RBO is an ontology for the effects of radiation on biota in terrestrial and space environments.
Ionizing radiation classified by the material entity which generates or emits it.
ionizing radiation categorized by source
Radiation originating outside the Earth's atmosphere.
One of the principal sources of ground radiation is radon gas.
Radiation produced on Earth or on another planetary body by natural or artificial means.
Material presenting, when irradiated, interaction properties similar to those of soft tissue.
ICRP glossary (http://icrpaedia.org/Tissue_equivalent_material)
Atomic nuclei, each with 26 protons and 30 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 6 protons and 6 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 14 protons and 14 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 2 protons and 2 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 10 protons and 10 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
An atomic nucleus, fully stripped of its orbital electrons, and containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 protons.
Ionization chambers and silicon solid state detectors can be used as active dosimeters.
A radiation measuring device which records dose at the time of detection, with data available in real time
Thermoluminescent dosimeters and plastic nuclear track detectors are passive detectors.
A radiation measuring device which integrates the amount of radiation to which it is exposed. Passive detectors are interrogated at a later time to determine the dose.
The amount of ionizing radiation to which a member of the population on Earth is exposed from natural sources, such as terrestrial radiation from naturally-occurring radionuclides in the soil, cosmic radiation originating in outer space, and naturally-occurring ra
The effective dose was calculated to be 300 mSv.
The sum of the equivalent doses to all organs in the body, each adjusted to account for the sensitivity of the organ to radiation. Effective dose is calculated for the whole body. Effective dose is expressed in millisieverts (mSv).
The samples were exposed to a mixed radiation field consisting of several ions at different energies.
The process of exposing the same sample to more than one type and/or energy of radiation, in sequence or simultaneously.
An environment the occupation of which results in exposure to radiation.
That part of the Earth exposed to the Earth atmosphere.
The region between the Earth's surface and an altitude of approximately 100 km
The region of outer space between the Earth's atmosphere and the innermost Earth radiation belt
That part of outer space beyond the Earth's radiation belts.
A radiation dose administered in two or more exposures at specified time intervals
A unit of absorbed dose equal to 1/1000 of a rad
The equivalent dose was calculated to be 300 mSv.
The product of the mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue and the radiation weighting factor (w_R )of the radiation type of interest
The total dose was administered in five dose fractions.
The absorbed radiation dose administered in a single one of a series comprising a fractionated radiation exposure
Penetrating ionizing radiation, both particulate and electromagnetic, that originates in outer space
Galactic cosmic radiation is one of the principal sources of radiation dose outside low-earth orbit
Galactic cosmic radiation consists of high-energy charged particles originating from outside the solar system
Solar cosmic radiation contributes to the radiation dose to humans in space.
Solar cosmic radiation is high-energy charged particles that originate from the sun.
The measurement datum representing a dose to an organism or object per unit time.
The Apollo spacecraft took 24 astronauts to the Moon between 1968 and 1972.
Vehicles, crewed or uncrewed, which are designed to orbit about the Earth or another celestial body or be placed into a trajectory to another celestial body or location in space.
The experiment was conducted in the International Space Station module Columbus
The experiment was conducted on the Russian module of the ISS.
A self-contained unit of the International Space Station.
Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.
A spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies.
The HIMAC accelerator has a beamline dedicated for radiation biology experiments.
The path leading from a particle accelerator to an experimental station used in experiments in particle physics, materials science, chemistry, and molecular biology, or in irradiation tests or to produce isotopes.
Radiation produced by a particle accelerator.
Radiation produced by a nuclear reactor.
High energy photons emitted during nuclear decay of the Cesium-137 isotope.
High energy photons emitted during nuclear decay of the Cobalt-60 isotope.
High energy photons emitted during nuclear decay of the Cobalt-57 isotope.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103
A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.
A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy
A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy
A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.
A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.
A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.
A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.
Electromagnetic radiation with photon energies approximately 3-120 eV. High energy UV radiation can be ioinizing.
A substance present at the time of irradiation that mitigates or prevents the biological effects of irradiation.
Richard T. Hoppe, Theodore Locke Phillips, Mack Roach, Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology (Third Edition), W.B. Saunders, (2010), ISBN 9781416058977, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-5897-7.00093-7.
Radionuclide chelators are small organic molecules or in some cases larger peptides that chemically sequester the radionuclide ion by forming a complex that determines the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the radionuclide.
A co-carcinogen is generally a chemical that promotes the effects of a carcinogen in the production of cancer. In some circumstances exposure to radiation or physical trauma is considered to be co-carcinogenic.
Radiation response modifiers are agents that alter tumor or normal tissue response to radiation, such as radiation sensitizers and radiation protectors.
Citrin DE, Mitchell JB. Altering the response to radiation: sensitizers and protectors. Semin Oncol. 2014 Dec;41(6):848-59. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.09.013. Epub 2014 Oct 7. PMID: 25499642; PMCID: PMC4270009.
Radiation response modifiers that are peptides.
Shaghaghi, Zahra et al. “Potential utility of peptides against damage induced by ionizing radiation.” Future oncology (2021): doi/10.2217/fon-2020-0577
Radiation response modifiers that are small molecules.
small molecule radiation response modifier
A person employed or otherwise working in commercial activities where nuclear materials are created, handled or disposed and at risk of occupational radiation exposure. Excludes health workers.
Nezahat Hunter, Richard G.E. Haylock, Michael Gillies, Wei Zhang; Extended analysis of solid cancer incidence among the Nuclear Industry Workers in the UK: 1955–2011. Radiat Res 2022; doi: https://doi.org/10.1667/RADE-20-00269.1
The theme or modality of an experimental, theoretical, critical or summative study involving radiation, radioactive materials including their impacts on orgnisms and society.
An epidemiological study is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global)
A study of the impact of radiation on the composition of or processes within the natural or anthropogenic environment.
A study who endpoint is the lifespan of the organism under investifgation.
A study of the effect of agents including radiation, seperately or together, on the incidence or type of neoplasia or pre-neoplasia.
A study in which the structural or processual damage to normal tissue caused by radiation is assessed. Often by histopathology or molecular profiling.
A study of the mechanism or effects of radiation on dna damage and its repair.
A study of the effects of internal or external radiation on cellular or organismal physiology.
A study of the effects of radiation on the integrity, composition and quality of adult, fetal or embryonic anatomical structures.
A study of the effects of external irradiation on an organism.
A study of the effects of internal irradiation on an organism where the radiation source is internalised within the body tissues ( eg. by injection), gastrointestinal ( eg gavage), urogenital, auditory or respiratory ( eg instillation or inhalation) systems.
A study of the effects of radiation exposure where the exposoure has an internal and external mode of application.
A study of the effects of external irradiation on an organism where the most of the dose is given in a single or small number of fractions closely in time.
A study of the effects of external irradiation on an organism where the dose is given over a protracted time period either continuously or in many fractions. Often these are lose dose studies.
A study of the effects of internal irradiation on an organism where the radiation source is internalised within the body tissues ( eg. by injection), gastrointestinal ( eg gavage), urogenital, auditory or respiratory ( eg instillation or inhalation) systems. The dose is delivered over a long period of time, often continuously and generlly at low dose. For example long term Radon exposure by inhalation.
A study of the effects of internal irradiation on an organism where the radiation source is internalised within the body tissues ( eg. by injection), gastrointestinal ( eg gavage), urogenital, auditory or respiratory ( eg instillation or inhalation) systems. Most of the dose is given over a short period of time and is generally unfractionated, such as in brachytherapy.
A study of the effects of radiation exposure where the exposoure has an internal and external mode of application. Acute exposure involves usually a single exposure over a short period of time with no fractionation.
A study of the effects of radiation exposure where the exposoure has an internal and external mode of application. Chronic exposure involves usually a continuous or highly fractionated exposure over a long period of time.
A study of the effects of radiation on gene expression.
A study of the effects of radiation on the proteome or individual proteins.
A study that aims at the discovery of protein, RNA or other molecular entities or modifcations that can act as reliable surrogates for the prediction or measurement of the effects of radiation or the response of the organism to radiation.
A study that aims at the discovery, development or assessment of efficacy of therapeutic agents or processes designed to mitigate or cure the effects of radiation exposure.
A study that uses survival as an endpoint. Generally applicable to animal studies rather than human studies which would use the "lifespan" measure (RBO:00000085)
A study of the effects of radiation on the metabolome or individual metabolites.
A study of the contributing factors consequences and prevention of nuclear accidents
A study of the toxicity of chemical or biological agents on cells or whole organisms.
A study of the effects of radiation on the endocrine system or of endocrine hormones on the effects of radiation.
A study of the effects of radiation on the offspring of an irradiated animal or plant.
A study of the distribution and metabolism orf drugs or biologicals used for therapeutic purposes.
A set of behaviours that have some socially agreed upon function and for which there is an accepted code of norms. This may refer to a role within an organisation or within society as a whole. For example a Profession” can be defined as a cluster of occupational roles, or roles in which the incumbents perform certain functions valued in the organisation or society.
Neutrons or charged particles, such as protons or alpha particles that produce ionizing events densely spaced on a molecular scale (e.g., >10 keV-micron^[-1].
NCRP https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf
X and gamma rays or light charged particles such as electrons that produce sparse ionizing events far apart on a molecular scale.
Electromagnetic radiation having sufficient energy to remove one or more electrons from an atom
A device that is used to measure the amount of ionizing radiation exposure or absorption.
Particle or electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to liberate one or more electrons from an atom.
Charged particles with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means (such as by a particle accelerator)
electromagnetic radiation with photon energies greater than approximately 100 keV
A device used to impart kinetic energy to subatomic particles by means of electric and magnetic fields
A device in which nuclear fission may be initiated and controlled in a self-sustaining chain reaction to generate energy or produce useful radiation.
Atomic nuclei, each with 8 protons and 8 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 18 protons and 22 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 22 protons and 26 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 36 protons and 48 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 41 protons and 52 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 47 protons and 60 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 54 protons and 75 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 73 protons and 108 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 79 protons and 118 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
Atomic nuclei, each with 7 protons and 7 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator
The process by which an entity is exposed to electromagnetic or acoustic radiation radiation energy internally or externally.
Unplanned exposure to radiation of any type in any environment or otherwise planned process.
Planned exposure of an entity to radiation of any type, for example as part of a medical or experimental procedure with the intention of exposing the entity to radiation energy internally or externally.
Planned exposure of an organism to radiation of any type, internally or externally, with the intention to effect a diagnosis of disease.
Exposure to naturally occurring radiation (NORM) of any type in any environment .
exposure to naturally ocurring radioactive material
Planned exposure of an organism to radiation of any type, internally or externally, with the intention to effect a cure or mitigation of disease.
Unplanned exposure to anthropogenic radiation of any type in any environment ; for example radiation from nuclear waste, nuclear industry discharge or weapons.
accidental non-medical anthropogenic radiation exposure
Exposure to ionising radiation created by a man-made machine or exposure to a fixed source. For example a cobalt source, an X ray machine, an acceleratororf a nucler weapon.
Planned exposure to radiation generated through a device or exposure to a source emitting ionising radiation
planned anthropogenic radiation exposure
Accidental or incidental exposure to radiation from a man made process or machine. Covers both radiation accidents and routine occupational exposure.
accidental anthropogenic radiation exposure
Accidental exposure occurring during medical therapy or diagnostics, for example medical radiation accidents or overdoses.
accidental medical anthropogenic radiation exposure
Incidental exposure to naturally occurring radiation in a natural or anthropogenic environment, such as geographical areas with high background levels of radiation or specific locations such as Uranium mines.
unplanned naturally occurring radiation exposure
Deliberate or knowing exposure to naturally occurring radiation in a natural or anthropogenic environment, such as a radon spa.
planned naturally occurring radiation exposure
Studies relating to human society and the interrelation of social and educational factors with individual thought and behaviour including mental illness.
Studies on the distribution of information or opinion by technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people.
Studies on the civil, legal, and political preparedness for accidental or deliberate release of radioactive materials or radiation into the environment.
Studies in which research is conducted with human subjects or on material of human origin in which the investigator directly interacts with human subjects, including the dveelopment of new technologies, understanding of the mechanisms of disease, therapy, clinical trials, epidemiology behaviousrand health services research.
Study of the laws, statutes, ordinances, government or international treaty regulations or authoritative guidelines, as well as for legal controversy and court decisions, relating to the regulation of radiation safety, movement and containment of radioactive materials and the consequences for human health or the natural environment of radioactive contamination.
Studies relating to organisations and processes concerned with freedom from or resilience towards potential harm caused by hostile intent or circumstances (for example terrorism and illegal release of radioactive substances or radiation) towards the natural environment or human population, and the enforcement of relevant laws and international treaties.
A study whose intention is to discover knowledge concerning the origins, nature diagnosis or therapy for neoplastic disease and cancer. This includes studies in humans, model organisms, the laboratory and in silico. This class includes experimental and epidemiological studies specifically aimed at cancer.
The specific manner, characteristic, pattern of application, or the employment of any technology, approach or formal procedure to implement the study plan to generate a study type.
Studies of the presence of radiation of any type in the natural or anthropogenic environment and its impact on animals, plants, and microorganisms. This includes studies measuring nuclide transfer in the environment, and interaction with meteorological phenomena. This excludes occupational exposure and the human working environment.
Studies concerned with the regulation, monitoring and operation of the nuclear industry. For example nuclear power station and reprocessing plants, isotope purification and manufactore, weapons manufacture and testing. This includes occupation health studies, impact of accidental or deliberate release on the natural or man made environment and impact on organisms specifically affected directly or indirectly by contamination.
Research done in a laboratory. A laboratory study may use special equipment and cells or animals to investigate the effects of an experimental perturbation, discover fundamental molecular mechanisms, assay biological substances, or find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful in humans. A laboratory investigation is often characterised by a hypothesis and is carried out with controls.
Study of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or ethicolegal constructs surrounding radiation and radiation safety and regulation.
Study concerning exchange or transmission of thoughts, messages, or information between people or between authorities and the general public (for example educational information, risk communication, safety communication) concerning exposure to and use of radiation.
A study focussed on a set of people with some shared characteristic. The substance of shared element varies widely, from geography to a situation to interest to lives and values. The term is widely used to evoke sense of collectivity. For example communities collectively exposed to radioactive environmental contamination.
The study of political involvement in radiation and nuclear regulation, military use, and safety as shown by inclusion in political manifestos and messaging by established or informal groups and its impact on voting patterns and democracy.
A study measuring "psychological" aspects of a person such as knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, or personality using defined scales.
A study of human or animal activity, in terms of motivation, direction, result, emotion, perception, or etiology.
A study dealing with group relationships, patterns of collective behavior, and social organization.
Studies involving fields of inquiry into human constructs and concerns as opposed to natural processes . These are traditionally the study of literature, philosophy, and religion. Included in this definition are sociological studies, especially those concerned with the social impact of the humanities.
Specifically an attitudinal study looking at how perception, for example of risk, and expectations affect behaviour.
perceptions, expectations and behaviours study
Sociological, attitudinal, ethocolegal and regulatory approaches to governance of radiation and radioactive substance use.
Studies on policy concerning socially and ethically responsible research and innovation
responsible research and innovation study
Studies of the engagement between an organisational entity and those groups or individuals potentially or actually impacted by the actions of that entity over a range of activities and approaches.
Study concerning the modes, efficacy and response to communication of risk and health impacts of radiation in all aspects.
Studies concenring the attitudes to and practices of radiological protection in defined groups of people. For example the nuclear industry of a country or within a specific laboratory.
Genetic study done at the population level or among population groups, generally to find the cause, incidence or spread of a disease or to see the response to a treatment, nutrition or environment.
A type of study in which participants are enrolled into the study before they develop the disease or outcome in question.
Observational studies which include an organized system that uses observational methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) prospectively for a population defined by a particular disorder/disease, condition (including susceptibility to a disorder), or exposure (including products, health care services, and/or procedures) and that serves a predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purpose. Patient registries may be single purpose or on-going data collection programs that address one or more questions. (AHRQ) An observational study that is also considered to be a Patient Registry.
A study looking backwards in time using observations collected predominantly prior to subject selection and enrolment
A study of the number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. this class also includes PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time.
Studies concerning the optimisation of situation awareness through gathering and analysing information, and methodologies for making decisions on that awareness, such as estimating the path of a radioactive fallout with respect to weather and population density and making a decision to evacuate a population.
situation awareness and decision support study
A study concerning the protection of the population from unexpected radioactive discharge or contamination, such as a dirty bomb, and civil safetyy coningency plans, such as deployment of emergency services and evacuation.
Studies on planning for unexpected natural or man-made radiological catastrophe of substantial extent causing significant property damage or destruction, loss of life or sometimes permanent changes to the natural environment. Broader scope than civil protection as may relate to livestock, food and water shortage, disease outbreak and extensive traumas caused by precipitating or consequential damage.
Studies on plannig for or analysing a nuclear accident with release of airborn or waterborn contamination into the environment. Narrower than Disaster planning study but may be used to qualify an annotation to Disaster planning study if the source of contamination is a nuclear accident. A nuclear accident is not necessarily a disaster.
A controlled study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of new drugs, devices, treatments, or preventive measures in humans by comparing two or more interventions or regimens
Study of the effects of radiation used in a medical therapeutic or diagnostic context. Inlcudes radiation accidents in this context, excludes occupational exposure for health professionals.
A study concerned with health and safety policy development, implementation and practice in the workplace including investigating accidents at work, and chronic occupational exposure. Includes monitoring compliance with health and safety legislation and study of the promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
Study on the efficacy, outcomes and adverse consequences of exposure to medical diagnostic procedures using internal or external irradiation.
Study of the efficacy, outcomes and adverse consequences of exposure to therapeutic use of ionizing and nonionizing radiation including RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY, therapeutic radiation with visible, laser, or ultraviolet light. Includes technical development of protocols and equipment.
A study involvingdevelopment of agents or procedures intended to produce an effect that is intended to mitigate or stop a pathologic process.
A study of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomical changes in diseased tissue.
Study of legal and statutory instruments and legislation designed to regulate the safety, use and transport of radioactive materials, release of such materials into the environment, or external radiation.
Study of the policy approaches and their implementation concerned with harmonising regulatory guidelines and legislation dealing with radiation and radioactive substances between legislatures, generally internationally.
Study of the development, implementation and monitoring of nuclear non proliferation treaties between states.
Studies concerning intentional release of organisms (germs), toxic chemicals, or radioactive substances with intent to harm or kill people or the environment, or to inflict panic within a population.
Study of strategies and their implementation towards defence against radiation used as a weapon conducted by military powers and institutions. May also include civil defence where the military has a significant operational role, but not disaster preparedness.
Study of biological processes that involve adding/removing chemical moieties to/from DNA, including methylation, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, etc. Includes interventional DNA modification.
Study of biological processes that involve adding/removing chemical moieties to/from histones, including methylation, acetylation,phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, etc.
Study conducted by means of structured or unstructured interviews of persons of interest.
A study of genetic variation and the inheritance of a trait or traits within a population or an individual including examination of genetic material for the presence or absence of cytogenetic or molecular genetic abnormalities.
A radiographic study used to evaluate a specific anatomic location for a specific purpose. This may include the assessment of imaging modalities and the development of new techniques. Includes PET, MRI, CT and related techniques.
Study concerned with the construction, analysis, evaluation, refinement etc. of mathematical or statistical models of the properties or behaviour of a set of entities, such as molecules, physiological processes, environmental processes such as nuclide transfer, such that functions are developed to reliably predict the behaviour of those entities.
A study usually conducted in a laboratory where non human animals are used to model aspects of a disease process or its therapy to provide insights into human biology or pathobiology.
Study concerning the development, use, calibration or standardisation of technologies for the qualitative or quantitative measurement of radiation and radionuclides.
monitoring technologies and metrology study
Study of the chemistry of radioactive materials including radioactive tracer studies of metabolic processes
Study of the development and implementation of public policy towards issues involving radiation
Study of the effects of acoustic radiation on cellular and organismal physiology and the effects of acoustic radiation emitted in response to exposure to ionising radiation.
Study of radiation levels and effects in the human built environment.
environmental study_ abiotic_anthropogenic
Study of radiation levels and effects in the natural environment.
The development and use of mathematical models and systems analysis for the description of naturally occurring non-human populations, and applications to measuring the effects of radiological contamination.
The study of environmental contamination with radiation and radioactive substances and the toxic effects on the ecosystem either through chemical toxicity or radiation exposure.
The study of environmental contamination with radon and the toxic effects on biota including humans. Both natural and anthropogenic environments. Includes radiometrics, safety policies and mitigation technologies.
Mathematical modelling of radionuclide transfer and dispersal processes in water, earth or air, either directly or through the mediation of biota.
Study of the ocurrence, levels and effects of naturally occurring radioactive materials such as Radon.
naturally occurring radioactive materials study
Study involving the measurement of radiation levels, or concentration of radionuclides, in the natural or man made environment. Usually in a time series.
environmental radiation monitoring study
Study concerned with the measurement of transfer of radionuclides to biota from the environment.
environmental radionuclide transfer study
Any study concenrd with the prevalence or effects on non-ionising radiations such as UV, acoustic, or RF.
non ionising electromagnetic radiation study
Study concerning the safety, regulation, activities and engineering of nuclear installations including power stations, waste processing plant, radionuclide generation and purification plant, and military nuclear establishments. May include occupational health studies if broader than just occupationaal health in scope.
Study of the process of generation of nuclear waste, its monitoring, regulation, disposal and inadvertent discharge.
Study of the engineering of nuclear installations such as power plants.
Study of the process, regulation and monitoring of mines where exposure to naturally occurring radiation presents an occupational hazard for workers or the process itself, for example run off water or spoil, constitutes an environmental hazard.
A study using cells derived from an organism grown in artificial culture medium in a laboratory with the aim of understanding some aspect(s) of cell physiology, genetics or behaviour, generally as part of the testing of an hypothesis but also for diagnostic intent.
A study using an organ, part of an organ or an organoid culture, derived from an organism and grown in artificial culture medium in a laboratory with the aim of understanding some aspect(s) of cell physiology, genetics or behaviour, generally as part of the testing of an hypothesis but also for diagnostic intent. The system differs from cell culture in the generation or maintenance of multiple cell types with the spatial and functional relationship between them derived from or reflecting the normal organisation in vivo.
Any study involving the manipulation, measurement, or characterisation of DNA or RNA in a cell or organism.
Elucidation of the physical structure of a macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate, DNA or RNA, its analysis and manipulation based on structure/function considerations.
A study using an intact organism, plant, animal, or microorganism
Study of the cellular phenomenon which radiation energy is not been directly deposited in cells by transfer of medium, proximity/justaposition, or other means, but results in their behaving as if they had been irradiated.
A study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. This may be in intact organisms or in cells and includes population analysis of epigenetic phenomena and molecular analysis of gene expression and epigenetic modifications of chromatin such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation.
Study of the frequency of induction , nature and consequences of the production of genetic or epigenetic alterations by any technique, including chemicals, radiation, recombination, or other molecular biology methods.
Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or regulation of the nuclear industries.
attitudinal study of nuclear industry risk perception
Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or ecological integrity towards natural or anthropogenic ionising radiation in the environment.
attitudinal study towards ionising radiation in the environment
Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or ecological integrity towards natural or anthropogenic non-ionising radiation in the natural environment.
attitudinal study towards non-ionising radiation in the environment
Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety and efficacy in a clinical context where radiation is used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures..
attitudinal study towards medical radiation procedures
Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety towards natural or anthropogenic non-ionising radiation in the occupational environment.
attitudinal study towards radiation in the occupational environment
Study of social and individual trust in the position and activities of legal or other competent advisory or regulatory authorities.
Study on the modality, efficacy and responses to communcation of information or advice to populations or individuals, on the safety and risks of exposure to ionising radiation in any context.
Study on the modality, efficacy and responses to communication of information or advice to populations or individuals, on the safety and risks of exposure to ionising radiation in any context.
Study on the modality, efficacy and responses to communication of information or advice to populations on any aspect of radiation, conceived of as an educational programme, and including a wider scope than just safety and risk. For example basic nuclear physics, emergency action advice.
Study involving attitudes, health status, social organisation of defined communities identified by common characteristics such as occupation type, geography, gender identity, with respect to radiation.
social affairs and community health study
Studies involving creation and assessment of plans for the future physical arrangement, well being, efficiency and condition of a community. It may have the goals of improving health, promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. In the context of radiation this may be concerned with community planning for dealing with mitigation measures for local NORM, or organised community-wide continegency measures for nuclear accident or recovery from such.
Study concerned with eliciting information in a structured way concerning issues of interest from members of a community defined by common characteristics, for example occupation, geographical location, personal history or gender.
A study concerned with human or animal activity, in terms of motivation, direction, result, emotion, perception, or etiology at the level of slected individuals. May be carried out by observation or as individual responses to a questioannaire or interview in the case of humans where the person records their own assessment of their behaviour.
A study concerned with human or animal activity, in terms of motivation, direction, result, emotion, perception, or etiology within substantial populations of individuals. Likely to be carried out by mass observation or indirect inference.
Mathematical modelling for theraputic regime optimisation and for optimal tumor response, for example modelling spatiotemporal dynamics of tumor and blood volume fraction, and predicting response to radiation therapy. Also studies for beam modelling and multiimaging techniques.
Study of the radiolonuclide components and emissions from building materials
building materials radiological safety study
Studies on radiological safety within buildings. Primary purpose os for buildings not specifially designed to hold radioactive materials but anaylyis and mitigation of risks from radioactive exposure from the local environment or materials.
Study of the weather and atmospheric dynamics mainly with respect to dissemination of radionuclides.
Study of non-living objects in the environment, such as soils or rocks.
Study of non-human biota in the natural environment.
Study which may include human and non-human biota in the environment.
Study of the measurement, effects and regulation of wireless communication signals, for example mobile phone radiation and microwave communication.
The sample was irradiated with Cs-137 gamma ray photons.
Photons having energies that are greater than tens of thousands of electron volts (eV).
The sample was irradiated with x-ray photons.
A photon with energies from about 100 eV (electron volts) to 1 MeV (million electron volts).
Irradiation of the sample was with x-ray photons.
An energy transfer process in which energy in the form of particles or waves is transferred from one entity to another
A process involving the emission of energy from an atomic nucleus resulting in change in the character of the nucleus
Irradiation that is not the result of a planned process
Unplanned irradiation that is of anthropogenic origin
Unplanned irradiation that is non-anthropogenic in origin
Environmental monitoring that includes continual assay for radiation dose or quality.
Monitoring within an environment which was not man-made.
Monitoring within a man-made or constructed environment
Monitoring for radiation dose or quality within a man-made or constructed environment such as a building or a vehicle.
anthropogenic environment radiation monitoring
Monitoring for radiation dose or quality within a natural environment.
natural environment radiation monitoring
A type of ionizing radiation consisting of charged particles that are relatively massive compared to other types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Heavy ion radiation is composed of atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons, resulting in positively charged particles.
Heavy ion radiation has several notable characteristics and contexts: High Linear Energy Transfer (LET): Heavy ion radiation has a high linear energy transfer, which means it deposits a significant amount of energy per unit path length as it travels through tissue. This characteristic can lead to more localized and potentially more damaging effects on cells and tissues. Enhanced Biological Effectiveness: Due to its high LET, heavy ion radiation in many cases has enhanced biological effectiveness, meaning it can cause more severe biological damage per unit of absorbed dose compared to other types of radiation. Space Radiation: Heavy ions are a component of the galactic cosmic radiation present in space. In common use, the distinction between heavy ions and light ions is somewhat flexible and context dependent. For example, "heavy" is sometimes used to refer to any ion heavier than a helium nucleus or even a proton; in practice the dividing line between light and heavy lies around atomic numbers 6-10.
Atomic nuclei, variously defined as having atomic number 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means
A particle with a positive or negative electric charge
An atomic nucleus with 26 protons and 30 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 14 protons and 14 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 6 protons and 6 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 10 protons and 10 neutrons
Activity carried out by crewed or robotic vehicles outside the Earth's atmmosphere.
The amount of energy from any type of ionizing radiation deposited in a specified mass of any medium.
The amount of energy from any type of ionizing radiation deposited in a specified mass of any medium per unit time.
The kinetic energy carried by a particle or photon of ionizing radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation with photon energies approximately between 0.1 and 120 keV. The upper end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps with the lower end of the gamma ray spectrum.
Sham irradiation refers to a procedure in which participants or subjects in an experiment are exposed to simulated radiation, mimicking precisely the conditions of actual irradiation. The purpose of using sham irradiation is to create a control group that experiences the non-specific effects of the experimental setup, while excluding the specific effects associated with radiation exposure.
A protocol for administering a total radiation dose in two or more increments separated by a specified time interval
The region of space between the Earth and the Moon
A region of space defined by a regular, repeating path of a specified object about Earth's moon
The area of the lunar landmass exposed to space
The region of space between the Earth and Mars
A region of space defined by a regular, repeating path of a specified object about Mars
The area of the Mars landmass exposed to the Martian atmosphere
The region of space in the Solar System between planets
The outermost solid or liquid area of a planet
An organism or material entity kept unexposed to radiation, for purposes of comparison to a similar organism or material entity that has been exposed to radiation
A study at a ground facility designed so as to replicate one or more conditions in space (e.g. radiation, microgravity, isolation)
An study at a ground facility designed so as to replicate conditions in space (e.g. radiation, microgravity, isolation) with the exception of one condition, so as to ascertain the effects of that condition on an organism or instrument
A protocol for administering radiation to a sample
One of the series of individual doses administered to a sample in a fractionated irradiation.
Time between fractions in a fractionated irradiation.
The region of the atmosphere above 8000 feet above sea level. Altitudes above 12000 feet are sometimes referred to as very high altitude, and above 18000 feet as extremely high altitude.
The class should be used in cases where it is clear that the control sample was treated in precisely the same way as the experimental samples or sham irradiation is specified. It is therefore a more restricted quality definition than "non-irradiated". It is likely to be used more often with external radiation exposure or exposure to a beam, and with a biological rather than abiotic sample.
A quality of a biotic or abiotic sample or individual which is part of an experiment that tests the effects of radiation on organisms or materials by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about the effect of such variables. In sham irradiation the precise treatment of the sample must be identical to that of the experimental samples and should be made explicit in the description of the method.
An aircraft which flies a series of parabolic arcs to simulate micrgravity.
An aircraft which flies at altitudes greater than commercial aircraft altitudes for research purposes.
An research aircraft designed to operate without crew members, either autonomously or under control from a ground station
Fully ionized atomic nucleus with 2 or more protons and energies in excess of tens of MeV per nucleon
A study of a response to radiation conditioned by prior administration of radiation of a different type and/or at a different dose or dose rate
The total dose administered in a series of radiation fractions divided by the elapsed time between the beginning of the first exposure fraction and the end of the last exposure fraction
A device which exposes samples to gamma radiation.
The electric charge of a particle used in an irradiation
The measurement of the amount of radiation taken up by a sample.
A microbeam is a narrow beam of radiation, of micrometer or sub-micrometer dimensions. Together with integrated imaging techniques, microbeams allow precisely defined quantities of damage to be introduced at precisely defined locations.
An atomic nucleus with 41 protons and 52 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 47 protons and 60 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 54 protons and 75 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 73 protons and 108 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 79 protons and 118 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 7 protons and 7 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 18 protons and 22 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 22 protons and 26 neutrons
An atomic nucleus with 36 protons and 48 neutrons
A derived absorbed dose unit which is equal to one milligray absorbed per second
This could be used to describe a tissue response to immune stimulation, so for example an IL2 response of endothelial cells in response to lymphocytes stimulated by pathogen.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus which acts on another cell and not on the responding cell. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity of a different cell
The most obvious example is the bystander effect ( Carmel Mothersill, Andrej Rusin, Cristian Fernandez-Palomo & Colin Seymour (2018) History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name?, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 94:8, 696-707, DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1398436) where a naive cell behaves as if it has been irradiated because of its communication with an irradiated cell. It may also be used to describe the abscopal effect. Note that abscopal effects have been noted for ionising and non-ionising ( RF) radiation, eg. L?ffler MW. et al. . A Non-interventional Clinical Trial Assessing Immune Responses After Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Metastases From Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol. 2019 Nov 19;10:2526. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02526. PMID: 31803175; PMCID: PMC6877671
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of radiation acting on another cell and not on the responding cell. The process begins with detection of radiation by a cell or cells and ends with a change in state or activity of a different cell or cells.
Directly describes the bystander effect (Carmel Mothersill, Andrej Rusin, Cristian Fernandez-Palomo & Colin Seymour (2018) History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name?, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 94:8, 696-707, DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1398436) but can alo sbe used to describe phenomena related to the abscopal effect, manifest in whole organisms where irradiation of one part of the organism causes changes in another un-irradiated component.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to ionising radiation which acts on another cell and not on the responding cell. The process begins with detection of the ionising radiation by one cell or cells and ends with a change in state or activity of a different cell or cells.
indirect cellular response to ionising radiation
A device for exposing materials or biological organisms to ionizing radiation for research or therapeutic purposes.
High-altitude balloons are crewed or uncrewed balloons, usually filled with helium or hydrogen, that are released into the stratosphere, generally attaining between 18 and 37 km (11 and 23 mi; 59,000 and 121,000 ft) above sea level.
non-targeted effects of ionising radiation
Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation are characterised by cellular responses that occur in cells in which energy from ionizing radiation has not been deposited. The distinct classes of non-targeted effects include Genomic Instability, and Bystander effect which latter includes Abscopal effects and Bystander-mediated adaptive response. These can also arise non-clonally in the progeny of irradiated somatic or germ cells, resulting in radiation-induced genomic instability and transgenerational genomic instability respectively. (Kadhim M, Salomaa S, Wright E, et al. Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation--implications for low dose risk. Mutat Res. 2013;752(2):84-98. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.001)
One of the measures to ensure ALARA is to minimize the time spent working around radioactive materials.
A principle of radiation protection philosophy that requires that exposures to ionizing radiation be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. The protection from radiation exposure is ALARA when the expen
NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf)
Attenuation in concrete or leadshielding is a common method of radiation protection on Earth, but is impractical in space due to mass constraints.
The reduction of radiation intensity upon passage of radiation through matter
Biodosimetry was used to measure the exposure of some victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
Use of a biological response as an indicator of a dose of an effective agent (e.g., the extent of decline in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans exposed to ionizing radiation can be used as an indicator of the absorbed dose to the whole body from that
The bystander effect can be studied by identifying cells that were traversed by a charged particle.
The term used to describe the effects on cells in proximity to irradiated cells, but through which radiation has not passed. In experimental radiation biology, the bystander effect can be investigated by targeting individual cells, or by using doses low enough that the probability for a given cell to be hit by a particle is less than one.
Delta ray energies increase with the velocity of the incident particle.
Highly energetic electrons produced during inelastic collisions between ionizing radiation and atomic electrons. In a small proportion of collisions, the ejected electron receives a considerable amount of energy (i.e., >1,000 eV), allowing it to travel a
The average annual dose equivalent for crew members on the ISS is approximately 300 mSv.
The product of the absorbed dose (D) at a point and the quality factor (Q) at that point for the radiation type (i.e., H = DQ). The unit of H is J-kg^[-1] with the special name sievert (Sv)
The increased risk from induced cancer due to exposure when the effects over an entire lifetime are accounted for. Individuals who would have died of cancer anyway but die early because of exposure are not included
The sample was irradiated with fast neutrons.
Neutrons of energies above a few hundred kiloelectron volts (keV)
The value of the fluence was approximately 1 particle per cm2.
The number of particles or photons per unit of cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of the particle (units of m^2 or cm^2) (i.e., particles-m^[-2] or particles-cm^[-2]).
The flux of cosmic ray muons per cm2 at the surface of the Earth is approximately 1.0.
The quotient of dN by dt, where dN is the increment of the particle number in the time interval dt. The unit for flux is reciprocal second (s^[-1].)
An atomic nucleus, fully stripped of its orbital electrons, containing 2 or more protons. Nuclei containing between 2 protons (helium) and 6 protons (carbon) are sometimes referred to as light ions.
In RBO--needs def from NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf)
Biological effects are a function of LET.
The energy deposited by an ionizing charged particle or photon in any medium per unit path length.
Radiation protection standards take into account organ dose as well as whole body dose.
The mean absorbed radiation dose in a specified tissue or organ of the human body.
Neutrons have a high quality factor compared to photons.
Dimensionless factor developed for purposes of radiation protection and assessing health risks in general terms that accounts for the relative biological effectiveness of different radiations in producing stochastic effects and is used to relate absorbed
The samples received a dose of 1 Gy. (The use of the gray unit implies that "dose" refers to a measured quantity, typically absorbed dose or organ dose.)
The samples received a dose of 1 Sv. (The use of the sievert unit implies that "dose" refers to a der
A measurement datum of the quantity of radiation absorbed by a substance or organism. The term "radiation dose" may for example refer to absorbed dose, organ dose, dose equivalent or equivalent dose, depending upon context and weighting factor(s).
Radiation weighting factors may change as more data on biological effects are obtained.
A factor used to allow for differences in the biological effectiveness between different radiations when calculating equivalent dose (H_T) (see equivalent dose). These factors are independent of the tissue or organ irradiated.
Neutrons have been found to have a higher RBE than electrons.
Factor used to compare the biological effectiveness of absorbed doses from different types of ionizing radiation, determined experimentally. RBE is the ratio of the absorbed dose of a reference radiation to the absorbed dose of the radiation in question r
Tissue equivalent materials can be used to study radiation effects at depth in the human body.
Denotes a substance with absorbing and scattering properties for a given radiation that sufficiently match those of a particular biological tissue.
An active radon dosimeter that uses a phosphor-coated zinc sulfide screen or a liquid scintillator that emits light when hit by alpha particles from radon decay. The emitted light is measured with a photomultiplier tube. They have high sensitivity, fast response time.
An active radon dosimeter that measure the concentration of radon decay products (polonium-218, lead-214, and bismuth-214) using alpha spectroscopy or particle collection on a filter. They provide working level (WL) values, which indicate the potential radiation dose from radon decay products.
Provides direct measurement of biologically relevant radiation exposure. Expensive, mainly used in occupational settings.
continuous working level radon dosimeter
An active radon dosimeter that uses various sensors (e.g., scintillation detectors, ion chambers, or solid-state silicon detectors) to measure radon decay in real-time. They typically record radon levels at hourly intervals.
Provides near real-time results, detects fluctuations over time, useful for home inspections.
A passive radon dosimeter that contain an electret (a charged Teflon disc) inside an ionization chamber. Radon decay ionizes the air, causing a measurable voltage drop in the electret, which correlates with radon concentration.
Can be read without a lab, provides both short- and long-term measurements.
A passive radon dosimeter in which a container filled with activated charcoal absorbs radon from the air. After exposure (typically 2�7 days), the canister is sealed and sent to a lab for gamma spectroscopy, which measures radon decay products.
A passive radon dosimeter in which a small plastic film or polycarbonate chip is exposed to radon gas. When radon decays, it emits alpha particles that leave microscopic tracks on the film. After exposure, the film is chemically etched to reveal the tracks, which are counted under a microscope to determine radon levels.
Alpha track radon dosimeters are used domestically for radon monitoring over long periods of time.
Nuclear reactors primarily used to produce neutrons for the study of materials at the atomic level, the biological effects of radiation, the production of radioisotopes for medicine, industry and research, and the imaging of objects� internal structure.
Definition adapted from: https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/what-are-research-reactors-how-do-they-contribute-to-sustainable-development
A nuclear reactor primarily used to generate and supply power.
This conceptualization of nuclear power reactor emphasizes its role as a radiation source. For use to emphasize its roles in energy production, recommend use of identically named concept ENVO:02000137
A nuclear reactor used for military purposes such as plutonium production.
A nuclear reactor used for more than one purpose.
An x-ray source operating at a voltage of 160 kV.
An x-ray source operating at a voltage of 320 kV.
A facility designed and constructed so as to minimize exposure to natural background radiation.
A facility located below the earth's surface in order to minimize natural background radiation
underground low background radiation laboratory
An energy transfer process in which radiation intensity is reduced by modifying the composition, and/or energy of incident radiation.
Radiation shielding that require using an external power or energy source, such as an electrostatic or electromagnetic field.
The role of materials used in radiation shielding such as concrete, lead, or polyethylene, with no requirement for external power or operator intervention
The power per unit solid angle delivered by radiation incident on a given location.
The role of a material in reducing radiation intensity by modifying the composition, and/or energy of incident radiation.
Radiation shielding using materials such as concrete, lead, or polyethylene, with no requirement for external power or operator intervention
A serious human disease that occurs when the entire body (or a large portion of it) is exposed to a high dose of penetrating radiation�typically more than 1 Gray (Gy)�over a short period (minutes to hours). Key features: Prodromal Phase (hours to days): Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fatigue. Latent Phase (hours to weeks): Apparent improvement or absence of symptoms. Manifest Illness Phase: Depending on dose, damage to rapidly dividing cells leads to one or more syndromes: Hematopoietic syndrome (1�10 Gy): Bone marrow failure, infection, bleeding. Gastrointestinal syndrome (5�20 Gy): Severe GI tract damage, fluid loss, sepsis. Neurovascular syndrome (?20 Gy): Neurological impairment, confusion, convulsions; usually fatal within days. Recovery or Death: If dose is survivable and supportive care is provided, recovery can occur over weeks to months; higher doses carry a poor prognosis.
Dainiak, N., & Albanese, J. (2022). Medical management of acute radiation syndrome. Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection, 42(3), 10.1088/1361-6498/ac7d18. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ac7d18. https://www.icrpaedia.org/Acute_radiation_syndrome
An environment in which there is human-created radiation.
Includes terrestrial and non-terrestrial environments. Includes environments created for investigations, and those used for other purposes including those created by humans for habitation, manufacture, storage, clinical practice and transport. Will include mines and other environments actively created by humans by the manipulation of natural materials
A radiation environment resulting from natural processes.
The radiation environment below the surface of the Earth, consisting of radiation from naturally occurring radioactive elements; particles originating in space which are sufficiently energetic and/or weakly interacting with the Earth's magnetic field, atmosphere and materials in the Earth's crust to enable them to penetrate below the Earth's surface; particles produced by interactions of primary radiation with the Earth's crust; and anthropogenic sources of radiation such as buried nuclear waste. The composition and strength of the radiation at a given point under the Earth's surface depends strongly on depth below the surface and composition of the surrounding crustal material.
terrestrial subsurface radiation environment
The radiation environment at the surface of the Earth, consisting of particles originating in space which are sufficiently energetic and/or weakly interacting with the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere to reach the surface; particles produced by interactions of space radiation with the Earth's atmosphere; decays of naturally occurring radioactive elements on the surface; and anthropogenic radiation. The composition and strength of the radiation at a given point on the Earth's surface depends on factors including altitude, the composition of the surface material, and the temporal variation in incident space radiation, e.g. with solar cycle.
terrestrial surface radiation environment
The radiation environment in the Earth's atmosphere , consisting of particles originating in space which are sufficiently energetic and/or weakly interacting to penetrate the Earth's magnetic field; particles produced by interactions of space radiation with the Earth's atmosphere and albedo radiation from interactions of incident radiation with the Earth's crust; and anthropogenic radiation. The composition and strength of the radiation at a given point in the Earth's atmosphere depends on factors including altitude and the temporal variation in incident space radiation, e.g. with solar cycle.
terrestrial atmosphere radiation environment
The quality of neutrons or charged particles, such as protons or alpha particles, such that they can produce ionizing events densely spaced on a molecular scale (e.g., >10 keV-micron^[-1].
The quality of X and gamma rays or light charged particles such as electrons such that they can only produce sparse ionizing events far apart on a molecular scale.
Microdosimetry is a radiobiology study type that deals with the study of the distribution of energy deposition on a micrometer scale in biological systems exposed to ionizing radiation. It focuses on understanding how radiation interacts with cellular and sub-cellular structures and the resulting effects on biological systems.
A study of the biological effects of low acute or protracted doses of ionising radiation defined as being below 500 mSv, less than 100mGy, or at dose rates less than 5mGy per hour. ( https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/developing-a-long-term-strategy-for-low-dose-radiation-research-in-the-united-states)
The radiation environment consisting of the water at the surface of the Earth, including all of Earth�s water: oceans and seas, lakes and rivers (freshwater), groundwater, and atmospheric water. Some frameworks treat the cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) as a sub-part of the hydrosphere. Radiation in water consists of particles originating in space which are sufficiently energetic and/or weakly interacting with the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere to reach the surface; particles produced by interactions of space radiation with the Earth's atmosphere; decays of naturally occurring radioactive elements dissolved or suspended in water, those on the substrate where there is body of water and from the subsurface. This includes anthropogenic radiation carried in water by means of direct discharges, precipitation and other transfer routes. The composition and strength of the radiation in water at a given point on the Earth's surface depends on factors including underlying geology, water chemistry and elemental composition, and the temporal variation in incident space radiation, e.g. with solar cycle.
A measurement of the amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation per unit length of a medium. . It represents the average energy transferred to the material per unit length along the path of the particle in a specified micrometric ( or smaller) site divided by the mean chord length of the site volume. Lineal energy is typically expressed in units of keV/?m (kilo-electron volts per micrometer) or MeV/cm (mega-electron volts per centimeter)
That energy which is transferred in space and time as part of the process of radiation (ENVO:01001023).
Uncharged particles with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means (such as by a particle accelerator)
An assay of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 nanometers
See H.H. Rossi, Microdosimetry and Radiobiology, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 13, Issue 1-4, 1 December 1985, Pages 259�265, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/13.1-4.259 and Gustavo A. Santa Cruz,Microdosimetry: Principles and applications,Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy,Volume 21, Issue 2,2016,Pages 135-139,ISSN 1507-1367,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2014.10.006.
Usually a track structure assay at nm scale
An assay of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 micrometers
Usually a track structure assay at micrometre scale
Nuclear decay in which an alpha particle is emitted.
Radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted or in which orbital electron capture occurs.
Processes in which electrons or components of the atomic nucleus are participants.
Measurement of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 nanometers
In microdosimetry the specific energy, z, is the energy deposited by radiation ( in one or more deposition events) in a specified micrometric (or smaller) site divided my the mass of the site. Measured in Gy.
The path of a particle in matter, delineated by sites where the particle deposits energy.
A pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 nanometers.
The complete set of spatial coordinates of energy deposition events along a particle track in matter
A group of ionization events closely related in time and space, occurring in a specified target volume and originating from a single primary ionizing particle.
Measurement of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 micrometers.
A volume of matter characterised by linear dimensions of the order of 0.5- 10's of microns, referred to as the "site" in microdosimetry.
A control specimen role of a biotic or abiotic sample or individual describes a specimen by its purpose, and therefore treatment, within a planned experimental process that tests hypotheses by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about the effect of such variables. The quality of control inhering in the sample role exists as a result of the historical treatment of the sample. In a controlled experiment, two or more virtually identical experiments are conducted, but the factor being tested is varied in only one of them. This serves to isolate any causal phenomena. A control may have been subject to treatments during the experiment that might alter its state or behaviour and is therefore distinguishable from the sample as initial input into the experiment. However such treatments should in all cases but that of the variable under scrutiny, be the same as the experimental sample.
Sham irradiation in which an identical irradiation protocol (with the exception of the administration of the radiation exposure) is not followed in every respect.
Use approximate sham irradiation when at least one aspect of the irradiation (with the exception of the administration of the radiation exposure) is not followed precisely. For example, Not placing an organism or sample in a beam line for the same length of time as the irradiated organism(s) or sample(s) were left in the beam.
Experimental internal radiation exposure of rodents to radon gas through inhalation.
Exposure to an inhaled, ingested, injected or implanted source of radiation of any origin as part of a planned or accidental process.
Mice exposed to external radiation from a Sr source.
Exposure to an external source of radiation of any origin or type.
Sham irradiation in which an identical irradiation protocol is followed in every respect, with the exception of the administration of the radiation exposure.
Use complete sham irradiation when all steps of an irradiation protocol are followed for sham control group (with the exception of administration of the radiation exposure).
Planned exposure of an entity to radiation of any type, for example as part of a medical or experimental procedure with the intention of exposing the entity to radiation energy internally by the ingestion, inhalation or implantation of a source of radiation.
Research subjects participating in a clinical trial using an internally implanted radiation source have an internal experimental radiation exposure
internal experimental radiation exposure
The direct or indirect transfer of energy from radiation to a medium through ionisation or excitation of the atoms of the medium.
A mixed irradiation study typically involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of different types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be simultaneous or sequential and from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
A mixed ion and photon irradiation study typically involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of these types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be simultaneous or sequential and from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
A mixed ion and photon simultaneous irradiation study typically involves simultaneously exposing a sample or system to a combination of these types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
mixed ion and photon simultaneous irradiation study
A mixed ion and photon sequential irradiation study typically involves sequentially exposing a sample or system to a combination of these types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
mixed ion and photon sequential irradiation study
A multiple ion irradiation study typically involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of different types of charged particle radiation. Exposure might be simultaneous or sequential and from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
A multiple ion simultaneous irradiation study typically involves simultaneously exposing a sample or system to a combination of ions. This could include exposure to various forms of particle radiation, for example ion beams. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
multiple ion simultaneous irradiation study
A multiple ion sequential irradiation study involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of different ions. This could include exposure to various forms of particle radiation such as ion beams. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation.
multiple ion sequential irradiation study
Radiation present in an experimental or therapeutic process, other than that produced as part of that planned process.
anthropogenic ionizing background radiation
Radiation originating in the terrestrial or extra-terrestrial environment.
The types and characteristics of particles or waves that make up the radiation produced or emitted by a radiation source for use in a particular exposure context or protocol. The source may be artificial as in a particle accelerator or natural, in a controlled environment, such as a collimated beam from a radioactive isotope.
The space radiation field in the solar system consists of particle and electromagnetic radiation from the sun, electromagnetic radiation originating from extra-solar sources, and galactic cosmic radiation.
The mix of charged and neutral atomic and subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation suffusing a defined volume in an extraterrestrial environment at a given time.
The process by which an entity is exposed to two or more species of accelerated ions sequentially or simultaneously.
The term is often used as jargon, in which cases it is taken to imply sequential exposure to multiple ion types, and not parallel exposures. (perhaps include reference to NSRL)
Radiation field composition refers to the spectrum of types and characteristics of radiation present in a specific area or region where radiation is being used, emitted, absorbed, or measured. It describes the combination of different types of particles or waves that make up the radiation in a given field.
A neutron that has (by collision with other particles) reached an energy state equal to that of its surroundings, typically on the order of 0.025 eV.
a neutron with energy greater than a thermal neutron, but less than a fast neutron. The approximate energy range is 0.025-0.4 eV.
The ambient radiation in a defined environment emanating from natural or anthropogenic sources.
For uses involving experimentation or radiation therapy, use "anthropogenic background radiation" instead. Use this concept to indicate source is a mixture of anthropogenic and naturally occurring (ambient), or unknown or if the discrimination is not sought.
Background radiation that does not result in ionization of target material
anthropogenic non-ionizing background radiation
Non-ionizing background radiation that is the result of a human planned process.
natural non-ionizing background radiation
Non-ionizing background radiation that is not the result of a human planned process.
The toroidal zones surrounding the Earth, comprised of charged particles trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. There are two permanent belts, an inner and an outer belt. A transient third belt may form during periods of high solar activity.
The emission and acceleration of large numbers of energetic charged particles, mainly protons, from the Sun. Sources include solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CME).
The geomagnetosphere is the region of space surrounding Earth where the dominant magnetic field is the magnetic field of Earth, rather than the magnetic field of interplanetary space. The geomagnetosphere is formed by the interaction of the solar wind with Earth�s magnetic field.
A radiation exposure in which the delivery of energy to the target is considered to be "high dose rate" in a given context.
The context here is determined by the type of radiation and application of the exposure.
A radiation environment outside a commonly defined boundary marking the beginning of space (frequently the Karman line).
Senescence caused by radiation and associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.
A radiation detector which, when exposed to ionizing radiation, stores energy and when stimulated with light, releases the stored energy as luminescence, the intensity of which depends on the amount of radiation absorbed.
optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
A device which measures ionizing radiation dose by storing and then releasing the energy produced by the radiation. Energy is stored in the form of excited electrons. When the dosimeter is heated the electrons return to the ground state, resulting in the emission of light. The intensity of the emitted light directly corresponds to the radiation dose received, allowing for quantifiable measurements.
An active dosimeter in which ionizing radiation creates electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor which are collected by electrodes across which a voltage is applied. The resulting current is proportional to the energy deposited in the semiconductor by the incident radiation.
An active dosimeter which estimates the amount of incident ionizing radiation by measuring the number of electrons liberated from the gas molecules by the radiation in a suitable housing.
A senolytic is a type of drug or compound that selectively induces the death, removal or both of senescent cells�cells that have stopped dividing but often remain metabolically active, often secreting inflammatory and harmful molecules. These cells accumulate with age and contribute to aging-related diseases, chronic inflammation, and tissue dysfunction.
Senolytics work by targeting specific survival pathways that senescent cells rely on, such as the BCL-2 family proteins, PI3K/AKT pathway, or p53-related mechanisms. By eliminating these cells, senolytics have shown potential in improving tissue function, delaying age-related diseases, and enhancing healthspan in preclinical studies.
See: Lelarge, V., Capelle, R., Oger, F. et al. Senolytics: from pharmacological inhibitors to immunotherapies, a promising future for patients� treatment. npj Aging 10, 12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-024-00138-4
In radiation science, a dimensionless factor developed for purposes of radiation protection and assessing health risks in general terms that accounts for the relative biological effectiveness of different radiations in producing stochastic effects and is used to relate absorbed
Radiation quality is often expressed in terms of the linear energy transfer of the ionising particles that deliver the absorbed dose. Rossi, Harald H. Specification of Radiation Quality. Radiation Research, vol. 10, no. 5, Radiation Research Society, 1959, pp. 522 31, https://doi.org/10.2307/3570787. But this is an over simplification.
Is a quality of radiation that reflects the fluence spectrum of charged and neutral particles within the material or medium where dose is being deposited.
NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) and see https://melodi-online.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/02-What-is-radiation-quality-Goodhead.pdf
The samples were irradiated using the NSRL Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation.
The NSRL Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation is comprised of seven different species of ion, and fourteen different energies of H and He for 33 separate beams in a single GCRSim exposure. (https://www.bnl.gov/nsrl/userguide/GCRSim.php)
The experiment was conducted at the NSRL
A particle accelerator beamline located at Brookhaven National Laboratory
A particle accelerator at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, Japan
The experiment was conducted aboard the International Space Station
An instance of an Earth-orbiting space station that went operational in the year 2000.
The experiment was conducted on the Mir space station
An instance of an Earth-orbiting space station, operational from1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.
The biological payload was carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle
An instance of a reusable spacecraft designed to carry passengers and equipment into low Earth orbit and return to Earth. Operated by the United States and operational from 1981 to 2011.
The experiment was conducted aboard the Bion-MI satellite.
An instance of a Russian-operated Earth satellite carrying biological samples. Launched April 19, 2013 and returned to Earth May 19, 2013
The samples were flown on the Foton-M4 satellite
An instance of a Russian-operated Earth satellite carrying biological samples. Launched July 19, 2014 and returned to Earth September 1, 2014
The experiment was conducted on the Shenzhou-8 space station
An instance of a Chinese-operated Earth satellite carrying biological samples. Launched October 31, 2011 and returned to Earth November 17, 2011.
The experiment was conducted in the US Laboratory on the ISS
An instance of a module on the International Space Station, operated by the United States
The experiment was conducted on the Japanese Experiment Module
A Japanese science module for the International Space Station developed by JAXA. It is the largest single ISS module, and is attached to the Harmony module. The first two pieces of the module were launched on Space Shuttle missions STS-123 and STS-124.
The experiment was conducted on the Columbus module on the ISS
An instance of a module on the International Space Station, operated by the European Space Agency.
The experiment was conducted in the Zvezda module of the ISS.
An instance of a module on the International Space Station, operated by the Russian Space Agency.
The experiment was carried out at the SIS-18 accelerator.
An particle accelerator located at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germay.
The samples were irradiated using the NSRL Solar Particle Event Simulation.
The NSRL SPE simulatoris based on the fluence of the August 1972 event, with an energy spectrum similar to the March 1989 event. The majority of the protons are at very low energies, below 1 MeV, and pose little to no risk to astronauts in a space craft or space suit. The SPESim begins with 50 MeV protons, which amounts to 91.66% of the total dose. Then the beam energy increments in steps of 10 MeV up to 150 MeV where 0.14% of the total dose is delivered.
The samples were irradiated using the NSRL Simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation.
The NSRL Simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation uses 6 beams and 5 different ions including protons at two different energies. https://www.bnl.gov/nsrl/userguide/SimGCRSim.php
NSRL Simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation
The samples were irradiated with thermal neutrons at the KUR-HWNIF
A heavy water tank of approximately 2 m3 adjacent to the core of the Kyoto University Research Reactor (KUR), a light-water moderated tank-type reactor.
Kyoto University Research Reactor-Heavy Water Neutron Irradiation Facility
The samples were irradiated with fast neutrons at the HIRRAC.
A neutron generator at the Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University (RIRBM). Monoenergetic neutrons of which energy is less than 1.3 MeV are generated by the 7Li(p,n)7 Be reaction at proton energies up to 3 MeV.
Hiroshima University Radiobiological Research Accelerator
The Gamma Radiation Facility known as GRSF houses a cesium-137 gamma ray source which can provide gamma rays at a variety of dose rates. The gamma source is an industry standar dJ.L. Shepherd Mark I Model 68A 137Cs ? Irradiator. The photon energy from the source is 662 keV, with a Lineal Energy Transfer (LET) in water of approximately 0.8 keV/um. (https://www.bnl.gov/nsrl/grsf/)
Brookhaven National Laboratory Gamma Radiation Source Facility
A specific instance of Faxitron CP160 x-ray source.
A specific instance of an X-Rad320 x-ray source.
A particle accelerator located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, capable of delivering protons and heavier ions at energies between several hundred MeV/nucleon and several GeV/nucleon.
Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
An instance of an underground low background radiation laboratory located near the Baksan Neutrino Laboratory
Deep Underground Low Radiation Background Laboratory
An instance of an underground low background radiation laboratory
Mark 1 model 68A gamma irradiator at ARC
Radon dosimeters are radiation dosimeters used to measure the presence and concentration of radon gas (Rn-222), a radioactive noble gas that can accumulate in buildings and pose health risks. Different types of radon detectors use various detection methods, based on the radioactive decay products of radon.
The atomic mass (ma or m) is the mass of an atom. The protons and neutrons of the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms, with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions. It is measured in Daltons (unit).