identifier: traitmech:000257 label: PsyrTA system definition: A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a two-component PsyrTA locus represented by PsyrA and PsyrT profiles that can protect bacteria from bacteriophage infection. definition_source: DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 trait_category: GENOMICS term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: PROPOSED parent_traits: - traitmech:000209 synonyms: - synonym_text: PsyrTA synonym_type: EXACT_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 snippet: discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage-infection experiments notes: Millman et al. report the computational and experimental cohort that DefenseFinder cites for PsyrTA as a bacterial anti-phage system. - reference: DOI:10.1101/2022.05.11.491447 snippet: discovery of 21 new defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage infection experiments notes: The bioRxiv version of Millman et al. independently carries the 21-system discovery claim linked from DefenseFinder's PsyrTA article registry. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: PsyrTA | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages notes: The DefenseFinder model registry maps the named PsyrTA system to the Millman et al. antiphage-system discovery preprint. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "PsyrTA\tPsyrTA\t2\t2\tPsyrTA__PsyrA, PsyrTA__PsyrT" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models PsyrTA with PsyrA and PsyrT profiles. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: PsyrTA__PsyrA | PsyrTA__PsyrA | PsyrTA notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records PsyrA as a PsyrTA profile. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: PsyrTA__PsyrT | PsyrTA__PsyrT | PsyrTA notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records PsyrT as a PsyrTA profile. causal_graphs: - graph_id: psyrta_locus_restricts_phage title: PsyrTA loci confer bacterial phage defense description: Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a PsyrTA locus to restricted bacteriophage propagation without asserting the unresolved phage trigger or molecular output. scope_status: NONMECHANISTIC scope_notes: The graph captures PsyrTA as a named anti-phage system with the required DefenseFinder PsyrA and PsyrT profiles while leaving its phage trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, and subtype breadth unresolved. nodes: - node_id: psyrta_locus label: PsyrTA locus node_type: GENETIC_ELEMENT description: A PsyrTA anti-phage defense locus satisfying a DefenseFinder rule over PsyrA and PsyrT profiles. - node_id: restricted_phage_propagation label: restricted phage propagation node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Reduced propagation of bacteriophage in cells carrying the PsyrTA system. - node_id: psyrta_system_trait label: PsyrTA system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000257 description: Possession of a genome-encoded PsyrTA phage-defense system. - node_id: phage_defense_system label: phage defense system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000209 description: Possession of one or more genome-encoded immune systems that inhibit bacteriophage infection. edges: - subject: psyrta_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: restricted_phage_propagation description: DefenseFinder maps PsyrTA to a bacterial anti-phage-system discovery preprint and represents PsyrTA loci through PsyrA and PsyrT component profiles. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 snippet: discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages notes: Millman et al. describe the anti-phage discovery cohort that the DefenseFinder PsyrTA registry row maps to the PsyrTA system. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: PsyrTA | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages notes: The DefenseFinder registry maps PsyrTA itself to the Millman et al. bacterial antiphage-system discovery preprint. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "PsyrTA\tPsyrTA\t2\t2\tPsyrTA__PsyrA, PsyrTA__PsyrT" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table supports both PsyrA and PsyrT as required PsyrTA system profiles. - subject: restricted_phage_propagation predicate: confers predicate_id: METPO:2007700 object: psyrta_system_trait description: PsyrTA-mediated phage restriction realizes the PsyrTA system trait. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 snippet: discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages notes: Millman et al. place the PsyrTA discovery cohort in the set of bacterial systems that protect against phages. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: PsyrTA | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages notes: DefenseFinder records PsyrTA as a named system from the Millman et al. antiphage discovery preprint. - subject: psyrta_system_trait predicate: is a predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf object: phage_defense_system description: PsyrTA system possession is a phage-defense-system trait. evidence: - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages notes: DefenseFinder associates PsyrTA with the Millman et al. bacterial antiphage-system discovery paper. discussions: - discussion_id: psyrta-mechanism-gap prompt: Resolve PsyrTA phage triggers and effector outputs before minting narrower PsyrTA mechanism children. kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP status: OPEN rationale: Millman et al. and DefenseFinder support PsyrTA as a named anti-phage system with required PsyrA and PsyrT profiles, but the trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, and subtype-specific mechanism are not resolved enough here to assert a narrower mechanistic child trait. attaches_to: - causal_graphs#psyrta_locus_restricts_phage posed_by: codex posed_date: '2026-09-19' curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-09-19T00:47:28Z' curator: codex action: MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID changes: Minted PsyrTA system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v134. llm_assisted: true