identifier: traitmech:000498 label: Toga system definition: A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a single-protein Toga antiviral locus that is encoded by P4-like phage satellites and can protect bacteria from bacteriophage infection. definition_source: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 trait_category: GENOMICS term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: PROPOSED parent_traits: - traitmech:000209 synonyms: - synonym_text: Toga synonym_type: EXACT_SYNONYM source: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: The single protein in the Toga system has several hits with protein domains associated (through FoldSeek) with the Gao_Ppl notes: de Sousa et al. identify Toga as a single-protein defense system with detectable defense-domain similarity. - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: with most (e.g. Bandua, Aernus, Toga, and Reve) providing strong protection against phages of different families notes: de Sousa et al. identify Toga among the novel P4-associated systems that provided strong protection against phage challenge. - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: Our experimental validation of anti-phage activity for 13 novel systems encoded by P4 confirms notes: de Sousa et al. summarize the validated P4-encoded novel-system cohort in their discussion. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: '| Toga | 10\.64898/2026\.02\.27\.708500 | Shuttling, swapping and mixing: the rapid modular evolution of antiviral repertoires in temperate phages and their satellites | ' notes: The pinned DefenseFinder article registry maps the Toga source key to the de Sousa et al. P4/P2 antiviral-repertoire paper preprint. causal_graphs: - graph_id: toga_locus_restricts_phage title: Toga loci confer bacterial phage defense description: Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a Toga locus to restricted bacteriophage propagation without asserting the unresolved trigger or molecular output. scope_status: NONMECHANISTIC scope_notes: The graph captures Toga as a named single-protein P4 anti-phage system while leaving its phage trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, source-locus breadth, and DefenseFinder HMM/rule model coverage unresolved. nodes: - node_id: toga_locus label: Toga locus node_type: GENETIC_ELEMENT description: A P4-associated Toga anti-phage defense locus. - node_id: restricted_phage_propagation label: restricted phage propagation node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS description: Reduced propagation of bacteriophage in cells carrying the Toga system. - node_id: toga_system_trait label: Toga system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000498 description: Possession of a genome-encoded Toga phage-defense system. - node_id: phage_defense_system label: phage defense system node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000209 description: Possession of one or more genome-encoded immune systems that inhibit bacteriophage infection. edges: - subject: toga_locus predicate: contributes to predicate_id: RO:0002326 object: restricted_phage_propagation description: Toga loci are among the novel P4-encoded systems that reduced bacteriophage infection. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: with most (e.g. Bandua, Aernus, Toga, and Reve) providing strong protection against phages of different families notes: de Sousa et al. name Toga among the novel P4 systems with antiviral phenotypes. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: '| Toga | 10\.64898/2026\.02\.27\.708500 | Shuttling, swapping and mixing: the rapid modular evolution of antiviral repertoires in temperate phages and their satellites | ' notes: The pinned DefenseFinder article registry maps the Toga source key to the de Sousa et al. P4/P2 antiviral-repertoire paper preprint. - subject: restricted_phage_propagation predicate: confers predicate_id: METPO:2007700 object: toga_system_trait description: Toga-mediated phage protection realizes the Toga system trait. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: with most (e.g. Bandua, Aernus, Toga, and Reve) providing strong protection against phages of different families notes: de Sousa et al. connect Toga to strong protection in the novel-system validation cohort. - subject: toga_system_trait predicate: is a predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf object: phage_defense_system description: Toga system possession is a phage-defense-system trait. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: 13 novel systems encoded by P4 confirms that the contribution of defence functions to the pangenomes of P4 and P2 notes: de Sousa et al. frame Toga and its cohort as newly validated P4-encoded anti-phage defense functions. discussions: - discussion_id: toga-mechanism-and-modelling-gap prompt: Resolve Toga locus breadth, exact phage triggers, direct molecular output, source-system table rows, and DefenseFinder HMM/rule coverage before minting narrower Toga mechanism children. kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP status: OPEN rationale: de Sousa et al. support Toga as one of the novel P4-encoded systems with experimental phage-protection activity, and the pinned DefenseFinder article registry maps the Toga source key to the corresponding preprint. The pinned HMM inventory and rules table have no exact Toga rows, and this first-pass record does not resolve the tested source locus, complete phage breadth, exact trigger, molecular output, or detection rule. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1093/nar/gkag898 snippet: The single protein in the Toga system has several hits with protein domains associated (through FoldSeek) with the Gao_Ppl notes: de Sousa et al. support Toga as a named single-protein defense system while leaving exact mechanism for separate review. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md snippet: '| Toga | 10\.64898/2026\.02\.27\.708500 | Shuttling, swapping and mixing: the rapid modular evolution of antiviral repertoires in temperate phages and their satellites | ' notes: The pinned DefenseFinder article registry maps the Toga source key to the de Sousa et al. P4/P2 antiviral-repertoire paper preprint. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md notes: A structured first-pass search of the pinned DefenseFinder HMM inventory found no exact Toga row. - reference: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv notes: A structured first-pass search of the pinned DefenseFinder rules table found no exact Toga system row. attaches_to: - causal_graphs#toga_locus_restricts_phage posed_by: codex posed_date: '2026-09-30' curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-09-30T18:12:22Z' curator: codex action: MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID changes: Minted Toga system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v375. llm_assisted: true - timestamp: '2026-09-30T18:12:23Z' curator: codex action: REVIEW_CANONICAL_EXAMPLE_EVIDENCE changes: Reviewed Toga system canonical_examples and left them empty because de Sousa et al. support P4-encoded Toga phage protection and a DefenseFinder article-registry row, but not a direct named native microbial isolate exemplar with experimentally verified endogenous Toga activity. No paid research was used. llm_assisted: true