identifier: traitmech:000336 label: GasderMIN system definition: A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a bacterial gasdermin locus represented by the DefenseFinder GasderMIN__bGSDM profile, whose bGSDM effectors are associated with bacteriophage defense and can be proteolytically activated in characterized bGSDM-protease systems to assemble membrane pores, disrupt membrane integrity, and execute cell death. definition_source: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 trait_category: GENOMICS term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: PROPOSED parent_traits: - traitmech:000209 synonyms: - synonym_text: GasderMIN synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md - synonym_text: GasderMIN__bGSDM synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: We discovered gasdermin homologs encoded in bacteria that defended against phages and executed cell death. notes: Johnson et al. support bacterial gasdermin homologs as phage-defense proteins that execute cell death. - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: bGSDM-protease systems are found in diverse bacteria and archaea, as well as in metagenomic samples of prokaryotic origin notes: Johnson et al. report bGSDM-protease systems across bacteria, archaea, and prokaryotic metagenomic samples, supporting curation above one engineered locus. - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: a four gene operon from Lysobacter enzymogenes exhibited robust defense against coliphages T4, T5, and T6 notes: Johnson et al. experimentally tested a Lysobacter enzymogenes bGSDM-containing operon that defended against coliphages T4, T5, and T6. - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: Deletion of the bGSDM gene from the Lysobacter operon abolished protection notes: Deletion of the bGSDM gene from the Lysobacter operon abolished the observed phage protection. - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: Bacterial gasdermins were activated by dedicated caspase-like proteases that catalyzed site-specific cleavage and the removal of an inhibitory C-terminal peptide. notes: Johnson et al. connect bacterial gasdermin activation to dedicated caspase-like proteases that remove an inhibitory C-terminal peptide. - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: Release of autoinhibition induced the assembly of large and heterogeneous pores that disrupted membrane integrity. notes: Johnson et al. support pore assembly and membrane disruption as outputs of bacterial gasdermin autoinhibition release. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: GasderMIN | 10\.1101/2021\.06\.07\.447441 | Bacterial gasdermins reveal an ancient mechanism of cell death notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the GasderMIN model namespace to the Johnson et al. bacterial gasdermin preprint, later published under DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| GasderMIN__bGSDM | GasderMIN__bGSDM___bGSDM | GasderMIN | Custom | 50 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records the bGSDM profile under the GasderMIN model namespace. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "GasderMIN\tGasderMIN\t1\t1\tGasderMIN__bGSDM\t\t\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models GasderMIN as a one-mandatory-profile system requiring GasderMIN__bGSDM. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "CARD_NLR\tCARD_NLR_GasderMIN\t1\t3\tGasderMIN__bGSDM\tCARD_NLR__CARD_Protease,\ \ CARD_NLR__NLR_new, CARD_NLR__Trypsin\tCARD_NLR__Endonuclease, CARD_NLR__Endonuclease_new,\ \ CARD_NLR__Phospho, CARD_NLR__Phospho_Trypsin, CARD_NLR__Subtilase, CARD_NLR__Subtilase_long_new,\ \ CARD_NLR__Subtilase_small_new, CARD_NLR__Trypsin_Phospho, CARD_NLR__Trypsine_Endonuclease_new\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table also models a CARD_NLR_GasderMIN subtype with GasderMIN__bGSDM as its mandatory profile. canonical_examples: - taxon_id: NCBITaxon:69 taxon_label: Lysobacter enzymogenes note: Johnson et al. showed that a Lysobacter enzymogenes bGSDM-containing operon provided robust defense against coliphages T4, T5, and T6 in an Escherichia coli heterologous assay, and that deleting the bGSDM gene abolished protection. reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 causal_graphs: - graph_id: gasdermin_proteolysis_triggers_pore_cell_death title: GasderMIN activation forms lethal membrane pores description: System-level sketch linking a bacterial gasdermin locus to phage defense-system possession and linking characterized bGSDM-protease systems to caspase-like proteolytic activation, gasdermin pore assembly, membrane disruption, and cell death. scope_status: NONMECHANISTIC scope_notes: The graph captures GasderMIN as a named DefenseFinder single-mandatory-profile system supported by Johnson et al. bacterial gasdermin experiments while leaving the natural phage trigger, the universality of adjacent protease activation, the full family breadth, and CARD-NLR-associated gasdermin variants unresolved. nodes: - node_id: gasdermin_locus label: bacterial gasdermin locus node_type: GENETIC_ELEMENT description: A bacterial gasdermin phage-defense locus cataloged in DefenseFinder with the GasderMIN__bGSDM profile. - node_id: caspase_like_bgsdm_cleavage label: caspase-like bGSDM cleavage node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Site-specific bacterial gasdermin cleavage by a dedicated caspase-like protease. - node_id: gasdermin_pore_assembly label: bacterial gasdermin pore assembly node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Assembly of activated bacterial gasdermins into large membrane pores. - node_id: membrane_integrity_disruption label: membrane integrity disruption node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Loss of bacterial membrane integrity after gasdermin pore formation. - node_id: gasdermin_cell_death label: gasdermin-dependent cell death node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Host cell death executed by activated bacterial gasdermin pores. - node_id: gasdermin_system_trait label: GasderMIN system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000336 description: Possession of a genome-encoded GasderMIN phage-defense system. - node_id: phage_defense_system label: phage defense system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000209 description: Possession of one or more genome-encoded immune systems that inhibit bacteriophage infection. edges: - subject: gasdermin_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: caspase_like_bgsdm_cleavage description: Characterized bacterial gasdermin-protease loci can encode dedicated caspase-like proteases that cleave bGSDM effectors and remove their inhibitory C-terminal peptide. evidence: - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: bGSDM-protease systems are found in diverse bacteria and archaea, as well as in metagenomic samples of prokaryotic origin notes: Johnson et al. describe bGSDM-protease systems across prokaryotic genomes and metagenomes. - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: Bacterial gasdermins were activated by dedicated caspase-like proteases that catalyzed site-specific cleavage and the removal of an inhibitory C-terminal peptide. notes: Johnson et al. support caspase-like proteases as direct activators of bacterial gasdermins. - subject: caspase_like_bgsdm_cleavage predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: gasdermin_pore_assembly description: Proteolytic release of the inhibitory bacterial gasdermin peptide induces large pore assembly. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: Release of autoinhibition induced the assembly of large and heterogeneous pores that disrupted membrane integrity. notes: Johnson et al. connect release of autoinhibition to gasdermin pore assembly. - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: The Runella bGSDM and protease only induced cellular toxicity when expressed together notes: The Runella bGSDM system required both bGSDM and its protease to trigger cellular toxicity. - subject: gasdermin_pore_assembly predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: membrane_integrity_disruption description: Activated bacterial gasdermins assemble pores that disrupt membrane integrity. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: Release of autoinhibition induced the assembly of large and heterogeneous pores that disrupted membrane integrity. notes: Johnson et al. link bacterial gasdermin pore assembly to disrupted membrane integrity. - subject: membrane_integrity_disruption predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: gasdermin_cell_death description: Bacterial gasdermin activation can execute cell death through loss of membrane integrity. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: We discovered gasdermin homologs encoded in bacteria that defended against phages and executed cell death. notes: Johnson et al. identify bacterial gasdermins as phage-defense homologs that execute cell death. - subject: gasdermin_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: gasdermin_system_trait description: The GasderMIN DefenseFinder model identifies a GasderMIN__bGSDM profile, and Johnson et al. show that deleting a bGSDM gene can abolish phage protection by a gasdermin operon. evidence: - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: a four gene operon from Lysobacter enzymogenes exhibited robust defense against coliphages T4, T5, and T6 notes: The tested Lysobacter enzymogenes bGSDM-containing operon protected cells from coliphage challenge. - reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9134750/ snippet: Deletion of the bGSDM gene from the Lysobacter operon abolished protection notes: The bGSDM gene was essential for the Lysobacter operon's observed phage protection. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| GasderMIN__bGSDM | GasderMIN__bGSDM___bGSDM | GasderMIN | Custom | 50 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records the bGSDM profile under the GasderMIN model namespace. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "GasderMIN\tGasderMIN\t1\t1\tGasderMIN__bGSDM\t\t\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models GasderMIN as a one-mandatory-profile system requiring GasderMIN__bGSDM. - subject: gasdermin_cell_death predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: gasdermin_system_trait description: Bacterial gasdermin-mediated cell death realizes the GasderMIN phage-defense-system output in tested bGSDM-protease systems. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432 snippet: We discovered gasdermin homologs encoded in bacteria that defended against phages and executed cell death. notes: Johnson et al. connect bacterial gasdermin phage defense with cell death. - subject: gasdermin_system_trait predicate: is a predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf object: phage_defense_system description: GasderMIN system possession is a bacterial gasdermin phage-defense-system trait. evidence: - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: GasderMIN | 10\.1101/2021\.06\.07\.447441 | Bacterial gasdermins reveal an ancient mechanism of cell death notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the GasderMIN model namespace to the Johnson et al. bacterial gasdermin preprint, later published under DOI:10.1126/science.abj8432. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "GasderMIN\tGasderMIN\t1\t1\tGasderMIN__bGSDM\t\t\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models GasderMIN as a one-mandatory-profile system requiring GasderMIN__bGSDM. discussions: - discussion_id: gasdermin-family-breadth-and-card-nlr-scope-gap prompt: Resolve natural GasderMIN family breadth and CARD-NLR gasdermin context before minting narrower gasdermin subfamily traits. kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP status: OPEN rationale: Johnson et al. experimentally tested a Lysobacter bGSDM-containing operon and mechanistically dissected Runella bGSDM protease-triggered toxicity, while some bacterial gasdermins showed no discernible phage restriction in Escherichia coli and the GasderMIN__bGSDM profile is also used in CARD-NLR detector contexts in the pinned DefenseFinder rules table. This record captures the standalone GasderMIN detector namespace and leaves CARD-NLR-associated gasdermins, natural phage triggers, and broader family boundaries unresolved. attaches_to: - causal_graphs#gasdermin_proteolysis_triggers_pore_cell_death posed_by: codex posed_date: '2026-09-21' curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-09-21T13:10:00Z' curator: codex action: MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID changes: Minted GasderMIN system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under the phage defense system parent after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v213. llm_assisted: true