identifier: traitmech:000315 label: Rugutis system definition: A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a Rugutis locus that can restrict bacteriophage infection. definition_source: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671 trait_category: GENOMICS term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: PROPOSED parent_traits: - traitmech:000209 synonyms: - synonym_text: Rugutis synonym_type: EXACT_SYNONYM source: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671 evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671 snippet: These systems were named after cheese, cattle or fermentation related deities (Rhea, Aristaios, Kamadhenu, Fliodhais, Audmula, Rugutis and Hesat) notes: Grafakou et al. named Rugutis among seven not previously described lactococcal antiphage systems. - reference: DOI:10.1073/pnas.2426508122 snippet: we isolated 66 phage escape mutants which had become insensitive to 13 distinct, plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage resistance systems (i.e. Rhea, Kamadhenu, Rugutis, Audmula, PARIS, type II CBASS, Septu, AbiA, AbiB, AbiD/F, AbiG, AbiJ, AbiP) notes: Mosterd et al. later included Rugutis among the distinct plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage-resistance systems investigated by phage escape-mutant isolation. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: Rugutis | 10\.1093/nar/gkae671 | Discovery of antiphage systems in the lactococcal plasmidome notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Rugutis system to the Grafakou et al. lactococcal antiphage-system discovery paper. causal_graphs: - graph_id: rugutis_locus_restricts_phage title: Rugutis loci confer bacterial phage defense description: Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a Rugutis locus to restricted bacteriophage propagation without asserting the unresolved phage trigger or molecular output. scope_status: NONMECHANISTIC scope_notes: The graph captures Rugutis as a named lactococcal anti-phage system while leaving its direct phage trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, natural locus breadth, and the absence of pinned DefenseFinder HMM or rule rows unresolved. nodes: - node_id: rugutis_locus label: Rugutis locus node_type: GENETIC_ELEMENT description: A Rugutis anti-phage defense locus described among lactococcal plasmid-encoded phage-resistance systems. - node_id: restricted_phage_propagation label: restricted phage propagation node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Reduced propagation of bacteriophage in cells carrying the Rugutis system. - node_id: rugutis_system_trait label: Rugutis system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000315 description: Possession of a genome-encoded Rugutis phage-defense system. - node_id: phage_defense_system label: phage defense system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000209 description: Possession of one or more genome-encoded immune systems that inhibit bacteriophage infection. edges: - subject: rugutis_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: restricted_phage_propagation description: The lactococcal plasmidome screen discovered Rugutis as a named antiphage system, and the DefenseFinder article registry maps the Rugutis system to that discovery paper. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671 snippet: These systems were named after cheese, cattle or fermentation related deities (Rhea, Aristaios, Kamadhenu, Fliodhais, Audmula, Rugutis and Hesat) notes: Grafakou et al. named Rugutis as one of the novel lactococcal antiphage systems. - reference: DOI:10.1073/pnas.2426508122 snippet: we isolated 66 phage escape mutants which had become insensitive to 13 distinct, plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage resistance systems (i.e. Rhea, Kamadhenu, Rugutis, Audmula, PARIS, type II CBASS, Septu, AbiA, AbiB, AbiD/F, AbiG, AbiJ, AbiP) notes: Mosterd et al. treat Rugutis as a plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage-resistance system in their escape-mutant screen. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: Rugutis | 10\.1093/nar/gkae671 | Discovery of antiphage systems in the lactococcal plasmidome notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Rugutis system to the Grafakou et al. lactococcal antiphage-system discovery paper. - subject: restricted_phage_propagation predicate: confers predicate_id: METPO:2007700 object: rugutis_system_trait description: Rugutis-mediated phage restriction realizes the Rugutis system trait. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1073/pnas.2426508122 snippet: we isolated 66 phage escape mutants which had become insensitive to 13 distinct, plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage resistance systems (i.e. Rhea, Kamadhenu, Rugutis, Audmula, PARIS, type II CBASS, Septu, AbiA, AbiB, AbiD/F, AbiG, AbiJ, AbiP) notes: Mosterd et al. treat Rugutis as a plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage-resistance system in their escape-mutant screen. - subject: rugutis_system_trait predicate: is a predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf object: phage_defense_system description: Rugutis system possession is a phage-defense-system trait. evidence: - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: Rugutis | 10\.1093/nar/gkae671 | Discovery of antiphage systems in the lactococcal plasmidome notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Rugutis system to the Grafakou et al. lactococcal antiphage-system discovery paper. discussions: - discussion_id: rugutis-mechanism-gap prompt: Resolve Rugutis phage triggers and effector outputs before minting narrower Rugutis mechanism children. kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP status: OPEN rationale: Grafakou et al., Mosterd et al., and DefenseFinder support Rugutis as a named anti-phage system, but the direct trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, natural locus breadth, and profile-to-component model are not resolved enough here to assert a narrower mechanistic child trait. attaches_to: - causal_graphs#rugutis_locus_restricts_phage posed_by: codex posed_date: '2026-09-20' curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-09-20T17:37:28Z' curator: codex action: MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID changes: Minted Rugutis system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v192. llm_assisted: true