identifier: traitmech:000357 label: Gao-Tmn system definition: A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a Gao_Tmn locus represented by DefenseFinder as a single-profile model requiring Gao_Tmn__TmnA. definition_source: DOI:10.1126/science.aba0372 trait_category: GENOMICS term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: PROPOSED parent_traits: - traitmech:000209 synonyms: - synonym_text: Gao_Tmn synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md - synonym_text: Gao_Tmn__TmnA synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md evidence: - reference: PMID:32855333 snippet: By systematic defense gene prediction and heterologous reconstitution, here we discover 29 widespread antiviral gene cassettes, collectively present in 32% of all sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes, that mediate protection against specific bacteriophages. notes: Gao et al. support a systematic defense-gene prediction and heterologous reconstitution campaign that discovered widespread antiviral gene cassettes. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: Gao_Tmn | 10\.1126/science\.aba0372 | Diverse enzymatic activities mediate antiviral immunity in prokaryotes notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Gao_Tmn system to the Gao et al. prokaryotic antiviral-immunity paper. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "Gao_Tmn\tGao_Tmn\t1\t1\tGao_Tmn__TmnA" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models Gao_Tmn as a single-mandatory-profile system with the Gao_Tmn__TmnA profile. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| Gao_Tmn__TmnA | Gao_Tmn__TmnA | Gao_Tmn | Custom | 200 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records Gao_Tmn__TmnA under Gao_Tmn. causal_graphs: - graph_id: gao_tmn_locus_restricts_phage title: Gao-Tmn loci confer bacterial phage defense description: Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a Gao_Tmn locus to Gao et al. antiviral cassette defense without asserting the unresolved TmnA component activity. scope_status: NONMECHANISTIC scope_notes: The graph captures Gao-Tmn as a named DefenseFinder single-profile Gao-family system while leaving natural hosts, TmnA protein function, phage triggers, and direct effector activity unresolved. nodes: - node_id: gao_tmn_locus label: Gao_Tmn locus node_type: GENETIC_ELEMENT description: A DefenseFinder Gao_Tmn phage-defense locus represented by a custom TmnA profile. - node_id: gao_2020_antiviral_cassette_defense label: Gao 2020 antiviral cassette defense node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Bacteriophage protection by one of the antiviral gene cassettes described in the Gao et al. systematic defense-gene discovery campaign. - node_id: gao_tmn_system_trait label: Gao-Tmn system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000357 description: Possession of a genome-encoded Gao-Tmn phage-defense system. - node_id: phage_defense_system label: phage defense system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000209 description: Possession of one or more genome-encoded immune systems that inhibit bacteriophage infection. edges: - subject: gao_tmn_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: gao_2020_antiviral_cassette_defense description: DefenseFinder maps Gao_Tmn to the Gao et al. systematic antiphage-system discovery paper and models it as a single-profile system requiring TmnA. evidence: - reference: PMID:32855333 snippet: By systematic defense gene prediction and heterologous reconstitution, here we discover 29 widespread antiviral gene cassettes, collectively present in 32% of all sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes, that mediate protection against specific bacteriophages. notes: Gao et al. support bacteriophage protection by widespread antiviral gene cassettes. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: Gao_Tmn | 10\.1126/science\.aba0372 | Diverse enzymatic activities mediate antiviral immunity in prokaryotes notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Gao_Tmn system to the Gao et al. prokaryotic antiviral-immunity paper. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "Gao_Tmn\tGao_Tmn\t1\t1\tGao_Tmn__TmnA" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models Gao_Tmn as a single-mandatory-profile system with the Gao_Tmn__TmnA profile. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| Gao_Tmn__TmnA | Gao_Tmn__TmnA | Gao_Tmn | Custom | 200 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records Gao_Tmn__TmnA under Gao_Tmn. - subject: gao_2020_antiviral_cassette_defense predicate: confers predicate_id: METPO:2007700 object: gao_tmn_system_trait description: Gao_Tmn-associated antiviral cassette defense realizes the Gao-Tmn system trait. evidence: - reference: PMID:32855333 snippet: By systematic defense gene prediction and heterologous reconstitution, here we discover 29 widespread antiviral gene cassettes, collectively present in 32% of all sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes, that mediate protection against specific bacteriophages. notes: Gao et al. support bacteriophage protection by widespread antiviral gene cassettes. - subject: gao_tmn_system_trait predicate: is a predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf object: phage_defense_system description: Gao-Tmn system possession is a phage-defense-system trait. evidence: - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: Gao_Tmn | 10\.1126/science\.aba0372 | Diverse enzymatic activities mediate antiviral immunity in prokaryotes notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Gao_Tmn system to the Gao et al. prokaryotic antiviral-immunity paper. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "Gao_Tmn\tGao_Tmn\t1\t1\tGao_Tmn__TmnA" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models Gao_Tmn as a single-mandatory-profile system with the Gao_Tmn__TmnA profile. discussions: - discussion_id: gao-tmn-mechanism-gap prompt: Resolve Gao_Tmn natural hosts, TmnA component function, phage triggers, and effector activity before minting narrower Gao_Tmn mechanism children. kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP status: OPEN rationale: Gao et al. support widespread antiviral gene cassettes that mediate protection against specific bacteriophages, and DefenseFinder models Gao_Tmn as a single-profile system. The exact natural host breadth, TmnA component identity, phage trigger, and profile-to-activity mapping remain unresolved. attaches_to: - causal_graphs#gao_tmn_locus_restricts_phage posed_by: codex posed_date: '2026-09-22' curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-09-22T07:00:35Z' curator: codex action: MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID changes: Minted Gao-Tmn system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v234. llm_assisted: true