal abortion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#secondary-pathogens"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Secondary Pathogens</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="bovine-abortion.html"><a href="bovine-abortion.html#mycotic-abortions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Mycotic abortions</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Bovine Mastitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#milk-culture-in-rvls"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Milk Culture in RVLs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#staphylococcus-aureus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#streptococcus-uberis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#truperella-pyogenes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> <em>Truperella pyogenes</em></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="bovine-mastitis.html"><a href="bovine-mastitis.html#contaminated-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Contaminated samples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#bacterial-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#viral-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Viral Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#trends"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Trends</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html"><a href="bovine-respiratory-disease-brd.html#parasitic-bovine-respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Parasitic Bovine Respiratory Disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Antimicrobial Resistance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#staphylococcus-aureus-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#streptococcus-uberis-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> <em>Streptococcus uberis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#pasteurella-multocida"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> <em>Pasteurella multocida</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#mannheimia-haemolytica"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> <em>Mannheimia haemolytica</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#escherichia-coli"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> <em>Escherichia coli</em></a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#maldi-tof"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> Maldi-ToF</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="antimicrobial-resistance.html"><a href="antimicrobial-resistance.html#whole-genome-sequencing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Whole Genome Sequencing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Bovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Trichostrongylidae</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus-spp."><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Nematodirus spp.</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Coccidia</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Treatment and control</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#rumen-and-liver-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Rumen and Liver Fluke</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="bovine-parasitic-diseases.html#treatment-and-control-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Treatment and Control</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Eradication Programme and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#negative-herd-status-nhs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> Negative herd status (NHS)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#targeted-advisory-service-on-animal-health-tasah"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> Targeted Advisory Service on Animal Health (TASAH)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html"><a href="bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd-eradication-programme-and-infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis.html#infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis-eradication-programme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis eradication programme</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Sheep Diseases Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#diseases-of-sheep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Diseases of Sheep</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#lambs-birth-to-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Lambs (birth to 12 months of age)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="sheep-diseases-overview.html"><a href="sheep-diseases-overview.html#adult-sheep-over-12-months-of-age"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Adult Sheep (over 12 months of age)</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Ovine Parasitic Diseases</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#agents-of-parasitic-gastroenteritis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Agents of Parasitic Gastroenteritis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#trichostrongylidae-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Trichostrongylidae</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#nematodirus"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Nematodirus</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#coccidia-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> Coccidia</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#liver-and-rumen-fluke"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Liver and rumen fluke</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html"><a href="ovine-parasitic-diseases.html#sarcocystosis-cysticercosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Sarcocystosis & Cysticercosis</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Disease of Pigs</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#post-mortem-diagnoses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Post mortem diagnoses</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#gastrointestinal-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.1</b> Gastrointestinal disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#systemic-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.2</b> Systemic disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.3" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#respiratory-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.3</b> Respiratory disease</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#notifiable-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Notifiable disease</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="disease-of-pigs.html"><a href="disease-of-pigs.html#african-swine-fever-awareness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> African swine fever awareness</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-influenza-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Avian Influenza Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-mycoplasma-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Avian Mycoplasma Surveillance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#active-surveillance-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> Active surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#passive-surveillance-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> Passive surveillance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#avian-salmonella-surveillance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Avian Salmonella surveillance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#newcastle-disease"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Newcastle Disease</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#disease-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.5</b> DISEASE DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#case-reports-in-poultry"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6</b> Case reports in poultry</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.1" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#tetratrichomonas-gallinarum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.1</b> <em>Tetratrichomonas gallinarum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.2" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#gallibacterium-anatis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.2</b> <em>Gallibacterium anatis</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.3" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#enterococcus-caecorum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.3</b> <em>Enterococcus caecorum</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.4" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#chronic-cholera"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.4</b> Chronic cholera</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6.5" data-path="poultry.html"><a href="poultry.html#ornithobacterium-rhinotracheale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6.5</b> Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><a href="tb-and-deer-in-ireland.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> TB and Deer in Ireland</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="r-packages.html"><a href="r-packages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> R packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie" target="blank"> DAFM webpage</a></li>
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<div id="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Section 5</span> Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) Test</h1>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Iam Hogan
<ul>
<li>Research Officer, Limerick Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p><br><br></p>
<blockquote>
<p>The Zinc Sulphate Turbidity (ZST) test is an indirect measurement of passive transfer of immunoglobulins via colostrum from the dam to the neonate. The adequate delivery of good quality colostrum is an important part of calf management, as transfer of immunity provides protection to neonates from common infectious diseases that contribute to illness and death.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><br><br></p>
<div id="zst-test-and-the-importance-of-colostrum" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">5.1</span> ZST test and the importance of colostrum</h2>
<p>Failure of passive transfer (FPT) is best assessed on a herd basis. It is recommended to sample several healthy calves or lambs, up to twelve animals less than a week old. Blood sampling should not be done on the first day of life as peak circulating immunoglobulin is achieved 36 hours after colostrum ingestion.</p>
<p>The ZST test used in the DAFM laboratory service was developed by <span class="citation">McEwan et al. (<a href="#ref-McEwan1970">1970</a>)</span>, who determined that metal salts such as Zinc Sulphate would be precipitated from solution in proportion to the level of immunoglobulin present in a serum sample, once the two are combined. In recent years, to improve the quality of this test, a higher concentration of Zinc Sulphate solution has been used <span class="citation">(Hudgens et al. <a href="#ref-Hudgens1996">1996</a>)</span>.</p>
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>
<span id="tab:zsttuno">Table 5.1: </span>Zinc Sulphate Turbidity Test Results in 2018 (n= 1207 ).
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Submission type
</th>
<th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Status
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
No. of samples
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Mean
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: pnasbluetext;">
Percentage
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;vertical-align: middle !important;" rowspan="3">
Diagnostic
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">
Optimal
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
588
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
33.0
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
72
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">
Adequate
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
120
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
16.4
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
15
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">
Inadequate
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
106
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
7.4
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
13
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;vertical-align: middle !important;" rowspan="3">
Carcass
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">
Optimal
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
132
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
29.7
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
34
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">
Adequate
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
89
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
15.5
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
23
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">
Inadequate
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
172
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
6.4
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;">
44
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
<div id="outline-of-2018-figures" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">5.2</span> Outline of 2018 figures</h2>
<p>In 2018, 814 blood samples were submitted for Zinc Sulphate Turbidity Test for diagnosic purposes, i.e. from live animals. Table <a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#tab:zsttuno">5.1</a> and Figure <a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#fig:zstfuno">5.1</a> show that 72 <em>per cent</em> of samples submitted for diagnostic purposes were in the optimal range, i.e. had a ZST result greater than or equal to 20 <em>units</em>; 15 <em>per cent</em> were within the adequate range, ZST results between 12.5 and 20 <em>units</em>, and the remaining 13 <em>per cent</em> were in the inadequate range, ZST results below 12.5 <em>units</em>. The distribution of ZST values is charted in Figure <a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#fig:zstfdos">5.2</a>.</p>
<p>2018 figures are a marked improvement on just a few years ago, for example in 2014 only 51 per cent of diagnostic samples returned a value greater than or equal to 20 <em>units</em>. There are two likely reasons for this improvement: information campaigns conducted by several bodies to impress upon herd-owners the importance of good colostrum management, which are likely to have led to improved colostrum feeding practices, and better targeted testing of calves to evaluate colostrum management.</p>
<p><br><br></p>
<style>
div.blue { background-color:#e6f0ff; border-radius: 5px; padding: 20px;}
</style>
<div class="blue">
<p>Measurement of serum total protein is another way to assess for failure of passive transfer (FPT). This test is useful for monitoring colostrum management in healthy calves, but it is not suitable for sick, dehydrated or dying calves. The analysis can be carried out either in farms with a refractometer (Figure <a href="zinc-sulphate-turbidity-zst-test.html#fig:fmastuno">5.3</a>, or in veterinary clinics using an in-house biochemistry analyser <span class="citation">(Bielmann et al. <a href="#ref-Bielmann2010">2010</a>)</span>. When used for screening, 80 <em>per cent</em> of samples should show values above 55 <em>g/l</em>.</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
<div id="shortcomings-in-submission-practices" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">5.3</span> Shortcomings in submission practices</h2>
<p>The optimum way to investigate FPT is on a herd basis. Single samples are not ideal as individual results can vary and may not be reflective of herd incidence of FPT. Colostrum management should be examined on a herd basis; when assessing a herd, the proportion of calves in the herd which have received inadequate colostral immunity is of more significance than the average serum immunoglobulin concentration.</p>
<p>Currently, DAFM laboratories determine the immune status of calves by ZST tests on an on-demand basis. Submissions overwhelmingly consist of a sample from a single calf; in 2018, 41 <em>per cent</em> of submissions for ZST testing contained one single sample and only 23 <em>per cent</em> of submissions contained 5 or more samples. This proportion has improved over the last few years; in 2014 single samples made up 79 <em>per cent</em> of submissions while only 7 <em>per cent</em> of submissions contained five or more samples. Awareness of the importance of colostrum in herd health, and of the need for planned investigations into the efficacy of colostrum feeding, has increased.</p>
<p><br><br></p>
<style>
div.blue { background-color:#e6f0ff; border-radius: 5px; padding: 20px;}
</style>
<div class="blue">
<p>Clinical history provided in the laboratory submission forms is in many cases minimal but one would suspect many single samples come from sick calves. Samples from sick calves are not suitable to evaluate colostrum management as disease processes will affect circulating immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulin will be lost from circulation as it binds with antigen, or through protein-losing conditions such as enteropathy and nephropathy; dehydration, on the other hand, may lead to artificially high ZST results through haemoconcentration.</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:zstfuno"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/zstfuno-1.png" alt="Results of ZST from submitted bovine blood samples in 2018 (n= 814 )." width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 5.1: Results of ZST from submitted bovine blood samples in 2018 (n= 814 ).
</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:zstfdos"></span>
<img src="Surveillance_files/figure-html/zstfdos-1.png" alt="Distribrtion of ZST test results during 2018. Optimal colostral immunity is defined as greater than 20 units (orange line), adequated between 12.5 and 20 units and inadequated less than 12.5 units (red line). The width of the white area at each point of the x axis is proportional to the number of samples returning a ZST result of that value. Outliers with values greater than 60 units (24 samples) were removed from the plot (n= 790 )." width="576" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 5.2: Distribrtion of ZST test results during 2018. Optimal colostral immunity is defined as greater than 20 units (orange line), adequated between 12.5 and 20 units and inadequated less than 12.5 units (red line). The width of the white area at each point of the x axis is proportional to the number of samples returning a ZST result of that value. Outliers with values greater than 60 units (24 samples) were removed from the plot (n= 790 ).
</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
<div id="zst-and-immunoglobulin-classes" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">5.4</span> ZST and immunoglobulin classes</h2>
<p>ZST tests give results which correlate well with levels of total immunoglobulin and with <em>IgG</em>, which is understandable as <em>IgG</em> comprises the largest proportion of immunoglobulin in both colostrum and the bloodstream of calves drinking colostrum. Results from the ZST test do not give as good a measure of circulating immunoglobulin M (<em>IgM</em>), which composes a smaller proportion of the immunoglobulin in colostrum and is important in the prevention of septicaemia. To complicate matters, <em>IgM</em> molecules are commonly much larger than those of <em>IgG</em> and <em>closure</em> of the intestine to <em>IgM</em>, in other words the point at which the intestinal mucosa ceases absorbing <em>IgM</em> intact into the blood stream, occurs much earlier than it does for <em>IgG</em>.</p>
<p>The upshot of this is that a calf receiving colostrum after a slight delay may have adequate, or even optimal, levels of <em>IgG</em> and total immunoglobulin, yet have absorbed inadequate levels of <em>IgM</em>. This inadequacy will not be reflected in ZST results or in results from any of the alternative indirect tests for FPT, such as total protein or Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (<em>GGT</em>) levels. Only a direct test for <em>IgM</em>, such as an ELISA or radial immunodiffusion (RID), will pick up this deficiency.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span id="fig:fmastuno"></span>
<img src="images/Refractometer.jpg" alt="Brix refractometer. Colostrum quality can be assessed by placing a drop of colostrum in the stage and looking through the eyepiece. Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel." width="50%" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 5.3: Brix refractometer. Colostrum quality can be assessed by placing a drop of colostrum in the stage and looking through the eyepiece. Photo: Cosme Sánchez-Miguel.
</p>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
<div id="post-mortem-samples" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">5.5</span> <em>Post mortem</em> samples</h2>
<p>Another source of samples for ZST testing in DAFM laboratories is blood harvested from calves at necropsy, which by definition are not from healthy calves. ZST results from calves sampled at necropsy, except in the case of very acute deaths, may give misleading results due to the course of illness that preceded death. However, RVL staff may use ZST results from these calves to flag possible cases of FPT in a herd, if results suggestive of FPT are returned this can prompt a possible need to investigate further the performance of colostrum management in that herd. When ZST testing was carried out on 393 samples taken from calf carcasses during <em>post mortem</em> examinations in the laboratory service, 44 <em>per cent</em> of samples had results indicating a failure of passive transfer, a further 23 <em>per cent</em> of samples were in the suboptimal range.</p>
<p><br><br></p>
</div>
<div id="ovine-submissions" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">5.6</span> Ovine submissions</h2>
<p>Submissions from ovine neonates for ZST testing are low, especially diagnostic submissions of which only four were received in 2018. Of these, one was suggestive of FPT, but such a small sample size does not make it possible to draw conclusions. Samples were collected from lamb carcasses in higher numbers, and it was found that 96 out of 148 (or 65 <em>per cent</em>) were below the optimal level. Submission rates of ovine neonates for necropsy have been elevated by a study into sheep mortality which was conducted in a number of RVLs in 2018. We must again bear in mind the possible limitations of this test when performed on samples taken from dead animals. It is likely that failure of passive transfer in lambs is most commonly due to mis-mothering, the risk may be also high for lambs born as triplets.</p>
<p>While lambs and calves from beef breeds will usually receive adequate colostrum by suckling, dairy calves require herdowner intervention in order to consume enough colostrum to give sufficient protection. This is due to a dilution effect on colostrum quality caused by the higher volumes of milk produced by modern dairy cows. Ideally, the first feed of colostrum should be given to the calf within two hours of birth and certainly no later than six hours after birth. The quantity required should be based on weight, with the typical 35–45 <em>kg</em> dairy calf needing 3 <em>l</em> and smaller cross-bred calves needing less. Poor transfer of colostral immunity may be due to poor quality colostrum, low colostral intake, poor colostrum absorption or a combination of these three factors.</p>
<p>Supplementary feeding using a stomach tube or oesophageal feeder may be necessary. Frozen colostrum may be used when necessary. Artificial colostrum is less effective but may be used as a last resort. It should always be remembered that improved colostrum feeding practices will not completely compensate for inadequate hygiene.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>References</h3>
<div id="refs" class="references">
<div id="ref-McEwan1970">
<p>McEwan, A D, E W Fisher, I E Selman, and W J Penhale. 1970. “A Turbidity Test for the Estimation of Immune Globulin Levels in Neonatal Calf Serum.” <em>Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry</em> 27 (1): 155–63.</p>
</div>
<div id="ref-Hudgens1996">
<p>Hudgens, K A, J W Tyler, T E Besser, and D S Krytenberg. 1996. “Optimizing Performance of a Qualitative Zinc Sulfate Turbidity Test for Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin G in Calves.” <em>American Journal of Veterinary Research</em> 57 (12): 1711–3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ref-Bielmann2010">
<p>Bielmann, V., J. Gillan, N.R. Perkins, A.L. Skidmore, S. Godden, and K.E. Leslie. 2010. “An Evaluation of Brix Refractometry Instruments for Measurement of Colostrum Quality in Dairy Cattle.” <em>Journal of Dairy Science</em> 93 (8): 3713–21. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2943">https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2943</a>.</p>
</div>
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