identifier: traitmech:000032 label: manganese oxidation definition: A metabolism in which bacteria oxidize soluble Mn(II) to insoluble Mn(III/IV) oxides, typically catalyzed by multicopper oxidases. Characteristic of organisms such as Bacillus sp. SG-1, Leptothrix, and Pseudomonas putida. definition_source: DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.009 trait_category: METABOLISM term_kind: CLASS mapping_status: REVIEWED parent_traits: - METPO:1000060 synonyms: - synonym_text: Mn(II) oxidation synonym_type: EXACT_SYNONYM source: DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.009 evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.009 notes: Tebo et al., "Geomicrobiology of manganese(II) oxidation", supports bacterial Mn(II) oxidation to Mn oxides via a multicopper-oxidase mechanism. - reference: DOI:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120213 notes: Tebo et al., "Biogenic manganese oxides", supports the formation and properties of bacterially produced Mn(III/IV) oxides. canonical_examples: - taxon_id: NCBITaxon:89 taxon_label: Leptothrix discophora note: "Classic Mn(II)-oxidising sheathed bacterium." reference: PMID:25149187 causal_graphs: - graph_id: manganese_oxidation_multicopper_oxidase title: Manganese oxidation produces insoluble Mn(III/IV) oxides description: Evidence-backed causal sketch linking multicopper-oxidase activity to oxidation of soluble Mn(II) to insoluble Mn(III/IV) oxides. nodes: - node_id: manganese_oxidation_trait label: manganese oxidation node_type: TRAIT grounding: traitmech:000032 description: Bacterial oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III/IV) oxides. - node_id: multicopper_oxidase label: multicopper oxidase node_type: GENE_OR_PROTEIN description: Enzyme family catalyzing Mn(II) oxidation in bacteria. grounding: UniProtKB:A0A059ZYC2 - node_id: mn_oxides label: Mn(III/IV) oxides node_type: CHEMICAL description: Insoluble bacterially-produced manganese oxides. - node_id: molecular_oxygen label: molecular oxygen (O2) node_type: CHEMICAL description: O2 used directly as the terminal oxidant by multicopper-oxidase Mn(II)-oxidizing systems. - node_id: mn_iii_oh_mn_iii_intermediate label: Mn(III)(OH)Mn(III) intermediate node_type: CHEMICAL description: Binuclear Mn(III) intermediate formed during cooperative two-electron Mn(II) oxidation. - node_id: mn_iv_o_mn_iv_intermediate label: Mn(IV)(O)Mn(IV) intermediate node_type: CHEMICAL description: Binuclear Mn(IV) species formed by disproportionation of Mn(III)(OH)Mn(III), en route to MnO2. - node_id: mno2_nanoparticles label: MnO2 nanoparticles node_type: CHEMICAL description: Insoluble MnO2 nanoparticles released as the final biomineral product. edges: - subject: multicopper_oxidase predicate: enables object: manganese_oxidation_trait description: Multicopper oxidases catalyze the Mn(II) → Mn(III/IV) oxidation step. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.009 notes: Tebo et al. support bacterial Mn(II) oxidation via a multicopper- oxidase mechanism. predicate_id: RO:0002327 - subject: manganese_oxidation_trait predicate: produces object: mn_oxides description: The metabolism deposits biogenic Mn(III/IV) oxides. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120213 notes: Tebo et al. characterize the formation and properties of bacterially produced Mn(III/IV) oxides. predicate_id: METPO:2000202 - subject: molecular_oxygen predicate: enables object: manganese_oxidation_trait description: O2 serves as the direct oxidant enabling multicopper-oxidase-mediated Mn(II) oxidation. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1021/jacs.3c06537 notes: Some microbes can use O2 directly via multicopper oxidase (MCO) enzymes for Mn(II) oxidation. predicate_id: RO:0002327 - subject: manganese_oxidation_trait predicate: produces object: mn_iii_oh_mn_iii_intermediate description: A cooperative two-electron oxidation step produces a Mn(III)(OH)Mn(III) intermediate. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1021/jacs.3c06537 notes: 'Cryo-EM mechanistic model: a cooperative two-electron step producing a Mn(III)(OH)Mn(III) intermediate.' predicate_id: METPO:2000202 - subject: mn_iii_oh_mn_iii_intermediate predicate: disproportionates to form object: mn_iv_o_mn_iv_intermediate description: Two Mn(III)(OH)Mn(III) species disproportionate to form Mn(IV)(O)Mn(IV). evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1021/jacs.3c06537 notes: Disproportionation of two Mn(III)(OH)Mn(III) species to form Mn(IV)(O)Mn(IV). - subject: mn_iv_o_mn_iv_intermediate predicate: condenses into object: mno2_nanoparticles description: Mn(IV)(O)Mn(IV) condenses en route to MnO2 nanoparticle release. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1021/jacs.3c06537 notes: Mn(IV)(O)Mn(IV) is en route to MnO2, with release of MnO2 nanoparticles. - subject: mno2_nanoparticles predicate: is a object: mn_oxides description: MnO2 nanoparticles are a form of the insoluble biogenic Mn(III/IV) oxide product. evidence: - reference: DOI:10.1021/jacs.3c06537 notes: MnO2 nanoparticles are the final insoluble Mn(IV) oxide biomineral product of the oxidation cascade. predicate_id: rdfs:subClassOf curation_history: - timestamp: '2026-05-30T00:00:00Z' curator: claude action: PROPOSED_FROM_RESEARCH changes: Proposed candidate METABOLISM trait (manganese oxidation) from literature research to fill the metal-redox metabolism gap. llm_assisted: true - timestamp: '2026-06-10T14:00:00Z' curator: claude action: CURATED_CAUSAL_GRAPH changes: Added evidence-backed causal graph (multicopper-oxidase Mn(II) → Mn(III/IV) oxidation) with RO/METPO predicate groundings; promoted PROPOSED to REVIEWED. llm_assisted: true - timestamp: '2026-06-14T06:38:15Z' curator: claude action: GROUND_CAUSAL_NODES changes: Grounded 1 causal-node grounding field(s) via mappings/node_grounding.tsv (UniProtKB:A0A059ZYC2×1). llm_assisted: true - timestamp: '2026-06-23T00:00:00Z' curator: claude action: ENRICH_CAUSAL_GRAPH changes: Added 5 evidence-backed generic edges (4 new nodes) from the deep-research report. llm_assisted: true - timestamp: '2026-06-24T17:21:12Z' curator: claude action: GROUND_CAUSAL_PREDICATES changes: Grounded 3 causal-edge predicate_id field(s) via mappings/predicate_grounding.tsv (RO:0002327×1, METPO:2000202×1, rdfs:subClassOf×1). llm_assisted: true