identifier: METPO:1000640
label: chemoorganoheterotrophic
definition: A trophic type in which an organism obtains both energy and carbon from
  organic compounds through oxidation.
definition_source: DOI:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00083-3
trait_category: PHYSIOLOGY
term_kind: CLASS
mapping_status: REVIEWED
parent_traits:
- METPO:1000631
synonyms:
- synonym_text: chemoorganoheterotroph
  synonym_type: RELATED_SYNONYM
  source: metpo.owl
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00083-3
  snippet: Chemoheterotroph (chemoorganoheterotroph)
  notes: Encyclopedia chapter maps chemical energy, reduced organic electron source,
    and reduced organic carbon source to chemoorganoheterotrophy.
- reference: DOI:10.1021/acsomega.3c02205
  snippet: chemoorganoheterotrophic
  notes: Review table supports organic molecules as energy, electron, and carbon sources
    in chemoorganoheterotrophy.
canonical_examples:
- taxon_id: NCBITaxon:562
  taxon_label: Escherichia coli
  note: "organic energy + carbon source"
  reference: DOI:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01147
causal_graphs:
- graph_id: chemoorganoheterotrophic_organic_energy_carbon
  title: Chemoorganoheterotrophic organic energy and carbon metabolism
  description: DOI-backed graph linking organic molecules as chemical energy, electron,
    and carbon sources to catabolism, respiration or fermentation, ATP, and biomass.
  nodes:
  - node_id: chemoorganoheterotrophic_trait
    label: chemoorganoheterotrophic
    node_type: TRAIT
    grounding: METPO:1000640
    description: Trophic type using organic compounds for energy, electrons, and carbon.
  - node_id: organic_molecule
    label: organic molecule
    node_type: CHEMICAL
    description: Reduced organic substrate such as glucose, organic acids, lipids,
      or proteins.
    grounding: CHEBI:72695
  - node_id: catabolism
    label: catabolism
    node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS
    grounding: GO:0009056
    description: Breakdown of nutrients for energy and precursor metabolites.
  - node_id: respiration
    label: respiration
    node_type: PATHWAY
    grounding: METPO:1000800
    description: Electron-transport metabolism using terminal electron acceptors.
  - node_id: fermentation
    label: fermentation
    node_type: PATHWAY
    grounding: METPO:1000845
    description: Energy metabolism using organic electron acceptors and substrate-level
      phosphorylation.
  - node_id: atp
    label: ATP
    node_type: CHEMICAL
    grounding: CHEBI:30616
    description: Energy carrier produced by catabolic pathways.
  - node_id: precursor_metabolites
    label: precursor metabolites
    node_type: CHEMICAL
    description: Intermediates used to synthesize cellular material.
  - node_id: biomass
    label: biomass
    node_type: CHEMICAL
    description: Cell material produced from organic carbon.
    grounding: METPO:1007501
  - node_id: substrate_transport_system
    label: substrate transport system
    node_type: MOLECULAR_FUNCTION
    description: Membrane transporters that import organic substrates into the cell.
  - node_id: reducing_power_nadph
    label: ATP and NAD(P)H
    node_type: CHEMICAL
    description: Energy carrier (ATP) and reducing power (NAD(P)H) generated by metabolizing
      organic substrate.
  - node_id: extracellular_cazymes
    label: extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes
    node_type: MOLECULAR_FUNCTION
    description: Secreted hydrolytic enzymes (CAZymes) that depolymerize complex polysaccharides.
  - node_id: complex_polysaccharides
    label: complex polysaccharides
    node_type: CHEMICAL
    description: Polymeric carbohydrate substrates such as plant polysaccharides.
  - node_id: energy_metabolism
    label: intracellular energy metabolism
    node_type: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS
    description: Generation of energy and precursors from imported sugars and downstream
      metabolism.
  edges:
  - subject: chemoorganoheterotrophic_trait
    predicate: uses chemical energy source
    object: organic_molecule
    description: Chemoorganoheterotrophs derive energy from organic molecules.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1021/acsomega.3c02205
      snippet: organic molecules ... energy source
      notes: Supports organic molecules as energy sources in chemoorganoheterotrophy.
  - subject: chemoorganoheterotrophic_trait
    predicate: uses electron donor
    object: organic_molecule
    description: Organic molecules serve as electron sources.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1021/acsomega.3c02205
      snippet: organic molecules ... electron source
      notes: Supports organic molecules as electron sources in chemoorganoheterotrophy.
    predicate_id: METPO:2000009
  - subject: chemoorganoheterotrophic_trait
    predicate: uses carbon source
    object: organic_molecule
    description: Organic molecules serve as carbon sources.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00083-3
      snippet: reduced organic compound
      notes: Supports reduced organic compounds as carbon sources for chemoheterotrophy.
    predicate_id: METPO:2000006
  - subject: organic_molecule
    predicate: broken down by
    object: catabolism
    description: Catabolism breaks down organic nutrients for energy and precursors.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00083-3
      snippet: breakdown of nutrients
      notes: Supports catabolism as nutrient breakdown for energy and anabolism.
  - subject: catabolism
    predicate: can proceed through
    object: respiration
    description: Organic catabolism can conserve energy through respiration.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.09.008
      snippet: membrane-bound electron transport chain
      notes: Supports respiratory electron transport as an energy-conserving catabolic
        route.
  - subject: catabolism
    predicate: can proceed through
    object: fermentation
    description: Organic catabolism can conserve energy through fermentation.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1111/1751-7915.13746
      snippet: substrate-level phosphorylation
      notes: Supports fermentation as an ATP-producing route from organic substrate
        catabolism.
  - subject: respiration
    predicate: produces
    object: atp
    description: Respiratory electron transport supports ATP synthesis.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.09.008
      snippet: drives ATP synthesis
      notes: Supports respiratory ATP synthesis.
    predicate_id: METPO:2000202
  - subject: fermentation
    predicate: produces
    object: atp
    description: Fermentation can produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1111/1751-7915.13746
      snippet: substrate-level phosphorylation
      notes: Supports ATP formation during fermentation.
    predicate_id: METPO:2000202
  - subject: catabolism
    predicate: produces
    object: precursor_metabolites
    description: Catabolism yields intermediates that feed biosynthesis.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00083-3
      snippet: precursor compounds for anabolism
      notes: Supports nutrient breakdown to biosynthetic precursors.
    predicate_id: METPO:2000202
  - subject: precursor_metabolites
    predicate: incorporated into
    object: biomass
    description: Precursor metabolites are incorporated into cell material.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00083-3
      snippet: incorporation of a compound into biomass
      notes: Supports assimilation of compounds into biomass.
    predicate_id: biolink:part_of
  - subject: substrate_transport_system
    predicate: enables
    object: chemoorganoheterotrophic_trait
    description: Import of organic substrates by transport systems enables chemoorganoheterotrophic
      growth.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1021/acsomega.3c02205
      notes: heterotrophic growth requires import of appropriate organic substrates
        into the cell
    predicate_id: RO:0002327
  - subject: organic_molecule
    predicate: is required for
    object: reducing_power_nadph
    description: Imported organic substrate must be metabolized to synthesize ATP
      and NAD(P)H.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1021/acsomega.3c02205
      notes: the entering molecule has to be metabolized in some way for the synthesis
        of ATP and NAD(P)H
  - subject: organic_molecule
    predicate: primarily supplies
    object: energy_metabolism
    description: Organic carbon uptake primarily supplies microbial energy demand.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1111/gcb.16925
      notes: microorganisms use organic C mainly as an energy source
  - subject: extracellular_cazymes
    predicate: hydrolyzes
    object: complex_polysaccharides
    description: Extracellular CAZymes hydrolyze complex polysaccharides into monomers
      for uptake.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s40793-024-00572-7
      notes: microbes produce extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes that hydrolyse
        complex plant polysaccharides
    predicate_id: METPO:2000013
  - subject: substrate_transport_system
    predicate: feeds into
    object: energy_metabolism
    description: Imported sugars feed into intracellular energy metabolism.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s40793-024-00572-7
      notes: import monomers and short oligosaccharides for energy and downstream
        metabolism
curation_history:
- timestamp: '2026-05-05T01:35:46.872101+00:00'
  curator: seed_from_metpo
  action: SEEDED_FROM_METPO
  changes: imported from data/raw/metpo.owl (CLASS)
  llm_assisted: false
- timestamp: '2026-05-08T00:00:00-07:00'
  curator: codex
  action: ADDED_CAUSAL_GRAPH
  changes: Added DOI-backed causal graph for organic molecules as energy, electron,
    and carbon sources feeding catabolism, respiration or fermentation, ATP, and biomass.
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-05-20T03:35:31Z'
  curator: claude
  action: GROUND_CAUSAL_PREDICATES
  changes: Grounded 5 causal-edge predicate_id field(s) via mappings/predicate_grounding.tsv
    (METPO:2000202×3, METPO:2000009×1, METPO:2000006×1).
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-05-24T04:41:04Z'
  curator: claude
  action: GROUND_CAUSAL_NODES
  changes: Grounded 1 causal-node grounding field(s) via mappings/node_grounding.tsv
    (METPO:1007501×1).
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-05-24T07:34:58Z'
  curator: claude
  action: RETYPE_CAUSAL_NODES
  changes: 'Re-typed 1 causal-node node_type field(s) to align with CausalNodeTypeEnum
    semantics: biomass: BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS → CHEMICAL ×1.'
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-06-13T21:03:27Z'
  curator: claude
  action: GROUND_CAUSAL_PREDICATES
  changes: Grounded 1 causal-edge predicate_id field(s) via mappings/predicate_grounding.tsv
    (biolink:part_of×1).
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-06-14T05:51:47Z'
  curator: claude
  action: GROUND_CAUSAL_NODES
  changes: Grounded 1 causal-node grounding field(s) via mappings/node_grounding.tsv
    (CHEBI:72695×1).
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-06-23T00:00:00Z'
  curator: claude
  action: ENRICH_CAUSAL_GRAPH
  changes: Added 5 evidence-backed generic edges (5 new nodes) from the deep-research
    report.
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-06-24T17:21:14Z'
  curator: claude
  action: GROUND_CAUSAL_PREDICATES
  changes: Grounded 1 causal-edge predicate_id field(s) via mappings/predicate_grounding.tsv
    (RO:0002327×1).
  llm_assisted: true
- timestamp: '2026-06-24T17:23:39Z'
  curator: claude
  action: GROUND_CAUSAL_PREDICATES
  changes: Grounded 1 causal-edge predicate_id field(s) via mappings/predicate_grounding.tsv
    (METPO:2000013×1).
  llm_assisted: true