identifier: traitmech:000373 label: SanaTA system definition: A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a sanaTA toxin-antitoxin locus represented by DefenseFinder as a SanaA/SanaT two-profile model and experimentally linked to resistance against T7 phage mutants lacking gene 4.5 anti-defense activity. definition_source: DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002 trait_category: GENOMICS term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: PROPOSED parent_traits: - traitmech:000209 synonyms: - synonym_text: sanaTA synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002 - synonym_text: SanaTA synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md - synonym_text: SanaTA__SanaA synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md - synonym_text: SanaTA__SanaT synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md evidence: - reference: PMID:23478446 snippet: In all six tested pairs, induction of toxin expression inhibited bacterial growth, while co-induction of the toxin and antitoxin resulted in bacterial survival notes: Sberro et al. experimentally validated the sanaTA family as one of six new toxin-antitoxin systems. - reference: PMID:23478446 snippet: One of the tested systems, sanaTA, was found to provide E. coli with resistance against T7Δ4.5 and T7Δ4.3Δ4.5Δ4.7, reducing sensitivity to these phage strains by about 3 orders of magnitude notes: Sberro et al. connect the sanaTA system to lower sensitivity to T7 phages lacking gene 4.5. - reference: PMID:23478446 snippet: Since the sanaTA system provides resistance to the T7Δ4.5 mutant phage but not to the WT T7 phage, we hypothesized that the 4.5 gene codes for an anti-defense mechanism that overcomes the abortive infection imposed by the TA system. notes: Sberro et al. show that SanaTA resists a T7 gene 4.5 mutant and leave the phage-encoded anti-Abi interaction as part of the system context. - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002 snippet: Infection experiments with T7 phage showed that two of the new modules can provide resistance against phage. notes: Sberro et al. summarize that infection experiments found phage resistance in two of the newly identified modules. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: SanaTA | 10\.1016/j\.molcel\.2013\.02\.002 | Discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named SanaTA system to the Sberro et al. toxin/antitoxin shotgun-cloning paper. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "SanaTA\tSanaTA\t2\t2\tSanaTA__SanaA, SanaTA__SanaT\t\t\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models SanaTA as a two-profile system requiring SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA | Custom | 20 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaA under SanaTA. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA | Custom | 20 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaT under SanaTA. causal_graphs: - graph_id: sanata_locus_restricts_t7_mutants title: SanaTA loci restrict T7 gene 4.5 mutants description: Conservative system-level sketch linking a DefenseFinder SanaTA locus to resistance against T7 phages lacking gene 4.5 anti-defense activity. scope_status: NONMECHANISTIC scope_notes: The graph captures SanaTA as a named two-profile toxin-antitoxin phage-defense system while leaving native host breadth, SanaA and SanaT molecular activities, the exact T7 Gp4.5/Lon interaction sequence, and the extra pinned SanaTA__SanaT_1 HMM row unresolved. nodes: - node_id: sanata_locus label: SanaTA locus node_type: GENETIC_ELEMENT description: A sanaTA toxin-antitoxin phage-defense locus represented by the DefenseFinder SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT profiles. - node_id: t7_gene_45_mutant_resistance label: T7 gene 4.5 mutant resistance node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Restriction of T7 phage mutants that lack the gene 4.5 anti-defense activity in a host expressing SanaTA. - node_id: sanata_system_trait label: SanaTA system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000373 description: Possession of a genome-encoded SanaTA phage-defense system. - node_id: phage_defense_system label: phage defense system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000209 description: Possession of one or more genome-encoded immune systems that inhibit bacteriophage infection. edges: - subject: sanata_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: t7_gene_45_mutant_resistance description: A cloned sanaTA toxin-antitoxin system can reduce sensitivity to T7 phages lacking gene 4.5, and DefenseFinder models SanaTA as a two-profile SanaA/SanaT system. evidence: - reference: PMID:23478446 snippet: One of the tested systems, sanaTA, was found to provide E. coli with resistance against T7Δ4.5 and T7Δ4.3Δ4.5Δ4.7, reducing sensitivity to these phage strains by about 3 orders of magnitude notes: Sberro et al. show that SanaTA reduced sensitivity to T7 mutants lacking gene 4.5. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "SanaTA\tSanaTA\t2\t2\tSanaTA__SanaA, SanaTA__SanaT\t\t\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models SanaTA as a two-profile system requiring SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA | Custom | 20 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaA under SanaTA. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md snippet: '| SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA | Custom | 20 |' notes: The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaT under SanaTA. - subject: t7_gene_45_mutant_resistance predicate: confers predicate_id: METPO:2007700 object: sanata_system_trait description: SanaTA-mediated resistance to T7 gene 4.5 mutants realizes the SanaTA system trait. evidence: - reference: PMID:23478446 snippet: Since the sanaTA system provides resistance to the T7Δ4.5 mutant phage but not to the WT T7 phage, we hypothesized that the 4.5 gene codes for an anti-defense mechanism that overcomes the abortive infection imposed by the TA system. notes: Sberro et al. frame T7 gene 4.5 as the anti-defense context for SanaTA-mediated abortive infection. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: SanaTA | 10\.1016/j\.molcel\.2013\.02\.002 | Discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named SanaTA system to the Sberro et al. toxin/antitoxin shotgun-cloning paper. - subject: sanata_system_trait predicate: is a predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf object: phage_defense_system description: SanaTA system possession is a phage-defense-system trait. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002 snippet: Infection experiments with T7 phage showed that two of the new modules can provide resistance against phage. notes: Sberro et al. connect newly discovered toxin-antitoxin modules to phage resistance in T7 infection experiments. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: SanaTA | 10\.1016/j\.molcel\.2013\.02\.002 | Discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning notes: The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named SanaTA system to the Sberro et al. toxin/antitoxin shotgun-cloning paper. discussions: - discussion_id: sanata-host-trigger-profile-gap prompt: Resolve SanaTA native host breadth, SanaA/SanaT molecular activities, T7 Gp4.5/Lon anti-defense logic, and the SanaTA__SanaT_1 profile before minting narrower SanaTA mechanism children. kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP status: OPEN rationale: Sberro et al. support sanaTA as a Shewanella sp. ANA-3 two-gene toxin-antitoxin family that confers resistance to T7 phage mutants lacking gene 4.5 when expressed in Escherichia coli, and DefenseFinder models SanaTA with SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT. This first system-level record leaves the natural host range, SanaA/SanaT activities, T7 Gp4.5/Lon counter-defense sequence, and the extra non-rule SanaTA__SanaT_1 HMM unresolved. evidence: - reference: PMID:23478446 snippet: Since the sanaTA system provides resistance to the T7Δ4.5 mutant phage but not to the WT T7 phage, we hypothesized that the 4.5 gene codes for an anti-defense mechanism that overcomes the abortive infection imposed by the TA system. notes: Sberro et al. connect T7 gene 4.5 to SanaTA anti-Abi escape but leave the locus-level SanaTA mechanism only partly resolved. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv snippet: "SanaTA\tSanaTA\t2\t2\tSanaTA__SanaA, SanaTA__SanaT\t\t\t" notes: The DefenseFinder rules table models SanaTA as a two-profile system requiring SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT. attaches_to: - causal_graphs#sanata_locus_restricts_t7_mutants posed_by: codex posed_date: '2026-09-25' curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-09-25T06:02:46Z' curator: codex action: MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID changes: Minted SanaTA system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v250. llm_assisted: true - timestamp: '2026-09-25T06:20:44Z' curator: codex action: REVIEW_CANONICAL_EXAMPLE_EVIDENCE_GAP changes: Reviewed SanaTA during canonical-example issue 444 enforcement and left canonical_examples empty because the source validates a broad DefenseFinder toxin-antitoxin family in an Escherichia coli expression assay and does not establish a direct native host exemplar. No paid research was used. llm_assisted: true