editor preferred term~editor preferred label example of usage has curation status definition editor note term editor alternative term definition source curator note imported from imported from expand expression to expand assertion to term replaced by An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. temporal interpretation A is disconnected_from B if they have no parts in common. Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) non_overlapping_with ENVO disconnected_from true true disconnected_from has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym in_subset shorthand is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes preceded by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by preceded by precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in site of [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process A duck swimming in a pond is partially surrounded by air and partially surrounded by water. x partially_surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for the region r that is adjacent to x, r partially overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies a non-trivial proportion of the outermost boundary of x Definition modified from 'surrounded by'. partially_surrounded_by results in transformation into Afforestation results in the expansion of a forest. A process, p, results in the expansion of a material entity, m, if the spatial extent of m is increased as a result of participating in p. results in expansion of To be ceded to RO results in proliferation of determined by determined by part of inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition disposition of this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations. derives from this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives_into derives into is location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime location_of location of contained in Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition): Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant) contained_in contained in contains contains located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000 David Osumi-Sutherland A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane. bounding layer of David Osumi-Sutherland Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range. during which ends David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after David Osumi-Sutherland Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range. during which starts David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes David Osumi-Sutherland io X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) starts during David Osumi-Sutherland d during X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) happens during David Osumi-Sutherland o overlaps X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y). ends during x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y) overlaps X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary. David Osumi-Sutherland connected to The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint) continuous with FMA:85972 x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x We would like to include disjointness axioms with part_of and has_part, however this is not possible in OWL2 as these are non-simple properties and hence cannot appear in a disjointness axiom proper overlaps (forall (?x ?y) (iff (proper_overlaps ?x ?y) (and (overlaps ?x ?y) (not (part_of ?x ?y)) (not (part_of ?y ?x))))) partially overlaps A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom. Chris Mungall Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) spatially disjoint from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Part-disjointness-Design-Pattern connects x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Melissa Haendel Terry Meehan This is the transitive form of the develops from relation develops from inverse of develops from Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Terry Meehan develops into process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit Chris Mungall David Hill Tanya Berardini GO Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process. regulates (processual) false regulates regulates (processual) Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. Chris Mungall negatively regulates (process to process) negatively regulates mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption' A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. Chris Mungall has function realized in For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)". RO_0000053 some (RO_0000054 only ?Y) capable of c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. Chris Mungall has function in RO_0000053 some (RO_0000054 only (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)) capable of part of 'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation Chris Mungall has agent has active participant x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x Chris Mungall surrounded by surrounded by A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts. The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis. The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies. The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used. x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary. This relation acts as a join point with BSPO Chris Mungall adjacent to inverse of surrounded by Chris Mungall surrounds Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Chris Mungall started by starts with inverse of ends with Chris Mungall ends x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Chris Mungall finished by ends with x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y Chris Mungall ends with process that occurs in has end location p has direct input c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. Chris Mungall consumes has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p. Chris Mungall produces has output Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p false Chris Mungall In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from developmentally preceded by Inverse of developmentally preceded by Chris Mungall developmentally succeeded by p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint. Chris Mungall results_in_developmental_progression_of results in developmental progression of an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists. every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062) Chris Mungall GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 results_in_formation_of results in formation of has habitat cjm holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, negative effect q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of Chris Mungall inheres in part of A mereological relationship or a topological relationship Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships mereotopologically related to A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development developmentally related to a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity Chris Mungall catalyzes executes has is catalyzing is executing This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized. This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time. enables Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function functionally related to inverse of enables Chris Mungall enabled by inverse of regulates Chris Mungall regulated by (processual) regulated by inverse of negatively regulates Chris Mungall negatively regulated by An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member inverse of has input Chris Mungall input of inverse of has output Chris Mungall output of Chris Mungall formed as result of A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving branching relationships This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves) in branching relationship with https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/170 Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein. Chris Mungall drains into drains to tributary channel of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary http://www.medindia.net/glossary/venous_tributary.htm This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (veins, arteries) tributary of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary Deschutes River distributary_of Little Lava Lake x distributary_of y if and only if x is capable of channeling the flow of a substance to y, where y channels less of the substance than x Chris Mungall branch of distributary channel of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary This is both a mereotopological relationship and a relationship defined in connection to processes. It concerns both the connecting structure, and how this structure is disposed to causally affect flow processes distributary of x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). Chris Mungall has developmental potential involving x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y Chris Mungall has potential to develop into x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y Chris Mungall has potential to directly develop into This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causally related to p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain Chris Mungall causally upstream of p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q. Chris Mungall immediately causally upstream of p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 Chris Mungall influences (processual) affects causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within Chris Mungall causally downstream of or within 'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate' x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y. Chris Mungall composed primarily of p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c. Chris Mungall has part that occurs in A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal agent in p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between processes Chris Mungall depends on q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2 This relation is provided in order to support the use of relational qualities such as 'concentration of'; for example, the concentration of C in V is a quality that inheres in V, but pertains to C. Chris Mungall towards The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between material entities A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s. The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future Chris Mungall determined by (system to material entity) Chris Mungall Pier Buttigieg determined by inverse of determined by Chris Mungall determines (material entity to system) determines s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w. Chris Mungall determined by part of Chris Mungall causally influenced by (material entity to material entity) causally influenced by Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b Chris Mungall causally influences (material entity to material entity) causally influences Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. Chris Mungall directly regulates (processual) directly regulates A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall causal relation between material entity and a process Inverse of 'causal agent in' has causal agent A relationship that holds between two entities, where the relationship holds based on the presence or absence of statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. related via dependence to entity An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. continuant An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. occurrent A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) independent continuant spatial region temporal region spatiotemporal region An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) process disposition A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entity quality A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) specifically dependent continuant A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. role fiat object fiat object part object aggregate site object A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) generically dependent continuant function p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) process boundary one-dimensional temporal region An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) continuant fiat boundary immaterial entity one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary anatomical structure material anatomical entity Material anatomical entity that is a member of an individual species or is a viral or viroid particle. organism or virus or viroid electron C19-steroid A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens. dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives metal oxide NAD NAD(P)H volatile organic compound pyrrolopurine metalloid atom gas molecular entity chlorophyll(1-) chlorophyllide(2-) kaolin electron donor acceptor An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. water hydron dioxygen An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. ATP sarcosine A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. primary alcohol halide anion ammonia hydrogen sulfide methane sulfate A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. urea hydroxide ethanol chitosan nitrite hyaluronic acid pantothenate NADPH naphthalene A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. carbon dioxide Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. carbohydrate carbohydrate Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated. nucleoside 5'-phosphate chlorophyllide a NADH A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides, heteroglycan chitin A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. dinitrogen oxide fluoride A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H). ketone nucleoside 5'-monophosphate carbon monoxide nucleoside triphosphate testosterone hydrogencarbonate A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. alginic acid nitrate electron acceptor A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. hydrogen chloride donor ribonucleoside triphosphate Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. sucrose chloride dinitrogen 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. lipid glycosaminoglycan trimethylamine hydrogen halide A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. polysaccharide chlorophyll a (1->4)-beta-D-glucan iron atom dihydrogen manganese atom An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. alkane phosphate(3-) sulfur dioxide N-acylglucosamine N-acyl-hexosamine N-methyl-amino acid N-methylglycines acetamides adenosine phosphate alkaline earth metal atom alkali metal atom Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. alkaloid alkyl group alkylamines aminoglycan A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. anion arsenate ion arsenic molecular entity base Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. benzenes benzoates benzopyrrole branched-chain amino acid cadmium atom calcium atom calcium molecular entity carbamate ester carbon oxide Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. carbonates chloride salt chlorine atom A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine. chlorine molecular entity chromium molecular entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity copper molecular entity cyclic peptide drug monoatomic anion monoatomic cation enzyme inhibitor ethanols fluorine atom glucosamines glycine derivative Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres. glycosyl glycoside A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. biological role group guanidines halogen molecular entity halogen A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. organic heterocyclic compound heterodetic cyclic peptide hexosamine A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. hydrocarbon Nuclear particle of charge number +1, spin 1/2 and rest mass of 1.007276470(12) u. proton Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). hydroxides hydroxybenzoate indoles A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). oxoacid inorganic anion A molecular entity that contains no carbon. inorganic molecular entity inorganic oxide inorganic salt A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. salt monoatomic ion A molecular entity having a net electric charge. ion iron molecular entity lead atom leucine magnesium atom magnesium molecular entity magnesium porphyrin metabolite metal cation metalloporphyrin Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol. methyl ester methylamines mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor elemental molecule Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group. monocarboxylic acid monohydroxybenzoate monoatomic monocation monoatomic polycation mutagen mycotoxin naphthalenes neurotransmitter NADP NAD(P) nicotinamide nucleotide nitrogen atom nitrous acid nonmetal atom A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates. nucleoside phosphate organic heteromonocyclic compound organic anion Any organic ion with a net positive charge. organic cation An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen. ether organic ion An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom. organic oxide organic phosphate aliphatic alcohol An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters. organophosphorus compound An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide oxygen atom oxygen molecular entity ozone aldopentose phosphate pesticide Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. phosphate phosphoric acid derivative phosphorus molecular entity biological pigment polyester macromolecule A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups. polyol Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure. porphyrins potassium atom purine nucleoside monophosphate purine nucleoside triphosphate Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. purine nucleotide purine ribonucleoside monophosphate purine ribonucleoside triphosphate Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. purine ribonucleotide A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives. purines Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives. pyridines quinate radical reactive oxygen species ribonucleoside monophosphate ribonucleotide ribose phosphate Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. saturated fatty acid silicon molecular entity sodium atom An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion. sodium chloride sodium molecular entity Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation. sodium salt carbohydrate phosphate sulfide sulfur atom sulfur molecular entity A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms. organic heterotricyclic compound threonine toxin Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. micronutrient Anatoxin a transition element atom monoatomic trication organic heterobicyclic compound vanadium molecular entity very long-chain fatty acid xylene zinc atom zinc molecular entity boron atom arsenic atom silicon atom carbon atom detergent nitrobenzene acetamide An elemental lead that has formula Pb. lead(0) chromium atom nickel atom phosphorus atom copper atom beta-D-glucan fatty acid anion ammonium amino sugar chlorophyll carbonic acid The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. carboxylic acid anion mononucleotide arsenate(3-) hydrogen fluoride deuteron The stable isotope of hydrogen with relative atomic mass 2.014102 and a natural abundance of 0.0115 atom percent (from Greek deltaepsilonupsilontauepsilonrhoomicronnu, second). deuterium atom azanide A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid. monocarboxylic acid amide oxonium methanide hydrosulfide gold(0) copper(0) aluminium oxide photon alpha-particle neutron positron isobutyl group monoatomic dication sulfur hexafluoride antimony atom caesium atom A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. silicon dioxide salicylate A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol octacosanoic acid octacosanoate Talc barium atom leucinate leucinium tertiary amine amine An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. amide A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. calcium carbonate Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. application fundamental particle monoatomic entity An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands). coordination entity oxoacid derivative inorganic hydride An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system. organic fundamental parent organic group hydrocarbyl group organyl group A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom monoatomic hydrogen atomic nucleus nucleon A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. primary amide A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. elemental molecular entity elemental hydrogen elemental oxygen diatomic oxygen triatomic oxygen diatomic nitrogen elemental nitrogen An anion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic anion molecular messenger antimicrobial agent A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. nutrient A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. heteroorganic entity agrochemical fertilizer Any material that can be ingested by an organism. food fuel A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal. alkali metal molecular entity An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth molecular entity pnictogen A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. pnictogen molecular entity chalcogen Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chalcogen molecular entity carbon group element atom An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl. carboxylic ester monoatomic helium helium(2+) boron group element atom main group element atom strontium atom silicon oxide zinc group element atom chromium group element atom manganese group element atom iron group element atom nickel group element atom copper group element atom platinum(0) A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). hydracid pnictogen oxoacid elemental carbon monoatomic monoanion elemental chlorine monoatomic chlorine monoatomic halogen elemental halogen Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid. phospho sugar nitrogen oxoacid nitrogen oxoanion pnictogen oxoanion phosphorus oxoanion elemental pnictogen sulfur oxoanion chalcogen oxoanion A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element. transition element molecular entity actinoid molecular entity uranium molecular entity metal atom sulfur hydride alpha-amino-acid anion s-block element atom p-block element atom d-block element atom A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. carboxylic acid A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. main group molecular entity boron group molecular entity carbon group molecular entity A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas. noble gas molecular entity lead molecular entity Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. cyclic compound A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only. homocyclic compound A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. carbocyclic compound hydrogen molecular entity aluminium molecular entity aluminium oxides monoatomic aluminium elemental aluminium polycyclic compound A molecule that features two fused rings. bicyclic compound ortho-fused compound Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds. aliphatic compound A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character. aromatic compound arene organic aromatic compound monocyclic compound cyclic hydrocarbon polycyclic hydrocarbon heteromonocyclic compound heteropolycyclic compound A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. heterobicyclic compound zinc group molecular entity An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. s-block molecular entity A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block molecular entity A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element. d-block molecular entity f-block molecular entity helium molecular entity elemental helium diatomic helium Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. hydrides oxygen hydride A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biomacromolecule polyatomic cation amino-acid cation An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group. alpha-amino acid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. amino acid alpha-amino-acid cation chromium group molecular entity iron group molecular entity copper group molecular entity vanadium group molecular entity nickel group molecular entity platinum molecular entity An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. organic hydroxy compound Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. organic cyclic compound A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2). heteroarene benzenoid aromatic compound A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule monocyclic arene polycyclic arene transition element coordination entity reagent metallotetrapyrrole macronutrient halide salt gold molecular entity elemental gold magnesium coordination entity saxitoxin nitrogen hydride azane aldose phosphate calcium salt vanadium(0) elemental vanadium surfactant nitrogen oxide tracer label alkaline earth coordination entity inhibitor fossil fuel ammonium ion fused compound carbopolycyclic compound homopolycyclic compound ortho-fused polycyclic arene Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene, so may be considered as triterpenoids. steroid 17beta-hydroxy steroid hydroxy steroid Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compound Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. fatty acid chromium oxoanion chromium coordination entity chromate(2-) transition element oxoanion An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. oxoanion ortho-fused bicyclic arene ortho-fused polycyclic hydrocarbon ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon antiinfective agent alkali metal salt analgesic heterocyclic organic fundamental parent cardiovascular drug carbon oxoanion carbon oxoacid vasodilator agent A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. ester nitro compound C-nitro compound monocarboxylic acid anion arsenic oxoanion phosphate ion oxo steroid imidazopyrimidine pnictogen hydride hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion inorganic chloride cyclitol carboxylic acid anion A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. disaccharide A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid. dicarboxylic acid monoester cyclic tetrapyrrole lepton baryon fermion boson subatomic particle composite particle hadron nuclear particle neutrino Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic entity An ion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic ion phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives alkaline earth salt saturated organic heterocyclic parent saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent polycyclic ether A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table. main-group coordination entity Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. carbonyl compound Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. organic oxo compound An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. organochlorine compound A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond. organohalogen compound heterotricyclic compound carbobicyclic compound monoanion 17-hydroxy steroid inorganic radical radical cation radical ion inorganic radical ion inorganic radical cation elemental fluorine monoatomic fluorine chalcogen hydride neon molecular entity argon molecular entity krypton molecular entity inorganic ion inorganic cation A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. cation nitrogen-15 atom chalcocarbonic acid An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. organochalcogen compound An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. organooxygen compound A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid. nucleotide pyridine nucleotide nicotinamide dinucleotide ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate amino-acid anion purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate adenosine 5'-phosphate barium molecular entity elemental barium A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues. glucan Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. homopolysaccharide organic hydride mononuclear parent hydride elemental lead tropane alkaloid mucopolysaccharide elemental copper cyclic ether acid A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic molecular entity Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements. halide An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom. carboxamide phosphoric ester A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units. polypyrrole Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. organonitrogen heterocyclic compound Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom. oxacycle organic heteropolycyclic compound polycyclic heteroarene chlorophyllide hydrocarbyl anion magnesium tetrapyrrole phorbines 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid azabicycloalkane methylindole electron-transport chain inhibitor respiratory-chain inhibitor inorganic sodium salt quinolinemonocarboxylate anaesthetic general anaesthetic inhalation anaesthetic methylbenzene alkylbenzene Bronsted acid Bronsted base Lewis acid Lewis base chloropicrin straight-chain saturated fatty acid cyclic ketone carbonate hydrogenphosphate hydrogensulfate asbestos In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals'). mineral silicate mineral chrysotile riebeckite crocidolite asbestos serpentine mineral tremolite asbestos amphibole asbestos amosite asbestos gruenerite serpentine asbestos anthophyllite anthophyllite asbestos actinolite actinolite asbestos sulfide mineral sulfide salt carbonate salt solvent dioxane dioxanes 1,4-dioxane 3-oxo steroid indicator cyclic polypyrrole dinucleotide 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid microcystin nitric acid nitrobenzenes sulfur oxide antiseptic drug disinfectant polar solvent protic solvent protophilic solvent amphiprotic solvent antagonist elemental platinum aluminium(3+) hydrogen atom uranium(0) zinc dichloride elemental krypton monoatomic krypton monoatomic argon elemental argon argon(.1+) monoatomic neon elemental neon A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. organic amino compound sulfur coordination entity P450 inhibitor onium compound onium cation proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group androstanoid probe monoatomic uranium elemental uranium alkyl alcohol carbon nanotube A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues. oligosaccharide nanostructure nanotube carbon nanostructure iron oxide Any molecular entity that contains carbon. organic molecular entity genotoxin allergen A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. role neurotoxin tertiary amino compound A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chemical role nitrohydrocarbon nitroarene nitrogen molecular entity organic univalent group An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position. enone A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position. alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone organic polycyclic compound organic tricyclic compound biochemical role biophysical role aetiopathogenetic role pharmacological role physiological role ligand pharmaceutical inorganic hydroxy compound epitope A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer. copolymer macromolecule poly(hydroxyalkanoate) poly(hydroxybutyrate) A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. heterocyclic compound carbon monoxide(1+) chlorophyll a(1-) kynurenate cyclic tetrapyrrole anion very long-chain fatty acid anion saturated fatty acid anion straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion biomarker straight-chain fatty acid electrophilic reagent nucleophilic reagent A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chemical substance A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. mixture monovalent inorganic cation aluminium ion NMDA receptor antagonist excitatory amino acid antagonist amino monosaccharide Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part. nucleobase-containing molecular entity brevetoxin A ciguatoxin adenyl nucleotide adenyl ribonucleotide signalling molecule reactive nitrogen species amorphous cellulose crystalline cellulose emulsifier aluminium cation oxidising agent Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. carbohydrate derivative A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide. monosaccharide derivative A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose. pentose derivative branched-chain amino-acid anion 1,1-diol ketone hydrate food additive An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1). one-carbon compound Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid trivalent inorganic cation poison A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide. polysaccharide derivative N-alkylglycine Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. organic molecule A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. exopolysaccharide eukaryotic metabolite animal metabolite mammalian metabolite prokaryotic metabolite iron sulfides iron(2+) sulfides envoPolar greenhouse gas propellant EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitor EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor pathway inhibitor fungal metabolite bacterial metabolite human metabolite EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor raising agent food packaging gas food propellant fatty acid anion 28:0 Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. food component Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects. environmental contaminant refrigerant Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond. olefinic compound trivalent inorganic anion divalent inorganic anion monovalent inorganic anion Nodularin Peptidoglycan(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) Brevetoxin B pheophytin diatomaceous earth elemental iron iron(0) crustacean metabolite Daphnia magna metabolite Daphnia metabolite chlorophyllide a(2-) N-acylammonia Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. proteinogenic amino acid derivative non-proteinogenic amino acid Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues. amino acid derivative non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose. pentose phosphate pyrite metal allergen skatole A cultured cell population that represents a genetically stable and homogenous population of cultured cells that shares a common propagation history (i.e. has been successively passaged together in culture). A cultured cell population that represents a genetically stable and homogenous population of cultured cells that shares a common propagation history (i.e. has been successively passaged together in culture). cell line https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_feature macroscopic spatial feature envoPolar May appear on a map. geographic feature A cavity developed along a bedding-plane and elongate in cross-section as a result. ENVO ENVO:00000001 bedding-plane cave An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. FTT:78 TGN:50001 man-made feature manmade feature anthropogenic geographic feature Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore. FTT:625 FTT:631 ENVO dumping ground mine dump tailing ENVO:00000003 mine tailing FTT:1242 FTT:1252 FTT:15 FTT:16 FTT:18 FTT:19 FTT:21 FTT:22 FTT:23 FTT:24 FTT:25 FTT:26 FTT:27 FTT:28 FTT:29 FTT:37 SWEETRealm:AdministrativeRegion TGN:80001 TGN:81099 TGN:81123 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_region administrative area administrative division administrative entity boundary region civil area district free trade zone governed place leased area (government) leased zone (government) neutral zone (political) prefecture protectorate sheikdom sultanate trade zone administrative region A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States. FTT:414 FTT:569 Geonames:A.ADM1 TGN:81100 ENVO countries, 1st order division first level subdivision first-order administrative division ENVO:00000005 first-order administrative region A subdivision of a first-order administrative division. FTT:286 FTT:576 Geonames:A.ADM2 TGN:81300 ENVO countries, 2nd order division second level subdivision second-order administrative division ENVO:00000006 second-order administrative region A subdivision of a second-order administrative division. FTT:204 FTT:205 FTT:578 Geonames:A.ADM3 TGN:82401 ENVO barrio countries, 3rd order division third level subdivision third-order administrative division ENVO:00000007 third-order administrative region A subdivision of a third-order administrative division. FTT:580 FTT:581 Geonames:A.ADM4 TGN:82402 ENVO countries, 4th order division fourth level subdivision fourth-order administrative division ENVO:00000008 fourth-order administrative region A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. FTT:424 FTT:566 FTT:567 FTT:571 SWEETRealm:Country SWEETRealm:State TGN:80006 TGN:81010 TGN:81011 TGN:81102 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation nation independent nation independent political entity independent sovereign nation ENVO country political entity state ENVO:00000009 national geopolitical entity A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles. FTT:83 transport feature An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life. FTT:31 FTT:743 Geonames:S.GDN TGN:53010 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden garden ENVO PARK cropland park ENVO:00000011 garden A geographical feature associated with water. FTT:131 FTT:280 FTT:711 FTT:761 FTT:824 FTT:825 FTT:826 FTT:827 FTT:828 FTT:829 Geonames:H.OVF ENVO fluvial feature ENVO:00000012 envoPolar hydrographic feature A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages. ENVO ENVO:00000013 cave system Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation. EcoLexicon:canal FTT:129 FTT:395 FTT:407 FTT:408 Geonames:H.CNL SWEETRealm:Canal TGN:51252 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal ENVO ENVO:00000014 This class refers to the water contained in a canal channel, and not the channel itself. canal A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere. EcoLexicon:ocean FTT:1019 FTT:943 Geonames:H.OCN LTER:695 SWEETRealm:Ocean TGN:21102 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Ocean ocean ocean region envoMarine envoPolar ocean A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean. EcoLexicon:sea FTT:233 FTT:830 Geonames:H.SEA TGN:21103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea Sea sea channel closed sea marginal sea open sea open sound open water ENVO ENVO:00000016 envoMarine envoPolar sea A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L). ENVO ENVO:00000017 saline hydrographic feature A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts. FTT:221 FTT:907 Geonames:H.LKN Geonames:H.LKSN TGN:21116 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_lake salt lake salina soda lake saline lake A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained in a depression on a landmass. EcoLexicon:lake FTT:221 FTT:704 FTT:909 Geonames:H.LK Geonames:H.LKS LTER:278 SPIRE:Lake_or_pond SWEETRealm:Lake TGN:21114 TGN:21115 catch basin open water tarn broad llyn loch lochan lough mere mortlake pasteuer lake envoPolar lake A lake of whose water contains low concentrations of salts. SWEETRealm:FreshwaterLake FreshwaterLake ENVO ENVO:00000021 envoPolar freshwater lake A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply. EcoLexicon:river FTT:1179 FTT:251 LTER:474 SPIRE:River SWEETRealm:River TGN:21105 rio braided river ENVO ENVO:00000022 "There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague." river Linear body of water flowing on the Earth's surface. watercourse EcoLexicon:stream FTT:105 FTT:1221 FTT:1225 FTT:1261 FTT:303 FTT:371 FTT:593 FTT:721 Geonames:H.STM Geonames:H.STMS LTER:562 SWEETRealm:Stream TGN:21106 TGN:21107 TGN:21108 TGN:21109 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream Stream stream streams braided stream fork (hydrographic lode millstream stream bend ENVO Creek beck brook burn (hydrographic) creek rivulet ENVO:00000023 stream An artificial body of water, often contained by a dam, constructed for the purpose of water storage. lake EcoLexicon:reservoir FTT:587 FTT:588 FTT:882 Geonames:H.RSV SWEETRealm:Reservoir TGN:51259 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir reservoir covered reservoir ENVO ENVO:00000025 reservoir A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface. EcoLexicon:well FTT:1032 FTT:1237 FTT:833 Geonames:H.WLL Geonames:H.WLLS SWEETRealm:Well TGN:51255 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well ENVO ENVO:00000026 well A point where groundwater or steam flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure. EcoLexicon:spring FTT:982 Geonames:H.SPNG SWEETRealm:Spring TGN:21126 SPRING Spring spring ENVO seep ENVO:00000027 spring A quarry from which sand is extracted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_pit ENVO sand pit ENVO:00000028 sand pit quarry A flowing body of water. EcoLexicon:brook EcoLexicon:course EcoLexicon:culvert EcoLexicon:gully EcoLexicon:ravine EcoLexicon:spillway EcoLexicon:waterway FTT:105 Geonames:H.NRWS Geonames:H.RCH Geonames:H.WTRC Geonames:S.SPLY TGN:21110 TGN:21131 TGN:21133 TGN:21137 TGN:21163 TGN:21499 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercourse culvert dredged channel fork gulch gully gut gutter kill lode narrows overflow channel passage pup race ravine reach rill rivulet run runnel seachannel seaway spillway stream tideway wash water gap awawa barranca beck branch brook course draw moat narrows narrows (hydrographic) watercourse A cave without streams or drips of water. dry cave ENVO ENVO:00000030 dead cave A valley or ravine, bounded by relatively steep banks, which in the rainy season becomes a watercourse. EcoLexicon:wadi FTT:157 FTT:158 FTT:159 FTT:160 FTT:161 FTT:163 FTT:164 Geonames:H.WAD Geonames:H.WADB Geonames:H.WADJ Geonames:H.WADS SWEETRealm:Arroyo SWEETRealm:Wash TGN:21167 TGN:21423 TGN:21424 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi wadis wadi bend wadi junction wadi mouth arroyo coulee gully nullah wash The temporality of wadis is problematic in deciding whether they are watercourses or valleys. wadi An area of water bordered by land on three sides. EcoLexicon:bay FTT:190 FTT:232 FTT:235 Geonames:H.BAY Geonames:H.BAYS Geonames:H.BGHT SWEETRealm:Bay TGN:21121 TGN:21123 TGN:21127 ENVO bahia embayment firth inlet sea loch sea lough ENVO:00000032 bay A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake. lake EcoLexicon:pond FTT:221 FTT:902 FTT:904 FTT:905 Geonames:H.PND Geonames:H.PNDS Geonames:H.POOL SPIRE:Lake_or_pond SWEETRealm:Pond TGN:21104 TGN:21119 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond Pond pool (water body) ENVO POOL millpond pond ponds pool pool (water body) ENVO:00000033 pond An area of broken, fast flowing water in a stream, where the slope of the bed increases (but without a prominent break of slope which might result in a waterfall), or where a gently dipping bar of harder rock outcrops. EcoLexicon:rapids FTT:212 Geonames:H.RPDS SWEETRealm:Torrent TGN:21162 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapids RAPIDS rapids cataract torrent rapids A wetland ecosystem which includes communities of grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants). wetland EcoLexicon:marsh FTT:1118 FTT:185 FTT:945 Geonames:H.MRSH LTER:326 SPIRE:Marsh SWEETRealm:Marsh TGN:21322 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh Marsh marsh quagmire marsh Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used irrigation. canal FTT:129 FTT:405 Geonames:H.CNLI irrigation canal ENVO ENVO:00000036 irrigation canal A small, human-made channel which has been dug for draining or irrigating the land. EcoLexicon:drain FTT:129 FTT:400 FTT:403 Geomames:DTCH SWEETRealm:Drain TGN:51256 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditch ENVO ENVO:00000037 ditch A sheet of saline water separated from the open sea by sand or shingle banks. The sheet of water between an offshore reef, especially of coral and mainland. The sheet of water within a ring or horseshoe shaped atoll. lake EcoLexicon:lagoon FTT:221 FTT:898 FTT:899 Geonames:H.LGN Geonames:H.LGNS SWEETRealm:Lagoon TGN:21125 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon LAGOON Lagoon lagoon lagoons laguna ENVO barrier lagoon ENVO:00000038 lagoon A long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation. EcoLexicon:fiord FTT:231 FTT:690 FTT:704 Geonames:H.FJD Geonames:H.FJDS SWEETRealm:Fiord SWEETRealm:Fjord TGN:21122 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord envoPolar fjord A sudden descent of water over a step or ledge in the bed of a river. EcoLexicon:force EcoLexicon:waterfall FTT:435 FTT:436 FTT:439 FTT:680 Geonames:H.FLLS TGN:21161 TGN:21166 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall WATERFALL force linn waterfalls cascade cataract fall falls Should this be a hydroform? waterfall A tidal water channel. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide. stream FTT:105 FTT:1223 Geonames:H.CRKT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_creek tidal creek tidal creek Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used drainage. canal FTT:129 FTT:401 Geonames:H.CNLD drainage canal ENVO ENVO:00000042 drainage canal An vegetated area which overlaps a wetland ecosystem. WetlandRegion wetland area A wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material. wetland EcoLexicon:peat_bog FTT:1061 FTT:185 FTT:281 FTT:983 Geonames:H.BOG LTER:402 LTER:70 SPIRE:Bog SWEETRealm:Peatland TGN:21304 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland ENVO Peatland bog mire morass muskeg peat bog ENVO:00000044 envoPolar peatland 1 A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. mouth EcoLexicon:estuary FTT:234 Geonames:H.ESTY LTER:182 SWEETRealm:Estuary TGN:21152 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary Estuary estuary inlet estuary A dense growth of shrubbery planted as a fence or boundary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge HEDGE hedgerow ENVO shelter belt ENVO:00000046 hedge Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used navigation. EcoLexicon:navigation_channel FTT:409 FTT:467 Geonames:H.CHNN Geonames:H.CNLN TGN:51257 navigation canal navigation channel navigation canal ENVO navigation channel ship cannal ENVO:00000048 navigation canal A hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air. thermal feature EcoLexicon:geyser FTT:755 Geonames:H.GYSR TGN:21171 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyser GEYSER geyser geyser A spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally-heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. spring EcoLexicon:thermal_spring FTT:732 FTT:815 Geonames:H.SPNT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring hot spring hotspring thermal feature thermal spring hot spring A lake contained within a volcanic crater. FTT:384 FTT:590 Geonames:H.LKC Geonames:H.LKSC TGN:21138 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_lake volcanic crater lake A marsh in which soils are saturated with water that contains low concentrations of salts. freshwater marsh A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts. wetland EcoLexicon:salt_marsh FTT:1190 FTT:185 Geonames:H.MRSHN LTER:482 TGN:21323 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_marsh salt marsh salting salt marsh tidal marsh It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt. saline marsh A shallow man-made pond designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large ponds and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested. lake FTT:221 FTT:906 FTT:908 Geonames:H.MFGN Geonames:H.PNDN Geonames:H.PNDSN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond salt evaporation pond ENVO salt pond salt ponds saltern ENVO:00000055 saline evaporation pond A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of fish. FTT:221 FTT:696 FTT:701 Geonames:H.PNDSF https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishpond ENVO ENVO:00000056 fishpond An swamp formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. wetland woodland EcoLexicon:mangrove_swamp FTT:185 FTT:934 Geonames:H.MGV https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_swamp mangal mangrove swamp MangroveForest mangrove swamp A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth. Such a lake may be associated with caves and aquifers and springs. FTT:445 FTT:449 Geonames:H.LKSB TGN:21188 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_lake underground lake ENVO ENVO:00000058 envoPolar underground lake A river that is under the surface of the Earth. TGN:21187 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_river ENVO ENVO:00000059 underground river A stream that is under the surface of the Earth. ENVO ENVO:00000060 underground stream A geographical feature associated with water that is under the surface of the earth. ENVO ENVO:00000061 This class should probably be replaced with a quality-like entity "underground" which can then be distributed to the subclasses, solving the double inheritance. underground water body 1 Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population. place FTT:1097 FTT:33 Geonames:P.PPL Geonames:P.PPLS TGN:22201 TGN:83002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populated_place inhabited place populated place populated places settlement ENVO inhabited region populated locality ENVO:00000062 populated place An accumulation of water of varying size. hydrographic feature EcoLexicon:waterbody FTT:131 FTT:280 FTT:827 SWEETRealm:BodyOfWater TGN:21100 TGN:21101 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_body aquatic feature bodies of water body of water waterbody https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water. water body An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land. EcoLexicon:road FTT:1058 FTT:1183 FTT:1185 FTT:1187 FTT:431 FTT:443 FTT:646 FTT:798 FTT:884 Geonames:R Geonames:R.RD Geonames:R.ST LTER:475 SWEETRealm:Highway TGN:53151 TGN:53153 TGN:53154 TGN:53157 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road ROAD road board walk caravan route causeway drive highway intersection parkway road bend road junction traffic circle accessway alley avenue boulevard cart track drove farm lane freeway lane roadway street thorofare thoroughfare thruway turnpike road A permanent way having one or more rails which provides a track for cars. railroad feature FTT:1132 FTT:960 Geonames:R Geonames:R.RR TGN:53155 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway RAILWAY railroad ENVO ENVO:00000065 railway A tunnel constructed by human means. tunnel tunnels FTT:1136 FTT:1184 FTT:396 FTT:397 Geonames:R.TNL Geonames:R.TNLRD Geonames:R.TNLRR Geonames:R.TNLS TGN:51845 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel canal tunnel railroad tunnel road tunnel underpass ENVO ENVO:00000066 man-made tunnel Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber. FTT:1071 FTT:443 FTT:445 FTT:446 FTT:447 Geonames:S.CAVE SWEETRealm:Cave TGN:21485 TGN:21486 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave ENVO cavern grotto notch ENVO:00000067 cave An underground or underwater passage. FTT:445 FTT:448 Geonames:R.TNLN SWEETRealm:Tunnel TGN:21447 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel TUNNEL cave natural tunnel tunnel A stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common feature of river deltas. stream watercourse FTT:636 Geonames:H.STMD https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary distributary stream distributary ENVO ENVO:00000069 distributary A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort. "constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference constructed feature construction A cave developed along a fault or fault zone, either by movement of the fault or by preferential solution along it. ENVO ENVO:00000071 fault cave Structure designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity. FTT:128 Geonames:H.CNLA SWEETRealm:Aqueduct TGN:51258 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct aqueduct ENVO WATERCOURSE BRIDGE ENVO:00000072 aquaduct A permanent walled and roofed construction. FTT:42 Geonames:S.BLDG LTER:76 TGN:51011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building BUILDING building ENVO ENVO:00000073 building A barrier constructed across a watercourse to control the flow or raise the level of water. EcoLexicon:dam FTT:599 FTT:600 Geonames:S.DAM SWEETRealm:Dam TGN:51253 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam DAM Dam dam barrage dam site dam A built structure erected over a depression or obstacle to carry traffic or some facility such as a pipeline. EcoLexicon:bridge FTT:297 Geonames:S.BDG TGN:51841 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge BRIDGE bridge covered bridge footbridge overpass ENVO ENVO:00000075 bridge An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials. EcoLexicon:mine FTT:14 FTT:968 Geonames:L.MNA Geonames:S.MN TGN:54211 TGN:54212 mine FTT:1246 FTT:1247 FTT:44 FTT:45 FTT:46 FTT:48 FTT:50 FTT:51 FTT:52 FTT:57 FTT:60 FTT:62 FTT:63 FTT:64 FTT:72 FTT:74 Geonames:L.AGRC Geonames:L.RESA Geonames:S.NSY TGN:55001 barn cattle dipping tank corral dairy feedlot grange grazing allotment irrigated field nursery pastoral site sheepfold stockyard AgriculturalLands agricultural colony agricultural facility agricultural land agricultural reserve agricultural site As with other classes that are "features", the subclasses of this class are being moved to more informative locations. Their relation to agriculture will be modelled by something more akin to a quality or relation to an agricultural process. agricultural feature An area of land which is used for the cultivation of crops or grazing of livestock, including any agricultural constructions therein. agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:58 FTT:59 FTT:69 Geonames:S.FRM Geonames:S.FRMS Geonames:S.RNCH TGN:54011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm FARM farm farms farmstead ranch farm An open artificial water channel, that leads water from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow, often an elevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land. watercourse EcoLexicon:flume FTT:129 FTT:404 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flume flume (manmade) ENVO canal ENVO:00000079 flume 2 A series of connected and aligned mountains or mountain ridges. EcoLexicon:mountain_range FTT:548 FTT:995 FTT:997 Geonamaes:MTS SWEETRealm:MountainRange TGN:21431 TGN:21432 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range MOUNT RANGE ENVO cordillera mountain chain mountain group mountain range mountain system sierra ENVO:00000080 envoPolar mountain range A landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit and a local relief of more than 300m. EcoLexicon:mountain FTT:1000 FTT:118 FTT:460 FTT:548 FTT:713 FTT:896 FTT:993 Geonames:T.MT Geonames:T.MTS SWEETRealm:Mountain TGN:21430 TGN:21434 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain Mountain foothill ENVO cerro cordillera knoll mound mount mountain mountains ENVO:00000081 envoPolar mountain A group of hills bordered by lowlands. hill range A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m. EcoLexicon:hill FTT:118 FTT:468 FTT:713 FTT:799 FTT:896 Geonames:T.HLL Geonames:T.HLLS SWEETRealm:Hill TGN:21437 TGN:21438 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill ENVO cerro foothill hill hillock hills knoll mount mountain ENVO:00000083 hill A lower point that allows easier access through a mountain range. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. EcoLexicon:mountain_pass FTT:510 FTT:612 FTT:738 FTT:739 FTT:740 Geonames:T.GAP Geonames:T.PASS Geonames:T.SDL SWEETRealm:Pass TGN:21433 TGN:21436 TGN:21524 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass pass ENVO col defile gap notch pass saddle saddle (physiographic) sill (physiographic) ENVO:00000084 envoPolar mountain pass A glacier contained in the site of a mountain valley. We need to added classes such as "valley site" in order to fully axiomatize this class http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 ENVO ENVO:00000085 envoPolar alpine glacier A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent. EcoLexicon:plain FTT:707 FTT:874 FTT:926 Geonames:T.PLN SWEETRealm:Plain TGN:21461 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain PLAIN Plain plain interfluve llanos outwash plain plain A high, steep, or overhanging face of rock. EcoLexicon:cliff FTT:268 FTT:269 FTT:491 FTT:492 Geonames:T.CLF SWEETRealm:Cliff TGN:21487 TGN:21488 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff CLIFF cliff ENVO beach scarp bluff ceja ice cliff palisade precipice scar scarp scaw scraps ENVO:00000087 cliff A cliff that is a margin of a sea or ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cliff ENVO coastal cliff marine cliff ENVO:00000088 envoPolar sea cliff EcoLexicon:crag FTT:589 ENVO crag ENVO:00000089 inland cliff An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features. EcoLexicon:coastal_plain EcoLexicon:coastal_zone FTT:240 FTT:499 FTT:500 FTT:501 FTT:502 FTT:503 FTT:504 SWEETRealm:CoastalPlain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_plain ENVO ENVO:00000090 coastal plain A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. EcoLexicon:beach EcoLexicon:to_beach FTT:237 FTT:239 Geonames:T.BCH Geonames:T.BCHS SWEETRealm:Beach TGN:21482 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach beach berm lagoon beach ENVO beach beaches foreshore flats rivage strand ENVO:00000091 beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand strand ENVO ENVO:00000092 sea beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000093 lacustrine beach A part of an astronomical body associated with a volcano - an opening, or rupture, in that body's surface or crust - which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface. FTT:591 TGN:21407 volcanic landform volcanic feature A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption. FTT:384 Geonames:T.CLDA TGN:21409 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera caldera crater caldera A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall. EcoLexicon:desert FTT:1 FTT:188 Geonames:T.DSRT LTER:147 SWEETRealm:Desert TGN:21201 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert arid region envoPolar desert area Area of dry or relatively dry land surrounded by water or low wetland. EcoLexicon:island FTT:147 FTT:450 FTT:886 FTT:887 FTT:888 FTT:889 Geonames:T.ISL Geonames:T.ISLS SWEETRealm:Island TGN:21468 TGN:21469 TGN:21471 TGN:21475 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island ENVO cay eyot holm hummock isle islet key ENVO:00000098 envoPolar island An island constructed by human effort. FTT:1023 FTT:171 Geonames:T.ISLF https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_island artificial island ENVO offshore platform ENVO:00000099 artificial island A depression which has been formed as a result of erosion by water or ice and which is low-lying, bordered by higher ground, and especially elongate. EcoLexicon:valley FTT:158 FTT:166 FTT:418 FTT:761 FTT:811 FTT:949 Geonames:T.GRGE Geonames:T.VAL Geonames:T.VALS SWEETRealm:Valley TGN:21425 TGN:21451 TGN:21452 TGN:21453 chasm coulee dale glacial gorge glacial trough gulch gully median valley shelf valley glen goe gorge graben hollow lavaka moat ravine re-entrant seachannel strath trench vale water gap Valleys are typically located between hills our mountains. valley A tract of alluvium formed at the mouth of a river where the deposition ofsome of its load exceeds its rate of removal, crossed by the divergent channels (distributaries) of the river. EcoLexicon:delta FTT:97 Geonames:T.DLTA SWEETRealm:Delta TGN:21164 TGN:21422 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta DELTA Delta delta ENVO alluvial fan bay delta canyon delta fan fan delta outwash outwash plain pass (delta) ENVO:00000101 delta FTT:444 Cueva de Altamira cave entrance An island formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. island FTT:147 FTT:891 Geonames:T.ISLM mangrove island ENVO ENVO:00000103 mangrove island EcoLexicon:fan EcoLexicon:platform EcoLexicon:ravine FTT:1020 FTT:1137 FTT:1176 FTT:1193 FTT:1194 FTT:1195 FTT:1196 FTT:5 FTT:810 FTT:984 Geonames:FRKU Geonames:FRSU Geonames:MDVU Geonames:PLFU Geonames:RAVU Geonames:RMPU Geonames:U.BSNU Geonames:U.EDGU Geonames:U.ESCU Geonames:U.FANU Geonames:U.FLTU Geonames:U.FURU Geonames:U.GAPU Geonames:U.GLYU Geonames:U.HOLU Geonames:U.LDGU Geonames:U.LEVU Geonames:U.PLNU Geonames:U.PLTU Geonames:U.PNLU Geonames:U.PRVU Geonames:U.RDGU Geonames:U.RDSU Geonames:U.RISU Geonames:U.SDLU Geonames:U.SHVU Geonames:U.SILU Geonames:U.SPRU Geonames:U.TERU Geonames:U.VALU Geonames:U.VLSU TGN:23001 TGN:23116 TGN:23117 TGN:23118 TGN:23135 TGN:23162 TGN:23181 TGN:23182 TGN:23183 TGN:23184 TGN:23188 TGN:23192 TGN:23193 TGN:23194 TGN:23195 TGN:23196 TGN:23211 TGN:23212 TGN:23301 TGN:23411 TGN:23412 TGN:23413 TGN:23415 TGN:23421 TGN:23423 TGN:23424 TGN:23431 TGN:23453 TGN:23461 TGN:23463 TGN:23467 TGN:23550 basin escarpment fan flat fork forks furrow gap gully hole hole (seafloor) ledge levee median valley moat (seafloor) pinnacle plain plateau platform province ramp ramp (seafloor) ravine ridge ridges rise rise (seafloor) saddle shelf edge undersea bank undersea basin undersea bench undersea cliff undersea fan undersea fork undersea fracture zone undersea furrow undersea gap undersea hole undersea ledge undersea levee undersea median valley undersea moat undersea peak undersea pinnacle undersea plain undersea platform undersea ramp undersea rise undersea saddle undersea shelf undersea shelf edge undersea shelf valley undersea sill undersea slope undersea spur undersea terrace undersea tongue undersea valley ENVO ocean floor feature seafloor feature sill spur subsea feature terrace tongue (seafloor) underwater feature valley valleys ENVO:00000104 undersea feature lake surface An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. grazing area herbaceous area grassland area An upland moor or sandy area dominated by low shrubby vegetation including heather. FTT:1191 FTT:792 Geonames:V.HTH SPIRE:Heath TGN:21609 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath heath wetland heath A grassland ecosystem which contains a variety of annual, biennial and perennial plants growing on rolling or flat terrain. FTT:259 FTT:767 Geonames:V.MDW LTER:330 TGN:21613 meadow hay meadow Typically, meadows have higher botanical biodiversity than other grasslands. meadow ecosystem Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. FTT:1083 FTT:505 FTT:506 FTT:719 FTT:774 Geonames:V.GRVPN LTER:503 SWEETRealm:Break SWEETRealm:Scrub TGN:21631 TGN:21632 TGN:21641 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland brigalow pine grove caatinga chanaral coniferous forest copse deciduous forest equatorial forest equatorial rain forest garique grove jungle mallee scrub monsoon forest moor mott motte mulga mulga scrub rain forest reforested area sagebrush scrub shrub silva stand taiga thicket thorn forest tropical rain forest wood wooded area woodland area A tunnel formed by the flow of molten lava, which has subsequently drained out. lava tube ENVO ENVO:00000110 These are usually classified as a sub-type of volcanic cave, rather than a tunnel. lava tunnel An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. EcoLexicon:forest FTT:258 FTT:506 FTT:715 FTT:717 Geonames:V.FRST LTER:2 SWEETRealm:Forest TGN:21641 TGN:21642 TGN:21645 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest forest wood The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome. forested area A vegetated area which overlaps treeless, level, or gently rolling plains characteristic of arctic or subarctic regions, permanently frozen subsoil, and communities of low growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs. EcoLexicon:tundra FTT:151 FTT:152 Geonames:V.TUND LTER:605 SWEETRealm:Tundra TGN:21611 Arctic land TundraEcosystem tundra envoPolar tundra A field which is located on land and used for agricultural purposes, such as the grazing of livestock or the cultivation of crops. agricultural site EcoLexicon:field FTT:45 FTT:61 Geonames:L.FLD SWEETRealm:Field TGN:21456 field cropland grassland agricultural field An intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food, typically fruit, production. agricultural site cropland EcoLexicon:orchard FTT:45 FTT:66 Geonames:V.OCH TGN:54014 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard orchard ENVO ENVO:00000115 orchard A place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins or table grapes. agricultural site cropland FTT:45 FTT:77 Geonames:V.VIN Geonames:V.VINS TGN:54015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard vineyard vineyards ENVO ENVO:00000116 vineyard An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming. FTT:45 FTT:68 TGN:54041 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation agricultural site cropland plantation field plantation FTT:505 FTT:506 Geonames:V.GRVC ENVO coconut grove wood ENVO:00000118 coconut plantation A forest that has been intentionally established by human intervention. planted forest agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:65 Geonames:S.ESTO Geonames:V.GRVP oil palm plantation ENVO palm grove ENVO:00000120 oil palm plantation EcoLexicon:artificial_channel ENVO flume improved channel ENVO:00000121 artificial channel A small road, generally not paved. EcoLexicon:path EcoLexicon:trail FTT:1057 Geonames:R.TRL SWEETRealm:Path TGN:53158 footpath path trail track A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority. FTT:1093 Geonames:A.PCL TGN:80002 political entity political entity A political entitity established by more than one state and with at least some influence over the affairs of its member states. ENVO ENVO:00000124 supranational geopolitical entity A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved minerals, that derive from the rocks through which the water flows. spring spring (hydrographic) FTT:981 FTT:982 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_spring ENVO ENVO:00000125 mineral spring A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved derivatives of sulfur. spring (hydrographic) FTT:1215 FTT:982 Geonames:H.SPNS sulphur spring ENVO ENVO:00000126 sulfur spring An arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water. barren land FTT:186 FTT:187 Geonames:T.BDLD TGN:21205 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands badlands badland A valley that no longer has a surface flow of water. Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_valley ENVO ENVO:00000128 dry valley A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream. EcoLexicon:gully EcoLexicon:ravine FTT:159 FTT:420 Geonames:H.RVN TGN:21427 ENVO gullie ravine ENVO:00000129 stream valley A ridge of rocks, lying near the surface of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, but is usually covered by water. EcoLexicon:reef FTT:202 FTT:203 FTT:729 Geonames:H.RF Geonames:U.RFSU Geonames:U.RFU SPIRE:Reef TGN:21479 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef REEF atoll reef bank reef barrier reef fringing reef shore reef submerged reef ENVO ledge reef reef flat reefs ENVO:00000130 reef A hydrographic feature characterized by the dominance of snow or ice. EcoLexicon:ice FTT:648 SWEETRealm:LandIce TGN:21410 glacer Ice LandIce glacial landform glacier feature envoPolar Likely to be depopulated and "glacial" made into a quality or similar. glacial feature A mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2. ENVO:00000379 FTT:758 FTT:835 FTT:837 SWEETRealm:IceSheet TGN:21147 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet ENVO Arctic pack ICE FIELD bay ice continental glacier continental ice glacial tongue ice field ice mass island ice pack ice polar ice polar ice pack rock glacier shelf ice ENVO:00000132 envoPolar ice sheet An ice mass which is of sufficient mass that the action of gravity upon it overcomes the frictional forces holding it in place, causing it to deform and flow towards lower elevation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 glacial feature EcoLexicon:glacier FTT:648 FTT:756 Geonames:H.GLCR SWEETRealm:Glacier TGN:21141 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Glacier glacier RockGlacier ice field rock glacier envoPolar glacier Soil at or below the freezing point of water (0C or 32F) for two or more years. Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material. EcoLexicon:permafrost LTER:408 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost Permafrost ENVO ENVO:00000134 envoPolar permafrost A geographical region that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason. FTT:17 Geonames:A.ZNB https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_zone buffer zone ENVO administrative area ENVO:00000135 buffer zone A geographical area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement. adminstrative area FTT:1253 FTT:20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMZ DEMILITIARIZED ZONE DMZ neutral zone boundary demilitarized zone An opening of the sea into the land. FTT:463 TGN:21128 ENVO coastal inlet ENVO:00000137 envoPolar coastal inlet A circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance. EcoLexicon:cove FTT:190 FTT:229 Geonames:H.COVE SWEETRealm:Cove TGN:21120 cove A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land. canal FTT:129 FTT:406 Geonames:H.DTCHI irrigation ditch ENVO ENVO:00000139 irrigation ditch A ditch that collects water from the surrounding land. EcoLexicon:drainage_ditch FTT:129 FTT:402 Geonames:H.DTCHD drainage ditch ENVO canal rhyne ENVO:00000140 drainage ditch The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel. mount EcoLexicon:bank FTT:195 SWEETRealm:Bank TGN:21466 ENVO shore ENVO:00000141 bank The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel. FTT:195 FTT:196 Geonames:H.BNKR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bank stream bank ENVO bank (hydrographic) ENVO:00000142 stream bank The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel. TGN:21155 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bank riverbank ENVO ENVO:00000143 river bank A dome-shaped ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area). FTT:841 Geonames:H.CAPG SPIRE:Ice_cap SWEETRealm:IceCap TGN:21140 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap icecap ENVO ice field ENVO:00000145 envoPolar ice cap A region of permanent snow in mountainous areas or high latitudes. FTT:1208 Geonames:L.SNOW TGN:21146 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_field SNOWFIELD snowfield ENVO SnowField snowfield ENVO:00000146 envoPolar snow field The region occupied by any more or less continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. Ocean Currents are rivers of hot or cold water within the ocean. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon. The depth contours, the shoreline and other movements influence the direction and strength of the movements of water that forms a given current. current EcoLexicon:ocean_current FTT:597 FTT:598 Geonames:H.CRNT LTER:386 SWEETRealm:OceanCurrent TGN:21169 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current ocean current Subclasses of this class are to be populated by inference. Definition modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current. ocean current A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result. It often consists of a rocky bed of gravels or other small stones. EcoLexicon:riffle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffle ENVO ENVO:00000148 riffle Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reef ENVO ENVO:00000149 artificial reef Aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in shallow, marine waters with little nutrients in the water. EcoLexicon:coral_reef FTT:202 FTT:547 FTT:729 Geonames:H.RFC LTER:127 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef CoralReef coral reef barrier reef fringing reef reef coral reef An alkaline flat, in the context of a marine environment. basin FTT:705 FTT:706 Geonames:H.SBKH SWEETRealm:Sabkha TGN:21368 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha sabkha ENVO flat ENVO:00000151 sabkha A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later. watercourse FTT:104 Geonames:H.STMA TGN:21136 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabranch anabranch ENVO stream ENVO:00000152 anabranch The upper part of a river system, denoting the upper basin and source streams of a river. stream FTT:105 FTT:1221 FTT:1259 FTT:220 FTT:644 Geonames:H.STMH TGN:21181 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwater HEADWATER headwaters ENVO drainage basin headstream source ENVO:00000153 headwater An area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding. water meadow flood meadow ecosystem A depression which is semicircular or crescent-shaped, found towards the crest of a mountain, and formed by the erosional processes caused by the motion of a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 FTT:218 FTT:481 Geonames:T.CRQ Geonames:T.CRQS TGN:21496 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque CIRQUE Cirque cirque cirque basin cirques coomb coombe corrie cwm ENVO ENVO:00000155 envoPolar cirque A small, isolated, fertile or green area in a desert region, usually having a spring or well. EcoLexicon:oasis FTT:261 Geonames:L.OAS TGN:21202 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis OASIS oasis ENVO ENVO:00000156 desert oasis An artificial working of peatland to remove the peat. wetland FTT:1060 Geonames:L.PEAT peat cutting peat cutting area peat cut A road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland. EcoLexicon:causeway FTT:443 Geonames:R.CSWY TGN:53156 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway ENVO causeway road ENVO:00000158 causeway agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:75 Geonames:S.ESTSG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantation sugar plantation ENVO ENVO:00000159 sugar plantation agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:73 Geonames:ESTSL sisal plantation ENVO ENVO:00000160 sisal plantation agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:49 Geonames:ESTB https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_plantation banana plantation ENVO ENVO:00000161 banana plantation agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:76 Geonames:S.ESTT tea estate tea plantation ENVO ENVO:00000162 tea plantation ENVO ENVO:00000163 coffee plantation agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:71 Geonames:S.ESTR rubber plantation ENVO ENVO:00000164 rubber plantation A lake formed of a natural deposit of alphalt, a black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid composed of fossil hydrocarbons. basin EcoLexicon:tar_pit FTT:174 FTT:175 Geonames:T.ASPH TGN:21369 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_pit asphalt lake tar pit asphalt lake An oceanic island, often having a characteristic ring-like shape surrounding a lagoon. Atolls are formed when coral reef grows around a volcanic island that later subsides into the ocean. island EcoLexicon:atoll FTT:127 FTT:450 Geonames:T.ATOL SWEETRealm:Atoll TGN:21472 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll atoll coral atoll ENVO REEF, ISLAND atoll reef ENVO:00000166 atoll A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important. seafloor feature EcoLexicon:bar FTT:1195 FTT:206 FTT:208 FTT:209 FTT:210 FTT:5 Geonames:H.BNK Geonames:H.SHOL Geonames:T.BAR Geonames:U.BKSU Geonames:U.BNKU Geonames:U.SHLU Geonames:U.SHSU Geonames:U.TNGU SWEETRealm:Bar TGN:21177 TGN:21480 TGN:21531 TGN:23191 ENVO Shoal ball bank barrier beach barrier island cuspate spit hook hooked spit longshore bar marsh bar offshore bar point recurved spit sand bank sand bar sand hom sand lobe sand spit sandbar shoal shoal patches shoals spit tongue tongue (seafloor) transverse bar undersea shoal ENVO:00000167 bar A hole in coastal rock through which sea water is forced by a rising tide or waves and spurted through an outlet into the air. EcoLexicon:blowhole FTT:266 Geonames:T.BLHL TGN:21172 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowhole blowhole ENVO ENVO:00000168 blowhole Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope. EcoLexicon:canyon FTT:165 FTT:200 FTT:415 FTT:416 FTT:417 FTT:418 FTT:419 FTT:420 FTT:511 Geonames:T.CNYN SWEETRealm:Canyon TGN:21424 TGN:21426 TGN:21427 TGN:21429 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon ENVO barranca chasm defile flume (natural) gap gorge gulch quebrada ravine valley ENVO:00000169 canyon A hill of sand built by eolian processes. mount ridge sandy area EcoLexicon:dune FTT:238 FTT:241 FTT:652 Geonames:T.DUNE LTER:171 SWEETRealm:Dune TGN:21419 TGN:21505 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune Dune dune sand dune interdune trough sand hill dune A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a river. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_valley ENVO ENVO:00000171 river valley A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of sand. desert sandy area EcoLexicon:sandy_area FTT:188 FTT:238 FTT:616 Geonames:T.ERG Geonames:T.SAND TGN:21203 sand desert sandy desert ENVO ENVO:00000172 There should be relation here to ENVO:sand, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer. sandy desert A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of rock. desert FTT:188 FTT:615 Geonames:T.HMDA TGN:21204 rock desert ENVO ENVO:00000173 There should be relation here to ENVO:rock, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer. rocky desert Narrow section of land in a body of water connecting two larger land areas. EcoLexicon:isthmus FTT:892 Geonames:T.ISTH SWEETRealm:Isthmus TGN:21473 TGN:21478 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus ISTHMUS isthmus ENVO land bridge neck submarine isthmus ENVO:00000174 envoPolar isthmus A feature shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. These landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage. EcoLexicon:karst FTT:894 Geonames:T.KRST SWEETRealm:Karst TGN:21509 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst karst ENVO karst area ENVO:00000175 karst A landform elevated above the surrounding area. LTER:177 SWEETRealm:Elevation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation ENVO ENVO:00000176 elevation An accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier. EcoLexicon:moraine FTT:759 Geonames:T.MRN TGN:21414 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine MORAINE glacial moraine moraine ENVO ENVO:00000177 envoPolar moraine An artificial slope or wall, usually earthen, which parallels the course of a river, built for the purpose of containing the river. EcoLexicon:levee FTT:197 FTT:21 FTT:252 FTT:619 FTT:670 FTT:921 Geonames:S.DIKE Geonames:T.LEV SWEETRealm:Dike TGN:51251 TGN:51263 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee ENVO EMBANKMENT REVETMENT berm dike dike (manmade) dyke embankment levee revetment ENVO:00000178 levee An elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. Mesas form in areas where horizontally layered rocks are uplifted by tectonic activity. plateau FTT:376 FTT:377 Geonames:T.MESA SWEETRealm:Mesa TGN:21422 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa mesa ENVO butte ENVO:00000179 mesa A rounded elevated area. FTT:118 FTT:993 Geonames:T.MND TGN:21458 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound ENVO mound mount ENVO:00000180 mound The exposed summit of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice mass is present. glacier feature FTT:648 FTT:757 FTT:80 Geonames:T.NTK Geonames:T.NTKS TGN:21495 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunatak ENVO mountain summit nunatak nunataks peak ENVO:00000181 envoPolar "peak" in the definition is understood as a synonym of mount, rather than of summit. Nunataks may also refer to areas of ridges. The definition and placement of this class may need to be revised. nunatak An elevated and comparatively level expanse of land. EcoLexicon:plateau FTT:1080 FTT:1090 FTT:1091 FTT:788 Geonames:T.PLAT Geonames:T.UPLD SWEETRealm:Plateau TGN:21441 TGN:21493 TGN:21494 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau PLATEAU Plateau ENVO highland intermontane plateau plateau table mountain tableknoll tableland tablemount upland ENVO:00000182 plateau A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of gravel or stones. desert FTT:188 FTT:617 Geonames:T.REG stony desert ENVO ENVO:00000183 There should be relation here to ENVO:rock and ENVO:gravel, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer. stony desert A tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. valley FTT:166 FTT:784 Geonames:T.VALG TGN:21514 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_valley hanging valley ENVO ENVO:00000184 envoPolar hanging valley Rain-fed, potentially deep peatlands occurring principally in lowland areas across much of Northern Europe, as well as in the former USSR, North America and parts of the southern hemisphere. wetland SWEETRealm:RaisedBog ENVO raised bog ENVO:00000185 raised mire Flat or concave peatlands with a string-like pattern of hummocks (hence the name), found principally in northern Scandinavia but occurring in the western parts of the former USSR and in North America. A few examples exist in northern Britain. wetland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_bog string bog ENVO ENVO:00000186 string mire Peatlands with a shallow peat layer, only about 500 mm thick, dominated by sedges and grasses. They form in permafrost areas, covering around 110,000 to 160,000 km2 in Alaska, Canada, and the former USSR. ENVO ENVO:00000187 envoPolar tundra mire Peatland typified by characteristic high mounds, each with a permanently frozen core, with wet depressions between the mounds. These develop where the ground surface is frozen only for part of the year, and are common in the former USSR, Canada and parts of Scandinavia. ENVO ENVO:00000188 paisa mire Forested peatlands including both rain- and groundwater-fed types, commonly recorded in tropical regions with high rainfall. This type of peatland covers around 350,000 km2, primarily in south-east Asia but also occurring in the Everglades in Florida. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp ENVO ENVO:00000189 peat swamp Feature on the ocean floor at a depth of 3500 - 6000 meters. EcoLexicon:abyssal_hill FTT:1020 FTT:2 FTT:4 ENVO Abyssalhill abyssal hill ocean floor feature ENVO:00000190 abyssal feature A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of solid material, shaped by one or more environmental processes. EcoLexicon:landform EcoLexicon:landforms FTT:754 FTT:96 SWEETRealm:Landform TGN:21400 TGN:21401 geological feature physiographic feature solid landform A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by the tides, rivers, sea or oceans. wetland EcoLexicon:mud_flat FTT:1001 FTT:185 Geonames:H.FLTM SPIRE:Mudflat SWEETRealm:MudFlat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat mud flat ENVO mud flat ENVO:00000192 mudflat FTT:1033 FTT:506 Geonames:V.GRVO https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_grove ENVO olive grove wood ENVO:00000193 olive grove Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. EcoLexicon:scree FTT:1078 FTT:96 Geonames:T.TAL SWEETRealm:Talus TGN:21508 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree ENVO TALUS talus slope ENVO:00000194 scree A natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes may vary in size from less than a meter to several hundred meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. basin EcoLexicon:sink_hole FTT:1073 FTT:1074 Geonames:T.SINK SWEETRealm:Sink TGN:21371 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole ENVO cenote sink ENVO:00000195 sinkhole A dry lakebed consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts. Generally the shore or bed of an endorheic lake. FTT:223 FTT:477 FTT:706 FTT:895 LTER:434 SWEETRealm:Playa ENVO chott kavir playa salina ENVO:00000196 alkaline flat A lake from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material. EcoLexicon:endorheic_lake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_lake closed lake endorheic lake A lake permanently covered by ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_lake ENVO ENVO:00000198 envoPolar ice-covered lake A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living organisms to stir them up. EcoLexicon:meromictic_lake_ ENVO ENVO:00000199 meromictic lake A lake, part of whose margin is formed by an ice mass, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periglacial_lake ENVO ENVO:00000200 envoPolar periglacial lake A lake in a glacially eroded valley, which has been eroded below sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord_lake ENVO ENVO:00000201 envoPolar fjord lake A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process. EcoLexicon:ox-bow_lake FTT:221 FTT:903 Geonames:H.LKO TGN:21139 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake ENVO ENVO:00000202 oxbow lake A lake which fills a depression that has formed as a result of subsidence along a a rift zone, an area of extensional tectonics in the continental crust. rift lake A spring whose flow is intermittent. ENVO ENVO:00000204 ephemeral spring A spring whose flow is continuous. ENVO ENVO:00000205 permanent spring The water mass of an ocean directly above a continental shelf. EcoLexicon:neritic_zone SWEETRealm:NeriticZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neritic_zone ENVO ENVO:00000206 envoMarine envoPolar marine neritic zone The water mass of an ocean that is not above a continental shelf. EcoLexicon:oceanic_zone OceanLayer envoMarine envoPolar oceanic zone An open ocean region. EcoLexicon:pelagic_zone SPIRE:Pelagic SWEETRealm:PelagicZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone envoMarine envoPolar marine pelagic zone The zone of an ocean from the surface to where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light. EcoLexicon:epipelagic_zone SPIRE:Epipelagic_zone SWEETRealm:PhoticZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic_zone PhoticZone epipelagic zone envoMarine envoPolar marine photic zone The zone of an ocean below 200m, in which photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of light. EcoLexicon:aphotic_zone SWEETRealm:AphoticZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphotic_zone AphoticZone envoMarine envoPolar marine aphotic zone The one of an ocean below the 10degC thermocline down to a temperature of 4degC. EcoLexicon:bathypelagic_zone SWEETRealm:BathypelagicZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathypelagic_zone envoMarine marine bathypelagic zone The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000m. envoMarine marine abyssalpelagic zone The zone of an ocean immediately below the photic zone down to a depth where the water temperature is 10degC (the thermocline). EcoLexicon:mesopelagic_zone SPIRE:Mesopelagic_zone SWEETRealm:MesopelagicZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone envoMarine marine mesopelagic zone The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000m and 10,000m. envoMarine hadalpelagic zone A fissure in the Earths's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. EcoLexicon:hydrothermal_vent FTT:834 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent HydrothermalVents ENVO ENVO:00000215 hydrothermal vent A hole in the Earth's crust from which steam and gases are emitted. thermal feature EcoLexicon:fumarole FTT:731 FTT:732 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole FUMAROLE ENVO ENVO:00000216 fumarole A fumarole that emits sulfurous gases. EcoLexicon:solfatara https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfatara ENVO ENVO:00000217 solfatara A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. The superheated water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides, which crystallize to create a chimney-like structure around each vent. When the superheated water in the vent comes in contact with the cold ocean water, many minerals are precipitated, creating the distinctive black color. The metal sulfides that are deposited can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time. SPIRE:Oceanic_vent https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker active chimney ENVO oceanic vent sea vent ENVO:00000218 black smoker A sea that is not connected with an ocean. lake FTT:221 FTT:871 ENVO inland sea ENVO:00000219 envoMarine envoPolar landlocked sea A group of geographically or geologically associated islands. EcoLexicon:archipelago FTT:146 TGN:21470 TGN:21474 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago ISLAND CLUSTER IslandArc island arc island group archipelago An island that lies on a continental shelf. EcoLexicon:continental_island https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_island ENVO ENVO:00000221 continental island An island that does not sit on a continental shelf, and is of volcanic origin. EcoLexicon:oceanic_island https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_island ENVO volcanic island ENVO:00000222 oceanic island The extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow sea. EcoLexicon:continental_margin EcoLexicon:continental_shelf FTT:283 FTT:284 FTT:535 FTT:537 FTT:538 FTT:539 Geonames:U.BDLU Geonames:U.SHFU SWEETRealm:ContinentalMargin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf shelf shelves, continental ENVO borderland borderland (continental margin) platform (continental margin) shelf edge (ocean) ENVO:00000223 envoPolar The continental shelf is a gentle slope. This class refers to the geographical continental shelf and not the legal concept of the same name. continental shelf An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically. slightly stratified estuary An estuary whose river output and marine input are more even, with river flow still dominant; turbulence induces more mixing of salt water upward than the reverse. ENVO ENVO:00000225 highly stratified estuary An estuary whose river output greatly exceeds marine input; there is little mixing, and thus a sharp contrast between fresh surface water and saline bottom water. EcoLexicon:salt-wedge_estuary salt wedge estuary ENVO ENVO:00000226 saline wedge estuary An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically. ENVO ENVO:00000227 vertically mixed estuary An estuary located in regions with high evaporation, there is no freshwater input and in fact salinity increases inland; overall flow is inward at the surface, downwells at the inland terminus, and flows outward subsurface. ENVO ENVO:00000228 inverse estuary An estuary which varies dramatically in its volume as a result of intermittent freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any other type of estuary. intermittent estuary A wetland ecosystem which overlaps both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_wetland coastal wetland ecosystem A wetland found in upland areas, characterised by acidic soils. moor EcoLexicon:moor FTT:1191 FTT:991 Geonames:H.MOOR LTER:351 TGN:21608 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor moor A freshwater peat land with chemically basic (which roughly means alkaline) ground water. wetland FTT:685 TGN:21321 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen ENVO ENVO:00000232 fen A wetland ecosystem in which land mass is permanently inundated by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions. wetland EcoLexicon:swamp FTT:1226 FTT:185 FTT:480 Geonames:H.SWMP SPIRE:Swamp SWEETRealm:Swamp TGN:21324 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp Swamp swamp cienaga swamp ecosystem A small, slow-moving stream or creek; usually located in low-lying areas. lake watercourse EcoLexicon:embayment_ FTT:1206 FTT:228 FTT:230 TGN:21303 TGN:21305 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayou ENVO bahia embayment lake slough ENVO:00000234 bayou A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees. ENVO ENVO:00000235 carr A class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching forms which may be nowhere very large, but common enough to add up to a large area. dambo A danbo associated with a headwater. hydromorphic/phreatic dambo A dambo associated with a river. fluvial dambo A palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus. pocasin ENVO ENVO:00000240 It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt. saline wetland A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide. wetland EcoLexicon:tidal_flat FTT:1230 FTT:185 FTT:706 Geonames:H.FLTT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_flat FLAT tidal flat ENVO ENVO:00000241 tidal mudflat A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by a stream. lacustrine mudflat A wetland which is inundated with water that contains low concentrations of salts. freshwater wetland ecosystem A flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. EcoLexicon:abyssal_plain FTT:4 SPIRE:Abyssal TGN:23302 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssal_plain Abyssalplain ENVO abyssal feature ENVO:00000244 abyssal plain A broad, low relief crater that results from a phreatic eruption or explosion caused by groundwater contact with hot lava or magma. The maar typically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake. maar A crater formed by a volcano, within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta. FTT:219 TGN:21408 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater crater volcanic crater An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface. mount EcoLexicon:volcano FTT:592 Geonames:T.VLC TGN:21406 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano Volcano volcano ENVO ENVO:00000247 volcano A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_valley ENVO valley ENVO:00000248 envoPolar glacial valley The parallel ridges of till deposited along the sides of an alglacier. The unconsolidated debris is deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts. moraine EcoLexicon:lateral_moraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_moraine ENVO ENVO:00000249 envoPolar lateral moraine A moriane formed when the inside lateral moraines of two glaciers merge together. They form a ridge down the center of the combined glaciers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_moraine ENVO ENVO:00000250 envoPolar medial moraine A till covered area with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. Forms by the accumulation of till under the ice by lodgement, but may also be deposited as the glacier retreats. EcoLexicon:ground_moraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_moraine ENVO ENVO:00000251 envoPolar ground moraine Ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. EcoLexicon:terminal_moraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_moraine end moraine ENVO delta moraine moraine ENVO:00000252 envoPolar terminal moraine A plain where a stream meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes. ENVO ENVO:00000253 scroll plane An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. ENVO ENVO:00000254 till plan An area which is subject to periodic flooding. EcoLexicon:flood_plain FTT:288 FTT:98 LTER:197 SWEETRealm:FloodPlain TGN:21460 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_plain FLOOD PLAIN Floodplain floodplain ENVO bottomland ENVO:00000255 flood plain The stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows in a flood plain. FTT:710 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodway ENVO ENVO:00000256 floodway Area of a flood plane covered by the flood, but which does not experience a strong current. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_fringe ENVO ENVO:00000257 flood fringe A relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills or mountains, formed by the deposition of alluvial soil over a long period of time by one or more streams coming from the mountains. EcoLexicon:alluvial_plain SWEETRealm:AlluvialPlain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain alluvial plain A plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes. SWEETRealm:LacustrinePlain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacustrine_plain ENVO ENVO:00000259 lacustrine plain An area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. Dominated by tall grasses (contrast steppe). FTT:259 FTT:707 FTT:769 FTT:926 TGN:21605 TGN:21606 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie ENVO grassland llanos pampa plain veld ENVO:00000260 prairie A grassland of the tropics or subtropics with scattered trees. FTT:259 FTT:770 FTT:771 TGN:21607 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna Savanna ENVO grassland savannah ENVO:00000261 savanna A plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. EcoLexicon:steppe FTT:259 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe grassland pampa pampas puszta steppe A narrow, vertical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so. Usually due to solution but sometimes to tension. ENVO ENVO:00000263 fissure cave A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. Typically formed from volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from a seafloor of 1,000 - 4,000 meters depth. Independent features that rise to at least 1,000 meters above the seafloor. mount EcoLexicon:mountain EcoLexicon:seamount FTT:1241 Geonames:MTSU Geonames:RNGU Geonames:U.HLLU Geonames:U.HLSU Geonames:U.KNLU Geonames:U.KNSU Geonames:U.MESU Geonames:U.MNDU Geonames:U.MTU Geonames:U.PKSU Geonames:U.PKU Geonames:U.SMSU Geonames:U.SMU TGN:23132 TGN:23133 TGN:23172 TGN:23175 TGN:23176 TGN:23178 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount Seamount mountains sea mount sea-mount seaknoll seamount submarine volcano ENVO hill hills knoll knolls mesa mound mount mountain peak peaks range seakpeak undersea hill undersea knoll undersea mound ENVO:00000264 seamount A flat-topped seamount. seamount EcoLexicon:tablemount FTT:1197 FTT:777 FTT:778 Geonames:U.TMSU TGN:23171 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyot tablemount tablemounts ENVO plateau tablemount (seafloor) ENVO:00000265 guyot A grassland ecosystem which is used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch. FTT:45 FTT:67 Geonames:L.GRAZ grazing area pasture A steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope. Many submarine canyons are found as extensions to large rivers; however there are many that have no such association. Canyons cutting the continental slopes have been found at depths greater than 2 km below sea level. Many submarine canyons continue as submarine channels across continental rise areas and may extend for hundreds of kilometers. canyon canyons EcoLexicon:submarine_canyon FTT:421 Geonames:U.CNSU Geonames:U.CNYU TGN:23415 TGN:23416 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_canyon SubmarineCanyon undersea canyon ENVO undersea ravine ENVO:00000267 submarine canyon The ground surface that lies beneath a lake. FTT:221 FTT:804 lake bottom lake lake bed A continental island connected to its adjacent land by a natural feature, such as a causeway. island FTT:147 FTT:890 Geonames:T.ISLT TGN:21511 ENVO land-tied island ENVO:00000269 land-tied island A pond that has formed as a consequence of the activities of beavers, building a beaver dam. FTT:245 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_pond ENVO lake ENVO:00000270 beaver pond A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge. FTT:477 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chott shott ENVO ENVO:00000271 chott The point where a tributary joins a more major river. stream EcoLexicon:confluence FTT:105 FTT:531 Geonames:H.CNFL TGN:21160 TGN:21381 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence confluence ENVO stream junction ENVO:00000272 confluence The seabed below the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break). The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3, but it can be as low as 1 or as high as 10. The slope is often cut with submarine canyons. EcoLexicon:continental_slope FTT:536 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_slope ENVO ENVO:00000273 envoPolar continental slope The continental rise is below the continental slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1. Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise. FTT:534 Geonames:U.CRSU TGN:23110 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_rise continental rise ENVO ENVO:00000274 continental rise Hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor. EcoLexicon:deep_sea_trench FTT:1021 FTT:609 FTT:610 Geonames:U.TRGU Geonames:U.TRNU SWEETRealm:Trench TGN:23462 TGN:23464 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_trench Trench deep sea trench ocean trench ENVO deep undersea trench ENVO:00000275 ocean trench An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Drumlins are sometimes compared to kames, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement. EcoLexicon:drumlin FTT:647 TGN:21411 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin ENVO mount ridge ENVO:00000276 drumlin A lake that has either permanently or temporally lost its water. lake FTT:650 Geonames:H.LBED SWEETRealm:DryLake TGN:21117 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lake lake bed Classes like this pose a logical problem. This probably shouldn't be a lake (water body) but a depression. Lakes which have temporarily lost water should be distinguished from permanently dry lakes. dry lake A stream channel through which no water flows and which has dried, containing no appreciable accumulations of water. FTT:105 FTT:651 Geonames:T.SBED ENVO dry stream bed ENVO:00000278 dry stream A flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. A salt pan is formed where water pools. A saline pan would be a lake or a pond if it were located in a climate where the rate of water evaporation were not faster than the rate of water precipitation, i.e., if it were not in a desert. If the water is unable to drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind whatever minerals were dissolved. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface. EcoLexicon:salt_pan Geonames:L.SALT SWEETRealm:SaltFlat TGN:21459 TGN:21506 SALT PAN salt pan ENVO salt area salt flat ENVO:00000279 saline pan A transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. Most commonly a transition from one series of sedimentary rocks to another series of a different age and composition. In such cases, the escarpment usually represents the line of erosional loss of the newer rock over the older. EcoLexicon:scarp FTT:490 FTT:596 Geonames:T.CUET Geonames:T.SCRP TGN:21489 TGN:21500 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment escarpment scarp ENVO cliff cuesta ENVO:00000280 escarpment An escarpment resulting from a fault. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_escarpment ENVO ENVO:00000281 fault escarpment A long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. FTT:673 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker ENVO ridge ENVO:00000282 esker A long and narrow upland with steep sides. EcoLexicon:beach_cusp EcoLexicon:crest FTT:1176 FTT:1177 FTT:154 FTT:155 FTT:236 FTT:596 FTT:809 FTT:844 Geonames:T.RDGE SWEETRealm:Ridge TGN:21366 TGN:21491 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge RIDGE Ridge beach cusp beach ridge icecap ridge rise (seafloor) ENVO arete crest cuesta hogback ridge spur spur (physiographic) ENVO:00000283 ridge An open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. EcoLexicon:quarry FTT:14 FTT:974 Geonames:S.MNQR TGN:54217 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry ENVO ENVO:00000284 quarry A bed of loose sand mixed with water forming a soft, shifting mass that yields easily to pressure. EcoLexicon:quicksand FTT:206 FTT:207 Geonames:L.QCKS TGN:21503 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand quicksand QUICKSAND bar quicksand quicksand bed An area reclaimed from the sea by diking and draining. physiographic feature EcoLexicon:polder FTT:1070 FTT:96 Geonames:T.PLDR TGN:21522 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder polder ENVO ENVO:00000286 polder An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, smaller than mesas and plateaus. Buttes are formed by erosion when a cap of hard rock, usually of volcanic origin, covers a layer of softer rock that is easily worn away. This hard rock avoids erosion while the rock around it wears down. plateau FTT:376 Geonames:T.BUTE SWEETRealm:Butte TGN:21443 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte butte ENVO ENVO:00000287 butte agricultural site FTT:45 FTT:53 Geonames:ESTC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_plantation cotton plantation ENVO ENVO:00000288 cotton plantation The raised fault block bounded by normal faults. The raised block is a portion of the Earth's crust that has remained stationary while the land has sunk on either side of it or has been crushed by a mountain range against it. ENVO ENVO:00000289 horst A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. A graben is the result of a block of land being downthrown producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching. FTT:682 SWEETRealm:FaultZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben ENVO fault zone ENVO:00000290 graben An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody. EcoLexicon:basin EcoLexicon:drainage_basin FTT:220 FTT:440 Geonames:L.BSND LTER:58 SWEETRealm:DrainageBasin TGN:21455 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin Basin ENVO CATCHMENT Catchment Watershed catchment drainage basin watershed ENVO:00000291 drainage basin The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent. FTT:220 FTT:645 Geonames:T.DVD LTER:626 SWEETRealm:Watershed TGN:21440 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed divide water divide ENVO RIDGE LINE divide drainage basin ENVO:00000292 watershed A watershed such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent. FTT:533 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_divide ENVO ENVO:00000293 continental divide A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. FTT:123 FTT:694 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farm ENVO aquacultural site fishery ENVO:00000294 fish farm A facility where eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions. FTT:695 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hatchery ENVO ENVO:00000295 fish hatchery A paddy field for the cultivation of rice. FTT:45 FTT:70 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_field ENVO agricultural site cropland rice paddy ENVO:00000296 rice field A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field ENVO ENVO:00000297 paddy field A large mass of detached land ice in the sea or stranded in shallow water. ice mass EcoLexicon:iceberg FTT:758 FTT:838 SWEETRealm:Iceberg TGN:21142 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg ICEBERG IceFloe Iceberg arched iceberg barrier iceberg floeberg glacial berg glacial iceberg iceberg envoPolar iceberg A field of ice, formed in regions of perennial frost. FTT:758 FTT:835 FTT:836 FTT:837 FTT:838 FTT:839 FTT:840 FTT:841 FTT:842 SWEETRealm:IceField TGN:21147 ice patch iceberg icefall IceSheet ice field ice sheet icecap envoPolar Ice mass may need to be resolved from ice field, the former referring simply to an accumulation of ice. ice field Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees. FTT:1191 FTT:262 FTT:374 FTT:473 FTT:792 FTT:991 Geonames:V.SCRB SWEETRealm:Scrub TGN:21644 TGN:21652 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland scrubland bush chaparal area heath scrub shrubland scrubland area A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires. FTT:473 SPIRE:Chaparral chaparal area maquis woodland chaparral area A valley created by the formation of a rift, i.e. place where a planet's lithosphere is being pulled apart by tectonic forces. FTT:684 SWEETRealm:RiftValley RiftValley rift zone rift valley The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features. EcoLexicon:coast EcoLexicon:sea_coast FTT:500 Geonames:L.CST SPIRE:Coastal SPIRE:Littoral SWEETRealm:CoastalRegion TGN:21483 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast ENVO coast line coastal area coastline ENVO:00000303 sea coast That part of the land in immediate contact with a body of water including the area between high and low water lines. coastal zone EcoLexicon:shore FTT:240 FTT:503 FTT:504 Geonames:T.SHOR SWEETRealm:Shore TGN:21481 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore SHORE shore shoreface ENVO beach face foreshore inshore rivage seashore strand ENVO:00000304 shore A body of land jutting out into and nearly surrounded by water. EcoLexicon:peninsula FTT:253 FTT:422 FTT:423 FTT:424 FTT:425 Geonames:T.CAPE Geonames:T.HDLD Geonames:T.PEN Geonames:T.PROM Geonames:T.PT Geonames:T.PTS SWEETRealm:Point TGN:21462 TGN:21463 TGN:21464 TGN:21476 TGN:21477 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula PENINSULA peninsula ENVO cape foreland head headland hook neck ness point point (physiographic) points promontgory promontory tongue winged headland ENVO:00000305 peninsula A deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Where the direction of the shore turns inland (reenters) the longshore current spreads out or dissipates. No longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This causes a bar to build out from the shore, eventually becoming a spit. EcoLexicon:spit FTT:210 Geonames:T.SPIT SWEETRealm:Spit TGN:21465 ENVO bar spit ENVO:00000306 spit A portion of a glacier characterized by rapid flow and a chaotic crevassed surface. ice mass FTT:758 FTT:842 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icefall ENVO ENVO:00000307 envoPolar icefall A valley or trough between two dunes. FTT:652 Geonames:T.TRGD interdune trough ENVO ENVO:00000308 dune slack A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. Clarify that this pertains to the planetary crust and create superclass for general topological depressions. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486 EcoLexicon:depression FTT:175 FTT:215 FTT:216 Geonames:T.DPR Geonames:T.PAN Geonames:T.PANS SWEETRealm:Depression TGN:21454 TGN:21497 TGN:21521 barrier basin depression non tidal basin pan pan (geologic) pans tidal basin depression A crater caused by the impact of a meteor. SWEETRealm:ImpactCrater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater meteorite crater meteorite impact crater meteoroid impact crater For the moment, no distinction is made between meteroids, lithometeors, or meteorites in this class. These can be added if needed. meteor impact crater A fluvioglacial landform occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when sediment laden streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and are deposited to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, holes are left in the sandur. basin kettle hole ENVO ENVO:00000311 kettle The plain formed by the large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as a glacier erodes the underlying rocks as it moves slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandur ENVO outwash plain ENVO:00000312 sandur A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind. EcoLexicon:blowout FTT:267 Geonames:T.BLOW TGN:21448 blowout ENVO ENVO:00000313 blowout A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain. EcoLexicon:alluvial_fan FTT:94 FTT:95 Geonames:T.FAN SWEETRealm:AlluvialFan TGN:21421 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan fan (alluvial) fan alluvial fan A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope. FTT:188 FTT:191 SWEETRealm:Bajada https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajada ENVO desert ENVO:00000315 bajada The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks. coastal zone EcoLexicon:intertidal_zone FTT:240 FTT:501 SPIRE:Intertidal SWEETRealm:IntertidalZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone IntertidalZone littoral zone Very similar to the "marine eulittoral zone" class, but without reference to seasonal tide marks. Some sources make no distinction between these zones, thus, they are currently related synonyms. intertidal zone Pools formed as a high tide comes in over a rocky shore. Water fills depressions in the ground, which turn into isolated pools as the tide retreats. EcoLexicon:tidal_pool https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_pool tidal pool The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment. upper littoral high tide zone The tidal zone that is mostly submerged, only being exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. lower littoral low tide zone A deep fissure in snow or ice. FTT:489 FTT:594 FTT:702 Geonames:T.FSR TGN:21415 TGN:21416 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse CREVASSE ENVO cleft fissure ENVO:00000320 crevasse A cavity developed along a joint and elongate in cross-section. ENVO ENVO:00000321 joint-plane cave A cave formed in volcanic rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_cave ENVO lava cave ENVO:00000322 "Lave cave" is differentiated from "volcanic cave": the former is formed in volcanic rock, the latter is formed by volcanic processes. volcanic cave A cave containing a stream or active speleothems. ENVO ENVO:00000323 live cave A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did so and which cannot be followed upstream to the surface. ENVO ENVO:00000324 outflow cave A large closed depression draining underground, witha flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream and which may be liable to flood and become a lake. The floor makes a sharp break with parts of surrounding slopes. EcoLexicon:polje https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polje ENVO ENVO:00000325 polje A cave in present-day or emerged sea cliffs, formed by wave attack or solution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cave ENVO ENVO:00000326 sea cave A secondary mineral deposit formed in caves, most commonly calcite. EcoLexicon:speleothem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleothem ENVO ENVO:00000327 speleothem A zone beneath the land surface and above the level of permanent groundwater or phreatic zone in which water has a hydraulic head less than atmospheric pressure and is retained by a combination of adhesion and capillary action. unsaturated zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. In such soils, therefore, the unsaturated zone is the upper section of the vadose zone and not identical to it. vadose zone A zone beneath the land surface in which all interstices are filled with water. Water in the phreatic zone has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_zone ENVO zone of saturation ENVO:00000329 phreatic zone A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalagmite ENVO ENVO:00000330 stalagmite A speleothem hanging downwards from a roof or wall, of cylindrical or conical form, usually with a central hollow tube. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalactite ENVO ENVO:00000331 stalactite A closed depression draining underground in karst, of simple but variable form, e.g. cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish-shaped. From a few to many hundreds of metres in dimensions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doline ENVO ENVO:00000332 doline Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development. ENVO ENVO:00000333 subjacent karst Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand. ENVO ENVO:00000334 syngenetic karst Karst completely pitted by closed depressions so that divides between them form a crudely polygonal network. ENVO ENVO:00000335 polygonal karst Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface. ENVO ENVO:00000336 doline karst A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of vomit, a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. vomit material An abiotic mesoscopic feature made of the mineral material of the crust of the Earth. FTT:1010 FTT:145 Geonames:T.RK Geonames:T.RKS TGN:21444 piece of rock ENVO ENVO:00000340 grain of sand A piece of rock that is two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 75 millimeters (about 3 inches). ENVO ENVO:00000341 piece of gravel A comparatively elevated area on an icecap. ice mass FTT:758 FTT:840 Geonames:H.DOMG TGN:21144 icecap dome icecap dome ENVO ENVO:00000342 envoPolar ice cap dome ENVO ENVO:00000343 particle of silt ENVO ENVO:00000344 grain of desert sand ENVO ENVO:00000345 grain of beach sand ENVO ENVO:00000346 grain of acid dune sand ENVO ENVO:00000347 grain of sea sand ENVO ENVO:00000348 grain of rocky sand A terrarium is a vivarium which simulates a terrestrial environment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrarium ENVO ENVO:00000349 terrarium A volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somma_volcano ENVO ENVO:00000350 This may be more a subclass of 'caldera' somma volcano A chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc ENVO ENVO:00000351 volcanic arc A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust below continental crust. ENVO ENVO:00000352 continental arc A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust other oceanic crust on an adjacent tectonic plate. EcoLexicon:island_arc SWEETRealm:IslandArc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc ENVO ENVO:00000353 island arc A region of the earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_field ENVO volcanic complex volcanic group volcanic system ENVO:00000354 volcanic field A volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field ENVO ENVO:00000355 monogenetic volcanic field A cone made of material ejected from a volcano. The material can range from finest particles. In comparison, cinder cones are more uniform. They are usually found in or on larger features, such as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and can be found inside calderas, however they can also be an independent feature. They can range from a few metres in height and are usually formed by a single eruption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone pyroclastic dome ENVO ENVO:00000356 pyroclastic cone A device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied. EcoLexicon:lock ENVO ENVO:00000357 lock An area of land or of a body of water in which management practices, through legal or other effective means, prioritise the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources. protected area This class needs revision. Protected areas may be designated for multiple uses, and more clarity is needed. Further, biodiversity may not prioritise biodiversity conservation. At a very general level, "protection" suggests that some forms of use are, in principle, excluded. area of protected biodiversity A natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. natural monument A protected forest or woodland area in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture. national forest A conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic 'building block' of nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations are based upon them, including National Nature Reserves, Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation. Area of Special Scientific Interest SSSI site of special scientific interest A protected area of the sea usually established to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there. Most marine parks are designated by governments, and organized like watery national parks. marine park A protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. natural preserve natural reserve nature preserve nature reserve A designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat. national wildlife refuge A wetland protected by the terms of the Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat). Ramsar site A United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science interest. national nature reserve An IUCN protected area which 1) primarily consists of ecosystems which are able to maintain their natural composition, structure, and function at a regional scale and which are deemed to be representative of a region's natural bio- and geodiversity, 2) is sufficiently large to allow its constituent ecosystems to function, develop, and recover from natural perturbations without human intervention, and 3) is managed to preserve natural ecosystem integrity and functioning at a regional scale, while allowing human access for the purposes of conservation, cultural and spiritural activities, research, education, tourism, subsistence use by indigenous communities, and recreation. IUCN-PACS:II national park Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. These areas often serve as migration corridors between other natural and semi-natural ecosystems and pools of biodiversity. They may have core zones that are similar to IUCN Protected Area classes Ia and Ib. IUCN national park An island, usually the consequence of the activity of a submarine volcano, that only exists for a short period or short periods of time after its formation, then being eroded or otherwise disappearing beneath the surface of a body of water. ENVO ENVO:00000368 ephemeral island MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A large area of brine on the ocean basin near cold seep vents which release methane into the water. These pools are concentrations of water having an extremely high salinity as compared to the surrounding ocean, caused by the motion of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: Marine brine pools are large areas of brine on the ocean basin. These pools are bodies of water that have a salinity three to five times greater than the surrounding ocean. For deep-sea brine pools the source of the salt is the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. The brine often contains high concentrations of methane, providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool. ENVO:01000060 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_pool marine brine pool ENVO ENVO:00000369 envoPolar brine pool A distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya ENVO ENVO:00000370 tuya A volcano with more than one feature. They form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area. Stratovolcanoes may form complex volcanoes, because they may overlap another from explosive eruptions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and by repeated eruptions, to make multiple summits and vents. Stratovolcanoes could also form a large caldera that gets filled in by multiple small cinder cones, lava domes and craters may also develop on the caldera's rim. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_volcano compound volcano complex volcano A shield volcano that is formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions rather than relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low-angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after the cessation of explosive activity commonly superposes the vent region. ignimbrite shield volcano terrestrial ignimbrite shield ENVO ENVO:00000372 pyroclastic shield volcano An area where wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy. ENVO ENVO:00000373 geothermal field A protected area with the purpose of protecting and managing wild life. wildlife management area A protected area that is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. world heritage site An international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserve biosphere reserve A lake purposefully constructed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lake artificial lake A reservoir constructed for the purpose of maintaining water levels in a canal or canals. ENVO ENVO:00000378 canal head reservoir A thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice mass flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. SWEETRealm:IceShelf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shelf envoPolar ice shelf A section of the Earths's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. EcoLexicon:massif FTT:946 TGN:21435 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif ENVO ENVO:00000381 massif That part of the land in immediate contact with a lake. TGN:21484 ENVO lakeshore ENVO:00000382 lake shore The channel bottom of a stream; the physical confine of the normal water flow. FTT:651 Geonames:H.STMB TGN:21165 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed stream bed stream bottom dry stream bed stream channel stream bed The channel bottom of a river; the physical confine of the normal water flow. watercourse EcoLexicon:river_bed_structure SWEETRealm:RiverBed TGN:21154 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bed river bottom ENVO ENVO:00000384 river bed The place where a stream discharges into a lagoon, lake, or the sea. stream FTT:105 FTT:1222 Geonames:H.STMM stream mouth stream mouth The end of a stream where it enters a standing water body such as a lake, sea or ocean. TGN:21156 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth river mouth A depression which intermittently contains a lake. lake FTT:221 FTT:875 Geonames:H.LKI Geonames:H.LKSI TGN:21118 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_lake intermittent lake intermittent lakes This has been moved from the lake hierarchy. container of an intermittent lake An area that is sometimes inundated or saturated by surface or ground water sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. In a strict sense, this class cannot always satisfy the subclass axiom of wetland, requiring soil to always have a wet quality. Perhaps this should be treated more like channel of an intermittent stream. FTT:85 FTT:883 Geonames:H.WTLDI TGN:21306 intermittent wetland intermittent wetland FTT:1177 Geonames:T.SPUR TGN:21366 ENVO spur spurs (physiographic ENVO:00000390 mountain spur An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands. Land bridges are commonly created by regression, in which sea levels fall exposing previously submerged sections of continental shelf. Land bridges are also formed by: (a) upthrust at the edge of continental plates; and (b) glacial retreat alleviating pressure on shallow marine formations. TGN:21478 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge ENVO ENVO:00000391 land bridge A long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. An ice tongue forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the ocean or a lake. TGN:21143 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_tongue glacier tongue glacial tongue envoPolar ice tongue A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land. EcoLexicon:sound FTT:233 FTT:469 Geonames:H.SD SWEETRealm:Sound TGN:21129 envoPolar sound A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. channel watercourse EcoLexicon:strait FTT:233 FTT:470 Geonames:H.STRT SWEETRealm:Strait TGN:21132 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait strait ENVO ENVO:00000394 strait The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks. We need a more general channel definition, the current is only for water course channels. We need to refactor the semantics of channels, tunnels and conduits, in a similar way to uberon anatomical channels http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004111. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/147 EcoLexicon:channel EcoLexicon:sea_channel FTT:1192 FTT:233 FTT:461 FTT:462 FTT:463 FTT:464 FTT:465 FTT:466 FTT:468 FTT:469 FTT:470 Geonames:H.CHN Geonames:U.SCNU Geonames:U.SCSU SWEETRealm:Channel TGN:21137 TGN:23451 ENVO ENVO:00000395 channel of a watercourse FTT:233 FTT:465 Geonames:H.CHNM TGN:21186 ENVO ENVO:00000396 envoPolar marine channel FTT:233 FTT:464 Geonames:H.CHNL TGN:21185 ENVO ENVO:00000397 envoPolar lake channel Built by fragments (called ejecta) thrown up (ejected) from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. cone FTT:530 Geonames:T.CONE SWEETRealm:VolcanicCone TGN:21418 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone lava cone ENVO cone (geological) ENVO:00000398 volcanic cone A cone that is composed of particles of silt to sand size. Explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with groundwater or the sea (as in an eruption off the coast) produce steam and are called phreatic. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases results in the ejection of mostly small particles called ash. Fallen ash has the consistency of flour. The unconsolidated ash forms an ash cone which becomes a tuff cone or tuff ring once the ash consolidates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_cone ENVO ENVO:00000399 ash cone A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. SWEETRealm:CinderCone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone ENVO mount ENVO:00000400 cinder cone A volcanic cone formed of molten lava ejected from a vent somewhat like taffy. Expanding gases in the lava fountains tear the liquid rock into irregular gobs that fall back to earth, forming a heap around the vent. The still partly liquid rock splashed down and over the sides of the developing mound is called spatter. Because spatter is not fully solid when it lands, the individual deposits are very irregular in shape and weld together as they cool, and in this way particularly differ from cinder and ash. SWEETRealm:SpatterCone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatter_cone ENVO ENVO:00000401 spatter cone A volcano created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Temperatures are much cooler than igneous processes. EcoLexicon:mud_volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano mud volcano A large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano mount shield volcano A tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano ENVO composite volcano ENVO:00000404 stratovolcano An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean. EcoLexicon:oceanic_ridge TGN:23151 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge OceanRidge mid-ocean ridge A volcano produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a lake melted into a glacier or ice mass by the rising lava. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano ENVO tuya ENVO:00000407 Something more specific than an adjacent_to relation would be better, especially considering the volcano in question may have melted nearby glacial mass. subglacial volcano A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts and hannels. The volcano can usually be seen as a crack in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens. FTT:702 SWEETRealm:Fissure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_fissure ENVO fissure fissure vent ENVO:00000408 volcanic fissure A large, swirling body of water produced by ocean tides. hydrographic feature FTT:131 FTT:829 TGN:21183 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool WHRL whirlpool An elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kipuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipuka ENVO ENVO:00000410 kipuka The shallow part of a stream which can be easily crossed. transportation feature EcoLexicon:ford FTT:714 FTT:83 Geonames:T.FORD TGN:21170 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford FORD ford ford (crossing) ENVO ENVO:00000411 ford A watercourse which has the intensity and direction of its flow primarily determined by the tides. TGN:21130 tidal watercourse A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter. mount https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo hydrolaccolith pingos bugor bulginniakh envoPolar Pingos may occur in cold-climate wetland areas, but are not necessarily wetlands themselves. pingo A natural formation where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath. FTT:142 FTT:143 FTT:144 TGN:21445 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_arch arches (natural formation) natural bridge ENVO sea arch ENVO:00000414 natural arch A beach or wave cut platform raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level. EcoLexicon:raised_beach https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_beach ENVO terrace ENVO:00000415 raised beach https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_dune ENVO ENVO:00000416 coastal dune A fertile low-lying raised beach found on the some of the coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular in the Outer Hebrides. ENVO ENVO:00000417 machair A submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria ENVO drowned river valley drowned valley valley ENVO:00000418 ria A geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast. island EcoLexicon:stack ENVO ENVO:00000419 stack A deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms a narrow piece of land between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. They usually form because the island causes wave refraction, depositing sand and shingle moved by longshore drift in each direction around the island where the waves meet. Eustatic sea level rise may also contribute to accretion as material is pushed up with rising sea levels. EcoLexicon:tombolo SWEETRealm:Tombolo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombolo ENVO bar island ENVO:00000420 tombolo The narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves. SWEETRealm:WaveCutPlatform https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-cut_platform ENVO marine terrace ENVO:00000421 wave-cut platform A natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_pavement ENVO ENVO:00000422 limestone pavement An island that lies in a river. EcoLexicon:fluvial_island TGN:21428 ENVO ait eyot fluvial island ENVO:00000423 river island An island that lies in a lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_island ENVO ENVO:00000424 lake island The solid surface that underlies an ocean. FTT:1020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floor ocean bed ocean floor feature ocean floor A bend in a stream. A stream flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meanders as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course. watercourse EcoLexicon:meander FTT:105 FTT:948 SWEETRealm:Meandering TGN:21153 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander stream ENVO oxbow loop ENVO:00000427 meander 2 A biome is an ecosystem to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations. EcoLexicon:biome LTER:173 major habitat type EcosytemType There has been some concern raised (see Issue #143) about the usefulness of the assertion that organisms have evolved within a given biome. They may have evolved adaptations elsewhere and demonstrating one or the other is often not feasible. Consider relabelling to "environmental system determined by an ecological community" or similar. biome A thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arte is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys. Artes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col. FTT:154 ENVO ridge ENVO:00000429 arete A feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_cone envoPolar dirt cone A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin_field ENVO drumlin swarm ENVO:00000431 drumlin field An isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadnock ENVO inselberg kopje mount ENVO:00000432 monadnock A terrace associated with a kame. ENVO ENVO:00000433 kame terrace A fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash_fan ENVO ENVO:00000434 outwash fan A lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice mass due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice. lake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglacial_lake ENVO ENVO:00000435 envoPolar proglacial lake A deep but narrow valley with a 'U' shaped cross-section and frequently a 'U' shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. It is formed when the edge of an ice mass advances up a slope. Its length may be appropriately measured in centimetres or kilometres, depending on the circumstances of formation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_valley ENVO rinnental tunnel-vale ENVO:00000436 envoPolar tunnel valley A small tunnel valley. ENVO ENVO:00000437 Nye channel A steep-sided depression formed by the melting of permafrost; it may contain a lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas ENVO ENVO:00000438 alas A small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped. valley ENVO ENVO:00000439 dell A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter ENVO rockhouse ENVO:00000440 rock shelter A ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill. SWEETRealm:Terracette https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracette ENVO ENVO:00000441 terracette A very powerful whirlpool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom ENVO ENVO:00000442 maelstrom A reservoir constructed for the purpose of containing a flood, an overflow of water from a body of water that sumerges land. EcoLexicon:flood_control_reservoir FTT:1175 FTT:217 FTT:709 TGN:51261 flood control basin ENVO retention basin storage basin ENVO:00000443 flood control reservoir A tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area. FTT:259 FTT:488 Geonames:L.CLG LTER:79 SWEETRealm:Burning TGN:21651 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing CLEARING clearing forest clearing burn burnt over area clearing cut line fire break glade grassland logged area opening There should be a better superclass than "field" which should indicate that there are no woody plants in growth form "tree" around. clearing An aquaduct to transport water from one river basin to another one, to solve problems of hydrographic imbalance. It can decrease floods, moving the water to lands with droughts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvasement ENVO ENVO:00000445 transvasement A biome that applies to the terrestrial realm. LTER:798 SPIRE:Terrestrial ENVO terrestrial realm ENVO:00000446 terrestrial biome An aquatic biome that comprises systems of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt. SPIRE:Marine ENVO marine realm ENVO:00000447 envoPolar marine biome A reservoir constructed for the purpose of generating electricity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_reservoir ENVO ENVO:00000448 hydroelectric reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing drinking water. ENVO ENVO:00000449 drinking water reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing water for irrigation. ENVO ENVO:00000450 irrigation reservoir A lake constructed, or modified, for the chief purpose of providing an amenity. ENVO ENVO:00000451 amenity lake A lake that is long, narrow, and finger-shaped, usually found in a glacial trough. Its formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. The sharp-edged boulders carried at the bottom of the glacier erode the softer rock more quickly by abrasion, thus creating a hollow called a rock basin. On either side of the rock basin, the more resistant rock is eroded less and these outcrops of harder rock are known as rock bars, which act as dams between which rainwater may accumulate after the retreat of the ice age, filling up the rock basin and creating a ribbon lake. A ribbon lake may also form behind a terminal or recessional moraine, both of which also act as dams, enabling water to accumulate behind them. A ribbon lake may also occur if a tributary glacier joins a main glacier. The increase in power can create a trough, which is filled with water from a river/meltwater to create a ribbon lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_lake ENVO ENVO:00000452 ribbon lake A lake or estuary that is formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments. It can be maritime (the bar being created by the current of a sea) or fluvial (the bar being created by the flow of a bigger river at the confluence). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liman ENVO ENVO:00000453 liman A container of an intermittent lake unique to the limestone areas of Ireland, mostly west of the River Shannon. Most turloughs flood in the autumn, usually some time in October, and then dry up some time between April and July. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlough ENVO ENVO:00000454 turlough A mountain lake that is formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn corrie loch ENVO ENVO:00000455 envoPolar tarn A glacier that flows into the sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier ENVO ENVO:00000456 envoPolar tidewater glacier A glacier on a plateau or high area, smaller than an ice sheet. ENVO ENVO:00000457 envoPolar plateau glacier A glacier fed by an ice sheet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlet_glacier ENVO ENVO:00000459 envoPolar outlet glacier A region of low topographic relief as a consequence of erosion by streams. ENVO ENVO:00000460 penplain A volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted. A pseudocrater is characterised by the absence of any magma conduit which connects below the surface of the earth. Pseudocraters are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocrater rootless vent ENVO ENVO:00000461 pseudocrater A volcanic field of scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous polygenetic volcanoes, are noted for having more than one eruptive event from the same vent(s), rather than the more common monogenetic volcanic field. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last >10 million year period. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field ENVO ENVO:00000462 polygenetic volcanic field A place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. SWEETRealm:Harbor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor ENVO ENVO:00000463 envoPolar harbor A harbor constructed by human agency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_harbour artificial harbour ENVO ENVO:00000464 envoPolar artificial harbor A harbor which is formed by a natural landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_harbor natural harbour ENVO ENVO:00000465 envoPolar natural harbor An area of land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. campus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_campus university campus A dam constructed for the purpose of generating electricity from the water stored behind it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam ENVO ENVO:00000468 hydroelectric dam A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken. research facility A dam constructed for the purpose of holding water in a reservoir for irrigation. ENVO ENVO:00000470 irrigation dam A dam constructed for the purpose of controlling flooding. ENVO ENVO:00000471 flood control dam An area of calm water unaffected by the current of a stream. wetland FTT:184 TGN:21302 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwater BACKWATER backwater A quarry from which gravel is extracted. FTT:772 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_pit ENVO mine site ENVO:00000473 gravel pit An excavation of the Earth's surface to provide passage for a road, railway, canal, etc. FTT:1182 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut CUT cutting ENVO ENVO:00000474 cut An opening of the sea into the land, or of a lake into its shore. EcoLexicon:inlet FTT:233 FTT:463 Geonames:H.GULF Geonames:H.INLT SWEETRealm:Inlet TGN:21128 anse arm firth ria envoPolar inlet An opening of a lake into its shore. ENVO ENVO:00000476 envoPolar lake inlet A mountain or a hill. EcoLexicon:dome FTT:118 FTT:460 SWEETRealm:Dome TGN:21439 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount MOUNT ENVO cerrito cerro dome hill hillock hummock inselberg knob knoll koppje monadnock mountain rise ENVO:00000477 mount 2 FTT:996 range (physiographic) envoPolar range of mounts 2 The exit or point of discharge of a stream into another stream, lake or sea. EcoLexicon:outlet SWEETRealm:Mouth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth MOUTH outlet mouth The summit of a mount. EcoLexicon:summit FTT:757 FTT:79 FTT:80 FTT:994 FTT:998 FTT:999 Geonames:T.PK Geonames:T.PKS SWEETRealm:Peak TGN:21490 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak PEAK peak peaks ENVO ahu ice peak mountain crest mountain summit nunatak summit ENVO:00000480 peak A tall, slender, spire-shaped rock projecting from a level or more gently sloping surface. natural rock formation EcoLexicon:crag FTT:1008 FTT:145 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle PINNACLE pinnacle (natural formation) ENVO chapeirao coral head crag pillar scar ENVO:00000481 pinnacle The ground surface that lies beneath a sea. EcoLexicon:sea_floor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_floor SeaFloor sea bed sea bottom ENVO ENVO:00000482 sea floor A hollow eroded by the force of the falling water at the base of a waterfall, particularly by the eddying effect. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunge_pool PLUNGE POOL ENVO ENVO:00000483 Problematic. Does this refer to the depression or the accumulated water? plunge pool Any enclosed water area in pack ice other than a lead, not large enough to be called open water. When frozen over, a polyna becomes an ice skylight from the point of view of the submariner. EcoLexicon:polynya SWEETRealm:Polynya https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynya POLYNA Polynya polynia ENVO big clearing clearing glade ice clearing regional clearing ENVO:00000484 envoPolar Could be a subclass of a class that describes holes in solid material covering water or other liquids. Perhaps a class like "clearing". Logical def can include surrounded_by "ice mass". polynya That part of the land in immediate contact with a sea, including the intertidal zone. EcoLexicon:seashore FTT:504 ENVO shore ENVO:00000485 sea shore The line of contact between a body of water and the land. EcoLexicon:shoreline FTT:240 FTT:503 TGN:21481 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline Shoreline coastal shoreline coastal zone coastline SHOR shoreline One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system. lake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternoster_lake ENVO ENVO:00000487 envoPolar paternoster lake A lake which is primarily composed of glacial meltwater and which fills a depression formed as a result of a glacial erosion process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake ENVO ENVO:00000488 envoPolar glacial lake An elevation which is formed as the result of a perennial ice lens forming under soil, pushing a roughly oval portion land surface upwards. palsa bog palsamoor Palsas typically occur in areas with discontinuous permafrost, frequently peat bogs. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil. Palsas are characteristically found in areas with discontinuous permafrost and in such areas bay be the only reliable surface evidence of permafrost. A palsa needs large quantities of water for the formation of its ice core (i.e. ice lens), which is why they frequently emerge from and are bound by boggy soils, which can store enormous quantities of water in their pores. Palsas develop particularly in moorlands and are therefore also named palsamoors. palsa A stream whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., a stream that follows the slope of the original land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequent_stream ENVO ENVO:00000490 consequent stream A stream whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsequent_stream ENVO ENVO:00000491 subsequent stream A stream whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resequent_stream ENVO ENVO:00000492 resequent stream A stream flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage. watercourse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream ENVO ENVO:00000493 obsequent stream A stream that has an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insequent_stream ENVO ENVO:00000494 insequent stream A stream or river which flows into another river (a parent river) or body of water but which may not flow directly into the sea. stream watercourse EcoLexicon:affluent FTT:105 FTT:1261 SWEETRealm:Tributary TGN:21157 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary affluent ENVO affluent stream confluent stream river tributary ENVO:00000495 tributary A narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground. EcoLexicon:rill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rill rill An incised meander on a river. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rincon ENVO inlet ENVO:00000497 rincon An intrusive igneous body. Its thickness is usually much smaller than its other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike lies so that the latter becomes horizontal. ridge FTT:654 dyke (geologic) igneous dike volcanic dyke ENVO ENVO:00000498 volcanic dike A linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rift along the mid-oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough. SWEETRealm:Trough TGN:21512 ENVO swale ENVO:00000499 trough An obstruction in a stream constructed by a beaver. dam FTT:243 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_dam beaver dam The portion of the ground surface which lies below water. BOTTOM EcoLexicon:bed FTT:804 SWEETRealm:Bottom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed bed A depression that is periodically filled with saline water, forming a saline lake. lake FTT:221 FTT:880 Geonames:H.LKN Geonames:H.LKSNI intermittent saline lake intermittent salt lake intermittent salt lakes ENVO ENVO:00000502 container of an intermittent saline lake A depression which is continous with one or more abandoned meander loops of a river channel. FTT:221 FTT:876 Geonames:H.LKOI intermittent oxbow lake ENVO ENVO:00000503 container of an intermittent oxbow lake A container of an intermittent water body which, when filled with water, has a well-illuminated surface layer, is subject to complete mixing of the water it holds, and is smaller than the container of a lake. FTT:221 FTT:877 FTT:878 Geonames:H.PNDI Geonames:H.PNDSI Geonames:H.POOLI intermittent pond intermittent ponds intermittent pool intermittent pool intermittent pool container of an intermittent pond A gently inclined underground tunnel bringing water for irrigation from an aquifer. FTT:129 FTT:410 Geonames:H.CNLSB underground irrigation canal ENVO ENVO:00000505 underground irrigation canal A reservoir that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry. FTT:221 FTT:588 FTT:879 Geonames:H.RSVI intermittent reservoir intermittently filled reservoir The lower terminus of a wadi where it widens into an adjoining floodplain, depression, or water body. FTT:157 FTT:162 Geonames:H.WADM wadi mouth wadi mouth A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls. EcoLexicon:terrace FTT:247 FTT:248 Geonames:T.BNCH Geonames:T.TRR TGN:21498 TGN:21513 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace TERRACE bench ledge rock terrace terrace ENVO bench bench (natural) ENVO:00000508 terrace EcoLexicon:bench FTT:249 Geonames:BNCU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_terrace bench bench (seafloor) ENVO marine bench ENVO:00000509 marine terrace physiographic feature FTT:947 FTT:96 Geonames:T.NKM meander neck ENVO ENVO:00000510 meander neck A peatland whose development is mostly independent of basins or topographical features where water collects; it simply covers the landscape like a blanket. Peat develops due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic or rain fed, and as a result their pH lies between 3.5 and 4.2. wetland SWEETRealm:BlanketBog https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_bog ENVO ENVO:00000511 blanket bog The ground surface that lies beneath a pond. pond bottom pond bed The ground surface that lies beneath a reservoir. reservoir bottom reservoir bed A generally circular saucer or bowl-shaped depression caused by volcanic or meteorite explosive action. FTT:219 Geonames:T.CRTR SWEETRealm:Crater TGN:21408 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater CRATER caldera crater A cut to provide passage for a road. Geonames:R.RDCUT road cut ENVO ENVO:00000515 road cut A patch of ground, distinct from and slightly above the surrounding plain or wetland. Often occurs in groups. FTT:783 Geonames:T.HMCK SWEETRealm:Hummock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock hummock ENVO ENVO:00000516 hammock A surface stream that disappears into an underground channel, or dries up in an arid area. lost river lost watercourse stream FTT:105 FTT:931 Geonames:H.STMSB TGN:21112 lost river ENVO ENVO:00000517 lost stream The exit or point of discharge of a ditch. FTT:129 FTT:399 Geonames:H.DTCHM ditch mouth ENVO ENVO:00000518 ditch mouth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_terrace ENVO ENVO:00000519 agricultural terrace A mound of earth material, at the base of a slope and the associated scoured area. physiographic feature EcoLexicon:landslide FTT:1076 FTT:914 FTT:96 Geonames:T.SLID SWEETRealm:Landslide TGN:21507 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide landslip slide slide (natural) landslide An irregular mass of fallen rock at the base of a cliff or steep slope. EcoLexicon:rockfall FTT:1072 FTT:96 Geonames:T.RKFL TGN:21504 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfall rockfall rockfall A tunnel through which a canal passes. tunnel FTT:396 FTT:397 Geonames:H.TNLC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_tunnel canal tunnel ENVO ENVO:00000522 canal tunnel A channel formed as a result of a stream cutting through a meander neck. FTT:462 Geomames:CUTF TGN:21134 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff cut off cutoff (hydrographic) cuttoff ENVO ENVO:00000523 cutoff A former stream or distributary no longer carrying flowing water, but still evident due to lakes, wetland, topographic or vegetation patterns. Geonames:H.STMQ TGN:21113 abandoned watercourse abandoned watercourse A stream that has been substantially ditched, diked, or straightened. canal FTT:129 FTT:398 Geonames:H.STMC canalised stream canalized stream ENVO ENVO:00000525 canalized stream A deep narrow slot, notch, or groove in a cliff. Geonames:T.CFT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft ENVO cleft ENVO:00000526 cleft A relatively undissected upland between adjacent stream valleys. plain FTT:707 FTT:874 Geonames:T.INTF TGN:21450 interfluve ENVO ENVO:00000527 interfluve A linear elevation on an icecap. ridge FTT:155 FTT:844 Geonames:H.RDGG icecap reach ENVO ENVO:00000528 envoPolar ice cap ridge A ridge of sand just inland and parallel to the beach, usually in series. FTT:236 Geonames:T.RDGB https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_ridge beach ridge ENVO ENVO:00000529 beach ridge A gentle slope, with a generally smooth surface, particularly found around groups of islands and seamounts. EcoLexicon:apron FTT:122 Geonames:U.APNU TGN:23187 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apron apron ENVO apron (geological) archipelago apron undersea apron ENVO:00000530 apron A depression which is part of an ice cap. FTT:839 Geonames:H.DPRG TGN:21145 icecap depression ENVO icecap depression ENVO:00000531 envoPolar ice cap depression lake FTT:881 Geonames:H.PNDNI intermittent salt pond ENVO ENVO:00000532 intermittent saline evaporation pond A site at which refuse is dumped, normally filling a natural or artificial depression. FTT:621 FTT:624 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill garbage dump rubbish dump ENVO disposal site ENVO:00000533 landfill FTT:1071 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothole ENVO ENVO:00000534 pothole A low obstruction built across the path of s stream to raise its level. FTT:603 Geonames:S.WEIR TGN:51265 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir weir ENVO ENVO:00000535 weir An annular depression that may not be continuous, located at the base of many seamounts, islands, and other isolated elevations. Geonames:U.MOTU moatan ENVO ENVO:00000536 moatan A high altitude or high latitude bare, flat area covered with large angular rocks. FTT:289 Geonames:T.BLDR TGN:21501 boulder field ENVO ENVO:00000537 boulder field An undersea area of subdued corrugations. FTT:167 Geonames:U.ARRU arrugado arrugado The low part of a gap or saddle separating basins. EcoLexicon:sill FTT:740 Geonames:H.SILL SWEETRealm:Sill TGN:21367 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill ENVO gap sill sill (physiographic) ENVO:00000539 sill A lake which is primarily composed of brackish water, having a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water. brackish lake ENVO ENVO:00000541 brackish pond An irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography. When the ice retreats further, the delta kame often collapses. Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are the deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side. mount ridge EcoLexicon:kame https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame ENVO ENVO:00000542 kame A low tract of land, especially when moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. When created by humans, this open drain system is designed to manage water runoff. EcoLexicon:swale ENVO trough ENVO:00000543 swale A man-made watercourse, or makeshift aqueduct, often an artificial channel which supplies water to a watermill or its mill pond, collecting water from upstream of the mill so that the natural level of the driving water is above the level of the stream at the mill. Alternatively to may deliver water for mineral washing and concentration, irrigation or to a dye works. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leat lete ENVO ENVO:00000544 leat A beach which is armoured with pebbles or small to medium sized cobbles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_beach pebble beach ENVO ENVO:00000545 shingle beach Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these. SedimentLayer lake sediment A pond, often temporary or seasonal, used as a drinking place by mammals and birds. FTT:828 Geonames:H.WTRH TGN:21184 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhole water hole ENVO water hole waterhole ENVO:00000547 waterhole Geonames:L.GVL TGN:21502 ENVO gravel field area ENVO:00000548 gravel field A depression which is is periodically filled with water when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage. Despite the relocation from its position under 'water body' and the rewording of the definition, the class was not obsoleted as the entity being referenced is effectively the same. TGN:21198 intermittent body of water intermittent water body This was formerly represented as a water body, which would not be valid during dry periods. This class more properly refers to the container of the water body, thusfar always some depression, which periodically contains a water body. container of an intermittent water body Geonames:U.CDAU TGN:23131 TGN:23145 TGN:23344 ENVO cordillera seamount chain seamount group seamount range undersea cordillera undersea mountain chain undersea range ENVO:00000550 range of seamounts A drainage basin from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material. EcoLexicon:endorheic_basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin ENVO closed basin terminal basin ENVO:00000551 endorheic basin An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talik Talik ENVO ENVO:00000552 talik A dam constructed for more than one purpose. ENVO ENVO:00000553 multipurpose dam An auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency. ENVO ENVO:00000554 saddle dam A dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion. SWEETRealm:CheckDam ENVO ENVO:00000555 check dam A dam that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_dam ENVO ENVO:00000556 wing dam A dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dam ENVO ENVO:00000557 dry dam A dam designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversionary_dam ENVO ENVO:00000558 diversionary dam A region at which weapons, typically military, are tested. ENVO ENVO:00000559 weapons test site A weapons test site at which nuclear weapons are, or have been, tested. ENVO ENVO:00000560 nuclear weapons test site A region in which military personnel train. ENVO ENVO:00000561 military training area A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation. park A raised walkway over water, supported by piles or pillars. EcoLexicon:pier pier A place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which is, has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeological_site ENVO ENVO:00000564 archeological site A building or region where sports activities can be carried out. The inclusion of "region" in this definition is problematic. sports facility A sports facility constructed for skiing and allied sports that require snow and/or ice. ENVO ENVO:00000566 winter sports facility A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea. calanque Incorporated populated place. urban area EcoLexicon:city FTT:430 FTT:483 FTT:484 FTT:485 SWEETRealm:City TGN:83020 TGN:83040 TGN:83043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City ENVO ENVO:00000856 city A biome that applies to the freshwater realm. SPIRE:Freshwater ENVO freshwater realm ENVO:00000873 envoPolar freshwater biome ENVO ENVO:00000887 wwfBiome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large rivers" (e.g. the Mekong river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. large river biome ENVO ENVO:00000888 wwfBiome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river headwaters" (e.g. the Upper Amazon headwaters) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-headwater-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. large river headwater biome ENVO ENVO:00000889 wwfBiome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river deltas" (e.g. the Niger river delta) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-delta-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. large river delta biome ENVO ENVO:00000890 wwfBiome "Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small rivers" (e.g. the Salween river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-river-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. small river biome ENVO ENVO:00000891 wwfBiome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large lakes" (e.g. African rift lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-lake-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. large lake biome ENVO ENVO:00000892 wwfBiome "Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small lakes" (e.g. Cameroon crater lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-lake-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. small lake biome A biome which has little permanent surface water and a low relative abundance of springs. The WWF definition is somewhat ambiguous, but workable. wwfBiome xeric basin biome A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. EcoLexicon:rock FTT:1010 FTT:145 Geonames:T.RK Geonames:T.RKS SWEETRealm:Rock TGN:21444 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock ENVO ENVO:00001995 From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure. rock The outflow of water from a mine. ENVO acid and metalliferous drainage acid rock drainage ENVO:00001996 mine drainage A mine drainage with an acidic pH. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage ENVO acid rock drainage ENVO:00001997 acid mine drainage Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms. The various 'has part' and 'has quality' relations may not hold true for all soils; however, I have yet to find counter examples. Require input from a pedologist or similar. [pbuttigieg] regolith LTER:535 SPIRE:Soil SWEETRealm:Soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil 'In engineering terms, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material that lies above the 'solid geology'. Soil is commonly referred to as "earth" or "dirt"; technically, the term "dirt" should be restricted to displaced soil.' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil " The upper limit of soil is the boundary between soil and air, shallow water, live plants, or plant materials that have not begun to decompose. Areas are not considered to have soil if the surface is permanently covered by water too deep (typically more than 2.5 meters) for the growth of rooted plants. The lower boundary that separates soil from the nonsoil underneath is most difficult to define. Soil consists of horizons near the Earth's surface that, in contrast to the underlying parent material, have been altered by the interactions of climate, relief, and living organisms over time. Commonly, soil grades at its lower boundary to hard rock or to earthy materials virtually devoid of animals, roots, or other marks of biological activity. For purposes of classification, the lower boundary of soil is arbitrarily set at 200 cm." Soil taxonomy, 2nd Ed., quoted in http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054280 soil A significant accumulation of water which is part of a marine biome. body of marine water marine waterbody Ideas like "significant" are fuzzy and need to be modelled more accurately. The definition is a candidate for review. marine water body The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression. EcoLexicon:slope SWEETRealm:Slope https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope ENVO flank side ENVO:00002000 slope Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. EcoLexicon:waste_water SWEETRealm:Wastewater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_water ENVO ENVO:00002001 waste water An excreta material which is composed primarily of feces, an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. EcoLexicon:drop SPIRE:Dung SWEETRealm:Drop faeces material feces material droppings frass pellet ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. This is distinct from classes such as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988 in that it refers to the environmental material composed primarily of feces rather than 'just' feces. fecal material An environmental feature that is, or can be, contained and is predominantly composed of one or a few types of stuff. An object which is large enough to be visible to humans, but small enough that humans can handle the object (i.e. transport it, examine it, etc) in its entirety with little to no technological assistance. mesoscopic physical object This is a legacy class from ENVO's early versions. It will be depopulated and filled in by inference using a PATO quality. Not to be confused with "mesoscopic" as defined in physics, which deals with objects typically between 10e-6 and 10-8 meters in diameter. mesoscopic physical object physical object of mesoscopic geological size The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth. EcoLexicon:air LTER:18 SWEETRealm:Air https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air envoPolar air An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form. EcoLexicon:water LTER:617 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water water Sediment is an environmental substance comprised of any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bedor bottom of a body of water or other liquid. EcoLexicon:sediment EcoLexicon:sedimentation LTER:492 LTER:493 SWEETRealm:Sediment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment envoPolar It is recommended to use a combination of sediment terms to describe a more specific sediment type. sediment Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. EcoLexicon:dust SWEETRealm:Dust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust envoPolar dust Water which contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts. EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water salt water The threshold salt concentration for classifying water as saline varies, but typically begins at about 1,000 to 3,000 parts salt per million parts water or 0.1–0.3% salt by weight. saline water Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride. EcoLexicon:fresh_water LTER:216 SWEETRealm:FreshWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water freshwater sweet water envoEmpo envoPolar The lower bound of solute concentration required for water to be considered freshwater is variable, but is always less than that of seawater, and often cited as less than 1 gram of solutes per 1 litre of water. fresh water Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, surpassing the average salinity of seawater. We make no commitment to a particular threshold; this should be described on the data/information layer according to the norms of a discipline, accepted standard, or similar reference. envoPolar The average salinity of sea water is assumed to be around 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water. hypersaline water Rock formed from molten magma. EcoLexicon:igneous_rock SWEETRealm:IgneousRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock ENVO ENVO:00002013 igneous rock An igneous rock that results from the crystallization of a magma below the surface of the Earth. SWEETRealm:IntrusiveRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonic_rock ENVO intrusive rock ENVO:00002014 plutonic rock An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta. EcoLexicon:volcanic_rock SWEETRealm:VolcanicRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_rock ENVO ENVO:00002015 Due to the general suggestion that volcanic rock simply comes from a volcanic process, it's not immediately clear whether this is interchangeable with igneous rock. volcanic rock A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. EcoLexicon:sedimentary_rock SWEETRealm:SedimentaryRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock ENVO ENVO:00002016 sedimentary rock A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation). EcoLexicon:metamorphic_rock SWEETRealm:MetamorphicRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock ENVO ENVO:00002017 metamorphic rock Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, SWEETRealm:Sewage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage ENVO ENVO:00002018 sewage Water which has a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water. EcoLexicon:brackish_water LTER:702 SPIRE:Brackish_water SWEETRealm:BrackishWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water envoPolar brackish water LTER:41 ENVO ENVO:00002030 aquatic biome The dead body of an animal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass corpse carcass A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum. EcoLexicon:biofilm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm ENVO ENVO:00002034 biofilm A natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with a planetary surface without being destroyed. SWEETRealm:Meteorite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite ENVO ENVO:00002035 meteorite EcoLexicon:wood LTER:637 SWEETRealm:Wood https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood ENVO ENVO:00002040 wood EcoLexicon:groundwater LTER:235 SWEETRealm:Groundwater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_water ENVO ENVO:00002041 ground water Water that is found on the surface of an astronomical object. surface water EcoLexicon:wastewater_treatment_plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant ENVO ENVO:00002043 wastewater treatment plant The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes. EcoLexicon:sludge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge ENVO ENVO:00002044 sludge Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen. anoxic sediment ENVO ENVO:00002045 envoPolar anaerobic sediment EcoLexicon:active_sludge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge ENVO ENVO:00002046 activated sludge An excreta material which is composed primarily of urine, a liquid excreta containing water and waste products made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. urine material A stony meteorite that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body. SWEETRealm:Chondrite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrite ENVO ENVO:00002048 chondrite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_meteorite ENVO ENVO:00002049 stony meteorite A stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondrite ENVO ENVO:00002050 achondrite A meteorite that consists of a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals. ENVO ENVO:00002051 stony-iron meteorite A meteorite that overwhelmingly of nickel-iron alloys. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_meteorite ENVO ENVO:00002052 iron meteorite A sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite. EcoLexicon:limestone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone ENVO ENVO:00002053 limestone A soft, white, porous limestone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk ENVO ENVO:00002054 chalk A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. EcoLexicon:sandstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone ENVO ENVO:00002055 sandstone A fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale ENVO ENVO:00002056 shale ENVO ENVO:00002057 raw primary sludge ENVO ENVO:00002058 secondary sludge A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolids ENVO ENVO:00002059 biosolids A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sludge ENVO ENVO:00002060 oil sludge The result of the unintentional release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity. SWEETRealm:OilSpill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill ENVO ENVO:00002061 oil spill The result of the release of natural hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth, including beneath the sea, by natural geological processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_seep ENVO methane seep petroleam seep ENVO:00002063 oil seep ENVO ENVO:00002112 gold mine drainage Sediment that accumulates in the flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The three main types of deep marine sediment, also known as pelagic sediment, are siliceous oozes, calcareous oozes, and red clays. EcoLexicon:marine_sediment EcoLexicon:marine_sedimentation SWEETRealm:MarineSediment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment deep marine sediments ENVO pelagic sediment {alternative name} ENVO:00002113 envoPolar deep marine sediment ENVO ENVO:00002114 contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002115 petroleum contaminated sediment A portion of contaminated soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some contaminant. ENVO ENVO:00002116 "contaminant" is more of a disposition - any material entity can be a contaminant in particular circumstances. contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002117 creosote contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002118 sea sand A hot spring whose water has an alkaline pH. alkaline hot spring A hot spring whose water has an acidic pH. acidic hot spring ENVO ENVO:00002120 acid hot spring ENVO soda lake ENVO:00002121 alkaline salt lake Mud which has elevated concentrations of arsenic. arsenic-rich mud EcoLexicon:bioreactor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002123 bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002124 anaerobic bioreactor A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. A vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. ENVO ENVO:00002125 anaerobic dechlorinating bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002126 aerobic bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002127 Revise adjacent to. Consider sampled stream sediment. Dry stream sediment. stream sediment ENVO ENVO:00002128 mesophilic sulfur spring ENVO ENVO:00002129 anaerobic sludge The dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline. EcoLexicon:hypolimnion hypolimnion The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion. EcoLexicon:epilimnion_ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilimnion epilimnion The layer within a body of water or air where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalimnion ENVO ENVO:00002132 Especially used in connection with lakes. metalimnion Mud which has no or neglible concentrations of dissolved oxygen. anoxic mud anaerobic mud ENVO ENVO:00002134 anaerobic stream sediment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treated_wood ENVO ENVO:00002135 treated wood ENVO ENVO:00002136 arsenate treated wood An estuary which is composed primarily of brackish water. brackish estuary ENVO ENVO:00002138 beach sand A clastic rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology. EcoLexicon:pebble SWEETRealm:Pebble https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble ENVO ENVO:00002139 pebble A rock or rock fragment with a particle size between 64 and 256 mm. EcoLexicon:cobble SWEETRealm:Cobble cobble The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate ENVO ENVO:00002141 leachate ENVO ENVO:00002142 borax leachate calcite hot spring ENVO ENVO:00002144 cave wall ENVO ENVO:00002145 chromate contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002146 xylene contaminated soil Coal mine lake sediment is lake sediment which covers the bottom of a coal mine lake. coal mine lake sediment ENVO ENVO:00002148 coarse beach sand Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean. When we have more classes representing the various processes which make seawater seawater, we can further axiomatise this class. EcoLexicon:sea_water LTER:701 SWEETRealm:SeaWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_water ocean water seawater This definition refers to water that is actually in a sea or ocean. This water may have a wide range of salinity levels. sea water Coastal sea water is sea water that is adjacent to a coast. coastal water coastal ocean water coastal oceanic water coastal seawater envoPolar The limits of what qualifies as "adjacent to" vary greatly. This should be defined on a data level and is left intentionally fuzzy here. The label is "coastal sea water" rather than "coastal water" as some large lakes are often said to have coasts. coastal sea water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter ENVO ENVO:00002152 biofilter ENVO ENVO:00002153 compost biofilter ENVO ENVO:00002154 radioactive sediment ENVO ENVO:00002155 high-level radioactive sediment A highly contaminated site designated by the United States of America's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_Site ENVO ENVO:00002156 Superfund site ENVO ENVO:00002157 stromatolite mat ENVO ENVO:00002158 ditch water ENVO ENVO:00002159 drilling bore water Mud which is part of an estuary. estuarine mud The mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms. SWEETRealm:Fossil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil ENVO fossil ENVO ENVO:00002167 platinum mine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mine ENVO ENVO:00002168 gold mine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine ENVO ENVO:00002169 coal mine The aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost ENVO ENVO:00002170 compost ENVO ENVO:00002171 hay compost A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital ENVO ENVO:00002173 hospital ENVO ENVO:00002176 contaminated sludge ENVO ENVO:00002177 1,4-dioxane contaminated sludge A zone within a portion of petroleum contaminated sediment within which iron-reducing processes occur. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ENVO ENVO:00002178 iron-reducing zone of petroleum contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002179 intertidal sediment ENVO ENVO:00002180 naphthalene contaminated sediment A hot spring whose water has a neutral pH. ENVO ENVO:00002181 neutral hot spring ENVO ENVO:00002182 nitrobenzene contaminated sediment A manufactured container within which oil or other petrochemical products are stored and which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities. ENVO ENVO:00002183 Consider using http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 as a super-class oil tank ENVO ENVO:00002184 underground physiographic feature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reservoir ENVO ENVO:00002185 oil reservoir EcoLexicon:water_pollution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminated_water polluted water ENVO ENVO:00002186 contaminated water Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine. animal litter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_litter ENVO ENVO:00002192 poultry litter ENVO ENVO:00002193 pulp-bleaching waste water ENVO ENVO:00002194 oil field production water ENVO ENVO:00002195 pyritic acid mine drainage An aquarium is a vivarium which simulates the submerged portions of an aquatic environment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium ENVO ENVO:00002196 aquarium A saline water aquarium is an aquarium which contains saline water as its primary ecological medium. ENVO salt water aquarium ENVO:00002197 saline water aquarium A fresh water aquarium is an aquarium which contains fresh water as its primary ecological medium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water_aquarium ENVO ENVO:00002198 fresh water aquarium ENVO ENVO:00002199 sandy beach A frozen portion of sea water. SWEETRealm:SeaIce https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice envoPolar sea ice ENVO ENVO:00002201 cis-dichloroethane contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002202 organically contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002203 inorganically contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002204 anthropogenic contamination feature ENVO ENVO:00002205 unexploded-ordnance dump coal mine waste ENVO coal refuse ENVO:00002206 coal mine waste material self-heating coal mine waste ENVO ENVO:00002207 self-heating coal mine waste material Saline lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a saline lake. soda lake sediment saline lake sediment ENVO ENVO:00002210 sulfide-oxidizing bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002211 thermophilic anaerobic methanogenic reactor ENVO ENVO:00002212 thermophilic granular sludge ENVO ENVO:00002213 anaerobic sludge blanket reactor A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. SWEETRealm:PowerPlant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant generating plant generating station power station powerhouse ENVO ENVO:00002214 power plant A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators. SWEETRealm:GeothermalPowerPlant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_plant ENVO ENVO:00002215 geothermal power plant A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping retail shop retail store retailer shop A shop in which a business offers food products for sale or trade. ENVO ENVO:00002222 Whether food is the primary product offered by the business or simply one of the products it offers is not specified in this class. food shop Water with a very low nutrient level. ENVO ENVO:00002223 oligotrophic water Water with a high nutrient level. eutrophic water Water with a nutrient level intermediate between eutrophic and oligotrophic. ENVO ENVO:00002225 mesotrophic water SWEETRealm:Borehole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole borehole ENVO ENVO:00002228 pond water Arenosols are sandy soils, including both soils developed in residual sands after in situ weathering of usually quartz-rich sediments or rock, and soils developed in recently deposited sands such as dunes in deserts and beach lands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenosol psamment sandy soil ENVO ENVO:00002229 arenosol Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic materials or household wastes, irrigation and cultivation. ENVO ENVO:00002230 anthrosol Alisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have a low base saturation at certain depths and high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon. They lack the albeluvic tonguing as in Albeluvisols. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and warm temperate regions. ENVO ENVO:00002231 alisol Andosols are soils that develop in volcanic ejecta or glasses under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid climates. ENVO ENVO:00002232 andosol Albeluvisols are soils that have, beginning within 1 m of the soil surface, a clay illuviation horizon with an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting in tonguing of bleached soil material into the illuviation horizon. ENVO ENVO:00002233 albeluvisol Acrisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Acrisols have in certain depths a low base saturation and low-activity clays. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisol ENVO ENVO:00002234 acrisol Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. cambisol Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryosol ENVO gelisol ENVO:00002236 envoPolar cryosol Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem ENVO black earth boroll ENVO:00002237 chernozem Durisols are associated mainly with old surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments and accommodate very shallow to moderately deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils that contain cemented secondary silica (SiO2) within 100 cm of the soil surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durisol ENVO ENVO:00002238 durisol Calcisols are soils in which there is substantial secondary accumulation of lime. Calcisols are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments. ENVO ENVO:00002239 calcisol Kastanozems are dry grassland soils, among them the zonal soils of the short-grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall-grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have a similar profile to that of Chernozems but the humus-rich surface horizon is thinner and not as dark as that of the Chernozems and they show more prominent accumulation of secondary carbonates. ENVO ENVO:00002240 kastanozem Leptosols are very shallow soils over continuous rock and soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. Leptosols are azonal soils and particularly common in mountainous regions. gravelly soil stony soil leptosol Lixisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Lixisols have a high base saturation and low-activity clays at certain depths. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixisol ENVO ENVO:00002242 lixisol Histosols comprise soils formed in organic material. These vary from soils developed in predominantly moss peat in boreal, arctic and subarctic regions, via moss peat, reeds/ sedge peat (fen) and forest peat in temperate regions to mangrove peat and swamp forest peat in the humid tropics. Histosols are found at all altitudes, but the vast majority occurs in lowlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosol ENVO ENVO:00002243 histosol Gleysols are wetland soils that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at ped surfaces and/or in the upper soil layer or layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleysol ENVO gley soil ENVO:00002244 gleysol Gypsisols are soils with substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum (calcium sulfate). These soils are found in the driest parts of the arid climate zone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsisol ENVO ENVO:00002245 gypsisol Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. These soils have diffuse horizon boundaries, a clay assemblage dominated by low-activity clays (mainly kaolinite) and a high content of sesquioxides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferralsol ENVO oxisol ENVO:00002246 ferralsol Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils with diffuse horizon boundaries and a subsurface horizon with more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) elements. Weathering is relatively advanced but Nitisols are far more productive than most other red, tropical soils. nitisol Luvisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths. luvisol Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems may or may not have secondary carbonates but have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. ENVO ENVO:00002249 phaeozem Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is an Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a layer with hard nodules, a hardpan or irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous, fractured or broken sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated nodules or mottles. Pisoliths are discrete strongly cemented to indurated nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening. ENVO ENVO:00002250 plinthosol Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon. ENVO ENVO:00002251 planosol Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones and to coastal regions in all climates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonchak ENVO ENVO:00002252 solonchak Umbrisols are soils in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil (in most cases with low base saturation) to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrisol ENVO ENVO:00002253 umbrisol A soil in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertisol ENVO ENVO:00002254 vertisol Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that has a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions. Solonetz that contain free soda (Na2CO3) are strongly alkaline (field pH > 8.5). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonetz ENVO ENVO:00002255 solonetz Regosols form a taxonomic remnant group containing all soils that could not be accommodated in any of the other RSGs. In practice, Regosols are very weakly developed mineral soils in unconsolidated materials that do not have a mollic or umbric horizon, are not very shallow or very rich in gravels (Leptosols), sandy (Arenosols) or with fluvic materials (Fluvisols). Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous terrain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regosol ENVO ENVO:00002256 regosol Podzols are soils with a typically ash-grey upper subsurface horizon, bleached by loss of organic matter and iron oxides, on top of a dark accumulation horizon with brown, reddish or black illuviated humus and/or reddish Fe compounds. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podzol podsol podosolic soil podzol A soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively). EcoLexicon:loam SWEETRealm:Loam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam loam ENVO ENVO:00002259 agricultural soil ENVO ENVO:00002260 dune soil A portion of soil which is found in a forested area. forest soil ENVO ENVO:00002262 clay soil A portion of soil which is found in a garden. garden soil A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process). This seems more like a role than a material. Anything can be waste. Thus, a "waste" role or disposition will be created and this class can then be populated by inference: any environmental material which has [role,disposition] waste will be considered a waste material. EcoLexicon:waste SWEETRealm:Waste https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste ENVO ENVO:00002264 waste material chicken breeding waste ENVO chicken yard waste ENVO:00002266 chicken breeding waste material Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products. This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with industrial entities. industrial waste ENVO ENVO:00002267 industrial waste material A peatland dominated by species of the Bryophyte Sphagnum. ENVO ENVO:00002268 sphagnum bog A layer within a fluid where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. EcoLexicon:thermocline SWEETRealm:Thermocline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline ENVO ENVO:00002269 thermocline A layer within a fluid where the chemical composition changes rapidly with depth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemocline ENVO ENVO:00002270 envoPolar chemocline A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant ENVO ENVO:00002271 nuclear power plant WWTP waste treatment plant Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvisols ENVO ENVO:00002273 fluvisol Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching. ENVO ENVO:00002274 stagnosol Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials. ENVO ENVO:00002275 technosol This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with animal metabolism. animal waste SWEETRealm:AnimalWaste https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_waste ENVO ENVO:00002276 animal waste material A depression in the sea floor that results from the collision of continental plates; the weight of the sinking plate causes the overlying plate to stretch and thin, causing a basin in the overlying plate. Sometimes, the Earth's crust in these basins stretches so much it cracks, allowing magma through from the mantle beneath. Hence, basins often contain active volcanoes and hydrothermal vents. basin EcoLexicon:basin SWEETRealm:BackArcBasin SWEETRealm:Basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc_basin backarc basin ENVO ENVO:00002277 back-arc basin A material entity which determines an environmental system. ENVO ENVO:00002297 A material entity determines an environmental system when its removal would cause the collapse of that system. For example, a seamount determines a seamount environment, acting as its 'hub'. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. environmental feature A structural basin that is below sea level. EcoLexicon:ocean_basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_basin ENVO ENVO:00002450 envoPolar This class is defined in its geological sense: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hydrologically, an oceanic basin may be anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater, but geologically ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level. Geologically, there are other undersea geomorphological features such as the continental shelves, the deep ocean trenches, and the undersea mountain ranges (for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge) which are not considered to be part of the ocean basins; while hydrologically, oceanic basins include the flanking continental shelves and shallow, epeiric seas. ocean basin Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay ENVO ENVO:00002869 hay A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure). ENVO ENVO:00002870 adobe Soil which has been eroded and influenced by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_soil alluvial soil The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagasse sugarcane bagasse ENVO ENVO:00002872 bagasse This should probably be merged with biological waste material. organic waste https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_waste ENVO ENVO:00002873 organic waste material ENVO ENVO:00002874 air conditioning unit ENVO ENVO:00002875 oil contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002926 warm seep A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a subgroup of silicate minerals) minerals (see clay minerals), that are typically less than 2 micrometres in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water. EcoLexicon:clay SWEETRealm:Clay https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay clay https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil ENVO ENVO:00002983 fuel oil A naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the planetary surfaces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum crude oil petroleum A viscous liquid state at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. EcoLexicon:oil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil oil A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage ENVO ENVO:00003030 silage ENVO ENVO:00003031 This is interesting in that the "role" aspect of "waste" is (or can be) replaced by another role "fertilizer". Thus, the positioning of "manure" under waste may not be totally correct. animal manure ENVO ENVO:00003032 fresh animal manure A compost which generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together and is the residual compost waste generated by industrial mushroom production. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_compost ENVO ENVO:00003033 mushroom compost A house used for sheltering non-human animals. ENVO ENVO:00003040 While humans are animals, this class does not refer to human houses. animal house ENVO ENVO:00003041 cow shed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggery ENVO ENVO:00003042 piggery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_plant ENVO ENVO:00003043 sewage plant Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt (NaCl). EcoLexicon:brine SWEETRealm:Brine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine envoPolar It is used (now less popular than historically) to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat. brine ENVO ENVO:00003045 bacon curing brine Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health. EcoLexicon:drinking_water SWEETRealm:DrinkingWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water potable water ENVO ENVO:00003064 drinking water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water ENVO ENVO:00003065 distilled water ENVO ENVO:00003071 grass silage A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products. manufactured good manufactured product ENVO ENVO:00003075 anthropogenic abiotic mesoscopic feature Glue is any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation. paste https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue adhesive mucilage ENVO ENVO:00003076 This sounds more like a role than a material, per se. glue ENVO ENVO:00003081 metal contaminated soil A portion of enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some material entity. ENVO ENVO:00003082 This could be demoted to an inferred class if issues with double inheritance arise. enriched soil A portion of sarcosine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of sarcosine. ENVO ENVO:00003083 sarcosine enriched soil A portion of trimethylamine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of trimethylamine. ENVO ENVO:00003084 trimethylamine enriched soil A portion of skatole enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of skatole. ENVO ENVO:00003085 skatole enriched soil A portion of ethanol enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of ethanol. ENVO ENVO:00003086 ethanol enriched soil A portion of acetamide enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of acetamide. ENVO ENVO:00003087 acetamide enriched soil A portion of pantothenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of pantothenate. ENVO ENVO:00003088 pantothenate enriched soil A portion of testosterone enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of testosterone. ENVO ENVO:00003089 testosterone enriched soil A portion of kynurenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of kynurenate. ENVO ENVO:00003090 kynurenate enriched soil A portion of threonine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of threonine. ENVO ENVO:00003091 threonine enriched soil A portion of salicylate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of salicylate. ENVO ENVO:00003092 salicylate enriched soil A portion of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. ENVO ENVO:00003093 poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil A portion of L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of L-(+)-tartrate. ENVO ENVO:00003094 L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil A portion of quinate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of quinate. ENVO ENVO:00003095 quinate enriched soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_water ENVO ENVO:00003096 tap water ENVO ENVO:00003097 bore hole water A tannery is a building in which the skins of animals are treated with chemicals to alter the structure of their constituent proteins, creating leather. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannery ENVO ENVO:00003323 tannery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_manure ENVO ENVO:00003859 horse manure Manure which is primarily composed of pig feces. pig manure An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered. It's possible that this will become an inferred class in the future. The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification should be referred to when expanding this branch. ISIC can also be used to identify processes. See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1. industrial building A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy ENVO ENVO:00003862 'Terminology differs between countries. For example, in the United States, the entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy." The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor." The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house." Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant," also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of dairy products. In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds."' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy dairy A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms. ENVO ENVO:00003863 The semantics of food are being handled by FOODON http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/foodon.owl food processing building A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery bakeshop A bakery is a food processing building and a 'food shop' at the same time. This needs to be resolved. bakery An agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw ENVO ENVO:00003869 straw ENVO ENVO:00003870 rice straw ENVO ENVO:00003884 farmyard manure A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery. ENVO ENVO:00003885 brewery ENVO ENVO:00003893 cosmetic product ENVO ENVO:00003894 face cream product ENVO ENVO:00003895 paper product ENVO ENVO:00003896 currency note ENVO ENVO:00003900 rye grass silage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuel ENVO jet fuel ENVO:00003903 aviation fuel ENVO ENVO:00003908 poultry deep litter A sake brewery is a brewery which produces rice wine by fermenting rice which has been polished to remove the bran. ENVO ENVO:00003911 sake brewery ENVO ENVO:00003914 chalk soil A building or collection of co-located buildings constructed for the purpose of undertaking scientific research. research station ENVO ENVO:00003927 stable manure A layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid (especially water or molten metal). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scum ENVO ENVO:00003930 scum A warehouse is a building which is used for the storage of goods. warehouse A tobacco warehouse is a warehouse used to store cured leaves of plants from the genus Nicotiana, primarily N. tabacum and N. rustica. ENVO ENVO:00003964 tobacco warehouse ENVO ENVO:00003965 anaerobic digester sludge A creamery is a part of a dairy where cream is separated from whole milk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamery ENVO ENVO:00003967 creamery An air filter is a device that removes some substance from air. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_filter ENVO ENVO:00003968 This is a general definition derived from the definitions for particulate, chemical, and other air filters. Subclasses should be created if needed. air filter ENVO ENVO:00003978 potato silage A natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; typically aragonite, but often recrystallized to or primarily calcite; which is deposited from the water of mineral springs (especially hot springs) or streams saturated with calcium carbonate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine ENVO ENVO:00003982 travertine A building within which logs are cut into lumber products. sawmill A large flat plain in karst territory with areas usually 5 to 400 sqaure kilometres. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_field karst polje ENVO ENVO:00004683 karst field https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam ENVO ENVO:00005738 This is a state more than a material. foam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam ENVO ENVO:00005739 sea foam ENVO rice paddy soil ENVO:00005740 paddy field soil ENVO ENVO:00005741 envoPolar alpine soil envoMeo arable soil A portion of soil which is found in a roadside area. ENVO ENVO:00005743 roadside soil ENVO ENVO:00005744 allotment garden soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment_garden ENVO ENVO:00005745 allotment garden A portion of soil which is found in a savanna. savanna soil ENVO ENVO:00005747 compost soil Soil which has little to no water content and in which minerals and other soluble chemical entities have either bonded or become adsorbed to sold particles due to insufficient water availability. dry soil A portion of soil which is part of a cropland or a rangeland biome. farm soil A portion of soil which is found in a grassland. grassland soil Soil which is part of a densely forested area subject to tropical climate patterns. jungle soil ENVO ENVO:00005752 sawah soil A portion of urea enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of urea. ENVO ENVO:00005753 urea enriched soil ENVO ENVO:00005754 fertilized soil ENVO ENVO:00005755 field soil ENVO ENVO:00005756 lawn soil A portion of bacteria enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated bacterial abundance. ENVO ENVO:00005757 bacteria enriched soil A portion of alluvial soil which is part of a swamp ecosystem. alluvial swamp soil ENVO ENVO:00005759 alluvial paddy field soil ENVO burnt soil ENVO:00005760 burned soil ENVO ENVO:00005761 meadow soil A portion of chloropicrin enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of chloropicrin. ENVO ENVO:00005762 chloropicrin enriched soil humus-rich acidic ash soil ENVO ENVO:00005764 pond soil ENVO ENVO:00005765 frozen compost soil ENVO ENVO:00005766 limed soil Soil which has, as a part, a portion of either fresh or processed animal manure. manured soil Soil which has properties to which plants in the Family Orchidaceae have adapted, including increased levels of aeration and drainage. orchid soil ENVO ENVO:00005769 mountain forest soil ENVO ENVO:00005770 beech forest soil Soil which is composed of a large proportion of mud, thus having properties resembling mud. muddy soil Soil in which trees from an orchard grow. orchard soil Soil which is found in a pasture and in which vegetation, such as the grass used for the grazing of ungulates, grows. pasture soil EcoLexicon:peat SWEETRealm:Peat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_soil peat peat soil ENVO salty soil ENVO:00005775 salt contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00005776 peaty paddy field soil A portion of soil which is found in a steppe. steppe soil ENVO ENVO:00005778 tropical soil ENVO ENVO:00005779 vegetable garden soil A portion of soil which is found in a greenhouse. greenhouse soil ENVO ENVO:00005781 heat stressed soil Soil which is formed from avian fecal matter. ornithogenic soil ENVO ENVO:00005783 leafy wood soil ENVO ENVO:00005784 spruce forest soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_soil ENVO ENVO:00005785 volcanic soil ENVO ENVO:00005786 upland soil ENVO ENVO:00005787 eucalyptus forest soil ENVO ENVO:00005788 rubber plantation soil Bluegrass field soil is a soil which is found in a field of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis). ENVO ENVO:00005789 bluegrass field soil ENVO ENVO:00005790 red soil Sterile water is water which does not contain lliving organisms. sterile water Water which has physicochemical properties determined by processes which occur beneath the planetary crust. SWEETRealm:UndergroundWater subterranean water envoPolar This class references any water that's under a planetary surface. For water that is in an aquifer, see "groundwater" (ENVO:01001004). Previously, this class included both. underground water ENVO ENVO:00005793 muddy water ENVO ENVO:00005794 water scum Mud which is part of a marine ecosystem. envoPolar marine mud ENVO ENVO:00005796 marine sludge Mud which constitutes the bed of a lake. lake bottom mud ENVO ENVO:00005798 acid dune sand ENVO ENVO:00005799 rocky sand Sand which is part of a desert. desert sand The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms. LTER:472 rhizosphere Soil that is not penetrated by the root systems of plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil ENVO ENVO:00005802 bulk soil The dwelling of an animal or group of similar animals. den nest ENVO ENVO:00005803 animal habitation A pile of earth, sand, pine needles, or clay or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their mandibles and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes, and may create nest chambers within the mound. ant's nest ENVO ant hill ENVO:00005804 nest of ant A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young. bird nest bird's nest eyrie ENVO ENVO:00005805 nest of bird An ice rise is an elevation which is part of an ice shelf, typically dome shared, and formed by the ice shelf overriding an obstruction in the seabed. An ice rise may be adjacent only to an ice shelf, or to an ice shelf and a sea. For some features, properly ice rises, the term island has become established through usage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rise ENVO ENVO:00009686 envoPolar ice rise A glacier covering a coastal strip of low-lying land backed by mountains, and sloping gently seaward over a distance up to 30km or more to terminate in ice cliffs or to merge with an ice shelf. ENVO ENVO:00009725 envoPolar ice piedmont Fissure at the junction between an inland ice sheet, ice piedmont or ice rise and an ice shelf, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide. ENVO ENVO:00009726 envoPolar strand crack A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomite ENVO ENVO:00010358 fomite A dump for domestic waste. A term used to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden ENVO ENVO:00010442 midden A portion of environmental material is a fiat object part which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. portion of environmental material Everything under this parent must be a mass noun. All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water". This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. environmental material A layer of some material entity which is adjacent to one or more of its external boundaries and directly interacts with its immediate surroundings. EcoLexicon:surface SWEETRealm:Surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface This class is distinct from a geometric surface, which is two-dimensional. The idea of "uppermost" may be problematic. Further, the definition of layer (the superclass of surface in rev 133) references surface. This may be another issue. Perhaps this can be made into an inferred class using 'bounding layer of' some material entity, note that 'bounding layer' implies containment, which may not be valid here. surface layer Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets. EcoLexicon:aerosol SWEETRealm:Aerosol Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol" aerosol A mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion emulsion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_instrument ENVO ENVO:00010621 medical instrument A vivarium is an enclosure for keeping and raising organisms for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarium vivarium A sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite ENVO ENVO:00010623 dolomite A place where a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden botanic garden ENVO ENVO:00010624 botanical garden A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. zoo zoological park ENVO ENVO:00010625 zoological garden A research facility consisting of instruments that measure the properties of the oceans over time. Usually of at least approximately fixed location. ocean time series station An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. EcoLexicon:aquifer SWEETRealm:Aquifer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer envoPolar aquifer ENVO ENVO:00012411 karst cave Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live. ENVO ENVO:0010001 anthropogenic environmental material ENVO ENVO:0010003 This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material. agricultural environmental material ENVO ENVO:0010162 Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant stream. dry stream valley ENVO ENVO:0010163 Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant river. dry river valley Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia. EcoLexicon:humus SWEETRealm:Humus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus humus A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay. EcoLexicon:mud LTER:356 SWEETRealm:Mud https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud mud https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well ENVO ENVO:01000002 water well https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well ENVO ENVO:01000003 oil well The concentration basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome that have higher salinity than bordering oceans due to evaporation. Water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-19T09:32:59Z ENVO ENVO:01000004 concentration basin mediterranean sea biome MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: An oceanographic feature that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: A marine upwelling is a net flow of marine water to the surface of the water column from deeper regions. This is often a result of surface water displacement off continental coasts by wind action. Localised upwellings may also occur along divergent fronts around eddies and along some of the major oceanographic features. Deeper waters often have higher nutrient content; consequently blooms of primary producers, such as planktonic algae, are generally observed around upwelling zones. ENVO:01000063 EcoLexicon:upwell EcoLexicon:upwelling SWEETRealm:Upwelling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling marine upwelling This term is specific to marine upwellings. upwelling An upwelling that is near a coast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_upwelling ENVO ENVO:01000006 coastal upwelling ENVO ENVO:01000007 envoPolar microbial feature A multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat ENVO ENVO:01000008 microbial mat organic material feature biotic mesoscopic physical object ENVO ENVO:01000010 abiotic mesoscopic physical object Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. EcoLexicon:silt SWEETRealm:Silt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity. silt A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. EcoLexicon:sand LTER:484 SWEETRealm:Sand https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand ENVO ENVO:01000017 sand Gravel is an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. EcoLexicon:gravel SWEETRealm:Gravel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel ENVO ENVO:01000018 The logical def is a little off here - it should really suggest that a gravel is composed of many "pieces" of gravel. gravel ENVO ENVO:01000019 surface layer with role "walking substrate" or similar. Indicate it is some sort of "bottom" cave floor Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z SPIRE:Estuarine ENVO ENVO:01000020 estuarine biome The marine salt marsh biome comprises marshes that are transitional intertidals between land and salty or brackish marine water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, estuaries). It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. The daily tidal surges bring in nutrients, which tend to settle in roots of the plants within the salt marsh. The natural chemical activity of salty (or brackish) water and the tendency of algae to bloom in the shallow unshaded water also allow for great biodiversity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000022 marine salt marsh biome The marine pelagic biome (pelagic meaning open sea) is that of the marine water column, from the surface to the greatest depths. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000023 envoPolar marine pelagic biome The marine benthic biome (benthic meaning 'bottom') encompasses the seafloor and includes such areas as shores, littoral or intertidal areas, marine coral reefs, and the deep seabed. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z SPIRE:Benthic ENVO ENVO:01000024 envoPolar marine benthic biome The marine neritic zone biome comprises sea floor from the high tide mark to a continental shelf break. This zone generally extends to 200 m below average sea level. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000025 envoPolar marine neritic benthic zone biome The marine bathyal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 200 m and 3000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental slope. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z marine bathyal zone biome The marine abyssal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 2500 m and 6000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental rise and the abyssal plain. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000027 marine abyssal zone biome The marine hadal zone biome describes sea floor deeper than 6000 m such as that of the oceanic trenches. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000028 marine hadal zone biome A biome expressed by strips or ridges of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of marine water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000029 marine reef biome The marine hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000030 marine hydrothermal vent biome The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column above a continental shelf. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:19:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000032 neritic pelagic zone biome The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column offshore, beyond a continental shelf. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:19:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000033 oceanic pelagic zone biome The oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of the marine surface waters occurring offshore, away from a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000034 oceanic sea surface microlayer biome The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The oceanic epipelagic zone biome encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000035 oceanic epipelagic zone biome The oceanic mesopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends through the water column from approximately 200-1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000036 oceanic mesopelagic zone biome The bathypelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below approximately 1000 m water depth - the maximum depth to which detectable daylight penetrates in all but the clearest oligotrophic waters - and extends to about 2500 - 2700 m water depth. In the temperate Atlantic, the beginning of the bathypelagic zone biome approximates to the deep oxygen minimum and the base of the permanent thermocline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000037 oceanic bathypelagic zone biome The abyssopelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below the bathypelagic zone biome at approximately 2500 -2700 m and extends either to the hadal pelagic zone biome (at approximately 6000 m) or to the benthopelagic zone biome within ca. 100 m of the seafloor. The depth of 2700 m may be critical for physiological reasons as the change in hydrostatic pressure across this depth may preclude organism migration. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000038 oceanic abyssopelagic zone biome The oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome comprises the water column in oceanic trenches occurring at depths between 6000m and 10,000m. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000039 oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome The benthopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column which usually coincide with the benthic boundary layer (BBL) - the layer of isothermal and isohaline water contiguous to the sea floor. A general reversal in the declining gradient of pelagic biomass may be observed here, perhaps explained by viable nutrition on the sea floor being resuspended by bottom currents. This zone typically extends 100 m above the seafloor, but may reach upto1000 m during benthic storms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000040 oceanic benthopelagic zone biome The neritic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of marine surface waters occurring above a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:22:09Z ENVO ENVO:01000041 neritic sea surface microlayer biome The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The epipelagic zone encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:22:09Z ENVO ENVO:01000042 neritic epipelagic zone biome The neritic mesopelagic zone biome comprises the marine column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:22:09Z ENVO ENVO:01000043 neritic mesopelagic zone biome A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring within the marine water column. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:10:50Z ENVO ENVO:01000044 envoPolar marine pelagic feature The epeiric sea (also known as an epicontinental sea) biome comprises a shallow seas that extend over part of a continent. Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the geologic past, which have variously been due to either global eustatic sea level changes, local tectonic deformation, or both, and are occasionally semi-cyclic. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z epicontinental sea biome ENVO ENVO:01000045 epeiric sea biome The marginal sea biome comprises parts of an ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds. Many marginal seas are enclosed by island arcs that were formed from the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z marginal sea biome The mediterranean sea biome comprises mostly enclosed seas that have limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z mediterranean sea biome The ocean biome comprises major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z ENVO ENVO:01000048 envoPolar ocean biome The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:27:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000049 marine coral reef biome The marine rocky subtidal reef biome comprises regions of the marine reef biome composed mainly of rock and which harbour abundant communities of algae and invertebrates. These reefs are often very patchy, with alterations of rocks dominated by rich invertebrate assemblages and turf-forming calcareous red algae. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:27:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000050 marine subtidal rocky reef biome A marine black smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by a black vent plume. This black plume is a consequence of dissolved metals and minerals forming complexes with sulphide and indicates polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits beneath the surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z ENVO ENVO:01000051 marine black smoker biome A marine white smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by lightly hued plumes, typically containing barium, calcium, and silicon. These vents tend to have lower temperature plumes when compared to black smoker environments. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z ENVO ENVO:01000052 marine white smoker biome A marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of themarine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z ENVO ENVO:01000053 marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome A marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on basaltic rocks. Basalt generally has a composition of 45 to 55 wt % SiO2, 2 to 6 wt % total alkalis, 0.5 to 2.0 wt % TiO2, 5 to 14 wt % FeO and 14 wt % or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt %, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt %. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z ENVO ENVO:01000054 marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z EcoLexicon:red_tide red tide ENVO ENVO:01000057 envoPolar marine algal bloom Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z ENVO kelp bed ENVO:01000058 Kelp forests and beds may extend many meters above the sea floor, thus should not be considered a type of "bed". kelp forest A bed of a marine, saline water body which is covered by one or more speices of seagrass typically belonging to the families Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, or Cymodoceaceae. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z seagrass bed seagrass meadow "Seagrass beds are highly diverse and productive ecosystems, and can harbor hundreds of associated species from all phyla, for example juvenile and adult fish, epiphytic and free-living macroalgae and microalgae, mollusks, bristle worms, and nematodes. Few species were originally considered to feed directly on seagrass leaves (partly because of their low nutritional content), but scientific reviews and improved working methods have shown that seagrass herbivory is a highly important link in the food chain, with hundreds of species feeding on seagrasses worldwide, including green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, swans, sea urchins and crabs." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass 2016-01-18 sea grass bed Particulate material is an environmental material which is composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material. Subclasses should be assigned by inference. envoPolar particulate matter The upper part of the marine water column with generally uniform properties resulting from wind-driven mixing. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z epipelagic mixed layer envoMarine envoPolar marine wind mixed layer Benthic storms are strong benthic (near bottom) currents transporting sediment, created by the input of energy (largely kinetic) to the seabed. In regions with high mesoscale eddy activity, benthic storms are frequent and can create isohaline and isothermal conditions extending as much as 1000m above the seafloor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z marine benthic storm A portion of planktonic material is a portion of environmental material primarily composed of plankton. See Issue #251. Awaiting class creation in PCO to attempt logical definitions. envoPolar planktonic material A marine downwelling describes a net current of marine surface water towards deeper regions of the water column. Marine downwellings are usually caused by differences in the density (and hence, temperature and salinity) of seawater. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000064 marine downwelling ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000065 envoPolar marine oxygen minimum zone Marine anoxic zones are areas of marine water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange. In most cases, oxygen is prevented from reaching the deeper levels by a physical barrier (sill) as well as by a pronounced density stratification. Anoxic conditions will occur if the rate of oxidation of organic matter by bacteria is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z SWEETRealm:DeadZone dead zone envoPolar marine anoxic zone A hydroform which is maintained by a continuous, directed movement of marine water, generated by forces caused by breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of astronomical bodies. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z EcoLexicon:marine_current envoPolar marine current Marine streamers are tongues of cold water that extend > 100 km offshore from upwelling regions. Enhanced primary productivity may occur in these waters as they are typically more nutrient rich than marine surface waters. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z marine streamer Mesoscale marine eddies are characterized by currents which flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic. Ocean eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different to those outside of the eddy. Marine mesoscale eddies are between about 10 and 500 km in diameter, and persist for periods of days to months. They may be formed when an ocean current develops an instability. This instability grows, causing the current to meander, and eventually an eddy is pinched off from the meander. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z mesoscale marine eddy Sediment comprised of weathered continental rocks, wind blown dust, volcanic ash or other terrestrial material. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z EcoLexicon:terrigenous_sediment SWEETRealm:TerrigenousSediment ENVO ENVO:01000070 terrigenous sediment An oceanic front is a narrow zone of enhanced horizontal gradients of water properties (temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) that separates broader areas with different water masses or different vertical structure (stratification). ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000071 oceanic front A marine Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in a marine body of water. Currents flowing over shoaling topography such as seamounts are accelerated and destabilised, resulting in Taylor columns. Eddies and internal waves are generated downstream of the topological feature and may extend 1000 m or so above them. This may result in a localised increase in primary production where the Taylor column reaches surface waters. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000072 marine Taylor column An expanse of marine water characterised by low concentrations of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate as well as organic matter and, hence, low primary productivity. These regions tend to have high dissolved oxygen levels due to a lack of respiration. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000073 marine oligotrophic desert A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque). ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z SWEETRealm:OceanGyre oceanic gyre The marine thermocline describes a sharp change in the temperature of seawater (in relation to the temperature gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column, which is usually associated with rapid changes in water density and salinity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000075 envoPolar marine thermocline A marine chemocline is a marine cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of marine water. Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formations of anoxic bottom water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000076 envoPolar marine chemocline The marine pycnocline describes a sharp change in the density of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. Pycnoclines are usually associated with thermo- and haloclines. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z envoPolar marine pycnocline The marine nutricline describes a sharp change in the nutrient content of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000078 envoPolar marine nutricline The marine lysocline denotes the depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically. As water column depth and therefore pressure increases, the corresponding calcite saturation of seawater decreases and the calcite begins dissolve. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000079 envoPolar marine lysocline A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water temperature. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z envoPolar pelagic isothermal surface A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal salinity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z envoPolar pelagic isohaline surface Biogenous sediment is derived from living organisms, typically planktonic organisms possessing shells, frustules or coccoliths. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z ENVO ENVO:01000082 envoPolar biogenous sediment A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water density. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z envoPolar pelagic isopycnal surface ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000084 estuarine front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000085 plume front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000086 coastal buoyancy current front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000087 tidal mixing front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000088 mid-shelf fronts ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000089 shelf-slope/shelf-break front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000090 coastal upwelling front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000091 topographic upwelling front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000092 equatorial upwelling front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000093 boundary current front A convergence front which is located in a region subject to subtropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z subtropical convergence front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000095 marginal ice zone front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000096 water mass front ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000097 surface convergence A marine current that generally occurs below the permanent thermocline (where it occurs) or below 400 m depth and that is driven by density and temperature gradients. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:24:56Z deep ocean current A marine current bordered by the surface of the water column and the permanent thermocline, where it occurs. Surface currents are mostly wind driven and mostly limited to the top 400 m of the water column. Ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. Large ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy from the tropics to polar regions. In some cases, currents are transient features and affect only a small area. Other ocean currents are essentially permanent and extend over large horizontal distances. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:24:56Z marine surface current A marine surface current that flows along an oceanic front. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000100 along-front current ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000101 warm surface current ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000102 cold surface current A warm water, narrow marine surface current flowing from the equator to high latitudes at speeds between 40 and 120 kilometers per day. Western boundary currents are the deepest ocean surface flows, usually extending 1000 meters below the ocean surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z SWEETRealm:WesternBoundaryCurrent ENVO ENVO:01000103 western boundary current A cold water, broad marine surface current flowing from high latitudes to the equator at speeds between 3 and 7 kilometers per day. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z SWEETRealm:EasternBoundaryCurrent ENVO ENVO:01000104 eastern boundary current A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring on or along marine benthic environments. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T12:27:00Z ENVO ENVO:01000105 marine benthic feature The permanent marine thermocline describes a marine thermocline found in temperate to tropical latitudes, which marks the transition between warm waters and cold deep waters. The permanent thermocline separates the marine cold-water sphere and the marine warm-water sphere ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T02:31:24Z ENVO ENVO:01000106 envoPolar permanent marine thermocline The seasonal marine thermocline is a marine thermocline, which generally occurs below the marine wind mixed layer. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T02:31:24Z ENVO ENVO:01000107 envoPolar seasonal marine thermocline The marine cold-water sphere describes a water mass extending from the polar seas and across low latitudes at depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m, which is separated from the marine warm-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T02:39:37Z ENVO ENVO:01000108 envoPolar marine cold-water sphere The marine warm-water sphere describes a water mass extending to depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m in low and middle latitudes. It is separated from the marine cold-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-16T02:42:39Z ENVO ENVO:01000109 marine warm-water sphere Hydrogenous sediment is derived from solutes that precipitate out of sea water by a variety of chemical reactions. These are typically less abundant than other sediment types. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z SWEETRealm:HydrogenousSediment hydrogenous sediment Cosmogenous sediment is derived from extraterrestrial dust and debris in the form of meteorites and similar entities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z ENVO ENVO:01000111 cosmogenous sediment Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z manganese nodule ENVO ENVO:01000112 polymetallic nodule Suspended sediment, or suspended load, is the term for the particles settle slowly enough to be carried in flowing water (such as a stream or coastal area) either without touching the bed or while only intermittently touching it. These particles are generally of the fine sand, silt and clay size, although larger particles may be carried as well depending on the intensity of the flow. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:17:02Z ENVO ENVO:01000113 suspended sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ENVO ENVO:01000114 boulder sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z cobble sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 32 mm. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ENVO ENVO:01000116 pebble sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 2 and 4 mm. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z granular sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 62.5 micrometers and 2 mm. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ENVO ENVO:01000118 sandy sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 62.5 micrometers. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z silty sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z clay sediment Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter below 1 micrometer. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z colloidal sediment A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T02:13:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000122 marine hydrothermal vent The marine sponge reef biome comprises marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T04:43:05Z ENVO ENVO:01000123 marine sponge reef biome The supralittoral zone is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T09:01:45Z supralittoral zone marine supralittoral zone ENVO splash zone spray zone supratidal zone ENVO:01000124 marine supra-littoral zone The marine littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends, approximately, from the spray region above the high tide mark to the edge of the coninental shelf. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T09:01:45Z ENVO ENVO:01000125 marine littoral zone The marine sublittoral zone is part of the marine littoral zone which is permanently covered by seawater. In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters. In marine biology, the sublittoral refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-17T09:01:45Z sublittoral zone marine sublittoral zone marine sub-littoral zone The marine cold seep biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where seepage of methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon rich fluids and other fluids occurs. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-19T08:33:56Z ENVO ENVO:01000127 marine cold seep biome The dilution basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome with lower salinity than the surrounding ocean due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers. Water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-19T09:32:59Z ENVO ENVO:01000128 dilution basin mediterranean sea biome 2010-03-20T06:23:38Z ENVO ENVO:01000129 marine hydrothermal vent chimney A marine hydrothermal vent plume, part of a marine hydrothermal vent, is a high temperature water jet laden with dissolved metals and minerals that is driven by heat generated due to tectonic activity below the vent. 2010-03-20T06:23:38Z marine hydrothermal plume Sediment characterised by a temperature of 15-45 degrees Celsius and high-to-low oxygenation. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T07:15:20Z ENVO ENVO:01000131 mesophilic sediment Sediment characterised by a temperature of 45-75 degrees Celsius and low to no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T07:18:16Z ENVO ENVO:01000132 thermophilic sediment Sediment characterised by a temperature of 80-125 degrees Celsius and no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T07:18:16Z ENVO ENVO:01000133 hyperthermophilic sediment High temperature water ejected from hydrothermal vents and laden with dissolved metals and minerals as a result of percolation through crustal rocks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:19:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000134 hydrothermal fluid Sediment hosting and characterised by active nitrate reducing microbial communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000135 envoPolar nitrate-reducing sediment An isolated fragment of rock, which fell vertically through the water column into finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks. Drop stones range in size from small pebbles to boulders. 2010-03-20T06:25:06Z Dropstone ENVO ENVO:01000136 drop stone An accumulation of organic matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:25:30Z organic matter fall A accumulation of plant matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:26:07Z plant matter fall The carcass of an animal that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:26:07Z ENVO ENVO:01000139 animal carcass fall Whale fall is the term used for a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a relatively short period of time: within several months. However, in deeper water (depths of 2,000 m/6,600 ft or greater), fewer scavenger species exist, and the carcass can provide sustenance for a complex localized ecosystem over periods of decades. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000140 whale fall Seal fall is the term used for a seal carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:26:44Z ENVO ENVO:01000141 seal fall A wood fall describes an accumulation of woody plant material that has fallen to the ocean floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:27:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000142 wood fall ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:43:45Z ENVO ENVO:01000143 marine reef ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000144 marine coral reef flat zone ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000145 marine coral reef back reef ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000146 marine coral reef crest ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000147 marine coral reef fore reef ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000148 marine coral reef buttress zone ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000149 marine coral reef deep fore reef ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T06:55:18Z ENVO ENVO:01000150 marine subtidal rocky reef Sediment hosting and characterised by active manganese reducing microbial communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000151 envoPolar manganese-reducing sediment Sediment hosting and characterised by active iron reducing microbial communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000152 envoPolar iron-reducing sediment Sediment hosting and characterised by active sulphate reducing microbial communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000153 envoPolar sulphate-reducing sediment Sediment hosting and characterised by active carbon dioxide reducing microbial communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000154 envoPolar carbon dioxide-reducing sediment Environmental material derived from living organisms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:40:04Z EcoLexicon:organic_material biomass organic material Material derived from a biofilm, an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides in various configurations. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:51:49Z ENVO ENVO:01000156 biofilm material Material derived from a microbial mat, a multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:51:49Z ENVO ENVO:01000157 envoPolar microbial mat material Marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T08:51:49Z EcoLexicon:marine_snow envoPolar marine snow A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic pertaining to or derived from living organisms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:00:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000159 organic feature Pockmarks are craters in the seabed resulting from the release of gas or liquid. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:14:38Z ENVO ENVO:01000160 envoPolar marine pockmark A marine sponge reef is marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:18:54Z ENVO ENVO:01000161 marine sponge reef A collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:21:27Z LTER:395 ENVO ENVO:01000162 organ A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The light can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells) , or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z EcoLexicon:photophore ENVO ENVO:01000163 photophore Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z ENVO ENVO:01000164 root nodule A specialised organ found in deep-sea tube worms populating hydrothermal vent environments that is colonised by chemosynthetic bacteria which supply the host worm with organic compounds. The term may be applied to similar organs in other worms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z ENVO ENVO:01000165 trophosome A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z ENVO ENVO:01000166 mycetome Determinate nodules are root nodules found on tropical (sub)legumes, such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), Lotus, and Vigna. Determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:34:55Z ENVO ENVO:01000167 determinate root nodule Indeterminate nodules are found on temperate legumes like Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch). They earned the moniker "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:34:55Z ENVO ENVO:01000168 indeterminate root nodule A part of an indeterminate root nodule where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z ENVO ENVO:01000169 indeterminate root nodule active meristem A part of an indeterminate root nodule permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z ENVO ENVO:01000170 indeterminate root nodule infection zone A part of an indeterminate root nodule where each cell contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. Typically, the plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z ENVO ENVO:01000171 indeterminate root nodule nitrogen fixation zone A part of an indeterminate root nodule where plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z ENVO ENVO:01000172 indeterminate root nodule senescent zone Water depleted of dissolved oxygen. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-21T06:05:53Z anaerobic water reducing water anoxic water A forest biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, densely packed vegetation which strongly limits light penetration to the forest floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z LTER:212 SPIRE:Forest Preliminary definition. forest biome A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z Preliminary definition. woodland biome A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z Preliminary definition. shrubland biome A grassland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, an unbroken layer of grasses (Gramineae), sedges (Cyperaceae) or rushes (Juncaceae). ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z SPIRE:Savannah_or_grassland ENVO ENVO:01000177 grassland biome A savanna biome is a woodland biome which has seasonal water availability and includes, across its entire spatial extent, trees spaced sufficiently far apart to allow an unbroken layer of grass, sedge (Cyperaceae) or rush (Juncaceae) communities to live. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z SPIRE:Savannah_or_grassland ENVO ENVO:01000178 Preliminary definition savanna biome A desert biome is a terrestrial biome which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation and includes communities adapted to these conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z SPIRE:Desert_or_dune wwfBiome Preliminary definition. desert biome A tundra is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, only low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Tundra biomes rarely have monthly average temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and have low evapotranspiration ratios. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z SPIRE:Tundra envoPolar wwfBiome Preliminary definition. tundra biome A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z LTER:322 wwfBiome Preliminary definition. Depending on whether mangrove trees or shrubs are present, this class could be a child of shrubland biome or woodland biome. Consider creating the appropriate classes. mangrove biome A temperate desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to intermediate insolation, low rainfall, and large temperature variations between winter and summer. Winter temperatures may fall below 0 degrees Celsius. Some precipitation in this biome may fall as snow. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate desert biome A tropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, very high insolation due to inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Tropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical desert biome A subtropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, high insolation (but lower than that of a tropical desert biome), inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Subtropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical desert biome A montane desert biome is a desert biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z Preliminary definition. montane desert biome A polar desert biome is a desert biome which is subject to low levels of insolation, annual precipitation less than 250 millimeters, and a mean temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius during its warmest month. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z envoPolar Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. polar desert biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical savanna biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical savanna biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z prairie biome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate savanna biome A flooded savanna biome is a savanna biome which has very wet to saturated soil moisture content. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z swamp ENVO marsh ENVO:01000190 wwfBiome flooded savanna biome A grassland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical grassland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical grassland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z prairie biome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate grassland biome A montane grassland biome is a grassland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. montane grassland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z ENVO ENVO:01000195 wwfBiome flooded grassland biome A coniferous forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000196 Preliminary definition. coniferous forest biome A broadleaf forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z Preliminary definition. broadleaf forest biome A mixed forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf and coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000198 Preliminary definition. mixed forest biome A mediterranean forest biome is a forest biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. mediterranean forest biome A broadleaf forest biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:32:28Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical broadleaf forest biome A broadleaf forest biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:32:28Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical broadleaf forest biome A broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:32:28Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate broadleaf forest biome An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:35:18Z envoPolar A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional. environmental condition A tropical condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives high yearly solar irradiance per unit area and, on Earth, the Sun reaches a subsolar point at least once during the solar year. This results in a hot and moist year-round climate at low elevations, which have a monthly average temperature above 18 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z EcoLexicon:the_tropics SPIRE:Tropical tropical A subtropical condition is an environmental condition in which an envrionmental system receives more solar irradiance than those with temperate conditions, but less than those with tropical conditions. At low elevations, this typically results in eight months of the year having average temperatures greater than or equal to 10 degrees Celsius with the coldest monthly temperature averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z As with most other climatic zones and conditions, multiple classification schemes have somehat different definitions and criteria. To quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50.0 °F) or above. German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined Warm temperate zones as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between 2 °C (35.6 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Northern Hemisphere and between 6 °C (42.8 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding oceanic and continental climates. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone,[4] which is subdivided into seven smaller areas.[5] According to the E. Neef climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into two parts: Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate.[6] According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into three parts: high-continental, continental, and maritime.[7] According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world.[8]" subtropical A temperate condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives less solar irradiance than those with subpolar conditions, but greater than those with subtropical conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z SPIRE:Temperate tepid climate This class' definition is less satisfactory than the other latitudinal conditoins. temperate A mediterranean condition is a subtropical condition in which hot dry summers and winters with moderate to high rainfall. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z These regions are under the constant influence of the subtropical ridge. mediterranean A subtropical woodland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. mediterranean woodland biome A coniferous forest biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:39:14Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical coniferous forest biome A coniferous forest biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:39:14Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical coniferous forest biome A coniferous forest biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:39:14Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate coniferous forest biome A mixed forest biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:39:30Z wwfBiome temperate mixed forest biome A shrubland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical shrubland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical shrubland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z prairie biome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate shrubland biome A montane shrubland biome is a shrubland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. montane shrubland biome A mediterranean shrubland biome is a subtropical shrubland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. mediterranean shrubland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z ENVO ENVO:01000218 wwfBiome Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. xeric shrubland biome An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T14:45:22Z anthrome human biome Preliminary definition. anthropogenic terrestrial biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. tropical woodland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate woodland biome A woodland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical woodland biome A montane savanna biome is a savanna biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-07T16:50:01Z Preliminary definition. montane savanna biome A subtropical grassland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-19T11:42:48Z Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. mediterranean grassland biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-24T12:04:53Z wwfBiome subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-24T12:04:53Z ENVO ENVO:01000226 wwfBiome subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-24T12:05:25Z ENVO ENVO:01000227 wwfBiome tropical dry broadleaf forest biome ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-24T12:05:25Z SPIRE:Rainforest ENVO rainforest biome ENVO:01000228 wwfBiome tropical moist broadleaf forest biome A savanna biome which is subject to mediterranean climate patterns. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-24T12:20:42Z wwfBiome mediterranean savanna biome An environmental condition in which annual precipitation is less than half of annual potential evapotranspiration. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-04-24T13:28:18Z EcoLexicon:aridity envoPolar arid Lava is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids which has extruded beyond a planetary crust. PLB 2013-05-05T16:52:47Z EcoLexicon:lava SWEETRealm:Lava ENVO ENVO:01000231 Some use 'lava' to refer to rock that is formed when lava cools. This is not the intended meaning of this class. See 'igneous rock' or similar. lava Felsic lava is lava which is high in silica (> 69 percent by weight), aluminium, potassium, sodium, and calcium, forming a polymerized liquid rich in feldspar and quartz. Felsic lava has a higher viscosity than other magma types. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C. Unusually hot (>950 °C) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres PLB 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z silicic lava ENVO ENVO:01000232 felsic lava Intermediate lava is lava which, relative to felsic lava, is lower in aluminium and silica (between 52 and 63 percent by weight), and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron. The temperature of intermediate lava ranges from 750 to 950 degrees Celsius, destroying polymerized bonds and promoting more fluid behaviour relative to felsic lavas and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, and also occasionally amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts. PLB 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z andesitic lava ENVO ENVO:01000233 intermediate lava Mafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types other than ultramafic lava, has a high ferromagnesian content and low aluminium and silica content, with silca making up between 45 and 52 percent of its weight. Mafic lava generally erupts at temperatures in excess of 950 degrees Celsius. The high temperature and low polymerisation in mafic lava favors low viscosity and chemical diffusion, promoting the formation of large, well-formed phenocrysts. PLB 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z ENVO basaltic lava ENVO:01000234 mafic lava Ultramafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types, has very high magnesium oxide content and less than 45 percent silica by weight is thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1600 degrees Celsius. Due to its high temperature and composition, the viscosity of ultramafic lava is very low. PLB 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z ENVO ENVO:01000235 ultramafic lava Basalt is a volcanic rock which is formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava. PLB 2013-05-05T17:07:15Z EcoLexicon:basalt SWEETRealm:Basalt ENVO ENVO:01000236 basalt A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-05-06T09:47:07Z coastal chaparral coastal scrubland A polar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area, resulting in colder climatic conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-05-08T07:49:36Z SPIRE:Polar SWEETRealm:Polarization frigid envoPolar On Earth, polar conditions are such that every month has average temperature lower than 10 degrees Celsius. Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition. polar An oak woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of oak trees. 2013-06-04T22:33:52Z oak woodland A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae. 2013-06-06T14:39:17Z conifer woodland A juniper woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the genus Juniperus. PLB 2013-06-06T14:44:52Z ENVO ENVO:01000241 juniper woodland A scrubland which is located in a desert. 2013-06-06T15:02:30Z desert scrub desert scrubland A piece of rock with a grain size above 300 millimetres in diameter. Smaller boulders are, at times, referred to as rocks or stones. PLB 2013-06-06T15:10:50Z EcoLexicon:boulder SWEETRealm:Boulder ENVO ENVO:01000243 boulder A pinyon juniper woodland is a conifer woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the subsection Cembroides of the genus Pinus and the genus Juniperus. PLB 2013-06-06T15:22:52Z ENVO ENVO:01000244 pinyon juniper woodland A cropland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for agricultural activity and which contains no village or larger human settlement. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z cropland biome A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z Villages are also described as agricultural settlements with greater than 100 persons per square kilometre; however, no upper limit is defined. village biome A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z rangeland biome A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z ENVO ENVO:01000248 dense settlement biome An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z SPIRE:Urban ENVO ENVO:01000249 urban biome A coniferous forest biome which includes communities adapted to subpolar conditions. 2013-09-04T06:41:53Z EcoLexicon:taiga LTER:72 SPIRE:Taiga boreal forest taiga wwfBiome subpolar coniferous forest biome A subpolar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area and is surrounded by large land masses. This results in very cold winters with temperatures potentially falling to around -40 degrees Celsius and summers which last no more than 3 months of the year with a 24-hour average temperature of at least 10 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-09-04T07:08:34Z boreal subarctic envoPolar Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition. subpolar 2013-09-19T11:11:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000252 freshwater lake biome 2013-09-19T11:11:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000253 freshwater river biome A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. 2013-09-23T16:04:08Z EcoLexicon:environment environment In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. environmental system A mineral deposit is a physiographic feature which has unusually high concentrations of one or more minerals. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-05T12:23:32Z ore deposit ENVO ENVO:01000255 Note that the definition of the term mineral is debatable; however, a mineral generally must be naturally occuring, stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula (unlike rocks, which may include a wide variety of components), are usually formed by geophysical processes (i.e. are abiogenic), and have an ordered atomic arrangement. mineral deposit A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. Look for "mineral" in a chemical or geochemical ontology to formalise the composed primarily of link. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-05T12:37:41Z LTER:341 mineral material A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor which emits lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate acetyl thioesters, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T19:57:22Z ENVO ENVO:01000257 white smoker A cline is a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T20:10:13Z envoPolar A similar term exists in linguistics and mathematics. An ecocline, or biological cline, is a related concept; however, may be better placed as a child of a class like "ecotone". Further, some definitions of "layer" require a layer's constiuent materials to have consistent properties, thus "cline" would not qualify as a subclass. The term "gradient" has been proposed as a more suitable superclass. Discussion in Issue #286) cline A layer within a fluid where the density gradient changes rapidly with depth. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T20:16:10Z stable density gradient pycnocline A layer within a water body where the nutrient content changes rapidly with depth. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T20:16:10Z ENVO ENVO:01000260 nutricline A layer within a marine water body where the rate of calcite dissolution changes rapidly with depth. The increase in the rate of calcite dissolution with depth is largely due to the concomitant fall in calcite saturation. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T20:16:10Z ENVO ENVO:01000261 lysocline A seep is a spring in which water has filtered through permeable earth to the surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T21:13:21Z ENVO ENVO:01000262 seep MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A cold seep is a seep in which methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids rise to the sea floor. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs. Cold seeps are distinct from hydrothermal vents: the former's emissions are of the same temperature as the surrounding seawater, whereas the latter's emissions are super-heated. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T21:16:39Z ENVO:00000425 hydrocarbon seep methane seep ENVO ENVO:01000263 cold seep A hydrothermal seep is a seep in which diffuse flow of geothermally heated fluids with high methane concentrations. This seep has been proposed as an intermediate between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-06T21:19:00Z ENVO hot seep ENVO:01000265 hydrothermal seep Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-10T07:58:18Z aqueous vapor aqueous vapour water vapor ENVO ENVO:01000266 Perhaps a better relation between water vapour and water can be found in or added to RO? water vapour An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-10T08:14:50Z LTER:48 ENVO ENVO:01000267 atmosphere Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-10T08:22:07Z atmospheric water vapor ENVO ENVO:01000268 envoPolar atmospheric water vapour A sedimentary rock which is composed mainly of silt. This rock has a grainsize in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000269 siltstone A clastic sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of clay sized particles. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000270 claystone Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000271 clastic sedimentary rock A mudstone is a clastic sedimentary rock which contains a mixture of at least one third of silt- and one third of clay-sized particles. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000272 There is debate on the usage of mudstone and mudrock, and some ambiguity is to be expected. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks. mudstone Lime mudstone is a limestone which is primarily composed of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z calcilutite cementstone ENVO ENVO:01000273 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks. lime mudstone Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z slate A structural basin is a geological depression formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying rock strata. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T16:30:32Z ENVO ENVO:01000275 structural basin A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-12T17:21:09Z envoPolar Unlike biomes, ecoregions are geographically defined entities. ENVO's sister project, GAZ, contains terms for instances of ecoregions (e.g. Beringia lowland tundra). Requests for new terms should be directed to GAZ. ENVO will only contain this top-level class. The class' definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. ecoregion Ice is water frozen into a solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-13T12:01:28Z LTER:262 ice envoPolar water ice A depression caused by the collapse of a pingo. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-13T12:15:55Z ENVO ENVO:01000278 pingo scar An ice mass which is formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates and freezes in a localized zone, wedging soil or rock apart. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-13T12:20:34Z ice lenses envoPolar ice lens Ecozones delineate large areas of a planetary surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-13T18:32:46Z envoPolar ENVO contains this top-level class, but all instances will be in GAZ. The definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology. Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories. ecozone A layer is a quantity of some material which is spatially continuous, has comparable thickness, and usually covers some surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T16:42:02Z envoPolar Preliminary definition. layer A stratum is a layer which is composed of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T16:49:04Z stratum ENVO ENVO:01000282 Preliminary definition. Concepts such as "characteristic" may be problematic. sedimentary stratum A layer which is part of a lake. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T16:57:43Z ENVO ENVO:01000283 envoPolar Note that this class does not contain metalimnion as a subclass. The metaliminon is classified as a thermocline. lake layer A lake which is permanently covered by ice, does not mix, and exhibit inverse cold water stratification whereby water temperature increases with depth below the ice surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z amictic lake A holomictic lake is a lake which mixes at least once per year. Mixing is caused by a uniform temperature distribution from the upper to lower layers of the lake. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z ENVO non-meromictic lake ENVO:01000285 holomictic lake A dimitic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during two mixing periods each year. Mixing typically occurs during the spring and autumn, when the lake is "isothermal" (i.e., at the same temperature from the top to the bottom). At this time the water throughout the lake is about 4°C, and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from top to bottom. These lakes are common in regions with temperate climates. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z ENVO ENVO:01000286 dimictic lake A polymictic lake is a holomictic lake which is too shallow to allow thermal stratification and which can mix from top to bottom through the ice-free period of the year. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z ENVO ENVO:01000287 polymictic lake A monomictic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during one mixing period each year. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z ENVO ENVO:01000288 monomictic lake A monomictic lake which is covered by ice throughout much of the year and only mixes when its surface ice melts and the lake lacks thermal stratification. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:23:51Z ENVO ENVO:01000289 cold monomictic lake A monomictic lake which does not freeze and is thermally stratified throughout most of the year, only mixing in winter when cooler temperatures ease stratification. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:26:42Z ENVO ENVO:01000290 warm monomictic lake A cold polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is covered by ice in winter. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:31:50Z ENVO ENVO:01000291 cold polymictic lake A warm polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is not covered by ice at any point during the year. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T17:32:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000292 warm polymictic lake A mass of ice. Class should be populated by inference and asserted subclasses redistributed. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-15T19:49:11Z envoPolar ice mass A deep fissure in rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-16T00:42:47Z ENVO crevice ENVO:01000294 crevice A layer that is part of a marine water body. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoMarine envoPolar marine layer A lake bed which is dry. That is, the bed of a dry lake. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-16T12:12:53Z Deliberately disjoint with "lake bed", which must be covered with water. dry lake bed A river where fresh water flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-16T12:56:48Z ENVO ENVO:01000297 Preliminary definition. freshwater river The continental margin is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called continental margin. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-18T00:04:57Z EcoLexicon:continental_margin SWEETRealm:ContinentalMargin ENVO ENVO:01000298 envoPolar continental margin A Taylor column is a column of deflected fluid flow which is formed in a perturbed, rotating fluid, is parallel to the axis of rotation, and extends above the obstacle perturbing the fluid in a rigid manner. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-19T11:11:28Z ENVO ENVO:01000299 This is an interesting class. It's not really a column in the sense of a water column, nor is it a current, exactly. It may also occur in any fluid, gaseous or liquid. Taylor column An atmospheric Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Taylor columns often form above islands resulting in vortex streets in the atmosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-19T11:12:43Z ENVO vortex street ENVO:01000300 atmospheric Taylor column Brackish water which is part of an estuary. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2013-10-19T11:30:46Z ENVO ENVO:01000301 estuarine water A portion of environmental material which protrudes through a surface layer. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2014-04-24T13:12:49Z ENVO ENVO:01000302 This is kept as a general class. One can specify subclasses by identifying the protruding material (e.g. rock outcroup, mineral outcrop, etc ) and the material(s) the protrusion emerges from. Possible logical definition: A portion of ENVO:environmental material which has_quality PATO:"protruding out of" a ENVO:surface layer of an ENVO:environmental material. outcrop An endolithic environment is an environment that exists within solid rock. endolithic environment A high pressure environment is an environment in which all material entities are exposed to a high ratio of force per unit area. high pressure environment A high temperature environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to increased levels of heat radiation or which have molecules or atoms moving randomly with increased levels of average kinietic energy. high temperature environment An aquatic environment which is determined by freshwater. Water (non-saline) fresh water environment envoEmpo envoOmics envoPolar freshwater environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by saline water. Water (saline) envoEmpo envoOmics envoPolar saline water environment An environmental system which is located beyond the Earth's exosphere and away from the Earth's core. This would need an instance of planet (i.e. Earth) to be fully expressed. Note that this is not necessarily outer space, as it can include planetary environments that are not of Earth. extraterrestrial environment An environment which has a lower temperature than some local or global average. envoPolar The definition of the deprecated 'cold temperature habitat' class, which this class was derived from, quotes an upper threshold of 15 degrees Celsius for 'coldness'. cold environment A haline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of salt, typically above 2 molar. haline environment A cultivated environment is an environment that has been modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops. EcoLexicon:agriculture FTT:1248 FTT:54 FTT:55 FTT:56 Geonames:V.CULT LTER:17 SPIRE:Agricultural SWEETRealm:Range cropland ENVO CROPLAND agricultural region cultivated area cultivated cropland market garden range truck farm truck garden cultivated environment A culturing environment is an environment which is maintained by humans for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures. ENVO culturing environment An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity. Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic. anthropogenic environment A high osmolarity environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of solutes. high osmolarity environment An acidic environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to a low pH. acidic environment An alkaline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high pH, typically greater than a pH of 9. alkaline environment An environment whose dynamics are strongly influenced by water. aquatic environment An extreme high temperature environment is a high temperature environment in which entities are exposed to temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius. The lower threshold, 80 degrees Celsius, is derived from the definition of the obsolete class "extreme high temperature habitat" which this class replaces. extreme high temperature environment A rocky slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of rock. rocky slope A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body. envoPolar marine environment An environmental system determined by seawater. ocean water environment envoPolar sea water environment An environment determined by the presence of brackish water. envoPolar This may refer to environments submerged in brackish water or those that are determined by its presence, such as a brackish water pond environment. brackish water environment The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer of an atmosphere which is strongly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface with strong vertical mixing and in which physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence). planetary boundary layer envoPolar atmospheric boundary layer A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space. a useful class: this can be used to define sub-terrestrial and sub-marine entities planetary surface A layer in a water mass, itself composed primarily of water. envoPolar This class will eventually be populated by inference, and its asserted subclasses removed. aquatic layer A subsurface layer in a water body, typically an ocean or lake, in which chlorophyll concentrations reach their maximum. Logical def is incomplete. Need to express the idea of maximum chlorophyll. This could follow a pattern like: X has_maximum_levels_of Y relative_to Z, i.e. DCM has_maximum_levels_of chlorophyll relative_to subsurface_aquatic_layer May also be useful to include has_decreased_levels_of light intensity relative_to surface aquatic layer Further discussion in Issue #126. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 DCM subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer envoPolar The DCM may or may not indicate greater abundance of photosynthetic, chlorophyll-bearing cells, as shade-adapted cells may have a greater chlorophyll to biomass ration than surface variants. Further, some DCMs may be formed by the sinking of cells from surface zones or the subduction of surface waters, rather than through biotic, community-level processess. deep chlorophyll maximum layer A strand swamp is a swamp that forms linear drainage channels on flatlands. strand swamp A dome swamp is a swamp which occurs in a depression where deeper waters at the centre of the swamp allow trees to grow taller relative to those in shallower regions of the depression. This creates a dome-like shape. The logical def should be improved with the idea of a vegetation unit growing in a depression expressed. dome swamp A cypress dome swamp is a dome swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis. cypress dome swamp Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia cypress dome A cypress strand swamp is a strand swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis. cypress strand Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia cypress strand swamp A cypress swamp is a swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis. Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia cypress swamp A gravelly slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of gravel. gravelly slope A hillside is a slope that is part of a hill. brae hillside A talus slope is a slope which has a surface layer composed of scree. scree slope talus slope An understory is a layer of plant life which grows below the canopy without penetrating it. under story understorey understory A shrub layer is a layer of vegetation in a woodland or forest consisting of low, woody vegetation of frutescent form. shrub layer A herb and fern layer is a layer of a forest or woodland which is composed of all vascular plant life that are one metre or less in height. fern layer herb layer herb stratum herbaceous layer herbaceous stratum herbaceous understory ground cover ground vegetation regeneration layer This definition is inclusive of non-herbaceous plants that may be transiently present in the "herb layer". See Gilliam FS (2007) The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. BioScience. 57(10):845-858. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B571007) for rationale and a review of definitional and terminological variation. herb and fern layer ground layer Refers to the ground layer of a forest or woodland where leaf litter or other plant matter accumulates litter layer A biome which has the environmental condition polar envoPolar This class is primarily for inference and, in general, should not be used directly by annotators. If you're an annotator, please consider using a more informative term such as 'tundra biome'. polar biome An alpine condition is an environmental condition in which the monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and which occurs at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 LTER:26 envoPolar Requested term with preliminary def. See Issue 29 on the envo tracker. alpine A subalpine condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Requested in Issue 33 of our tracker. The lower boundry of this condition's range, that is, the lower altitudinal limit of an elevation that is considuered subalpine, is not clear in this definition. subalpline A montane condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 LTER:350 envoPolar The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate. montane An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Depending on the latitude (and, to a lesser extent, other factors), the actual location of the zones where these conditions are in effect will change. altitudinal condition A nival condition is an environmental condition in which vegetation is extremely limited, soils are silica enriched, and ground cover is dominated by snow and ice at altitudes above the snowline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar nival An upper montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar This definition is somewhat odd in that it doesn't clearly define a lower boundary. upper montane A lower montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately above mid-altitude forests. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar This definition does not define an upper boundary. lower montane A montane conifer woodland is a conifer woodland which is located within an altitude range that falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Requested in Issue 56. montane conifer woodland A field used for the cultivation of corn or related crop plants. Requested in Issue 112 as part of the curation of metagenome submissions in the European Nucleotide Archive. maize field An organic material primarily composed of a portion of plant root. Requested in Issue 115 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive. root matter Autoclaved sand is sand that has been sterlised by exposure to high pressure saturated steam at at least 121 degrees Celsius. Requested in Issue 116 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive. autoclaved sand An unbroken expanse (as of ice) ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar This class was created to accommodate "fields" from agricultural fields to marine mesoscale eddy fields. Thus, it has a very broad definition which makes it less than informative when annotating. Please consider using or requesting an appropriate subclass. field A mesoscale eddy field is an expanse of marine water which includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals and is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine mesoscale eddy field An ice cap climatic condition is a polar condition in which the montly average temperature does not exceed 0 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar ice cap climatic condition A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation. forest layer forest stratum woodland layer woodland stratum Usually found in woodlands and forests. vegetation layer A portion of granite is a portion of igneous rock which is intrusive, felsic, granular, and phaneritic. Requested in issue 45. Some relations to PATO and SWEET classes suggested. granite A portion of alkaline water is a portion of water with a pH greater than 7. Here, we commit to a threshold of pH as this is almost universally accepted. alkaline water A portion of acidic water is a portion of water with a pH less than 7. acidic water A cave formed in limestone, usually by dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater. Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater. limestone cave A cave formed by the dissolution of soluble rock or other solid material such as limestone, chalk, dolomite, gypsum, salt or marble. Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater. solutional cave A cave formed at the same time as the surrounding rock. primary cave A cave that is formed by the action of pressurised lava pushing against surrounding rock and then draining away. inflationary cave A cave formed by erosion caused by flowing streams carrying rocks or sediments. erosional cave A glacier cave is a cave formed within or under a glacier. glacier cave An ice cave is a bedrock cave which contains year-round ice formations. ice cave A talus cave is a cave formed by the openings between large boulders which have fallen into a random heap. talus cave An anchialine cave is a cave which contains an anchialine pool. anchialine cave An anchialine pool is a landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean and which has fresh water towards its surface with saline water in its deeper layers. anchialine pond anchialine pool A cave which is within a vadose zone. vadose cave An tundra climatic condition is a polar condition in which at least one month's average temperature exceeds 0 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar tundra climatic condition Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields. agricultural waste As with other wastes, this is more a role than a material in itself. This should be revised. agricultural waste material Household waste refers to waste material usually generated in the residential environment. Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste. This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with domestic entities. household waste household waste material Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth). This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being composed primarily of some organic or biological matter. biological waste biological waste material A dry woodland is a woodland which occurs in areas of rain shadow in a tropical marine climate, receives very little rainfall, typically has rapidly draining soils and trees which have adaptations to dry climates such as thick bark, small leaves, and the disposition to shed their leaves. xerophytic ecosystem dry woodland A tropical marine condition is a tropical condition in which the ocean strongly influences the climate and a wet and dry season occur. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 tropical marine condition A semi-evergreen forest is a forest which undergoes a long dry season and, as a consequence, has a two-storey layer structure, a dry canopy, a leaf litter layer that only decays during moist periods trees with very small leaves or which shed their leaves to conserve water and which flower during the dry season and grow during the wet season. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 semi-evergreen forest mesophytic ecosystem tropical marine semi-evergreen forest A humid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has hot, humid summers, warm to cool dry winters, and average annual precipitation either evenly distributed throughout the year or marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 In cases where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, this condition falls into the Cfa category of the Köppen climate classification. In cases marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter, this condition falls into the Cwa category of the Köppen climate classification. Environmental systems with this condition usually occur on the eastern side of continents. humid subtropical An arid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has an annual average temperature near 18.2 degrees Celsius with their coldest month averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 desert climate semi-desert climate semi-arid climate Mild variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents. arid subtropical A highland subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which increased elevation results in mild summers, cooler winters, and, in some instances, snowfall associated with montly temperature averages below 22 but above -3 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This is an interesting overlap of a latitudinal and altitudinal condition. Some link between this condition and the altitudinal conditions should be considered. This condition corresponds to the Cfb and Cwb categories of Köppen climate classification. highland subtropical An oceanic temperate condition is a temperate condition which is strongly influenced by oceans and oceanic winds. Summers are cool and winters are cool, but not cold, and there is little frozen precipitation at lower elevations. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This condition is typically present on the western coasts of large continental landmasses. oceanic temperate A continental temperate condition is a temperate condition which is influenced by large land masses. Summers are warm to hot and winters are often long, cold, and snowy. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 continental temperate A cold desert is a desert which has hot summers and cold, dry winters with temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius envoPolar This variant of the desert climate is somewhat rare outside of Asia. A cold desert climate is typically found in temperate zones, almost always in the rain shadow of high mountains which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds, or in the case of Central Asia, from the monsoon. The Gobi desert in Mongolia is a classic example of a region with a cold desert climate. Though hot in summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. The Kyzyl Kum and Taklamakan deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, lying in the Great Himalayas in India also has a cold desert climate. cold desert An evergreen needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. coniferous forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate evergreen needleleaf forest A broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns with high rainfall, is located in a lowland area, and is dominated by plants which retain their leaves throughout the year. rain forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest A deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate deciduous broadleaf forest A deciduous needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. coniferous forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate deciduous needleleaf forest A deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. rain forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made. tropical deciduous broadleaf forest A semi-deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. rain forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made. tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest A mixed broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. temperate mixed broadleaf forest A mixed needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. coniferous forest This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made. temperate mixed needleleaf forest rain forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest A montane forest which is located in a region subject to tropical climate patterns modulated by sufficient elevation to encounter upper montane climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical upper montane forest A montane forest which is located in a region subject to tropical climate patterns modulated by sufficient elevation to encounter lower montane climatic patterns. tropical lower montane forest A freshwater swamp forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical freshwater swamp forest A sclerophyllous forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate sclerophyllous dry forest A sclerophyllous forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical sclerophyllous dry forest A broadleaf evergreen forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate broadleaf evergreen forest A freshwater swamp forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns. This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). It is currently unclear how to relate forests and swamps. temperate freshwater swamp forest A needleleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. coniferous forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical needleleaf forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical thorn forest A mixed needleleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. coniferous forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made. tropical mixed needleleaf forest A mixed broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns. This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. tropical mixed broadleaf forest tropical mangrove forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. The relationship between this "forest" class and the mangrove swamp must be clarified. tropical mangrove A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight. URL:http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5998 URL:http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1837 envoPolar plastic A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. PM10 respirable suspended particulate matter Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice. snow envoPolar snow The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. The adjacency of water has many consequences including the generation of microclimates and impacts on the biology. This class is intended to capture littoral zones that are associated with marine, freshwater, and any other aquatic environments. Note that there is no single definition of the extent of the "littoral zone", associated with any water body. Here, we use definitions that will be more familiar to marine biologists rather than military organisations, although the latter can be added on request. littoral zone A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein. environmental area envoPolar Formerly, this class was an experimental class and a subclass of "environmental feature". It is now aligned to BFO. The class was not obsoleted as the core semantics maintained their stability through its transition. environmental zone A freshwater littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends offshore from the shore of a freshwater body of water to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants. fringing wetland The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2. freshwater littoral zone The eulittoral zone extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shapes and reforms cliffs, gaps, and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. foreshore intertidal zone mediolittoral zone midlittoral zone marine eulittoral zone A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by algae. This zone usually extends up to five metres below the low water mark. infralittoral zone A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by sessile animals such as oysters. This zone usually begins at a depth greater than the infralittoral zone. circalittoral zone A whole plant which is relatively old old plant A whole plant which is relatively young. young plant A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less. PM2.5 fine respirable suspended particulate matter A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less. Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates. ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity. The provisioning of a dwelling-place can perhaps be modelled as a role. house A human house is a house which provides a dwelling-place for humans. human house A garden that is associated with a human house. This association is generally one of spatial proximity or parthood. domestic garden A building part is a construction which is part of a building. Not recommended for annotation. This class is likely to be made into an inferred class as its subclasses are distributed among more meaningful superclasses (i.e. ceiling is_a surface layer). See for example, "building floor". The boundaries between building parts may be bona fide or fiat. building part An indoor kitchen is a room or part of a room primarily used for cooking or food preparation, but which may have other funcitons such as dining, food storage, dishwashing, or laundry. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Not a sublcass of room as this may just be part of some room. indoor kitchen A bathroom is a room which contains a washbasin or other fixture, such as a shower or bath, used for bathing by humans. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 bathing room toilet washroom bathroom A living room is a room in a human house which is used for social and domestic leisure activities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 living-room The logical definitions must state which social and leisure activities are included here. Jet-skiing and mass rallies are probably not the range. living room A patio is a paved outdoor area, adjacent to a human house, and used for dining or recreation. patio An indoor toilet is a room which contains a sanitation fixture used primarily for the disposal of human urine and faeces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 toilet indoor lavatory lavatory toilet room bathroom restroom indoor toilet A building part which is separated from other building parts by one or more interior walls and, optionally, outdoor areas by one or more exterior walls. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 room A portion of carbon nanotube enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of carbon nanotubes. Logical definition will be created pending import of "carbon nanotube" from CHEBI carbon nanotube enriched soil A rocky shore is an intertidal area of a seacoast where solid rock is the predominant substrate. rocky intertidal shore This label is usually used to refer to 'rocky intertidal shores', i.e. a marine environment. Other types of rocky shore should be requested explicitly. Additionally, "rocky" could be a quality, this would link this with rocky deserts etc. rocky shore A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion Should be better defined logically aggregating 'hole' or 'tunnel' with some sort of relation to 'habitation' etc. burrow A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. broadleaf forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. The subclasses of this class need to be checked: are they properly placed under other classes or is this corrected and the dominant form of mixed vegetation noted in the label? mixed forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. swamp forest coniferous forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. needleleaf forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. sclerophyllous forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. montane forest Waterborne particulate matter is a form of particulate matter in which small portions of solid material are surrounded by water. This class should be populated by inference, relying on 'composed primarily of', many 'pieces of solid material' and 'surrounded by' some 'water'. waterborne particulate matter A lava field is an expanse of flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain. lava area lava bed lava plain lava field A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption. environmental_hazards lava flow andesitic volcano dacitic volcano Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts. andesite Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites. dacite An accumulation of a salt, typically sodium chloride. salt mass dacitic lava A disturbed area is an environmental zone which includes an ecosystem which was subject to an ecological disturbance. That is, the ecosystem in the area has undergone a pronounced change in response to a change in environmental conditions or other perturbation. envoPolar This is often used by plant collectors when early successional species are observed in an area. disturbed area A ravine is a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water. ravine An environmental zone of varying area which is adjacent to a road. roadside A mixed grassland is a grassland which contains a mixture of tall and short grasses. mixed grassland mixed grassland ecosystem A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated with water for part or all of the growing season. Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Wet meadows may occur because of restricted drainage or the receipt of large amounts of water from rain or melted snow. They may also occur in riparian zones and around the shores of large lakes. Unlike a marsh or swamp, a wet meadow does not have standing water present except for brief to moderate periods during the growing season. Instead, the ground in a wet meadow fluctuates between brief periods of inundation and longer periods of saturation. Wet meadows often have large numbers of wetland plant species, which frequently survive as buried seeds during dry periods, and then regenerate after flooding. Wet meadows therefore do not usually support aquatic life such as fish. They typically have a high diversity of plant species, and may attract large numbers of birds, small mammals and insects including butterflies. wet meadow ecosystem A mass of salt which has erupted onto a planetary surface, usually through sedimentary rock. namakier salt fountain salt glacier Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in an atmosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar This could also be considered a part of an environmental material like air. atmospheric carbon dioxide A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind. environmental disposition The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store carbon. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 carbon pooling disposition The disposition of an environment to sequester carbon dioxide, subsequently storing the carbon component thereof. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 carbon dioxide pooling disposition The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store some material entity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 material pooling disposition A concrete masonry unit is a large, rectangular masonry unit primarily composed of concrete. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 concrete masonry unit A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 masonry unit Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Missing the class for "aggregate" - tricky to define what it is, exactly. Again, seems more like some sort of material/disposition hybrid. concrete Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 asphaltic concrete road pavement asphalt concrete Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. asphaltum bitumen crude bitumen pitch tar This class refers to naturally-occuring asphalt or bitumen. asphalt Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 refined bitumen refined asphalt Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cement "Cement" refers more to a disposition than a specific material. masonry cement Hydraulic cement is a masonry cement which contains activated aluminium silicates or pozzolans, such as fly ash, allowing it to set in wet conditions or underwater. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 hydraulic cement Non-hydraulic cement is a cement which sets by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and will not set in wet conditions or underwater. It is susceptible to attack by aggresive chemicals after setting. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 non-hydraulic cement Building walls are bulding parts which serve to support roofs, floors and ceilings; enclose a space as part of the building envelope; give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. This is a building part and not the same as a standalone wall, which is a building in its own right. building wall A boundary wall is a constructed barrier which is usually opaque, constructed from masonry, and of greater structural strength than a fence. defensive wall This is not the same as a wall that is part of a building. use ENVO:01000420 for the latter. boundary wall A constructed barrier is a freestanding wall, berm, or fence built to limit movement of entities across a boundary. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 barrier constructed barrier A fence is a constructed barrier which is generally of lighter construction than a wall and used to provide visual sectioning of spaces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 fence An exterior wall is a building wall which separates the interior of a building from the buildings surrounding environment. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 exterior wall A building envelope is a building part composed of those building parts which physically separate the interior of a building from its surrounding environment. The building envelope provides resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The three basic elements of a building envelope are a weather barrier, air barrier, and thermal barrier. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 building enclosure building envelope ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the floor or roof structure above. ceiling A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight. A roof is also the framing or structure which supports the covering ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 roof This class is meant to represent roofs which are parts of buildings, rather than a roofs of cave and other natural formations. building roof Thatch is material composed of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather. Some sort of logical definition towards: composed_primarily_of some ((straw or 'water reed' or rushes or sedge or heather) and has_quality dry) should be considered, where "rushes", "sedge", etc are represented as materials rather than some sort of taxon. thatch A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick material A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Generally used to refer to the masonry unit rather than a material. brick Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 render stucco plaster Gypsum plaster is a plaster which is formed by partially dehydrating gypsum by heating it to approximately 150 degrees Celsius and grinding the product into a powder. Gypsum anhydride - formed by heating gypsum above 200 degrees Celsius - may also be used as plaster. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 plaster of Paris gypsum plaster ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cement render cement stucco cement plaster Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 lime render lime stucco slaked lime plaster lime plaster Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class refers to all forms of glass. For the familiar form present in window panes and drinking glasses, consider silica-based glass. glass Silica-based glass is a glass composed primarily of silicon dioxide, the primary constituent of sand. glass Silica-based glasses are the most common manufactured variety of glass. silica-based glass Soda-lime glass is a silica-based glass which is composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide, with sodium oxide and calcium oxide consituting most of its remaining composition. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 glass soda-lime-silica glass This type of glass constitutes 90% of manufactured glass. soda-lime glass Flat glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 73% silicon dioxide (silica), 14% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 4% magnesium oxide, 0.15% aluminium oxide, 0.03% potassium oxide, 0.02% titanum dioxide, and 0.01% iron III oxide. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 plate glass sheet glass Most flat glass is soda-lime glass produced by the float glass process. It is more water soluble than container glass. flat glass Container glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 74% silicon dioxide (silica), 13% sodium oxide, 10.5% calcium oxide, 1.3% aluminium oxide, 0.3% potassium oxide, 0.2% sulphur trioxide, 0.2% magnesium oxide, 0.04% iron III oxide, and 0.01% titanum dioxide. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Container glass is less water soluble than flat glass. container glass Quartz glass is a glass which is composed of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 fused quartz fused silica This is "pure" silica glass. As an ENVO:"environmental material" this class assumes that there remains some possibility that 'contaminants' being present. quartz glass A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 To be more precise, a subfloor and a floor covering may be specified. Please request these classes and propose definitions if they are needed. building floor A brick building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of brick material or is built from bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick floor brick building floor A wooden building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of wood. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wooden floor wooden parquet floor wooden building floor A concrete building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of concrete ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 concrete floor cement building floor cement floor At times, this is called a cement floor, although that is probably not accurate. concrete building floor A sandy building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of sand. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 sand floor sandy floor sandy building floor A glass building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of glass. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 glass floor glass building floor A dung building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of dried animal feces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 dung floor dung building floor A stone building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 rock floor stone floor stone building floor A thatched exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of thatch. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 thatch wall thatched wall thatch exterior wall thatched exterior wall A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 stone wall stone exterior wall A straw exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of straw. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 straw wall straw exterior wall A mud exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of mud. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mud wall mud exterior wall A solid, cylindrical object or column with its length greater than its diameter. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This was created in response to a user request, but it is an odd class in that it specifies a shape rather than a particular material entity. It may, therefore, be deprecated when more meaningful or sensible alternatives become apparent. pole A pole-reinforced mud exterior wall is a mud exterior wall which is supported and reinforced by poles. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mud and poles wall mud and poles exterior wall pole-reinforced mud exterior wall A brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick wall brick exterior wall A burnt brick is a brick which has been dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology . ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 burnt brick An unburnt brick is a brick which has been air dried rather than dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology . ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 unburnt brick A burnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from burnt bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 burnt-brick wall burnt brick exterior wall burnt-brick exterior wall An unburnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from unburnt bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick wall unburnt brick exterior wall unburnt-brick exterior wall A dome-shaped mass of salt formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir. salt dome A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 concrete wall concrete exterior wall An iron sheet is a mass of iron which has been forged into a roughly planar form of less than 6 millimetres in thickness. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 iron sheet salt material A sheet-iron exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from sheets of iron. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 sheet iron wall sheet-iron wall iron sheet wall sheet-iron exterior wall A sheet-iron building roof is a building roof that is built from sheets of iron. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 sheet iron roof sheet-iron roof iron sheet building roof sheet-iron building roof A thatched building roof is a building roof that is built by thatching (or out of thatch). ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 thatch roof thatched roof thatched building roof A wooden building roof is a building roof that is built from wood. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wood roof wooden roof wooden building roof An asbestos building roof is a building roof that is built from asbestos. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 asbestos roof asbestos exists in CHEBI and will be imported to complete this class' logical def. asbestos building roof A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 tile A tile building roof is a building roof that is built using tiles. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 tile roof tiled roof tile building roof tiled building roof A fixture which is used primarily for the collection and, in some cases, disposal of human urine and feces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 toilet "disposal" may not be the most precise way to describe fill-in latrines. Note that no assertion is made on whether these fixtures are in- or outdoors. toilet fixture A pit latrine is a latrine which is constructed by digging a hole in the ground. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 pit toilet This class refers to human latrines. Note that some pit latrines can use pour-flush mechanisms. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine pit latrine A diapir is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks due to its higher buoyancy. Unclear whether this should be a subclass of intrusion, as diapirism can actually cause fracturing. diapir A latrine is a toilet which is of simple construction (relative to a flush or chemical toilet) and typically intended for communal use. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class refers to human latrines. latrine A latrine slab is a broad, flat, thick piece of solid material (typically stone or concrete) used as the floor of a latrine and which includes a hole through which excreta are deposited into a latrine pit. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This could be moved to "surface layer" like other floors, although more thought has to be given to "floor": a role of a surface layer? "The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine latrine slab A batholith is an area of mostly continuous plutonic (igneous intrusive) rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers, formed in the planetary crust, and exposed by erosion. On Earth, Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite. The form of erosion should be further specified. batholith A latrine pit is an artificial hole or cavity in the ground used to collect human excreta. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A latrine pit is typically at least 3 metres (10 feet) deep and 1 metre (3.2 feet) across. latrine pit A pit latrine with a slab floor is a pit latrine which has a latrine slab as a floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 pit toilet This class refers to human latrines. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine pit latrine with slab floor An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit latrine or a dry toilet. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 earth closet latrine covering latrine shelter dunny privy "Outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet but to outbuildings in a general sense." outhouse An intrusion is a mass of rock which has been formed within a pre-existing fracture in a larger mass of rock. While some intrusions are still located in the fracture where they formed, others may be (partially) exposed by erosional processes. intrusion Subclasses of this class will be created by inference. sedimentary intrusion A toilet fixture which uses water to flush liquid and solid excreta into a sewage containment or processing facility through a drainpipe. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 flush toilet toilet bog comfort room dunny head john lavatory loo pot the heads water closet flush toilet fixture A toilet fixture which uses little to no water; excreta is removed manually or composted in situ. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 dry toilet Subclasses will probably be filled in by inference. dry toilet fixture A chemical toilet fixture is a toilet fixture which uses chemicals to deodorise and treat excreta which is stored in the fixture. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 chemical toilet "In the past, disinfection was generally carried out by mixing formaldehyde, bleach or similar chemicals with the toilet water when flushed...[F]ormaldehyde is very irritating to the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and throat, it is being replaced by other proprietary blends such as glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds, with non-staining dyes and nature-identical perfume oils. Additionally, enzyme hybrids are sometimes used." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet chemical toilet fixture A ventilated improved pit latrine is a pit latrine which includes a vent pipe fitted to the pit with a flyscreen covering the pipe's outlet. Air currents moving across the outlet of the vent pipe create a vaccum which draws odors out of the latrine's superstructure. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ventilated pit latrine VIP latrine ventilated improved pit latrine A covered latrine is a building which comprises a latrine sheltered by an outhouse. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 covered latrine A covered pit latrine is a building which comprises a pit latrine sheltered by an outhouse. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 covered pit latrine A covered pit latrine with slab is a building which comprises a pit latrine with a slab floor sheltered by an outhouse. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 covered pit latrine with slab floor A flush toilet fixture into which water is manually poured to dispose of excreta. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 flush toilet toilet pour flush toilet fixture bog comfort room dunny head john lavatory loo pot the heads water closet pour-flush toilet fixture A pit latrine which includes a water seal (U-trap or siphon) used over one or two offset pits instead of a plain hole or seat. Water is manually poured through the trap to flush excreta into the latrine pit. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 toilet pour-flush toilet fixture bog dunny head pour-flush pit latrine A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 manufactory manufacturing plant factory Atmospheric ozone is an environmental material primarily composed of ozone in its gaseous form and present in an atmosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 atmospheric ozone atmospheric ozone The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT) ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Definition from GEMET - will be refined. stratosphere The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mesosphere The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT) ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Definition from GEMET - will be refined. troposphere The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height thermosphere The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the stratosphere which contains high concentrations of ozone gas relative to other parts of the atmosphere. ozone shield ozone layer "The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically"- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer ozone layer A layer that is part of the atmosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 atmospheric layering envoPolar This could be made into an inferred class, rather than having asserted subclasses. atmospheric layer A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 boundary layer boundary layer The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere which extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the planetary surface and is ionised by solar radiation. It includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ionosphere ionosphere The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 exosphere A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 glaze glaze glaze ice glaze ice layer A lake which has nutrient-rich water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 eutrophic lake mass of biological material A composting toilet fixture is a dry toilet fixture in which managed, aerobic decomposition converts human excreta into organic matter suitable for the fertilisation or amendment of soils. composting toilet Paraffin is a thin, clear liquid composed of hydrocarbons that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Paraffin is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 grams per cubic centimetre. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water. Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume. kerosene kerosine paraffin Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. natural gas Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. LP gas LPG liquid petroleum gas liquified natural gas liquefied petroleum gas A gas that is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecules. envoPolar hydrocarbon gas Compressed natural gas is a natural gas stored at high pressures, typically 20–25 Megapascals. compressed natural gas Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water, and siloxanes. This is distinct from natural gas which is a fossil fuel product. biogas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel. LNG liquified natural gas liquefied natural gas envoPolar liquefied hydrocarbon gas Compressed biogas is biogas stored at increased pressures. This is distinct from compressed natural gas, which refers to the compressed form of a fossil fuel. compressed biogas Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. charcoal A paraffin lamp is a type of lighting device which burns paraffin to generate light and heat. kerosene lamp paraffin lamp A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of paraffin lamp, which burns paraffin drawn up through a wick by capillary action. flat wick lamp flat-wick lamp A central-draught lamp is a paraffin lamp which burns a parrafin saturated, tubular wick contained between two structural tubes and supplied with oxygen by a central draught of air through the innermost of these tube. Argand lamp central draught lamp tubular round wick lamp central-draught lamp A mantle lamp is a central-draught lamp which includes a pear-shaped, fabric mesh containing thorium or other rare-earth salts placed over the burner. On first use the fabric burns away and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame. mantle lamp A lantern is a portable device or mounted fixture comprising a light source protected by a translucent case. lantern A lamp is an object which generates heat, light, or any other form of radiation. lamp A paraffin lantern is a lantern which houses a parrafin lamp in a structure of soldered or crimped-together sheet metal stampings and glass or other translucent material. barn lantern hurricane lantern kerosene lantern paraffin lantern A tubular paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which includes metal tubes in its casing that direct air to the burning wick. tubular paraffin lantern A dead-flame paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which has a wick housed in a glass globe with airflow channelled upwards by vents below the burning wick and an open chimney above it. glass globe lantern dead flame paraffin lantern A hot-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects hot air from the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick. hot-blast paraffin lantern A cold-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects cool air from around the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick. cold-blast paraffin lantern An electric lamp is a lamp which produces light from electricity. electric lamp A battery-powered electric lamp is an electric lamp which draws its power from a device composed of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. battery-powered electric lamp A candle is a lamp composed of a wax within which an ignitable wick is embedded. candle A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius. wax An apiary is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept and maintained by beekeepers. apiary A device capable of receiving and/or transmitting information encoded in electromagnetic radiation through wave modulation. radio radio receiver radio transmitter radio device A cassette deck is a device capable of playing and recording audio compact cassettes. cassette deck cassette recorder cassette player A television set is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of converting digital or analog information signals into moving images and sound. television TV telly tube television set A telephone is a telecommunications device which converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media, and reconverts such signals into sound waves. phone telephone A mobile phone is a telephone which transmits sound information to a mobile phone network via radio transmissions. cell phone cellular phone hand phone mobile phone A landline telephone is a telephone which is connected to a telephone network with wires through which electronic signals are carried. landline telephone A refrigerator is a device which consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a mechanical, chemical, or electronic heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment such that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room fridge refrigerator A table is a form of furniture with a flat horizontal upper surface used to support objects, for storage, show, and/or manipulation. table A desk is a table which is intended for information-manipulation tasks, including writing and use of interactive electronics. The intentional nature of this definition is problematic, but the restricted range of activities visited upon a desk is of interest. desk A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface commonly used to seat a single person. This class, along with benches, stools, and the like, can be grouped under "seating furniture" or similar. However, this is probably better as an inferred class using some sort of BFO:function in the subclass annotation. chair A piece of furniture is a movable object intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., chairs, stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g., beds). The assumption is that furniture is manufactured, which is arguable. Further, according to Black's Law Dictionary (http://thelawdictionary.org/furniture/) many classes can be subclasses of 'piece of furntiure': "This term includes that which furnishes, or with which anything is furnished or supplied; whatever must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make it habitable, convenient, or agreeable; goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages necessary or convenient for housekeeping; whatever is added to the interior of a house or apartment, for use or convenience. Bell v. Holding, 27 Ind. 173.The term “furniture” embraces everything about the house that has been usually enjoyed there, including plate, linen, china, and pictures. 1 Endicott v. Endicott, 41N. J. Eq. 96, 3 Atl. 157.The word “furniture” made use of in the disposition of the law. or in the conventions or acts of persons, comprehends only such furniture as is intended for use and ornament of apartments, but not libraries which happen to be there, nor plate. Civ.Code La. art. 477." However, this would eventually be absurd and limit other groupings. Perhaps some sort of 'furnishing' BFO:function would be a better way to handle this. piece of furniture A sofa is a bench which is partially or entirely upholstered, and often fitted with springs and tailored cushions. couch settee sofa A bench is a piece of furniture, on which several people may sit at the same time. bench A mattress is a mass of material which is able to cushion and support a reclining body and is used as or on a bed. mattress A bed frame is a piece of furniture which is used to position a mattress and bed base and may include a means of supporting a canopy. bedstead bed frame A bed base is a piece of furniture which supports a mattress. bed foundation bed base A framed bed is a piece of furniture which is composed of a mattress supported by a bed base and held in place by a bed frame. framed bed A cabinet is a roughly cuboidal piece of furniture which is used to store miscellaneous items in compartments accessible through doors or drawers. cabinet A cupboard is a cabinet which is used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and to protect them from dust and dirt closet cupboard A clock is an instrument which may indicate, keep, and/or co-ordinate time. timepiece clock A pressure lamp is a portable paraffin or oil lamp in which fuel is forced up into the mantle or burner by air pressure in the reservoir, which can be increased by pumping with a plunger. This may be a paraffin or an oil lamp. It can potentially be filled by inference if we can express that any lamp with pressurised fuel in the lamp reservoir is a pressure lamp. See Issue #228. pressure lamp A spring which emits fresh water. freshwater spring river water Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour. rainwater A motor vehicle is a vehicle which is propelled by an engine or motor and that does not operate on rails. Subclasses will be added by inference. motor vehicle A truck is a motor vehicle which, as its primary funcion, transports cargo rather than human passangers. lorry truck A water truck is a truck which transports water. water truck A vehicle is a mobile machine which transports people or cargo. vehicle A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used primarily for the transportation of human passengers. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. car A cart is a vehicle which has two wheels and is designed to transport human passengers or cargo. NB: "[A cart]...is different from a dray or wagon, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more horses, or a carriage, which is used exclusively for transporting humans...Over time, the term "cart" has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, from shopping carts to golf carts, without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart cart An animal-drawn cart is a cart which is attached to one or more working or draught animals. animal-drawn cart A boat is a watercraft of any size which is able to float or plane on water. Difficult to distinguish from "ships". Similar to mountains and hills. " In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat boat A motor boat is a boat which is propelled by a motor. motorised boat motorized boat motor boat A motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. engine motor A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. bus A taxicab is a car which may be hired, along with its operator, to transport passengers between locations of their choosing. cab taxi Depth can be added with specifications of BFO:role for both the car and the human operator. taxicab A watercraft is a vehicle which is able to travel on or through water. Ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines are all considered watercraft. The term would normally imply some propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence is distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft. - Wikipedia watercraft A bicycle is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. bike cycle bicycle A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. bike cycle moto motorbike motorcycle A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet. scooter motor scooter motorscooter A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow. lentic water body A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing. lotic water body A closed ecological system is a vivarium which does not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. This class refers to strictly sealed enclosures such as Biosphere 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2), rather than vivaria which allow matter exchange with external environmental systems. closed ecological system A mesocosm is a vivarium that is embedded within a natural environment and is used to place a relatively small part of that environment under experimental control for the purposes of scientific investigation. mesocosm A microcosm is a vivarium within which a simple ecosystem is artificially established and used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions. microcosm Vaporisation of an element or compound is process whereby that element or compound undergoes a phase transition from the liquid to vapor. vaporization Note that a vapor describes an element or compound in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point, vaporisation Boiling is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure. boiling Hydrological condensation is a process in which atmospheric water vapour undergoes a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase. condensation envoPolar "process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the condensed material (e.g. water droplets, window fog) hydrological condensation process A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something. cage manufactured cage A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock. drylot A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market feedlot Leaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground. duff leaf litter litterfall soil litter tree litter plant litter The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system. envoPolar Definition vebatim from GEMET. Will need to be refined. Further, distinction between "climate change" and (one or many) "climate change process" will need to be discussed. Fluctuations are not processes, per se. climate change Acidification of an aquatic environment is a process whereby the pH of an aquatic environment, biome, or water body is lowered. acidification of an aquatic environment Ocean acidification is a process whereby the pH of a sea or ocean is lowered. envoPolar On Earth, the major cause of ocean acidification is the update of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ocean acidification A chonolith is an igneous rock intrusion of irregular shape with a demonstrable base, absent in other types of irregularly-shaped intrusions. chonolith A process which consists of all aerobic respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem. See issue #275 envoPolar ecosystem-wide aerobic respiration A volcanic process is a process during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. environmental_hazards volcanic eruption Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid. ground Land may more properly be represented as part of a planetary surface rather than a sublcass. land A liquid planetary surface is a planetary surface layer where a liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space. liquid planetary surface Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies. space envoAstro outer space A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. crust This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's crust would be an instance. planetary crust A planetary structural layer is laminar part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. Planetary layers have differing physicochemical properties and composition. Label should be improved to match definition. planetary structural layer A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. mantle This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's mantle would be an instance. planetary mantle A planetary core is the innermost structural layer or layers of a planet. The core may be entirely liquid, entirely solid, or have both liquid and solid parts. core "Not to be confused with planetary core in the core accretion theory, referring to a central accretionary body surrounded by a halo of dust and gas which serves to trap debris and increase the rate of accretion.." WIkipedia:Planetary_core. This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's core would be an instance. The "layer" aspect of cores may be problematic. planetary core Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets. outer planetary core Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets. inner planetary core A liquid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of liquid material. liquid planetary core A solid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of solid material. solid planetary core A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle. lithosphere An asthenosphere is a layer of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is highly viscous, mechanically weak, and ductilely deforming. envoPolar asthenosphere Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. magma A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully or ditch), and narrow compared to its length (as opposed to a simple hole). EcoLexicon:trench SWEETRealm:Trench trench stream channel An ocean strait is a strait which connects two oceans. envoPolar ocean strait river channel A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure. slum An undersea trough is a trough which is below a marine water body. FTT:1022 FTT:611 Geonames:U.DEPU SWEETRealm:Trough TGN:21512 ENVO deep foredeep swale undersea trough An explosive eruption is a volcanic process in which pressurised magma is violently expelled and froths into volcanic ash. Explosive eruptions can eject a cloud of rocks, dust, gas, and pyroclastic material which may then collapse, creating a pyroclastic flow of hot volcanic matter. environmental_hazards explosive eruption An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption during which lava flows onto the ground. environmental_hazards effusive eruption A process whereby rising magma cools and solidifies without reaching the surface. Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion. igneous intrusion process A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants. See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request. dense settlement An igneous intrusion is a mass of rock and minerals formed when magma cools, solidifies, and undergoes fractional crystallisation without reaching the surface. Subclasses of this class will be created by inference. "Intrusion" can refer to the solidified mass or the molten rock. igneous intrusion Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism. tephra Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. tuff Scoria is a highly vesicular, dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals. cinder Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser. scoria Pumice is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser. pumice A cone that is composed of consolidated volcanic ash. tuff cone A role that is realized in some process wherein the bearer is discarded or not utilized further. This definition is preliminary. waste role An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. open water NLCD:11 envoPolar nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of open water generally have less than 25% cover of vegetation or soil. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition. area of open water A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces. fracture SWEETRealm:Fissure fissure geological fracture A geological fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement. fault The relationship between faults and active plate boundaries must be further developed, as there is some overlap. geological fault An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years. active fault environmental_hazards active geological fault A vein is a geological fracture which is filled with minerals precipitated out of an aqueous solution. vein A sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body. dyke dike A joint is a geological fracture which has no measureable shear displacement joint geological joint A geological fracture across which shear displacement has occurred Sounds like this should be populated by inference. shear fracture A microfracture is a small fracture which is found in a portion of solid material along which further fracturing tends to occur. Microfractures are considered imperfections which to pre-exist any fractures formed by the application of stress to a material. Griffith crack microfracture A vertical pillar defined by a unit area on a planetary surface and bounded by the top of the atmosphere that is used to quantify an atmospheric parameter such as pressure, ozone or precipitable water. This should be relocated under "fiat object part" of the BFO during next refactoring. Also, the "part of" relation to atomosphere should be updated to express that this is a fiat part of the atmosphere. envoPolar atmospheric column Contaminated air is air which has sufficient concentrations of environmental pollutants such that it may adversely affect a given ecosystem. contaminated air An earthquake is a process whereby part of the surface of a planet shakes due to the passage of seismic waves through rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in a planet's crust is suddenly released. Elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies can produce earthquakes. environmental_hazards earthquake A tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the release of elastic strain. A tectonic earthquake occurs when strains in rock masses have accumulated to a point where the resulting stresses exceed the strength of the rocks, and sudden fracturing results. environmental_hazards tectonic earthquake A megathrust earthquake is a tectonic earthquake which occurs at subduction zones at destructive plate boundaries (convergent boundaries). These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0. environmental_hazards megathrust earthquake A lake which has concentrations of environmental contaminants high enough to harm the ecosystems associated with it. environmental_hazards polluted lake A mineral material composed primarily of sodium chloride. This class is for material primarily composed of sodium chloride. For other pure chemical salts, consider a CHEBI class. Request new ENVO terms for environmental samples of other chemical salts. salt envoPolar sodium chloride salt A glacial abrasion process is an erosional process during which debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood. abrasion scouring glacial scouring envoPolar glacial abrasion Glacial plucking is an erosional process during which pieces of bedrock are cracked off due to the mechanical force of a moving glacier. quarrying glacial quarrying envoPolar glacial plucking Glacial ice thrusting is an erosional process during which a moving glacier which has frozen to its bed surges forward and moves large sheets of sediment frozen to the glacial mass. ice thrusting envoPolar glacial ice thrusting A mass of water. water mass A mass of marine water. envoPolar marine water mass A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake. Used for both marine and lake coasts. The boundary of the coast is fuzzy and it overlaps both the water body and land in quesiton. Compared to 'shore' coast The general region of indefinite width that extends from a lake inland to the first major change in terrain features. Usually reserved for large lakes. lake coast A tsunami is a process during which a series of waves is generated in a water body, typically an ocean or large lake, by the displacement of a large volume of water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. seismic sea wave tidal wave environmental_hazards tsunami Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides. mass movement slope movement environmental_hazards envoPolar Of interest for future development: Some causes of mass wasting earthquakes, increased overburden from structures, increased soil moisture, reduction of roots holding the soil to bedrock, undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion, weathering by frost heave, bioturbation, volcanic edifice over-steepening. Some processes that reduce mass wasting: Afforestation, Reforestation, Terracing steps on slopes (reduce angle of slope). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting. mass wasting An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. snowslide snowslip environmental_hazards envoPolar avalanche A landslide is a process whereby a large mass of earth and rocks moves down a hill or a mountainside. GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4668 landslip environmental_hazards landslide process environmental_hazards rockfall A subsidence process is a geomorphologic process in which a surface shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. subsidence environmental_hazards geological subsidence environmental_hazards mudslide A mass wasting flow is a form of mass wasting during which the moving materials behave similarly to a flowing fluid. Water, air and ice are often involved in enabling fluidlike motion of the material. flow environmental_hazards envoPolar mass wasting flow A mudflow is a form of mass wasting which involves very rapid to extremely rapid surging flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquified by the addition of significant amounts of water to clay-rich source material. mud flow environmental_hazards "Mudflows are often called mudslides, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events. Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called flow slides." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflow mudflow environmental_hazards debris flow A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. environmental_hazards lahar A sturzstrom is a landslide consisting which has a great amount of kinetic energy resulting in greater horizontal movement when compared to its initial vertical drop — as much as 20 or 30 times the vertical distance. By contrast a normal landslide will typically travel a horizontal distance that is less than twice the distance that the material has fallen. sturzstrom Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents. volcanic ash An ash fall process is a process in which volcanic ash formed during an explosive volcanic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption, or during material transport in pyroclastic density currents is pulled towards the planetary surface by gravity. environmental_hazards ash fall process Hydrological precipitation is a process during which any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour is pulled to the planetary surface by gravity. precipitation "process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the precipitated material (e.g. snow, rain, sleet) hydrological precipitation process Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle. hydrological evaporation Soil degradation is a process which results in a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem in which the soil occurs to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries. soil degradation Soil erosion is a process in which exogenic processes remove soil from one location on the Earth's crust and transport it to another location where it is deposited. envoPolar "Soil Erosion is a common term that is often confused with soil degradation as a whole, but in fact refers only to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients. This is indeed the most visible effect of soil degradation, but does not cover all of its aspects. Soil erosion is a natural process in mountainous areas, but is often made much worse by poor management practices." http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/ soil erosion Coastal flooding is a process in which normally dry, low-lying land near a coast is flooded by sea water. environmental_hazards coastal flooding Riverine flooding is a process in which the flow rate of river water exceeds the capacity of its channel, thus flooding neighbouring land. Bends and meanders in a river channel are particularly disposed to such flooding. A disposition class such as 'flooding disposition' may be interesting, especially when attached to things like meanders and bends. environmental_hazards riverine flooding Flash flooding is a process in which low-lying land is inundated with water for a short period of time and are usually the result of precipitation or a breach in the container of a water body. environmental_hazards Flash floods generally last no more than six hours. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php flash flooding An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas. environmental_hazards flood A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity. environmental_hazards coastal flood A riverine flood is a flood which is formed as a result of a river's flow rate exceeding the capacity of its channel. environmental_hazards riverine flood A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours. environmental_hazards flash flood A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. Needs links to weather when these phenomena are added. environmental_hazards storm surge A meteotsunami is a tsunami caused by atmospheric processes and differences in air pressure. Ambiguity as to whether this label refers to the process or the material entities (the waves). The material entities are a type of severe storm surge. rissaga environmental_hazards meteotsunami A storm surge process is a coastal flooding process which is caused by low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. Should be linked to the relevant weather classes when these are created. environmental_hazards storm surge process Areal flooding is a flooding process in which flat or low-lying areas become inundated with water due to water input exceeding infiltration, evaporation, or run off. environmental_hazards areal flooding Urban flooding is a flooding process in which land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, is inundated due to the rate of water input exceeding that of water drainage provided by the environment's drainage systems. Relevant to built environments and can be linked to urban flows. Also relevant to water and sanitation SDGs. environmental_hazards urban flooding Snowmelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of snow and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff. The assertion that the output is freshwater seems reasonable; however, this can certianly be changed if a counter example is provided. envoPolar snowmelt envoPolar hydrological melting process Icemelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of ice and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff. The assertion that the output is freshwater seems reasonable; however, this can certianly be changed if a counter example is provided. envoPolar icemelt Meltwater is the water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. meltwater Melting is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. could replace with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REX_0000177 melting process fusion envoPolar melting Condensation is a process during which a gas undergoes a phase transition into a liquid. condensation process Chemical precipitation is a process in which a portion of some solid substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. Segregation may occur due to the solubility limits of the precipitating substance being exceeded or due to a chemical reaction that forms a solid product from aqueous reagents. chemical precipitation process Desublimation is a process in which a portion of some gas undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some solid. deposition desublimation process Sublimation is a process during which a portion of some solid undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some gas. sublimation process A tectonic uplift process is a geomorphologic process in which a geological surface shifts upward relative to a datum such as sea-level due to forces other than isostatic responses to unloading. tectonic uplift process Atmospheric subsidence is a process in which a mass of air moves through an atmosphere towards a planetary surface. atmospheric subsidence A process in which a volume of lava emitted during an effusive eruption moves along a solid surface. environmental_hazards lava flow process A mass of igneous rock formed when hot magma flows out (extrudes) onto a planetary surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. igneous extrusion A dike formed when sediment fills a pre-existing fracture in a mass of rock. clastic dyke clastic dike A stock is a discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 100 square kilometres. Stocks differ from batholiths only in being smaller. Some assertion to indicate that stocks are smaller than batholiths should be made. stock A sheet intrusion (or concordant pluton) that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure of the magma is high enough that the overlying strata are forced upward, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form with a generally planar base. laccolith A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region. lopolith A phacolith is an intrusion parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped intrusion that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline. phacolith A tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. concordant intrusive sheet sill A process whereby the precursors of rock, such as magma or sedimentary particles, fill a fracture in a mass of rock. intrusion process An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population. EcoLexicon:habitat LTER:238 SWEETRealm:Habitat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat A habitat's specificity to an ecological population differentiates it from other environment classes. habitat An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. envoPolar nlcd2011 This class covers part of the NLCD "Perennial Ice/Snow" class. area of perennial water ice A process in which some input bearing a waste role is consumed to produce an output which bears a resource role. This has been created for SDGIO. Revision is likely, but the general meaning should be stable. The frame of reference for determining what is 'waste' and what is a 'resource' is unclear. recycling process A carbon emission process is any environmental process which outputs a carbon-bearing gas. carbon emission process envoPolar Requested for SDGIO. Likely to be revised. carbon-bearing gas emission process A process in which natural ecosystems present over an expanse of land are removed and replaced with anthropogenic ecosystems. An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. This looks like an aggregate class, subsuming a range of processes which can lead to degradation. These anthropogenic ecosystems may include urban or other built-up settlements or anthropogenic ecosystems used for activities such as forestry or agriculture. land consumption process A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work. Subclasses will be added by inference. human dwelling An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. envoPolar nlcd2011 This class covers part of the NLCD "Perennial Ice/Snow" class. area of perennial snow An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow or water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. envoPolar perennial ice/snow NLCD:12 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, these areas are characterised by ice and/or snow cover generally greater than 25% of total cover. The definition of perennial needs clarification. area of perennial ice or snow A layer of loose, heterogeneous, superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials. The various parts of the regolith are highly variable. Perhaps some sort of "unconsolidated" quality should be used here with "environmental material" to cover this scope. Note that organisms, their parts, or their derivatives are also included. regolith A layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. This is an Earth-centred class, but can be generalised to include other planetary bodies. envoPolar On Earth, all continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons. continental crust Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate. envoPolar oceanic crust The Mohorovicic discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, indicating a change in composition. This is and Earth-centred definition, but can likely be applied to other differentiated planetary bodies. Moho Mohorovičić discontinuity Mohorovicic discontinuity A lithified mass of rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet. bedrock An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. The range of entities that are considered "barren land" are not exhaustive, making axiomatisation risky at this stage. Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay) NLCD:31 envoPolar nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of barren land generally have less than 15% cover of vegetation. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition. area of barren land A hollow tower of ice formed by the freezing of steam escaping a fumarole. ice chimney ice tower envoPolar fumarole-derived ice tower A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of gaseous or aerosolised material held in shape by one or more environmental processes. This may not need to be in the atmosphere, also note that "meteor" will do much of the same work. Similar, in spirit, to landform. This class may need to be split into aerosols and 'pure' volumes of gas. aeroform A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body. cloud mass On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers only to clouds made up of a water-based material. cloud Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds which form in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 metres and which support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine and remove gaseous nitric acid, catalysing ozone destruction. This class should be linked to ozone layer depletion processes. nacreous cloud PSC envoPolar polar stratospheric cloud A settlement with a low density of buildings and inhabitants. The thresholds for what makes a settlment "sparsely populated" can be determined as needed. These are usually "sparse" in relation to urban environments. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request. sparsely populated settlement A settlement which has lower population density than a town, city, or other urban environment and is primarily used for agricultural or pastoral activity. A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272. rural settlement A settlement which has been established and is managed through officially sanctioned processes and is recognised as legal by a competent authority. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. formal settlement A settlement which is not associated with or directed by official planning processes and which typically lacks municipal services and infrastructure such as sanitation, water services, and waste management services. Can a formerly formal settlement become an informal settlement? This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. Informal settlements need not be illegal. informal settlement A settlement on land that the inhabitants have a legal claim to. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. legal settlement A settlement on land that the inhabitants have no legal claim to or occupy illegally. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. illegal settlement Forest which originally covered a region before changes in the environment brought about by people. (Source: PHC) primary forest A carbon emission process is any environmental process which releases carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. envoPolar Requested for SDGIO. This class may be revised in future once the offical definitions become more clear. carbon dioxide emission process A volume of carbon dioxide gas emitted by a carbon dioxide emission process. This is a working definition for #280. Which processes will ultimately be included in the axioms is still open. carbon dioxide emission A road which is usable across all seasons. all-season road permanent road Created for SDGIO, indicator 9.1.1. See #272. all season road An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements. A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272. rural area A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. This class may be split. "urban village" doesn't sit well and prevents relations to village biomes. village A lake which has nutrient-poor water. See issue #282 oligotrophic lake A lake with medium nutrient levels, which allow moderate productivity. See Issue #281. What constitutes a "medium" nutrient level is subject to debate. The thresholds should be set either on a data level or through new subclasses. mesotrophic lake An abiotic mesoscopic physical object which is primarily composed of plastic. piece of plastic A cylindrical shaped pre-production plastic pellet used in manufacturing and packaging. See Issue #289. nurdle 1 An environmental zone which contains, as determined by an officially mandated selection process, one or more ecosystems which include, as parts, ecological communities of global significance for conservation due to their vulnerability and irreplaceability. The narrow synonyms will be made into subclasses in their own right. important site Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area IUCN Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity Important Bird Area Important Mammal Area Important Plant Area Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity Prime Butterfly Area Ramsar Sites envoPolar The selection process which determines the whether an area is an important site must follow the best practice specifications and guidelines developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), using globally standardised criteria and thresholds. Note that the label 'important site' is chosen to align with SDGIO. The definition is that of "key biodiversity area". key biodiversity area The system of public works in a country, state or region, including roads, utility lines and public buildings. infrastructure We label this as 'public infrastructure', as the OECD definition refers specifically to public constructed features. The parts of public infrastructure are not exhaustive and should be extended as needed. public infrastructure A road which is publically accessible. This class is created for the SDGIO and the 'public infrastructure' class. The publically accessible attribute could be axiomatised. public road A building which is publically accessible. Created for SDGIO, we treat "public" as "publically accessible" where the semantics of access are dealt with in SDGIO. public building A cable used to trasmit electricity from its point of production to its point of consumption. utility line A utility line which services the public power grid. Created for SDGIO, we treat "public" as "publically accessible" where the semantics of access are dealt with in SDGIO. public utility line A populated place where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally, or where dwellings are not in compliance with current planning and building regulations. informal settlement Informal settlements may be urban or rural. illegal informal settlement A planned process during which a portion of environmental material is removed from a material entity. This should be an OBI planned process. Pending import. Created for SDGIO and intended to be a more general form of resource extraction process. material extraction process A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products. Not to be confused with a flame - the visible portion of gas released by a fire . Oxidation processes such as rusting or biological digestion are not subsumed here. fire A conflagration which is uncontrolled and combusts material in a vegetated area, be it rural or wild. wildland fire environmental_hazards The definition of "wildland" or "wild" is ambiguous. wildfire A fire which occurs in a large spatial area poses a risk to human life, animal life, health, and/or property. blaze large fire conflagration A portion of gas which is emitted by a fire or other exothermic reaction, is of increased temperature, and typically emits light in the visible range. flame A flame which is produced by the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. hydrocarbon flame A wildfire which occurs in a forest, primarily consuming vegetation as fuel. environmental_hazards forest fire A process whereby a large volume of gas moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. wind envoPolar This class refers to all forms of "wind": from the familiar movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere to the solar wind. Use a subclass to be more precise. mass gaseous flow A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria. envoPolar atmospheric wind A stream of plasma primarily composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star. Solar wind stellar wind A mass gaseous flow in which planetary atmospheric gases flow into outer space. atmospheric escape envoPolar planetary wind A process whereby a large volume of plasma moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. mass plasma flow A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely. This class is to be populated by inference. gas gaseous environmental material A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields. An NTR for `quality of a plasma` has been posted on the PATO tracker: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/88 plasma An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space. celestial body envoAstro Astronomical bodies are usually cohesive, thus the use of the term 'object' sensu BFO 'object'. astronomical body A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals. envoAstro envoPolar Considerable debate on the definition of planet exists. planet An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces. Add qualities such as spherical. Request NTRs if not available in PATO. envoAstro envoPolar star An astronomical body which orbits a planet of comparatively greater mass. moon natural satellite envoAstro At times, a moon is equated to a natural satellite, however, the latter class includes a broader range of entities. Here, we currently separate moons from other satellites. We can create a logical definition of satellite using an orbital process class. planetary moon envoAstro This class is hard to define and is sometimes treated as equivalent to 'minor planet'. asteroid 1 An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space. celestial object envoAstro If there is only one astronomical body involved, this class is equivalent to ENVO:01000799. This may be problematic with reasoning, but it seems to be true to the rather fuzzy definitions found thus far. astronomical object A group of gravitationally bound stars. envoAstro There is a need to account for open star clusters which are not gravitationally bound. This would need a superclass other than 'astronomical object', as currently defined. globular star cluster An interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases envoAstro nebula A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. envoAstro galaxy An astronomical body which is in direct orbit of a star and is massive enough for its own gravity to compress it into a shape preserved by hydrostatic equilibrium (usually a spheroid), but which shares its orbit with other bodies, such as asteroids or comets. envoAstro Considerable debate on this definition exists. dwarf planet A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and other trans-Neptunian objects. This definition is in need of revision - it relies on negation and seems to straddle class and instance level. The definitional space here is contested and quite inhomogeneous. envoAstro "Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet. During its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSB). Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium and form an ellipsoidal shape. All other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the term minor planet may still be used, but the term small Solar System body will be preferred. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the traditional distinction between minor planet and comet is still used." minor planet An atmosphere which surrounds a planet. envoPolar planetary atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which is composted primarily of dinitrogen and dioxygen gas. envoPolar An instance of this class would be Earth's atmosphere. nitrogen-oxygen planetary atmosphere A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size. gibber reg saï serir desert pavement A material part of an astronomical body. envoAstro envoPolar astronomical body part An environmental material which is in a solid state. This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference. solid environmental material An environmental material which is in a liquid state. envoPolar This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference. liquid environmental material An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. deciduous forest NLCD:41 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of deciduous forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. area of deciduous forest A biosphere is a part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body, as well as the non-living and dead entities with which they interact. A biosphere is an environmental system which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body, and the non-living and dead entities which they interact with. Whether this class should be grouped with classes such as "hydrosphere" and "cryosphere" requires some discussion. envoAstro envoPolar The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations. biosphere A cryosphere is that part of a planet which is primarily composed of water is in solid form. envoAstro envoPolar This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class. cryosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. envoAstro envoPolar This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class. hydrosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of soil, subject to soil formation processes, and found on the surface of a lithosphere. envoAstro This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class. pedosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of those parts of a star, distal from the star's core, from which light is radiated into space. envoAstro photosphere A planetary part which is exposed, at least periodically, to light. photosphere envoPolar In some literature, the term photosphere is used; however, this is more correctly reserved for a part of a star. planetary photic zone An astronomical body part which includes those parts of a biosphere that are, at least periodically, illuminated and in which photosynthesis may occur. Somewhat awkward at the moment, see #314. envoPolar illuminated biosphere part A lake from which water constantly flows out of under almost all climatic circumstances, maintaining low concentrations of dissolved solid relative to endorheic lakes. open lake exorheic lake A part of a building roof which overhangs the face of a wall and, normally, projects beyond the side of a building. eaves Overhanging eaves where the rafters and underside of the roof are visible from below. open eaves Eaves in which projecting roof members are not visible, being closed from view by boarding. closed eaves Air which has increased levels of water vapour. humid air Air which has a partial pressure of water vapour equal or near equal to its equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature. water-vapour-saturated air wet air "Near equal" is meant to reflect that there will be fluctuations around the equilibrium point. water vapour saturated air A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity. rain fall rainfall rain envoPolar This is the process which typically happens on Earth. Other planets may have different liquids involved in the process. water-based rainfall A droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces which maintains its shape due to the surface tension of the liquid. drop No attempt is made to differentiate between drops and droplets. This may be added, if requested. droplet A droplet formed by condensation of vapour in an atmosphere and which is sufficiently massive to overcome atmospheric resistance and fall to a planetary surface due to gravity. raindrop A droplet of water A defined class which should be filled by inference. water droplet raindrop This is the class intended for use when describing raindrops on Earth. These typically have a diamter of 0.1 to 9 millimetres. water raindrop A droplet which is spherical in shape and suspended in an atmosphere, being of too small a mass to be pulled to a planetary surface by gravity. cloud droplet A cloud droplet composed primarily of water. cloud drop cloud droplet water based cloud droplet water-based cloud droplet A process in which precipitation falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before making contact with a planetary surface. virga Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass smoke Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. This class may be surrendered to REX. Unlike the "combustion" class in the Chemical Methods Ontology, this class is not necessarily a planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473 combustion process thermolysis A thermolysis process in which organic material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. pyrolysis A fog which is intermixed with smoke or other combustion products and their derivatives. smog An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. evergreen forest NLCD:42 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of evergreen forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should maintain their foliage despite seasonal change - the canopy is never without green foliage. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. area of evergreen forest A visible mass of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near a planetary surface. haar This class refers only to fog formed by materials primarily composed of water. "Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog fog A solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. This class refers to a portion of crystal and not an individual crystal. crystal A crystal which is primarily composed of water ice. ice crystal envoPolar water ice crystal A type of water ice that forms on dead wood with the assistance of the fungus Exidiopsis effusa and takes the shape of fine, silky hair. Add quality like filamentous from PATO frost beard ice wool envoPolar hair ice A vegetated area which includes a community of flowering plants that provide food for local pollinators. This may or may not be an anthropogenic environment, but its boundaries are maintained by human activity. Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services. flower strip A flower strip which is present at the margins of cultivated fields. Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services. flower-rich field margin strip A material which is primarily composed of a substance arranged as a lattice which can trap or contain other molecules. Not sure if this should be a subclass of crystal. If it is removed, remember to assert that it is a solid. clathrate compound material clathrate crystal material envoPolar This class is not to be confused with CHEBI's "clathrate". The latter refers to the pure substance, while this class refers to clathrates found in nature. "Traditionally, clathrate compounds are polymeric and completely envelop the guest molecule, but in modern usage clathrates also include host-guest complexes and inclusion compounds." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound clathrate material A clathrate material in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. fire ice gas hydrate hydromethane methane hydrate methane ice natural gas hydrate envoPolar methane clathrate An environmental process in which coral expels the symbiotic algae living in its tissue as a result of stress, causing the coral to turn white. Add relations to coral organisms in NCBI taxonomy. orcid.org/0000-0001-8369-8114 coral bleaching coral bleaching process Marl is a mass of calcium carbonate derived from mollusk shells and mixed with silt and clay. A request from the Agronomy Ontology in Issue #345. marl A marine coral reef biome which is located in a region with a tropical climate. wwfBiome tropical marine coral reef biome An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. mixed forest NLCD:43 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of mixed forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that neither deciduous or evergreen trees make up more than 75% of the total tree cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. area of mixed forest A marginal sea biome which is located in a region with a temperate climate. A component of the WWF Temperate Shelf and seas ecoregions grouping wwfBiome temperate marginal sea biome wwfBiome temperate mediterranean sea biome A marine biome which contains communities adapted to living in an environment determined by an upwelling process. marine upwelling biome A marine upwelling biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns. wwfBiome tropical marine upwelling biome A marine upwelling biome which is located in a region subject to temperate climate patterns. wwfBiome temperate marine upwelling biome An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by shrubs with ground-hugging stems or low growth habit, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub" dwarf scrub NLCD:51 area of subshrub nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of dwarf scrub are dominated by shrubs less than 20 centimeters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This type is often co-associated with grasses, sedges, herbs, and non-vascular vegetation. The NLCD 2011 notes that this is intended as an Alaska only land cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. area of dwarf scrub A turbulent surface layer of a water body maintained by strong currents setting over submerged ridges or shoals or by winds opposing a current. This should likely be a part of the surface layer rather than a subclass. overfall turbulent aquatic surface layer A structure which is built into the container of a water body which allows water to flow out of the container when the volume of the water contained exceeds that of its cavity. overfall overflow structure A site at the terminus of a liquid conveyance conduit where the liquid carried is discharged into the sea or a river. overfall mouth of liquid discharge conduit An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transfer and use electric power. electric power system A photovoltaic system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. photovoltaic system A group of solar panels, typically belonging to the same photovoltaic system, arranged to maximise interception of solar radiation. photovoltaic panel array solar panel array A solar panel array that is integrated into the power system of a human dwelling. domestic photovoltaic panel array domestic solar panel array An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a shrubs, young trees, or stunted trees.. The surfaces of this area are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub" shrub/scrub NLCD:52 area of shrub nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of scrub or shrub are dominated by shrubs; less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. area of scrub A process in which a solid planetary surface is deformed. This is a class to be filled by inference. ground deformation process A puddle is a small accumulation of water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat surface. This class refers only to puddles of water, see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/337 puddle of water Ballast water is water contained in the ballast tanks of sea-going vessels. This definition could be improved, as ballast water is often used in more general ways, beyond the water contained in a ballast tank at any given time. For example, water which has just been released from a ballast tank is often still refered to as ballast water. balast water A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide stability for a vessel. Consider using http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 as a super-class ballast tank Hailfall is a hydrological process in which balls or irregular lumps of water ice formed in thunderstorm or cumulonimbus clouds fall to a planetary surface. hail fall environmental_hazards envoPolar hailfall A precipitation process is a process in which a portion of some substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved or suspended in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. precipitation process A storm is an environmental process in which an environmental system and the processes it participates in are strongly perturbed by external forcings. These forcings typically increase the rates of processes unfolding in the system, relative to their normal rates. environmental_hazards The threshold of what constitutes "strong" perturbation is not defined here due to considerable semantic variation. If a specific threshold is required, please request a new term. storm An atmospheric storm is a process in which a portion of an astronomical body's atmosphere is strongly perturbed from its prevaling weather. environmental_hazards atmospheric storm An atmospheric storm which occurs in cumulonimbus clouds and during which lightning and thunder occur. electrical storm lightning storm environmental_hazards Thunderstorms may or may not involve processes which result in strong winds, heavy rain, snow, sleet, hail, or other forms of precipitation. thunderstorm An atmospheric storm during which intense rainfall occurs. environmental_hazards rainstorm An atmospheric storm which intense hailfall occurs. environmental_hazards envoPolar hailstorm An atmospheric storm during which intense snowfall occurs. environmental_hazards envoPolar snowstorm An atmospheric storm during which freezing rain falls and accumulates as ice on exposed surfaces. glaze event silver thaw environmental_hazards envoPolar The U.S. National Weather Service defines an ice storm as a storm which results in the accumulation of at least 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) of ice on exposed surfaces. icestorm An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation planted for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes interspersed by constructed or manufactured objects and materials. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. developed, open space NLCD:21 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed open space are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover less than 20% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. area of developed open space An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation and by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering up to approximately half its extent. Such areas are used for low intensity purposes such as accommodating collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. developed, low intensity NLCD:22 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under low intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 20 - 49% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. area of developed space with low usage intensity An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering from half to three-forths of its extent and by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for medium intensity purposes such as accommodating dense collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. developed, medium intensity NLCD:23 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under medium intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 50 - 79% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. area of developed space with medium usage intensity An area of developed space used for high intensity purposes such as accommodating dense and multi-occupant residential, commercial, and industrial units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. developed, high intensity NLCD:24 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under high intensity usage are dominated by constructed features where humans reside and work. Examples include apartment complexes, row houses and commercial/industrial facilities. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 80 - 100% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. area of developed space with high usage intensity An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by sedges or forbs, possibly interpersed with grasses or grass-like plants. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. sedge/herbaceous NLCD:72 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by sedge or forbs. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that land covered by sedge tundra and sedge tussock tundra are subsumed in this category. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category. area of sedge- and forb-dominated herbaceious vegetation An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation and which is not subject to intensive management by humans. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. grassland/herbaceous NLCD:71 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by grasslands or non-woody, herbaceous plants. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that, while no "intensive" management such as tilling is performed in these areas, they may be used for grazing. area of gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by fruticose or foliose lichens and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. lichens NLCD:73 envoPolar nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by lichens. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category. area of lichen-dominated vegetation An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by mosses and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. moss NLCD:74 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by mosses. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category. area of moss-dominated vegetation An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by planted grasses, legumes, or mixtures of grass and legumes and used for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. pasture/hay NLCD:81 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by pasturelands or hayfields. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD also notes that the crops are grown on a perennial cycle in these areas. area of pastureland or hayfields An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered either by annual crops and perennial woody crops or by actively tilled land. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. cultivated crops NLCD:82 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by croplands or actively tilled land. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD provides corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton as examples of annual crops and the trees and vines in orchards and vineyards as examples of perennial woody crops. area of cropland An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by forest or shrubland vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. woody wetlands NLCD:90 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by forest or shrubland vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. area of woody wetland An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by perennial herbaceous vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. emergent herbaceous wetlands NLCD:95 nlcd2011 According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by herbaceous vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. area of emergent herbaceous wetland A hydrological process in which irregular aggregates of snow fall to a planetary surface. snow fall environmental_hazards envoPolar snowfall Rainfall which occurs when the temperature of a planetary surface and its surrounding atmosphere are below the freezing point of water, resulting in supercooled raindrops which freeze upon impact with solid surfaces. METAR:FZRA freezing rain freezing rain fall environmental_hazards envoPolar freezing rainfall A process during which a sudden flow of electricity occurs, often accompanied by a visible release of photons, between two electrically charged objects due to contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. This should probably be moved to an ontology of physical processes when one is created, and be imported back into ENVO. electrostatic discharge process 1 A sudden electrostatic discharge which occurs during an electrical storm as differentially charged atmospheric entities equalise their charge. lightning environmental_hazards atmospheric lightning 2 A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between at least two clouds. CC lightning cloud-cloud lightning environmental_hazards intercloud lightning 1 A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud. IC lightning environmental_hazards intracloud lightning A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between a cloud and an object on a planetary surface, or a planetary surface itself. CG lightning cloud-ground lightning environmental_hazards lightning strike 1 A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud or between multiple clouds. environmental_hazards lightning flash A blizzard is a severe snowstorm during which snowfall is transported by strong winds, sustained for several hours. environmental_hazards envoPolar To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards. blizzard A ground blizzard is a storm during which snow which has settled on a planetary surface is resuspended in and transported through its atmosphere by strong winds, sustained for several hours. environmental_hazards This form of blizzard does not involve snowfall as the snow which is blown by the winds is already present on the ground. To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards. ground blizzard A lentic water body which is used for the artificial culture of shrimp. There are multiple subclasses possible for this term, including ponds managed by the traditional (extensive), improved traditional (semi-intensive), and intensive methods of cultivation. "Shrimp" is a common language term that may refer to multiple crustacean species, typically in the groups Caridea or Dendrobranchiatamarine. These may be marine or freshwater organisms. shrimp pond A process during which humans rear animals or plants in bodies of water for harvest and consumption. Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge. aquatic farming In 1988, the FAO introduced a definition of aquaculture which reduces its confusion with capture fisheries: Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common property resources, with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of fisheries. aquaculture process An archeological site which contains holes humans had dug in the ground, or their remnants, for the purpose of storing and distributing food, drink, and both functional or ritualistic implements during communal eating and drinking. Feasting pits had a wide variety of social functions throughout time, which extended in scope from the single family group to multiple tribes or villages. feasting pit site A river which is heated by geothermal processes such as heat exchange with lava or hydrothermal percolation. boiling river A key example is the Boiling River, or Shanay-timpishka, of the Peruvian Amazon. This river is of high cultural significance and is protected by the shaman of the small town Mayantuyacu, a secluded healing center. geothermally heated river A surface layer of a solid environmental material which is formed by the presence and activity of photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising it. biological crust biocrust A biocrust which is formed by photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising the surface layer of a portion of arid soil. Through their successional dynamics, these communities reduce the soil surface's albedo, impart it with stability against erosion, modify its hydrology, and promote its fertility. biological soil crust cryptobiotic soil cryptogamic soil microbiotic soil microphytic soil soil biological crust Couradeau et al. (2016) assert that any albedo reductions associated with biocrust development are due largely to the accumulation of the microbial sunscreen, scytonemin. soil biocrust An electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller. automated banking machine automatic teller machine automatic telling machine bankomat cash machine cashline cashpoint minibank automated teller machine A solid or liquid particle, usually 0.2 micrometers in diameter, on which water vapour condenses, seeding cloud formation. CCN cloud seed envoPolar cloud condensation nucleus A process during which a solid particle or liquid droplet catalyses the condensation of water vapour in an atmosphere. cloud seeding process nucleation of cloud condensation An environmental zone which overlaps a glacier or an ice sheet, and in which ice loss exceeds ice gain. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar ablation zone A material decumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass decreases in size. Ice loss could likely become a defined class with some equivalence axioms linking it to processes, along the lines of: 'has part' some (icemelt or 'ice calving process' or 'water ice sublimation process'). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 ice loss envoPolar ice loss process A mass wasting process during which refuse from human activities, usually accumulated at a dumping site, falls down a slope under the force of gravity. Of interest to sustainable development goals, linking production and consumption to human health and environmental impacts. garbage landslide refuse landslide trash landslide environmental_hazards "At least 48 people have been killed in a landslide at a vast rubbish dump on the outskirts of Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, officials say...Hundreds of people attempt to make a living by scavenging at the landfill site, sifting through the rubbish for items they can sell, the BBC's Emmanuel Igunza in Addis Ababa reports" BBC Africa reports rubbish landslide A process during which a part of an ice mass breaks away from the main mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar ice calving process An animal house which is only partially surrounded by a building envelope. open animal house An ice loss process which occurs in the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below the firn layer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar glacial ice ablation process A sublimation process during which water ice transitions into a gaseous state. envoPolar water ice sublimation process An animal house which has a complete building envelope. closed animal house A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal. cage animal cage A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed. petting farm children's zoo Petting zoos are often nested within a zoological garden featuring wild non-human animals, not docile enough for humans to touch. petting zoo An artificial channel which transports unwanted water or waste liquids away from their source, either to a more useful area, a receptacle, or into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed. drain drainage channel plumbing drain A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. slaughterhouse meat processing building abattoir A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed, but not for human consumption. knacker's yard Animals killed in knacker's yards are not fit for human consumption or can no longer be used to perform work. knackery A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians. child care building This is a kind of day care facility. A facility need not be a building. day care building A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption. fish factory This is a kind of fish processing facility. Facilities need not be buildings, factory ships may be considered fish processing facilities. fish processing building An environment determined by the presence of a mushroom. mushroom environment An ecosystem which bridges two or more adjoining ecosystems and through which organisms may move or propagate. animal corridor green corridor habitat corridor wildlife corridor Ecological corridors may or may not provide habitats for the organisms which move through them. They serve to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation by allowing genetic exchange between populations that would otherwise be separated by, e.g., human activity. ecological corridor An ecological corridor through which organisms move during a migration process. Should be axiomatised with PCO's migration process once it is released. migration corridor migratory route envoPolar This term refers to the ecosystem(s) the organisms traverse, rather than the spatial track they cover. The latter is better placed in a geospatial ontology. migration path A building in which nursing aides and skilled nurses provide care and treatment to residents who have significant difficulty coping with the required activities of daily living. This class should be linked to SDGIO. intermediate care facility long-term care facility skilled nursing facility care home convalescent home rest home nursing home A human house which serves as a long-term shelter for its inhabitants and within which they store personal property. This is under "human house" due to the broad definition of "house". This term is not to be used for hotels, hostels, inns and the like, which provides shorter-term stays. residential building A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services. eatery restaurant A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters. This is a very ambiguous term with wide-ranging usage patterns across cultural groups and regions. camping ground camping pitch camping site campsite campground A campground which has been modified by humans to provide and maintain facilities for camping such as fire pits, road access, latrines, and garbage bins. dedicated campground A campground which has no pre-existing facilities installed or maintained by humans, usually found outside of anthropised ecosystems. impromptu campground A manufactured product which may hold a volume of heated water suitable for one or more humans to bathe in, usually for the purposes of hydrotherapy or pleasure. spa Jacuzzi hot tub An open system in non-equilibrium with its environment that exhibits time translation symmetry breaking. space-time crystal While the usage of the term is still debated, the general idea is that time crystals (which have been made using ytterbium ions and defect-bearing diamonds) break temporal symmetry analogously to how mineral crystal break spatial symmetry. While spatial crystals are inhomogeneous in space (vs a gas, which is distributed evenly) due to the ordering of their atoms, the properties of atoms in a time crystal are inhomogeneous in the time dimension. time crystal Water which is partially contained within a fissure or a geological fracture. The axiomatisation should be more tuned to the site within the fissure. fracture water While containment is often enough to classify this subtype of water, it is expected that the water's composition is altered by contact with the solid material bounding the fissure's site. fissure water 1 Regions of a planet which are not exposed to the planet's atmosphere or space, often comprising parts of one or more planetary structural layers. planetary subsurface zone A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below a continental landmass. We may have to soften dependence on planetary structural layers as some planets haven't differentiated by density. continental subsurface zone A hill which has a surface that is partially or wholly covered by plant communities. This class will be axiomatised to coordinate with the 'vegetated area' class. vegetated hill A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than five millimetres. microplastic microplastic particle A microplastic particle which is the direct output of a manufacturing process. microplastic primary microplastic particle A microplastic particle which is derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris. microplastic The debris that make up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch constantly release microplastics as they break down. secondary microplastic particle 2 An envirommental system which bridges two or more biomes and which includes ecological communities which blend these biomes' phylogenetic and phenotypic compositions. There are many subtypes of ecotone, some with sharp transitions and others with gradual, patchy transitions between communities. From Wikipedia:Ecotone - The word ecotone was coined from a combination of eco(logy) plus -tone, from the Greek tonos or tension – in other words, a place where ecologies are in tension. ecotone An ecotone which bridges a subpolar coniferous forest biome and a tundra biome. This assumes, of course, that the planet's or planetoid's poles receive less stellar radiation and/or thermal energy than equatorial regions. Arctic tree-line ecotone Major vegetational ecotones such as that between the northern edge of the Boreal Forest in North America (or taiga in Russia) and the arctic tundra, known as the arctic tree-line ecotone, are controlled largely by large-scale airmass contrasts and are sensitive to climatic change, as noted by R. A. Bryson (1966). Harvey Nichols, Ph.D. , April 23, 2017 Emeritus Professor of Biology. polar tree-line ecotone A woodland which has an understory partially covered by lichen mats and tundra-like vegetation. lichen woodland A material transformation process during which water ice is formed. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar water ice formation process An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition. non-anthropised environment non-anthropized environment In most contexts, 'natural' is defined by the lack of intervention or influence by humans and their activities. On Earth, most environments fall on a scale between completely natural and anthropised. natural environment A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action. anthropization An area may be classified as anthropized even though it looks natural, such as grasslands that have been deforested by humans. It can be difficult to determine how much a site has been anthropized in the case of urbanization because one must be able to estimate the state of the landscape before significant human action. anthropisation An ecotone which overlaps at least one biome which supports the growth and persistence of trees and at least one that does not. Before ceasing altogether, tree growth becomes sparse and trees appear stunted as conditions become less favourable along this ecotone. tree line tree-line treeline tree line ecotone A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to the low temperatures or duration of snow cover that occur at increased elevations above mean sea level. alpine tree line alpine tree-line alpine treeline alpine tree line ecotone A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability due to a lack of water-based precipitation. desert tree line desert tree-line desert treeline desert tree line ecotone A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability caused by exposure to increased solar radiation and a lack of rainfall. desert-alpine tree line desert-alpine tree-line desert-alpine treeline The lack of rainfall in these ecotones is often due to their elevation above the condensation line of atmospheric water vapour. desert-alpine tree line ecotone A tree line ecotone which contains gaps in tree coverage due to decreased biodiversity in tree-forming plant species: gaps are above the alpine tree line for some species yet below the desert tree line for others, and no species with intermediate tolerances are present. double tree line double tree-line double treeline Mountain ranges isolated by oceans or deserts may have restricted repertoires of tree species and contain double tree lines. double tree line ecotone A planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. rocky planet telluric planet Earth-like planet envoAstro terrestrial planet A planetary atmosphere which is formed as a result of the accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's star. Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet. primary atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of its planet's volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts. A secondary atmosphere is found on many terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's. Earth has a tertiary atmosphere due to biotic processes. secondary atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of biotic processes modifying a secondary atmosphere. This definition cites biotic processes; however, the source indicated that other processes may cause a secondary atmosphere to transition into a tertiary one. More input is needed. Further processing of a secondary atmosphere, for example by the processes of biological life, can produce a tertiary atmosphere, such as that of Earth. tertiary atmosphere A sedimentary rock which is primarily composed of the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals. kieselguhr kieselgur D.E. diatomaceous earth This material is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. diatomite A piece of rock which is primarily composed of diatomite: the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals. kieselguhr particle kieselgur particle particle of diatomaceous earth particle of diatomite piece of diatomaceous earth piece of diatomite D.E. diatomaceous earth Diatomite is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. diatomite particle Wastewater which is produced by industrial activity and which contains chemical contaminants other than those associated with urine and fecal matter. industrial wastewater A construction which is designed to hold water in which humans may swim or perform other leisure activities. pool paddling pool swimming bath swimming pool wading pool constructed swimming pool A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a non-governmental legal entity or a collective of such entities. pool swimming pool private swimming pool A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a governmental or state entity. pool swimming pool public swimming pool A hydraulic-engineering installation which transports water - in specified amounts, of a specified quality, and in accordance with a water-consumption plan - from a source of supply into a conduit. Sources of water include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies. Conduits include canals, pipelines, and tunnels. Water intakes typically transport water for purposes of hydroelectric power engineering, water supply, or irrigation. water intake A building which provides the site for food services with little or no waiting staff furnishing table service. cafeteria A food shop which sells a selection of food products that are not typical dietary components of the human population it is co-located with. The food products sold in a delicatessen are often considered unusual by the majority of its customers and may come from foreign food supplies which are not widely imported into its region of operation. delicatessen A truck which is equipped to cook and sell food. Due to the facilities on board, food trucks are often larger than other trucks with comparable mechanics. food truck A restaurant which provides prepared meals or other food products that the purchaser must eat off its premises. take out restaurant take-away take-out restaurant A booth with an open window on one side. The relation between booths and buildings needs to be clarified. Booth should be its own class. This definition of kiosk is characteristic of the Western hemisphere and used in English-speaking countries. kiosk A kiosk from which food products are sold. The relation between booths and buildings needs to be clarified. Booth should be its own class. This definition of kiosk is characteristic of the Western hemisphere and used in English-speaking countries. food kiosk A manufactured product which is designed to catch and hold animals. envoCesab animal trap An animal trap which consists of a container set flush with the ground such that animals moving along the ground may fall in and be available for examination or collection. envoCesab pitfall trap A pitfall trap in which a glass, plastic, or metal container devoid of accumulations of any liquid is used to contain any animal that falls inside. envoCesab dry pitfall trap A pitfall trap in which the container used to hold trapped animals is filled with a liquid solution formulated to hold, kill, and preserve any animal or animals which falls within it. envoCesab Aqueous solutions used in these traps include: formalin (10% formaldehyde), alcohol, methylated spirits, trisodium phosphate and picric acid. wet pitfall trap A channel of an intermittent stream which contains a river when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage. ephemeral river intermittent river temporary river envoCesab channel of an intermittent river A channel through which a directional flow of water periodically occurs, ceasing when bed seepage or evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply. intermittent stream channel of an intermittent stream A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. envoPolar This class can refer to the flow of any material in a liquid phase. mass liquid flow A process during which a volume of water is transported due to a disequilibria in physical forces. environmental_hazards water flow process A part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology and which are within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body. An environmental system which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body. envoAstro The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations. technosphere A food shop in which food products are the primary offer for sale or trade. grocery store A part of an ecosystem which has been allocated to host a gathering of people for multiple entertainment or commercial activities. A good candidate to draft land use semantics around Fairgrounds, or parts thereof, may be constructed (e.g. concreted over) or be natural (e.g. clearings or heaths), thus land use is the key differentia. fairground A fairground which is used to exhibit agricultural technology, livestock, and farm-related activity. agricultural fairground A part of an ecosystem where people gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. Hierarchies based on land use should replace the anthropogenic feature class once we have a stable rationale. bazaar marketplace mercado palengke souk tianguis As with campgrounds and fairgrounds, land use is the key differentia here. The regularity of marketplace activities may provide a differentia for further growth of this branch. market A food shop in which the food products on offer are restricted to those produced in a region and cultural setting other than that of the shop's locality. ethnic food store ethnic speciality shop ethnic speciality store ethnic food shop An exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water. plumbing fixture A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped and used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. hand basin wash basin sink sinker washbowl sink fixture A plumbing fixture which may serve as a container for water in which humans or other animals may bathe. bathtub bath tub Of course, there are other uses for bathtubs. bathtub fixture A plumbing fixture within which a human or other animal may bathe under a spray of water. As some showers have no drain, this may cause issues with the definition of plumbing fixture. shower Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. Showering is common in Western culture due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice. A shower uses less water on average than a bath: 80 litres for a shower compared with 150 litres for a bath. shower fixture A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. manufacturing process A manufacturing process which occurs on a planet. Whether this is within the planet's Hill sphere, the region which extends from its exosphere to its core, or some other planetary region is not clear. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/513 for discussion. planetary manufacturing process A dry stream channel through which a river had flowed, but now contains no appreciable accumulations of water. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000979 for the channel of an intermittent river. dry river An process during which natural or manufactured materials and products are processed and arranged by humans or their technology into structures. The nature of "structures" must be further specified. construction process An environmental system which is determined by materials bearing roughly homogeneous qualities. Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. environmental system determined by a quality An environmental system within which an environmental material strongly influences the system's composition and properties. Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. Subclasses describe environments which are usually permeated by an environmental material. They may also describe environments which are sufficiently close to a material, that their dynamics are strongly influenced by it (e.g. a patch of forest ecosystem neighbouring a uranium dump). environmental system determined by a material An environmental system determined by the presence of a plant rhizosphere. Plant rhizosphere envoEmpo envoOmics rhizosphere environment An environmental system which is determined by a living organism. host-associated environment envoEmpo envoOmics environmental system determined by an organism An environmental system determined by a green plant. Plant plant environment Viridiplantae-associated environment envoEmpo envoOmics plant-associated environment An environmental system determined by an animal. Animal animal environment Metazoan-associated environment envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics animal-associated environment Non-saline envoEmpo This class (term) is defined by the lack of a quality (i.e. the lack of salinity or increased osmolarity), which is not best-practice ontologically. Use for annotation is generally discouraged and users should use classes which positively describe the material or environment sampled (i.e. stating the qualities the entity has, rather than those it does not). non-saline environment Underground water which is located in pore spaces found in rock or unconsolidated deposits such as soil, clay, or gravel. ground water The definition of aquifer is quite permissive, referencing any water bearing rock or unconsolidated material. groundwater A lunar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light, which has been reflected from a moon's surface, by water droplets in an astronomical body's atmosphere. moonbow white rainbow lunar rainbow A rainbow is a photometeor which consists of a spectral separation of light, formed as a result of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere. The term 'rainbow' is usually used to refer to solar rainbows, but greater specificity should be used when possible. rainbow A solar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light. which has been emitted by a star, by water droplets in the atmosphere of an astronomical body. stellar rainbow The astronomical body where the rainbow occurs is understood to orbit the star which produces the light which forms the rainbow. solar rainbow A meteor is any matter- or energy-based entity which is located in the atmosphere of an astronomical body. meteor A meteor that is primarily composed of light. Requires radiative phenomena to be added for axiomatisation. photometeor A meteor which is primarily composed of water. hydrometeor A photometeor which is formed as a result of sudden electrostatic discharge in the atmosphere. lightning lightning flash This phenomenon is often treated as interchangeable with the process of electrostatic discharge that causes it. light emitted by lightning A meteor which is primarily composed of rock. lithometeor A rainbow which forms from sunlight which has been reflected off a body of water prior to its interaction with water droplets in an atmosphere. Not to be confused with a reflected rainbow, which is not a photometeor. reflection rainbow A solar rainbow which is formed by a narrow band of wavelengths, the rest of the spectrum having been scattered away by an atmosphere. monochrome rainbow red rainbow monochrome solar rainbow A rainbow which forms through the interaction of sunlight with the water droplets which constitute fog or clouds; light is diffracted by these droplets such that the photometeor appears almost white with faint reds on the sky-facing side and faint blues on the planet-facing side of the bow. fog bow Often, fogbows are treated as separate from rainbows; however, as the formation processes are much the same, we currently classify these as a subclass of rainbow pending input from domain experts. fogbow A photometeor which is formed by wave interference of light refracted within water droplets which constitute mist or clouds and consists of one or more concentric, successively dimmer rings, each of which has red wavelengths distant to the glory's centre and blue wavelengths towards the centre. This is not to be confused with a circular rainbow, which is formed through different processes. glory A photometeor which is produced by light that is relected, refracted, and dispersed by ice crystals, capable of acting as prisms and mirrors, suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere. halo Water which has a very high concentration of nutrients. The thresholds of eutrophy are fluid and often locally defined. hypereutrophic water A lake which is composed primarily of water with very high nutrient concentrations. hypereutrophic lake A lake which is primarily composed of water with a concentration of dissolved salts greater than that of ocean water. hypersaline lake A lake which is composed primarily water with high concentrations of humic substances and organic acids, resulting in brown- or tea-coloured colouration. dystrophic lake In response to historical misuse of the term in literature, these lakes are better referred to as "humic lakes". Although dystrophic lakes are often considered acidic and nutrient-poor (oligotrophic), these lakes actually vary greatly in terms of both pH and productivity. Due to the low pH associated with dystrophic lakes, few bacterial species and other aquatic life are able to survive. They are common in the taiga of North America and Eurasia. humic lake A lake which has formed as the result of processes that are not or are only minimally driven by human activity. This class is to be filled by inference. natural lake A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. Requires addition of waves for full axiomatisation. This should be linked to "subatomic particle" with an "or". Note that ENVO represents space as an environmental material (a hard vacuum with sparse material inclusions). environmental_hazards envoAstro radiation A radiation process during which energy is transmitted or emitted by means of fast-moving subatomic particles. environmental_hazards envoAstro particle radiation A particle radiation process during which subatomic particles move in the same direction. environmental_hazards envoAstro particle beam radiation A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy. environmental_hazards envoAstro Note that this class is concerned only with active radiative processes: static electric and magnetic fields are not inlcuded. All electromagnetic radiation carries radiant energy. electromagnetic radiation A radiation process during which mechanical waves generated by oscillations radiate through an environmental material. envoAstro The mechanical waves generated by this process are also referred to as pressure waves. acoustic radiation Sediment which has its porespace filled by water which has very low levels of sodium chloride and/or other salts. envoEmpo envoOmics We do not specify numeric thresholds for saline vs. non-saline here, as this is variable. Consider specifying this on the information and/or data layer for your purposes. If you require an ENVO class with a fixed threshold, please request one using our issue tracker. sediment permeated by freshwater An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by feces. Animal distal gut envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics fecal environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a bodily secretion of a metazoan. Animal secretion envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a metazoan secretion An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a substance produced by a plant. Plant secretion envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a plant substance An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a plant. Plant surface envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a biofilm on a plant surface An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a digestive tract. Animal proximal gut envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics digestive tract environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a animal. Animal surface envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a biofilm on an animal surface An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a fungus. Fungus surface envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a biofilm on a fungal surface Sediment which has its porespace filled by water with increased levels of sodium chloride and other salts. envoEmpo envoOmics We do not specify numeric thresholds for saline vs. non-saline here, as this is variable. Consider specifying this on the information and/or data layer for your purposes. If you require an ENVO class with a fixed threshold, please request one using our issue tracker. sediment permeated by saline water Water which contains a slightly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater. EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water slightly salty water The United States Geological Survey classifies slightly saline water as having around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%) of dissolved salts. slightly saline water Water which contains a moderately increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater. EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water moderately salty water The United States Geological Survey classifies moderately saline water as having around 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) of dissolved salts. moderately saline water Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater. EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water highly salty water The United States Geological Survey classifies highly saline water as having around 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%) of dissolved salts. highly saline water An environment which is determined by materials which bear significant concentrations of salts. Saline envoEmpo The thresholds for "significant" concentrations of salts vary widely and thus no committment is made in this class. Subclasses with more explicit thresholds can be made upon request. saline environment An environmental system determined by a fungal structure. Fungus fungus environment fungus-associated environment envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics fungi-associated environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sterile water. Negative envoEmpo envoOmics This term can be understood as a negative experimental control primarily composed of sterile water. The quantity of sterile water used may be contaminated; to express pure sterile water, please use http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00005791 sterile water environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by hypersaline water. Hypersaline (saline) envoEmpo envoOmics envoPolar hypersaline water environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by soil. Soil (non-saline) envoEmpo envoOmics soil environment A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below an oceanic plate. We may have to soften dependence on planetary structural layers as some planets haven't differentiated by density. oceanic subsurface zone An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by the subsurface zone of a planet. envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics planetary subsurface environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by those parts of a planetary subsurface zone which are not saline. Subsurface (non-saline) envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics non-saline planetary subsurface environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment. envoEmpo envoOmics sediment environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by non-saline water. Sediment (non-saline) envoEmpo envoOmics non-saline sediment environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by saline water. Sediment (saline) envoEmpo envoOmics saline sediment environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to non-saline materials. Surface (non-saline) envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a biofilm on a non-saline surface An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol. Aerosol (saline) envoEmpo envoOmics aerosol environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a saline aerosol. Aerosol (saline) envoEmpo envoOmics saline aerosol environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol with a low concentration of dissolved solutes. Aerosol (non-saline) envoEmpo envoOmics non-saline aerosol environment An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal. Animal corpus envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment associated with an animal part or small animal An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to saline materials. Surface (saline) envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment determined by a biofilm on a saline surface An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead plant, or a whole small plant. Plant corpus envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment associated with a plant part or small plant An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead fungus. Fungus corpus envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment associated with a fungal tissue A cell culture which is composed of a microbial community of known composition. Mock community envoEmpo envoOmics Mock communities are typically used as positive controls in experiments. mock community A cell culture which is composed of a single population of bacterial or archaeal cells. Single strain envoEmpo envoOmics single strain cell culture A lake which is contained within a caldera. caldera lake A lake contained within a crater. Note that this class does not commit to what kind of crater contains the lake in question. Please see the subclasses for more specificity. crater lake Water which has an appreciable concentration of dissolved oxygen. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-21T06:05:53Z The threshold dissolved oxygen concentration past which water is considered oxic is variable. Typically, this is understood as the concentration at and beyond which organisms inhabiting that water can sustain aerobic metabolism and good health. For most systems, this is above 80% oxygen saturation. Input is welcome here https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/536 oxic water Water depleted of dissolved oxygen. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 2010-03-21T06:05:53Z As with oxic and anoxic water, the thresholds for hypoxia are variable. Typically, a hypoxic state is asserted when dissolved oxygen levels decrease to a level where they have detrimental effects on aerobic aquatic organisms, typically below 30% oxygen saturation. hypoxic water A lake which is contained in a crater formed by a meteorite impact. meteorite crater lake meteorite impact crater lake meteorite lake 2 An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects resulting in changes in one or both of those objects. impact event An impact event during which a meteoroid collides with another astronomical body. meterorite impact An astronomical body which is composed of rocky or metallic materials and is considerably smaller than asteroids. envoAstro meteoroid A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties. Far more axiomatisation can be done should the qualities of metals be added to PATO or a similar quality ontology. However, note that there are many exceptions to the typical qualities of the majority of metals. metal While this class allows for some degree of contamination by non-metal substances, the material represented should show at least some of the typical features of a pure metal: hardness (except for liquid metals), opacity, lustre, malleability, fusibility, ductile and good electrical and thermal conductivity. metallic material A lake which is contained in a crater formed by an impact event. impact crater lake A crater which was formed as a result of the impact of one astronomical body on another. SWEETRealm:ImpactCrater impact crater A lake which is primarily composed of anoxic water. anaerobic lake anoxic lake A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water. anoxic lake lake with an anoxic hypolimnion A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water. anoxic lake lake with a hypoxic hypolimnion A lake which is primarily composed of anoxic water. oxygen-poor lake oxygen-depleted lake hypoxic lake A lake which is primarily composed of oxic water. oxygenated lake aerobic lake oxic lake A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of oxic water. aerobic lake oxic lake lake with an oxic hypolimnion Environmental variability which inheres in an astronomical body part or in outer space. This class refers to all weather, including atmospheric and space weather. Please use a subclass for more specificity. weather Weather which inheres in an atmosphere. This class refers to the common usage of "weather", referencing the state of a (part of) an astronomical body's atmosphere. atmospheric weather Weather which inheres in outer space. space weather A condition which inheres in an environmental system by virtue of that system undergoing variation in its composition, the distribution of the qualities its components bear, and/or in the processes which occur within it and which it participates in. This class is very general, but the nature of environmental variability is indeed quite variable. This class may be refined once we have more subclasses to consider. environmental variability The disposition of an environmental system, particularly those influencing atmospheres, to manifest a cyclic pattern of weather over time. The current alignment of "climate" under BFO:disposition is drawing from its very useful etymology (Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination). The climatic conditions currently used to axiomatise biomes (polar, tropical, etc) may be better placed under this class. Climate is commonly defined as the weather averaged, or otherwise summarised, over a period of time much longer than the duration of any phenomenon that constitutes weather. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. climate A process during which water vapour condensing in the atmosphere aggregates into clouds. cloud formation cloud formation process A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed. particle formation particulate matter formation process An aerosol formation process which occurs in an atmosphere. atmospheric aerosol formation formation of particles in an atmosphere atmospheric aerosol formation A process during which an aerosol, consisting of solid particulates suspended in a gas, is formed in an atmosphere. formation of solid particles in an atmosphere formation of a solid aerosol in an atmosphere A process during which an aerosol, consisting of droplets of liquid suspended in gas, is formed in an atmosphere. formation of liquid droplets in an atmosphere formation of liquid particles in an atmosphere formation of a liquid aerosol in an atmosphere An aerosol which is primarily composed of liquid droplets. SWEETRealm:Aerosol liquid aerosol An aerosol which is primarily composed of solid particles. SWEETRealm:Aerosol solid aerosol A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere. atmospheric formation of a solid aerosol formation of a solid aerosol in an atmosphere formation of a solid aerosol in the atmosphere formation of solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere formation of a solid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere A process during which microscopic liquid droplets are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere. atmospheric formation of a liquid aerosol formation of a liquid aerosol in an atmosphere formation of a liquid aerosol in the atmosphere formation of liquid droplets from gaseous material in an atmosphere formation of liquid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere formation of a liquid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere A lake which is contained in a depression formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of a lithosphere. tectonic lake A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move. tectonic movement 2 A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move towards one another. convergent tectonic movement 2 A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move away from one another. constructive tectonic movement extensional tectonic movement divergent tectonic movement 2 A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move along each other in a predominantly horizontal manner, either in a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction. conservative tectonic movement transform tectonic movement A part of a lithosphere which is separated by other such parts by geographic faults or similar geomorphological discontinuities. tectonic plate 2 A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates move towards, away from, or along one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere. tectonic plate boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving away from one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forms rifts or ridges. constructive boundary constructive plate boundary divergent boundary extensional boundary extensional plate boundary divergent plate boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving towards one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forces one plate below the other where it melts in the mantle. convergent boundary destructive boundary destructive plate boundary convergent plate boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving along one another in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) horizontal direction. This class overlaps with the semantics of geographic faults and further work needs to be done to disentangle them. transform boundary transform fault transform plate boundary A convergent tectonic movement process during which one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into a mantle. subduction tectonic plate subduction An organic material which is primarily composed of dead particulate matter. detritus An environmental zone in which extensional tectonic processes occur and where the lithosphere is being pulled apart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 rift envoPolar rift zone A lake which fills a basin that has been dammed by wind-blown sand, formed between sand dunes oriented by winds; or formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments. aeolian lake A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a landslide. landslide lake A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a rockslide. rockslide lake A rockslide is a process whereby a large mass of rock moves down a hill or a mountainside. rockslip environmental_hazards rockslide process A succession of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around one or more blunt bodies. Kármán vortex street von Kármán vortex street These vortices are responsible for such phenomena as the "singing" of suspended telephone or power lines, and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds. Karman vortex street An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. This class will be primarily filled by inference, any environmental system which necessarily includes living parts should be autoclassified here. ecosystem A channel which was formed as a result of an annelid burrowing through soil, where organic residues lining the burrow have subsequently initiated fossilization. fossil worm burrow A process during which organic substances are replaced with mineral substrances, maintaining part of their anatomical organisation. fossilization fossilization of organic material Material which is primarily conposed of the vegetation present in tended pastures: mainly grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs. forage forage material A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal feed for agricultural purposes. This should be moved to "zone", and inference should be used to link to agricultural feature. feed storage feed storage space A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal manure for agricultural purposes. This should be moved to "zone", and inference should be used to link to agricultural feature. manure storage manure storage space Manure which has been collected directly or indirectly from dairy cattle, as from flushing of manure from concrete feed lanes, free stalls, and milking facilities. bovine dairy liquid manure Manure which is composed primarily of the feces of poultry. poultry manure Manure which has been subjected to heat treatment for solidification and/or sterilization purposes. heat-treated animal manure Manure which has been subjected to a natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of its organic matter content by microorganisms under controlled conditions. composted animal manure A product which is composed primarily of animal manure that has been heat treated and packaged as a product for commercial or consumer use. animal manure product Organic material which is primarily composed of plant structures, living or dead. plant matter A planet which is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium. envoAstro Gas giants are composed of about 90% hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are examples of gas giants. gas planet A gas planet which 1) is considerably smaller than a gas giant and 2) has a rocky core around which a thick envelope primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and smaller proportions of volatiles. envoAstro The physical make-up of gas dwarfs limit their size, which gravitate towards a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii. dwarf gas planet A gas planet which has mass and size comparable to Jupiter and Saturn. The definition should be revised to avoid relativisation to instances. gas giant envoAstro giant gas planet An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure. This class is defined logically - any material that is frozen is considered a subclass. Note that ice may be formed at very high temperatures, due to gravitational effects and/or pressure. ice An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with freezing points above an approximate threshold of 100 Kelvin. ice envoAstro This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Water, ammonia, and methane are considered "ices" with freezing points of 273 K, 195 K, and 91 K, respectively. astrogeological ice A giant planet which is primarily composed of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 Kelvin. envoAstro Uranus and Neptune are considered ice giants, a separate class relative to the gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass. A large portion of the mass in an ice giant was incorporated by the capture of ice (as defined in planetary science) or as gas trapped in water ice. ice giant A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium - probably with deep layers of ice, rock or liquid oceans (made of water, ammonia, a mixture of both, or heavier volatiles) - and a small core made of low-density volatiles. transitional planet envoAstro These planets have a mass up to 10 Earth masses, notably smaller than Uranus or Neptune, which are about 14.5 and 17 Earth masses, respectively. mini-Neptune An astronomical object which is more massive than the planet Jupiter. envoAstro Due to their immense size, super-Jupiter class objects straddle the space between planets and other objects such as brown dwarfs. While they may be more massive than Jupiter, super-Jupiters tend to be the same approximate size, with increasing density as their mass increases up to about 80 Jupiter masses. super-Jupiter A process during which one or more entities move along geodesics in a region of spacetime that has been sufficiently curved towards an entity with sufficient mass and/or energy. envoAstro gravitational motion A giant gas planet which has a jovian-scale mass (0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses), a short orbital period (1.3–111 Earth days), and which is close to the star it orbits, resulting in extreme and exotic atmospheric properties. epistellar jovian pegasean planet pegasid roaster planet envoAstro It is assumed that the mass of a hot Jupiter cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses, beyond which the planet would start burning deuterium and become a brown dwarf. hot Jupiter A gas planet which has a mass similar to that of Neptune or Uranus and which closely orbits its star (normally at a distance less than 1 Astronomical Unit). Whether this should be classified as a gas planet or an ice giant must be explored. hoptune envoAstro hot Neptune A terrestrial exoplanet which is at least ten times the mass of Earth. envoAstro mega-Earth A terrestrial planet which has a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the masses of Uranus and Neptune (15 and 17 Earth masses, respectively). envoAstro The upper bound of a super-Earth's mass is generally agreed on as 10 Earth masses. In general, super-Earths are defined exclusively by their masses, and the term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments. super-Earth A terrestrial planet which has a surface dominated by hot deserts. dry planet envoAstro This class of planet is still mostly theoretical. desert planet A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by water, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of water. An axiom to express that the planet has a 'substantial' proportion of its mass in the form of water wound enhance this class. aquaplanet panthalassic planet water world envoAstro While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as the extrasolar planet GJ 1214 b and ocean planet candidate Kepler-22b. ocean planet A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by ice, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of ice. cryoplanet envoAstro While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Pluto was considered an ice planet until its reclassification in 2006 CE. Surface temperatures of ice planets would have to be below 260 K (−13°C) if composed primarily of water, below 180 K (−93°C) if primarily composed of CO2 and ammonia, and below 80 K (−193°C) if composed primarily of methane. ice planet Ice which is primarily composed of carbon dioxide. dry ice envoAstro carbon dioxide ice Ice which is primarily composed of methane. envoAstro methane ice Ice which is primarily composed of ammonia. envoAstro ammonia ice Ice which is primarily composed of carbon monoxide. envoAstro carbon monoxide ice A planet which in primarily composed of an iron-rich core with little to no mantle cannonball planet envoAstro Mercury is the largest iron planet in the Solar System, the other terrestrial planets being composed of silicate rocks. Some extrasolar planet candidates that may be composed mainly of iron are KOI-1843 b,[5] Kepler-70b and Kepler-10b. iron planet A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by lava, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of lava. envoAstro This class of planets is still mostly theoretical, however, lava planets are thought plausible shortly after a terrestrial planet is formed, soon after a terrestrial planet has suffered a large collision event, or if a terrestrial planet is orbiting very close to its star, causing intense irradiation and tidal forces. Likely lava exoplanets include COROT-7b, Kepler-10b, Alpha Centauri Bb, and Kepler-78b. lava planet A terrestrial planet which has a mass smaller than Earth's, such that 1) it lacks a magnetic field strong enough to shield its atmosphere from erosion by stellar wind and 2) it has comparatively short periods of geological activity unless it is subject to gravitational tidal forces from a much more massive object. envoAstro The first sub-Earths were discovered by the Kepler Orbiting Observatory space telescope on 2012-01-10, orbiting the star Kepler-42. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of less than 1 Earth radius, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. sub-Earth A planet which is formed as a result of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere, as well as its outer layers, being stripped away by a stellar wind through photoevaporation and hydrodynamic escape. cthonian planet envoAstro This class is largely theoretical, however, some likely candidates exist. HD 209458 b and Gliese 436b are examples of a gas giants that are in the process of having their atmospheres stripped away. COROT-7b is the first exoplanet found that might be chthonian. chthonian planet A process during which energetic radiation ionises gas and causes it to disperse away from the ionising source. envoAstro This process is responsible for the stripping away of gases from the atmosphere of planets and related bodies by acceleration on interaction with high energy photons and other electromagnetic radiation. photoevaporation A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed primarily of helium. The placement of this class assumes that some traces of hydrogen are left in the atmosphere. If this is not the case, the axiom on gas planet must be updated. envoAstro A helium planet might form via hydrogen evaporation from a gaseous planet orbiting close to a star. Low-mass white dwarfs may transition into objects which are essentially helium planets by hydrogen depletion through mass transfer to a massive object such as a neutron star. Gliese 436 b is a candidate helium planet. helium planet An astronomical body which 1) is held together by its own gravity, 2) can attract other, similar bodies through mutual gravitational influence, and 3) has orbital dynamics that are not significantly affected by gas drag. envoAstro In the Solar nebula, planetesimals are usually larger than approximately 1 kilometer. planetesimal An astronomical object that forms within a protoplanetary disc when planetesimals and other solid debris aggregate and, due to gravitational forces, fuse and initiate internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. State that this is derived from a collection of planetesimals. planetary embryo envoAstro Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant planets. The exact sequence of events which lead to planetary formation from protoplanets is not fully understood. protoplanet 1 An astronomical object which is composed of dense gas and dust rotating around a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or a Herbig Ae/Be star in a disk-shaped configuration. envoAstro protoplanetary disk 1 A protoplanetary disk which is externally illuminated and undergoing photoevaporation. ionized protoplanetary disk envoAstro proplyd A planet which is smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres. envoAstro mesoplanet A planet which orbits two stars. envoAstro Because of the short orbits of some binary stars, the only way for planets to form is by forming outside the orbit of the two stars. circumbinary planet A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds with relatively low boiling points, equilibrium condensation temperatures below 1300 Kelvin, and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet. Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust volatile envoAstro Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets. volatile astrogeological material An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with boiling points around those of hydrogen and helium. gas envoAstro This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.271 Kelvin and a melting point of 13.99 Kelvin. Helium has a boiling point of 4.222 Kelvin and a melting point of 0.95 Kelvin. astrogeological gas A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds which have equilibrium condensation temperatures above approximately 1300 Kelvin and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet. Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust refractory material envoAstro The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial planets and asteroids in the inner belt. refractory astrogeological material A process during which gases that constitute a planetary atmosphere escape that planet's gravitational field and move away into outer space. envoAstro atmospheric escape An atmospheric escape process during which atoms that are parts of a planetary atmosphere escape into outer space through numerous collisions with lighter atoms in that atmosphere. envoAstro hydrodynamic escape A cloud which newCloud A cloud which is fibrous and/or has a silky sheen, often present in aggregates where individual cirrus clouds are organised in patches or narrow bands of white or mostly white detached filmanents. cirrus cloud A cloud which newCloud An IUCN protected area in which human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection and conservation of natural biodiversity and/or geodiversity, natural ecosystem assemblages and processes, and any associated cultural and spiritual values. IUCN-PACS:Ia strict nature reserve Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Previous anthropogenic impacts (e.g. by early human settlement) may be present in these sites; these should be reversible by either natural processes or brief restorative interventions. Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. IUCN strict nature reserve An IUCN protected area which 1) is dominated by natural ecosystems, 2) is sufficiently large to allow those ecosystems to function and develop without local anthropogenic perturbation, 3) is managed to prevent perturbations by proximate or local anthropisation, including those caused by local and/or indigenous human communities or human visitation. IUCN-PACS:Ib wilderness area Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. These areas exclude permanent built infrastructure, activities by extractive industries, commercial or intensive agriculture, extensive access by motor vehicles, unregulated visitation supported by any infrastructure, as well as other activities that may lead to significant ecosystem perturbations. IUCN wilderness area A quality which inheres in a astronomical body or astronomical body part by virtue of the variation in its material composition, participation in geological processes, and the variation in is land- and hydroforms. Materials which are usually assessed when appraising geodiversity include minerals, rocks, sediments, fossils, soils and water. Landforms factored into geodiversity metrics typically include folds, faults, and other expressions of morphology or relations between units of earth material. Natural processes that are included in measures of geodiversity are those which either maintain or change materials or geoforms, including tectonics, sediment transport, and pedogenesis. Geodiversity does not usually factor in anthropogenic entities. geodiversity An IUCN protected area which includes a primarily natural formation designated to be of high natural heritage value and the environmental systems which it determines (e.g. the spray zone of a waterfall monument). IUCN-PACS:III natural monument Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Further, note that the use of "natural" in the IUCN definition may allow for some anthropisation such as the presence of cave dwellings or spiritual sites. These areas tend to be smaller than other IUCN protected areas and are sites of frequent human visitation and high tourism value. They often serve to conserve natural heritage in land- or seascapes which have otherwise been anthropised. Frequently, these areas have high spiritual and cultural value as well as bio- and geodiversity value. It is not clear what would happen to the status of a IUCN Category III protected area if its key natural monument dies or degrades. IUCN acknowledges that larger ecosystem areas may need protection or management to sustain the area given Category III protection. IUCN natural monument or feature An IUCN protected area within which the habitats of or ecosystems used by floral and faunal species deemed to be of international, national, or local importance are maintained, conserved, or restored such that their composition and functional integrity are maintained. Clarify what is encompassed by floral and faunal. Do microbial and fungal species (e.g. of importance to many marine systems) fall within these categories? Further, create subclasses for habitat and species conservation separately. IUCN-PACS:IV habitat management area species management area Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Note that many Category IV sites require frequent interventions to maintain habitats for the species conserved, particularly as many of these areas are ecosystem fragments which are unable to sustain themselves. Additionally, many are used for public outreach, education, and recreation, implying regular human visitation. What qualifies a species as important is variable and often ill-defined. IUCN habitat/species management area An ecosystem which has been causally isolated from a larger ecosystem within which it was previously embedded, such that the direct exchange of materials, resources, and energy between these systems is severely or entirely curtailed. Often, ecosystem fragments are unable to sustain themselves without human intervention and management as they are not large enough to perform self-sustaining functions (e.g. nutrient recycling) or hold sufficient ecological resources such as genetic diversity of populations. ecosystem fragment A process during which one or more parts of an ecosystem become causally isolated such that the direct flow or exchange of materials, resources, and energy between a given fragment and the remainder of the original system is severely curtailed or entirely halted. ecosystem fragmentation process A protected area in which management objectives have been declared, by a local governing body or authority, to adhere to the guidelines set forth by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Axiomatise with SDGIO classes once available: https://github.com/SDG-InterfaceOntology/sdgio/issues/114 IUCN protected area The international recognition of an area as an IUCN protected area generally depends on the assigning government or authority reporting its assignments to the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. area protected according to IUCN guidelines A process during which an ecosystem, its parts, or the processes it participates in are modified by human intervention to accomplish an objective. active ecosystem management process An active management process which has the conservation of an ecosystem, or a part thereof, as its primary objective. conservation-focused active ecosystem management process An IUCN protected area which 1) includes entities that have been deemed to be of high scenic quality, 2) is composed of a historically stable assemblage of causally interlinked natural and anthropised ecosystems that provides cultural ecosystem services, and 3) hosts traditional and sustainable human activities. IUCN-PACS:V Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. The IUCN note that the integrity of balanced natural and anthropogenic ecosystems may be compromised in some Category V areas, as long as "there is reasonable hope of restoring that integrity". IUCN protected landscape/seascape A site which is bounded or relativised by a material entity which is of spiritual significance to one or more human groups. sacred site 1 A process during which an ecosystem fragment loses its system integrity, with many of its resident ecological populations 1) losing their habitats, 2) undergoing a loss of functional and phylogenetic diversity, and 3) undergoing a subsequent genetic destabilisation through inbreeding. This process may be caused by direct anthropisation (i.e. the fragmentation of ecosystems due to the establishment of cropland) or by more natural events such as forest fires or erosion of land bridges. ecosystem decay An ecosystem fragmentation process during which discontinuities emerge in the habitats of one or more ecological populations. habitat fragmentation process An environment which has its properties and composition largely determined by the presence of a metazoan which lacks a vetebral column and which has a habitat that is found in an aquatic environmental system. http://purl.jp/bio/11/meo/MEO_0000871 envoMeo envoOmics environment associated with an aquatic invertebrate Land which is regularly manipulated by human activities, such as plowing or tilling, in order to grow crops. Consider moving axioms to the quality 'arable' directly. The discontinuous quality on tillage can likely be improved or refined. Also, add axioms for ploughing once it is added to AgrO: https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/agro/issues/34 arable land Land which hosts a community of herbaceous plants - such as grasses and forbs - upon which animals may graze. See this issue for requests regarding surrounding semantics of grazing: https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/agro/issues/32 pasturable land An environmental system determined by a cnidarian or part of a cnidarian. envoMeo cnidarian-associated environment An environment which has its properties and composition determined by a portion of Bondon cheese. This class was cross-axiomatised with FOODON, but recent changes in FOODON's alignment (e.g. Bondon cheese as a subclass of an information artifact) have caused reasoning errors. We await FOODON to stabilise these semantics before attempting a reimport and will work with them to this end. envoMeo Bondon cheese environment A surface layer which is composed of the external surface of a root, together with closely adhering soil particles and debris rhizoplane Pasturable land which is maintained by human activities in order to provide grazing oppoturnities for livestock. tended pasturable land Land which either hosts plant communities upon which animals may graze has been manipulated by tilling, ploughing, or other human activity for the purposes of seed sowing or planting crops. Add semantics to support "land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category." http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_18948.html http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/?q=request&uri=http://eurovoc.europa.eu/4448 This class does not refer to the land that is potenitally cultivable, only referencing land that is being managed for cultivation. This class has been created to support the FAO definition of arable lands in FAOSTAT. arable or pasturable land A quality inhereing in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being periodically and mechanically manipulated to loosen and mix any soil which it has as a part. arable Soil which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7. acidic soil Volcanic ash which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7. acidic volcanic ash A digestive tract environment which has its properties and dynamics determined by the digestive tract of an echinoderm from the class Holothuroidea. sea cucumber gut sea cucumber digestive tract holothurian digestive tract A bodily fluid which is present in the digestive tract of a member of the Holothuroidea. holothurian digestive tract contents An organic material which is primarily composed of living or dead algae, along with their exudates. This class will be axiomatised with "alga" once an approach to handle this term's ambiguous semantics has been agreed with PCO. algal material Sea ice which has a brown colouration, either due to 1) the presence of pigments which are or were contained in the members of ecological assemblages, such as algal communities, living or trapped within the ice or 2) due to the presence of trapped sediments. brownish colored sea ice brown sea ice The surface layer of a volume of water. EcoLexicon:surface_water SWEETRealm:SurfaceWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water surface of a body of water water body surface water surface The surface layer of a mass of sediment. surface of a sedimentary mass surface sediment sediment surface A liquid planetary surface which is composed primarily of water. This includes the surface layers of all volumes of water exposed to space or the planet's atmosphere. water-based planetary surface A site in which charged particles are influenced by an astronomical body's magnetic field. The original definition referenced astronomical objects, however, the text suggests that reference to an astronomical body is more accurate. Magentospheres are generated by the motion of active hot iron and nickle or metallic planetary cores or by the interactions of plasma in stars.. The magnetic field near the surface of many astronomical bodies resembles that of a dipole. The field lines farther away from the surface can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting plasma emitted from a nearby star. The structure and behaviour of magnetospheres depend on numerous variables, including the type of astronomical body which generates it, the period of the object's spin, the properties of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of stellar wind. magnetosphere An environmental disposition which inheres in an entity that intercepts, attenuates, or blocks radiation. radiation shielding disposition A radiation shielding disposition which inheres in a material or immaterial entity which attenuates or blocks cosmic rays. cosmic ray shielding disposition A magnetosphere which either 1) cannot withstand the pressure of the stellar wind interacting with it, thus allowing the stellar wind to interact with the ionosphere, atmosphere, or surface of the planet generating it or 2) is formed by the interaction of the stellar wind with an astronomical body unshielded by its own magnetosphere. The original definition referenced astronomical objects, however, the text suggests that reference to an astronomical body is more accurate. induced magnetosphere A magnetosphere which shields the body generating it from the stellar wind by withstanding the stellar wind's pressure before it reaches the body. The original definition referenced astronomical objects, however, the text suggests that reference to an astronomical body is more accurate. intrinsic magnetosphere An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a land mass or the atmosphere or space adjacent to it. terrestrial environmental zone A terrestrial zone which is bounded by constructed, manufactured, or other anthropogenic material entities. anthropised terrestrial environmental zone An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a marine environment. This class will eventually be populated by inference alone, with its subclasses distributed in more process-linked hierarchies to improve semantic density. marine environmental zone Soil or sediment which has been eroded and influenced by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting. alluvium Sediment which has been transported by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting. alluvial sediment A rock which is formed as a result of the lithification of alluvium. alluvial deposit A process during which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid sedimentary rock. lithification An ecosystem in which grasses (Graminae) are the dominant form of vegetation and determine the system's structure and dynamics. EcoLexicon:grassland FTT:259 FTT:760 FTT:766 Geonames:V.GRSLD LTER:232 TGN:21604 TGN:54052 GRASSLAND grassland Grassland down downland downs glade grazing area herbaceous area grassland ecosystem An area of land used for the herding and grazing of livestock. FTT:45 FTT:58 FTT:59 FTT:69 Geonames:S.RNCH ranch ranch An area of wetland which overlaps a swamp ecosystem. swamp area A terrestrial ecosystem which is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. EcoLexicon:wetland FTT:1001 FTT:1060 FTT:1061 FTT:1118 FTT:1180 FTT:1190 FTT:1206 FTT:1207 FTT:1226 FTT:184 FTT:185 FTT:228 FTT:281 FTT:480 FTT:716 FTT:883 FTT:934 FTT:945 FTT:983 Geonames:H.WTLD LTER:630 SPIRE:Bog SWEETRealm:Wetland TGN:21301 TGN:21304 TGN:21305 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland WETLAND Wetland EstuarineWetland LacustrineWetland MarineWetland PalustrineWetland RiparianWetland TerrestialWetland back marsh backswamp backwater barrier flat blanket bog bog cienaga dismal everglade floating marsh forested wetland marsh mire mud flat peat cutting area peatland quagmire quaking bog riparian area slash slough slue swamp forest tulelands moor morass muskeg wetland ecosystem A planned process during which an environmental system is modified to mitigate or nullify the impacts of flooding. defense against flooding defence against floods defense against floods flood defence flood defence intervention flood defense flood defense intervention defence against flooding An electromagnetic radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star. environmental_hazards envoAstro stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter. envoAstro This definition focuses on the properties of microwaves rather than their wavelength or frequency limits. Considerable ambiguity exists around the wavelength and frequency thresholds of microwaves. The ISO 21348 definition bounds these waves at 1 mm and 15 mm, with frequencies between 100 GHz and 0.225 GHz. microwave stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales. envoAstro As with microwaves, considerable variation exists in the delimitation of frequency and wavelength thresholds for radiowaves. The ISO 21348 standard allows a wavelength range of 0.10 mm to 100 m and a frequency range of 300 GHz to 3 MHz. However, much lower thresholds also exist. radio wave stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star when molecules change their rotational-vibrational movements, usually at wavelengths between 760 nm and 1 mm. envoAstro infrared stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm. optical stellar radiation envoAstro visible spectrum stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm. To be expanded to account for subtypes. environmental_hazards envoAstro ultraviolet stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons as they fall into a lower state of energy. x ray stellar radiation xray stellar radiation environmental_hazards envoAstro Ambiguity exists in the definition of x-rays and their differentiation from gamma rays. Photons with sufficient energy to be classified as x-rays may be emitted by other processes than electrons falling to lower energy states. Most x-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV. x-ray stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the radioactive decay (gamma decay) of atomic nuclei. environmental_hazards envoAstro Ambiguity exists in the definition of gamma rays. As a rule of thumb, gamma rays have energies above 100 keV, frequencies above 10 exahertz, and wavelengths less than 10 picometers. However, regardless of the energy released, electromagnetic radiation from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei is referred to as "gamma rays". In astronomy, however, gamma rays are defined by their energy, and no production process needs to be specified. gamma-ray stellar radiation A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms. envoAstro ionising stellar radiation A process during which liquid water accumulates in a site, most often in some form of container. water accumulation process A commercial building which contains parts used as workplaces primarily for administrative and managerial workers. "An office building will be divided into sections for different companies or may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, as well as toilets." office building A building which is primarily used to facilitate the buying or selling of goods or services. "Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or internationally." commercial building A process during which wood is processed into beams or planks. lumber production timber production timber production process lumber production process A building part within which administrative work is done by an organisations users in order to support and realise the objectives of that organization. office An IUCN protected area within which 1) natural ecosystems and their resources are either conserved or used through non-industrial human activities, 2) usage activites contribute to conservation goals, ensuring inter-generational security for local communities' livelihoods, and 3) the majority of benefits derived from the use of ecosystems are received by communities living near or in the area. IUCN-PACS:VI protected area with sustainable use of natural resources Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Note, that the IUCN recommends that a proportion of the area is retained in a natural condition (e.g. a no-take management zone). As this is a recommendation rather than a rule, this ENVO class does not include IUCN categories with strict conservation regimes as necessary parts. An emphasis is placed on the integration of cultural approaches, belief systems and world-views possessed by human populations in and around the protected area into the conservation approaches used. Further, these areas host activities which facilitate scientific research, environmental monitoring, recreation, and "appropriate" small-scale tourism. IUCN protected area with sustainable use of natural resources A natural environment which is located on a land mass. terrestrial natural environment A natural environment which is within a water body. aquatic natural environment 1 A site in which the attraction of satellites by gravitation is dominated by an astronomical body, bounded by a zero-velocity surface. Roche sphere Hill sphere 2 A site in which the combined gravitational pull of the two large astronomical bodies is such that a smaller body, affected only by gravity, can maintain a stable position relative to those two large bodies and orbit with them due to centripetal force. L-points Lagrange points libration points Lagrangian point A marginal sea biome which is located in a region with a tropical climate. A class which is complementary to the WWF Temperate Shelf and Seas ecoregions grouping tropical marginal sea biome Organic material which is in a solid phase and contained in sedimentary rock. kerogen Kerogen which cotains alginite, amorphous organic matter, cyanobacteria, freshwater algae, and land plant resins, thus having a hydrogen to carbon ratio above 1.25, and oxygen to carbon ratio below 0.15, readily produces liquid hydrocarbons, has reduced concentrations of aromatic structures, and primarily derived from proteins and lipids. sapropelic kerogen Kerogen from which heavy hydrocarbons (such as oils) are derived following chemical break down. labile kerogen Kerogen from which light hydrocarbons (such as hydrocarbon gases) are derived following chemical break down. recalcitrant kerogen Kerogen which is enriched in sulfur compounds, has a hydrogen to carbon ratio under 1.25, an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.03 and 0.18, derives into mixtures of hydrocarbon gas and oil, and derives from marine organic materials (primarily lipids) which are formed in reducing environments. planktonic kerogen Planktonic kerogen which has high concentrations of sulfur compounds. sulfrous kerogen Kerogen which derives from land plants, resembles wood or coral in structure, has a hydrogen to carbon ratio under 1, an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.03 to 0.3, and which primarily produces coal or hydrocarbon gas on degradation. humic kerogen Kerogen which has a hydrogen to carbon ratio less than 0.5 and primarily composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. residual kerogen EcoLexicon:canopy LTER:82 SWEETRealm:Canopy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy forest canopy A canopy which is part of a woodland ecosystem. EcoLexicon:canopy LTER:82 SWEETRealm:Canopy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy woodland canopy A canopy which is composed of the aboveground portion, or crowns, of a community of crop plants. EcoLexicon:canopy LTER:82 SWEETRealm:Canopy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy crop canopy A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the aboveground portion of a plant community. EcoLexicon:canopy LTER:82 SWEETRealm:Canopy false canopy An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities form continuous or discontinuous regions of canopy cover. The correct usage of FLOPO terms in the axiomatisation needs to be confirmed. The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome. forest ecosystem An ecosystem which is determined by communities of annual crops, perennial woody crops, or by actively tilled land. cropland ecosystem An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities are spaced sufficiently far apart to allow sunlight to illuminate the understory. The correct usage of FLOPO terms in the axiomatisation needs to be confirmed. Woodland understories are often populated with communities of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. There are varying distinctions between woodland and forest, with a large degree of ambiguity. woodland ecosystem A process during which humans rear animals or plants on land for harvest and consumption. Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge. agriculture agricultural process An agricultural process during which humans rear plants on land for harvest and consumption. Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge. agronomy agronomic process An agricultural process during which humans rear animals on land for harvest and consumption. Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge. agriculture animal husbandry An aquaculture process during which humans rear crustaceans. crustacean aquaculture aquaculture of crustaceans crustacean farming process An aquaculture process during which humans rear finfish. finfish aquaculture aquaculture of finfish finfish farming process An aquaculture process during which humans rear molluscs. mollusc aquaculture aquaculture of molluscs mollusc farming process An aquaculture process during which humans rear seaweed. seaweed aquaculture aquaculture of seaweed seaweed farming process An aquaculture process during which humans rear freshwater macrophytes. freshwater macrophyte aquaculture aquaculture of freshwater macrophytes freshwater macrophyte farming process An aquaculture process during which humans rear animals. animal aquaculture aquaculture of animals animal aquaculture process An aquaculture process during which humans rear plants. This is unlikely to be limited to Viridiplantae, better axiomatisation should be sought in revisions. plant aquaculture aquaculture of plants plant aquaculture process A shrimp pond which is embedded in a coastal water body. "Shrimp" is a common language term that may refer to multiple crustacean species, typically in the groups Caridea or Dendrobranchiatamarine. These may be marine or freshwater organisms. coastal shrimp pond Saline water which is derived from sea water and used during the cultivation of crustaceans. saline shrimp pond water A fog which is composed of liquid aerosols and gases derived from volcanic gas emissions (primarily sulfur oxides), formed when sulfur-bearing gases react with sunlight, oxygen, and moisture in an atmosphere. "Vog and smog are different. Vog is formed when sulfur oxides emitted by a volcano react with moisture to form an aerosol. The aerosol scatters light, thus making the vog visible. Smog is formed largely from the incomplete combustion of fuel, reacting with nitrogen oxides and ozone produced from carbon monoxide by reactions with sunlight. The result is also a visible aerosol." vog A process during which materials deemed to be waste are removed from a site and transported to another site designated for its storage. transport of waste to a designated storage site A process during which materials deemed to be waste are transported away from a site. waste disposal process A waste disposal process during which the feces of human children is transported to a designated storage site. child feces disposal transport of child feces to a designated site A process during which materials used in a household and deemed to be waste are removed from the housing unit and transported to another site designated for its storage. household waste disposal transport of household waste to a designated storage site A site which has been designated as a place where humans may defecate. defecation area area designated for human defecation A site which has been designated for the storage of waste material. waste disposal site waste storage site area designated for waste storage An environmental pollution process during which the temperature of an environmental system, or parts thereof, is raised above its natural levels. thermal pollution A thermal pollution process which occurs in a water body or aquatic environment. thermal pollution of an aquatic system Water which accumulates on a solid surface during precipitation events and snow/ice melt. storm water "Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies (surface water)." stormwater Stormwater which accumulates in an urban ecosystem. urban storm water "Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies (surface water)." urban stormwater An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials, possibly interspersed with cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. area of developed space Stormwater which accumulates in a rural ecosystem. rural storm water "Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies (surface water)." rural stormwater A surface layer through which liquids or gases cannot pass. impermeable surface layer A construction which comprises a durable surface layer overlying a solid surface intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic. constructed pavement A layer which is primarily composed of some liquid material. liquid layer A layer throughout which one or more qualities (e.g. pressure, temperature, velocity, density) maintain an approximately constant value. Isosurfaces are not equivalent to a "surface layer" in the sense of overlapping an external boundary. Further, this class is concerned only with material isosurfaces, not with mathematical abstractions. material isosurface A layer which is primarily composed of some solid material, allowing for non-solid parts such as interstitial pockets of gas or liquid. solid layer A layer which is primarily composed of some solid material, allowing for non-solid parts such as interstitial pockets of gas or liquid. water ice layer A road which is primarily composed of asphalt. asphalt road A road which is primarily composed of concrete. concrete road A constructed pavement which is built on the side of a road and intended for foot traffic. pavement footpath footway "In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park." sidewalk A road which is used for local access to one or more structures, and is privately owned and maintained by an individual or group. driveway A constructed pavement which is used for parking vehicles. car lot car park parking lot paved parking lot Dust which is composed primarily of slicon dioxide. silica dust Dust which is primarily composed of aluminium particles. aluminium dust Dust which is primarily composed of barium particles. barium dust Dust which is primarily composed of hydrated magnesium silicate (talc) particles. talc dust Dust which is primarily composed of slate particles. slate dust A fire which occurs in an industrial area or building. environmental_hazards industrial fire Dust which is primarily composed of kaolinite particles. kaolinite dust kaolin dust A land fire which consumes low-growing plants such as scrub and brush. environmental_hazards brush fire A land fire which occurs in a large uncleared or sparsely settled area (as in Australia) usually scrub-covered or forested. environmental_hazards "Bush" is a rather loosely defined regional term, primarily used in Australia. bush fire A fire which occurs in a pastureland. environmental_hazards pasture fire A fire which occurs on land, typically consuming a terrestrial ecosystem as fuel. land fire A vegetated area which has not been cleared or is sparsely settled, usually scrub-covered or forested the bush "Bush" is a rather loosely defined regional term, primarily used in Australia. bush area An atmospheric storm which is generated by the heating and convection of moist and unstable air masses. "Convective storms range from localised thunderstorms (with heavy rain and/or hail, lightning, high winds, tornadoes) to meso-scale, multi-day events." convective storm A warm-core cyclone which occurs in the middle and high latitudes, primarily drawing energy from horizontal temperature contrasts between atmospheric fronts. mid-latitude cyclone environmental_hazards "When associated with cold fronts, extratropical cyclones may be particularly damaging (e.g. European winter/windstorm, Nor’easter)." extra-tropical cyclone A an atmospheric storm which originates over tropical or subtropical waters and possesses a warm-core, non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone with a low pressure centre, spiral rain bands and strong winds. environmental_hazards tropical storm An atmospheric storm during which a large air mass rotates around a centre of low atmospheric pressure, generating winds which spiral towards that centre. environmental_hazards cyclone A cyclone which rotates around an area low atmospheric pressure with increased temperature. warm-core cyclone environmental_hazards The threshold of what is "warm" is variable, and thus data-level thresholding should be applied when using this class. warm core cyclone An environmental zone which is part of an atmosphere. atmospheric area atmospheric zone An atmospheric zone in which atmospheric gaseous masses have reduced atmospheric pressure. Air is not specified directly (although the definition subsumes air masses) to allow for other forms of low pressure areas in planetary atmospheres. area of low atmospheric pressure A layer of liquid that is part of an estuary. envoMarine envoPolar aquatic estuarine layer A layer of estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. CMECS:595 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/595.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine coastal surface layer A role which is may be realised by an environmental system ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Experimental class. environmental role An oasis is a vegetated area located in a desert, supplied with water from a water source which it surrounds, and surrounded by arid soil, sand, or rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis cienaga oasis A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar vegetated area An environment which is determined by a bone element. envoMeo bone element environment A geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid water held in shape or sustained by an environmental process. Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by" Similar, in spirit, to landform. hydroform A liquid surface layer which is in contact with air. liquid air-water interface layer A liquid surface layer which is in contact with air. liquid surface layer A liquid surface layer which is in contact with air. solid surface layer A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. CMECS:596 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/596.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine coastal upper water column A layer of estuarine water which constitutes the pycnocline from the shore to to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. CMECS:597 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/597.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine coastal pycnocline A layer of estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuarine bed and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. CMECS:598 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/598.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine coastal lower water column A layer of estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast. CMECS:599 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/599.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine open water surface layer A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. CMECS:600 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/600.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine open water upper water column A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. CMECS:603 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/603.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine coastal surface layer A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. CMECS:604 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/604.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine coastal upper water column A body of water which is primarily composed of saline water. saline body of water This class has its subclasses populated by inference. saline water body A body of water which is primarily composed of saline water. fresh body of water This class has its subclasses populated by inference. fresh water body A body of water which is primarily composed of brackish water. brackish body of water This class has its subclasses populated by inference. brackish water body A layer of estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters to end of the estuary most distal from the coast. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. CMECS:602 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/602.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine open water lower water column A layer of estuarine water which constitutes the pycnocline from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast. CMECS:601 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/601.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine open water pycnocline An estuarine coastal pycnocline which is composed primarily of fresh tidal water. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. Further, the original definition and label do not clearly state whether this is a pycnocline in its own right, or just the tidal freshwater part of the pycnocline. In this ENVO class, we follow the semantics suggested by the label and treat this as a type of estuarine coastal pycnocline. CMECS:605 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/605.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine coastal pycnocline A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuarine bed and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. CMECS:606 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/606.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine coastal lower water column A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. CMECS:607 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/607.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine open water surface layer A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. CMECS:608 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/608.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine open water upper water column An estuarine open water pycnocline which is composed primarily of fresh tidal water. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. Further, the original definition and label do not clearly state whether this is a pycnocline in its own right, or just the tidal freshwater part of the pycnocline. In this ENVO class, we follow the semantics suggested by the label and treat this as a type of estuarine open water pycnocline. CMECS:609 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/609.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine open water pycnocline A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters to end of the estuary most distal from the coast. "Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. CMECS:610 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/610.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. estuarine tidal riverine open water lower water column A biogeochemical cycle which has nitrogen-bearing chemical entities as participants. envoPolar nitrogen cycling A biogeochemical cycle which has sulfur-bearing chemical entities as participants. sulphur cycling envoPolar sulfur cycling A biogeochemical cycle which has phosphorous-bearing chemical entities as participants. sulphur cycling envoPolar phosphorous cycling A tidal flow process which occurs in an ocean or sea and during which tidal movements generate advective flows, often amplified in velocity when moving through an inlet, pass or channel. tidal flow CMECS:643 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/643.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. marine tidal flow process A material transport process during which a volume of material is displaced due to a disequilirium in physical forces and during which 1) the qualities that inhere in that volume and 2) the processes that are unfolding within it are largely unchanged. advective transport Advective processes are disjoint from diffusive processes. Typically, fluids are advected. advective transport process An ice mass which is attached to a bed underneath a body of water. bottom-fast ice anchor ice A marine current which is maintained by a tidal flow process. marine tidal current envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to an ambiguously defined unit of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS), "Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/643.html). In CMECS, this is treated as a hydroform, but is defined as a process (while some of its subclasses are not). In ENVO, we have aligned the CMECS unit according to its definition as a process (ENVO:01001333); however, we maintain this class to allow reference to the hydroform maintained by that process. marine tidal flow Anchor ice which is attached to a riverbed. riverine bottom-fast ice riverine anchor ice A marine zone in which ocean waters undergo a diurnal (once per day) tidal oscillation - with one high and one low tide per day - due to the supression of a second daily oscillation by the geometry of the ocean basin and obstructions presented by land masses. diurnal tidal flow CMECS:664 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/664.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. In this case, the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. Alternate classes have been created to accommodate the process of diurnal tidal flow. The as the frequency of the process does not influence the semantics of the resulting hydroform, please use ENVO_01001336 to reference the hydroform rather than the zone or the process. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. diurnal marine tidal flow zone A tidal flow process which occurs once per day in ocean waters where a second daily oscillation is blocked by land masses or ocean basin geometry. diurnal tidal flow envoCmecs envoMarine This class broadly aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). This class is provided as the processual equivalent of CMECS unit 664 "Diurnal Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/664.html); however, based on its definition, CMECS:664 is more accurately mapped to ENVO:01001338 as the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. A class has been created to accommodate the semantics of the resulting hydroform (ENVO:01001336). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. diurnal marine tidal flow process A marine tidal flow zone in which ocean waters undergo a semi-diurnal (twice per day) tidal oscillation - with two high and two low tides per day of roughly equal amplitude. semi-diurnal tidal flow CMECS:666 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/666.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. In this case, the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. Alternate classes have been created to accommodate the process of diurnal tidal flow. The as the frequency of the process does not influence the semantics of the resulting hydroform, please use ENVO:01001336 to reference the hydroform rather than the zone or the process. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. semi-diurnal marine tidal flow zone An environmental zone in which varying gravitational forces from astronomical bodies, combined with the rotation of the astronomical body containing the zone, cause marine waters to undergo periodic depth oscillations (tides). envoCmecs envoMarine marine tidal flow zone A water flow process during which movements of water masses caused by varying gravitational and rotational forces from astronomical bodies, combined with the rotation of the astronomical body containing the water mass, cause waters to undergo periodic depth oscillations (tides). tidal flow envoCmecs envoMarine tidal flow process A marine tidal flow process which occurs twice per day, resulting in two high and two low tides per day, both of roughly equal amplitude. semi-diurnal tidal flow envoCmecs envoMarine This class broadly aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). This class is provided as the processual equivalent of CMECS unit 666 "Semi-diurnal Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/666.html); however, based on its definition, CMECS:666 is more accurately mapped to ENVO:01001340 as the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. A class has been created to accommodate the semantics of the resulting hydroform (ENVO:01001336). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. semi-diurnal marine tidal flow process Anchor ice which is attached to a riverbed where a river flows into a marine water body and which is formed by the freezing of freshwater seeping out of the riverbed's sediments. fresh water seep riverine anchor ice fresh water seep riverine bottom-fast ice freshwater seep riverine bottom-fast ice freshwater seep riverine anchor ice An ice mass which is suspended in a water body, being sufficiently buoyant for part of the mass to breach the surface of that water body. floating ice mass An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one location on the surface of an astronomical body, transporting it to another location where it is deposited. erosion A zone on a glacier which is roughly linear and where the rates of ice ablation and accumulation are approximately equal. equilibrium limit equilibrium line firn limit firn line glacial equlibrium line A zone in which the deposition and accumulation of an environmental material occurs. accumulation zone material accumulation zone A zone in which processes resulting in the removal of one or more environmental materials have higher rates than pocesses which result in their deposition and accumulation. decumulation zone material decumulation zone A material accumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes exceed those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net icrease in some mass of ice. area of ice gain ice accumulation area ice gain zone zone of ice gain ice accumulation zone A material decumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes are below those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net decrease in some mass of ice. area of ice gain ice accumulation area ice gain zone zone of ice gain ice decumulation zone A material accumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes exceed those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net icrease in some mass of ice. area of glacial ice gain glacial ice accumulation area glacial ice gain zone zone of glacial ice gain glacial ice accumulation zone 2 An environmental zone in which the rates of two or more processes are roughly equal to one another. environmental zone of processual equilibrium A glacier which is contained in the site bounded by a volcanic crater. crater glacier volcanic crater glacier The site which is located in a crater. crater zone The site which is located in a volcanic crater. volcanic crater zone A landform which has been rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall. desert A climate which is realised through hydrological processes. hydroclimate An aerosol formation event which occurs in an atmosphere. rapid formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere new particle formation event atmospheric new particle formation event Note that the detection of such events, and thus the thresholds used to define them in the field, are operational and dependent on the technology and observation strategy used. The event must be intense enough, occur in a large enough area, and persist for enough time to allow the formed particle population to be observed. There are no exact or universally agreed upon thresholds for the intensity, area and duration of such events. If elevated new particle formation rate is observed in the atmosphere (away from direct sources of the related gas-phase molecules) for an operationally defined period of time, practitioners often declare that such an event has taken place. atmospheric aerosol formation event An alpine tundra ecosystem which exists above the continuous timberline but below the permanent snowline on elevated land in tropical regions. Paramo ecosystems are known to be evolutionary hotspots and large daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity, often resulting in dialy freez-thaw cycles. Paramo A direction which inheres in an atmospheric wind, typically expressed as the inverse of the direction the wind is moving in. atmospheric wind direction The speed of an atmospheric wind. flow velocity of wind speed of wind wind flow velocity wind speed speed of atmospheric wind atmospheric wind speed The volume of water which has fallen during a precipitation process. Niederschlagsmenge precipitation amount precipitation precipitation level precipitation quantity While the precipitated material may be water in any of its forms, the volume that this class refers to is that of liquid water. volume of hydrological precipitation A system which consists of an atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere, forced or influenced by external processes. This class, from the IPCC report, is naturally focused on the Earth's climate. The report cites the Sun as the agent of the most important forcing processes. It also considers the direct effect of human activities on the climate system an external forcing climate system A process during which gas-phase molecules form solid or liquid particles that are stable enough to continue growing in size - via the condensation or aggregation of other gas-phase molecules - at a greater rate than their constituents re-enter gas phase. formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere new particle formation atmospheric formation of an aerosol atmospheric new particle formation process formation of an aerosol in an atmosphere formation of an aerosol in the atmosphere formation of particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere new particle formation atmospheric secondary aerosol formation process A process during which an aerosol is formed. aerosol formation aerosol formation process An aerosol formation process during which solid or liquid particles are directly introduced into a volume of gas. primary aerosol formation primary aerosol formation process An aerosol formation process during which solid or liquid particles are formed in a volume of gas through gas-to-liquid or gas-to-solid conversions. new particle formation secondary aerosol formation secondary aerosol formation process A shrubland biome which is densely vegetated by dwarf or short mangroves (and associates) that are generally less than 6 meters in height, is tidally influenced, is located in tropical or subtropical areas. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 CMECS:577 https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/577.html envoCmecs envoMarine This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. CMECS provides the following notes: "Commonly found on intertidal mud flats along the shores of estuaries. Tidal mangrove shrublands may include immature stands or stunted mature trees that indicate a harsh growing environment. Areas characterized by tall mangroves (> 6 meters) are placed in the Tidal Mangrove Forest Biotic Group. Where tidal amplitude is relatively low, the vegetation forms narrow bands along the coastal plains, and it rarely penetrates inland more than several kilometers along rivers. Where tidal amplitude is greater, mangroves extend further inland along river courses, forming extensive stands in the major river deltas. Also, mangrove cays may occur within the lagoon complex of barrier reefs. The list of biotic communities for this group is long: a few examples are provided below, and the complete list is available in Appendix F" tidal mangrove shrubland An ecosystem which 1) typically has monthly average temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius 2) has a low evapotranspiration ratio and 3) is determined by communities of low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Tundra envoPolar tundra ecosystem A tundra ecosystem which exists at high altitudes and where vegetation is stunted due to low temperatures and high winds. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Tundra envoPolar alpine tundra ecosystem An aerosol formation process during which the rate of particle formation exceeds that which is normally present in the site of its occurrence. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 new particle formation event This is similar to the semantics of storms, where increased rates are observed due to external forcings. aerosol formation event An aerosol formation event which occurs in an atmosphere. rapid formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 new particle formation event atmospheric new particle formation event Note that the detection of such events, and thus the thresholds used to define them in the field, are operational and dependent on the technology and observation strategy used. The event must be intense enough, occur in a large enough area, and persist for enough time to allow the formed particle population to be observed. There are no exact or universally agreed upon thresholds for the intensity, area and duration of such events. If elevated new particle formation rate is observed in the atmosphere (away from direct sources of the related gas-phase molecules) for an operationally defined period of time, practitioners often declare that such an event has taken place. secondary atmospheric aerosol formation event A hypodermic needle is a medical instrument made from a hollow needle. It is commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body of an organism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle ENVO ENVO:02000000 hypodermic needle A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile ENVO ENVO:02000001 textile Bedclothing is a textile covering used on a bed as a sheet, blanket, or pillowcase. ENVO ENVO:02000002 bedclothing A pockmark field is an undersea feature formed by shallow seabed depressions, typically several tens of metres across and a few metres deep. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column. ENVO ENVO:02000003 pockmark field Nesting material is an animal habitation consisting of matierals used to cushion, insulate and protect the young of the organism. The adult will use the material to form a protective structure to house and raise their young. Nests are built primarily by birds, but also by mammals, fish, insects and reptiles. ENVO ENVO:02000004 nesting material Tissue culture is the culture of cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture tissue culture A cell culture is a growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for experimental research. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture cell culture Plant tissue culture is the growth or maintenance of plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants in vitro. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture plant tissue culture Organ culture is the aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium. Animal organs must be small enough to allow the nutrients in the culture medium to penetrate all the cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_culture ENVO ENVO:02000010 organ culture An organic material which is primarily composed of some natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluid ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. bodily fluid material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood, a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. blood material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of amniotic fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. amniotic fluid material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of excreta, bodily fluids consisting of matter which contains the waste products of biological processes, including urine or feces, discharged from an organism's body. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. excreta material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of bile, a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids. gall ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. bile material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of aqueous humour, a bodily fluid consisting of a thick watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_humour ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. aqueous humour material An excreta material which is composed primarily of sweat, an excreta consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. sweat material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of chyme, a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. chymus ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. chyme material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood plasma, a bodily fluid that comprises the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. blood plasma material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of ear wax, a bodily fluid consisting of a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_wax cerumen material ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. ear wax material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of cerebrospinal fluid, a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. CSF is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid CSF material Liquor cerebrospinalis ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. cerebrospinal fluid material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of chyle, a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyle ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. chyle material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of breast milk, is a bodily fluid produced that is secreted from two milk-secreting glandular organs on a female's chest. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. breast milk material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of vitreous humor, a bodily fluid consisting of a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. vitreous humour material ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. vitreous humor material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of a pleural effusion, a bodily fluid that is produced in excess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion pleural effusion material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of a volume of tears, a bodily fluid consisting of a drop of the clear salty liquid secreted by glands (lacrimal glands) in the eyes. Tears wet the membrane covering the eye and help rid the eye of irritating substances. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. tear material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of an oronasal secretion, a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. oronasal secretion material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of saliva, a slightly alkaline secretion of water, mucin, protein, salts, and often a starch-splitting enzyme (as ptyalin) that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands, lubricates ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. saliva material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of sebum, an oily bodily fluid secreted from the sebaceous glads that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. sebum material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of pus, a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. pus material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of synovial fluid, a bodily fluid secreted by the synovial membrane into the joint cavity to form a thin layer at the surface of cartilage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_fluid ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. synovial fluid material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of mucus, a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. mucus material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of lymph, a bodily fluid consisting of a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets. ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. lymph material A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of interstitial fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluid intercellular fluid material tissue fluid material ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S. interstitial fluid material A biological product is an environmental substrate comprised of any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product available to prevent, treat or cure diseases or injuries in man. ENVO ENVO:02000043 This definition should be revised, it is currently too ambiguous. biological product Siliceous ooze is a marine sediment composed of the debris of plankton with silica shells, such as diatoms and radiolaria. This ooze is limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2-1 cm / 1000 yr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliceous_ooze ENVO ENVO:02000044 envoPolar siliceous ooze Red clay, also known as pelagic clay, accumulates in the deepest and most remote areas of the ocean. Containing less than 30% biogenic material, its composition is a varied mix of very fine quartz and clay minerals, authigenic deposits precipitated directly from seawater, and micrometeorites. Though called "red" because it sometimes takes the color of oxidized iron minerals, it is usually brownish in color. Its ultimate origin is uncertain, but red clay seems to be mostly derived from distant rivers, and windblown dust. Covering 38% of the ocean floor, it accumulates more slowly than any other sediment type, at only 0.1-0.5 cm / 1000 yr. ENVO ENVO:02000045 red clay Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr. ENVO ENVO:02000046 calcareous ooze Animal feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feed fodder animal feed Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals. ENVO ENVO:02000048 contaminated animal feed Coastal water is a marine water body bordering a coast. envoPolar coastal water body A canopy designed to protect against precipitation or sunlight. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella ENVO ENVO:02000052 umbrella A skin obtained from animals for human use typically from deer or cattle sources used to produce leather, shoes, fashion accessories, musical instruments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide ENVO ENVO:02000053 hide A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_meal ENVO ENVO:02000054 bone meal Plant feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed plants. ENVO ENVO:02000055 plant feed A textile comprised of a pliable material made usually by weaving, felting, or knitting natural or synthetic fibers and filaments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth ENVO ENVO:02000058 cloth A soil consisting of the upper layer of soil on the surface consisting of loose material capable of supporting life composed of a mixture of mineral and organic matter. ENVO ENVO:02000059 surface soil A written message from one person to another addressed to a person or organization. ENVO ENVO:02000081 letter ENVO ENVO:02000084 goat manure A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. cjm coal cjm iron mine cjm uranium mine a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock. cjm ore cjm uranium ore cjm iron ore cjm gold ore cjm platinum ore Dust which is derived from coal. cjm coal dust Dust which is derived from mineral material. cjm mineral dust Dust which is composed of fibrous material. cjm fibrous dust cjm fibrous glass dust Dust which is composed primarily of some metallic material. cjm metallic dust cjm cement dust Dust which is derived from clay material. cjm clay dust cjm Dust which is derived from asbestos asbestos dust Dust that comes from grain and all the other substances associated with its cultivation & harvesting. cjm grain dust cjm cotton dust cjm dust from plant parts A surface mine that utilizes a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. cjm open-pit mine cjm copper ore A gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale. cjm fume cjm welding fume cjm paraffin wax fume Respirable vapor of vanadium. cjm vanadium fume cjm aluminum welding fume A wax that is naturally synthesized by a plant or animal. cjm natural wax A white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. cjm paraffin wax An organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil can be produced. cjm kerogen shale oil shale cjm zinc chloride fume cjm peat extraction A hydrological process that results in the drainage of water from peatlands Typically a part of a peat extraction process cjm peat drainage Any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. cjm paint Paint that contains lead. cjm lead paint A planned process that is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. cjm transportation A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants. This is a convenience class for organisation and should not be used for annotation. environmental system process a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. desertification A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water. environmental_hazards flooding A process which occurs within an atmosphere. This class will be populated by inference and is primarily organisational. atmospheric process A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases. envoPolar greenhouse effect A process which diminishes the functioning of an ecosystem located on land. An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. This could include, for example, reducing soil health, pollinator activity, or an ecosystem's ability to sequester carbon. land degradation A process which consists of all photosynthesis processes instantiated in an ecosystem. See issue #275 envoPolar ecosystem-wide photosynthesis A process which consists of all respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem. See issue #275 ecosystem-wide respiration A biogeochemical process during which one or more chemical compounds are sequentially converted into a series of related compounds in a regularly repeating, periodic fashion. envoPolar biogeochemical cycling A biogeochemical cycle which has carbon-bearing chemical entities as participants. envoPolar carbon cycling Establishment of a new forest by seeding or planting of nonforested land. Prior to afforestation, the land cover of a region must not include forests. afforestation The removal of forest and undergrowth to, for example, increase the surface of arable land or to use the timber for construction or industrial purposes. clearance clearing deforestation The planting of trees in areas in where forests have previously been cleared. reforestation is reestablishment of forest where the forest recently existed[IPCC] reforestation To be populated through inference. Do not use for annotation. forest process forest area expansion A process during which the populations in a community of algae in a marine or freshwater ecosystem undergo rapid growth, resulting in high concentrations of algal cells that occur only periodically and briefly in that ecosystem, relative to their concentrations through the majority of the planetary orbital period. envoPolar This class is under development. Note that cyanobacterial blooms are often confused with algal blooms. There is no globally recognised threshold beyond which community density enters a bloom state. algal bloom process To be ceded to external ontology (e.g. pco) alga A process during which the rapid growth of algal populations that result in an algal bloom ceases, and cell densities begin to fall due to death, predation, and transport. algal bloom collapse algal bloom process phase A process during which the algal cells constituting an algal bloom produce biomass from abiotic components during photosynthesis. algal production TODO; add axioms pointing to GO organismal process; Add axioms pointing to toxin role accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process degradation of toxins from algal bloom process A process during which humans apply technology to alter the magnitude, duration, rate, or impact of an environmental process. Relabel the obo foundry unique label to be generic process anthropogenic modulatory intervention process An environmental process which is driven by the action of humans. anthropogenic environmental process An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one part of a planet's crust, transporting it to another location where it is deposited. envoPolar planetary erosion An erosional process in which bedrock is converted from its solid form into a solute by the action of some solvent. bedrock dissolution 1 1 A process during which chemicals that are involved in natural ecosystem processes are transported or transformed, and which impact the activity of biological entities envoPolar biogeochemical process An environmental process which has water - in any of its states - as a participant. This classes asserted subclasses will be moved away as it should be an inferred class. hydrological process revegetation Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. evapotranspiration Evaporation is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a portion of the surface layer of a liquid in contact with a gaseous material, which is not saturated with the evaporating substance, vaporises. evaporation Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts of that plant, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers. Needs a process part "water transport" or similar and some link to plants to be complete. transpiration An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment. pollution environmental_hazards Pollutants may be material or immaterial (e.g. heat energy) environmental pollution A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air. environmental_hazards envoPolar air pollution A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil. environmental_hazards envoPolar soil pollution A pollution process during which contaminants are released into water. environmental_hazards envoPolar water pollution A pollution process during which plastic contaminants are released into an environmental material. environmental_hazards envoPolar plastic pollution An process in which environmental parameters and variables are continually assayed. monitoring environmental monitoring A planned process during which the amount of pollutants released into an environmental system is regulated. pollution prevention pollution control A monitoring process that assays the level of environmental pollutants to determine the presence of effect of environmental pollution. envoPolar pollution monitoring A pollution process that results in increased levels of pollutants in an urban environment. environmental_hazards urban pollution Partially compacted granular snow, which has undergone several cycles of melting and refreezing while being compacted, usually found on the atmosphere-exposed surface of a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 névé envoPolar Névé that survives a full season of ablation turns into firn. neve Granular snow which contains a proportion of fused granules formed through melting and re-thawing while being compacted by the weight of overlying material and which contains interconnected gaseous pores. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Firn derives from névé which has survived a full season of ablation and has undergone a metamorphic transition. firn A material transformation process during which recently precipitated, powdery snow transitions into firn or névé through compaction and/or through cycles of freezing and thawing. Link to mass wasting process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Often, the weight of material deposited on top of powdery snow by, for example, mass wasting, can lead to nivation. nivation Any water ice that is part of a glacier. It is suggested that users complement this term with ice terms that are more descriptive of the ice itself, rather than its location/parthood. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar glacial ice Glacial ice which contains material liberated during a glacial erosion process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar erosionally enriched glacial ice An erosion process during which the movement of a glacier across a terrestrial surface causes the removal of material from that surface. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar glacial erosion process Water ice containing little to no air bubbles resulting in a reduction of internal light scattering and, given sufficient volume, a blue appearance. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar The blue 'appearance' is to be understood as that within the visual range of humans. blue ice A physical process during which atoms, molecules, or other consituents of a material entity are forced closer together. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar compaction process A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, increases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material accumulation process ends a material transport process. material accumulation process A process during which material is displaced from its original location and transported either to a new location or back to the original location. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. material transport process A material accumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass increases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 accumulation of ice ice accumulation envoPolar ice gain A material transport process during which the snow and ice constituting a glacier, and anything contained within it, is transported down a slope by gravitation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 glacial movement envoPolar This must be differentiated from small ice masses simply falling or moving down slopes. In ENVO, this is a subclass of advective transport process, however, this may not be universally accepted by some which strictly limit advection to fluids. glacial transport process A small glacier contained within a cirque basin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar cirque glacier A depression which is part of a planetary crust, is of geographic scale, and is partially or completely enclosed. The general semantics of depression and geographic basin are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar geographic basin A process during which a mass composed of one or more environmental materials, present within a given site, decreases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. material decumulation process A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier decreases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar glacial ice loss A stream which is primarily composed of meltwater and which flows within a glacier or ice sheet. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar englacial stream A material transport process during which one or more environmental materials are transported by the action of wind. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 eolian æolian envoPolar aeolian transport process Particulate matter primarily composed of carbon particles formed through the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar soot Water ice which contains material liberated during an erosion process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar erosionally enriched ice Uncompacted snow containing trapped atmospheric gases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Described as having a fluffy appearance. powdery snow A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier increases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar glacial ice gain A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 glacier calving envoPolar Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers. glacial ice calving process A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 glacier calving envoPolar Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers. iceberg calving process A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg. It would be ideal to express that the size of the icemass calved must be smaller than an iceberg. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 glacier calving envoPolar Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers. calving of ice from an iceberg Sediment which has been transported through the marine water column, settling on the seafloor. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 marine sediments envoPolar Particles of marine sediment are primarily generated by 1) processes in terrestrial systems and transported to the marine realm by the action of rivers or aeolian processes (amongst other routes) , 2) marine organisms, 3) chemical processes in seawater, or 4) cosmogeneous input. marine sediment Marine sediment soured from either terrestrial systems, marine organisms, seawater and or cosmogeneous sources, which is transported through the marine water column, and accumulates within shallow regions of the oceanic basin close to continents, such as the continental shelf, or continental slope. In this definition we refer to sedimentation processes that occured above the shelf, however this should be relaxed to include the continental shelf and slope. output of sedimentation process which occured in neritic zone biome http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 shallow marine sediments neritic marine sediment envoPolar shallow marine sediment A water body which is located in a depression within the surface of a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 supraglacial lakes envoPolar supraglacial lake A material accumulation process during which solid particles are pulled through a water body by gravitation or centrifugal force and which ends when they settle on a solid surface. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar sedimentation in a water body An ablation zone which is part of a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 area of glacial ablation glacial ablation area glacial ice ablation area envoPolar glacial ice ablation zone Particulate matter which is composed primarily of dust, rock, and soot, as well as the microbial communities associated with these materials, deposited on an ice mass by an aeolian process. This actually is formed as a result of an accumulation process involving the constituents of cryoconite. When their semantics are more stable, we can axiomatise this fully. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar cryoconite deposit A vertical thaw hole within an ice mass, formed as a result of ice melt associated with local temperature increases, due to increased absorption of solar radiation by cryoconite deposits. The general semantics of depressions are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 cryoconite holes envoPolar This class doesn't refer to the site but instead the depression or hole and therefore the adjacency to the cryoconite itself. cryoconite hole A water body which forms as a result of localised melting taking place on the surface of a glacier or a mass of sea ice and which is contained in the cavity formed by such melting. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 melt ponds meltpond meltponds envoPolar melt pond A channel through which brine flows. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 brine channels envoPolar brine channel A material accumulation process during which brine droplets, trapped between ice crystals formed during seawater freezing, form brine channels. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar This process may be considered a material accumulation process as it is the accumulation of brine droplets which form the channels. brine channel formation process A process during which a portion of some environmental material is converted into a different material or a collection of materials. A different material transformation process class (or similarly named class) pertaining to the conversion of a specific chemical into another belongs in CHEBI and or REX ontologies. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material transformation process only refers to ENVO:environmental material classes (e.g. bulk and typically impure substances), rather than transformations converting a specific chemical into another. material transformation process A material transformation process during which seawater freezes into sea ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar sea ice formation process A material transformation process during which brine is formed due to the expulsion of salt during frazil formation or a seawater freezing process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Expelled salt accumulates in brine droplets, which remain in a liquid state due to their increased salinity. brine rejection from seawater New ice which is composed of small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water. Needs to have axioms added pertaining to the semantics of colloids and suspensions once they have been resolved see: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/91#issuecomment-290711238 Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Typically 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. frazil ice A new ice formation process during which small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water, form due to the freezing of open, turbulent, supercooled water. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar frazil ice formation A channel which traverses an ice mass floating on a water body and bridges the atmosphere to the underlying water through its internal cavity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 thaw holes envoPolar thaw hole A melt pond which has a surface exposed to the atmosphere. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar atmosphere-exposed melt pond A melt pond which is completely encased in ice and thus not directly exposed to the atmosphere or underlying water. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar In practice, there may be some openings which are small relative to the surface footprint of the meltpond. ice-encased melt pond A lake which is comprised of meltwater located underneath or within a glacier. Add axioms to show that this is on the larger side in a size continuum between ice-encased meltponds and intraglacial lakes. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 intraglacial lakes envoPolar intraglacial lake A process during which material entities are added to a landform or to a feature upon the landform. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar depositional process A desublimation process during which water vapour is frozen into water ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar desublimation of water vapour into ice An ice formation process during which water is frozen into a form of new ice such as frazil, grease ice, slush, or shuga. Make this class the union of the following processes: frazil ice formation, grease ice formation process, slush formation process, and shuga formation process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar new ice formation process A sea ice formation process during which new ice crystals freeze together, forming nilas, a thin, elastic, continuous, ice sheet of a transparent gray color. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar nilas formation process A sea ice formation process during which water freezes to the bottom of an existing nilas ice floe creating a thicker ice floe known as young ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar young ice formation process A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto young ice during the cold season, forming first year ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar First year ice that survives melting during spring and summer can transition to second year ice. first year ice formation process A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto first year ice during the cold season, forming second year sea ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Second year ice forms from first year ice which has previously survived one melt season. second year ice formation A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes into second year ice during the cold season, forming multiyear ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Multiyear ice forms from second year ice which has previously survived at least two melt seasons. multiyear ice formation process Water ice which is formed from freezing water and is suspended in a water body. Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar sea ice types include frazil, grease ice, slush, and shuga. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. new ice A cohesive sheet of water ice which floats upon the surface of a water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 ice floes envoPolar Ice floes can exist in sea ice, in rivers or lakes. ice floe An ice floe which is formed from frozen sea water, and floats upon the surface of a marine water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 sea ice floes envoPolar sea ice floe A sea ice floe which has a rounded or circular shape and raised rims. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar pancake ice A sea ice floe which is thin, elastic, continuous, and of a transparent gray color, which results from the freezing of new ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar nilas A sea ice floe which is inflexible and thicker than nilas. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar young ice Sea ice which is thicker than young ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar First year ice that survives a seasonal melting process becomes second year ice. first year ice Sea ice which is thicker than first year ice, and has survived a seasonal melting process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar second year ice Sea ice which is thicker than second year ice, and has survived more than two seasonal melting process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar multiyear ice A layer which consists of a thin aggregate of frazil ice crystals, which float upon the surface of a water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Within a marine system, grease ice makes the ocean surface resemble an oil slick. grease ice layer New ice, which is spongy, lumpy and opaque, and forms from water which freezes in an agitated water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. shuga A slurry of frazil, snow, and liquid water. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. slush ice A layer which consists of slush ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar slush ice layer A new ice formation process in which slush ice is formed. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar slush formation process A new ice formation process in which shuga is formed. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar shuga formation process A freshwater lake which fills a depression formed by the erosion of thermokarst caused by permafrost thaw. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 cave-in lake thaw lake thermokarst lakes envoPolar Continued thawing of the permafrost substrate can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of thermokarst lakes, leaving only the landform, thermokarst depression behind. thermokarst lake A thermokarst lake through which methane gas released from thawing permafrost, or other methane stores, rises and escapes to the atmosphere. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar On Earth, the bright blue appearance, in the light spectrum visible to humans, is due to increased abundances of microorganisms attracted to sulfur compounds associated with the methane release. methane-releasing thermokarst lake A geographic basin which is formed due to the erosion of thermokarst by meltwater released from thawing permafrost. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar thermokarst depression An irregular land surface which consists of marshy hollows, hummocks, thermokarst depressions and thermokarst lakes formed from the erosion of ice-rich thawing permafrost areas. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Thermokarst is usually found in Arctic or mountainous areas. thermokarst A process during which permafrost is warmed such that a portion of its constituent water ice is converted into meltwater. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar permafrost thawing process Permafrost which contains pockets of trapped methane gas. It would probably be better to assert parthood between the permafrost and cavities filled with gas rather than the gases themselves. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 bulgunyakh envoPolar Other hydrocarbon gasses such as carbon dioxide may also be present. These pockets can be sufficently large that the permafrost surface will undulate when pressure is applied. methane-laden permafrost A crater which is found in permafrost and formed as a result of an explosion fuelled by methane formerly contained in that permafrost. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 gigantic funnel envoPolar methane-sourced permafrost crater A process during which a material entity undergoes a rapid increase in volume, releasing gasses and various forms of energy, often including thermal, light and sound energy. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 explosion envoPolar Supersonic explosions are known as detonations and subsonic explosions as deflagrations. explosion process An explosion during which methane-rich gas trapped in permafrost combusts. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 environmental_hazards envoPolar permafrost methane explosion A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar gas emission process A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Some hydrocarbon gasses within the atmosphere contribute to the planetary green house gas effect by increasing absorption of solar energy. hydrocarbon gas emission process A hydrocarbon gas emission process during which a portion of methane gas is transported into the atmosphere. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. methane gas emission process A process during which the intesity of stellar radiation received by a planet's surface varies in a cyclical regime due to the planet's orbital motion around the barycentre of a planetary system and/or the tilt of its rotational axis relative to its orbital plane. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar The seasons that are generated by this process are divisions of time between warm (maximal radiation exposure) and cold (minimum radiation exposure) extremes. Depending on the planet's makeup, the resulting seasonal dynamics may include ecological and meteorological cycles which may form the basis for further divisions of the cycle (e.g. rainy season, dry season, wildfire season). season generating process A one-dimensional temporal region which is delimited by the occurrence of processes which serve as its delimiters. Season could be implemented as a subclass of one-dimensional temporal region, however, this will need further thought and discussion with BFO editors. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoAstro envoPolar season A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part exceeds that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar The boundaries of seasons are typically fiat and should be defined on a data/information layer. This also pertains to the amount of time included when averaging measured values of qualities like temperature. warm season A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part is below that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar The boundaries of seasons are typically fiat and should be defined on a data/information layer. This also pertains to the amount of time included when averaging measured values of qualities like temperature. cold season A material transformation process during which a material entity melts during a warm season. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar seasonal melting process A compaction process during which a material entity subjected to heat and/or pressure is compacted into a solid mass without undergoing melting. We should add the subclass axiom: 'has output' some ('environmental material' and 'has quality' some 'decreased porosity') once PATO:decreased porosity is available see ENVO issue #497 Additional axioms could also refer to object aggregates becoming objects within an environmental material. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar solid-phase sintering A sintering process during which snow is compacted into glacial ice. Axioms will probably need to be updated if the axiomatisation of solid-phase sintering changes. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar glacial sintering An aeolian transport process during which powdery snow is displaced and moved. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar aeolian transport of snow An accumulation process during which a powdery snow carried on the wind settles on a solid surface, forming a mound. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 drifting of unsintered snow envoPolar snow drift formation A mass wasting process during which slab snow rapidly moves down a sloping surface. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 environmental_hazards envoPolar Slab avalanches account for most back-country fatalities. slab avalanche An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 powder snow avalanche environmental_hazards envoPolar powdery snow avalanche An avalanche during which a suspension of water and snow flows down a sloping surface. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 environmental_hazards envoPolar Wet snow avalanches travel at a lower velocity than other types of avalanches. wet snow avalanche Snow which is cohesive, hard and overlies weaker snow. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar slab snow A geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous mass of snow and/or ice. Place holder class. Also the axiom should be changed to something along the lines of 'primairly composed of’ some ‘environmental material’ and ‘has quality’ frozen once PATO:frozen is imported. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar cryoform A mass of snow. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar snow mass An accumulation of powdery snow which was transported and deposited via a snow drifting process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 snowdrift unsintered snow envoPolar snow drift An accumulation of snow and firn which rests upon land. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 snowpatch envoPolar snow patch A snow patch which forms during a cold season and melts away during the succeeding warm season. Need to find a way of expression the fact that it 'ends during' some 'warm season' (but not with that axiom as that is for processes not a material entity). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 seasonal snowpatch envoPolar seasonal snow patch A snow patch which persists through at least one seasonal cycle. Need to find a way of expression the fact that it has survived two or more melt seasons. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 perennial snowpatch envoPolar A snow patch is defined as perennial if it survives two or more melt seasons. perennial snow patch A layer which consists of an accumulation of snow. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Snowpack is found in geographic regions experiencing cold weather for extended periods of time. snowpack A structure which traverses a mass of one or more environmental materials, and encloses a roughly tubular site. Intended to be a top level class for wide variety of channel-like entities. It’s particulars may change once more subclasses are accumulated. This is distinct from 'channel of a watercourse', which is a depression. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar channel A melt pond which and is exposed to the atmosphere and to a lesser degree water underlying the ice mass which contains it. It would be good to add an axiom such as 'continuous with' some 'water body'. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 open melt pond envoPolar atmosphere and water column exposed melt pond A melt pond which is formed close to that part of an ice mass which is in contact with some underlying water body, and which has channels connecting it to that water body. It would be good to add an axiom such as 'continuous with' some 'water body'. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar water column exposed melt pond A lake which is situated beneath a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 subglacial lakes envoPolar subglacial lake An erosion process during which rock or soil is removed or degraded due to alternative thawing and freezing of meltwater beneath and at the margins of snowbanks. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar erosion through nivation An environment that is determined by an axilla skin. TermGenie 2014-12-15T22:32:00Z envoMeo axilla skin environment An environment that is determined by a mouth. TermGenie 2015-04-10T23:34:03Z envoMeo mouth environment The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material carbon atom solubility solubility of carbon atom in environmental material The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in soil. soil carbon atom solubility solubility of carbon atom in soil The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in water. water carbon atom solubility solubility of carbon atom in water The amount of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material carbon atom amount amount of carbon atom in environmental material The amount of a carbon atom when measured in soil. soil carbon atom amount amount of carbon atom in soil The amount of a carbon atom when measured in water. water carbon atom amount amount of carbon atom in water The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material carbon atom concentration concentration of carbon atom in environmental material The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in soil. soil carbon atom concentration concentration of carbon atom in soil The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in water. water carbon atom concentration concentration of carbon atom in water The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material nitrogen atom solubility solubility of nitrogen atom in environmental material The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil. soil nitrogen atom solubility solubility of nitrogen atom in soil The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in water. water nitrogen atom solubility solubility of nitrogen atom in water The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material nitrogen atom amount amount of nitrogen atom in environmental material The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil. soil nitrogen atom amount amount of nitrogen atom in soil The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in water. water nitrogen atom amount amount of nitrogen atom in water The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material nitrogen atom concentration concentration of nitrogen atom in environmental material The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil. soil nitrogen atom concentration concentration of nitrogen atom in soil The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in water. water nitrogen atom concentration concentration of nitrogen atom in water The concentration of a chloride when measured in water. water chloride concentration concentration of chloride in water The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material. environmental material dissolved carbon atom dissolved carbon atom in environmental material The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil. soil dissolved carbon atom dissolved carbon atom in soil The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in water. water dissolved carbon atom dissolved carbon atom in water The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material. environmental material dissolved nitrogen atom dissolved nitrogen atom in environmental material The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil. soil dissolved nitrogen atom dissolved nitrogen atom in soil The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in water. water dissolved nitrogen atom dissolved nitrogen atom in water The temperature of some environmental material. environmental material temperature temperature of environmental material The temperature of some air. air temperature temperature of air The quality of a environmental system process. quality of environmental system process environmental system process quality The intensity of a atmospheric wind. intensity of atmospheric wind atmospheric wind intensity The porosity of some soil. soil porosity porosity of soil The mass density of some soil. soil mass density mass density of soil The concentration of a ammonium when measured in soil. soil ammonium concentration concentration of ammonium in soil The concentration of a nitrate when measured in soil. soil nitrate concentration concentration of nitrate in soil The composition of some soil. soil composition composition of soil The structure of some soil. soil structure structure of soil The acidity of some soil. soil acidity acidity of soil The pressure of some air. air pressure pressure of air The temperature of some soil. soil temperature temperature of soil The wetness of some soil. soil wetness wetness of soil The temperature of some water. water temperature temperature of water The humidity of some soil. soil humidity humidity of soil The conductivity of some soil. soil conductivity conductivity of soil The concentration of a nitrate when measured in groundwater. ground water nitrate concentration groundwater nitrate concentration concentration of nitrate in groundwater The concentration of oxygen when measured in water. water oxygen concentration concentration of oxygen in water A hydrological precipitation process with a reduced rate relative to some historical average, typically resulting in ecosystemic perturbations. Drought is often defined as a temporal period of below-average precipitation, however, representing it as a temporal entity seems insufficient. environmental_hazards drought A gelatinous material primarily composed of exopolymeric compounds with colloidal properties, formed through the aggregation of marine snow particles, often found in large sheets, flocs, and clouds. See issue #276. This class is complex as marine mucilage is quite complex. It will also requre new class creation in GO process for deeper semantics. sea snot The formation of marine mucilage is often associated with conditions which stress marine microorganisms such as diatoms. marine mucilage A process in which carbohydrates are transported from the interior of an organism to its surroundings. Class for testing with marine mucilage. exudation of carbohydrates A process which results in the formation of an island. Addressing Issue #268. This top-level class may be converted to an inferred class. island formation process An island created when a continent is rifted. "Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island microcontinental island An island formed by deposition of solid material such as sand or small rocks where a water current loses some of its carrying capacity. depositional island An island formed by the accumulation of sand deposited by sea currents on a continental shelves barrier island A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process cjm 2013-04-27T10:32:07Z ENVO ENVO:2000000 chemical product The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties cjm 2013-04-27T10:35:14Z https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote ENVO ENVO:2000001 creosote A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. cjm 2013-04-27T03:16:01Z ENVO ENVO:2000002 industrial wastewate treatment plant A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices. cjm 2013-04-27T03:17:36Z ENVO ENVO:2000003 agricultural wastewater treatment plant A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system. cjm 2013-04-27T04:26:24Z EcoLexicon:algal_bloom SWEETRealm:AlgalBloom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom ENVO ENVO:2000004 algal bloom An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates. cjm 2013-04-27T04:28:27Z ENVO ENVO:2000005 envoPolar freshwater algal bloom An animal habitation constructed by termites. Termite workers build and maintain nests which house the colony. These are elaborate structures made using a combination of soil, mud, chewed wood/cellulose, saliva, and faeces. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and water conservation (through controlled condensation). cjm 2013-04-27T04:49:24Z termite nest ENVO ENVO:2000006 nest of termite An environment which is determined by an anatomical entity. anatomical entity environment An environmental system determined by an intestine. envoMeo intestine environment An environment determined by an area or zone of skin tissue. envoMeo skin environment integumental system environment envoMeo face skin environment envoMeo feather environment fungal structure ontology fungal structure orange juice (liquid) A substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure. foodon product type The juice products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. fermented agave juice This food product type includes food products which are made from fermentation of juice extracted from pressed sugarcane. fermenting sugar cane juice fermenting elaeis palm sap food product A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals. meat food product A food made from ground meat. Typically the sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes synthetic sausage food product liver paste food product A moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from advanced meat recovery or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun. hot dog processed meat food product milk formula food product Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. cheese food product A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. yoghourt yoghurt yougert yogurt food product This food product type includes food products which are derived from or produced by a plant. plant food product Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green or purple biennial plant, grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. cabbage food product commercial yogurt The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whiskey. Wort contains the sugars that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol. wort food product beer wort food product acifified beer wort food product Cream component produced by churning and containing not less than 80% milkfat. butter (unspecified mammal) pickled cabbage food product camembert cheese food product cane sugar food product cheddar cheese food product A large disc of smooth, soft, even runny cheese made with cow's milk. Brie cheese food product A hard cow's milk cheese with an almost orange yellow paste. Older cheeses are coated in black wax. gouda cheese food product A drum of very rich, creamy, pungent blue-veined cow's milk cheese. It has a white paste with blue veining and a brined rind. It is made in Gorgonzola, near Milan. gorgonzola cheese food product A generic cheese common to many countries for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental. Three types of bacteria are used in the production of Emmental cheese: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus (L. helveticus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Propionibacter (P. freudenreichii or P. shermani). In a late stage of cheese production, the Propionibacter consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other bacteria, and releases carbon dioxide gas, which slowly forms the bubbles that develop the eyes. Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind." swiss cheese food product A mild, large, yellow, waxy cow's milk cheese with many holes. emmenthal cheese food product new zealand cheddar cheese food product A small, sweetish, soft, square cow's milk cheese from Normandy with a yellowish-orange rind. pont ieveque cheese food product A disc of soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a soft to runny paste and a smooth, pink rind. vacherin mont dor cheese food product Meat from the domestic pig (Sus domesticus). pork meat food product A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked. cured meat food product chicken meat food product Meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle (cows). beef food product A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream. ice-cream ice cream food product seafood product A fermented salty fish of Korean cuisine. jeotgal food product meshanger cheese food product A cut of meat (a meat chop) cut perpendicularly to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra, served as an individual portion. pork chop food product Tempeh/Tempe is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybean particles into a cake form. tempehc food product fermented rice beverage amasake food product fermented dairy food product fermented fish or seafood food product sea water fish food product A fine powder made from cereals or other starchy food sources. flour food product plant fruit food product fruit extract food product apple juice (food product) awamori food product Any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that may be cured and/or smoked. bacon food product fermented millet food product bantu beer millet beer food product bottled beer food product A class of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct smell. blue cheese The liquid left over after producing butter from cream during the churning process. buttermilk food product fermented fruit food product A food produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans, with salt and the mold koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae). miso food product Must is the juice of freshly pressed grapes, that contains various quantities of pulp, skins, stems, and seeds, called pomace or grape solids, which typically comprise between 7 to 23 percent of the total weight of the must. grape must food product A liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. vinegar food product Vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose. malt vinegar food product nonfat dry milk food product Sake is a fermented rice beverage resulting from the fermentation of rice with the mold Aspergillus oryzae and, in parallel, with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [wikipedia:sake] sake food product salt pork meat food product fermented soybean food product A food preserved by soaking and storing it in vinegar or brine. pickled food product tape kefan food product A soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a creamy paste and a greyish-red and downy white penicillin rind and is sometimes foil-wrapped. Bondon cheese food product bitter cheese food product sugar food product A fermented milk drink made from milk. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains, a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. Many different bacteria and yeasts are found in the kefir grains, which are a complex and highly variable community of micro-organisms termed probiotics. kefir food product A lipid material derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature. vegetable oil food product linseed oil food product corn flour food product sour milk beverage dried milk food product A food product which is derived from or produced by an animal. vertebrate animal food product cereal grain food product alcoholic beverage fermented beverage fermented grape beverage fermented elaeis palm beverage fermented sugar cane beverage fermented apple fermented apple beverage apple beverage orange fruit beverage grape beverage fermented grain beverage This food product type includes beverage products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. fermented agave beverage This food product type includes food products which are made from eggs laid by the sea water fish. sea water fish egg food product avian egg food product camelid dairy food product bovine dairy food product equine dairy food product zebra dairy food product camelid milk beverage equine milk beverage caprine cheese food product ovine cheese food product bovine cheese food product cow milk cheese A very strong smelling, brick-shaped, soft cow's milk cheese. limburger cheese food product goat milk cheese food product sheep milk cheese food product poultry meat food product porcine meat food product A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish. condiment food product bovine meat food product distilled fermented grain beverage distilled fermented beverage soya food product tea based beverage coffee based beverage product fruit juice (food product) wheat based food product corn food product fungal food product yeast food product microbial food product solanaceous root food product A food product derived from or produced by a plant. plant root food product potato food product Food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well. confectionery food product cucurbit fruit food product A citrus fruit is botanically classified as a type of berry called a hesperidium that has a thick, leathery rind, with numerous oil glands, and a large flesh portion composed of several wedge-shaped sections. Unlike pome fruit, such as the apple, the citrus fruit is derived from a superior ovary, an ovary completely separate from the calyx. citrus fruit food product The fleshy fruit (false berry) of a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae. melon fruit food product round melon (cucumis melo) fruit food product Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) var. lanatus) and citron melons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.) citrullus lanatus fruit food product Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai watermelon plant (food source) citrus fruit juice pomaceous fruit juice beverage pomaceous fruit food product fermented pomaceous fruit beverage pomaceous fruit extract food product citrus fruit extract food product grape extract food product solanaceous fruit food product tomato vegetable food product solanaceous food product plant inflorescence food product pulse leguminous food product cruciferous food product grape fruit food product cruciferous inflorescence food product nut food product plant seed food product plant lipid food product plant stem food product invertebrate animal food product insect food product honey food product Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked. prepared food product cooked food product pickled cruciferous food product bread food product This food product type includes food products which are derived from a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms. algal food product rice food product buckewheat food product sorghum food product oat food product rye food product barley food product quinoa food product fonio food product A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Pisum. dry peas food product A product of the dry seeds of Lens culinaris. lentil food product A product of the dry seeds of Cajanus cajan. pigeon pea food product A product of the dry seeds of Vigna subterranea. bambara groundnut food product A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Vicia. dry broad beans food product A product of the dry seeds of Cicer arietinum. chickpea food product A product of the dry seeds of Vigna unguiculata. cowpea food product Dry beans refers to the Phaseolus species of beans. kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius) dry beans food product A product of the dry seeds of Psophocarpus teragonolobus. winged bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Vicia sativa. vetch seed food product A product of the dry seeds of Pachyrrizus erosus. yam bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. velvet bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Lupinus spp. lupin seed food product A product of the dry seeds of Canavalia gladiata. jack bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Lablab purpureus. hyacinth bean food product PULSES are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod. They are used for both food and feed. The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes. pulse food product wheat flour food product A food made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts. pasta food product A food product that is a baked good made from ingredients such as flour, butter, shortening, baking powder or eggs. pastry food product baked food product A confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavorings and colorants are added. candy food product A food product derived from Theobroma cacao. cacao food product A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. cream food product An opague white dairy product produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. mammilian milk beverage bee food product A sausage that is cooked and then smoked or smoke-cooked. sausage (cooked, smoked) A sausage that is smoked. sausage (smoked) A raw sausage that is smoked. sausage (raw, smoked) A sausage made from meats that have not been previously cured. sausage (raw) A cured sausage that is fermented and dried. sausage (dried, fermented) A sausage made with fresh meats, and then fully cooked. sausage (cooked) smoked meat food product A cheese product made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the addition of milk, more salt, preservatives, and food coloring. processed cheese food product A condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white or yellow mustard, Sinapis hirta; brown or Indian mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, Brassica nigra). The whole, ground, cracked, or bruised mustard seeds are mixed with water, vinegar or other liquids, and sometimes other flavorings and spices, to create a thick paste ranging in colour from bright yellow to dark brown. mustard food product A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche. creamy salad dressing food product A salad dressing that is an emulsion of a vegetable oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, and other ingredients. vinaigrette dressing food product nut oil food product A stable emulsion of oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Egg yolk is the traditional emulsifier. mayonnaise food product A condiment produced by fermenting soybeans with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus soyae molds along with roasted grain, water, and salt. soy sauce food product processed pork meat food product A vegetable product such as leaves, flowers, seeds and roots that is rich in essential oils and aromatic principles. Used mainly a a condiment. spice or herb A brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. coffee beverage A beverage prepared from the cured leaves of Camellia sinensis by combination with hot or boiling water. tea beverage (liquid) A heated beverage typically consisting of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar. hot chocolate food product A beverage prepated by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water. mate food product fish food product fish egg food product avian food product animal derived beverage plant derived beverage fermented plant derived beverage nonfermented plant derived beverage Food made from milk. dairy food product milk or milk based food product food (fermented) wine food product Beer is a fermented cereal beverage resulting from the fermentation most commonly of malted barley (though wheat, corn, or rice may included), by a yeast, most commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and flavored by dried flowers of hops, Humulus lupulus [wikipedia:beer]. beer beverage Any plant food product which, typically, is constituted by intact parts from one or more annual plants cultivated as field and garden crops in the open and under glass, and used almost exclusively for food. vegetable food product Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits. botanical fruit food product camel milk beverage zebra milk beverage A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves. egg food product An egg produced by a female chicken. hen egg food product Cider, hard apple cider, or hard cider in the US, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. cider apple cider (alcoholic) orange juice (unpasteurized) A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit. cake food product cake icing food product chocolate food product A food involving whipped and cooked milk, sugar and egg yolk mixtures. custard food product A ground meat product, made of beef finely chopped by a meat grinder. beef mince hamburger meat minced beef ground beef food product A food product from a category of domestic birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers including fowl such as chickens, turkeys, and waterfowls such as domestic ducks and geese and other meat birds such as pigeons and doves and games birds including pheasants. poultry food product duck meat food product goose meat food product turkey meat food product A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. fungi wild mushroom mushroom (food source) Cantaloupe (also known as muskmelon (India and the United States), mushmelon, rockmelon (in Australian states and in New Zealand), sweet melon, spanspek (South Africa), or capuchin (Scotland) refers to a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family. cantaloup muskmelon cantaloupe fruit food product potato salad food product A sauce for a salad. salad dressing clam food product oyster food product shellfish food product unpasteurized goat milk cheese food product A family of hard Italian cheeses made from sheep milk. pecorino cheese food product unpasteurized sheep milk cheese food product unpasteurized camel milk beverage fermentation/modification process Fermented onions or pickled onion Hom dong Fermented meat product is any product made primarily of meat subjected to a fermentation process. fermented meat product alcoholic beverage animal product sausage apple condiment apple food product apple vinegar food product bakery food product barley flour food product barley vegetable food product bean (vegetable) food product berry food product blackeyed pea vegetable food product broad bean (vegetable) food product cabbage juice cattle cured meat food product cattle sausage food product food component product cocoa beverage cow milk based food product cow milk dessert cowpea vegetable food product dairy dessert food product fermented cereal beverage food flavoring or seasoning product This is a working folder that holds LanguaL SIREN database product types that need to be reviewed for placement within the food product hierarchy. food product type (to be processed) frozen dairy dessert frozen dairy food product fruit based alcoholic beverage fruit salad food product garbanzo bean (vegetable) food product grain based alcoholic beverage grain based bakery food product grain based vinegar food product grape vinegar food product gravy or sauce food product leguminous vegetable food product lentil vegetable food product malt beverage melon food product milk dessert food product millet food product mushroom pickle food product mushroom vegetable food product mustard vegetable food product onion food product orange food product pigeon pea vegetable food product plant based alcoholic beverage plant based bakery food product plant based candy food product plant based salad food product plant confectionery plant derived soft drink plant fruit vegetable food product plant leaf vegetable food product food product by consumer group plant seed based bakery food product plant seed vegetable food product plant stem or spear vegetable food product food product by preservation method rice based alcoholic beverage salad food product soft drink soybean condiment steeped beverage product sugar based vinegar food product sweetener food product swine sausage tomato juice food produc vegetable pickle food product water based soft drink water (food product) food product by culinary role food product by organism food material agave food product mushroom food product A process involving the physical transformation of a food source or food product into some derived organic material or food product food transformation process invertebrate (food source) apple (fresh) food product by quality food (baked) food (fresh) apple (peeled) "peeling" is the process of removing the outer covering, layer or skin from (a fruit, vegetable, or shrimp). food peeling process citrus honey root beer orange juice (food product) water (bottled) fodder vegetable juice food product potato (raw, whole) Drinking water that has been treated by heat, filtration, chemical disinfection, and/or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (including solar UV). drinking water (purified) apple (raw) cola carbonated beverage fruit-flavored beverage (carbonated) fruit-flavored beverage carbonated apple (baked) ice apple (dried) beverage ginger beer soft drink imitation grape carbonated beverage grapefruit soda imitation black cherry carbonated beverage imitation fruit-flavored carbonated beverage orange carbonated beverage beverage (carbonated, caffeinated) orange carbonated beverage (naturally and artificially flavored) grape carbonated beverage (naturally and artififically flavored) imitation grape drink base imitation grape carbonated beverage (artificially sweetened) imitation black cherry (artificially sweetened) noncarbonated beverage (less than 10% fruit juice) noncarbonated beverage less than 10% fruit juice lemon and lime carbonated beverage (vitamin-fortified) soda water imitation grape drink grape drink (carbonated, artificially flavored and colored, vitamin-fortified) grape drink carbonated artificially flavored and colored vitamin-fortified beverage (carbonated, naturally and artificially sweetened) imitation cherry carbonated beverage (naturally and artificially sweetened) orange carbonated beverage (vitamin fortified) sangria-flavored carbonated beverage beverage (carbonated, amino acid-fortified) beverage carbonated amino acid-fortified cola carbonated beverage (decaffeinated, vitamin-fortified) cola carbonated beverage decaffeinated vitamin-fortified lemon soda beverage (carbonated, vitamin, mineral and amino acid fortified) root beer (sugar free) lemon and lime fruit juice carbonated beverage (10% diluted) lemon and lime fruit juice carbonated beverage 10% diluted pepper-type carbonated beverage (decaffeinated) pepper-type carbonated beverage decaffeinated imitation cherry drink citrus peel orange peel dessert (food product) cola carbonated beverage (decaffeinated) cola carbonated beverage (caffeine-free) cola carbonated beverage (caffeine-free, low calorie) cola carbonated beverage caffeine-free low calorie beverage (carbonated, vitamin- and mineral-fortified) beverage carbonated vitamin- and mineral-fortified seltzer water (flavored) water (canned) soda water (artifically sweetened) sparkling dry beverage (nonalcoholic) fruit squash juice drink seafood newburg (dish) bar mix seltzer water (flavored and sweetened) mountain water (food product) imitation spring water (bottled) grape beverage (artificially flavored) grape carbonated beverage (artificially colored) beverage (carbonated, guarana-flavored) beverage carbonated guarana-flavored ice (crushed) iodized water for livestock beverage (fruit-flavored, noncarbonated) beverage fruit-flavored noncarbonated horchata chufa fruit-flavored punch (canned) fruit-flavored punch canned soda water concentrate lemonade-flavored drink water (bottled, minerals added) pea vine silage imitation grape punch (artificially flavored) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03305609 liquid cow milk (food product) true soda water (unflavored, in polyvinyl chloride bottle) bitter lemon drink ginger ale tap water water (processed) tap water (softened) imitation raspberry-flavored drink ginger-flavored drink spring water (bottled) water (carbonated, vitamin c added, bottled) distilled water (bottled) fruit crush drink food (dried) tonic water spring water melon seed soda water (artificially flavored) spring water with white chardonnay wine (food product) seltzer water food product for animal fermented bean product mushroom (dried) water glacier water as food product soft drink dietetic luncheon meat fermented vegetable food product An apple, whole or in pieces, for eating, baking or other food processing. apple (whole or parts) soft drink not further specified salami (smoked) soft drink artificially sweetened soft drink non-cola diet cherry soft drink orange-flavored soft drink food (raw) soft drink prepared from cherry powder sauce fruit punch canned apple peel A natural starter culture. bubod (food product) processed food product sport drink (food product) cola carbonated beverage low-calorie imitation fruit flavored drinks and ades noncarbonated refrigerated single-strength imitation fruit flavored drinks and ades frozen concentrates soft drink carbonated canned mammlian milk product soft drink noncarbonated A fish product is a home-made or commercially produced or retail or wholesale product containing substantial amounts of freshwater or saltwater fish and/or shellfish flesh. Note that this category should avoid items that mention a particular species of fish or shellfish. fish product (unspecified species) cocoa food product soft drink cold soft drink brewed juice beverage fruit food product water represented as mineral or spring water (food product) water in sealed container fruit peel food product sausage (formed) herbal infusion water table prepared beverage (flavored, water-based, nonalcoholic) beverage (water-based, carbonated, with added sweeteners and flavorings) soft drink calorie reduced water for beermaking (food product) cocoa mass soft drink energy-containing sweetener not added apple (fresh, peeled) A meat product is a product organized by the form of - or processing done to - its meat component (a skeletal meat part of an animal or crustacean). meat (whole or parts) fish sauce beef sausage (raw) beef and pork sausage (raw) product type, other Liquid food prepared from fruit (21 CFR 146). Products prepared from fruit juice by thickening with pectin are indexed under *FRUIT JELLY*; those thickened with gelatin are under *FRUIT BUTTER, JELLY, PRESERVE OR RELATED PRODUCT*. fruit juice or related product (us cfr) Seasoned product that contains multiple ingredients and that is used in limited amounts to accompany other foods; excludes flavors, spices and herbs. dressing, condiment, gravy or sauce (us cfr) Beverage containing no more than 0.5% alcohol; it may be flavored, sweetened or carbonated; includes soft drinks and steeped beverages; excludes milk in all forms, fruit juices, diluted fruit juices and vegetable juices. nonalcoholic beverage (us cfr) Natural cheese, cured or uncured, cheese product (which is further processed), or cheese product analog. cheese or cheese product (us cfr) A substance having greater than 2% of the caloric value of sucrose per equivalent unit of sweetening capacity. For example, the amount of such subtance having the sweetening capacity of 1 teaspoon of sucrose would have more than 0.4 calories (21 CFR 170.3(o)(21)). nutritive sweetener (us cfr) Any form of whole or milled grain, prepared grain product or starch containing product derived from non-grain sources. [FDA CFSAN 1995] grain or starch product (us cfr) The liquid extracted or expressed from mature fruit with or without the application of heat. Includes concentrated juice and single-strength juice. If the single-strength juice is prepared from concentrate, then *WATER ADDED* should be used. Carbonated fruit juices are indexed by *FRUIT JUICE* or *FRUIT JUICE, DILUTED* and *CARBONATED* or the appropriate narrower term. fruit juice (us cfr) Product that imparts or helps to impart a taste or aroma in food (21 CFR.170.3(n)(26). [FDA CFSAN 1995] flavoring or seasoning (us cfr) Fruit in all forms; includes fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products. fruit or fruit product (us cfr) Food product having functional characteristics similar to milk or milk products, including cream product analogs, margarine, and milk analogs. Certain alternate ingredients are substituted for those components that are responsible for specific functional properties. milk or milk product analog (us cfr) Milk in all forms, milk-based beverage, cultured milk product, or milk or milk product analog. Index infant formula under *MEAL REPLACEMENT*. milk or milk product (us cfr) Meat (flesh and organs including blood and bone marrow) from mammals. Used for meat in all forms including cured meat, sausage or luncheon meat and meat product analogs. meat or meat product (from mammal) (us cfr) Vegetables in all forms except where a use-related product type descriptior (such as *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT* or *SNACK FOOD*) takes precedence. vegetable or vegetable product (us cfr) Semisolid or jelled food prepared from fruit or fruit juice and other ingredients prescribed for the individual products (21 CFR 150). fruit butter, jelly, preserve or related product (us cfr) Milk, a product derived from milk, or a dairy product analog; includes cheese and frozen dairy desserts. [FDA CFSAN 1995] dairy product (us cfr) Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked. Prepared foods often undergo several of the processes listed in *F. EXTENT OF HEAT TREATMENT* and *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*; these factors should be carefully considered in indexing. The classification of prepared food products emphasizes consumption characteristics. [FDA CFSAN 1995] prepared food product (us cfr) Food product that is usually pungent, tart, salty, or spicy and is used to enhance the flavors of other foods; includes catsup, relish, prepared mustard, prepared horseradish, and condiment sauces. condiment or relish (us cfr) Cheese made from milk or milk components, such as cream, by the following process: (1) produce curd through coagulation of milk by bacterial action and/or enzymes and/or acidification and draining of whey. (2) For cured cheese only: cure the curd. Excludes products made through further processing, such as comminuting (see *CHEESE PRODUCT*). natural cheese (us cfr) Candy or other food product made with sweeteners and frequently containing nuts, fruits, starches, flavorings and other foods (21 CFR 170.3(n)(9). [FDA CFSAN 1995] confectionery (us cfr) Food product prepared by heating a mixture of sweeteners and other optional ingredients according to the specific formula for each subgroup. candy (us cfr) Jelled product made from one or more fruit juices and optional ingredients. Includes both fruit jelly, which may be sweetened with nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, (21 CFR 150.140), and artificially sweetened fruit jelly (21 CFR 150.141). The finished fruit jelly must have a soluble solid content of no less than 65% and the ratio by weight of the fruit ingredient to sweetener in the starting mixture must be no less than 45:55. Artificially sweetened fruit jelly must contain no less than 55% fruit ingredient by weight. fruit jelly (us cfr) Soft candy prepared by boiling milk, sugar, salt and optional ingredients to the soft-ball stage (238 degrees F.). fudge (us cfr) Products of the flesh of animals. [FDA CFSAN 1995] meat, poultry, seafood or related product (us cfr) This category includes a wide variety of products made from comminuted or chopped meat (skeletal and/or organ meat) that is usually salted and/or seasoned and often stuffed in an edible or inedible casing. Includes products such as pork sausage, pickle or pimiento loaf, meat spread and pate, and products made by binding meat chunks with gelatin or other binders, such as sectioned and formed ham, beef rolls, and headcheese. Excludes plain ground meat, meat loaf and products made by slicing intact muscle or other tissue, even if packaged and marketed like luncheon meat. Index all processes applied to the product at hand; examples: *FULLY HEAT TREATED*, *CURED FOR 2 MONTHS*, *SMOKED*, *FERMENTED*, *EMULSIFIED OR HOMOGENIZED*. Also consider *PARTICLE SIZE IN SOLID FORMED PRODUCTS* and *TYPEOF SAUSAGE CASING* in *Z. ADJUNCT CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD*. sausage or luncheon meat (us cfr) Sweetened prepared product usually consumed after the main course in a meal. Excludes fruit or fruit products, bakery products and confectionery. dessert (us cfr) Alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage; excludes milk and milk-based beverages, fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, and vegetable juices. [FDA CFSAN 1995] beverage (us cfr) Food product having functional characteristics similar to those of butter; it is in plastic form or liquid emulsion and contains not less than 80% fat whose origin is vegetable or rendered animal carcass fats or a mixture of these as well as other optional ingredients specified by 21 CFR 166.110. margarine (us cfr) A product added to a food item to achieve some degree of sweet taste; it may be nutritive or nonnutritive. sweetener (us cfr) Nonalcoholic beverage made from potable water by adding one or more of the following: carbon dioxide, flavoring ingredients or sweeteners. Naturally or artificially carbonated mineral waters are also considered soft drinks. Excludes products containing 15% or more fruit juice, which are indexed by the appropriate narrower term under *FRUIT JUICE OR RELATED PRODUCT*. Includes beverage bases to make soft drinks. Carbonated fruit juices are indexed by *FRUIT JUICE* or *FRUIT JUICE, DILUTED* and *CARBONATED* or the appropriate narrower term. soft drink (us cfr) Fruits and vegetables in all forms. [FDA CFSAN 1995] fruit or vegetable product (us cfr) The liquid extracted or expressed from mature vegetables with or without optional ingredients such as seasoning or salt. Products prepared from vegetable juice by thickening with gelatin or pectin are indexed under the broader term *VEGETABLE OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*. For part or portion, index the part or the plant from which the juice was extracted, rather than *PLANT EXTRACT, CONCENTRATE, OR ISOLATE*. vegetable juice (us cfr) Flesh from fish or shellfish. Includes seafood product analogs and seafood-based sausage or luncheon meat as well as such products as squid ink and clam juice. seafood or seafood product (us cfr) Beverage prepared by extrcting flavor and other components from food sources by percolation and/or immersion in water, usually at near-boiling temperature. steeped beverage (us cfr) Any form of cacao, cacao product, chocolate, chocolate product or chocolate product analog except chocolate candy; includes such products as cacao beans, cacao nibs, chocolate liquor, sweet or milk chocolate, and chocolate syrup; excludes flavors and extracts derived from cacao beans and chocolate- or cacao-flavored foods (21 CFR 163). [FDA CFSAN 1995] cacao or chocolate product (us cfr) Beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol; includes distilled spirits, malt beverage, and wine. alcoholic beverage (us cfr) Nonstandardized food product used as a meal accompaniment and consisting of a mixture of fats or oils, starch, liquid and other optional ingredients specified by the recipe; excludes condiment sauce (q.v.) and tomato or spaghetti sauce, which are vegetable products. gravy or sauce (us cfr) Food group having common consumption, functional or manufacturing characteristics, e.g. *FRUIT OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*, *DAIRY PRODUCT*, *CONFECTIONARY*, *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT*, etc. [FDA CFSAN 1995] product type, usa Candy prepared by cooking a mixture of water, sugars and optional ingredients to a temperature of 250 degrees F. or less. soft candy (us cfr) Food product having functional characteristics similar to a butter product; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble. butter product analog (us cfr) Renamed from *PRODUCT TYPE, CODEX ALIMENTARIUS* in LanguaL 2008. product type, international product type, european union A food product type is a class of food products that is differentiated by its food composition, processing and/or consumption characteristics. This does not include brand name products but it may include generic food dish categories. food product type Codex Alimentarius, Volume 2 - 1993, Section 2: Pesticide Residues in Food. The Codex Classification of food and animal feed commodities moving in trade and the description of the various items and groups of food and animal feedstuffs included in the present document have been developed by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. It was first adopted by the 18th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, (1989). The Codex Classification includes food commodities and animal feedstuffs for which Codex maximum residue limits will not necessarily be established. The Classification is intended to be as complete a listing of food commodities in trade as possible, classified into groups on the basis of the commodity's similar potential for pesticide residues. The Classification may also be appropriate for other purposes such as setting maximum levels for other types of residues or for other contaminants in food. The Codex Classification should be consulted in order to obtain a precise description of the food or animal feed commodities and, especially, in cases where Codex maximum residue limits have been set for groups of food and groups of animal feedstuffs. The Codex Classification is intended to promote harmonization of the terms used to describe commodities which are subject to maximum residue limits and of the approach to grouping commodities with similar potential for residue for which a common group maximum residue limit can be set. classification of food and feed commodities (codex alimentarius) a. primary food commodities of plant origin (ccpr) Vegetables are foods derived from many different kinds of plants mostly annual and usually cultivated, commonly known by custom and tradition as "vegetables". In several countries, some of these commodities grown on large areas are distinguished as "field crops" or arable crops e.g. sugar beet. For the sake of convenience in this guide such crops are classified under Type 2 Vegetables. Exposure to pesticides is dependent on the particular part of the plant used for food and the growing practices. Vegetables may be consumed in whole or in part and in the form of fresh, dried or processed foods. 02 vegetables (ccpr) Pulses are derived from the mature seeds naturally or artificially dried, of leguminous plants known as beans (dry) and peas (dry). The seeds in the pods are protected from most pesticides applied during the growing season except pesticides which show a systemic action. The dried beans and peas however are often exposed to post-harvest treatments. The dry pulses are consumed after processing or household cooking. 015 pulses (vd) (ccpr) eurofir food classification The group includes marine or freshwater fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other fauna such as reptiles, insects or frogs not in the “Meats” group. The group also includes seafood product analogs and seafood-based sausage or luncheon meat as well as such products as squid ink and clam juice. seafood or related product (eurofir) includes fish offal; a food product whose predominant constituent is fish (e.g. dried and salted fish, smoked fish, canned fish, pickled fish, restructured fish and fish analogues, surimi; fish paste, pâté). seafood product (eurofir) Alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage; excludes milk and milk-based beverages. beverage (non-milk) (eurofir) Beverage containing no more than 0.5% alcohol; it may be flavoured, sweetened or carbonated; includes soft drinks and steeped beverages; excludes milk in all forms, fruit juices and vegetable juices. non alcoholic beverage (eurofir) Beverage prepared by extracting flavour and other components from food sources by percolation and/or immersion in water, usually at near-boiling temperature. The group includes coffee (e.g. instant coffee, coffee and chicory essence), tea, herbal tea (e.g. green tea, black tea, tisane), cocoa beverage and beverage powder. coffee, tea, cocoa or infusion (eurofir) EFG group 32, Eurocode-2 group 12. miscellaneous food product (eurofir) This subgroup includes multicomponent meals, sauces, retail salads, desserts, soups, snacks and other foods where similarity of the product type is more significant than the source of the principal ingredient(s). prepared food product (eurofir) A liquid food made by simmering meat, poultry, seafood or vegetables, being clear or thickened to the consistency of a thin puree or having milk or cream added, and often containing pieces of solid food such as meat, shellfish, pasta or vegetables. Soup takes precedence over other food products. Examples are egg and lemon soup, oxtail soup, fish soup, rice soup, lentil soup, minestrone, cherry soup. soup (eurofir) The Global System 1 (GS1) Global Product Classification (GPC) is a system that gives buyers and sellers a common language for grouping products in the same way, everywhere in the world.$br/$ The GS1 GPC classification in facet A is currently updated based on June 2017 release of GS1 GPC Standard for Food/Beverage/Tobacco, except for codes pertaining to tobacco. See the GS1 site for details [https://www.gs1.org/standards/gpc]. global product classification (gs1 gpc) 50220000 - cereal/grain/pulse products (gs1 gpc) 50221200 - processed cereal products (gs1 gpc) 50190000 - prepared/preserved foods (gs1 gpc) 50192900 - pasta/noodles (gs1 gpc) Food and Drugs, title 21, Code of Federal Regulations. Original food classification in LanguaL. product type, u.s. code of federal regulations, title 21 pea, edible seed cultivars (food source) fruit used as vegetable (food source) polysaccharide-producing plant (food source) sugar-producing plant (food source) plant used for producing extract or concentrate (food source) starch-producing plant (food source) oil-producing plant (food source) vegetable-producing plant, root, tuber or bulb (food source) chemical food product grain or seed-producing plant (food source) carbohydrate-producing plant (food source) vegetable-producing plant, above-ground parts (food source) Shellfish is a food source and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some kinds are found in freshwater. In addition, a few species of land crabs are eaten, for example *Cardisoma guanhumi* in the Caribbean. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish] shellfish or crustacean (food source) "Slicing" or "globe" tomatoes are the usual tomatoes of commerce, used for a wide variety of processing and fresh eating. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. globe tomato plant (food source) The black-eyed pea, black-eyed bean or goat pea, a legume, is a subspecies of the cowpea, grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible bean.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eyed_pea] Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata blackeyed pea plant (food source) animal (mammal) (food source) Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 swine (food source) Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and genus (*Citrus*) of flowering plants in the rue family, *Rutaceae*. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnan province of China. Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; the best-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and limes. citrus family (food source) fruit-producing plant (food source) A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family *Fabaceae* (or *Leguminosae*). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for their grain seed called pulse, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, beans, chickpeas, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume] pod or seed vegetable (food source) Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily *Bovinae*, are the most widespread species of the genus *Bos*, and are most commonly classified collectively as *Bos taurus*... with three subspecies: *Bos taurus primigenius, Bos taurus indicus, Bos taurus taurus*. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle] Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 cattle (food source) The chickpea or chick pea (*Cicer arietinum*) is a legume of the family *Fabaceae*, subfamily *Faboideae*. Its different types are variously known as gram, or Bengal gram, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, as well as the Egyptian pea. Its seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes: 7,500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea] Cicer arietinum L. garbanzo bean plant (food source) spice or flavor-producing plant (food source) head vegetable (food source) Cultivated cowpeas are known by the common names black-eyed pea, southern pea, yardlong bean, catjang, and crowder pea. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea] Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata crowder pea plant (food source) The cowpea (*Vigna unguiculata*) is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus *Vigna. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall it is an important crop in the semi-arid regions across Africa and other countries. It requires very few inputs, as the plants root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name. Four subspecies of cowpea are recognised, of which three are cultivated. Cultivated cowpeas are known by the common names black-eyed pea, southern pea, yardlong bean, catjang, and crowder pea.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea] Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata cowpea plant (food source) Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 cow (food source) algae, bacteria or fungus (food source) algae, bacteria or fungus used as food source Solanum tuberosum L. potato plant (food source) Insecta insect (food source) Fish are the gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish] fish (food source) Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. True oysters are members of the family *Ostreidae*. This family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera *Ostrea, Crassostrea, Ostreola, Magallana, Saccostrea*. Pearl oysters are not closely related to true oysters, being members of a distinct family, the feathered oysters (*Pteriidae*). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster] oyster (food source) Hordeum vulgare L. barley plant (food source) A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Berries are typically juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet or sour, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, red currants, and blackcurrants. The scientific usage of the term "berry" differs from common usage. In scientific terminology, a berry is a fruit produced from the ovary of a single flower in which the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (pericarp). The definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known as berries, such as grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines) and bananas. Fruits excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are aggregate fruits, and mulberries, which are multiple fruits. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry] berry plant Zea mays L. Zea mays subsp. mays corn plant (sensu maize) turkey (poultry) (food source) An apple tree (Malus pumila species in genus Malus), is cultivated worldwide as a fruit tree, providing sweet, edible fruit. Malus pumila encompasses over 7,500 apple cultivars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars). Malus domestica Borkh. apple tree (food source) A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, *Fungi*, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus] fungus (food source) Lens culinaris Medik. lentil plant (food source) The word "tomato" may refer to the plant (*Solanum lycopersicum*) or the edible, typically red, fruit that it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler climates.See also the list of tomato cultivars Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. tomato plant (food source) A male hog castrated before sexual maturity. [Webster´s] Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 barrow (food source) Kale (also called Borecole) is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group) in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. Kale can be classified by leaf type: Curly leaved (Scots kales), Plain leaved, Rape kale, Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale), Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale) ( Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. kale plant (food source) Melon is a name given to various members of the plant family *Cucurbitaceae* with sweet flavored, fleshy fruit e.g. gourds or cucurbits. Melon can be referred as a plant or a fruit. Many different cultivars have been produced, particularly of muskmelons. melon plant (food source) The *Arecaceae* are a botanical family of perennial climbers, shrubs, acaules and trees commonly known as palm trees (owing to historical usage, the family is alternatively called Palmae). They are flowering plants, a family in the monocot order Arecales. Currently 181 genera with around 2600 species are known, most of them restricted to tropical and subtropical climates. Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, palm syrup, ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and palm wood. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae] palm plant (food source) Multicellular animal, e.g., fish, meat animal or poultry. vertebrate animal (food source) The onion (*Allium cepa *L), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus *Allium*. Its close relatives include the garlic, shallot, leek, chive,[2] and Chinese onion. This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (*Allium fistulosum*), the tree onion (*A. ×proliferum*), and the Canada onion (*Allium canadense*). The name "wild onion" is applied to a number of *Allium* species, but *A. cepa* is exclusively known from cultivation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion] Allium Allium L. Allium sp. onion plant (food source) Unicellular and multicellular algae. algae (food source) Coffea arabica L. coffee plant (food source) Theobroma cacao L. cacao plant (food source) *Oryza sativa*, commonly known as Asian rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. *Oryza sativa* contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained *japonica* or *sinica* variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained *indica* variety. Rice occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices. Black rice (also known as purple rice) is a range of rice types, some of which are glutinous rice. Varieties include Indonesian black rice and Thai jasmine black rice. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa] Oryza sativa L. rice plant (food source) grain plant (food source) *Vitis* (grapevines) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family *Vitaceae*. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis] Vitis grape plant (food source) clam (food source) Pisum sativum L. pea plant (food source) *Citrus × sinensis*, also known as the *Citrus aurantium* Sweet Orange Group, includes the commonly cultivated sweet orange, blood oranges, and navel oranges. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_×_sinensis] Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) orange plant (food source) Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom *Fungi*, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species. yeast (food source) Multicellular plants. plant (food source) GRIN Nomen 300661 Vicia faba L. (broad bean, bell-bean, fava-bean, faba-bean); however ITIS Id. 26339 Vicia faba L. (horsebean). *Vicia faba*, the Broad Bean, Fava Bean, Field Bean, Bell Bean or Tic Bean, is a species of bean (*Fabaceae*) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally recognized: Vicia faba var. equina Pers. - Horse Bean. Although usually classified in the same genus Vicia as the vetches, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus *Faba*. The term fava bean (from the Italian fava, meaning "broad bean") is usually used in English speaking countries such as the US, however the term broad bean is the most common name in the UK. Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. (varieties for human consumption) broad bean plant (food source) Crustaceans form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean] crustacean (food source) Sweet corn (*Zea mays* convar. *saccharata* var. *rugosa*; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content. Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which control conversion of sugar to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel. Unlike field corn varieties, which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent stage), sweet corn is picked when immature (milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a vegetable, rather than a grain. Since the process of maturation involves converting sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, canned, or frozen, before the kernels become tough and starchy. Zea mays L. vegetable corn plant (food source) Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea var. oleracea L. cabbage plant (food source) The term shellfish is used both broadly and specifically. For regulatory purposes it is often narrowly defined as filter-feeding molluscs such as clams, mussels, and oyster to the exclusion of crustaceans and all else. Although their shells may differ, all shellfish are invertebrates. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish] shellfish (food source) Zea mays L. popcorn plant (food source) Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) chicken (food source) The European cantaloupe is lightly ribbed, with a gray-green skin that looks quite different from that of the North American cantaloupe. Cucumis melo L. Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo Cantaloupe Group Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin european cantaloupe plant (food source) Agave is a genus of monocots native to the hot and arid regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States. Some agave species are also native to tropical areas of South America. Some species are known by the name "century plant". Agave tequilana, agave azul or blue agave, is used in the production of tequila. Agave nectar, also called agave syrup, a sweetener derived from Agave sap, is used as an alternative to sugar in cooking, and can be added to breakfast cereals as a binding agent. agave plant (food source) Aves poultry or game bird (food source) Individual plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived; also a chemical food source [FDA CFSAN 1995]. food source leafy vegetable (food source) marrow bean bean (vegetable) (food source) vegetable-producing plant (food source) In botany, a pome (after the Latin word for fruit: pomum) is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subfamily *Maloideae* of the family *Rosaceae*. pome fruit plant (food source) Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze tea plant (food source) Horse bean and field bean refer to *Vigna faba* L. cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel. Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. (varieties for fodder) Vicia faba var. equina Pers. horse bean plant (food source) *Lupinus*, commonly known as lupin or lupine (North America), is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, *Fabaceae*. The genus includes over 200 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus] Lupinus albus L. lupine bean plant (food source) A mature female chicken (usually more than 10 months of age) with meat less tender than that of a roaster, and with a nonflexible breastbone tip. hen (food source) *Vigna unguiculata* subsp. *sesquipedalis* is a legume cultivated to be eaten as green pods. It is known as the yardlong bean, bora, bodi, long-podded cowpea, asparagus bean, pea bean, snake bean, or Chinese long bean. Despite the common name, the pods are actually only about half a yard long; the subspecies name sesquipedalis (one-and-a-half-foot-long) is a rather accurate approximation of the pods' length.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus_bean] Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. yardlong bean plant (food source) Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet hyacinth bean plant (food source) The winged bean (*Psophocarpus tetragonolobus*), also known as the Goa bean, four-angled bean, four-cornered bean, Manila bean, Dragon bean, is a tropical legume plant native to New Guinea.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean] Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. goa bean plant (food source) Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth pigeon pea plant (food source) *Ascomycota* is a Division/Phylum of the kingdom *Fungi* that, together with the *Basidiomycota*, form the subkingdom *Dikarya*. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi. They are the largest phylum of *Fungi*, with over 64,000 species. The *ascomycetes* are a monophyletic group, i.e., all of its members trace back to one common ancestor. This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics and for making bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese, but also as pathogens of humans and plants. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. ascomycetes (food source) *Basidiomycota* is one of two large phyla that, together with the *Ascomycota*, constitute the subkingdom *Dikarya* (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically the *Basidiomycota* include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast *Cryptococcus*. basidiomycetes (food source) White fonio (*D. exilis*) is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated *Digitaria* species that are harvested in the savannas of west Africa. Fonio is the smallest of all species of millet. It is one of the primary cereals of southern Sudan and Ethiopia in Africa. [] Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf fonio plant (food source) Muskmelon (*Cucumis melo*) is a species of melon that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. These include smooth skinned varieties such as honeydew, crenshaw and casaba, and different netted cultivars (cantaloupe, Persian melon and Santa Claus or Christmas melon). Cucumis melo L. Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo Cantaloupe Group Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin muskmelon plant (food source) Mustards are several plant species in the genera *Brassica* and *Sinapis* whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as mustard or prepared mustard. The seeds are also pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. mustard plant (food source) Lathyrus sativus L. vetch plant (food source) Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra DC. Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. red cabbage plant (food source) *Mollusca* is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca] Mollusca molluscs (food source) *Bivalvia*, in previous centuries referred to as the *Lamellibranchiata* and *Pelecypoda*, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. Bivalves as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia] bivalve (food source) coffee or tea plant (food source) Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 boar (food source) *Dolichos* is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, *Fabaceae*, and the subfamily *Faboideae*. It is distributed in Africa and Asia. The lablab bean (*Lablab purpureus*) was formerly included in *Dolichos*.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichos_(plant)] dolichos plant (food source) devils tongue plant (food source) Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabauda L. Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L. savoy cabbage plant (food source) Brassica alboglabra L.H. Bailey Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (L.H.Bailey) Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (L. H. Bailey) Musil chinese kale plant (food source) The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops or grains, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. They do not form a taxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one. Their essential similarities are that they are small-seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments such as those at risk of drought. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years. millet plant (food source) konjac plant (food source) bacteria (food source) food additive liquid (food source) *Elaeis guineensis* is a species of palm commonly called African oil palm or macaw-fat. It is the principal source of palm oil. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis] Elaeis guineensis Jacq. african oil palm plant (food source) Hordeum vulgare L. Hordeum vulgare L. convar. distichon (L.) Alef. two row barley plant (food source) Hordeum vulgare L. Hordeum vulgare L. convar. vulgare Hordeum vulgare convar. hexastichon Alef. Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare six row barley plant (food source) Malus pumila Mill. Malus pumila P. Mill. paradise apple plant (food source) Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. conica DC. pointed headed cabbage plant (food source) plant according to family (food source) plant used as fodder (food source) Zebus (*Bos taurus indicus*), sometimes known as 'nothing cattle', are better-adapted to tropical environments than other domestic cattle. Their scientific name was originally *Bos indicus*, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under *Bos taurus* along with all other domestic cattle, and their aurochs ancestors, domesticated in India about 10,000 years ago. The ancient species of *Bos nomadicus* cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr, Guzerat, Indu-Brazilian, Nellore, Ongole and Brahman. Zebu have humps, large dewlaps and ears. They have more sweat glands than European cattle (*Bos taurus*). They handle hot, humid climates well and have pest resistances not seen in European cattle. ( Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Bos taurus indicus Linnaeus, 1758 zebu (food source) Brassica Brassica L. Brassica sp. Brassica spp. brassica species (food source) Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa Thell. Brassica oleracea L., convar, acephala (D.C.) Alef, var. medullosa Thell. Brassica oleracea var. medullosa Thell. marrow-stem kale plant (food source) Kale or borecole is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group), green or purple, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables including broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, and brussels sprouts. The cultivar group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea L., convar. acephala (D. C.) Alef., var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. curly kale plant (food source) *Canavalia ensiformis*, or (common) jack bean, is a legume which is used for animal fodder and human nutrition, especially in Brazil where it is called feijão-de-porco ("pig bean"). It is also the source of concanavalin A.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavalia_ensiformis] Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. jack-bean plant (food source) Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.; Stizolobium deeringianum Bort.; other Stizolobium spp. velvet bean plant (food source) *Vigna subterranea* (also known by its common names: Bambara nut, Boro (Yoruba), Bambara groundnut, Bambara-bean, Congo goober, earth pea, ground-bean, or hog-peanut) is a member of the family *Fabaceae*. The plant originated in West Africa. Vigna subterranea ripens its pods underground, much like the peanut (also called a groundnut). They can be eaten fresh or boiled after drying.[] Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thou. bambara groundnut plant (food source) Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. cocktail tomato plant (food source) Brewing yeasts may be classed as "top-cropping" (or "top-fermenting") and "bottom-cropping" (or "bottom-fermenting"). Top-cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top-cropping yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sometimes called an "ale yeast". Bottom-cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment well at low temperatures. An example of bottom-cropping yeast is *Saccharomyces pastorianus*, formerly known as *Saccharomyces carlsbergensis*. \n\n*Saccharomyces pastorianus* is a yeast used industrially for the production of lager beer, and is named after Louis Pasteur. It is a synonym of the yeast species *Saccharomyces carlsbergensis*,[ which was originally described in 1883 by Emil Christian Hansen, who was working for the Danish brewery Carlsberg. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen, 1908 Saccharomyces pastorianus Reess ex E.C. Hansen, 1904 brewers yeast (food source) plant used for dietary supplements (food source) Melons with netted skin. Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser. true muskmelon plant (food source) The North American cantaloupe, common in the United States, Mexico, and in some parts of Canada, has a net-like (or reticulated) skin covering. It is a round melon with firm, orange, moderately sweet flesh and a thin, reticulated, light-brown rind. Varieties with redder and yellower flesh exist but are not common in the U.S. market. north american cantaloupe plant (food source) muskmelon, cantaloupe group (plant) (food source) *Pachyrhizus* is a small genus of five or six species of tropical and subtropical plants growing from large, often edible taproots. yam bean plant (food source) *Allium* is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium] allium species (food source) A beefsteak tomato (American English) or beef tomato (British English) is any of the largest varieties of cultivated tomatoes, some weighing 1 pound (450 g) or more. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. beefsteak tomato plant (food source) The biological subfamily *Bovinae* includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium- to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, the bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hoofs and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. bovine (food source) A bovid (family *Bovidae*) is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammal which has males with characteristic unbranching horns covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The family is widespread, being native to Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, and diverse: members include bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. bovid (food source) *Cucumis* is a genus of twining, tendril-bearing plants in the *Cucurbitaceae* family which includes the cucumber (*Cucumis sativus*), muskmelons (*Cucumis melo*, including cantaloupe and honeydew), the horned melon (*Cucumis metuliferus*), and the West Indian gherkin (*Cucumis anguria*). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis] cucumis species (food source) The *Cucurbitaceae*, also called cucurbits and the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, the most important of which are: *Cucurbita* - squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds; *Lagenaria* - calabash, and others that are inedible; *Citrullus* - watermelon (*C. lanatus, C. colocynthis*) and others; *Cucumis* - cucumber (*C. sativus*), various melons; *Luffa* - luffa, loofah [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceae] gourd/squash family (food source) *Vigna* is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, *Fabaceae*, with a pantropical distribution. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna] cowpea family (food source) Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum *Vertebrata*. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; jellyfish, and worms. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate] Terrestrial invertebrates include ants, flies, crickets, grasshoppers and spiders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal] terrestrial invertebrate (food source) The *Solanaceae*, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many, including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell/chili peppers, and tobacco are widely used. The *Solanaceae* consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae] solanaceae plant (food source) *Solanum* is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include two food crops of high economic importance, the potato and the tomato. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit. *Solanum* species show a wide range of growing habits, such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like *Lycopersicon* (the tomatoes) and *Cyphomandra* are now included in *Solanum* as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500-2,000 species. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum] Solanum Solanum L. Solanum spp. solanum plant (food source) Edible flesh of any type of animal, including poultry and seafood. Excludes parts containing only animal fat, which is indexed under *FAT OR OIL* or under *FAT, TRIM*. meat part of animal organ meat, digestive system A broad term that includes the nutritive sweeteners dextrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose and sucrose, which are simple carbohydrates with molecules composed of one or two saccharide units. Note that on a product label or in a recipe, 'sugar' means *SUCROSE* and should be so indexed. Use the broad term *SUGAR* only if the specific sugar used is not known or not listed in the vocabulary. sugar peel, core or seed A broad term that includes milk and its components, cream, curd and whey; use the appropriate specific term when milk or a milk product is the principal ingredient. Use the appropriate term under *MEAT ANIMAL* to index the source of the milk (note: 21 CFR 131.110 defines milk as cow's milk). milk or milk component Anatomical part of the plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived, e.g., *LEAF*, *ROOT OR TUBER*, *ORGAN MEAT*, *MILK* OR *EGG*; it also includes components of parts, such as *CREAM*, and extracts, concentrates or isolates, such as *PROTEIN EXTRACT* or *SUGAR*. part of plant or animal Bone, feathers, shell, skin or trim fat. nonmeat part of animal A broad term that includes cream and its components, butter and buttermilk. cream or cream component skeletal meat part, without bone or shell Includes carcass meat, organ meat, and nonmeat parts of animals, as well as the whole animal. animal body or body part organ meat, cardiovascular system fruit, peel removed plant above surface, excluding fruit and seed organ meat, urogenital system The parts of a plant that are not fruit or seed. root, stem, leaf or flower Extract, concentrate or isolate high in sugar, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide. carbohydrate extract, concentrate, or isolate The main propagative part of a plant, especially the kernel of a grain or nut. The bulk of the seed is formed by the endosperm, which encloses the germ and is covered by skin (bran). seed (anatomical part) Soft sugar whose crystals are covered by a film of refined dark syrup that imparts color, flavor, and moisture. brown sugar Anatomical part of an animal; includes eggs and milk that, although separated from the animal, are prouced as integral parts and are affected by the animal's food intake and metabolism. part of animal fruit or seed The fleshy fruit of any plant. *FRUIT* includes vegetables berries and pods as well. The bulk of a fruit is its fleshy part, which is covered by a peel (skin) and which encloses a core, pit or seeds. fruit part Bone (endoskeleton) or shell (exoskeleton) of animals, or any part thereof. bone or shell Anatomical part of a plant, such as fruit, seed, pod, leaf, stem or flower as well as the whole plant. part of plant Carcass meat from any type of animal including poultry and seafood. Includes retail and wholesale cuts other than organ meat. Refers to the whole carcass or parts. skeletal meat part Food substance or component consisting predominantly of mixed glycerol esters of fatty acids and, in far lesser amounts, of fatty acids, sterols and pigments. A fat is a solid at room temperature, an oil is a liquid at room temperature (20 degrees C.). Excludes essential oils. fat or oil Poultry, game bird or turtle eggs. egg or egg part The female reproductive organs of animals (e.g., fish roe, coral of a lobster). ovary, roe Edible organ meat, including blood and bone marrow. organ meat A physical-chemical component separated from the food source or its parts by extraction, centrifugation, filtration, heat processing, expressing or a similar process. The separated component may be converted through further processing. If this is done, the final substance is indexed. A water-extracted component may remain in aqueous dispersion. The extract, concentrate or isolate is indexed in preference to the anatomic part from which it is derived. For example, peanut oil is indexed under *PEANUT* combined wih *FAT OR OIL* rather than with *SEED OR KERNEL*. On the other hand, fruit and vegetable juices can be indexed under *FRUIT JUICE OR NECTAR* or *VEGETABLE JUICE* (A. PRODUCT TYPE); therefore the anatomic part of the plant should be indexed. extract, concentrate or isolate of plant or animal fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed The serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the thicker or more coagulable part or curd, espcially in the process of making cheese; it contains lactose, minerals and lactalbumin. whey Meat from organs that do not belong to the cardiovascular, digestive or urogenital system. organ meat, other systems sugar syrup or syrup solids The hard, central part of an apple, pear, etc., that contains the seeds (Source: Webster's) fruit core (anatomical part) The rind or skin of fruit (Source: Webster's) fruit peel (anatomical part) The part of a flowering plant that typically contains the embryo with its protective coat and stored food and that can develop into a new plant under the proper conditions; fertilised and mature ovule (Source: Webster's). .Seeds and fruits commonly called seeds include: grain, kernel, berry, ear, corn, nut. (Source: Webster's Thesaurus). fruit seed (anatomical part) A liquid that flows slowly at room temperature. Examples are: some heavy liqueurs, evaporated milk, vegetable oil, molasses and honey. The range of high viscosity liquids spans sucrose solutions between 45 and 70% solids (viscosity range from 10 to 500 centipoise). Prefer 'solid pieces' factor term to 'small particles' if both appear in the food. food (liquid, high viscosity) A liquid that flows very easily at room temperature. Examples are: water, apple juice, sherry, acidophilus milk, whipping cream and some heavy liqueurs. The range of low viscosity liquid spans sucrose solutions between 0 and 45% solids (viscosity range from 1 to 10 centipoise). Prefer 'solid pieces' factor term to 'small particles' if both appear in the food. food (liquid, low viscosity) The physical state of the food product (liquid, semiliquid, semisolid, or solid). Solid food products are further subdivided by shape or form. Terms are provided for products that have both liquid and solid components or that incorporate air or other gases. [FDA CFSAN 1995] food physical quality liquid, low viscosity, with small particles A state of matter between a solid and a gas, in which a substance has the capacity to flow and conforms to the shape of the container. Liquids range from water to honey, corresponding to a range in viscosity (or apparent viscosity) from 1 to 500 centipoise (viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow). Products that are pourable but have a higher viscosity are *SEMILIQUID*. food (liquid) A solid product is a hard or soft product capable of retaining its own shape at room temperature (20 degrees C.). A soft product that is spreadable or formable is considered semisolid. food (solid) not heat-treated Used to broadly characterize a food product based on the extent of heat applied. Heat treatment affects the flavor and textural characteristics of a food and thus consumer preparation time. Heat treatment causes chemical changes and/or reduction of enzyme and of microbial activity and thus affects food safety and shelflife. Specifics of preparation are covered by *G. COOKING METHOD* and *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. [FDA CFSAN 1995] extent of food heat treatment food cooking process Cooked at moderate to high levels of heat in which no liquid is added and only small amounts of fat may be added to prevent sticking. cooking by dry heat Cooked without moisture, covered or uncovered, in an oven. food baking process nutritive sweetener added Used to specifically characterize a food product based on the treatment or processes applied to the product or any indexed ingredient. The processes include adding, substituting or removing components or modifying the food or component, e.g., through fermentation. Multiple values can be assigned. food treatment process flavoring or taste ingredient added Modified by microbial or enzymatic action resulting in molecular changes in any food component. If salt, sugar or other food additive is used to aid in the modification process, index it by the appropriate term under *INGREDIENT ADDED*. microbial/enzymatic modification process physical/chemical modification process sugar or sugar syrup added food modification process molasses added Treated with acid that may be produced by fermentation or added and/or with salt brine, often in the presence of spices or herbs, producing changes in flavor and texture. pickling process sweetener added This class is subject to revision as it is inherited from LanguaL but is not according to FoodOn ontology design. Product ingredients are handled using 'has part', 'derives from', 'has substance added', etc. relations rather than through "X added" terms; these will likely be deprecated. ingredient added (TO BE REVISED) fermentation/modification process, single component alcohol fermentation process carbohydrate fermentation process sugar syrup or sugar syrup solids added leavening agent added sourdough added The methods contributing to the prevention or retardation of microbial, enzymatic or oxidative spoilage and thus to the extension of shelf life. Index all methods for which information is available, even if a corresponding descriptor has already been used in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. Preservation descriptors refer to the finished food as a whole with these exceptions: (1) if the components of a multi-component food, such as cream pie, are preservation by different methods, index all methods; (2) if chemical preservatives are declared on the label, always index them even if it is known that the preservative was introduced through or is only present in a component or ingredient of the food; and (3) if the preservation method for an ingredient is declared on the label (such as brie cheese made from pasteurized milk) index it. Also use *INGREDIENT preservation by THERMAL PROCESSING* or *INGREDIENT preservation by IRRADIATION* when ingredients have been pasteurized, ultrapasteurized, sterilized or irradiated. food preservation process preservation by dehydration or drying Preservation method that lowers the water activity (relative humidity) of a food product. This is accomplished by using mechanical dehydration equipment, by natural drying, by adding salt, sugar or other agents to the food or by surface drying during a refrigeration or freezing operation. This method of preservation may be used in conjunction with other preservation methods such as preservation by thermal processing. preservation by reducing water activity Type of container or wrapping defined by the main container material, the container form, and the material of the liner lids or ends. Also type of container or wrapping by form; prefer description by material first, then by form. [FDA CFSAN 1995] food container or wrapping can, bottle or jar Classification corresponding to FSTA Thesaurus Packaging 3.1 Package Types container or wrapping by form bottle or jar can (container) bottle jar jug or demijohn The stage of development of a plant or plant part. Maturity influences safety, nutrient composition and consumption characteristics. Use the appropriate narrower term only if ripeness is stated in the food name or label. degree of plant maturity That stage of plant development at which a plant or plant part has achieved full maturity and is ready for utilization. ripe or mature food plant physical quality system process molecular process molecular_function receptor activity receptor activity receptor binding binding protein binding The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. generation of precursor metabolites and energy nitrogen compound metabolic process excretion Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. biological process physiological process single organism process single-organism process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. metabolic process biosynthetic process aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. cellular process methane metabolic process envoPolar methanogenesis energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. envoPolar photosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds ammonia oxidation envoPolar anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor envoPolar aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor envoPolar aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor envoPolar aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor envoPolar aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor envoPolar aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor aerobic electron transport chain electron transport chain respiratory electron transport chain receptor regulator activity multicellular organismal process cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process locomotion locomotion cellular alkane metabolic process alkane biosynthetic process aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. cellular metabolic process cellular biosynthetic process small molecule metabolic process A biological process that involves only one organism. single-organism process true A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism. single-organism metabolic process true Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism. single-organism cellular process true The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration). cellular respiration receptor ligand activity A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. oxidation-reduction process molecular transducer activity organic substance metabolic process molecular function regulator organic substance biosynthetic process A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure. measurement unit label a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. objective specification a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take action specification A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label datum label Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. software A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content information carrier a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. data item A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. information content entity 1 a scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label. scalar measurement datum An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. directive information entity A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions. dot plot A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way. graph A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata. algorithm curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file data format specification A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. data set An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface. image data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg data about an ontology part A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. plan specification A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. measurement datum A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres. material information bearer A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes. histogram A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map. heatmap A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm. dendrogram A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. scatter plot obsolescence reason specification The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot obsolescence reason specification An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something. figure A figure that expresses one or more propositions diagram A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole document The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. Alan Ruttenberg Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters denotator type time stamped measurement datum A data set that is an aggregate of data recording some measurement at a number of time points. The time series data set is an ordered list of pairs of time measurement data and the corresponding measurement data acquired at that time. time sampled measurement data set all root Benincaseae Digitaria excilis Digitaria exilis Vira Viridae viruses Viruses blue-green algae blue-green bacteria cyanophytes Cyanophyceae Cyanophycota Cyanophyta Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Oxyphotobacteria cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria Chroococcales Coccochloris Aphanothece Microcystis Microcystis aeruginosa Oscillatoriales Bambara groundnut ground-bean hog-peanut Vigna subterranea Plaxonema Oscillatoria Nostocales Nostocaceae Anabaena Oedaleus senegalensis Aphanizomenon Teleostomi bony vertebrates Euteleostomi Amorphonostoc Nostoc Rivulariaceae Stigonematales Stigonemataceae Phormidium Trichodesmium Ecdysozoa Anthephorinae Oscillatoriophycideae junipers Juniperus Charophyta/Embryophyta group charophyte/embryophyte group Streptophytina biota cellular organisms Salicornioideae Archosauria-Testudines Testudines + Archosauria group Archelosauria Eleutherozoa Dipnotetrapodomorpha cypress Cupressus Boreotheria Boreoeutheria Acrogymnospermae Mesangiospermae Petrosaviidae Pentapetalae Cupressales Ehrhartoideae Oryzoideae Pooideae Centothecoideae Panicoideae PACMAD clade Oryzeae Triticeae Paniceae Andropogoneae true yeasts Saccharomycotina ducks, geese, chickens, fowl, quail, currasows and allies Galloanseri Galloanserae Cyanothrix Hapalosiphon Cicereae Phaseoleae Vicieae Fabeae Hordeinae Oryzinae Tripsacinae Andropogonodae Panicodae Triticodae Arecoideae Cocoeae Cocoseae Elaeidinae Amygdaloideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Terrabacteria group Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria group Chenopodiaceae Synechococcales Schizotrichaceae Microcystaceae Aphanothecaceae Microcoleae Microcoleaceae Oscillatoriaceae Aphanizomenonaceae Hapalosiphonaceae Gloeotrichiaceae Laguncularia Laguncularia racemosa Acrididea Pancrustacea mandibulates Mandibulata Umezakia eubacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae bacteria not Bacteria Haeckel 1894 prokaryote prokaryotes Bacteria Homo/Pan/Gorilla group Homininae Archaebacteria Mendosicutes Metabacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae archaea prokaryote prokaryotes Archaea Hieroglyphus Oedalus Oedaleus Oxyinae Sarcocornia Dictyothrix Schizothrix tea family Theaceae lager yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Saccharomyces monacensis Saccharomyces pasteurianus Saccharomyces pasteurianus var. pasteurianus Saccharomyces pastorianus band-winged grasshoppers Locustinae Oedipodinae eucaryotes eukaryotes Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae eukaryotes Eukaryota Bovinae Lyngbya paradise apple ping guo Malus Punila Malus pumila bacillariophytes diatoms Diatomea Diatomeae Diatomophyceae algae diatoms Bacillariophyta dinoflagellates dinophytes Chromophyta Dinoflagellata Dinophycidae Dinophyta Pyrrhophyta Pyrrophyta algae dinoflagellates Dinophyceae Peridiniales Laurasiatheria Euarchontoglires Anthropoidea Simiiformes ape apes Hominoidea higher plants land plants plants land plants Embryophyta tetrapods Tetrapoda amniotes Amniota Theria Theria <Mammalia> diapsids Diapsida Sauria green plants Chlorobionta Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group chlorophyte/embryophyte group green plants Viridiplantae Coniferales Pinidae Fungi/Metazoa group opisthokonts Opisthokonta metazoans multicellular animals Animalia animals Metazoa Bilateria Protostomia Neoptera Orthopteroidea Polyneoptera deuterostomes Deuterostomia alveolates Alveolata heterokonts Chromophyta Heterokonta Straminipila Stramenopiles cypress family Cupressaceae angiosperms flowering plants Angiospermae flowering plants Magnoliophyta Centrospermae Caryophyllales Streptophyta Artiodactyla Suiformes Suina Pecora BEP clade BOP clade cucumber family Cucurbitaceae Citrullus wild melon Citrullus battich Citrullus lanatus Sarcocornia pacifica Cucumis Oriental melon muskmelon Cucumis melo var. markuwa Markino Cucurbita melo L. Cucumis melo Capparales Brassicales mustard family Cruciferae Brassicaceae Brassica wild cabbage Brassica oleracea migratory bird locusts spur-throated grasshoppers spur-throated locusts Cyrtacanthacridinae Rosales rose family Malaceae Rosaceae Malus Haplorrhini pea family Leguminosae Fabaceae Faboideae Papilionoideae Canavalia horse bean jack bean Canavalia ensiformis Cicer chickpea garbanzo Cicer arietinum Poales Prophocarpus Psophocarpus Goa bean asparagus bean asparagus pea winged bean winged beans Prophocarpus tetragonolobus Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Vicia broad bean faba bean fava bean Vicia faba Vigna cowpea Phaseolus unguiculatus Vigna unguiculata Indian almond family Combretaceae Pfiesteriaceae Areciflorae Arecales mammals mammals Mammalia Solananae Solanales nightshade family Solanaceae tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum Lycopersicon lycopersicum Lycopersicum esculentum Solanum esculentum Solanum lycopersicon Solanum lycopersicum Solanum potato potatoes Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum Solanum tuberosum Avicennia black mangrove Avicennia nitida non Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, nom. illeg. Avicennia germinans Lamiales Acanthaceae Myrtanae Myrtales Ericales Solanoideae Solaneae dinosaur dinosaurs Dinosauria Saurischia Theropoda Coelurosauria Chortoicetes Bataceae Batis Batis <angiosperm> Batis maritima Camellia black tea Camelia sinensis Thea sinensis Camellia sinensis monocots monocotyledons Monocotyledoneae monocots Liliopsida grass family Bambusaceae Gramineae Poaceae Microcystis viridis barleys Hordeum barley Horedum vulgare Hordeum vulgare Dikarya Oryza red rice rice Oryza sativa Euchlaena Zea maize Zea mays mays Zea mays var. japonica Zea mays Meleagridinae palm family palms Palmae Arecaceae Commelinidae Commeliniflorae commelinids fungi fungi Fungi ascomycetes sac fungi ascomycetes Ascomycota Hemiascomycetes Saccharomycetes budding yeasts Endomycetales Saccharomycetales Saccharomycetaceae Lycopersicum Lycopersicon Pachytichospora Saccharomyces true insects Insecta Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera Elaeis African oil palm Elaeis guineensis var. tenera (Oil palm) Elaeis guinensi Elaeis guinensis Elaeis gunieensis Eleais guineensis Elaeis guineensis Oscillatoria sect. Prolificae Planktothrix vascular plants vascular plants Tracheophyta seed plants seed plants Spermatophyta Eumetazoa cnidarians coelenterates Coelenterata cnidarians Cnidaria anthozoans anthozoans Anthozoa Avicenniaceae Avicennioideae Digitaria Digitaria <grass> arthropods arthropods Arthropoda insects Atelocerata Tracheata Uniramia insects Hexapoda Saltatoria grasshoppers &c. Orthoptera grasshoppers and locusts grasshoppers Caelifera short-horned grasshoppers Acrididae Locusta migratory locust Locusta migratoria Schistocerca desert locust Locusta gregaria Schistocerca gregaria Acridomorpha Pfiesteria Cucurbitales Dicotyledoneae Magnoliopsida dicots dicotyledons eudicots eudicotyledons Asteridae asterids Rosidae rosids saccharomyceta Fabales Pyreae Pyrodae Maleae Pterygota winged insects Pterygota <winged insects> echinoderms echinoderms Echinodermata Echinozoa Cylindrospermopsis holothurians sea cucumbers Holothurioidea sea cucumbers Holothuroidea chordates chordates Chordata Vertebrata vertebrates vertebrates Vertebrata <Metazoa> Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates Gnathostomata <vertebrate> euphyllophytes Euphyllophyta Sarcopterygii sauropsids Sauropsida Archosauria Dicondylia birds avian birds Aves Neognathae Panarthropoda Craniata Craniata <chordata> fowls Galliformes turkeys Phasianidae Gallus bantam chicken chickens Gallus domesticus Gallus gallus domesticus Gallus gallus Phasianinae Meleagris whales, hippos, ruminants, pigs, camels etc. even-toed ungulates Cetartiodactyla core eudicots core eudicotyledons Gunneridae eurosids I fabids malvids euasterids I lamiids Acridoidea Gloeotrichia eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals Placentalia placentals Eutheria primate Primata primates Primates Catarrhini great apes Pongidae Hominidae humans Homo human man humans Homo sapiens Brassiceae boars pigs Suidae Sus pig pigs swine wild boar Sus scrofus Sus scrofa Artiodactyla Ruminantia Bovidae oxen, cattle Bos bovine cattle cow domestic cattle domestic cow Bos Tauurus Bos bovis Bos primigenius taurus Bos taurus A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. planned process a regulatory role involved with making and/or enforcing relevant legislation and governmental orders regulator role a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body. regulatory role a role realized through the process of supplying materials such as animal subjects, reagents or other materials used in an investigation. material supplier role A data set that is produced as the output of a class prediction data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned class labels. classified data set Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing. processed material A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material material processing a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation specimen role An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. organization An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature. environment control function A regulatory agency is a organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government. regulatory agency an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials. material transformation objective Manufacturing is a process with the intent to produce a processed material which will have a function for future use. A person or organization (having manufacturer role) is a participant in this process manufacturing is the objective to manufacture a material of a certain function (device) manufacturing objective Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process. manufacturer role A data set that is produced as the output of a class discovery data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned discovered class labels. clustered data set A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen. specimen collection process A class prediction data transformation (sometimes called supervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class prediction. class prediction data transformation A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. specimen collection objective A support vector machine is a data transformation with a class prediction objective based on the construction of a separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two data sets of vectors in n-dimensional space. support vector machine A decision tree induction objective is a data transformation objective in which a tree-like graph of edges and nodes is created and from which the selection of each branch requires that some type of logical decision is made. decision tree induction objective A decision tree building data transformation is a data transformation that has objective decision tree induction. decision tree building data transformation a software that provides access to more than 100 tools for gene expression analysis, proteomics, SNP analysis and common data processing tasks. GenePattern software Peak matching is a data transformation performed on a dataset of a graph of ordered data points (e.g. a spectrum) with the objective of pattern matching local maxima above a noise threshold peak matching A k-nearest neighbors is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, in which an input data object with vector y is assigned to a class label based upon the k closest training data set points to y; where k is the largest value that class label is assigned. k-nearest neighbors A CART (classification and regression trees) is a data transformation method for producing a classification or regression model with a tree-based structure. CART A data transformation which assesses how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set. statistical model validation A person or organization that has a manufacturer role manufacturer is a role which inheres in a person or organization and is realized in in a planned process which provides access to training, materials or execution of protocols for an organization or person service provider role A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified. processed specimen A label that is part of a categorical datum and that indicates the value of the data item on the categorical scale. categorical label A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent. device A document with a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study. questionnaire A cultured cell population that is derived through one or more passages in culture. secondary cultured cell population A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories categorical value specification An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale. value specification A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts. collection of specimens A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a tumor slide specimen according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th Edition grading system. histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a tumor slide specimen according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System. histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a ovarian tumor. histologic grade for ovarian tumor A histologic grade for ovarian tumor that is from a two-tier histological classification of tumors. histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to a two-tier grading system A histologic grade for ovarian tumor that is from a histological classification by the World Health Organization (WHO). histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colorectal cancer following the rules of the TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colorectal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes. pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes. pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes. pathologic lymph node stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes. pathologic lymph node stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colon cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic distant metastases stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery. pathologic distant metastases stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is an assessment of the stage of a cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) v7 staging systems. clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition A categorical value specification that is an assessment of the stage of a gynecologic cancer according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging systems. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the FIGO classification system. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification A categorical value specification that is an assessment of a participant's performance status (general well-being and activities of daily life). performance status value specification A performance status value specification designed by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group to assess disease progression and its affect on the daily living abilities of the patient. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification A performance status value specification designed for classifying patients 16 years of age or older by their functional impairment. Karnofsky score vaue specification A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. organism A material entity that has the specimen role. specimen A processed material comprised of a collection of cultured cells that has been continuously maintained together in culture and shares a common propagation history. cultured cell population A planned process that produces output data from input data. data transformation is a data transformation : leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) involves using a single observation from the original sample as the validation data, and the remaining observations as the training data. This is repeated such that each observation in the sample is used once as the validation data leave one out cross validation method A k-means clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, which takes as input a collection of objects (represented as points in multidimensional space) and which partitions them into a specified number k of clusters. The algorithm attempts to find the centers of natural clusters in the data. The most common form of the algorithm starts by partitioning the input points into k initial sets, either at random or using some heuristic data. It then calculates the mean point, or centroid, of each set. It constructs a new partition by associating each point with the closest centroid. Then the centroids are recalculated for the new clusters, and the algorithm repeated by alternate applications of these two steps until convergence, which is obtained when the points no longer switch clusters (or alternatively centroids are no longer changed). k-means clustering A hierarchical clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery objective, which takes as input data item and builds a hierarchy of clusters. The traditional representation of this hierarchy is a tree (visualized by a dendrogram), with the individual input objects at one end (leaves) and a single cluster containing every object at the other (root). hierarchical clustering A dimensionality reduction is data partitioning which transforms each input m-dimensional vector (x_1, x_2, ..., x_m) into an output n-dimensional vector (y_1, y_2, ..., y_n), where n is smaller than m. dimensionality reduction A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones. principal components analysis dimensionality reduction An planned process that creates images, diagrams or animations from the input data. data visualization An objective specification to transformation input data into output data data transformation objective A partitioning data transformation is a data transformation that has objective partitioning. partitioning data transformation A partitioning objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to generate a collection of disjoint non-empty subsets whose union equals a non-empty input set. partitioning objective A class discovery data transformation (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class discovery. class discovery data transformation A class discovery objective (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to organize input data (typically vectors of attributes) into classes, where the number of classes and their specifications are not known a priori. Depending on usage, the class assignment can be definite or probabilistic. class discovery objective A class prediction objective (sometimes called supervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to create a predictor from training data through a machine learning technique. The training data consist of pairs of objects (typically vectors of attributes) and class labels for these objects. The resulting predictor can be used to attach class labels to any valid novel input object. Depending on usage, the prediction can be definite or probabilistic. A classification is learned from the training data and can then be tested on test data. class prediction objective A cross validation objective is a data transformation objective in which the aim is to partition a sample of data into subsets such that the analysis is initially performed on a single subset, while the other subset(s) are retained for subsequent use in confirming and validating the initial analysis. cross validation objective A data visualization which has input of a clustered data set and produces an output of a report graph which is capable of rendering data of this type. clustered data visualization A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities quality (PATO) trait quality A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's scalar absolute value of the rate of change of the bearer's position. velocity speed A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed. age A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts. colour relative color color A chromatic property that is the relative position of different hues or degrees of saturation. color pattern A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. composed of compositionality content structure, composition composition A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance. concentration concentration of A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space. direction A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time. frequency A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to pressure, being broken, or pierced impenetrability toughness hardness A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing or displaying a distinctive feature in type or degree or effect or force. intensity A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. morphology A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). relational shape quality shape A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence. temporal incidence occurrence A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's molecules being are aerially dispersed and perceived by an odorant receptor. odor A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts. distribution pattern spatial pattern qualitative A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. deviation(from_normal) The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. count presence or absence in organism quantitative count in organism number presence amount A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation. sensitivity sensitivity toward A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. size A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. length A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. mass A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement which is defined by the angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object. angular placement amount of rotation angle angular magnitude plane angle orientation A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent. closure A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity. location placement relational spatial quality position A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. conformation relational structural quality structure A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. temperature A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time. rate A quality in which events occur in sequence. time An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. viability An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation. behavioural quality behavioral quality A speed which is relatively high. high speed fast speed increased speed A speed which is relatively low. slow slow speed decreased speed An age which is relatively high. old An age which is relatively low. young A color hue with low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers. blue A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of or the relationships between its repeated parts lack consistency. irregular spatial pattern A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking color. unpigmented colorless A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a higher to a lower point. down A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces east. left A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces west. right A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a lower to a higher point. up A frequency which is relatively high. high frequency frequent increased frequency A frequency which is relatively low. low frequency infrequent decreased frequency A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure. firm impenetrable tough hard A hardness quality of giving little resistance to pressure. soft A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches. ramified ramiform branched A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend. bowing curled curved A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature. plate-like flat A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. round rounded circular A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's once or in or a few unpredictable instances. sporadic A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation. uniform constant invariant A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. average normal A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence. present in organism present An amount which is relatively high. increased number present in greater numbers in organism supernumerary accessory increased increased amount A length quality which is relatively large. long increased length A length quality which is relatively small. short shortened stubby decreased length A size quality which is relatively high. big enlarged expanded great large increased size A size quality which is relatively low. hypoplasia underdeveloped reduced small tiny decreased size A thickness which is relatively high. high thickness stout thickened thick increased thickness A thickness which is relatively low. low thickness slender thin decreased thickness A volume which is relatively high. high volume large volume increased volume A volume which is relatively low. low volume small volume decreased volume A width which is relatively small. narrow decreased width A width which is relatively large. broad wide wide/broad increased width A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view. blocked closed A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording not completed blocked passage or view. closure incomplete A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view. open A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two sides; two-sided. bilateral A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being overfilled. crowded A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being upright in position or posture. upright erect A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having mistakenly taken course, way, or passage; ill-routed. misrouted A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being stretched out and lying at full length along the ground. prostrate A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent. uninterrupted continuous A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by breaks or interruptions. interrupted intermittent discontinuous A rate which is relatively low. slow rate decreased rate A rate which is relatively high. fast rate high rate increased rate A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. thickness A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies. volume A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. breadth width A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides. oblong A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section. ellipse-shaped ellipsoid elliptical oval ovoid elliptic A color consisting of dark orange, red, of very low intensity. brown An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light. opacity A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy. non-transparent clouding cloudy opaque A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity. clear transparent A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sinuate margin and rippled surface. undulated undulating waved wavy rippled sinuate undulate A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). permeability A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. porosity A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable to be permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). porous permeable A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). impermeable A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. porous A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. non-porous A physical quality of a liquid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow. viscosity A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity. viscous A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. relational physical quality physical quality A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size. density mass density A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's velocity multiplied by its mass. momentum A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts. pressure A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of change of the bearer's velocity in either speed or direction. acceleration A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input. efficiency A physical quality that exists by virtue of the rate of flow of the bearer across a given surface. flux A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. elasticity A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width. elongated A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration. concentrated A concentration which relatively low. diluted A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average. high concentration increased concentration A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average. low concentration decreased concentration A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density. dense An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. elastic An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. inelastic A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the middle relative to another entity. medial to A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the side relative to another entity. lateral lateral to A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located more centrally than another entity. proximal to A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel. linear A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter Y. Y-shaped An odor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking odour. odorless A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits variation or change. variable variant A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's power or force. strength A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located further from a more centrally located entity. distal distal to A quality which inheres in an process. quality of a process quality of occurrent quality of process relational quality of occurrent process quality A physical object quality which inheres in a single-bearer. quality of a single physical entity true A physical entity quality which exists in relation towards some other entity. quality of related physical entities true A quality which inheres in a continuant. monadic quality of a continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant physical object quality A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation. electromagnetic (EM) radiation quality An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. optical quality A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to varying or changing. variability of a physical quality variability A temperature which is relatively high. high temperature hot increased temperature A temperature which is relatively low. cold low temperature decreased temperature A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent. area A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of distinct morphology. amorphous A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given area. area density A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given volume. volumetric density A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting low opacity. translucent A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having distinct structure. structured A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking distinct structure. unstructured A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of the bearer's angular movement about an axis; the angle rotated in a given time. angular velocity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air. buoyancy A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life. dead A concentration quality inhering in a medium by virtue of the bearer's tendency to hydronate a specific reference base. medium acidity An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a high concentration of H+ ions. acidic An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a low concentration of H+ ions. alkaline A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decomposition into component parts. decayed A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer includes all its components. wholeness A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being broken open. burst fractured fragmented ruptured cracked hemorrhaged split torn broken A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being encrusted or impregnated with calcium carbonate (CHEBI:3311). calcareous calcification calcified A sensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen. sensitivity to oxygen A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen. aerobic A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's independence on oxygen. anaerobic A depth which is relatively low. low depth shallow decreased depth A position which is relatively high. high position increased position A positional which is relatively low. low position decreased position A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an oblique or slanted direction. sloped A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being thicker or more closely packed together; pressed tightly together. compact compressed squashed dense condensed A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s). functionality A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform a regular function(s). functional A physical quality inhering in sound by virtue of the bearer's travelling speed in a given medium under specified conditions. sound speed A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the bearer's disposition to dissolve in a liquid. solubility A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. flexibility A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. bendy flexible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. stiff stiffness inflexible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. solidity quality of a solid A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. gaseous quality of a gas A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape. liquidity quality of a liquid The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts. extra or missing physical or functional parts has or lacks parts of type mereological quality number of cardinality number has number of A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s). having supernumerary functions having extra function A mass which is lower than normal or average. low mass small mass decreased mass A mass which is higher than normal or average. high mass large mass increased mass A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being spread out or scattered about or divided up. diffuse scattered distributed A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic. flow rate A pressure which is relatively low. low pressure decreased pressure A pressure which is relatively high. high pressure increased pressure A permeability which is relatively high. high permeability increased permeability A permeability which is relatively low. low permeability decreased permeability A variability which is relatively low. low variability decreased variability A variability which is relatively high. high variability increased variability A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to transmit of an entity through a medium. conductivity A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. curvature A curvature which is relatively high. increased curvature A curvature which is relatively low. decreased curvature A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch. arched A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimenision. depth A depth quality which is relatively high. deep increased depth A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary. protruding relational protruding quality protruding A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distorted in form. disfigured distorted deformed A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits decreased ability to perform a regular function(s). dysfunction dysfunctional having decreased function lacks function of type low functionality partial functionality impaired decreased functionality A functional quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits increased ability to perform a regular function(s). high functionality increased functionality A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole. clumped clustered aggregated A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distributed or spread over a considerable extent. dispersed A quality of related physical entities inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space in relation to another entity. relational spatial quality true A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front of an organism relative to another entity. preceding ventral_to anterior to A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary into the surface or boundary of another entity. protruding into A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary and outwards in relation to the physical space occupied by another entity. extruding from exits through exposed protruding out of An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle. circumference A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity. alignment An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a proper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity. aligned aligned to aligned with An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity. misaligned unaligned with misaligned with A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. osmolarity A osmolarity which is relatively low. low osmolarity decreased osmolarity A osmolarity which is relatively high. high osmolarity increased osmolarity A distribution which is relatively high. high distribution increased distribution A distribution which is relatively low. low distribution decreased distribution An efficiency which is relatively low. low efficiency decreased efficiency An efficiency which is relatively high. high efficiency increased efficiency An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having efficiency. efficient A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities. magnetism A magnetism which is relatively high. high magnetism increased magnetism A magnetism which is relatively low. low magnetism decreased magnetism A magnetic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to exert magnitism. magnetic A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface. elevation An elevation which is relatively high. high elevation elevated increased elevation An elevation which is relatively low. low elevation decreased elevation A viscosity which relatively high. high viscosity increased viscosity A viscosity which relatively low. low viscosity decreased viscosity A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension. 1-D size 1-D extent A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in two dimensions. 2-D size 2-D extent A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions. 3D size 3-D extent An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it. perimeter A perimeter which is relatively high. increased perimeter A perimeter which is relatively low. decreased perimeter An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lose an entitity by natural process. shedability A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed body parts. deciduous (generic) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed foliage. deciduous (plant) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to not shed any body part. non-deciduous (any body part) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to retain foliage. evergreen (plant) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being between evergeen and deciduous. semi-deciduous(plant) A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation. radiation quality A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate. radioactivity activity (of a radionuclide) A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity. radioactive A radioactivity which is relatively low. high radioactivity increased radioactivity A radioactivity which is relatively high. low radioactivity decreased radioactivity A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneous transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. thermal conduction heat conductivity A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to convey electricity. electrical conductivity A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing granules. granular An age which is high relative to the normal or average. high age increased age An age which is low relative to the normal or average. low age decreased age A flexibility which is relatively high. high flexibility increased flexibility A flexibility which is relatively low. low flexibility decreased flexibility A strength which is relatively high. high strength increased strength A strength which is relatively low. weak decreased strength A thickness quality which lacks pattern. irregular thickness An intensity which is relatively high. high intensity increased intensity An intensity which is relatively low. low intensity decreased intensity A density which is higher relative to the normal or average. high density increased mass density A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome. domed A density which is lower relative to the normal or average. low density decreased mass density A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on left side of from the a another entity. left side of A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on right side of a another entity. right side of A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting disturbance of its smoothness or regularity. ruffled A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's being covered by a liquid. wetness A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered by a liquid. wet A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being covered by a liquid. dry A wetness quality that is relatively high. increased wetness A wetness quality that is relatively low. low wetness decreased wetness A flow that is relatively low. low flow decreased fluid flow A fluid flow that is relatively high. high flow increased fluid flow A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing acid (hydrogen ions). pH acidity An acidity which is relatively low. low acidity decreased acidity An acidity which is relatively high. high acidity increased acidity A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being situated at right angles to the horizon. vertical A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in the plane of the horizon. horizontal A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. concave A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. rod-like rod-shaped tubulate cylindrical A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter U. horseshoe shaped horseshoe U-shaped A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water. hydrophobicity A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water. hydrophobic A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water. hydrophilicity A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water. hydrophilic A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into three branches. trifurcate tripartite A circumference which is relatively high. increased circumference A circumference which is relatively low. decreased circumference A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the south when it faces north. front A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces south. back A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one direction only. unidirectional A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two directions. bi-directional A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction approximating the shape of a circle. circling direction A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement. movement quality A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned on opposite sides on the same plane. opposite A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits size variation or change. variability of size A variability of size which is relatively low. low variability of size decreased variability of size A variability of size which is relatively high. high variability of size increased variability of size A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having at least one salient angle on the margin. angulate angular A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being kept below its freezing point. frozen A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's passing into solution. dissolved A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. organismal quality An amount which is relatively low. decreased number present in fewer numbers in organism decreased reduced subnumerary decreased amount Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. concavity A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. 2-D projection cross-sectional 2-D shape A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. convex 3-D shape A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave. concave 3-D shape A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity. branchiness A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. structure, cavities A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers). cone-shaped conical An occurrence which is relatively high. increased incidence increased occurrence An occurrence which is relatively low. decreased incidence decreased occurrence An area which is relatively high. increased area An area which is relatively low. decreased area physical quality of a process A shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being elongated and cylindrical. columnar A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delimited by a surface with holes. fenestrated A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's layered configuration. stratification A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a layered configuration. stratified A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. hollow A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being seperated into two contiguous wholes. broken into two pieces A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being at the edge or boundary of a related entity. peripheral A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer. laminar A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being fit to be eaten. edibleness edibility A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being suitable for use as food. edible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer not being suitable for use as food. inedible A density quality which lacks pattern. irregular density sloped downward A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch of an increased apical height. high-arched An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning towards an additional entity. misaligned towards An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning away from an additional entity. misaligned away from A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being free of curves, bends, or angles. straight A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in position. displaced A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc. relational molecular quality molecular quality A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. quality of a substance A behavioral quality inhering ina bearer by virtue of the bearer's unequal distribution of fine motor skill between its left and right hands or feet. handedness Handedness where the organism preferentially uses the left hand or foot for tasks requiring the use of a single hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot. left handedness Handedness where the organism preferentially uses the right hand or foot for tasks requiring the use of a single hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot. right handedness Handedness where the organism exhibits no overall dominance in the use of right or left hand or foot in the performance of tasks that require one hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot. ambidextrous handedness A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being small or narrow in circumference or width in proportion to length or height. gracile slender A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan. fan-like fan-shaped An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter V. V-shaped A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located far (not close to) in space in relation to another entity. distant from remote from far from A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position. velocity A physical quality inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. volume flow rate volumetric flow rate fluid flow rate A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, flattish shape, possibly with a slightly angled edge. plate-like platelike A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane. compressed flattened A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partially upright in position or posture. semi upright semi erect A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. 3-D shape A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located in a position equidistant from edges. centered A structural quality of the collection or massing of one physical object within another physical object. pooled accumulation An increased number of physical objects that are accumulated within another physical object usually as a result of a failure to break down or remove objects in a timely manner. accumulated increased accumulation An accumulation which is relative low. decreased accumulation A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same continuous distance relative to another object. parallel to An elasticity which is relatively high. increased elasticity An elasticity which is relatively low. decreased elasticity A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's underlying structure being capable of change. transient structure transient A cylindrical shape that is hollow. tube like tube-shaped tubulate tubular A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. increased quality A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. decreased quality A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. decreased process quality A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. decreased object quality A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. increased process quality A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. increased object quality A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt Lamé curve superelliptic A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process. temporal distribution quality A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the base of an organism relative to another entity. basal to A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the stalk of an organism relative to another entity. cauline to A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's upper parts die back to the rootstock at the end of the growing season. herbaceous A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's width being notably higher than its length. broad Recurrent and often more or less cyclic alteration. fluctuating Flattened from above downward; below the normal level or the level of the surrounding parts. sunken Open to view or not covered by another entity. exposed A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer touching another entity along a border or with a projecting part. abut A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's position being displaced from a reference point. offset A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same level as another entity. level with A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer bring gradually worn away. eroding A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of some aspect of the bearer extending to the position of another entity. extends to A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increased rate of change of the position. increased velocity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decreased rate of change of the position. decreased velocity Positional quality in which an entity is located outside of another entity. external to A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a slanting direction (neither perpendicular nor parallel) relative to another entity. oblique to A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being level or even with another surface. flush A variability quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer having a variable number or count of an entity. variable number variability of count A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing an uninterrupted or unbroken connection or spatial distribution relative to the position of another entity. continuous with A quality inhering in air by virtue of the partial pressure exerted by the bearer's water vapour content. humidity An increase in humidity. humid increased humidity An decrease in humidity. decreased humidity The propensity of a material to undergo combustion. Combustion encompasses smouldering and flaming combustion. Combustibility is usually applied to solids. combustibility An increase in combustibility. combustible increased combustibility An decrease in combustibility. noncombustible decreased combustibility An increase in porosity. increased porosity An decrease in porosity. decreased porosity A rate which is relatively normal. normal rate A quality of an object that has a value that is normal or average. normal object quality An acidity which is relatively normal. normal acidity An age which is relatively normal or average. normal age A concentration which is relatively normal or average. normal concentration A curvature which is relatively normal or average. normal curvature An efficiency which is relatively normal or average. normal efficiency An elasticity which is relatively normal or average. normal elasticity A flexibility which is relatively normal or average. normal flexibility A fluid flow which is relatively normal or average. normal fluid flow A magnetism which is relatively normal or average. normal magnetism A mass which is relatively normal or average. normal mass A density which is relatively normal or average. normal mass density An osmolarity which is relatively normal or average odor. normal osmolarity A permeability which is relatively normal or average. normal permeability A position which is relatively normal or average normal position A distribution which is relatively normal or average normal distribution An elevation which is relatively normal or average normal elevation A pressure which is relatively normal or average normal pressure A radioactivity which is relatively normal or average normal radioactivity A size quality which is relatively normal or average normal size An area which is relatively normal or average normal area A depth quality which is relatively normal or average normal depth A length quality which is relatively normal or average normal length A perimeter which is relatively normal or average normal perimeter A circumference which is relatively normal or average normal circumference A thickness which is relatively normal or average normal thickness A volume which is relatively normal or average normal volume A width which is relatively normal or average normal width A speed which is relatively normal or average normal speed A strength which is relatively normal or average normal strength A temperature which is relatively normal or average normal temperature A quality of aprocess that has a value that is normal or average. normal process quality A variability which is relatively normal or average normal variability A variability of size which is relatively normal or average normal variability of size A velocity which is relatively normal or average normal velocity A viscosity which is relatively normal or average normal viscosity A wetness which is relatively normal or average normal wetness An occurrence which is relatively normal. normal occurrence A frequency which is relatively normal. normal frequency The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials, N, E, S, W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east. cardinal direction North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. north East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west. east South is one of the four cardinal directions or compass points. South is the polar opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west. south West is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east. west A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids. A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids. collection of organisms collection of organisms A collection of organisms, all of the same species, that live in the same place. population of organisms A community of at least two different species, living in a particular area. Must have at least two populations of different species as members. envoPolar ecological community A material entity that has as parts two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids of the same species and no members of any other species. single-species collection of organisms A collection of organisms of the same species whose members are all either genealogically related to each other or have mated with each other. community A collection of organisms that consists of two or more organisms from at least two species. multi-species collection of organisms A material entity that is one or more organisms, viruses or viroids. organismal entity An ecological community which is composed of co-existing populations of microbial organisms that interact, directly or indirectly, such that they impact one another's ecological fitness. microbial community A vehicle which uses a motor to impel itself along a track to which its movements are constrained. Definition created on the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Morioka for the 2017 BioHackathon. Contributors to add to xrefs: Seth Carbon and Mark Wilkinson. Conceivably, cable cars and ski lifts are also trains. Further, entities like hand cars (platforms with wheels propelled along train tracks) are usually not considered trains. train A plant structure (PO:0005679) which is a whole organism. genet (broad) ramet (broad) planta entera (Spanish, exact) 植物体全体 (Japanese, exact) bush (narrow) frutex (narrow) frutices (narrow) gametophyte (narrow) herb (narrow) liana (narrow) prothalli (narrow) prothallium (narrow) prothallus (narrow) seedling (narrow) shrub (narrow) sporophyte (narrow) suffrutex (narrow) suffrutices (narrow) tree (narrow) vine (narrow) woody clump (narrow) clonal colony (related) colony (related) whole plant A floral structure primordium (PO:0025477) that is committed to the development of an ovule (PO:0020003). portion of ovule primordium tissue (exact) primordio de &#243vulo (Spanish, exact) 胚珠原基（可視的） (Japanese, exact) ovule primordium A floral structure primordium (PO:0025477) that is committed to the development of a gynoecium (PO:0009062). pistil primordium (exact) portion of gynoecium primordium tissue (exact) primordio de gineceo (Spanish, exact) 雌蕊原基(可視的） (Japanese, exact) gynoecium primordium A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) composed of cutin (PO:0025385), a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids C16 and C18 chains, embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386) and forming a layer on the surface of a plant epidermis (PO:0005679). cuticle (broad) cut&#237cula (Spanish, exact) 植物クチクラ (Japanese, exact) plant cuticle A shoot axis (PO:0025029) that is the most distal part of a shoot system (PO:0009006) and has as parts a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and the youngest primordia (PO:0025127). &#225pice del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) シュート頂、茎頂 (Japanese, exact) shoot apex A portion of shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035) that is part of a shoot axis (PO:0025029). epidermis del eje del tallo (Spanish, exact) シュート軸表皮 (Japanese, exact) branch epidermis (narrow) shoot axis epidermis A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) which is the organogenic region of the meristem, characterized by higher rates of cell division. zona perif&#233rica (Spanish, exact) 周辺帯 (Japanese, exact) peripheral meristem (related) peripheral zone A portion of reproductive shoot apical meristem tissue (PO:0008028) that gives rise to the floral organs (PO:0025395). floral meristem (exact) mersitema floral (Spanish, exact) 花芽分裂組織 (Japanese, exact) Poaceae floret meristem (narrow) ear floret meristem (narrow) floret meristem (narrow) tassel floret meristem (narrow) floral apical meristem (related) flower meristem A native plant cell (PO:0025606) synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall. c&#233lula meristem&#225tica (Spanish, exact) stem cell (exact) 分裂組織細胞 (Japanese, exact) meristematic cell A primordium (PO:0025127) that develops from a root anlagen (PO:0025433) and is committed to the development of a root (PO:0009005). portion of root primordium tissue (exact) primordio de ra&#237z (Spanish, exact) root primordia (exact, plural) 根原基（可視的） (Japanese, exact) root primordium A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) composed of epidermal cells (PO:0004013) that develops from the protoderm (PO:0006210) and covers the surface of a plant structure (PO:0009011). dermal tissue (exact) epidermal layer (exact) epidermides (exact, plural) epidermis (Spanish, exact) epidermises (exact, plural) portion of epidermal tissue (exact) 表皮 (Japanese, exact) multiseriate epidermis (related) epidermis A lateral plant organ (PO:0009008) produced by a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148). filoma (Spanish, exact) フィロム、葉(的）器官 (Japanese, exact) phyllome A portion of phyllome epidermis (PO:0025157) that is part of a leaf (PO:0025034). epidermis de la hoja (Spanish, exact) foliage leaf epidermis (exact) phyllid epidermis (exact) 葉表皮 (Japanese, exact) leaf epidermis A portion of epidermis (PO:0005679) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006) and arises from the meristem L1 layer (PO:0009020). epidermis del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) シュート表皮 (Japanese, exact) shoot system epidermis A portion of epidermis (PO:0005679) that is part of a root (PO:0009005). epidermis de la ra&#237z (Spanish, exact) 根表皮 (Japanese, exact) epiblem (related) rhizodermis (related) root epidermis A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006). meristema del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) シュート分裂組織 (Japanese, exact) shoot system meristem A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is the outer layer of an apical meristem (PO:0020144), or the outer layer of a plant embryo proper (PO:0000001), and gives rise to a portion of epidermis (PO:0005679). portion of protoderm tissue (exact) protodermis (Spanish, exact) 前表皮、原表皮 (Japanese, exact) dermatogen cell (related) protoderm A shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) that gives rise to the apical growth of reproductive tissues and organs. meristema apical reproductivo del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) 生殖シュート頂端 分裂組織 (Japanese, exact) reproductive shoot apical meristem A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a gynoecium (PO:0009062), or a single carpel (PO:0009030), and at maturity may have as parts one or more seeds (PO:0009010). aggregate fruit (broad) compound fruit (broad) dehiscent fruit (broad) diaspore (broad) indehiscent fruit (broad) multiple fruit (broad) propagule (broad) frucht (exact, German) fruto (exact, Spanish) 果実 (exact, Japanese) coenocarp (narrow) syncarp (narrow) fruit A cell which is a plant structure (PO:0009011). cell (broad) c&#233lula vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物細胞 (Japanese, exact) plant cell A plant axis (PO:0025004) that lacks shoot axis nodes (PO:0005004) and usually grows indeterminately. ra&#237z (Spanish, exact) radices (exact, plural) radix (exact) 根 (Japanese, exact) aerial root (narrow) climbing root (narrow) root A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces shoot-borne portions of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) and the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them. sistema de epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) シュート系、苗条系 (Japanese, exact) tree crown (narrow) Poaceae crown (related) shoot (related) thalli (related) thallus (related) shoot system A plant structure (PO:0009011) that consists predominantly of similarly specialized plant cells (PO:0009002) of one or more types. portion of tissue (broad) tissue (broad) porci&#243n de un tejido vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物組織の一部 (Japanese, exact) plant tissue (related) portion of plant tissue A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that is a functional unit, is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and includes portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types that derive from a common developmental path. organ (broad) &#243rgano vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物 器官 (Japanese, exact) compound plant organ (related) simple plant organ (related) plant organ A whole plant (PO:0000003) that participates in the plant embryo stage (PO:0007631). embryo (broad) embri&#243n (Spanish, exact) 植物胚 (Japanese, exact) germ (related) plant embryo A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a plant ovule (PO:0020003) and has as parts a plant embryo (PO:0009009) enclosed in a seed coat (PO:0009088). diaspore (broad) semilla (Spanish, exact) 種子 (Japanese, exact) pyrene (narrow) seed An anatomical structure that is or was part of a plant, or was derived from a part of a plant. estructura vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物 構造 (Japanese, exact) plant structure A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) in which plant cells (PO:0009002) have retained their embryonic characteristics, or have reverted to them secondarily, and that divide to produce new cells that can undergo differentiation to form mature tissues, i.e. they have a capacity for morphogenesis and growth. meristem (exact) meristema (Spanish, exact) meristematic tissue (exact) 分裂組織 (Japanese, exact) portion of meristem tissue A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is the outermost layer of a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and gives rise to a shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035). meristema L1 (Spanish, exact) 分裂組織 L1 (Japanese, exact) tunica (related) meristem L1 layer A determinate reproductive shoot system (PO:0025082) that has as part at least one carpel (PO:0009030) or at least one stamen (PO:0009029) and does not contain any other determinate shoot system (PO:0009006) as a part. flor (Spanish, exact) 花 (Japanese, exact) Asteraceae floret (narrow) basal flower (narrow) double flower (narrow) hermaphrodite flower (narrow) monoclinous flower (narrow) perfect flower (narrow) floret (related) flower A collective phyllome structure (PO:0025023) composed all of the carpels (PO:0009030) in a flower (PO:0009046). pistil (broad) ginoecio (Spanish, exact) gynaecium (exact) gynoecia (exact, plural) 雌蕊群 (Japanese, exact) Poaceae gynoecium (narrow) Zea gynoecium (narrow) apocarpous gynoecium (narrow) gynoecium of ear floret (narrow) gynoecium of lower floret of pedicellate spikelet of ear (narrow) gynoecium of lower floret of pedicellate spikelet of tassel (narrow) gynoecium of lower floret of sessile spikelet of ear (narrow) gynoecium of lower floret of sessile spikelet of tassel (narrow) gynoecium of tassel floret (narrow) gynoecium of upper floret of pedicellate spikelet of ear (narrow) gynoecium of upper floret of pedicellate spikelet of tassel (narrow) gynoecium of upper floret of sessile spikelet of ear (narrow) gynoecium of upper floret of sessile spikelet of tassel (narrow) syncarpous gynoecium (narrow) gynoecium A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the outer layer (wall) of a fruit (PO:0009001), and develops from a plant ovary (PO:0009072) or a carpel (PO:0009030) wall. pericarpo (Spanish, exact) portion of pericarp tissue (exact) 果皮 (Japanese, exact) fruit peel (related) fruit rind (related) pericarp A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the outer layer of a pericarp (PO:0009084). ectocarp (exact) epicarp (exact) exocarpo (Spanish, exact) flavedo (exact) fruit epidermis (exact) portion of exocarp tissue (exact) 外果皮 (Japanese, exact) outer epidermis of pericarp (related) pericarp epidermis (related) exocarp A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the innermost differentiated layer of a pericarp (PO:0009084). endocarpo (Spanish, exact) portion of endocarp tissue (exact) 内果皮 (Japanese, exact) citrus flesh (related) citrus pulp (related) inner epidermis of pericarp (related) endocarp A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the middle layer of a pericarp (PO:0009084). mesocarpo (Spanish, exact) portion of mesocarp tissue (exact) 中果皮 (Japanese, exact) albedo (related) mesocarp A plant organ (PO:0009008) that has as parts a nucellus (PO:0020020) in which a female gametophyte (PO:0025279) is located, one or two integuments (PO:0020021), and a funicle (PO:0020006). &#243vulo vegetal (Spanish, exact) 胚珠 (Japanese, exact) Poaceae ovule (narrow) Zea ovule (narrow) plant ovule A maximal portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) located at a shoot apex (PO:0000037) or root tip (PO:0000025). promeristem (broad) AM (exact) meristema apical (Spanish, exact) 頂端分裂組織 (Japanese, exact) primary meristem (related) apical meristem A shoot system meristem (PO:0006079) formed at the apex of the shoot axis (PO:0025029), including those originating from an axillary bud meristem (PO:0000232). promeristem (broad) SAM (exact) meristema apical del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) 茎頂分裂組織 (Japanese, exact) primary shoot meristem (related) shoot apical meristem An axial plant organ (PO:0009008). eje de la planta (Spanish, exact) plant axes (exact, plural) 植物軸（軸柱） (Japanese, exact) plant axis A collective plant structure (PO:0025497) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and is composed of two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) and the associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007). estructura vegetal colectiva de &#243rgano (Spanish, exact) 集合植物器官構造 (Japanese, exact) collective plant organ structure A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that consists of two or more phyllomes (PO:0006001) originating from the same node or from one or more adjacent nodes with compressed shoot internodes (PO:0005005). cycle (broad) verticil (broad) estructura colectiva del filoma (Spanish, exact) 葉的器官が集まった構造 (Japanese, exact) floral whorl (narrow) whorl (narrow) phyllome whorl (related) collective phyllome structure A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces root meristems (PO:0006085), the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them and the parts thereof. root (broad) sistema de ra&#237z (Spanish, exact) 根系 (Japanese, exact) root system A native plant cell (PO:0025606) that is part of a plant embryo (PO:0009009). embryo cell (broad) embryonic cell (broad) c&#233lula embri&#243nica vegetal (Spanish, exact) embryonic plant cell (exact) 胚性植物細胞 (Japanese, exact) embryo plant cell A plant axis (PO:0025004) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006). caullome (exact) eje del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) シュート軸 (Japanese, exact) shoot (related) shoot axis A phyllome (PO:0006001) that is not associated with a reproductive structure. hoja (Spanish, exact) 葉 (Japanese, exact) leaf A shoot system (PO:0009006) in the sporophytic phase that has as part at least one sporangium (PO:0025094). sistema de brote reproductivo (Spanish, exact) 生殖シュート 系、苗条系 (Japanese, exact) reproductive shoot system A plant structure (PO:0009011) that is part of an plant embryo (PO:0009009). embryonic plant structure (exact) estructura vegetal embri&#243nica (Spanish, exact) 胚性植物構造 (Japanese, exact) embryo plant structure A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that has as parts protoderm (PO:0006210) and sub-epidermal meristematic tissue and is committed to the development of a particular plant structure (PO:0009011). portion of primordial tissue (exact) portion of primordium tissue (exact) primordia (exact, plural) primordio (Spanish, exact) 原基（可視的） (Japanese, exact) primordium A primordium (PO:0025127) that develops from a phyllome anlagen (PO:0025430) and is part of a shoot apex (PO:0000037) and is committed to the development of a phyllome (PO:0006001). phyllome primordia (exact, plural) portion of phyllome primordium tissue (exact) primordio del filoma (Spanish, exact) フィロム原基（可視的） (Japanese, exact) phyllome primordium An anatomical entity that is or was part of a plant. entidad anat&#243mica vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物 解剖学（形態）的実体 (Japanese, exact) plant anatomical entity A portion of shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035) that is part of a phyllome (PO:0006001). epidermis del filoma (Spanish, exact) フィロム表皮 (Japanese, exact) phyllome epidermis A portion of organism substance that is or was part of a plant. porci&#243n de sustancia vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物を構成する物質の一部 (Japanese, exact) portion of plant substance A shoot apex that has as part a reproductive shoot apical meristem. &#225pice reproductivo del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact) 生殖シュート頂、茎頂 (Japanese, exact) reproductive shoot apex A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is part of a plant embryo (PO:0009009). portion of embryo tissue (broad) portion of embryonic plant tissue (exact) tejido embri&#243nico vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物胚性組織 の一部 (Japanese, exact) portion of embryo plant tissue A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), and is composed of a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acid C16 and C18 chains. cutin matrix (broad) クチン (Japanese, exact) cutin A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) comprised predominantly of very long chain aliphatic lipids and is part of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022). cera cuticular (Spanish, exact) クチクラワックス (Japanese, exact) cuticular wax A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), composed primarily of cutin (PO:0025385), embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386). cuticle proper (broad) cutin matrix (broad) cut&#237cula propia de la planta (Spanish, exact) 植物クチクラproper (Japanese, exact) plant cuticle proper A plant organ (PO:0009008) that is part of a flower (PO:0009046). &#243rgano floral (Spanish, exact) flower organ (exact) 花器官 (Japanese, exact) floral organ A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is part of a peripheral zone (PO:0000225) of a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and will give rise to a phyllome primordium (PO:0025128). phyllome meristem (broad) フィロム原基 (Japanese, exact) phyllome anlagen A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is committed to the development of a root primordium (PO:0005029). precursor de ra&#237 (Spanish, exact) 根原基 (Japanese, exact) root anlagen A primordium (PO:0025127) that is committed to the development of a floral organ (PO:0025395) and is part of a reproductive shoot apex (PO:0025222). floral structure primordia (exact, plural) portion of floral structure primordium tissue (exact) primordio de organo floral (Spanish, exact) 花器官原基 (Japanese, exact) floral organ primordium A plant structure (PO:0009011) that has as parts two or more portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single structural unit demarcated by primarily bona-fide boundaries from other structural units of different types. estructura vegetal con m&#250ltiples tejidos (Spanish, exact) 複数の組織からなる植物構造 (Japanese, exact) multi-tissue plant structure A plant structure (PO:0009011) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003) and includes two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) or adjacent cardinal organ parts (PO:0025001), along with any associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007). estructura vegetal colectiva (Spanish, exact) 集合的植物構造 (Japanese, exact) collective plant structure A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is an aqueous solution that can be transported through the apoplast (GO:0048046) or symplast (GO:0055044). savia de la planta (Spanish, exact) 植物液 (Japanese, exact) plant sap A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that consists of a complex mixture of organic aromatic compounds such as mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoids. pitch (exact) oleoresin (related) plant resin A plant cell (PO:0009002) that is either part of a multicellular whole plant (PO:0000003) 'in vivo' or a unicellular organism 'in natura' (i.e. part of a natural environment). native plant cell A fruit (PO:0009001) which at maturity comprises a fleshy endocarp (PO:0009086), fleshy mesocarp (PO:0009087), and fleshy exocarp (PO:0009085). indehiscent fruit (broad) bacca (exact) baya (exact, Spanish) beere (exact, German) berry (exact) pyrine (narrow) berry fruit A berry fruit (PO:0030108) which develops from a superior gynoecium (PO:0009062) and at maturity comprises a thickened exocarp (PO:0009085), thickened mesocarp (PO:0009087), and endocarp (PO:0009086), and has as parts juice sacs (PO:0006013) on a carpel adaxial epidermis (PO:0025618). indehiscent fruit (broad) panzerbeere (broad, German) citrus fruit (exact) hesperide (exact, German) hesperidio (exact, Spanish) hesperidium (exact) hesperidium fruit A berry fruit (PO:0030108) which develops from an inferior gynoecium (PO:0009062) and at maturity comprises a fleshy exocarp (PO:0009085), fleshy mesocarp (PO:0009087), and hardened endocarp (PO:0009086) and has as a part a fleshy hypanthium (PO:0009065) which is indistinct from the exocarp (PO:0009085). indehiscent fruit (broad) apfelfrucht (exact, German) kernfrucht (exact, German) kernobst (exact, German) pome (exact) pomo (exact, Spanish) pome fruit A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 Chris Mungall http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 system Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. cervix canalis cervicis uteri caudal segment of uterus cervical canal of uterus cervix uteri neck of uterus uterine cervix cervical canal cervix of uterus uterine cervix Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. naris The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity. nasal sac nose peripheral olfactory organ nasus olfactory apparatus proboInOwlscis nose the clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas pancreatic insula pancreatic islet island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of Langerhans islet of Langerhans The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. Hp glandula pituitaria pituitary pituitary body hypophysis hypophysis cerebri pituitary gland A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. organ submucosa region of submucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ submucous layer tela submucosa tunica submucosa submucosa A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. PNS pars peripherica systema nervosum periphericum peripheral nervous system Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. PNS - somatic somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic part of peripheral nervous system somatic peripheral nervous system somatic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone zone of skin The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. endocrine pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans part of pancreas endocrine pancreas The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. exocrine pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis exocrine component of pancreas exocrine part of pancreas exocrine pancreas A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia Facettenauge Komplexauge adult compound eye faceted eye insect eye zusammengesetztes Auge compound eye An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. eye regio orbitalis vertebrate eye camera-type eye plus associated structures eyes orbital part of face orbital region camera-type eye An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ sensillum Sinnesorgan sensor sense organ Anatomical projection that protrudes from the skin. Examples: hair, nail, feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, antler, bristle and some scales. skin appendage epidermal appendage epidermal growth cutaneous appendage one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. feather Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. anatomical tube duct tube Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. appendages extremitaet extremity limbs/digits/tail appendage Any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph. lymph gland nodus lymphaticus lymph node A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae tunica propria lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae lamina propria of trachea The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. head (volume) adult head cephalic area head The fluid surrounding the ovum and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle. liquor follicularis liquor folliculi ovary follicle fluid antral fluid, ovarian follicle liquor folliculi ovarian follicular fluid ovary follicular fluid follicular fluid multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. tunica serosa wall of serous sac serosa serous membrane Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. sinew tendo tendon * Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain. (MSH) * ganglion found on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of the unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. (CSP) dorsal root ganglion ganglion of dorsal root ganglion spinalis spinal ganglion spinal ganglion part of peripheral nervous system DRG dorsal root ganglia ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ganglion spinale posterior root ganglion dorsal root ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. ganglia neural ganglion ganglion An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. simple eye Thickened areas of the saccule or utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs[MESH,modified]. macula maculae sensory macula sensory patch acoustic macula acoustic maculae macula A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. vessel Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. metanephric duct ureter the fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening urethra A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. anatomical duct exocrine duct exocrine gland duct ducts duct A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. intestinum crassum large intestine Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. wall wall of organ organ wall anatomical wall Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. biological structure connected biological structure anatomical structure Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. anatomical unit body organ element organ A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. organ region with fixed fiat boundary organ segment segment of organ organ subunit A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. cardinal organ part regional part of organ organ part Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts respiratory tract An section of a respiratory tract. respiratory tract subdivision of respiratory tract proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. part of nervous system regional part of nervous system A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. glomerulus renal glomeruli Malphigian glomerulus Malpighian glomerulus Malpighian tuft glomerular capillary tuft glomerular tuft glomerulus renis renal corpuscle renal glomerulus Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. skeletal system subdivision skeletal system part subdivision of skeletal system The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. surface (external) ectoderm surface ectoderm external ectoderm An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. genitalia of male organism male genital system male genitalia male genitals male organism genitalia male organism reproductive system reproductive system of male organism male genital organ male genital tract male reproductive tract systema genitale masculinum male reproductive system The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. Wolffian body mesonephric kidney mesonephroi amphibian adult kidney corpus Wolffi middle kidney opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros mesonephros In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO] metanephron definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephric kidney metanephros A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. renal tubules tubuli mesonephrici mesonephric tubule An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] diverticulum diverticulum metanephricum gemma ureterica metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum ureteric ampulla ureteric diverticulum ureteric bud A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum. morula (2-16 cells) morula A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues ICM early embryoblast embryoblast embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior pluriblast inner cell mass the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta trophoblast layer massa cellularis externa trophoblastus trophoderm trophoblast A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc. embryonic disc embryonic shield germinal disc germinal disk bilaminary embryonic disc bilaminary germ disc bilaminar disk bilaminar disc Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] membrane membrane of organ membrane organ portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] cardiac neural crest complex complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus cardiac neural crest The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature vascular network of lung vasculature of lung lung vasculature the connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin connective tissue of lung pulmonary interstitium lung interstitial tissue lung interstitium pulmonary connective tissue pulmonary interstitial tissue lung connective tissue The epithelial layer of the lung. epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue pulmonary epithelium lung epithelium A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. segment of tracheobronchial tree respiratory conducting tube segment of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial tree segment airway respiratory tube Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. gemma pulmonalis gemma respiratoria lung bud primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum lung bud Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium. layer layer of cells cell sheath sheath of cells cell layer A layer of thin, concentrically arranged cells with interspersed collagen that lies within the epineurium. (Nolte, J., The Human Brain 3rd edition) perineurium A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle neuron projection bundle A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO) nucleus nervous system nucleus neuraxis nucleus neuronal nucleus nucleus of CNS nucleus of neuraxis neural nucleus anterior region of body posterior region of body membrane membranous organ component membranous layer The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anatomical anal canal anal pad anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber mesenteron pars analis recti anal canal Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. bowel intestinal tract intestine Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. anatomical ostium ostium anatomical orifice hilum orifice Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures cloacal chamber vent cloaca endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. cloaca embryonic cloaca the ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females urogenital sinus UGS fetal UGS sinus urogenitalis primitive urogenital sinus The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). regio oralis adult mouth cavital oralis cavitas oris cavum oris mouth cavity oral region oral vestibule rima oris stoma stomatodaeum trophic apparatus vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris mouth The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. oral fissure oral orifice mouth oral part of face oral opening A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis. segment of colon proximal-distal subdivision of colon The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs pair of lungs Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ gas exchange organ respiration organ A bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach disgorged through the mouth or nose that happens as a result of a vomit reflex. vomitus vomit Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid. acqua amnii liquor amnii amniotic fluid A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity excreted substance portion of excreted substance waste substance excretion excreta Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. pleural effusion A bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. oronasal discharge oronasal secretion Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. purulent exudate pus A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. portion of blood vertebrate blood whole blood blood Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. blood or blood analog circulating fluid haemolymphatic fluid Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO]. area dorsalis telencephali dorsal part of telencephalon dorsal telencephalic area dorsal telencephalon pallium Dorsal part (base region) of the telencephalon. area ventralis telencephali subpallium ventral telencephalon subpallium ventral part of telencephalon Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ. ligament organ ligament the thin innermost layer of the extraembryonic membranes that contains the amniotic fluid; the membrane forms a closed sac in which the embryo and later, the fetus, is suspended and protected amnios amnion Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. blastula embryo blastosphere blastula The upper ventral region of an animal's torso. The upper ventral region of the torso of an organism. mammary part of chest mammary region mamma breast Cartilage pertaining to the tibia. tibial cartilage cartilage of tibia portion of cartilage tissue in tibia A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. caecum mucosa caecum mucosa of organ caecum mucous membrane caecum organ mucosa cecal mucosa cecum mucosa of organ cecum mucous membrane cecum organ mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa mucosa of caecum mucosa of cecum mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ of caecum mucosa of organ of cecum mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane of caecum mucous membrane of cecum mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa of caecum organ mucosa of cecum organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum cecum mucosa Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells. colon mucosa colon mucous membrane colonic mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel colonic mucosa A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. doudenal mucosa duodenal mucous membrane mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum duodenum mucosa duodenal mucosa An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching. fetus embryo late growth stage embryo late stage late embryo The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. gastric gland The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). digestive tract wall wall of digestive tract wall of gut wall of alimentary tract gut wall A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. ileal mucous membrane ileum mucosa ileum mucosa of organ ileum mucous membrane ileum organ mucosa mucosa of ileum mucosa of organ of ileum mucous membrane of ileum organ mucosa of ileum ileal mucosa bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. medulla ossium flava yellow marrow fat marrow yellow bone marrow A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine glandula intestinalis intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland glandulae intestinales intestinal gland A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal region mucous membrane organ mucosa region of mucosa tunica mucosa mucosa A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. visceral brain limbic system functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. parenchyma A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea tunica mucosa pharyngis mucous membrane of the pharynx pharyngeal mucosa The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. blastocystis blastula blastocyst the inner portion of the kidney consisting of the renal pyramids kidney medulla medulla of kidney medulla renalis pyramides renales renal medullae renal medullae set renal pyramids renal pyramids set medullary pyramids renal marrow renal medulla An epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. transitional epithelium epithelium transitionale transitional epithelium uroepithelium urothelium The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. striate body striated body corpus striatum The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur. hind limb stylopod hind limb stylopodium hind propodium hindlimb propodium hindlimb stylopod hindlimb stylopodium proximal segment of free lower limb stylopod of hind limb stylopod of hindlimb stylopod of lower limb thigh upper leg femur hindlimb stylopod The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. maxillary division [V2] maxillary division [Vb] maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) maxillary nerve [V2] maxillary nerve [Vb] nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) nervus maxillaris [v2] nervus maxillaris [vb] ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) second division of fifth cranial nerve second division of trigeminal nerve trigeminal V nerve maxillary division n. maxillaris nervus maxillaris trigeminal nerve maxillary division maxillary nerve The muscular portion of the tongue. muscle of tongue muscle organ of tongue skeletal muscle tissue of tongue tongue skeletal muscle tongue skeletal muscle tissue musculi linguae tongue muscle A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tracheal mucous membrane tunica mucosa (tracheae) tunica mucosa tracheae windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa tracheal mucosa Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. glandula sudorifera apocrina apocrine sweat gland The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system set of all muscles set of muscles of body vertebrate muscular system muskelsystem musculature of body The group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. distributed to the hair cells of the spiral organ. The cochlear fibers arise in bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion in the modiolus. Corti's ganglion cochlear part of vestibulocochlear ganglion ganglion of Corti spiral ganglion vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component ganglion cochlearis ganglion spirale ganglion spirale cochleae spiral ganglion of cochlea vestibulocochlear ganglion cochlear component cochlear ganglion An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium colonic epithelium A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal mucous membrane jejunum mucosa jejunum mucosa of organ jejunum mucous membrane jejunum organ mucosa mucosa of jejunum mucosa of organ of jejunum mucous membrane of jejunum organ mucosa of jejunum jejunal mucosa An epithelium that is part of a jejunum. epithelium of jejunum jejunal epithelium One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers plus ganglia that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. gangliated cord sympathetic chain sympathetic ganglionic chain truncus sympathicus sympathetic trunk A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. serous gland A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi mucosa bronchi mucosa of organ bronchi mucous membrane bronchi organ mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa of organ bronchial trunk mucous membrane bronchial trunk organ mucosa bronchus mucosa bronchus mucosa of organ bronchus mucous membrane bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchi mucosa of bronchial trunk mucosa of bronchus mucosa of organ of bronchi mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk mucosa of organ of bronchus mucous membrane of bronchi mucous membrane of bronchial trunk mucous membrane of bronchus organ mucosa of bronchi organ mucosa of bronchial trunk organ mucosa of bronchus tunica mucosa bronchi bronchial mucosa A mesodermal signaling center of the hair follicle consisting of closely packed specialized mesenchymal fibroblasts. Framed by the enlarged bulb matrix in anagen. dermal papillae follicular papilla dermal papilla cell hair follicle dermal papilla hair papilla papilla corii papilla dermatis papilla dermis papilla of corium papillae dermis skin papilla dermal papilla A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. glandula mucosa muciparous gland mucous secreting gland mucus gland mucus-secreting gland mucous gland An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. arterial wall wall of artery artery wall A merocrine, unbranched, unbranched, coiled, tubular gland sweat gland. In humans, distributed over almost all of the body surface, and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretion. glandula sudorifera eccrina glandula sudorifera merocrina eccrine gland merocrine sweat gland eccrine sweat gland The prostate epithelium. epithelial tissue of prostate epithelial tissue of prostate gland epithelium of prostate epithelium of prostate gland epithelium of prostatic gland prostate epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelium prostatic epithelium prostatic gland epithelium prostate epithelium . lymphoid nodule nodular lymphoid tissue folliculus lymphaticus lymphatic follicle lymphatic nodule nodulus lymphaticus nodulus lymphoideus lymphoid follicle The layer located below the cerebral cortex that includes the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. cerebral medulla subcortex cerebral subcortex A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. secretion bodily secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion secreted substance exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion secretion of exocrine gland The region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity. endocervix An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of uterus uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus uterine wall Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. body fluid or substance body substance organism substance portion of body substance portion of organism substance organism substance organism substance Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. lumen space lumen space anatomical spaces anatomical space Anatomical entity that has mass. material anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has no mass. immaterial physical anatomical entity immaterial anatomical entity Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. system body system connected anatomical system organ system anatomical systems anatomical system Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. organism multi-cellular organism animal Koerper body whole body whole organism multicellular organism Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. compound organ components compound organ component A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm. gonad of male genitalia gonad of male reproductive system male gonad testicle orchis testes testiculus testis The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system genitalia of female organism reproductive system of female organism female genital system female genital tract female genitalia female genitals female reproductive tract gynaecological tissue systema genitale femininum female reproductive system Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. anatomic region body part body region cardinal body part organism subdivision Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. acellular anatomical structures acellular anatomical structure Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. anatomical cluster A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. extra-embryonic structure extraembryonic structures extraembryonic tissue extraembryonic structure Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. portion of tissue tissue portion simple tissue tissue Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. anatomical group Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. multi-tissue structures multi-tissue structure Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. epithelial tissue portion of epithelium epithelium Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. epithelium simplex cuboideum simple cuboidal epithelia simple cuboidal epithelium Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] columnar epithelium columnar epithlium epithelium simplex columnare simple columnar epithelium simple columnar epithelia simple columnar epithelium Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] stratified epithelium laminated epithelium multilaminar epithelium Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] epithelium simplex squamosum simple squamous epithelia simple squamous epithelium Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. heterogenous epithelium atypical epithelia atypical epithelium Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. cavitated organ cavitated compound organs cavitated compound organ Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] simple epithelium unilaminar epithelia unilaminar epithelium A semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. chymus chyme Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. chyle Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. mucus Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. intercellular fluid tissue fluid interstitial fluid Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. thorax anterior subdivision of trunk upper body upper trunk thoracic segment of trunk The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis adult abdomen belly celiac region abdomen Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. embryonic organism developing organism developmental tissue embryo A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. embryonic tissue germinal layer primary germ layer embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers germ layer Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. embryonic ectoderm ectoderm Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. entoderm endoderm The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. embryonic mesoderm entire mesoderm mesodermal mantle mesoderm Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium mouth primordium primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum mouth pit oral ectoderm oral pit stomodeum An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. stomach chamber anterior intestine gaster mesenteron ventriculus stomach The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree dorsal aorta arteria maxima aorta A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. chambered heart vertebrate heart branchial heart Herz@de cardium heart Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. endocrine glandular system endocrine system systema endocrinum endocrine system The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. encephalon suprasegmental levels of nervous system suprasegmental structures synganglion the brain brain The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex. cortex of cerebral hemisphere brain cortex cortex cerebralis cortex cerebri cortical plate (CTXpl) cortical plate (areas) pallium of the brain cerebral cortex Any thin layer or plate. laminar tissue lamina Middle part of an organ, surrounded by the cortex. medulla medulla of organ The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. ganglion of thorax ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum thoracic paravertebral ganglion thoracic splanchnic ganglion thoracic sympathetic ganglion thorax ganglion thoracic ganglion head sensillum the transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure cornea of camera-type eye corneas tunica cornea cornea Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. camera-type eye lens eye lens lens lens crystallina crystalline lens lenses ocular lens lens of camera-type eye The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. inner layer of eyeball retina of camera-type eye tunica interna of eyeball Netzhaut retinas retina An organ that detects light. light-detecting organ visual apparatus eye The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. omatidium omatidia ommatidium An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. collum neck (volume) neck Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah] humeri humerus bone mesomere 1 of pectoral appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral fin humerus The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion). wall of pleural sac pleura pleural tissue pleura The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. tetrapod leg lower extremity leg The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. shankbone shinbone tibia Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified]. thigh bone femoral bone mesomere 1 of pevlic appendage os femorale os femoris os longissimum proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin femur Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. articulation joint articular joint joints skeletal joint A intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination penes phallus penis Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Geschlechtsorgan animal reproductive system genital system genital tract genitalia organa genitalia reproductive tissue reproductive tract systemata genitalia reproductive system Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). gonada gonads gonad the gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells animal ovary female gonad female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada ovaries ovarium female gonad ovary A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. ovarian duct ovarian tube uterine tube female reproductive tracts oviducts tuba uterina tuba uterinae tubular parts of female reproductive system oviduct the female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth uterus A fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. distal oviductal region distal portion of oviduct vaginae vagina Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. seminal gland glandula seminalis glandula vesiculosa gonecyst vas efferens vesicula seminalis vesiculae seminales vesicular gland vesicular glands vesicular seminalis vesiculæ seminales seminal vesicle The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. epidermis skin vertebrate epidermis skin epidermis Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. apparatus respiratorius respiratory system Atmungssystem apparatus respiratorius systema respiratorium respiratory system An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. airway airways respiratory airway Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. alimentary system alimentary tract gastrointestinal system gut digestive system The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. excretory system renal system systema urinaria systema urinarium urinary system urinary tract renal or urinary system renal/urinary system renal system organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. systema cardiovasculare circulatory system Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue fat fat tissue fatty tissue adipose bodyfat fatty depot adipose tissue A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. muscle group muscles set musculature musculi set of muscles set of skeletal muscles muscle system muscles musculature system musculature The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. neurological system nerve net systema nervosum nervous system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. CNS systema nervosum centrale cerebrospinal axis neuraxis central nervous system A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed). fascicle fasciculus nerve bundle nerve fasciculus neural fasciculus nerve fiber tract nerve fasciculus An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. nerves peripheral nerve neural subtree nerve Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory subsystem sensory systems organa sensuum sensory organ system set of sense organs sensory system The sensory system for the sense of taste. gustatory organ system taste system gustatory system A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. saccus vitellinus vesicula umbilicalis yolk sac Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. praeenteron proenteron foregut A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. pharynx chordate pharynx Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). gullet oesophagus esophagus saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO] salivary gland glandulae salivariae saliva-secreting gland Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. mesenteron midgut The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. metenteron hindgut Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. bud future organ placode primordia rudiment primordium In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. neural primordium presumptive central nervous system tubus neuralis neural tube the terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus terminal portion of intestine intestinum rectum rectal sac terminal portion of large intestine rectum A tubule that extends from the posterior part of the digestive tract which absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. Each tubule consists of a single layer of cells that is closed off at the distal end with the proximal end joining the alimentary canal at the junction between the midgut and hindgut[WP,modified]. Malphigian tube Malpighian tube tuba Malpighii Malpighian tubule Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. anatomical entity A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. pancreatic duct chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung main pancreatic duct canal of Wirsung ductus pancreatis ventralis hepaticopancreatic duct ventral pancreatic duct A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core. discus intervertebralis intervertebral disc spinal disc intervertebral fibrocartilage spinal disk intervertebral disk A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. back skin back zone of skin skin, dorsal region zone of skin of back skin of back A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice ileocaecal junction ileocecal junction A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. cavity of pericardial sac pericardial space cavitas pericardiaca pericardial cavity Ossified form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. body of vertebra corpus vertebra corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) vertebral body arcocentrum autocentrum holocentrum centra corpus vertebrae vertebral centra vertebral centrum bony vertebral centrum Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium ventricle endocardial tissue endocardium of ventricle An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle cardiac ventricle epicardium ventricular epicardium epicardium of ventricle Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ventricle myocardium ventricular myocardium ventricle cardiac muscle myocardium of ventricle A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk skin of trunk Transudate contained in the pleural cavity. pleural fluid Excretion that is the output of a kidney urine Secretion produced by a sweat gland. skin exudate sweat Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells. Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae. joint fluid synovial fluid Skeletal element within the mouth (or in some species, upper part of the digestive tract) that is composed of dentine and is used in procuring or masticating food. dental element dentine containing tooth tooth vertebrate tooth calcareous tooth An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall wall of gullet wall of oesophagus wall of esophagus A lobe of tissue that is part of a thyroid gland. lobus (glandula thyroidea) lobus glandulae thyroideae thyroid gland lobe thyroid lobe lobuli glandulae thyroideae lobe of thyroid gland Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO]. spine backbone vertebral column skeleton columna vertebralis dorsal spine spinal column vertebral region vertebral column The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland for secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually found as a pair, embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism. parathyroid epithelial body parathyroid secreting cell parathyroid gland Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium cardiac musculature cardiac muscle tissue Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. skeletal muscle skeletal muscle system somatic muscle skeletal muscle tissue Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. involuntary muscle non-striated muscle smooth muscle textus muscularis nonstriatus visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus smooth muscle tissue Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). mesothelium A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. back back of body proper dorsal part of organism dorsum Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava. kidney vein renal venous tree vein of kidney venae renales renal vein the tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct ductus cysticus cystic duct A pouch in the digestive tract that connects the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. caecum cecum intestinum crassum caecum caeca ceca blind intestine blindgut intestinum caecum intestinum crassum cecum caecum A blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically[WP]. vermix appendix appendix vermiformis caecal appendix cecal appendix apex of caecum apex of cecum appendix vermiformis vermiform appendix Last portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. large bowel posterior intestine hindgut colon Section of colon which is distal to the cecum and proximal to the transversecolon.[FMA,modified] colon ascendens spiral colon ascending colon The proximal-distal subdivision of colon that runs transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, from the right to the left colic flexure. Continuous with the descending colon[BTO,modified]. colon transversum transverse colon The portion of the colon between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon at the pelvic brim; the portion of the descending colon lying in the left iliac fossa is sometimes called the iliac colon. colon descendens descending colon The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. colon sigmoideum pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure sigmoid colon The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong]. fundus gastricus (ventricularis) gastric fundus stomach fundus fundus gastricus fundus gastricus ventricularis fundus ventricularis fundus ventriculi fundus of stomach The part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] cardial part of stomach gastric cardia pars cardiaca (gaster) pars cardiaca gastricae stomach cardiac region antrum cardiacum cardiac antrum cardiac orifice cardiac region cardial orifice cardia of stomach the area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells antrum antrum of stomach stomach pyloric antrum antrum of Willis antrum pylori antrum pyloricum gastric antrum stomach antrum pyloric antrum the stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum pars pylorica pars pylorica gastricae pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region valvula pylori pylorus the layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus wall of stomach An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall wall of small bowel wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall wall of large intestine The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. mesentery (proper) mesentery proper small intestinal mesentery small intestine mesentery mesentery of small intestine The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids. liver acinus portal acinus hepatic acinus A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder. biliary tract biliary tree the part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct ductus choledochus (biliaris) ductus choledochus common bile duct The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space. visceral serous membrane of peritoneum visceral peritoneum Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum cavitas peritonealis saccus serosus peritonei peritoneal cavity An artery that supplies an ovary. ovarian arterial tree arteria ovarica ovarian artery The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. common iliac arterial tree arteria iliaca communis common iliac artery An artery that supplies the liver. arteria hepatica propria arteria hepatica hepatic artery The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa Magenschleimhaut tunica mucosa gastris mucosa of stomach the fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa gastric submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus tela submucosa (gaster) tela submucosa gastricae ventriculus submucosa submucous layer of stomach tela submucosa ventriculi submucosa of stomach the outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric serosa serosa of stomach A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. pyloric valve pyloric sphincter A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis mucosa of small intestine submucosal tissue in the small intestines. small bowel submucosa small intestinal submucosa small intestine submucosa submucosa of small bowel tela submucosa (intestinum tenue) tela submucosa intestini tenuis submucosa of small intestine A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. serosa of small bowel serous coat of small intestine serous membrane of small bowel serous membrane of small intestine small bowel serosa small bowel serous membrane small intestinal serosa small intestine serosa small intestine serous membrane tunica serosa (intestinum tenue) tunica serosa intestini tenuis visceral peritoneum of small intestine serosa of small intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi mucosa of large intestine A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa tela submucosa intestini crassi submucous layer of large intestine submucosa of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi visceral peritoneum of large intestine serosa of large intestine the protruding lymphoid tissue located on the mucosa of the intestine that is composed of densely packed B cell follicles noduli lymphoidei aggregati Peyers gland Peyers patch aggregated lymphoid follicle of intestine aggregated lymphoid nodule Peyer's patch A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. Brunner's gland gland of Brunner submucosal gland of duodenum glandula duodenales glandula duodenales Brunneri duodenal gland the tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold enteric villi enteric villous enteric villus intestinal villi villi intestinales villus villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) intestinal villus layer small intestine villus villi intestinales intestinal villus A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. kidney pelvis pelvis of ureter p. renallis pyelum renal pelvis Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. cortex renalis kidney cortex renal cortex cortex of kidney Tip of renal pyramid projecting into a minor calyx. kidney papilla renal papilla the structure containing the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus that serves as the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron Malphigian corpuscle Malpighian corpuscle corpusculum renale corpusculum renis cortical renal corpuscle kidney corpuscle renal corpuscle A cup-like sac at the expanded beginning of a tubular component of a nephron that contains the glomerulus Bowman's capsule Bowmans capsule capsula glomerularis renal glomerular capsule Bowman's capsule Malphigian capsule Malpighian capsule Mueller capsule Muellerian capsule capsula glomeruli pronephric glomerular capsule glomerular capsule An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. renal tubule kidney tubule tubulus renalis uriniferous tubule nephron tubule The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient collecting duct kidney collecting duct renal collecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus tubulus renalis colligens arcuate renal tubule collecting duct system collecting tubule junctional tube kidney collecting tubule ureteric tree collecting duct of renal tubule the thick outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces and secretes steroid hormones such as corticosterone, estrone and aldosterone adrenal gland cortex cortex (glandula suprarenalis) cortex of adrenal gland cortex of suprarenal gland suprarenal cortex cortex glandulae suprarenalis suprarenal adrenal cortex the inner portion of the adrenal gland that consists mainly of chromaffin cells which produce, store and secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine adrenal gland medulla medulla (glandula suprarenalis) medulla glandulae suprarenalis medulla of adrenal gland medulla of suprarenal gland suprarenal medulla adrenal central medulla chromaffin cells medulla of glandula suprarenalis adrenal medulla A chromaffin paraganglion located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. organ of Zuckerkandl paraganglion of Zuckerkandl para-aortic body paraganglia of Zuckerkandl paraaortic body Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. lamina propria mucosa of small bowel lamina propria mucosa of small intestine lamina propria mucosae of small bowel lamina propria mucosae of small intestine lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine lamina propria of small bowel small bowel lamina propria small bowel lamina propria mucosa small bowel lamina propria mucosae small intestine lamina propria small intestine lamina propria mucosa small intestine lamina propria mucosae lamina propria of small intestine the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes of the small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn of small bowel crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine intestinal gland of small bowel intestinal gland of small intestine lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine small bowel crypt of Lieberkuhn small bowel intestinal gland small bowel lieberkuhn crypt small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine intestinal gland small intestine lieberkuhn crypt crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine Mucosal layer that lines the intestine. bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine tunica mucosa intestini intestinal mucosa A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane serosa of intestine The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. interlobular ductule interlobular bile duct The area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur Malpighian body lymphatic follicle of spleen lymphoid follicle of spleen lymphoid nodule of spleen spleen B cell follicle spleen lymphoid follicle splenic B cell follicle splenic lymphatic follicle splenic lymphoid follicle spleen lymphoid nodule spleen lymphoid follicle the parenchymatous tissue network of the spleen that consists of loose plates or cords (sinuses) infiltrated with red blood cells where most of the blood filtration occurs and degenerate erythrocytes are removed from the circulation pulpa rubra red pulp spleen red pulp splenic red pulp pulpa splenica red pulp of spleen the zone between the red and white pulp of the spleen containing numerous macrophages and lymphocytes, and a rich plexus of sinusoids supplied by white pulp arterioles carrying blood-borne antigens marginal zone junctional zone of spleen spleen marginal zone marginal zone of spleen An adventitia that is part of a ureter. external adventitia of ureter tunica adventitia (ureter) tunica adventitia ureteris ureter adventitia ureteral adventitia adventitia of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. lamina propria mucosa of ureter lamina propria mucosae of ureter ureter lamina propria ureter lamina propria mucosa ureter lamina propria mucosae lamina propria of ureter The luminal epithelium of the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder[MP] transitional epithelium of ureter ureter transitional epithelium ureter urothelium ureter luminal urothelium urothelium of ureter distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. bladder vesica urinaria urocyst vesica urinary bladder An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder. anatomical wall of bladder anatomical wall of urinary bladder bladder anatomical wall bladder wall urinary bladder anatomical wall urinary bladder wall wall of bladder wall of urinary bladder the smooth triangular region of the wall of the urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice; it is an area in which the muscle fibers are closely adherent to the mucosa Lieutaud's trigone bladder trigone deep trigone musculus trigoni vesicae profundus trigone of bladder trigonum vesicae urinary bladder trigone vesical trigone dorsal bladder neck trigonum vesicae urinariae trigone of urinary bladder The constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP]. bladder neck cervix vesicae collum vesicae neck of bladder urinary bladder neck vesical neck cervix vesicae urinariae neck of urinary bladder the mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder bladder mucosa bladder mucous membrane bladder organ mucosa mucosa of bladder mucous membrane of bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) tunica mucosa vesicae tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae urinary bladder mucosa urinary bladder mucous membrane mucosa of urinary bladder A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder serosa bladder serous membrane serosa of bladder serous coat of bladder serous coat of urinary bladder serous membrane of bladder serous membrane of urinary bladder tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) tunica serosa vesicae urinary bladder serosa urinary bladder serous membrane visceral peritoneum of urinary bladder serosa of urinary bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder lamina propria bladder lamina propria mucosa bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bladder lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae of bladder lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder lamina propria of bladder urinary bladder lamina propria urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria of urinary bladder An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall wall of bowel bowel wall wall of intestine The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. acinus pancreaticus pancreas acinus pancreatic acinar pancreatic acini pancreatic acinus An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. pancreas A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. cord of Billroth cord of Bilroth splenic cord The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. girdle - pelvic pelvic girdle pelvic girdle region The epithelial layer of the stomach . epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium gastric epithelium epithelium of stomach Epithelial layer that lines the intestine. bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue villous epithelium intestine epithelium intestinal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium epithelium of large intestine A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel trias hepatica trias hepatica portal triad The functional units of the liver including the lobules. hepatic parenchyma liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver hepatic parenchyme liver parenchyma Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. liver hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoid of liver sinusoidal blood vessel of liver vas capillare sinusoideum vas sinusoideum hepatic sinusoids hepatic sinusoid the tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule canal of Herring cholangiole ductus interlobularis bilifer canal of Hering canals of Hering duct of Herring intrahepatic bile ductule intralobular bile duct The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] mature nephron nephroneum tubulus renalis nephron The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule. proximal convoluted renal tubule tubulus contortus proximalis 1st convoluted tubule PCT first convoluted tubule kidney proximal convoluted tubule renal proximal convoluted tubule tubulus contortus proximalis tubulus convolutus proximalis proximal convoluted tubule the section of the renal tubule in the kidney medulla with a hairpin bend; consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, and is situated between the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule; it functions to reabsorb water and ions from the urine Henle loop Henle's loop ansa nephroni loop of Henle the portion of the renal tubule that constitutes the proximal part of the loop of Henle, has low permeability to ions and urea, and is highly permeable to water; it consists of an initial short thick segment lined by low simple cuboidal epithelium and a long thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium; however, this distinction is not as important physiologically as in the ascending limb, so often the two are treated as one structure descending limb descending limb of Henle's loop loop of Henle descending limb descending limb of loop of Henle The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule. S3 thick descending limb of proximal tubule tubulus rectus proximalis pars recta pars recta tubuli renalis proximal tubule segment 3 segment 3 of proximal tubule proximal straight tubule the distal sub-portion of the ascending loop of Henle which is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and enters the renal cortex to empty a hypotonic filtrate into the distal convoluted tubule ascending thick limb distal straight tubule loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule straight portion of distal convoluted tubule thick ascending limb thick ascending limb of Henle's loop thick ascending limb of distal tubule tubulus rectus distalis tubulus rectus distalis thick ascending limb of loop of Henle The first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. distal convoluted renal tubule tubulus contortus distalis second convoluted tubule tubulus contortus distalis tubulus convolutus distalis distal convoluted tubule The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO]. outer renal medulla outer zone of medulla of kidney outer zone of renal medulla renal outer medulla zona externa (medullaris renalis) zona externa medullae renalis kidney outer medulla set of outer region of renal pyramids outer medulla of kidney Innermost region of the mammalian kidney. inner renal medulla inner zone of medulla of kidney inner zone of renal medulla renal inner medulla set of inner region of renal pyramids zona interna (medullaris renalis) zona interna medullae renalis kidney inner medulla inner medulla of kidney the glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy tunica mucosa (endometrium) tunica mucosa uteri uterine endometrium uterine mucosa uterine mucous membrane endometrium the smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ and surrounds and supports the endometrium tunica muscularis (myometrium) tunica muscularis uterine myometrium uterine smooth muscle myometrium Outer serosa layer of the uterus. perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus serosa of uterus the elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens Nebenhoden@de epididymis A spherical aggregation of cells in the ovary that contains a single oocyte[WP,modified]. follicle of ovary follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically ovary follicle egg follicle folliculi ovarici primarii folliculi ovarici vesiculosi ovarian follicle The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. arteria iliaca interna hypogastric artery internal iliac artery The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. a. umbilicalis umbilical artery One the veins that drains the vaginal venous plexus, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,modified]. vagina vein vein of vagina vaginal vein Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ muscle of pelvis A portion of a prostate that forms a lobe. lobe of prostate gland prostate gland lobe prostatic lobe lobe of prostate A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. penile skin penis skin penis zone of skin zone of skin of penis skin of penis A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. prepuce preputium penile prepuce prepuce of male preputium penis foreskin praeputium prepucium prepuce of penis A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system. male urethra A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system. urethra feminina urethra muliebris female urethra Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine gland of urethra urethra gland urethra gland (male or female) urethral mucuous gland urethral gland The tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs. seminiferous cord seminiferous tubule testis - seminiferous tubule tubuli seminiferi tubuli seminiferi seminiferous tubule of testis The epithelial layer of the vagina. epithelial tissue of vagina vagina epithelial tissue vagina epithelium vaginal epithelium epithelium, vaginal epithelium of vagina Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified] adipocytus unigutturalis textus adiposus albus unilocular adipose tissue white fat textus adiposus albus white adipose tissue A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified] adipocytus multigutturalis brown fat multilocular adipose tissue textus adiposus fuscus BAT textus adiposus fuscus brown adipose tissue The upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct that is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla; it connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity; like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. lachrymal sac lacrymal sac saccus lacrimalis lacrimal sac A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. auditory canal ear canal external acoustic tube external auditory canal external auditory tube auditory meatus external auditory meatus external acoustic meatus The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present posterior posterior end of organism anal region A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. CSF cerebral spinal fluid liquor cerebrospinalis spinal fluid cerebrospinal fluid The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls. parietal serous membrane of peritoneum peritoneal cavity lining parietal peritoneum A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle. leg muscle leg muscle organ leg skeletal muscle leg skeletal muscle tissue muscle of hindlimb zeugopod or stylopod muscle of thigh or crus muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment muscle of upper/lower leg muscle organ of leg skeletal muscle of leg muscle of leg A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin zone of skin of pelvis skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin skin of abdomen proper zone of skin of abdomen skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) skin of neck A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin zone of skin of thorax upper body skin skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. limb skin limb zone of skin zone of skin of limb skin of limb An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. cingulum membri superioris girdle - pectoral cingulum membri superioris shoulder girdle upper limb girdle pectoral girdle pectoral region pectoral girdle region A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition]. buccal lymphatic vessel face lymph vessel face lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of face lymphatic vessel of face FL facial lymphatic vessel PL pectoral lymphatic vessel Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. skeleton system set of all bones and joints Skelettsystem skeletal system A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. digitus manus phalanx finger phalanx hand digit phalanx hand phalanx manual phalanx phalanx of digit of hand phalanx of digitus manus phalanx of finger phalanx of fore digit phalanx of hand phalanx of hand digit phalanx of manual digit digital bone of manus bone of finger phalanges of fore digit phalanx of manus The head of a long bone that articulates with a neighboring skeletal element and is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united[MESH,modified]. bone epiphysis end of long bone epiphyses long bone epiphysis epiphysis Zone of long bone that is between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] diaphyseal end of long bone long bone metaphysis metaphyses metaphysis The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle bones of upper limb fore limb skeleton forelimb skeleton free upper limb skeleton ossa membri superioris pectoral limb skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of forelimb skeleton of free upper limb skeleton of pectoral limb skeleton of upper limb upper limb skeleton wing skeleton forelimb skeleton Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. bones of lower limb free lower limb skeleton hind limb skeleton hind-limb skeleton hindlimb skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris set of bones of lower limb skeleton of free lower limb skeleton of lower limb hindlimb skeleton Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. anterior autopodium skeleton bones of hand fore autopod skeleton forelimb autopod skeleton hand region skeleton hand skeleton manual skeleton manus skeleton ossa manus set of bones of hand skeleton of hand anterior autopodium manus skeleton of manus Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. anterolateral part of thorax front of thorax pectus ventral part of thoracic region thoracic body wall thorax chest head subdivision head region region of head subdivision of head Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. foot region skeleton foot skeleton pedal skeleton pes skeleton posterior autopodium skeleton set of bones of foot skeleton of foot pes posterior autopodium skeleton of pes A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. digital bone of pes digitus pedis phalanx foot digit phalanx foot phalanx pedal phalanx phalanx of digit of foot phalanx of digitus pedis phalanx of foot digit phalanx of hind digit phalanx of pes phalanx of toe toe phalanx bone of toe phalanges of hind digit phalanx of pes A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). facia/facies visage face A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. blepharon zone of skin eyelid skin eyelid zone of skin zone of skin of blepharon zone of skin of eyelid skin of eyelid A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. auricular region of head zone of skin auricular region zone of skin ear skin external ear skin external ear zone of skin outer ear zone of skin zone of skin of auricular region zone of skin of auricular region of head zone of skin of external ear zone of skin of outer ear skin of external ear The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. brachium upper extremity arm The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint-the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific]. cubital region elbow limb segment elbow region articulatio cubiti elbow A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod. knee region knee A digit that is part of a pes (foot). digit of foot digit of terminal segment of lower limb digiti pedis digitus pedis foot digit hind digit hind_digit hindlimb digit pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue pes digit toe digiti pedis digitipedis pedal digit The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. vertebral joint inter-centrum joint inter-vertebral joint intervertebral symphysis joint of vertebral body intervertebral joint the loose fold of skin that covers the penis foreskin of penis penis foreskin preputial skin skin of prepuce of penis The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. venous vaginal plexus plexus venosus vaginalis vaginal venous plexus A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. lymph vessel vas lymphaticum lymphatic vessel Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. bone organ bone bones bone element A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue. sesamoid ossa sesamoidea sesamoid bone An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. capsula articularis fibrous capsule of joint joint capsule joint fibrous capsule capsulae articulares articular capsule The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted]. joint of knee articulatio genus knee joint A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. articulationes pedis foot joint hind limb autopod joint joint of pes joint of terminal segment of free lower limb joints of foot pedal joint pes joint A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons. gambrel hock hock joint talotibial joint mortise joint talocrural articulation talocrural joint ankle joint A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition]. articulationes manus hand joint joint of hand joint of manus joint of terminal segment of free upper limb manual joint manus joint A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol]. articulatio cubiti cubital region joint joint of cubital region joint of elbow elbow joint Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ pelvic girdle skeletal muscle muscle of pelvic girdle Any muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. foot muscle foot muscle organ muscle of foot muscle organ of foot muscle of pes A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. arm muscle arm skeletal muscle arm skeletal muscle tissue muscle of upper arm or lower arm upper arm / lower arm muscle arm muscle system muscle of arm Any muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand muscle manus muscle manus muscle organ muscle of hand muscle organ of manus muscle of manus A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. knee skin knee zone of skin zone of skin of knee skin of knee A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. leg skin leg zone of skin zone of skin of leg skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. foot skin skin of foot skin of hind-paw skin of pes The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. pars descendens aortae aorta descendens pars descendens aortae descending aorta the part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest aorta thoracica thoracic part of aorta aorta thoracalis pars thoracica aortae thoracic aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. abdominal part of aorta descending abdominal aorta pars abdominalis aortae abdominal part of aorta aorta abdominalis pars abdominalis aortae abdominal aorta A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. cubital region zone of skin elbow skin elbow zone of skin zone of skin of cubital region zone of skin of elbow skin of elbow A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand skin manus skin skin of hand skin of fore-paw skin of manus the short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery innominate brachiocephalic trunk innominate artery truncus brachiocephalicus truncus brachiocephalicus brachiocephalic artery One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta arteria subclavia arterial tree of upper limb pectoral artery subclavian arterial tree PA arteria subclavia subclavian artery One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. arcuate artery renal arcuate artery kidney arcuate artery A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. gut digestive tube enteric tract alimentary canal alimentary tract digestive canal gut tube digestive tract Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. lower urinary tract The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea. upper respiratory tract The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified] lower respiratory tract organ neck neck of organ A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure. extrinsic lingual muscle extrinsic tongue muscle extrinsic muscle of tongue The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII. intrinsic lingual muscle intrinsic tongue muscle intrinsic muscle of tongue A muscle innervated by a facial nerve. face muscle face muscle organ facial muscle facial muscle proper facial nerve innervated muscle facial nerve muscle muscle of face muscle organ of face cranial-facial muscle cranio-facial muscle craniofacial muscle mimetic muscles muscle of facil expression muscles of facial expression musculi faciei facial muscle A congregation of multiple veins. venous network plexus venosus rete venosum venous plexus The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. musculus ciliarus Bowman`s muscles ciliaris musculus ciliaris ciliary muscle . iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris muscle of iris A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris. M. sphincter pupillae iris sphincter muscle musculus sphincter pupillae sphincter muscle of pupil circular fibers constrictor pupillae iris constrictor iris constrictor muscle iris sphincter m. sphincter pupillae pupillary constrictor muscle pupillary sphincter pupillary sphincter muscle sphincter pupillae sphincter pupillae muscle spincter pupillae sphincter pupillae A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted]. dilator muscle of pupil dilator of pupil dilator pupillae dilator pupillae muscle iris dilator muscle musculus dilatator pupillae pupillary dilator muscle radial muscle of iris dilator pupillae muscle iris dilator musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilator pupillae pupil dilator pupil dilator muscle pupillary dilator pupillary muscle radial muscle radiating fibers dilatator pupillae An artery that supplies the myocardium. coronary arterial tree coronary vessel coronary artery Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. muscle muscle organ An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. arterial subtree arterial tree organ part arteries arterial system arterial vessel artery Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. venous subtree venous vessel venous tree organ part vascular element vena venae vein Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). 5n fifth cranial nerve nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus [v] trigeminal V trigeminal nerve [V] trigeminal nerve tree trigeminal v nerve CN-V cranial nerve V nerve V nervus trigeminus trigeminus trigeminal nerve Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). 7n branchiomeric cranial nerve face nerve facial VII facial VII nerve facial nerve [VII] facial nerve tree nerve of face nervus facialis nervus facialis [vii] seventh cranial nerve CN-VII cranial nerve VII facial nerve or its root facial nerve/root nerve VII nervus facialis facial nerve the large, irregular bone located at the base and side of the skull; consists of three parts at birth: squamous, tympanic, and petrous os temporale temporal bone Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. auditory apparatus auris ear Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It typically consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. auricular region auricular region of head outer ear auris externa external ear The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted]. petrosal pars petrosa (os temporale) pars petrosa ossis temporalis petromastoid part of temporal bone temporal bone petrous part petrosal bone petrous bone petrous part of temporal bone Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. brain box brain case brain pan braincase neurocranium An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. cavity of nose cavity of olfactory apparatus nasal canal nasal conduit space nasal fossa olfactory chamber cavity cavitas nasalis cavitas nasi cavum nasi nasal pit olfactory cavity olfactory chamber olfactory pit nasal cavity Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. jaw jaw cartilage mandibular arch skeleton anterior splanchnocranium jaws mandibular arch oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton visceral arch 1 jaw skeleton Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. mandibular part of mouth lower part of mouth mandibular series lower jaw region A fold of skin that covers and protects part of the eyeball. Examples: upper eyelid, lower eyelid, nictitating membrane blepharon eye lid palpebra blephara palpebrae eyelid the groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves cranial ganglion cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ cranial ganglia head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia cranial ganglion A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. glossus tongue the section of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate nasal part of pharynx rhinopharynx Nasenrachenraum epipharynx pars nasalis pharyngis nasopharynx the circular lymphoid tissue formed by the lingual, pharyngeal, and facial tonsils Waldeyer's ring Waldeyer's tonsillar ring anulus lymphoideus pharyngis oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue pharyngeal lymphatic ring pharyngeal lymphoid ring tonsillar ring Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. lymphatic tissue lymphocytic tissue lymphoid tissue A lymphoid follicle that contains a germinal center. peripheral lymphoid tissue secondary lymphoid nodule secondary lymphoid tissue secondary nodular lymphoid tissue capsula fibrosa glandulae thyroideae fibrous capsule of thyroid gland thyroid capsule thyroid gland capsule capsule of thyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Automatically generated definition]. parenchyma of thyroid parenchyma of thyroid follicle parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle parenchyma thyroid gland follicle parenchyma thyroid gland parenchyma thyroid parenchyma parenchyma glandulae thyroideae parenchyma of thyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Automatically generated definition]. parathyroid gland parenchyma parathyroid parenchyma parenchyma of parathyroid parenchyma of parathyroid gland A network of orbital structures of the eye that secrete and drain tears from the surface of the eyeball into the nasal cavity; these parts include the lacrimal glands, lacrimal lake, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, nasolacrimal ducts, and lacrimal puncta. apparatus lacrimalis lacrymal system lacrimal drainage system nasolacrimal drainage system nasolacrimal system lacrimal apparatus Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular. dentin dentine of tooth predentin dentine A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. enamel of tooth enamel tissue tooth enamel enameloid enamel Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument. cement cement of tooth cementum cementum of tooth bone of attachment cementum The part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. pulp of tooth tooth pulp dental pulp cell dental pulp The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. auris media middle ear The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus. auricle auricle of ear auricle of external ear auricula auricula (auris externa) pinna of ear pinnae pinna The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. paradentium periodontal ligament periodontal membrane tooth supporting structure periodontium A condensation of odontoblasts that forms the part of a tooth germ that gives rise to dentin and pulp in the mature tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. odontogenic condensation pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme dental papilla dentinal papilla dermal papilla papilla dentis tooth mesenchyme odontogenic papilla Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. lactiferous duct lactiferous gland duct mammary gland duct ductus lactiferi galactophorous duct galactophorous tubule lactiferous tubule mammilary duct mammary duct the space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior eye anterior chamber camera anterior bulbi camera anterior bulbi oculi camera oculi anterior anterior chamber of eyeball the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. tunica vasculosa of eyeball uvea uveal tract pars iridica retinae tunica vasculatis oculi tunica vasculosa bulbi vascular layer of eyeball uvea the adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye anterior uvea irides irises iris The part of the lacrimal duct that connects the lacrimal punctum to the lacrimal sac. canaliculus lacrimalis lacrimal canaliculus the smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea anterior corneal epithelium cornea epithelial tissue cornea epithelium epithelial tissue of cornea epithelium anterius (cornea) epithelium anterius corneae epithelium corneæ anterior layer epithelium of cornea external epithelium of cornea anterior endothelium of cornea e. anterius corneae endothelium anterius corneae endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi endothelium corneale epithelium posterius corneae corneal epithelium Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. scleral capsule sclera A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. body musculature muscle of trunk muscle organ of torso muscle organ of trunk torso muscle organ trunk muscle trunk muscle organ trunk musculature skeletal muscle of trunk the thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes ocular ciliary body anterior uvea ciliary bodies corpus ciliare ciliary body vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. choroid choroid coat choroidea eye choroid posterior uvea chorioid choroidea optic choroid optic choroid the lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes substantia propria corneal stroma stroma of cornea substantia propria corneae substantia propria of cornea A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. ciliary body epithelium epithelium of ciliary body ocular ciliary epithelium ciliary epithelium The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. iridial stroma stroma of iris iris stroma the any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified] backbone nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spine nerve vertebral column nerve nervi spinales spinal nerves spinal nerve Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. retina layer retina neuronal layer retinal layer retinal neuronal layer layer of retina A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP]. outer pigmented layer of retina pigment epithelium of retina pigmented retina epithelium pigmented retinal epithelium retinal pigment epithelium retinal pigmented epithelium stratum pigmentosum (retina) stratum pigmentosum retinae PRE RPE epithelium, retinal pigment p. pigmentosa retinae pigmented epithelium pigmented retina retinal pigment layer stratum pigmentosa retinae pigmented layer of retina Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. cranial neural tree organ cranial nerves nervus cranialis cranial nerve Cytoarchitectural layer of retina containing closely packed cell bodies, the majority of which are bipolar cells (adapted from Wikipedia). inner nuclear layer intermediate cell layer neural retina inner nuclear layer retina inner nuclear layer retinal inner nuclear layer stratum nucleare internum stratum nucleare internum retinae INL layer of inner granules retina, inner nuclear layer inner nuclear layer of retina A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. aqueous humor aqueous humour humor aquosus aqueous humor of eyeball A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina portion of vitreous humor humor vitreous humor vitreus vitreous whole portion of vitreous humor humoral fluid ocular fluid vitreous fluid vitreous humour vitreous humor Gelatinous mucoid tissue that is composed of vitreous humor and fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina[MP,modified] vitreous body The chamber in the eyeball enclosing the vitreous humor, bounded anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the posterior wall of the eyeball[BTO,modified]. camera postrema camera postrema bulbi oculi camera vitrea camera vitrea bulbi postremal chamber postremal chamber of eyeball vitreous chamber vitreous chamber of eyeball The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. ganglion sensorium sensory ganglion any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive) anterior eye segment anterior segment eye anterior segment of eye anterior segment of the eye eye anterior segment segmentum anterius (bulbus oculi) segmentum anterius bulbi oculi anterior segment of eyeball any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive) eye posterior segment posterior eye segment posterior segment eye posterior segment of eye posterior segment of the eye segmentum posterius (bulbus oculi) segmentum posterius bulbi oculi posterior segment of eyeball A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. epithelial tissue of eye lens epithelial tissue of lens epithelium lentis epithelium of eye lens eye lens epithelial tissue eye lens epithelium lens epithelial tissue lens epithelium epithelium of lens ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. autonomic nervous system ganglion ganglion of autonomic nervous system ganglion of visceral nervous system visceral nervous system ganglion ganglion autonomicum autonomic ganglion A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia ganglion of sympathetic nervous system ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion sympatheticum sympathetic nervous system ganglion sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion ganglion sympathicum sympathetic ganglion Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord. ganglion of sympathetic trunk ganglion trunci sympathetici ganglion trunci sympathici sympathetic chain ganglion ganglia of sympathetic trunk ganglia trunci sympathici paravertebral ganglia paravertebral ganglion sympathetic chain ganglia paravertebral ganglion the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball conjunctivae conjunctivas tunica conjunctiva wall of conjunctival sac conjunctiva The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, located in or near the orbital region, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.[WP]. glandula lacrimalis lacrimal-preorbital gland glandula praeorbitalis preorbital gland tear gland lacrimal gland any of the coil glands of the skin that secrete sweat glandula sudorifera sudoriferous gland sudoriparous gland sweat gland A holocrine gland that secretes sebum into the hair follicles, or in hairless areas into ducts.[MP]. glandula sebacea glandula sebaceae sebaceous follicle sebaceous gland One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. cartilage of nose nasal cartilage The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. mucosa of nose mucous membrane of nose tunica mucosa nasalis tunica mucosa nasi nasal mucosa nasal cavity mucosa The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001]. gum gum tissue gums gingival mucosa gingiva A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions. salivary gland secretion sailva normalis saliva atomaris saliva molecularis saliva The duct of a salivary gland. salivary duct salivary gland duct secretory duct duct of salivary gland A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. osseous labyrinth labyrinthus osseus osseus labyrinth bony labyrinth One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP]. semicircular canals canalis semicircularis ductus semicirculares scc semicircular ducts semicircular canal the spiral-shaped bony canal in the inner ear containing the hair cells that transduce sound. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. [WP,modified]. cochlear part of bony labyrinth lagena cochleae cochlear duct cochlear organ lagenas cochlea Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. inner ear auris interna labyrinth otocyst internal ear cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. cartilage of pinna pinna cartilage auricular cartilage Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is lodged within the bony labyrinth and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph.[FMA, WP] labyrinthus membranaceus membranous labyrinth A collection of channels that connects the conjunctival sac with the nasal cavity, encompassing the lacrimal ducts, the lacrimal sac and the naso-lacrimal duct. lacrimal duct tear duct lacrimal drainage system Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. cortex cortex of organ cortex the larger of the two otolith organs in the vestibule membranous labyrinth utricle utricle utriculus utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) utricle of membranous labyrinth the smaller of the two otolith organs in the vestibule membranous labyrinth saccule saccule sacculus sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) sacculus saccule of membranous labyrinth An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP]. Reissner's canal Reissners canal cochlea duct cochlear duct scala medias cochlear aqueduct ductus cochlearis membranous cochlea scala media scala of Loewenberg cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth Any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium ductus semicirculares membranous semicircular canal semicircular duct The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals. vestibular component inner ear vestibular component labyrinthus vestibularis vestibular apparatus vestibular labyrinth Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP]. sebum A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. external ear cartilage cartilage of external ear A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region zone of skin anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin chest skin chest zone of skin front of thorax zone of skin zone of skin of anterior chest zone of skin of anterior part of thorax zone of skin of anterior thoracic region zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin of chest zone of skin of front of thorax zone of skin of pectoral part of chest skin of chest One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA] cerebrum hemisphere hemispheric regions hemispherium cerebri medial amygdalar nucleus nucleus amygdaloideus medialis nucleus medialis amygdalae cerebral hemisphere A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces. CP chorioid plexus plexus choroideus choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere plexus choroideus ventricular choroid plexus choroid plexus The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. FB prosencephalon forebrain The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. MB mesencephalon midbrain A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain hindbrain neuromere hindbrain neuromeres rhombomere future rhombencephalon rhombomeres rhombomere Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. supratentorial region cerebrum endbrain telencephalon The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle. DiE between brain interbrain mature diencephalon thalamencephalon betweenbrain diencephalon diencephalon Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. epencephalon epencephalon-2 metencephalon Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. bulb medulla bulbus medulla oblonzata metepencephalon medulla oblongata A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. Hy preoptico-hypothalamic area preoptico-hypothalamic region hypothalamus hypothalamus the epithelial lining of the trachea which contains numerous ciliated cells epithelial tissue of trachea epithelial tissue of windpipe epithelium of windpipe trachea epithelial tissue trachea epithelium tracheal epithelium windpipe epithelial tissue windpipe epithelium epithelium of trachea An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of small bowel epithelial tissue of small intestine epithelium of small bowel mid intestine epithelium small bowel epithelial tissue small bowel epithelium small intestinal epithelium small intestine epithelial tissue small intestine epithelium epithelium of small intestine A specialized accessory gland of the skin of mammals that secretes milk. The gland is typically only developed in females, and regresses in males. glandula mammaria lactiferous gland lobe of breast milk patch Brustdruese dug glandula mammaria lobe of mammary gland mamma mammae mammary gland Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA] acinus of mammary gland lactiferous acinus lactiferous gland lobule lactiferous lobule lobule of lactiferous gland lobule of mammary gland mammary acinus mammary gland lobule lobule of mammary gland An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation. An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation. mammary gland milk milk milk (mammary secretion) An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. blood capillary endothelium capillary endothelium capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of blood capillary endothelium of capillary vessel endothelium of capillary An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. arteriole endothelium endothelium of arteriole An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. arterial endothelium artery endothelium endothelium of artery An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. venule endothelium endothelium of venule An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. vein endothelium venous endothelium veinous endothelium endothelium of vein Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP) Pa filiform nucleus paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus paraventricular nucleus nuclei paraventriculares nuclei paraventricularis hypothalami nucleus filiformis nucleus hypothalami filiformis nucleus hypothalami paraventricularis nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus (Malone) paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus parvocellular hypothalamic nucleus subcommissural nucleus (Ziehen) paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. MTg tegmentum tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum of midbrain mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum mesencephalicum midbrain tegmentum A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. spinal cord part regional part of spinal cord A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. epithelial tissue of gingiva epithelium of gingiva gingiva epithelial tissue gingiva epithelium gingival epithelium An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN) cerebral neocortex homogenetic cortex homotypical cortex isocortex (sensu lato) neocortex (isocortex) neopallial cortex neopallium isocortex iso-cortex nonolfactory cortex nucleus hypoglossalis neocortex An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue of nasopharynx epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx epithelium of nasal part of pharynx epithelium of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue nasal part of pharynx epithelium nasopharynx epithelial tissue nasopharynx epithelium rhinopharynx epithelial tissue rhinopharynx epithelium nasopharyngeal epithelium epithelium of nasopharynx A part of the brain consisting of a three layered cortex located in the forebrain bordering the medial surface of the lateral ventricle. The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum. Ammon's horn ammon gyrus ammon horn hippocampus major hippocampus proper hippocampus proprius Ammon horn fields Ammons horn cornu ammonis hippocampus Ammon's horn An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue bronchiolus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus respiratorius respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue respiratory bronchiole epithelium epithelium of respiratory bronchiole The hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. bronchi cartilage bronchial cartilage bronchial cartilage ring bronchial trunk cartilage bronchus cartilage cartilage of bronchi cartilage of bronchial trunk cartilagines bronchiales cartilage of bronchus A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi submucosa bronchial submucosa bronchial trunk submucosa bronchus submucosa submucosa of bronchi submucosa of bronchial trunk tela submucosa bronchi submucous layer of bronchi submucosa of bronchus An epithelium that lines a terminal bronchiole. bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue bronchiolus terminalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis epithelium of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue terminal bronchiole epithelium terminal bronchiole epithelium the parenchymatous tissue of the spleen that surrounds splenic blood vessels, consists of compact masses of lymphatic cells and is where foreign material removed from the blood is used to initiate an immune reaction that results in the production of antibodies pulpa alba spleen white pulp splenic white pulp white pulp noduli lymphoidei splenici white pulp of spleen diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO]. MALT epithelio-lymphoid tissue mucosa associated lymphatic tissue mucosa associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO]. gut associated lymphoid tissue GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissue A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses bronchus associated lymphoid tissue BALT bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. plasma portion of plasma blood plasm portion of blood plasma blood plasma vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. fel gall bile A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal submucosa esophagus submucosa gullet submucosa oesophagus submucosa submucosa of esophagus submucosa of gullet submucosa of oesophagus tela submucosa (oesophagus) tela submucosa esophagi tela submucosa oesophageae tela submucosa of esophagus submucous layer of esophagus tela submucosa oesophagi submucosa of esophagus A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus lamina propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa esophagus lamina propria mucosae gullet lamina propria gullet lamina propria mucosa gullet lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of esophagus lamina propria mucosa of gullet lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus lamina propria mucosae of esophagus lamina propria mucosae of gullet lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus lamina propria of gullet lamina propria of oesophagus oesophagus lamina propria mucosa oesophagus lamina propria mucosae esophageal lamina propria oesophagus lamina propria lamina propria of esophagus A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus serosa esophagus serous membrane gullet serosa gullet serous membrane oesophagus serous membrane serosa of abdominal part of esophagus serosa of gullet serosa of oesophagus serous coat of oesophagus serous membrane of esophagus serous membrane of gullet serous membrane of oesophagus tunica serosa oesophageae oesophagus serosa serosa of esophagus the epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus epithelial tissue of esophagus epithelial tissue of gullet epithelial tissue of oesophagus epithelium of gullet epithelium of oesophagus esophageal epithelium esophagus epithelial tissue esophagus epithelium gullet epithelial tissue gullet epithelium oesophagus epithelial tissue oesophagus epithelium epithelium of esophagus pancreas parenchyma pancreatic parenchyma parenchyma of pancreas One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins venula venule The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. arteriola arteriole A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. vascular element region of vascular tree organ vascular tree organ region vas sanguineum blood vessel Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. blood capillary capillary vessel capillary the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes intestinal gland Lieberkuhn crypt Lieberkuhn gland Lieberkuhn's gland Lieberkuhn's glands crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkühn crypts of Lieberkühn follicles of lieberkuhn intestinal crypt intestinal crypts lieberkuhn crypt intestinal gland of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. intestinal gland of large intestine large intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn large intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn large intestine intestinal gland large intestine lieberkuhn crypt lieberkuhn crypt of large intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. cornea endothelium endothelium of cornea epithelium posterius corneae corneal endothelium A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA] endothelium organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. allantoic placenta eutherian placenta placenta Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified] excreta faeces fecal material fecal matter matières fécales@fr merde@fr partie de la merde@fr piece of shit porción de mierda@es portion of excrement portion of faeces portion of fecal material portion of fecal matter portion of feces portionem cacas stool teil der fäkalien@de cow dung cow pat dung fewmet frass guano portion of dung portion of guano portion of scat scat spraint droppings excrement ordure spoor feces The upper layer of the dermis beneath the epidermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue[ncit,modified]. corpus papillary dermis papillary layer papillary dermis papillary layer papillary layer of dermis stratum papillare stratum papillare (dermis) stratum papillare corii stratum papillare dermis superficial dermis dermal papillary layer stratum papillare papillary layer of dermis Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance. hyaline cartilage chondroid cartilage hyaline cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns. fibrocartilage tissue stratified cartilage tissue fibrocartilage Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers. elastic cartilage elastic cartilage tissue yellow elastic cartilage yellow elastic cartilage tissue reticular cartilage yellow cartilage elastic cartilage tissue A sensory epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors[WP]. main olfactory epithelium nasal cavity olfactory epithelium olfactory membrane olfactory sensory epithelium sensory olfactory epithelium MOE nasal epithelium nasal sensory epithelium pseudostratified main olfactory epithelium olfactory epithelium The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. PNS - enteric enteric PNS enteric nervous system Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP]. lymph node cortex cortex nodi lymphoidei cortex of lymph node The mdeullary portion of the lymph node, which contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells. lymph node medulla medulla nodi lymphoidei medulla of lymph node An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. pulmonary arterial tree pulmonary arterial tree organ part arteria pulmonalis pulmonary arterial subtree truncus pulmonalis pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. pulmonary venous tree organ part venae pulmonales pulmonary vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. portal venous tree organ part portal vein Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). synovial layer synovial membrane synovium membrana synovialis (capsula articularis) membrana synovialis capsulae articularis stratum synoviale stratum synoviale (capsula articularis) synovial layer of articular capsule of synovial joint synovial membrane of articular capsule of synovial joint synovium of articular capsule of synovial joint synovial membrane of synovial joint A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. gray matter gray matter of neuraxis grey matter grey matter of neuraxis grey substance neuronal grey matter substantia grisea gray mater grisea gray matter the deepest layer of the epidermis, which is composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells Malpighian layer rete Malphighii rete Malpighii stratum Malpighi stratum basale stratum germinosum basal cell layer of epidermis basal epidermal layer epidermal basal stratum epidermis stratum basale stratum basalis of epidermis stratum germinativum stratum germinosum of epidermis basal cell layer of skin basal layer of epidermis epidermis basal layer epidermis sensorial layer epidermis stratum germinativum stratum basale of epidermis the outer layer of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized non-nucleated cells horny layer keratinized squame layer stratum corneum cornified layer epidermis stratum corneum horny layer of epidermis keratinized squame layer of epidermis stratum corneum epidermidis stratum corneum of epidermis The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. rhombencephalon hindbrain The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. epithelial tissue of gall bladder epithelial tissue of gallbladder epithelium of gallbladder gall bladder epithelial tissue gall bladder epithelium gallbladder epithelial tissue gallbladder epithelium biliary epithelium epithelium of gall bladder An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi epithelial tissue bronchi epithelium bronchial epithelium bronchial trunk epithelial tissue bronchial trunk epithelium bronchus epithelial tissue bronchus epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchi epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk epithelial tissue of bronchus epithelium of bronchi epithelium of bronchial trunk epithelium of bronchus A tiny smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle with the dermis. arrector pili arrector pili muscle arrector pili smooth muscle arrector pilli arrector pilli muscle arrector pilorum arrector pilorum muscle of hair arectores pilorum erector pili erectores pilorum pilomotor muscle arrector muscle of hair Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. striated muscle striated muscle tissue Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. infratentorial region epencephalon-1 corpus cerebelli parencephalon cerebellum Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM). SN Soemmering's substance nucleus of basis pedunculi nucleus pigmentosus subthalamo-peduncularis substancia nigra substantia nigra (Soemmerringi) substantia nigra An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. endothelium of lymph vessel endothelium of lymphatic vessel lymph vessel endothelium lymphatic endothelium lymphatic vessel endothelium lymphatic vessel endothelium A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. thyroid glandula thyroidea thyroid gland Respiration organ that develops as an oupocketing of the esophagus. pulmo lung An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. vascular network vasculature Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. developing embryonic structure embryonic anatomical structure developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic structures embryonic structure An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolar epithelium bronchiole epithelial tissue bronchiole epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiole epithelial tissue of lobular bronchiole epithelium of lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole epithelial tissue lobular bronchiole epithelium epithelium of bronchiole the narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex where aldosterone is produced adrenal gland zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa of suprarenal gland glomerulosa zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. truncus arteriosus The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted]. vena umbilicalis umbilical vein The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. vertebrate dermis corium cutis dermis the layer of flattened cells containing basophilic granules of keratohyalin and lying just above the stratum spinosum (spiny layer) of the epidermis epidermis stratum granulosum granular layer of epidermis stratum granulosum epidermis granular layer stratum granulosum of epidermis Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. hypoderm vertebrate hypodermis sub-tegumental tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutis subtegumental tissue superficial fascia tela subcutanea hypodermis A tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO]. folliculus pili hair follicle An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. visceral organ visceral organ system Organsystem@de splanchnic tissue viscera visceral tissue viscus A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. cardiac right ventricle right ventricle right ventricle of heart right cardiac ventricle ventriculus dexter heart right ventricle Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. atria atrium atrium of heart cardiac atria heart atrium atrial tissue cardiac atrium Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. ventricle heart ventricle lower chamber of heart ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. cardiac left ventricle left cardiac ventricle left ventricle left ventricle of heart ventriculus sinister cordis heart left ventricle A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. atrial septum atrium septum interatrial septal wall interatrial septum The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. axial skeleton post-cranial axial skeleton postcranial axial skeleton Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton paired fin skeleton skeleton appendiculare appendicular skeleton The fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. cranial dura mater dura mater cranialis dura mater encephali dura mater of brain brain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord dura mater of spinal cord spinal cord dura mater spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis spinal dura mater Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA] heart interventricular septum heart ventricular septum interventricular septum of heart interventriculare cordis intraventricular septum s. interventriculare cordis septum inferius septum membranaceum ventricle septum ventricular septum interventricular septum Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. generic mesentery mesentery (generic) mesentery The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. entire skin skin organ entire integument integument integumental organ pelt skin skin of body The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. cardiac septa heart septa heart septum septum of heart spiral septa cardiac septum Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. thoracolumbar region torso trunk region Rumpf trunk A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. free limb limb sensu Vertebrata pentadactyl limb tetrapod limb flipper extremities extremity limb A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts. anteriormost limb fore limb forelimb free part of upper limb free upper limb membrum superius pectoral limb superior member upper extremity upper limb pectoral flipper foreleg forelimb A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. free lower limb hind limb hind-limb hindlimb inferior member lower limb membrum inferius free part of lower limb lower extremity membrum inferius pelvic appendage hindlimb The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. photosensory system visual organ system visual system Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. auditory organ system vestibuloauditory system auditory system auditory/vestibular system vestibuloauditory system vestibulo-auditory system the organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets lien spleen An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. iecur jecur liver Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. small bowel small intestine anterior intestine intestinum tenue mid intestine small intestine An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. gall bladder gallbladder vesica biliaris vesica fellea gall bladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. arterial smooth muscle artery smooth muscle artery smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of artery arterial smooth muscle cell artery smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal smooth muscle esophagus involuntary muscle esophagus non-striated muscle esophagus smooth muscle esophagus smooth muscle tissue gullet involuntary muscle gullet non-striated muscle gullet smooth muscle gullet smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of esophagus involuntary muscle of gullet involuntary muscle of oesophagus non-striated muscle of esophagus non-striated muscle of gullet non-striated muscle of oesophagus oesophagus involuntary muscle oesophagus non-striated muscle oesophagus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of gullet smooth muscle of oesophagus smooth muscle tissue of esophagus smooth muscle tissue of gullet smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus oesophagus smooth muscle smooth muscle of esophagus A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function. reniculate kidney kidney The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). proximal intestine upper intestine duodenum the portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum intestinum jejunum mid-intestine middle intestine jejunum the portion of the small intestine that extends from the jejunum to the colon distal intestine intestinum ileum lower intestine posterior intestine ileum An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. right ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. left ovary In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. pronephric kidney archinephron embryonic kidney pronephron pronephros the outer part of a thymus lobule that surrounds the medulla and is composed of closely packed lymphocytes thymic cortex thymus cortex cortex of thymus Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. medulla of thymus gland thymus gland medulla thymus medulla medulla of thymus A lobule that is part of a thymus. Divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla and separated from each other by connective tissue septa, but with the medullary tissue continuous from lobule to lobule.[ncit,modified]. lobule of thymus thymic lobule thymus lobule thymus lobule The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of three main layers, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer. cortex of cerebellar hemisphere cortex cerebellaris cortex cerebelli cerebellar cortex The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted]. PPTg peduncular pontine nucleus pedunculopontine nucleus nucleus pedunculopontinus nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. endocardial lining endocardial tissue heart endocardium heart endocardial tissue endocardium Endocardium that is part of the atrium. Cardiac atria endocardium atrial endocardium atrium endocardium atrium of heart endocardium cardiac atrium endocardium endocardium of Cardiac atria endocardium of atrium of heart endocardium of cardiac atrium endocardium of heart atrium heart atrium endocardium atrium endocardial tissue endocardium of atrium Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] right lung Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] left lung The small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters pulmonary alveolar sac sacculus alveolaris air sac alveolar sac The white substance of the spinal cord lying on either side between the ventral median fissure and the ventral roots of the spinal nerves. anterior funiculus anterior funiculus of spinal cord anterior white column of spinal cord funiculus anterior medullae spinalis ventral funiculus ventral funiculus of spinal cord ventral white column of spinal cord ventral funiculi ventral funiculus of spinal cord the upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea bronchi bronchial trunk bronchial tissue bronchus the conducting airway of the lungs found terminal to the bronchi; these structures contain neither cartilage nor mucous-secreting glands; the epithelium of the bronchioles becomes thinner with each branching lobular bronchiole bronchioli bronchiolus bronchiole the last conducting structure of non-respiratory bronchioles; after this point, the airways have alveoli in their walls bronchiolus terminalis bronchioli terminalis terminal bronchiole tube terminal bronchiole A bronchiole that is the first segment of the respiratory zone. bronchiolus respiratorii bronchiolus respiratorius respiratory bronchiole A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. panniculus adiposus fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue hypodermis fat layer panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae subcutaneous fat layer fatty layer of superficial fascia subcutaneous fat subcutaneous adipose tissue Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex haemolymphoid system hemolymphoid system Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers. capsula nodi lymphoidei lymph node capsule capsule of lymph node The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin[ZFA]. AHP anterior hypophysis anterior lobe (hypophysis) anterior lobe of hypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary anterior lobe of pituitary gland anterior pituitary lobus anterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus anterior hypophysis pituitary gland, anterior lobe anterior lobe of the pituitary anterior pituitary gland cranial lobe lobus anterior pituitary anterior lobe pituitary glandanterior lobe rostral lobe adenohypophysis The posterior part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormon. NHP infundibular process lobus nervosus neurohypophysis lobus posterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus posterior hypophysis neural lobe neural lobe of pituitary neural lobe of pituitary gland neuro hypophysis neurohypophysis pituitary gland, posterior lobe posterior lobe of pituitary posterior lobe of pituitary gland posterior pituitary lobus nervosus lobus posterior pituitary gland neural lobe pituitary gland, neural lobe posterior lobe of hypophysis posterior pituitary gland neurohypophysis The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. dermis plus epidermis plus hypodermis integumentum commune skin and subcutaneous tissue skin plus hypodermis the integument Hautsystem@de dermal system dermoid system skin tegument vertebrate integument integument Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head vascular network adult head vasculature cranial vasculature head vascular network vascular network of adult head vascular network of head vasculature of adult head head vasculature vasculature of head A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso vasculature of trunk A submucosa that is part of a trachea. submucosa of windpipe trachea submucosa tracheal submucosa windpipe submucosa submucous layer of trachea submucosa of trachea Vasculature that is part of the eye region. eye vascular network ocular blood vessel ocular vasculature vascular network of eye eye vasculature optic vasculature vasculature of eye Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. musculo-skeletal system musculoskeletal system Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA] articulatio fibrosa junctura fibrosa fibrous joint A continuation of the neuron projection bundle component of a nerve inside, crossing or immediately outside the central nervous system. initial segment of nerve radix nervi nerve root the oval neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the anterior wall of the saccule; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies macula of membranous labyrinth saccule macula of saccule macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula saccule macula sacculi membranous labyrinth saccule macula saccular macula saccular macula of membranous labyrinth saccule macula saccule of membranous labyrinth macula sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula macula sacculi saccular maculs macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA] articulatio cartilaginea junctura cartilaginea cartilaginous joint the neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the inferolateral wall of the utricle; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies; normally sensitive to linear acceleration in the longitudinal axis of the body and to gravitational influences macula of membranous labyrinth utricle macula of utricle macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula utricle macula utriculi membranous labyrinth utricle macula utricle macula utricle of membranous labyrinth macula utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula macula utriculi maculae utricle utricular macula macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA] secondary cartilaginous joint symphysis Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] articulatio synoviale diarthroses diarthrosis diarthrosis joint diarthrodial joints synovial joint The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted]. cochlear spiral organ organum spirale spiral organ spiral organ of Corti Corti's organ auditory papilla auditory papillae basilar papilla organ of Corti papilla basilaris spiral organ of cochlea Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO) SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure cerebrocerebellar fissure fissura cerebro-cerebellaris fissura cerebrocerebellaris medulla spinalis spinal cord structure spinal medulla spinal cord Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. calvarium neurocranium chondrocranium the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc which is a remnant of the notochord nucleus pulposus (diskus intervertebralis) pulpy nucleus nucleus propulsus nucleus propulsus of intervertebral disk nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk nucleus pulposus An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base. Jacobson's organ organon vomeronasale organum vomeronasale VNO organ of Jacobsen vomeronasal organ The pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO]. dorsal grey horn dorsal horn dorsal region of mature spinal cord dorsal region of spinal cord dorsal spinal cord columna grisea posterior medullae spinalis cornu dorsale cornu posterius medullae spinalis dorsal gray column of spinal cord dorsal gray horn dorsal gray matter of spinal cord dorsal grey column of spinal cord dorsal horn spinal cord posterior gray column of spinal cord posterior gray horn of spinal cord posterior grey column of spinal cord posterior horn of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal horn spinal cord posterior horn dorsal horn of the spinal cord spinal cord dorsal horns dorsal horn of spinal cord The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. anterior gray column of spinal cord anterior gray horn of spinal cord anterior grey column of spinal cord anterior horn columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis spinal cord anterior horn spinal cord ventral horn ventral gray column of spinal cord ventral gray matter of spinal cord ventral grey column of spinal cord ventral grey horn ventral horn spinal cord ventral region of spinal cord ventral spinal cord anterior column anterior column of the spinal cord anterior horn (spinal cord) cornu anterius medullae spinalis ventral horn of the spinal cord ventral horns spinal cord ventral horn of spinal cord The dorsal roots contain afferent sensory axons. The dorsal roots of each side continue outwards, along the way forming a dorsal root ganglion (also called a spinal ganglion). dorsal root dorsal root of spinal nerve dorsal spinal nerve root dorsal spinal root posterior root of spinal nerve radix dorsalis radix posterior (nervus spinalis) radix sensoria (nervus spinalis) sensory root of spinal nerve dorsal roots radix posterior radix posterior nervi spinalis root dorsali nervi spinalis root sensoria nervi spinalis sensory spinal root dorsal root of spinal cord A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]. bulbus olfactorius bulbus olfactorius bulbus olfactorius (Morgagni) olfactory lobe olfactory lobe (Barr & Kiernan) olfactory bulb An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ. olfactory organ olfactory sense organ olfactory sensory organ main olfactory organ primary olfactory organ olfactory neuroepithelium organ olfactus organum olfactorium olfactory organ hypothalamus periventricular zone zona periventricularis hypothalamicae periventricular zone of the hypothalamus periventricular zone of hypothalamus A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ). brain stem reticular formation brainstem reticular formation reticular formation (classical) reticular formation of the brainstem reticular formation The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. limbus lamina spiralis limbus laminae spiralis limbus laminae spiralis osseae spiral limbus lamina spiral limbus lamina of spiral limbus The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted]. psalterial cord stria vascularis stria vascularis of cochlea vascular stripe of cochlear duct stria vascularis ductus cochlearis vascular stria of cochlear duct stria vascularis of cochlear duct A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere lateral ventricle lateral ventricles telencephalic ventricle telencephalon lateral ventricle forebrain ventricle lateral ventricle of brain tectal ventricle telencephalic ventricles telencephalic vesicle telencephalic ventricle Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle choroid plexus fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle choroid plexus 4th ventricle choroid plexus choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. canalis centralis central canal central canal of spinal cord spinal cord central canal ventricle of spinal cord central canal, spinal cord/medulla central canal of spinal cord Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree). biliary apparatus biliary tract biliary system The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. dorsal mesogastrium mesenterium dorsale commune dorsal mesentery The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal[MESH]. ear wax earwax cerumen Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. brain stem truncus encephali accessory medullary lamina of pallidum lamella pallidi incompleta lamina medullaris accessoria lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi lamina pallidi incompleta truncus encephalicus brainstem Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP]. alveolus alveolus pulmonis lung alveolus pulmonary alveolus respiratory alveolus alveoli alveolus pulmonis respiratory alveoli alveolus of lung One of the layers of the neocortex. cortical layer layer of neocortex neocortex layer cerebral cortex layer lamina of neocortex layer of neocortex the atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle atrial myocardium atrium myocardium atrium cardiac muscle myocardium of atrium An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. complexus juxtaglomerularis juxtaglomerular complex juxtaglomerular apparatus The layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus. cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation hippocampus layer hippocampus proper layer layer of cornu ammonis layer of hippocampus Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle choroid plexus telencephalic ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle choroid plexus choroid plexus of lateral ventricle A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. brain nucleus brain nuclei nucleus of brain A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus pyramidal layer of hippocampus stratum pyramidale stratum pyramidale hippocampi gyrus occipitalis inferior gyrus occipitalis tertius hippocampal pyramidal cell layer hippocampal pyramidal layer hippocampus pyramidal cell layer hippocampus stratum pyramidale hippocampus pyramidal layer The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. gray matter of spinal cord gray substance of spinal cord grey matter of spinal cord grey substance of spinal cord spinal cord gray matter spinal cord grey matter spinal cord grey substance substantia grisea medullae spinalis gray matter of spinal cord Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system. CNS tract/commissure neuronal white matter white matter of neuraxis white substance CNS tracts and commissures CNS white matter substantia alba white mater white matter The regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. spinal cord white matter spinal cord white matter of neuraxis spinal cord white substance substantia alba medullae spinalis white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord white substance of spinal cord white matter of spinal cord inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. mesangium A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. glomerular mesangium the tissue comprised of mesangial cells that fill the triangular space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus extraglomerular mesangium The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. body cavity coelomic cavity coelomic cavity lumen main body cavity space of body compartment ventral body cavity celom coelom coelome hemocoel coelemic cavity lumen Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. back muscle back muscle organ muscle organ of back muscle of back The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. epithelial tissue of urethra urethra epithelial tissue urethra epithelium urethral epithelium urethral plate urethral seam epithelium of urethra A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. lamina propria mucosa of urethra lamina propria mucosae of urethra urethra lamina propria urethra lamina propria mucosa urethra lamina propria mucosae urethral lamina propria lamina propria of urethra A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. embryonic notocord notocord notochorda notochord Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. mesodermal cluster epimere epimere mesoderm epithelial somite somites somitic mesoderm somitus somite Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. exocrine glandular system exocrine system The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta. chorda umbilicalis funiculus umbilicalis birth cord connecting stalk funiculus umbilicalis yolk stalk umbilical cord The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. macula densa The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle. endometrium stroma stroma of endometrium endometrial stroma A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi lamina propria bronchi lamina propria mucosa bronchi lamina propria mucosae bronchial trunk lamina propria bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae bronchus lamina propria bronchus lamina propria mucosa bronchus lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bronchi lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa of bronchus lamina propria mucosae of bronchi lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae of bronchus lamina propria of bronchi lamina propria of bronchial trunk bronchial lamina propria lamina propria of bronchus A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. NC crista neuralis neural crest material neural crest Set of all muscles in abdomen. abdominal musculature muscle group of abdomen muscles of abdomen musculature of abdomen musculature of abdominal wall set of muscles of abdomen abdomen musculature Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. neural ectoderm neuroectoderm epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma neuaral ectoderm presumptive central nervous system ventral neurogenic region neurectoderm a region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. heart epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart visceral serous pericardium proper pericardium visceral mesothelium epicardium the middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers heart myocardium muscle of heart cardiac muscle heart muscle myocardium The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO] cardiac conducting system cardiac conduction system cardiac impulse conducting system cardionector complexus stimulans cordis heart conduction system impulse conducting system systema conducente cordis central conduction system conducting system of heart The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. Koch's node SA nodal muscle tissue SA node cardiac pacemaker node of Keith-Flack nodus sinuatrialis sinoatrial node sinu-atrial node sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue sinuatrial node sinus node sinus node of Keith and Flack nodus sinuatrialis sinoatrial node An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. AV nodal muscle tissue AV node Aschoff-Tawara node atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue node of Tawara nodus atrioventricularis A-V node atrio-ventricular node atriovetricular node downstream pacemaker nodus atrioventricularis atrioventricular node A part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers[GO] AV bundle His bundle atrioventricular bundle muscle tissue atrioventricular fasciculus bundle of His fasciculus atrioventricularis A-V bundle atrio-ventricular bundle atrioventricular bundle The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. lesser pelvis pelvic region pelvis pelvis region true pelvis pelvic region of trunk Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. serous portion of pericardium pericardium serosum serous pericardium A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified]. peritonaeum peritoneum Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA] fibrous portion of pericardium pericardium fibrosum fibrous pericardium Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. layer of meninges meningeal layer meninx primitiva meninx Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections. dura mater of neuraxis pachymeninges dura dura mater A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. Rivinus' membrane ear drum eardrum lateral wall of tympanic cavity membranous wall of tympanic cavity myrinx paries membranaceus cavi tympani tympanum tympanic membrane A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas ducted gland glandula exocrina exocrine gland The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. male prostate prostate prostata prostate gland Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified]. ductless gland glandula endocrina ductless gland glandulae endocrinae endocrine gland Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO]. glandula adrenalis glandula suprarenalis adrenal adrenal capsule adrenal medulla cell atrabiliary capsule epinephric gland epinephros glandula suprarenalis interrenal gland suprarenal capsule suprarenal gland adrenal gland Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. thymus gland thymus organ thymus the soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones medulla ossea medulla ossium medulla of bone medullary bone bone marrow either of the two small almond-shaped masses of lymph tissue found on either side of the oropharynx Mandel tonsil Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region. cephalic muscle cephalic musculature head muscle head muscle organ muscle of head muscle organ of adult head muscle organ of head musculus caput adult head muscle organ cranial muscle head muscles cranial muscle Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region. muscle organ of neck muscle organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) muscle organ neck muscle neck muscle organ muscle of neck Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. abdomen muscle abdomen muscle organ abdominal muscle abdominal wall muscle muscle organ of abdomen abdominal wall musculature muscle of abdomen Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. portion of connective tissue textus connectivus Bindegewebe connective tissue Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis muscle tissue The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. antebrachial region antebrachium antibrachium arm middle limb segment arm zeugopod brachial region middle limb segment brachial region zeugopod forearm forelimb epipodium forelimb zeugopodium forelimb zygopod intermediate segment of free upper limb lower arm lower segment of arm middle limb segment of arm middle limb segment of brachial region middle limb segment of forelimb middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb regio antebrachialis zeugopod of arm zeugopod of brachial region zeugopod of forelimb zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb wing zeugopod antebrachium fore epipodium forelimb zeugopod distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits. foot hindlimb autopod hindlimb autopodium hindlimb distal free limb segment pes terminal segment of free lower limb hind foot hind paw hind-paw hindfeet hindfoot hindfoot of quadruped hindpaw hind limb autopodium pes A digit that is part of a manus (hand). digit of hand digit of manus digitus manus finger fore digit forelimb digit hand digit manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue manual digit Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. haematological system haemopoietic system organa haemopoietica Blutbildungssystem haematopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hemopoietic system hematopoietic system Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system through lymph capillaries[WP]. lympha lymph the paired channels leading from the lacrimal sacs to the inferior meatus of the nose, through which tears are conducted through the nasal cavity nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris d. nasolacrimalis tear duct nasolacrimal duct Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine. bile tube biliary duct gall duct hepatic duct bile duct distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits. forelimb autopod forelimb autopodium hand hand region terminal segment of free upper limb fore foot fore paw fore-paw forefeet forefoot forefoot of quadruped forepaw manus The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. pleura parietalis parietal pleura The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. pleura pulmonalis pleura visceralis pleura visceralis (pulmonalis) pulmonary visceral pleura lung mesothelium lung pleura pulmonary pleura visceral pleura The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae. cavitas pleuralis cavitum pleuralae cavitum pleurale pleural cavity Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. immune system a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. pericardium pericardial sac The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. pericardium Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. lamina parietalis (pericardii serosum) lamina parietalis pericardii parietal layer of serous pericardium parietal pericardium pericardial sac parietal serous pericardium The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. autonomic division of peripheral nervous system autonomic part of peripheral nervous system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici peripheral autonomic nervous system visceral nervous system ANS divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici autonomic nervous system The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebra bone vertebrae vertebra Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. integumentary system body surface dermal system external covering of organism integumentum commune organism surface surface integumental system The abdominal segment of the torso. abdomen/pelvis/perineum lower body lower trunk lumbar region abdominal segment of trunk Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. cartilage tissue cartilaginous tissue chondrogenic tissue cartilage cartilages portion of cartilage tissue cartilage tissue A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. glandulae cutis set of skin glands skin glands skin glands set skin gland An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified]. basal ganglion of telencephalon basal ganglia basal nucleus nuclei basales basal ganglion Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment]. hippocampus (Crosby) hippocampus archipallium formatio hippocampi major hippocampus primal cortex seahorse hippocampal formation Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large irregularly shaped cavity located on the midline of the rhombencephalon, between the medulla, pons and the isthmus ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally. It is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct anteriorally and the central canal of the spinal cord posteriorly. It communicates with the subarachnoid space through its lateral and median apertures. ventricle IV rhombencephalic vesicle 4th ventricle IVth ventricle fourth ventricle proper hindbrain ventricle rhombencephalic ventricle ventricle of hindbrain ventricle of rhombencephalon ventriculus quartus fourth ventricle The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system hepaticobiliary system liver and biliary system liver/biliary system hepatobiliary system An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues epithelium of mucosa of mouth epithelium of oral mucosa oral epithelium Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. lamina visceralis pericardii serosi serous visceral pericardium visceral lamina of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium visceral pericardium epicardium pericardium visceral mesothelium visceral serous pericardium Any muscle organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region muscle organ anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ chest muscle organ front of thorax muscle organ muscle of thorax muscle organ of anterior thoracic region muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ of chest muscle organ of front of thorax musculus thoracicus thoracic muscle chest muscle A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. skin of arm brachial region skin arm skin A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. bone of extremity bone of limb free limb bone limb bone Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted]. lymph node of neck cervical lymph node A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO]. neostriatum neuraxis striatum striate nucleus striatum striatum of neuraxis caudate putamen corpus striatum corpus striatum (Zilles) dorsal striatum striated nucleus striatum White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. cerebral hemisphere white matter cerebral white matter white matter structure of cerebral hemisphere hemisphere white matter region of cerebral white matter substantia medullaris cerebri cerebral hemisphere white matter A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of choroid blood vessel of choroid coat blood vessel of choroidea blood vessel of posterior uvea choroid blood vessel choroid blood vessels choroid blood vessels set choroid coat blood vessel choroidea blood vessel posterior uvea blood vessel vasa sanguinea choroideae set of choroid blood vessels choroidal blood vessel A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad] knee bone knee cap patella patella The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta decidous membrane decidua basalis endometrium extraembryonic part of placenta extraembryonic placenta maternal decidual layer maternal part of placenta maternal placenta placenta maternal decidual layer uterine decidua decidua The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus. endometrial gland endometrial mucuous gland endometrium gland glandulae uterinae uterine gland glandulae uterinae endometrial gland An artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted]. internal mammary artery internal thoracic mammary artery arteria mammaria interna arteria thoracica interna mammary artery internal thoracic artery The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries intersegmental artery intersegmental arteries intersomitic artery peripheral nerve trunk trunk of nerve trunk of peripheral nerve nerve trunk The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system[WP]. lymphatic system lymphatic circulatory system lymphatic drainage system systema lymphoideum lymphoid system A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal mucosa esophageal mucous membrane esophagus mucosa esophagus mucous membrane lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae mucosa of esophagus mucosa of oesophagus mucous membrane of esophagus mucous membrane of oesophagus oesophageal mucosa oesophagus mucosa oesophagus mucous membrane tunica mucosa esophagi tunica mucosa oesophageae tunica mucosa oesophagi muscularis mucosae of oesophagus tunica mucosa oesophagi esophagus mucosa Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot autopod autopodial limb segment autopodial segment autopodium autopodium region distal free limb segment distal segment of free limb autopodial element distal segment of limb manus/pes paw paw/hand/foot/hoof pod autopod region The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus). middle part of limb epipodium middle free limb segment middle limb segment zeugopod limb segment zeugopodial limb segment zeugopodium zygopod zygopodium middle segment of free limb zeugopod The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton. proximal part of limb propodium proximal free limb segment stylopodial limb segment stylopodium proximal segment of free limb stylopod Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. calcium tissue osseous tissue osteogenic tissue mineralized bone tissue bone portion of bone tissue bone tissue The minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra. duct of prostate duct of prostate gland prostate duct prostate gland duct prostatic duct prostate duct the branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina arteria uterina uterine artery Long bone is a limb bone that is subcylindrical and has a shaft with periosteum separating the ends of the bones. Long bones are present only in the limbs[VSAO:wd]. os longum long bone The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. cochlear labyrinth An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of iris epithelium of iris epithelium pigmentosum (iris) epithelium pigmentosum iridis iris epithelial tissue iris epithelium pigmented epithelium of iris iris pigmented epithelium iris epithelium A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen lymph node lymph node of abdomen parietal abdominal lymph node abdominal lymph node The lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group. mesenteric node nodi lymphoidei mesenterici mesenteric lymph node A transient endocrine gland that develops from the postovulatory or atretic follicles and secretes progesterone; it is thought to be related to egg retention[PMID]. corpora lutea corpus luteum of ovary ovarian corpus luteum luteal gland corpus luteum Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. ossified chondrogenic bone cartilaginous bone endochondral bones endochondral bone The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. base of cranium base of skull basis cranii cranial base basicranium the crystalline particles composed of calcium carbonate and a protein which adhere to the gelatinous membrane of the maculae of the utricle and saccule (otolithic membrane) otolith organs saccule and utricle utricle and saccule otolith organ Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. elastic connective tissue textus connectivus elasticus elastic fiber elastic tissue The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. Bichat's tunic intima tunica intima vasorum tunica intima A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. lymph node of pancreas pancreas lymph node pancreatic node aJCC level 19 node pyloric lymph node pancreatic lymph node A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. free limb segment segment of limb subdivision of limb extremity part limb region region of limb limb segment an organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ glandular organ Druese glandula gland In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] epiblast blastocyst ectoblast epiblastus primitive ectoderm epiblast (generic) Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt] sensillum arthropod sensillum One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. pharyngeal arches branchial arch arcus pharyngei visceral arch pharyngeal arch A line of sensory organs and associated structures along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes. lateral line organs lateral line stitches lateral-line organs ll lateral line system A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans). acropodial unit digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue limb digit digit Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. ectodermal placode placode ectodermal cranial placode cranial placodes cranial placode Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. cavity anatomical cavity cavity of organ organ cavity The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata reticular formation bulb reticular formation bulbar reticular formation medulla oblongata reticular formation medulla oblonmgata reticular formation medullary reticular nucleus metepencephalon reticular formation reticular formation of bulb reticular formation of medulla reticular formation of medulla oblongata reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation of metepencephalon rhombencephalic reticular formation formatio reticularis myelencephali medullary reticular formation Part of cerebral hemisphere located on the medial surface, forming a ring around the brain stem fornicate gyrus grande lobe limbique of Broca limbic lobe (carpenter) fornicate convolution fornicate lobe gyrus fornicatus lobus limbicus limbic lobe Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia. anatomical structure of brain biological structure of brain brain anatomical structure brain biological structure brain part neuraxis segment neuroanatomical region segment of brain regional part of brain Part of the reticular formation located in the midbrain tegmentum MBRF reticular formation of midbrain tegmental reticular formation formatio reticularis mesencephali formatio reticularis tegmentalis formatio reticularis tegmenti mesencephali substantia reticularis mesencephali midbrain reticular formation A region of the brain consisting of ventral and rostral subcortical regions of the telencephalon, including among others, the basal ganglia, septal nuclei, amygdala, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, and basal nucleus of Meynert. basal forebrain area pars basalis telencephali basal forebrain A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Automatically generated definition]. cerebellar cortical segment segment of cerebellar cortex regional part of cerebellar cortex The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Distributed to the maculae of the utricle and saccule and to the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts. The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus. Scarpa's ganglion vestibular part of vestibulocochlear ganglion vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars medialis vestibulocochlear ganglion vestibular component vestibular ganglion the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the eighth cranial nerve during embryogenesis; splits in later development to form the cochlear and vestibular ganglia SAG acoustic ganglion VIII acoustico-vestibular VIII ganglion auditory ganglion gVIII ganglion VIII statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion statoacoustic ganglia statoacoustic ganglion vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion acoustic ganglion auditory ganglion nucleus nervi oculomotorii ventrolateralis nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars ventralis statoacoustic VIII ganglion vestibulocochlear ganglia vestibulocochlear ganglion A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. dorsal root ganglion of thorax ganglion of dorsal root of thorax ganglion spinalis of thorax thoracic dorsal root ganglion thoracic spinal ganglion thorax dorsal root ganglion thorax ganglion of dorsal root thorax ganglion spinalis thoracic dorsal root ganglion A sensory epithelium that is part of a gustatory system. gustatory epithelium A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. septa septum A nerve fiber that is part of a trigeminal nerve. central part of trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve fibers trigeminal nerve tract fibrae nervi trigemini trigeminal nerve fibers A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. olfactory placodes placoda nasalis placoda olfactoria nasal I placode nasal placode olfactory placode An epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP] otic vesicle OV acoustic vesicle auditory vesicle otocyst ear vesicle A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. skin periderm EVL epidermis epithelial layer epidermis outer layer epitrichium periderm periderm The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. anterior neural plate pre-chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. posterior neural plate chordal neural plate Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. segmental plate unsegmented paraxial mesoderm PSM presumptive somite mesoderm somitogenic mesoderm somitomeric mesoderm unsegmented mesenchyme presomitic mesoderm In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. archinephric duct ductus pronephricus pronephric ducts pronephric duct Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. ventral lateral plate mesoderm blood islands VBI caudal hematopoietic tissue posterior ICM posterior blood island ventral blood island blood island A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue head mesenchyme head mesoderm prechordal plate The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. IM intermediate mesenchyme intermediate plate intermediate plate mesoderm mesenchyma intermedium intermediate mesoderm The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements. 2nd pharyngeal arch arcus pharyngeus secundus branchial arch 2 hyoid arch pharyngeal arch 2 second branchial arch second pharyngeal arch second visceral arch visceral arch 2 2nd arch 2nd visceral arch hyoid bars pharyngeal arches 2 pharyngeal arch 2 Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. dorsolateral placodes dorsolateral placode The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. chordamesoderm axial mesoderm A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK] placoda otica auditory placode ear placode ear/otic placode octaval VIII placode octaval placode otic placode Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. eye placode occular primordium ocular primordium optic placode optic placode of camera-type eye optic primordium eye anlage eye field optic field optic placodes eye primordium Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. eye cup eyecup ocular cup ophtalmic cup optic cup A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. lens placodes placoda lentis lens placode Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. Wolffian duct Leydig's duct archinephric duct ductus mesonephricus; ductus Wolffi renal duct mesonephric duct A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA] lamina neuralis presumptive central nervous system neural plate posterior neural tube The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO] paraxial mesenchyme somitic mesoderm mesoderma paraxiale paraxial mesoderm anterior neural tube Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. LPM lateral mesoderm lateral plate lateral plate mesenchyme mesoderma laminae lateralis lateral plate mesoderm A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells. myomeres muscle plate myomere myotome region myotomes myotomus myotome Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. TNC trunk crest trunk neural crest Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. cardiac field fused heart primordium heart primordium Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. sclerotomes sclerotomus sclerotome The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. thyroid primordia thyroid primordium neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage. CNC cephalic neural crest cranial NCC population head NCC population crista neuralis cranialis head crest head neural crest cranial neural crest Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. female human body female female organism Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. male human body male male organism Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. anatomical surface feature surface feature surface region surface structures surface structure Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. organ compound organ Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO]. mesenchymal tissue mesenchyme tissue portion of mesenchymal tissue portion of mesenchyme tissue mesenchyma mesenchyme Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. dendrocranium exocranium dermal skull roof dermatocranial cover roof of skull skull roof dermal bone cranium dermal part of skull dermal skull bones roofing bones of the skull skull exoskeleton dermatocranium The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles 6th arch gill arch 4 sixth branchial arch visceral arch 6 6th pharyngeal arch 6th visceral arch branchial arch 4 fourth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch sixth visceral arch pharyngeal arch 6 The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis 1st arch artery AA1 aortic arch 1 first aortic arch first branchial arch artery mandibular aortic arch 1st aortic arch artery 1st branchial arch artery 1st pharyngeal arch artery first arch artery pharyngeal arch artery 1 The vessels formed within the second pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis 2nd arch artery AA2 aortic arch 2 hyoid aortic arch second aortic arch second branchial arch artery 2nd aortic arch artery 2nd branchial arch artery 2nd pharyngeal arch artery pharyngeal arch artery 2 The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis 6th arch artery AA6 aortic arch 6 sixth aortic arch sixth branchial arch artery 6th aortic arch artery 6th branchial arch artery 6th pharyngeal arch artery pulmonary arch pharyngeal arch artery 6 the outermost extraembryonic membrane chorion (vertebrates) embryonic chorion fetal chorion uterine chorion chorion frondosum chorionic sac chorion The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. cartilaginous trachea vertebrate trachea windpipe tracheal tubule trachea Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). bones of cranium ossa cranii set of bones of cranium skull minus mandible upper part of skull calvarium epicranial plate skeletal system of head cranium Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. cranial skeleton skeletal system of head skull An organ involved in reproduction genital organ reproductive system organ sex organ genitalia reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive gland/organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism female reproductive organ A male organ involved in reproduction male organism reproductive organ male organism reproductive structure male organism reproductive system organ male organism sex organ male reproductive gland/organ male reproductive system organ male sex organ reproductive organ of male organism reproductive structure of male organism reproductive system organ of male organism sex organ of male organism male reproductive organ barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP]. blood-CSF barrier blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier A sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO]. alveolus of lactiferous gland alveolus of lobe of breast alveolus of lobe of mammary gland alveolus of mammary gland lactiferous alveolus lactiferous gland alveolus lobe of breast alveolus lobe of mammary gland alveolus mammary alveolus mammary alveoli mammary gland alveolus organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP]. alveolus Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. ovary septum one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO] metanephric blastema metanephric mesoderm metanephrogenic mesenchyme metanephros associated mesenchyme metanephric mesenchyme Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits. digit long bone long bone of digit phalange phalanges phalanx bone phalanx An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. cubital region epithelial tissue cubital region epithelium elbow epithelial tissue elbow epithelium epithelial tissue of cubital region epithelial tissue of elbow epithelium of cubital region epithelium of elbow An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of knee knee epithelial tissue knee epithelium epithelium of knee An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch epithelium of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw epithelial tissue lower jaw epithelium ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue ventral mandibular arch epithelium epithelium of lower jaw An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue of utricle epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium utricle epithelial tissue utricle epithelium utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of utricle An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue of saccule epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium saccule epithelial tissue saccule epithelium saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of saccule An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. Reissner's canal epithelial tissue Reissner's canal epithelium cochlear duct epithelial tissue cochlear duct epithelium cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium epithelial tissue of Reissner's canal epithelial tissue of cochlear duct epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of Reissner's canal epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of cochlear duct the epithelial layer of the luminal surfaces of the mammary gland epithelium of lactiferous gland lactiferous gland epithelium mammary epithelium mammary gland epithelial tissue mammary gland epithelium epithelium of mammary gland An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. forearm epithelium epithelium of forearm An epithelium that is part of a footplate. foot plate epithelium footplate epithelium epithelium of footplate An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of otic placode otic epithelium otic placode epithelial tissue otic placode epithelium epithelium of otic placode amnion ectoderm amnionic ectoderm amnion epithelium amniotic ectoderm The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac. yolk sac endoderm An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. foregut endoderm endoderm of foregut An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. midgut endoderm endoderm of midgut An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. hindgut endoderm endoderm of hindgut An endoderm that is part of a thyroid primordium. endoderm of thyroid primordium thyroid primordium endoderm A mesenchyme that is part of a amnion. amnion mesenchyme amnion mesoderm amnionic mesoderm mesenchyme of amnion amnionic mesenchyme amnionic mesoderm amniotic mesoderm A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion. chorion mesenchyme chorion mesoderm chorionic mesenchyme mesenchyme of chorion mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) chorionic mesenchyme A calcareous tooth that is part of the lower jaw region. In mammals, the lower jaw teeth are attached to the mandible (dentary). calcareous tooth of lower jaw lower jaw calcareous tooth lower jaw dentine containing tooth lower jaw tooth lower jaw vertebrate tooth mandibular tooth tooth of lower jaw A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. eye skeletal muscle eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of eye eye skeletal muscle group skeletal muscle tissue of eye A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. lower jaw mandible lower jaw skeleton mandibles mandibular series skeleton of lower jaw An endothelium that is part of a trachea. endothelium of windpipe trachea endothelium windpipe endothelium endothelium of trachea The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. mesentery of ventriculus mesogaster mesogastium mesogastrium stomach mesentery ventriculus mesentery mesentery of stomach A mesentery that surrounds the heart. heart mesentery cardiac mesentery mesocardium mesentery of heart A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus mesentery gullet mesentery mesentery of esophagus mesentery of gullet meso-esophagus oesophagus mesentery mesentery of oesophagus A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. midgut mesentery mesentery of midgut A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. meninges of midbrain midbrain meninges midbrain meninx mesencephalon meninges meninx of midbrain A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. meninges of telencephalon telencephalon meninges telencephalon meninx meninx of telencephalon A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. between brain meninges between brain meninx diencephalon meninges diencephalon meninx interbrain meninges interbrain meninx mature diencephalon meninges mature diencephalon meninx meninges of between brain meninges of diencephalon meninges of interbrain meninges of mature diencephalon meninx of between brain meninx of interbrain meninx of mature diencephalon meninx of diencephalon A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. hindbrain meninges hindbrain meninx meninges of hindbrain rhomencephalon meninges meninx of hindbrain A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. menines of spinal cord meninges of spinal cord spinal cord meninges spinal cord meninx spinal meninges spinal meninx meninx of spinal cord A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. foregut gland gland of foregut Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. pharynx gland glandulae pharyngeae pharyngeal gland Any gland that is part of the diencephalon. Examples: pineal gland, neurohypophysis. diencephalon gland interbrain gland gland of diencephalon A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. integumental gland integumental system gland integumentary gland gland of integumental system A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. mesoderm blood islands mesenchyme blood island mesoderm blood island Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition]. testis mesenchyme mesenchyme of testis Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye. mesenchyme of eye eye mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition]. female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system ovary mesenchyme mesenchyme of ovary The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme. yolk sac mesenchyme mesenchyme of yolk sac Mesenchyme that is part of a developing elbow [Automatically generated definition]. cubital region mesenchyme elbow mesenchyme mesenchyme of cubital region mesenchyme of elbow Mesenchyme that is part of a developing knee [Automatically generated definition]. knee mesenchyme mesenchyme of knee Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme mesenchyme of lower jaw Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pinna [Automatically generated definition]. auricle mesenchyme auricle of ear mesenchyme auricle of external ear mesenchyme auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme auricula mesenchyme mesenchyme of auricle mesenchyme of auricle of ear mesenchyme of auricle of external ear mesenchyme of auricula mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme of pinna of ear pinna mesenchyme pinna of ear mesenchyme mesenchyme of pinna Mesenchyme that is part of a developing mammary gland. lactiferous gland mesenchyme lobe of breast mesenchyme lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme mammary gland mesenchyme mammary mesenchyme mesenchyme of lactiferous gland mesenchyme of lobe of breast mesenchyme of lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme of mammary gland Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyme of forearm Mesenchyme that is part of a footplate. foot plate mesenchyme mesenchyme of footplate A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. anal canal submucosa anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa anal region submucosa anatomical anal canal submucosa submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa of anal region submucosa of anatomical anal canal submucosa of anal canal The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. rectal submucosa rectum submucosa tela submucosa recti submucosa of rectum A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon submucosa colonic submucosa large bowel submucosa submucosa of large bowel submucosa of colon A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. doudenal submucosa duodenal submucosa duodenum submucosa submucosa of duodenum A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal submucosa jejunum submucosa submucosa of jejunum A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. rectal serosa rectum serosa rectum serous membrane serous membrane of rectum visceral peritoneum of rectum serosa of rectum A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon serosa colon serous membrane colonic serosa large bowel serosa large bowel serous membrane serosa of large bowel serous membrane of colon serous membrane of large bowel visceral peritoneum of colon serosa of colon A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. doudenal serosa duodenal serosa duodenum serosa duodenum serous membrane serous membrane of duodenum visceral peritoneum of duodenum serosa of duodenum A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal serosa jejunum serosa jejunum serous membrane serous membrane of jejunum visceral peritoneum of jejunum serosa of jejunum A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). peripheral nervous system ganglion ganglion of peripheral nervous system A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. central nervous system ganglion ganglion of neuraxis neuraxis ganglion ganglion of central nervous system A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. anal canal mucosa anal canal mucosa of organ anal canal mucous membrane anal canal organ mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa anal mucosa anal mucous membrane anal region mucosa anal region mucosa of organ anal region mucous membrane anal region organ mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ anatomical anal canal mucous membrane anatomical anal canal organ mucosa mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of anal region mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ of anal region mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane of anal region mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa of anal region organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of anal canal A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of oral opening mucosa of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral opening mucosa of organ of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral region mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth mucosa of subdivision of mouth mucous membrane of oral opening mucous membrane of oral part of face mucous membrane of oral region mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth oral opening mucosa oral opening mucosa of organ oral opening mucous membrane oral opening organ mucosa oral part of face mucosa oral part of face mucosa of organ oral part of face mucous membrane oral part of face organ mucosa oral region mucosa oral region mucosa of organ oral region mucous membrane oral region organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral opening organ mucosa of oral part of face organ mucosa of oral region organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth subdivision of mouth mucosa subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ subdivision of mouth mucous membrane subdivision of mouth organ mucosa mucosa of oral region A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of rectum mucous membrane of rectum organ mucosa of rectum rectal mucosa rectal mucous membrane rectum mucosa rectum mucosa of organ rectum mucous membrane rectum organ mucosa mucosa of rectum A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. lamina epithelialis mucosa lamina epithelialis mucosae epithelium of mucosa An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of pharynx epithelium of pharynx pharynx epithelial tissue pharynx epithelium pharyngeal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a midgut. epithelial tissue of midgut midgut epithelial tissue midgut epithelium epithelium of midgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of hindgut hindgut epithelial tissue hindgut epithelium epithelium of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of rectum rectal epithelium rectum epithelial tissue rectum epithelium epithelium of rectum An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of tongue tongue epithelial tissue tongue epithelium lingual epithelium epithelium of tongue An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of right lung right lung epithelial tissue right lung epithelium epithelium of right lung An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of left lung left lung epithelial tissue left lung epithelium epithelium of left lung An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue Jacobson's organ epithelium epithelial tissue of Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue of vomeronasal organ epithelium of Jacobson's organ vomeronasal epithelium vomeronasal organ epithelial tissue vomeronasal organ epithelium vomeronasal organ sensory epithelium epithelium of vomeronasal organ An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. hindlimb ectoderm hindlimb bud ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm lower limb bud ectoderm pelvic fin bud ectoderm leg ectoderm pelvic appendage bud ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud. forelimb bud ectoderm forelimb ectoderm pectoral fin bud ectoderm upper limb bud ectoderm wing ectoderm arm ectoderm pectoral appendage bud ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a footplate. ectoderm of footplate A extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion. chorion ectoderm chorion epithelium chorionic epithelium chorionic ectoderm A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue right ventricle cardiac muscle cardiac muscle of right ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue left ventricle cardiac muscle cardiac muscle of left ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle of interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum interventricular septum cardiac muscle interventricular septum heart muscle interventricular septum myocardium interventricular septum muscle cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. pharynx skeletal muscle pharynx skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi ocular smooth muscle smooth muscle of eye A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. trachea smooth muscle tracheal smooth muscle smooth muscle of trachea A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition]. cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac pericardial cavity meso-epithelium pericardial cavity mesothelium mesothelium of pericardial cavity A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition]. excretory system mesentery mesentery of excretory system mesentery of renal system mesentery of systema urinaria renal system mesentery systema urinaria mesentery urinary system mesentery mesentery of urinary system A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. hindgut mesentery mesentery of hindgut A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. rectum mesentery mesentery of rectum A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon mesentery large bowel mesentery large intestinal mesentery mesentery of large bowel mesentery of large intestine mesentery of colon A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. duodenum mesentery mesentery of duodenum A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal mesentery jejunum mesentery mesojejunum mesentery of jejunum A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. forearm skin lower arm skin lower segment of arm skin skin of antebrachial region skin of lower arm skin of lower segment of arm skin of zeugopod of arm skin of forearm A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius cartilage cartilage of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system cartilage cartilage of respiratory system A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. digestive tract gland gland of digestive tract gland of lower gastrointestinal tract gut gland lower gastrointestinal tract gland gland of digestive tract Any of the mucous, serous, or mixed glands that empty their secretions onto the surface of the tongue. lingual gland tongue gland gland of tongue Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. leg mesenchyme lower limb bud mesenchyme hindlimb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud mesenchyme pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. arm mesenchyme forelimb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud mesenchyme upper limb bud mesenchyme wing mesenchyme pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing tongue [Automatically generated definition]. tongue mesenchyme mesenchyme of tongue Mesenchyme that is part of a developing vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. Jacobson's organ mesenchyme mesenchyme of Jacobson's organ vomeronasal mesenchyme vomeronasal organ mesenchyme mesenchyme of vomeronasal organ A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP] Wharton's jelly umbilical cord mesenchyme mesenchyme of umbilical cord An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. adipose tissue of dermis dermis fat tissue dermis fatty tissue fat tissue of dermis fatty tissue of dermis dermis adipose tissue A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of abdomen abdomen nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. neck (volume) nerve nerve of neck nerve of neck (volume) neck nerve A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of leg leg nerve A nerve that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region nerve anterolateral part of thorax nerve front of thorax nerve nerve of anterior thoracic region nerve of anterolateral part of thorax nerve of chest nerve of front of thorax chest nerve A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. brachial region nerve nerve of arm nerve of brachial region arm nerve A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. digit of foot nerve digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve digitus pedis nerve foot digit nerve hind limb digit nerve nerve of digit of foot nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve of digitus pedis nerve of foot digit nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve toe nerve foot digit nerve pedal digit nerve A nerve that innervates an eyelid. blepharon nerve nerve of blepharon nerve of eyelid palpebral nerve eyelid nerve Any nerve that innervates the iris. nerve of iris ciliary nerve iris nerve A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). nerve of torso nerve of trunk torso nerve trunk nerve nerve of trunk region A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of limb limb nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. fore limb nerve nerve of fore limb nerve of forelimb nerve of superior member nerve of upper extremity wing nerve forelimb nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb nerve nerve of hind limb nerve of hindlimb nerve of inferior member nerve of lower extremity hindlimb nerve A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of pelvis pelvis nerve A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. foot nerve nerve of foot pes nerve A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. digit of hand nerve digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve digitus manus nerve finger nerve hand digit nerve nerve of digit of hand nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve of digitus manus nerve of finger nerve of hand digit nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve digit nerve of manus A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand nerve nerve of hand nerve of manus manus nerve A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine. Peyer's patch of large intestine large intestine Peyer's patch solitary lymphatic follicle of large intestine solitary lymphoid follicle of subdivision of large intestine large intestine Peyer's patch nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. Peyer's patch Peyer's patch of small bowel Peyer's patch of small intestine aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis small bowel Peyer's patch small intestine Peyer's patch small intestine Peyer's patch A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney inner medulla loop of Henle loop of Henle, inner medullary portion inner renal medulla loop of Henle A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel of respiratory system lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel of respiratory system respiratory system lymph vessel respiratory system lymphatic vessel A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head bone adult head bone organ bone of adult head bone of head bone organ of adult head bone organ of head head bone organ craniofacial bone head bone A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. bone of neck bone of neck (volume) bone organ of neck bone organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) bone neck (volume) bone organ neck bone organ neck bone A bone that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region bone anterior thoracic region bone organ anterolateral part of thorax bone anterolateral part of thorax bone organ bone of anterior thoracic region bone of anterolateral part of thorax bone of chest bone of front of thorax bone organ of anterior thoracic region bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax bone organ of chest bone organ of front of thorax chest bone organ front of thorax bone front of thorax bone organ chest bone A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia arm bone organ bone of arm bone organ of arm bone of upper extremity arm bone A bone that is connected via a shoulder joint (i.e. glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints). The shoulder bones are the clavicle, scapula and humerus - but note that these are only considered to be shoulder bones when a true shoulder is present, as in most tetrapods. bone of shoulder shoulder-articulating bone shoulder bone A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. bone of facial skeleton facial bone facial skeleton bone bone of viscerocranium viscerocranium bone facial bone A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. bone of torso bone of trunk bone organ of torso bone organ of trunk torso bone torso bone organ trunk bone organ trunk bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle) bone of hind limb bone of hindlimb bone of inferior member bone of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb bone organ of hindlimb bone organ of lower extremity hind limb bone hind limb bone organ hindlimb bone organ hindlimb bone A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. antebrachial region bone antebrachial region bone organ arm zeugopod bone arm zeugopod bone organ lower arm bone zeugopod bone, forelimb zeugopod bone, upper wing zeugopod bone forelimb zeugopod bone An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system artery A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. ureter vein vein of ureter ureteric vein A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius vein respiratory system vein vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of respiratory system respiratory system venous blood vessel A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition]. lymphoid tissue of thymus lymphoid tissue of thymus gland thymus gland lymphoid tissue thymus lymphoid tissue A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye. Example: a tarsal gland. camera-type eye sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of camera-type eye sebaceous gland of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye sebaceous gland eye sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. sebaceous gland of vagina vagina sebaceous gland A holocrine gland of the dermis that secretes sebum into hair follicles. cutaneous sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of skin skin sebaceous gland A lactiferous gland that is part of the abdominal region [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen lactiferous gland abdomen lobe of breast abdomen lobe of mammary gland abdomen mammary gland lactiferous gland of abdomen lobe of breast of abdomen lobe of mammary gland of abdomen mammary gland of abdomen abdominal mammary gland An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary endothelium respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel respiratory system capillary endothelium A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius venule venule of apparatus respiratorius venule of respiratory system respiratory system venule An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system arteriole A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head blood vessel blood vessel of adult head blood vessel of head head blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of abdomen abdomen blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of heart cardiac blood vessel heart blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of brain brain blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of cornea cornea blood vessel corneal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball blood vessel of retina blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball inner layer of eyeball blood vessel retinal blood vessel tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel retina blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of neck blood vessel of neck (volume) neck (volume) blood vessel neck blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of leg leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius blood vessel blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius blood vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trachea. blood vessel of trachea trachea blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region blood vessel anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel blood vessel of anterior thoracic region blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel of chest blood vessel of front of thorax front of thorax blood vessel chest blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of arm arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of digit of foot blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel of digitus pedis blood vessel of foot digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel of toe digit of foot blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel digitus pedis blood vessel foot digit blood vessel hind limb digit blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel toe blood vessel foot digit blood vessel pedal digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. arterial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. blepharon blood vessel blood vessel of blepharon blood vessel of eyelid eyelid blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of iris iris blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of lung pulmonary vascular element lung blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of torso blood vessel of trunk torso blood vessel trunk blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of limb limb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb blood vessel blood vessel of anteriormost limb blood vessel of fore limb blood vessel of forelimb blood vessel of upper extremity fore limb blood vessel wing blood vessel forelimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of hind limb blood vessel of hindlimb blood vessel of lower extremity hind limb blood vessel hindlimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of kidney renal blood vessel kidney blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of cavity of chest blood vessel of cavity of thorax blood vessel of chest cavity blood vessel of pectoral cavity blood vessel of thoracic cavity cavity of chest blood vessel cavity of thorax blood vessel chest cavity blood vessel pectoral cavity blood vessel thoracic cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of pelvis pelvis blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of foot foot blood vessel pes blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel finger blood vessel hand digit blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel hand digit blood vessel manual digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of hand blood vessel of manus hand blood vessel manus blood vessel A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius blood capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary of respiratory system capillary of apparatus respiratorius capillary of respiratory system capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary respiratory system capillary vessel respiratory system capillary A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. blood capillary of kidney capillary of kidney capillary vessel of kidney kidney blood capillary kidney capillary vessel renal capillary kidney capillary A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. brain grey matter brain grey substance gray matter of brain grey matter of brain grey substance of brain brain gray matter An lymphatic vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. digit of foot skin digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin digitus pedis skin foot digit skin hind limb digit skin skin of digit of foot skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin of digitus pedis skin of foot digit skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin toe skin foot digit skin pedal digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb skin fore limb skin skin of fore limb skin of forelimb skin of upper limb upper limb skin wing skin forelimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb skin lower limb skin skin of hind limb skin of hindlimb skin of lower extremity skin of lower limb hindlimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. digit of hand skin digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin digitus manus skin finger skin fore limb digit skin hand digit skin skin of digit of hand skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin of digitus manus skin of finger skin of hand digit skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin hand digit skin manual digit skin A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiole of right lung lobular bronchiole of right lung right lung lobular bronchiole right lung bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiole of left lung left lung lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole of left lung left lung bronchiole A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus terminalis of right lung right lung bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole of right lung right lung terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus terminalis of left lung left lung bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole of left lung left lung terminal bronchiole A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus respiratorius of right lung respiratory bronchiole of right lung right lung bronchiolus respiratorius right lung respiratory bronchiole A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus respiratorius of left lung left lung bronchiolus respiratorius respiratory bronchiole of left lung left lung respiratory bronchiole The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. brain white matter of neuraxis brain white substance white matter of brain white matter of neuraxis of brain white substance of brain brain white matter A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Automatically generated definition]. distal convoluted tubule macula densa A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. brain meninges meninges of brain meninx of brain brain meninx A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. forebrain meninx meninges of forebrain meninx of forebrain forebrain meninges A dura mater that is part of a forebrain. dura mater of forebrain dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain forebrain dura mater of neuraxis forebrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of midbrain dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain midbrain dura mater of neuraxis mesencephalon dura mater midbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon dura mater of telencephalon telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis telencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. between brain dura mater between brain dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis dura mater of between brain dura mater of diencephalon dura mater of interbrain dura mater of mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of between brain dura mater of neuraxis of diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of interbrain dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon interbrain dura mater interbrain dura mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon dura mater mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis rhombencephalon dura mater hindbrain dura mater A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head connective tissue adult head portion of connective tissue adult head textus connectivus connective tissue of adult head connective tissue of head head portion of connective tissue head textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of adult head portion of connective tissue of head textus connectivus of adult head textus connectivus of head head connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen portion of connective tissue abdomen textus connectivus connective tissue of abdomen portion of connective tissue of abdomen textus connectivus of abdomen abdomen connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of neck connective tissue of neck (volume) neck (volume) connective tissue neck (volume) portion of connective tissue neck (volume) textus connectivus neck portion of connective tissue neck textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of neck portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) textus connectivus of neck textus connectivus of neck (volume) neck connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of leg leg portion of connective tissue leg textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of leg textus connectivus of leg leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius connective tissue apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius connective tissue of respiratory system portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue of respiratory system respiratory system portion of connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus of respiratory system respiratory system connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trachea. connective tissue of trachea connective tissue of windpipe trachea connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region connective tissue anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue anterior thoracic region textus connectivus anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus chest portion of connective tissue chest textus connectivus connective tissue of anterior thoracic region connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue of chest connective tissue of front of thorax front of thorax connective tissue front of thorax portion of connective tissue front of thorax textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest portion of connective tissue of front of thorax textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus of chest textus connectivus of front of thorax chest connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of cubital region connective tissue of elbow textus connectivus of cubital region elbow connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of knee knee portion of connective tissue knee connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of digit of foot connective tissue of digitus pedis connective tissue of foot digit connective tissue of toe digitus pedis textus connectivus foot digit connective tissue hind limb digit connective tissue foot digit connective tissue pedal digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue lower respiratory tract textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. blepharon connective tissue connective tissue of blepharon connective tissue of eyelid eyelid connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx connective tissue of nasopharynx connective tissue of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx connective tissue nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus nasopharynx portion of connective tissue nasopharynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx connective tissue rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue rhinopharynx textus connectivus textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus of nasopharynx textus connectivus of rhinopharynx nasopharynx connective tissue The fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland. connective tissue of lactiferous gland connective tissue of lobe of breast connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland connective tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland connective tissue lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue lactiferous gland stroma mammary gland stroma mammary stroma stroma of lactiferous gland mammary gland connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of dermis dermis portion of connective tissue dermis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of dermis textus connectivus of dermis dermis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of torso connective tissue of trunk portion of connective tissue of torso portion of connective tissue of trunk textus connectivus of torso textus connectivus of trunk torso connective tissue torso portion of connective tissue torso textus connectivus trunk portion of connective tissue trunk textus connectivus trunk connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of limb limb portion of connective tissue limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of limb textus connectivus of limb limb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of anteriormost limb connective tissue of fore limb connective tissue of forelimb connective tissue of superior member connective tissue of upper extremity wing connective tissue forelimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of hind limb connective tissue of hindlimb connective tissue of inferior member connective tissue of lower extremity hind limb connective tissue hindlimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi connective tissue bronchi portion of connective tissue bronchi textus connectivus bronchial trunk connective tissue bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus bronchus portion of connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchi connective tissue of bronchial trunk connective tissue of bronchus portion of connective tissue of bronchi portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue of bronchus textus connectivus of bronchi textus connectivus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus of bronchus bronchial connective tissue bronchial mesenchyme bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of pelvis pelvis portion of connective tissue pelvis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of pelvis textus connectivus of pelvis pelvis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of foot connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb foot connective tissue textus connectivus of pes pes connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of digit of hand connective tissue of digitus manus connective tissue of finger connective tissue of hand digit fore limb digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue manual digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of hand connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb hand connective tissue manus connective tissue A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. cartilage of neck cartilage of neck (volume) neck (volume) cartilage neck cartilage A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. cartilage of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract cartilage the ring-shaped cartilaginous structures that support the trachea cartilage of trachea cartilage of windpipe cartilaginous ring of trachea cartilaginous trachea cartilage cartilago trachealis tracheal cartilage windpipe cartilage cartilage of the trachea cartilagines tracheales ring of the trachea trachea ring tracheal ring trachea cartilage A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. camera-type eye skin gland camera-type eye skin glands camera-type eye skin glands set skin gland of camera-type eye skin gland of vertebrate eye skin glands of camera-type eye skin glands of vertebrate eye skin glands set of camera-type eye skin glands set of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye skin gland vertebrate eye skin glands vertebrate eye skin glands set eye skin gland A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. long bone of limb limb long bone A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb long bone fore limb long bone long bone of anteriormost limb long bone of fore limb long bone of forelimb long bone of superior member long bone of upper extremity superior member long bone upper extremity long bone wing long bone forelimb long bone A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb long bone inferior member long bone long bone of hind limb long bone of hindlimb long bone of inferior member long bone of lower extremity lower extremity long bone hindlimb long bone The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. adult aorta elastic connective tissue adult aorta elastic tissue adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic connective tissue aorta elastic lamina aorta elastic laminae aorta textus connectivus elasticus dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue dorsal aorta elastic tissue dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of adult aorta elastic connective tissue of aorta elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue of adult aorta elastic tissue of aorta elastic tissue of dorsal aorta elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus of aorta textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic tissue The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. cardiac elastic tissue elastic connective tissue of heart elastic tissue of heart heart elastic connective tissue heart textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of heart heart elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue of respiratory system elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue of respiratory system respiratory system elastic connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system respiratory system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus circulatory system elastic connective tissue circulatory system elastic tissue circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue of circulatory system elastic tissue of cardiovascular system elastic tissue of circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system cardiovascular system elastic tissue Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. elastic lamina elastic laminae blood vessel elastic connective tissue blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of blood vessel elastic tissue of blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel vascular elastic lamina vascular elastic laminae vascular elastic tissue blood vessel elastic tissue Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. elastic connective tissue of lung elastic tissue of lung lung elastic connective tissue lung textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of lung pulmonary elastic fiber lung elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi elastic connective tissue bronchi elastic tissue bronchi textus connectivus elasticus bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue bronchial trunk elastic tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus bronchus elastic connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of bronchi elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue of bronchus elastic tissue of bronchi elastic tissue of bronchial trunk elastic tissue of bronchus textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus bronchus elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue of windpipe elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic tissue of windpipe textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue vertebrate trachea elastic tissue vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus windpipe elastic connective tissue windpipe elastic tissue windpipe textus connectivus elasticus trachea elastic tissue The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. adult aorta tunica intima dorsal aorta tunica intima trunk of aortic tree tunica intima tunica intima of adult aorta tunica intima of aorta tunica intima of dorsal aorta tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree aorta tunica intima An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney arterial system kidney arterial blood vessel Any joint that is part of a (free) limb. joint of limb joint of limb skeletal system skeletal limb joint limb joint Any muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. digit of foot muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ digitus pedis muscle organ foot digit muscle foot digit muscle organ hind limb digit muscle muscle organ of digit of foot muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ of digitus pedis muscle organ of foot digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ toe muscle organ foot digit muscle pedal digit muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. limb muscle organ limb skeletal muscle muscle organ of limb limb muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb. fore limb muscle organ forelimb muscle organ free upper limb muscle muscle of free upper limb muscle of upper limb upper limb skeletal muscle wing muscle arm muscle system musculature of arm musculature of the arm forelimb muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. free lower limb muscle hind limb muscle organ hindlimb muscle organ inferior member muscle organ lower extremity muscle organ lower limb skeletal muscle muscle of free lower limb muscle of posterior limb muscle organ of hind limb muscle organ of hindlimb muscle organ of inferior member muscle organ of lower extremity hindlimb muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. digit of hand muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ digitus manus muscle organ finger muscle organ fore limb digit muscle hand digit muscle hand digit muscle organ muscle organ of digit of hand muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of digitus manus muscle organ of finger muscle organ of hand digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ hand digit muscle manual digit muscle A collection of teeth arranged in some pattern in the mouth or other part of the body. The arrangement may be a simple row, a collection of rows, or a more elaborate structure, such as a toooth whorl. dentes set of teeth teeth teeth set collection of teeth teeth dentition Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. sutura suture cranium suture suture joint of skull suture of cranium cranial suture A fold of peritoneum originating at the stomach and supporting the viscera. omentum The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. paries abdominalis wall of abdomen wall of abdomen proper abdominal wall proper layers of the abdominal wall paries abdominalis abdominal wall Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. bile duct extrahepatic part extrahepatic biliary system extrahepatic bile duct Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct. bile duct intrahepatic part intrahepatic biliary system intrahepatic bile duct Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature. nerve tissue nervous tissue portion of neural tissue neural tissue A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. mouth mucosa mouth mucous membrane mouth organ mucosa mucosa of mouth mucous membrane of mouth oral mucous membrane oral part of viscerocranial mucosa tunica mucosa oris buccal mucosa mucosal lining of mouth oral mucosa tunica mucosa oris mouth mucosa A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO]. prostate ductal progenitor prostatic bud prostate gland bud prostate primordium prostate bud The part of the forelimb between pectoral region and the elbow, corresponding to the humerus. brachial region brachium fore propodium forelimb propodium forelimb stylopodial element forelimb stylopodium proximal segment of free upper limb regio brachialis stylopod of arm stylopod of forelimb upper arm wing stylopod arm forelimb stylopod The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. calf of leg crus crus of hindlimb hind limb middle limb segment hind limb zeudopodium hind limb zeugopod hindlimb epipodium hindlimb middle limb segment hindlimb zeudopodium hindlimb zeugopod hindlimb zeugopodium intermediate segment of free lower limb lower extremity middle limb segment lower extremity zeugopod lower leg middle limb segment of hind limb middle limb segment of hindlimb posterior curral region posterior leg region posterior part of leg posterior region of leg regio cruris posterior regio surae shank sura sural region zeugopod of hind limb zeugopod of hindlimb calf hind epipodium leg hindlimb zeugopod A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of thorax thoracic segment nerve thorax nerve upper body nerve nerve of thoracic segment A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment nerve nerve of abdominal segment A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. femur upper leg bone A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. bone of thorax bone organ of thorax thorax bone thorax bone organ upper body bone thoracic segment bone A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk bone abdominal segment of trunk bone organ bone of abdominal segment of trunk bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk abdominal segment bone Any muscle tissue that is part of the urethra. urethral muscle layer urethra muscle tissue Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. muscle organ of thorax thorax muscle organ upper body muscle thoracic segment muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius muscle organ muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius muscle organ of respiratory system respiratory system muscle organ respiratory system muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal muscle esophagus muscle organ gullet muscle organ muscle organ of esophagus muscle organ of gullet muscle organ of oesophagus oesophagus muscle organ esophagus muscle A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk abdominal segment muscle A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of thorax thorax blood vessel upper body blood vessel thoracic segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk abdominal segment blood vessel A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk skin skin of abdominal segment of trunk abdominal segment skin A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of thorax portion of connective tissue of thorax textus connectivus of thorax thorax connective tissue thorax portion of connective tissue thorax textus connectivus upper body connective tissue thoracic segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk abdominal segment connective tissue A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb joint of limb anteriormost limb limb joint fore limb joint of limb fore limb limb joint forelimb joint of limb forelimb limb joint joint of free upper limb joint of limb of anteriormost limb joint of limb of fore limb joint of limb of forelimb joint of limb of superior member joint of limb of upper extremity limb joint of anteriormost limb limb joint of fore limb limb joint of forelimb limb joint of superior member limb joint of upper extremity superior member joint of limb superior member limb joint upper extremity joint of limb upper extremity limb joint wing joint forelimb joint A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb joint of limb hind limb limb joint hindlimb joint of limb hindlimb limb joint inferior member joint of limb inferior member limb joint joint of free lower limb joint of limb of hind limb joint of limb of hindlimb joint of limb of inferior member joint of limb of lower extremity joint of lower limb limb joint of hind limb limb joint of hindlimb limb joint of inferior member limb joint of lower extremity lower extremity joint of limb lower extremity limb joint hindlimb joint A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition]. autopod joint of limb autopod limb joint distal free limb segment joint of limb distal free limb segment limb joint joint of limb of autopod joint of limb of distal free limb segment limb joint of autopod limb joint of distal free limb segment paw joint autopod joint Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. dental epithelia dental epithelium odontogenic epithelium tooth epithelium reduced enamel epithelium dental epithelium An epithelium that is part of a thymus, forming a supporting framework[MP,modified]. epithelial tissue of thymus epithelial tissue of thymus gland epithelium of thymus epithelium of thymus gland thymic epithelial tissue thymic epithelium thymus epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelium thymus epithelium A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain. mesencephalic neural crest neural crest midbrain mesencephalic neural crest A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain. neural crest hindbrain rhombencephalic neural crest rhombomere neural crest rhombencephalon neural crest A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. neural plate of spinal cord spinal cord neural plate Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition]. gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad mesenchyme of gonada gonad mesenchyme Mesenchyme enclosed by a dental organ that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla. dental mesenchyme dental organ mesenchyme enamel organ mesenchyme tooth enamel organ mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme uncondensed odontogenic mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb mesenchyme fore limb mesenchyme mesenchyme of anteriormost limb mesenchyme of fore limb mesenchyme of forelimb mesenchyme of superior member mesenchyme of upper extremity superior member mesenchyme upper extremity mesenchyme wing mesenchyme forelimb mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb mesenchyme inferior member mesenchyme lower extremity mesenchyme mesenchyme of hind limb mesenchyme of hindlimb mesenchyme of inferior member mesenchyme of lower extremity hindlimb mesenchyme A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion. presumptive ganglion A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. mesentery of uterus mesometrium An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen. body cavity precursor future coelemic cavity lumen The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom somatic coelom intraembryonic coelom Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus salpinges salpinx mammalian oviduct uterine tube (sensu Mammalia) fallopian tubes female paramesonephric duct paramesonephric duct of female tuba uterina fallopian tube paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. Muellerian duct Müllerian duct ductus paramesonephricus paramesonephric duct early paramesonephric duct Mullerian duct Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. stromal connective tissue stroma A cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP]. capsule A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. embryological hepatic plate primordium of the liver hepatic plate liver bud liver endoderm liver primordium A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. skeletal muscle of torso skeletal muscle tissue of torso skeletal muscle tissue of trunk torso skeletal muscle torso skeletal muscle tissue trunk skeletal muscle trunk skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of trunk The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. neural layer of retina neural retina neuroretina stratum nervosum (retina) stratum nervosum retinae neural retinal epithelium retinal neural layer small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium endothelium of irregular blood filled space sinusoidal capillary sinusoidal endothelium sinusoid wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP]. sinusoidal blood vessel of spleen sinusoid of red pulp of spleen splenic sinusoid The epithelial component of the choroid plexus. Consists of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. choroid plexus epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of choroid plexus epithelium of choroid plexus choroid plexus epithelium hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. tooth-like organ tooth-like structure Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. epithelial or endothelial tube epithelial tube Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. endothelial tube Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. mesenchyme of kidney kidney mesenchyme A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart segment of venous tree organ venous tree organ segment venous blood vessel embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. pancreatic primordium pancreatic anlage pancreatic endoderm primordial pancreas pancreas primordium The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. pancreatic bud pancreatic buds pancreas epithelium pancreatic anlage pancreatic epithelial bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. pancreas dorsal primordium duct bud pancreas primordium dorsal bud primary pancreatic bud dorsal pancreas anlage dorsal pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic bud dorsal pancreatic bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. pancreas primordium ventral bud pancreas ventral primordium duct bud anterior pancreatic anlage anterior pancreatic bud ventral pancreas anlage ventral pancreatic anlage ventral pancreatic bud A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct digestive system duct An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. digestive tract epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of digestive tract epithelial tissue of gut epithelium of digestive tract epithelium of gut gastrodermis gut epithelial tissue gut epithelium alimentary tract epithelium digestive tract epithelium White matter that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. diencephalic tract/commissure diencephalic tracts and commissures predominantly white regional part of diencephalon white matter of diencephalon diencephalic white matter A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. cartilage of chondrocranium cartilaginous element of chondrocranium chondrocranium cartilage neurocranium cartilage cartilage element of chondrocranium A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. cartilage of cranium cranium cartilage cranial cartilages cranial cartilage Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction. genitalia gland gland of genitalia gland of reproductive system reproductive gland reproductive system gland sex gland reproductive gland The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. somatic sensory system somatosensory system system for detection of somatic senses somatic sensory system The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood labyrinthine layer labyrinthine layer of placenta placental labyrinth placenta labyrinth The brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses brain ventricle/choroid plexus The structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins aqueous drainage system The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity cutaneous elastic fiber dermal elastic fiber cutaneous elastic tissue blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate placental labyrinth vascular network vasculature of placenta labyrinth placental vasculature placental labyrinth vasculature The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. female internal genitalia internal female genital organ internal genitalia of female reproductive system organa genitalia feminina interna internal female genitalia anatomical valve valve A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. conus arteriosus The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP] infundibulum infundibulum of oviduct infundibulum of uterine tube infundibulum of fallopian tube infundibulum tubae uterinae uterine tube infundibulum The subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target spinal cord motor column . cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb olfactory bulb layer A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells. cutis plate dermatomal mesenchyme epimere mesoderm mesenchyma dermatomiale dermatome The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells germinal neuroepithelial layer germinal neuroepithelium original neural tube germinal neuroepithelium The nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp primary spleen B cell follicle spleen primary B follicle The nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp secondary spleen B cell follicle splenic secondary B cell follicle spleen secondary B follicle The spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals ampullae osseae membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct semicircular duct ampulla semicircular canal ampulla The external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum external male genital organ male external genitalia organa genitalia masculina externa external male genitalia The internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands internal male genital organ male internal genitalia organa genitalia masculina interna internal male genitalia One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP] bile ductule biliary ductule ductuli biliferi bile capillary biliary ductule cholangiole terminal cholangiole biliary ductule The subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles spinal cord medial motor column The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium ependymal layer neural tube ependymal layer neural tube ventricular germinal zone neural tube ventricular zone neural tube ependymal zone neural tube ventricular layer The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. neural tube intermediate zone future brain marginal layer neural tube mantle layer The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout. embryonic frontonasal prominence forebrain prominence frontonasal mass frontonasal process prominentia frontonasalis frontonasal prominence The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it medial nasal process medial-nasal process prominentia nasalis medialis medial nasal swelling nasomedial prominence medial nasal prominence one of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid brain ventricles cerebral ventricle region of ventricular system of brain brain ventricle The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present content of orbital part of eye eye region orbital part of face ocular and peri-ocular region ocular region orbital content orbital part of eye orbital region 2 2 Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. foramen foramina opening ostia ostium anatomical conduit An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches. branchial pouch visceral pouch pharyngeal pouches visceral pouches pharyngeal pouch A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. iris blood vessels iris vascular network iris vasculature vascular network of iris vasculature of iris An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. mesodermal derivative mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. ectodermal deriviative ectoderm-derived structure Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. urogenital system GU tract UG tract Urogenitalsystem genito-urinary system genitourinary tract urogenital tract genitourinary system Any of the layers of the myocardium. Example: compact layer, trabecular layer. layer of myocardium myocardium layer myocardial layer The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. evagination eye vesicle ocular vesicle optic vesicles optic vesicle cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. growth plate growth plate cartilage A cortical cell layer of the cerebellum. Examples: the granular (inner+outer) layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and the ventricular layer of the embryo. cell layer of cerebellar cortex gray matter layer of cerebellum layer of cerebellar cortex layer of cerebellum cerebellar layer In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. kidney proximal tubule proximal kidney tubule renal proximal tubule proximal tubule The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the distal convoluted tubule and distal straight tubule segments kidney distal tubule renal distal tubule distal tubule The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules renal intermediate tubule tubulus attenuatus intermediate tubule The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field myocardial plate cardiac crescent cardiogenic crescent heart rudiment cardiogenic plate A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. first heart field primary heart field FHF PHF heart field primary heart field An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. embryonic heart tube endocardial heart tube endocardial tube heart tube The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract outflow tract septum The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries cardiac outflow tract heart outflow tract arterial (outflow) pole outflow tract The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles HPS His-Purkinji network His-Purkinje system A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart chamber of heart heart chamber cardiac chamber An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium proepicardial cluster proepicardial organ proepicardium A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. transverse septum septum transversum A jaw muscle that arises from cranial mesenchyme and is innervated by cranial nerves. branchial head muscle branchiomeric skeletal muscle branchiomeric muscle The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals internal genitalia internal genitals internal reproductive organ internal sex organ internal genitalia The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals external genitalia external reproductive organ external sex organ external genitalia Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. haematological system organ haemopoietic system organ hematopoeitic organ hematopoietic system organ organ of haematological system organ of haemopoietic system organ of hematopoietic system organ of organa haemopoietica organa haemopoietica organ hematopoeitic or lymphoid organ lymph organ lymphoid organ hemopoietic organ the nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta aorta non-striated muscle aorta smooth muscle aortic smooth muscle aorta smooth muscle tissue A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells prostatic acinus prostatic follicle prostate glandular acinus The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts adipose tissue of lactiferous gland adipose tissue of mammary gland fat tissue of lactiferous gland fat tissue of lobe of breast fat tissue of lobe of mammary gland fat tissue of mammary gland fatty tissue of lactiferous gland fatty tissue of lobe of breast fatty tissue of lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland adipose tissue lactiferous gland fat tissue lactiferous gland fatty tissue lobe of breast adipose tissue lobe of breast fat tissue lobe of breast fatty tissue lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue lobe of mammary gland fat tissue lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue mammary gland adipose tissue mammary gland fat tissue mammary gland fatty tissue mammary gland fat The solid cord of epithelial cells that emerges from the mammary bud and grows down from the primary mammary mesenchyme and into a second stromal compartment, the fat pad precursor, beneath the dermis. lactiferous gland cord mammary cord mammary sprout mammary gland cord The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply blood vessel of labyrinthine layer blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel of placenta labyrinth labyrinthine layer blood vessel labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel placenta labyrinth blood vessel placental labyrinth blood vessel The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland prostate stroma prostatic stroma stroma of prostate stroma of prostate gland stroma of glandular part of prostate prostate gland stroma A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. endodermal gut gut endoderm endodermal part of digestive tract The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer OB mitral cell layer mitral cell body layer mitral cell layer mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer olfactory bulb mitral cell layer The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. epithelium of glomerulus epithelium of kidney glomerulus epithelium of renal glomerulus kidney glomerular epithelium glomerular epithelial cell glomerular epithelium The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus endothelium of renal glomerulus renal glomerulus endothelium glomerular endothelium The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus glomerulus vasculature renal glomerulus vascular network renal glomerulus vasculature vascular network of renal glomerulus vasculature of renal glomerulus renal glomerulus vasculature A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water ascending limb thin segment of loop of Henle ascending thin limb pars ascendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin ascending limb thin ascending limb of loop of Henle loop of Henle ascending limb thin segment The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron CSB comma-shaped body The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron SSB stage II nephron S-shaped body Kidney pyramids are the conical arrangements of tubules that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts. pyramid Malpighian pyramid renal pyramid Malphigian pyramid Malpighian pyramid medullary pyramid pyramid of Malphigi pyramid of Malpighi pyramides renales pyramis renalis renal medullary region kidney pyramid The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules inner stripe inner stripe of medulla of kidney inner stripe of outer medulla inner stripe of renal medulla outer medulla inner stripe stria interna medullae renalis kidney outer medulla inner stripe The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules outer medulla outer stripe outer stripe outer stripe of medulla of kidney outer stripe of outer medulla outer stripe of renal medulla stria externa medullae renalis kidney outer medulla outer stripe The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex kidney cortex collecting duct renal cortex collecting duct cortical collecting duct The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla kidney outer medulla collecting duct outer renal medulla collecting duct outer medullary collecting duct The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla inner renal medulla collecting duct kidney inner medulla collecting duct papillary collecting duct inner medullary collecting duct Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron mesenchyme of nephron nephron mesenchyme nephrogenic mesenchyme The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. stage I nephron renal vesicle The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron epithelial tissue of nephron epithelium of nephron nephron epithelial tissue nephron epithelium the small branching blood vessels in the kidney glomerulus that receives blood from the kidney afferent arterioles; these capillaries are under high pressure for filtering within the glomerulus blood capillary of renal glomerulus capillary of renal glomerulus capillary vessel of renal glomerulus renal glomerulus blood capillary renal glomerulus capillary renal glomerulus capillary vessel glomerular capillaries glomerular capillary system glomerular capillary A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb stylopod nerve hindlimb stylopod nerve lower extremity stylopod nerve thigh RELATED upper leg nerve A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of back back nerve A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. lower arm nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper arm nerve A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg nerve A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. muscle layer of urethra muscular coat of urethra muscular layer of urethra smooth muscle of urethra smooth muscle tissue of urethra tunica muscularis urethrae urethra smooth muscle tissue urethral smooth muscle urethra smooth muscle layer A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of large intestine large intestine involuntary muscle large intestine non-striated muscle large intestine smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of large intestine smooth muscle of large intestine smooth muscle tissue of large intestine large intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. bowel involuntary muscle bowel non-striated muscle bowel smooth muscle bowel smooth muscle tissue intestine involuntary muscle intestine non-striated muscle intestine smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bowel involuntary muscle of intestine non-striated muscle of bowel non-striated muscle of intestine smooth muscle of bowel smooth muscle of intestine smooth muscle tissue of bowel smooth muscle tissue of intestine intestinal muscularis intestinal smooth muscle intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of stomach involuntary muscle of ventriculus non-striated muscle of stomach non-striated muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle of stomach smooth muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle tissue of stomach smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus stomach involuntary muscle stomach non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle tissue ventriculus involuntary muscle ventriculus non-striated muscle ventriculus smooth muscle ventriculus smooth muscle tissue gastric muscle gastric smooth muscle stomach muscle stomach smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of vagina non-striated muscle of vagina smooth muscle of vagina smooth muscle tissue of vagina vagina involuntary muscle vagina non-striated muscle vagina smooth muscle tissue vaginal smooth muscle vagina smooth muscle vagina smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory smooth muscle smooth muscle of respiratory system airway smooth muscle airway smooth muscle cell respiratory system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system smooth muscle the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the urothelium of the kidney pelvis kidney pelvis smooth muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis pelvic smooth muscle kidney pelvis smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder involuntary muscle bladder non-striated muscle bladder smooth muscle bladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle of bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder urinary bladder involuntary muscle urinary bladder muscle urinary bladder non-striated muscle urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle layer of bladder urinary bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue deep trigone involuntary muscle deep trigone non-striated muscle deep trigone smooth muscle deep trigone smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle of deep trigone involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle of vesical trigone non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle of deep trigone non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle of deep trigone smooth muscle of trigone of bladder smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue of deep trigone smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue of vesical trigone trigone of bladder involuntary muscle trigone of bladder non-striated muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle urinary bladder trigone muscle urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue vesical trigone involuntary muscle vesical trigone non-striated muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder neck involuntary muscle bladder neck non-striated muscle bladder neck smooth muscle bladder neck smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder neck involuntary muscle of neck of bladder involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle of vesical neck neck of bladder involuntary muscle neck of bladder non-striated muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bladder neck non-striated muscle of neck of bladder non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle of bladder neck smooth muscle of neck of bladder smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck trigonal muscle trigonal muscle of urinary bladder urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle urinary bladder neck muscle urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue vesical neck involuntary muscle vesical neck non-striated muscle vesical neck smooth muscle vesical neck smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder neck smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. anal part of perineum involuntary muscle anal part of perineum non-striated muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue anal region involuntary muscle anal region non-striated muscle anal region smooth muscle tissue anal triangle involuntary muscle anal triangle non-striated muscle anal triangle smooth muscle anal triangle smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum involuntary muscle of anal region involuntary muscle of anal triangle non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum non-striated muscle of anal region non-striated muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle of anal part of perineum smooth muscle of anal region smooth muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue of anal region smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle anal region smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of lymph vessel involuntary muscle of lymphatic vessel lymph vessel involuntary muscle lymph vessel non-striated muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue lymphatic vessel involuntary muscle lymphatic vessel non-striated muscle lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lymph vessel non-striated muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle of lymph vessel smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of iris iridial smooth muscle iris involuntary muscle iris non-striated muscle iris smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of iris smooth muscle of iris smooth muscle tissue of iris iris smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a mammary gland [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of mammary gland mammary gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. arteriole smooth muscle smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. blood vessel involuntary muscle blood vessel non-striated muscle blood vessel smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of blood vessel non-striated muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel vascular smooth muscle vascular smooth muscle tissue blood vessel smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of spleen non-striated muscle of spleen smooth muscle of spleen smooth muscle tissue of spleen spleen involuntary muscle spleen non-striated muscle spleen smooth muscle tissue spleen smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of small bowel involuntary muscle of small intestine non-striated muscle of small bowel non-striated muscle of small intestine small bowel involuntary muscle small bowel non-striated muscle small bowel smooth muscle small bowel smooth muscle tissue small intestine involuntary muscle small intestine non-striated muscle small intestine smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of small bowel smooth muscle of small intestine smooth muscle tissue of small bowel smooth muscle tissue of small intestine small intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. gall bladder involuntary muscle gall bladder non-striated muscle gall bladder smooth muscle tissue gallbladder involuntary muscle gallbladder non-striated muscle gallbladder smooth muscle gallbladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of gall bladder involuntary muscle of gallbladder non-striated muscle of gall bladder non-striated muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle of gall bladder smooth muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder biliary smooth muscle gall bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi involuntary muscle bronchi non-striated muscle bronchi smooth muscle bronchi smooth muscle tissue bronchial trunk involuntary muscle bronchial trunk non-striated muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue bronchus involuntary muscle bronchus non-striated muscle bronchus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchi involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk involuntary muscle of bronchus non-striated muscle of bronchi non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk non-striated muscle of bronchus smooth muscle of bronchi smooth muscle of bronchial trunk smooth muscle of bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchi smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue of bronchus bronchial smooth muscle bronchus smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of prostate involuntary muscle of prostate gland muscular tissue of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate gland prostate gland involuntary muscle prostate gland non-striated muscle prostate gland smooth muscle tissue prostate involuntary muscle prostate non-striated muscle prostate smooth muscle prostate smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of prostate smooth muscle of prostate gland smooth muscle tissue of prostate smooth muscle tissue of prostate gland substantia muscularis prostatae prostate gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. fallopian tube involuntary muscle fallopian tube non-striated muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of fallopian tube non-striated muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube oviduct smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of outflow tract non-striated muscle of outflow tract outflow tract involuntary muscle outflow tract non-striated muscle outflow tract smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of outflow tract smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract outflow tract smooth muscle A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. back bone bone of back dorsal region bone bone of dorsum A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. bone of digit of foot digit of foot bone digital bone of foot digital bone of pes digitus pedis bone digitus pedis bone organ foot digit bone foot digit bone organ hind limb digit bone toe bone toe bone organ foot digit bone pedal digit bone A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. digital bone of hand digital bone of manus finger bone fore limb digit bone hand digit bone hand digit bone manual digit bone A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. humerus upper arm bone A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. bone of hind limb middle limb segment bone of hind limb zeugopod bone of hindlimb middle limb segment bone of hindlimb zeugopod bone of inferior member middle limb segment bone of inferior member zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone of lower extremity middle limb segment bone of lower extremity zeugopod bone of lower leg bone of middle limb segment of hind limb bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone of middle limb segment of inferior member bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone of zeugopod of hind limb bone of zeugopod of hindlimb bone of zeugopod of inferior member bone of zeugopod of leg bone of zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment bone organ of hind limb zeugopod bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment bone organ of inferior member zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod bone organ of lower leg bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member bone organ of zeugopod of leg bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment bone hind limb middle limb segment bone organ hind limb zeugopod bone hind limb zeugopod bone organ hindlimb middle limb segment bone hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ hindlimb zeugopod bone hindlimb zeugopod bone organ inferior member middle limb segment bone inferior member middle limb segment bone organ inferior member zeugopod bone inferior member zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free lower limb bone intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ lower extremity middle limb segment bone lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ lower extremity zeugopod bone lower extremity zeugopod bone organ lower leg bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ middle limb segment of hindlimb bone middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ middle limb segment of inferior member bone middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ middle limb segment of lower extremity bone middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ zeugopod of hind limb bone zeugopod of hind limb bone organ zeugopod of hindlimb bone zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ zeugopod of inferior member bone zeugopod of inferior member bone organ zeugopod of leg bone zeugopod of leg bone organ zeugopod of lower extremity bone zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ hindlimb zeugopod bone Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition]. muscle of thigh thigh muscle upper leg muscle hindlimb stylopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. integumental system muscle muscle of integumental system muscle organ of skin skin muscle organ skin muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition]. forearm muscle lower arm muscle muscle of forearm wing zeugopod muscle forelimb zeugopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition]. muscle of upper arm upper arm muscle wing stylopod muscle muscle of arm skeletal muscle of upper arm forelimb stylopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg muscle calf muscle muscle of leg hindlimb zeugopod muscle A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb blood vessel of thigh blood vessel of upper leg hind limb stylopod blood vessel hindlimb stylopod blood vessel thigh blood vessel upper leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of back back blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. forelimb zeugopod blood vessel lower arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. forelimb stylopod blood vessel upper arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel lower leg blood vessel A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb stylopod skin hindlimb stylopod skin skin of upper leg skin of thigh thigh skin upper leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. arm stylopod skin skin of arm stylopod skin of upper arm upper arm skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb middle limb segment skin hind limb zeugopod skin lower leg skin A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle of outflow tract heart muscle of outflow tract heart myocardium of outflow tract muscle of heart of outflow tract myocardium of outflow tract outflow tract cardiac muscle outflow tract heart muscle outflow tract heart myocardium outflow tract muscle of heart outflow tract myocardium A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyne of back back connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. lower arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg connective tissue A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. pericardium of outflow tract outflow tract pericardium A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition]. articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium cartilaginous joint cranial suture cartilaginous joint cranial sutures cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set cartilaginous joint cranium suture cartilaginous joint suture of cranium cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture of cartilaginous joint suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint cartilaginous joint suture A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A muscle that is part of the eye region. eye muscle Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. set of all bones set of bones of body skeleton The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. dermamyotome dermomyotomes dermomyotome A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. heart cone rudimentary heart heart rudiment An endothelium that is part of a glomerular capillary. renal glomerulus capillary endothelium glomerular capillary endothelium A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk sympathetic nerve trunk A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system respiratory system lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. allantoic bud allantois outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition trophectoderm An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. limb buds limbbud gemmae membrorum limb bud The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm optic eminence multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. apical epidermal ridge AER crista ectodermalis apicalis apical ectodermal ridge An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. limb - fin bud paired appendage bud paired limb/fin bud paired limb/fin bud The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries 1st pharyngeal arch branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first pharyngeal arch first visceral arch mandibular arch visceral arch 1 1st arch 1st visceral arch arcus pharyngeus primus pharyngeal arch 1 One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP] PAA aortic arch aortic arches branchial aortic arches branchial arch artery embryonic aortic arch artery pharyngeal arch artery a. arcuum pharyngeorum aortic arch artery arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum branchial aortic arches pharyngeal arch arteries pharyngeal arch artery pharyngeal arch artery A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane. Bowman's anterior elastic lamina Bowman's layer Bowman's membrane anterior elastic lamina anterior limiting lamina anterior limiting lamina of cornea lamina limitans anterior (cornea) lamina limitans anterior corneae Reichert's membrane anterior limiting membrane anterior limiting lamina of cornea A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. appendage bone bone of appendage bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton bone of free limb or fin A metaphysis that is in the proximal side of a diaphysis. proximal diaphyseal end of long bone proximal metaphysis An epiphysis that is on the proximal side of the bone. proximal end of long bone proximal epiphysis The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb. free limb skeleton limb skeleton set of bones of limb skeleton of limb An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. humeral epiphysis epiphysis of humerus An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. tibial epiphysis epiphysis of tibia An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. femoral epiphysis epiphysis of femur An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. epiphysis of phalanx of finger epiphysis of phalanx of hand epiphysis of phalanx of manus A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. bone tissue of epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. bone tissue of proximal epiphysis The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. proximal end of humerus proximal humeral epiphysis upper end of humerus head of the humerus humeral head proximal humerus upper extremity of humerus proximal epiphysis of humerus A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. proximal femoral epiphysis capital femoral epiphysis proximal epiphysis of femur A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger base of phalanx of finger basis phalangis manus proximal epiphysis of phalanx of finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of hand proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manus An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. epiphysis of phalanx A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. proximal epiphysis of phalanx Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. sense organ system entire sense organ system Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. head musculature muscle group of head muscles of head musculi capitis set of muscles of head skeletal musculature of head Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of thigh musculature of thigh set of muscles of thigh thigh musculature musculature of hindlimb stylopod Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of thorax muscles of thorax musculi thoracis set of muscles of thorax thoracic musculature musculature of thorax Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. cervical muscles muscle group of neck muscles of neck musculi cervicis musculi colli neck musculature set of muscles of neck musculature of neck Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition]. leg muscle system musculature of leg muscle group of vertebral column set of muscles of vertebral column Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of back muscles of back musculi dorsi set of muscles of back musculature of back Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of pelvic girdle muscle group of pelvis pelvic girdle muscle system pelvic girdle muscles pelvic girdle musculature set of muscles of pelvic girdle muscular system of pelvis set of muscles of pelvis musculature of pelvic girdle A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles. muscle group of pectoral girdle pectoral girdle muscles pectoral girdle musculature set of muscles of pectoral girdle musculature of pectoral girdle Any collection of muscles that is part of a face. entire facial musculature facial muscles muscle group of face musculi faciei set of facial muscles set of muscles of face musculature of face Any collection of muscles that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. arm muscle system arm musculature muscle group of arm set of muscles of arm musculature of arm Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of trunk set of muscles of trunk muscular system of trunk musculature of trunk Any collection of muscles that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. limb muscle system limb musculature muscle group of limb set of muscles of limb musculature of limb Any collection of muscles that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. free upper limb musculature muscle group of free upper limb musculature of free upper limb set of muscles of free upper limb musculature of upper limb Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. free lower limb musculature muscle group of free lower limb musculature of free lower limb set of muscles of free lower limb musculature of lower limb Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of forearm musculature of forearm set of muscles of forearm musculature of forelimb zeugopod Any collection of muscles that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. foot musculature muscle group of foot musculature of foot set of muscles of foot musculature of pes Any collection of muscles that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand musculature muscle group of hand musculature of hand set of muscles of hand musculature of manus A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. atrial cardiac muscle tissue atrial heart muscle cardiac atrium muscle atrial myocardium cardiac muscle tissue of atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue interatrial septum heart muscle interatrial septum muscle interatrial septum myocardium cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue cardiac septum heart muscle cardiac septum muscle cardiac septum myocardium cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole smooth muscle tissue of bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of respiratory bronchiole A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. striated muscle tissue of prostate A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. muscular organ vasculature vasculature of muscle organ A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. vasculature of musculoskeletal system A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. anatomical process process processus projection flange flanges lamella lamellae lamina laminae organ process papilla process of organ processes projection projections ridge ridges shelf shelves anatomical protrusion protrusion spine anatomical projection Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. CV system Herz und Gefaesssystem cardiovascular system A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep. lymphatic trunks and ducts lymphatic vasculature lymphatic vessel network lymphatic vessels set set of lymphatic vessels trunci et ductus lymphatici lymph vessels lymph vasculature A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. blood vascular network set of blood vessels blood system blood vessel system blood vessels blood vasculature the layer of secretory cells which lines the epididymis epididymis epithelium epithelium of epididymis epididymis epithelium the thick circular layer of smooth gastric musculature encircling the gastroesophageal junction that functions to reduce backflow into the esophagus from the stomach cardiac sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter muscle inferior esophageal sphincter LES cardiac sphincter constrictor cardiae esophageal sphincter esophageal sphincter%2c lower esophageal-cardiac junction esophagogastric junction gastro-esophageal junction gastro-esophageal sphincter gastro-oesophageal junction gastroesophageal junction gastroesophageal sphincter lower esophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. digital artery A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. digital artery of manus forelimb digital arteries wing digital artery forelimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. digital artery of foot hindlimb digital arteries hindlimb digital artery The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. systemic arterial circulatory system systemic arterial system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. arterial system An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. systemic arterial subtree systemic artery The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong] systemic venous circulatory system systemic venous system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. vein system venous system A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. sphincter circular muscle sphincter muscle An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart blood vessel endothelium the blood vessels that branch from the kidney interlobular artery, convey blood to the glomerular capillaries, and play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism afferent arteriole afferent glomerular arteriole afferent glomerular arteriole of kidney arteriola glomerularis afferens renis kidney afferent arteriole arteriola glomerularis afferens renal afferent arteriole the blood vessels that convey blood from the glomerulocapillary network to the capillary bed of the proximal convoluted tubule arteriola glomerularis efferens renis efferent arteriole efferent glomerular arteriole efferent glomerular arteriole of kidney kidney efferent arteriole arteriola glomerularis efferens capsulae renalis renal efferent arteriole the connective tissue that surrounds the spleen Malpighian capsule capsula splenica capsule of spleen fibroelastic coat of spleen fibrous capsule of spleen splenic capsule tunica fibrosa (splen)(lien) tunica fibrosa splenica spleen capsule An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. ependyma of lateral ventricle lateral ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. ependyma of fourth ventricle 4th ventricle ependyma fourth ventricle ependyma The epithelial lining of the luminal space of the urinary bladder. urothelium bladder transitional cell epithelium transitional epithelium of urinary bladder urinary bladder transitional epithelium urothelium of urinary bladder epithelium of bladder transitional epithelium urinary bladder urothelium the polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein hepatic lobule lobuli hepatici lobulus hepaticus lobules of liver lobuli hepatis liver lobule A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. keratinized epithelium of tongue tongue keratinized epithelium The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. body of humerus corpus humeri diaphysis of humerus humeral diaphysis shaft of humerus body of the humerus medial humerus shaft of the humerus humerus diaphysis An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. aortic wall wall of aorta aorta wall the outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers tunica adventitia of aorta aorta tunica adventitia A muscular coat that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. muscle layer of seminal vesicle muscular coat of seminal gland muscular layer of seminal gland tunica muscularis (vesicula seminalis) tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae muscular coat of seminal vesicle The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart membranous septum ventricle membranous septum ventricular membranous septum cardiac ventricular membranous septum membranous interventricular septum membranous part interventricular septum membranous part of interventricular septum membranous portion of interventricular septum pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) pars membranacea septi interventricularis membranous interventricular septum interventricular septum membranous part The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart muscular septum cardiac ventricular muscular septum muscular interventricular septum muscular part interventricular septum muscular part of interventricular septum pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) pars muscularis septi interventricularis septum membranaceum ventricular muscular septum muscular interventricular septum interventricular septum muscular part One of: the 4th ventricle median or lateral apertures. aperture of 4th ventricle aperture of fourth ventricle fourth ventricle aperture The thin epithelium-like membrane composed of ependymal cells that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. ependyma of neuraxis ependymal epithelium lamina epithelialis ependyma The sensory system for the sense of balance. vestibular organ system vestibular system equilibrioception system vestibulomotor system vestibular system The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. nuclei raphes raphe nuclei raphe nuclei set nuclei raphes raphe cluster raphe nucleus raphe of mesenchephalon set of raphe nuclei raphe nuclei An epithelium that is part of an external naris [Automatically generated definition]. external naris epithelium the specialized epithelium of the Peyer's patch peyer's patch epithelium Peyer's patch epithelium A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. arterial system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. venous system smooth muscle Area of the Peyer's patch where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells Peyer's patch germinal center An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. outflow tract endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. arterial system endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. venous system endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system blood vessel endothelium a transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches primitive right ventricle endocardium bulbus cordis An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. girdle-associated appendage limb or fin limb/fin pectoral or pelvic appendage pelvic/pectoral appendage jointed paired lateral appendage paired appendage paired limb/fin Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. posterior appendage hindlimb/pelvic fin pelvic appendage pelvic limb/fin posterior limb/fin posterior paired appendage pelvic appendage Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. anterior appendage anterior limb/fin anterior paired appendage forelimb - pectoral fin forelimb or pectoral fin forelimb/pectoral fin pectoral limb/fin pectoral appendage The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. annulus fibrosus anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis) anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc fibrous ring of intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. embryo plus adnexa conceptus Any of the veins that parallel the arcuate arteries, receive blood from the interlobular veins and straight venules, and terminate in the interlobar veins. arcuate vein arciform vein of kidney arcuate vein of kidney renal arcuate vein venae arcuatae renis arcuate veins kidney arcuate vein The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. ampullary crest of semicircular duct ampullary crest cristae ampullares crista ampullaris The branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney that radiate outward throught the renal columns and supply the glomeruli[MP]. The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule. interlobular renal artery kidney interlobular artery arteriae corticales radiatae arteriae interlobulares renis cortical radial arteries interlobular renal interlobular artery interlobular artery In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. arteriolae rectae renis kidney vasa recta renal medullary capillary set of straight arterioles of kidney straight arterioles of kidney vasa recta of kidney vasa recta renis arteria recta arteriae rectae arteriolae rectae renis arteriolae recti vasa rectae vasa recta A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). neural tube metameric segment neural tube segment neuromere neuromeres neural metamere neural segment neuromere Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. neuromere segmental subdivision of nervous system An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain segmental subdivision of hindbrain Organism at the gastrula stage. gastrula embryo blastocystis trilaminaris tri-laminar disc tri-laminar disk trilaminar blastocyst trilaminar blastoderm trilaminar disc trilaminar disk trilaminar germ gastrula glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. glomerulus of metanephros metanephric glomerulus A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition]. collecting duct of metanephros metanephric collecting tubule metanephric collecting duct juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. juxtaglomerular apparatus of metanephros metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. glomerulus of pronephros glomus corpuscle glomera pronephric glomera pronephric glomeruli pronephric glomus pronephric glomerulus A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] skeletal tissue dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. dermal element dermal skeletal element A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. gland of anal canal anal gland anal sac gland of anus rectal gland gland of anal canal The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. cartilaginous chondocranium cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull cartilaginous skull chondocranium embryonic chondocranium neurocranium cartilaginous neurocranium Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. skeletal element A bone that is part of a cranium. cranium bone cranial bone Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular lower jaw bone bone of lower jaw Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified]. body of long bone long bone diaphysis shaft of long bone diaphysis Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. joint system set of all joints of body set of all joints set of joints of body articular system Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. choana internal naris posterior nasal apperture choanae nasopharyngeal naris posterior choana posterior naris posterior nasal aperture A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney outer medulla vasa recta kidney outer renal medulla vasa recta outer medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of renal medulla vasa recta vasa recta of outer medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer renal medulla vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla outer renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. inner medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta vasa recta of inner medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner renal medulla vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids inner renal medulla vasa recta A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius submucosa submucosa of apparatus respiratorius submucosa of respiratory system respiratory system submucosa A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius lamina propria apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria mucosa respiratory system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. gastrointestinal system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. gall bladder lamina propria mucosa gallbladder lamina propria gallbladder lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder lamina propria of gall bladder lamina propria of gallbladder biliary lamina propria gall bladder lamina propria A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. digestive system serosa digestive system serous membrane gastrointestinal system serous membrane serosa of digestive system serosa of gastrointestinal system serous membrane of digestive system serous membrane of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system serosa A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. gall bladder serous membrane gallbladder serosa gallbladder serous membrane serosa of gall bladder serosa of gallbladder serous coat of gallbladder serous membrane of gall bladder serous membrane of gallbladder tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) tunica serosa vesicae biliaris biliary serosa gall bladder serosa An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle anatomical wall of heart ventricle anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart anatomical wall of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle anatomical wall cardiac ventricle wall heart ventricle anatomical wall lower chamber of heart anatomical wall lower chamber of heart wall ventricle of heart anatomical wall ventricle of heart wall ventricular wall wall of cardiac ventricle wall of heart ventricle wall of lower chamber of heart wall of ventricle of heart wall of ventricle heart ventricle wall the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract apparatus respiratorius mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane mucosa of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory system mucosa of respiratory system mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory system respiratory system mucosa of organ respiratory system mucous membrane laryngeal mucous membrane respiratory mucosa respiratory tract mucosa respiratory system mucosa A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. digestive tract mucosa gut mucosa gut mucuous membrane mucosa of gut gastrointestinal system mucosa An urothelium that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. urethra uroepithelium uroepithelium of urethra urothelium of urethra urethra urothelium the epithelial lining of the luminal space of the kidney pelvis kidney pelvis transitional epithelium kidney pelvis uroepithelium pelvis of ureter uroepithelium pelvis of ureter urothelium renal pelvis transitional epithelium renal pelvis uroepithelium renal pelvis urothelium transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis transitional epithelium of renal pelvis uroepithelium of kidney pelvis uroepithelium of pelvis of ureter uroepithelium of renal pelvis urothelium of kidney pelvis urothelium of pelvis of ureter urothelium of renal pelvis pelvic urothelium kidney pelvis urothelium A mucous gland that is part of the skin. mucous gland of entire skin mucous gland of skin of body skin mucus gland skin of body mucous gland skin mucous gland A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. endocrine pancreas secretion pancreatic endocrine secretion pars endocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis secretion of endocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. exocrine pancreas secretion pancreatic exocrine secretion pars exocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis secretion of exocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal secretion gullet secretion oesophagus secretion secretion of esophagus secretion of gullet secretion of oesophagus esophagus secretion A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. pancreatic secretion secretion of pancreas pancreas secretion Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. blood vessel layer An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition]. cervical canal epithelial tissue cervical canal epithelium cervical epithelium cervix epithelial tissue epithelium of cervix cervix epithelium the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi epithelial tissue of respiratory tract epithelium of respiratory tract respiratory tract epithelial tissue airway epithelium respiratory epithelium respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of penis epithelium of penis penis epithelial tissue penis epithelium An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of oviduct epithelium of fallopian tube epithelium of oviduct epithelium of uterine tube oviduct epithelial tissue columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube columnar epithelium of the oviduct fallopian tube epithelium oviduct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of seminal gland epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle epithelium of seminal gland epithelium of seminal vesicle seminal gland epithelial tissue seminal gland epithelium seminal vesicle epithelial tissue seminal vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue apparatus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory system epithelium of apparatus respiratorius epithelium of respiratory system respiratory system epithelial tissue respiratory system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. digestive system epithelial tissue digestive system epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive system epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system epithelium of digestive system epithelium of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue gastrointestinal system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of salivary gland epithelium of salivary gland salivary gland epithelial tissue salivary gland epithelium the cellular avascular layer of the renal tubule luminar surfaces kidney tubule epithelium nephron tubule epithelium An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. endometrium epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of endometrium epithelium of endometrium epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium uterine epithelium endometrium epithelium An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of prepuce epithelium of prepuce prepuce epithelial tissue prepuce of penis epithelium epithelial tissue of foreskin epithelial tissue of penile prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce of penis epithelium of foreskin epithelium of penile prepuce epithelium of prepuce of penis foreskin epithelial tissue foreskin epithelium penile prepuce epithelial tissue penile prepuce epithelium prepuce epithelium prepuce of penis epithelial tissue male prepuce epithelium the stratified epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, consisting of the developing spermatozoa and the supporting Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis epithelium of seminiferous tubule epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis germinal epithelium (male) male germinal epithelium seminiferous epithelium seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue testis germinal epithelium wall of seminiferous tubule seminiferous tubule epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract epithelium of upper respiratory tract upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue upper respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract epithelium of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue lower respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of lacrimal gland epithelium of lacrimal gland lacrimal gland epithelial tissue lacrimal gland epithelium the cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces epithelial tissue of kidney epithelium of kidney kidney epithelial tissue renal epithelium kidney epithelium Any epithelium that lines one of the bile ducts. biliary duct epithelium epithelium of bile duct epithelium of biliary duct bile duct epithelium The epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO]. alveolus epithelial tissue alveolus epithelium epithelial tissue of alveolus epithelium of alveolus epithelium of pulmonary alveolus pulmonary alveolar epithelium pulmonary alveolus epithelium alveolar epithelium pulmonary alveolus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue extrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue intrahepatic bile duct epithelium A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Automatically generated definition]. medulla of thyroid medulla of thyroid follicle medulla of thyroid gland medulla of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle medulla thyroid gland follicle medulla thyroid medulla thyroid gland medulla A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. skeletal muscle of urethra skeletal muscle tissue of urethra urethra skeletal muscle tissue urethra skeletal muscle urethral skeletal muscle urethra skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle of respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system respiratory system skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of esophagus esophagus skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. anal part of perineum skeletal muscle anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue anal region skeletal muscle tissue anal triangle skeletal muscle anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle of anal region skeletal muscle of anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue of anal region skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle anal region skeletal muscle Smooth muscle tissue in all or part of a hepatic duct. hepatic duct smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. epididymis involuntary muscle epididymis non-striated muscle epididymis smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of epididymis non-striated muscle of epididymis smooth muscle of epididymis smooth muscle tissue of epididymis epididymis smooth muscle An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium of respiratory system artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery of respiratory system respiratory system artery endothelium respiratory system endothelium of artery respiratory system arterial endothelium An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of vein respiratory system vein endothelium vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium of respiratory system venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium of respiratory system respiratory system venous endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Automatically generated definition]. endothelium of lymph node lymph node endothelium the thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall adult aorta endothelium endothelium of adult aorta endothelium of aorta endothelium of trunk of aortic tree endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree trunk of aortic tree endothelium trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium aortic endothelium aorta endothelium An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. endothelia vascular endothelia cardiovascular system endothelium A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. digestive system mesentery mesentery of digestive system mesentery of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system mesentery A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. eye-associated gland gland of eye eye gland An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. alveolus of right lung right lung alveolus An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. alveolus of left lung alveolus of lobe of left lung left lung alveolus A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax sympathetic nerve trunk of thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax thoracic part of sympathetic trunk thoracic sympathetic chain thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system thorax sympathetic nerve trunk thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk thoracic sympathetic trunk thoracic sympathetic nerve trunk A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. retina vasculature retina vasculature of camera-type eye retinal blood vessels retinal blood vessels set retinal vasculature set of blood vessels of retina set of retinal blood vessels vasa sanguinea retinae vasculature of retina Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm parietal mesoderm somatic mesoderm somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. visceral mesoderm inner layer of lateral plate mesoderm splanchnic mesoderm splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. ventral splanchnic mesoderm splanchnopleure A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. somatopleure A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. chorda nephrogenica nephrogenic cord One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP]. urethral fold urogenital fold urogenital ridge urogenital fold The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord axial chorda mesoderm chorda mesoderm dorsal mesoderm presumptive notochord chordamesoderm The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. lung-associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of lung pulmonary mesenchyme lung mesenchyme A wall that contains the alveoli pulmonary alveolar wall pulmonary interalveolar septum wall of pulmonary alveolus alveolus wall alveolar wall Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus alveolar smooth muscle The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra UGE epithelium of urogenital sinus urogenital sinus epithelium Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. joint articulation A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. ectodermal gut gut ectoderm ectodermal part of digestive tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. gut lower GI tract lower gastrointestinal tract lower digestive tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. upper GI tract upper gastrointestinal tract upper digestive tract An epithelium surrounding a gonad. gonad epithelium gonadal epithelium gonadal sheath epithelium of gonad An epithelium surrounding a testis. testis epithelium testis sheath epithelium of male gonad An epithelium surrounding an ovary. ovarian epithelium ovary epithelium ovarian sheath epithelium of female gonad hepatic diverticulum biliary bud A sphincter muscle that is part of a anal region. anal region sphincter sphincter analia anal sphincter A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. sphincter muscle of urethra sphincter of urethra sphincter urethrae urethral sphincter muscle urethral sphincter A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. alimentary system subdivision intestinal tract segment of intestinal tract subdivision of alimentary system subdivision of digestive tract A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. organ component layer The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. pharyngeal submucosa pharynx submucosa tela submucosa pharyngea tela submucosa pharyngis pharyngobasilar fascia submucous coat of pharynx submucous layer of pharynx submucosa of pharynx A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. cystic duct submucosa cystic ductal submucosa submucosa of cystic duct A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. caecum submucosa cecum submucosa intestinum crassum caecum submucosa submucosa of caecum submucosa of intestinum crassum caecum submucosa of cecum A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. appendiceal submucosa appendix submucosa caecal appendix submucosa submucosa of caecal appendix submucosa of vermiform appendix submucosa of vermix vermiform appendix submucosa vermix submucosa submucosa of appendix A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. ascending colon submucosa submucosa of ascending colon A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. transverse colon submucosa submucosa of transverse colon A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. descending colon submucosa submucosa of descending colon A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. sigmoid colon submucosa submucosa of sigmoid colon A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa fundus of stomach submucosa stomach fundus submucosa submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa of stomach fundus submucosa of fundus of stomach A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. cardia of stomach submucosa cardial part of stomach submucosa gastric cardia submucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa stomach cardiac region submucosa submucosa of cardial part of stomach submucosa of gastric cardia submucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa of stomach cardiac region submucosa of cardia of stomach A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. antrum of stomach submucosa pyloric antrum submucosa stomach pyloric antrum submucosa submucosa of antrum of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum submucosa of pyloric antrum A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. pyloric part of stomach submucosa pyloric submucosa pylorus submucosa stomach pyloric region submucosa submucosa of pyloric part of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric region submucosa of pylorus A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. biliary tract submucosa biliary tree submucosa submucosa of biliary tract submucosa of biliary tree A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. common bile duct submucosa common bile ductal submucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa of common bile duct The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder. bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder tela submucosa (vesica urinaria) tela submucosa vesicae tela submucosa vesicae urinariae urinary bladder submucosa submucous layer of urinary bladder submucosa of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa deep trigone submucosa submucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa of deep trigone submucosa of trigone of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder trigone submucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder submucosa trigone of urinary bladder submucosa urinary bladder trigone submucosa vesical trigone submucosa submucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder neck submucosa neck of bladder submucosa neck of urinary bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder neck submucosa of neck of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder neck submucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck submucosa vesical neck submucosa submucosa of neck of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. ileal submucosa ileum submucosa submucosa of ileum A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiole submucosa lobular bronchiole submucosa submucosa of lobular bronchiole submucosa of bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of ureter mucosal layer of ureter mucous membrane of ureter organ mucosa of ureter tunica mucosa (ureter) tunica mucosa ureteris ureter mucosa ureter mucosa of organ ureter mucous membrane ureter organ mucosa ureteral mucosa ureteric mucosa mucosa of ureter A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of vagina mucous membrane of vagina organ mucosa of vagina tunica mucosa vaginae vagina mucosa vagina mucosa of organ vagina mucous membrane vagina organ mucosa vaginal mucosa mucosa of vagina A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of seminal gland mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle mucosa of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal vesicle organ mucosa of seminal gland organ mucosa of seminal vesicle seminal gland mucosa seminal gland mucosa of organ seminal gland mucous membrane seminal gland organ mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa of organ seminal vesicle mucous membrane seminal vesicle organ mucosa tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae mucosa of seminal vesicle A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. cystic duct mucosa cystic duct mucosa of organ cystic duct mucous membrane cystic duct organ mucosa cystic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of cystic duct mucous membrane of cystic duct organ mucosa of cystic duct mucosa of cystic duct A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. appendiceal mucous membrane appendix mucosa appendix mucosa of organ appendix mucous membrane appendix organ mucosa caecal appendix mucosa caecal appendix mucosa of organ caecal appendix mucous membrane caecal appendix organ mucosa mucosa of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of appendix mucosa of organ of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of vermiform appendix mucosa of organ of vermix mucosa of vermiform appendix mucosa of vermix mucous membrane of appendix mucous membrane of caecal appendix mucous membrane of vermiform appendix mucous membrane of vermix organ mucosa of appendix organ mucosa of caecal appendix organ mucosa of vermiform appendix organ mucosa of vermix vermiform appendix mucosa vermiform appendix mucosa of organ vermiform appendix mucous membrane vermiform appendix organ mucosa vermix mucosa vermix mucosa of organ vermix mucous membrane vermix organ mucosa mucosa of appendix A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. ascending colon mucosa ascending colon mucosa of organ ascending colon mucous membrane ascending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of ascending colon mucous membrane of ascending colon organ mucosa of ascending colon mucosa of ascending colon A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of transverse colon mucous membrane of transverse colon organ mucosa of transverse colon transverse colon mucosa transverse colon mucosa of organ transverse colon mucous membrane transverse colon organ mucosa mucosa of transverse colon A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. descending colon mucosa descending colon mucosa of organ descending colon mucous membrane descending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of descending colon mucous membrane of descending colon organ mucosa of descending colon mucosa of descending colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon mucous membrane of sigmoid colon organ mucosa of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon mucosa sigmoid colon mucosa of organ sigmoid colon mucous membrane sigmoid colon organ mucosa mucosa of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa of organ fundus of stomach mucous membrane fundus of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus of stomach mucosa of organ of stomach fundus mucosa of stomach fundus mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane of fundus of stomach mucous membrane of stomach fundus organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa of fundus of stomach organ mucosa of stomach fundus stomach fundus mucosa stomach fundus mucosa of organ stomach fundus mucous membrane stomach fundus organ mucosa mucosa of fundus of stomach A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. cardia of stomach mucosa cardia of stomach mucosa of organ cardia of stomach mucous membrane cardia of stomach organ mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ cardial part of stomach mucous membrane cardial part of stomach organ mucosa gastric cardia mucosa gastric cardia mucosa of organ gastric cardia mucous membrane gastric cardia organ mucosa mucosa of cardial part of stomach mucosa of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of cardia of stomach mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of stomach cardiac region mucous membrane of cardia of stomach mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach mucous membrane of gastric cardia mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region organ mucosa of cardia of stomach organ mucosa of cardial part of stomach organ mucosa of gastric cardia organ mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa of stomach cardiac region pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa of organ stomach cardiac region mucous membrane stomach cardiac region organ mucosa mucosa of cardia of stomach A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. antral mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa of organ antrum of stomach mucous membrane antrum of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane of antrum of stomach mucous membrane of pyloric antrum mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa of antrum of stomach organ mucosa of pyloric antrum organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum pyloric antrum mucosa pyloric antrum mucosa of organ pyloric antrum mucous membrane pyloric antrum organ mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa gastric antrum mucosa mucosa of pyloric antrum A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ of pylorus mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region mucosa of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of stomach pyloric region mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane of pylorus mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa of pylorus organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region pyloric part of stomach mucosa pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa pylorus mucosa pylorus mucosa of organ pylorus mucous membrane pylorus organ mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ stomach pyloric region mucous membrane stomach pyloric region organ mucosa antropyloric mucosa mucosa of pylorus A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. biliary tract mucosa biliary tract mucosa of organ biliary tract mucous membrane biliary tract organ mucosa biliary tree mucosa biliary tree mucosa of organ biliary tree mucous membrane biliary tree organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tree mucous membrane of biliary tract mucous membrane of biliary tree organ mucosa of biliary tract organ mucosa of biliary tree mucosa of biliary tree A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. common bile duct mucosa common bile duct mucosa of organ common bile duct mucous membrane common bile duct organ mucosa common bile ductal mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ of common bile duct mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane of common bile duct mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa of common bile duct organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of common bile duct A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. kidney pelvis mucosa kidney pelvis mucosa of organ kidney pelvis mucous membrane kidney pelvis organ mucosa mucosa of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ of renal pelvis mucosa of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of kidney pelvis mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of renal pelvis organ mucosa of kidney pelvis organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter organ mucosa of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter mucosa pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ pelvis of ureter mucous membrane pelvis of ureter organ mucosa renal pelvic mucosa renal pelvis mucosa renal pelvis mucosa of organ renal pelvis mucous membrane renal pelvis organ mucosa tunica mucosa pelvis renalis mucosa of renal pelvis A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa deep trigone mucosa deep trigone mucosa of organ deep trigone mucous membrane deep trigone organ mucosa mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of deep trigone mucosa of organ of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ of deep trigone mucosa of organ of trigone of bladder mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ of vesical trigone mucosa of trigone of bladder mucosa of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of vesical trigone mucous membrane of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane of deep trigone mucous membrane of trigone of bladder mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane of vesical trigone organ mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa of deep trigone organ mucosa of trigone of bladder organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder mucosa trigone of bladder mucosa of organ trigone of bladder mucous membrane trigone of bladder organ mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa vesical trigone mucosa vesical trigone mucosa of organ vesical trigone mucous membrane vesical trigone organ mucosa mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder neck mucosa bladder neck mucosa of organ bladder neck mucous membrane bladder neck organ mucosa mucosa of bladder neck mucosa of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder neck mucosa of organ of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ of vesical neck mucosa of urinary bladder neck mucosa of vesical neck mucous membrane of bladder neck mucous membrane of neck of bladder mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck mucous membrane of vesical neck neck of bladder mucosa neck of bladder mucosa of organ neck of bladder mucous membrane neck of bladder organ mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa organ mucosa of bladder neck organ mucosa of neck of bladder organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck organ mucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck mucosa urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ urinary bladder neck mucous membrane vesical neck mucosa vesical neck mucosa of organ vesical neck mucous membrane vesical neck organ mucosa mucosa of neck of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition]. male urethra mucosa male urethra mucosa of organ male urethra mucous membrane male urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of male urethra mucous membrane of male urethra organ mucosa of male urethra mucosa of male urethra A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition]. female urethra mucosa female urethra mucosa of organ female urethra mucous membrane female urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of female urethra mucous membrane of female urethra organ mucosa of female urethra mucosa of female urethra A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Automatically generated definition]. lacrimal sac mucosa lacrimal sac mucosa of organ lacrimal sac mucous membrane lacrimal sac organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal sac mucous membrane of lacrimal sac organ mucosa of lacrimal sac mucosa of lacrimal sac A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. lingual mucosa mucosa of organ of tongue mucous membrane of tongue organ mucosa of tongue tongue mucosa tongue mucosa of organ tongue mucous membrane tongue organ mucosa tunica mucosa linguae mucosa of tongue A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasopharynx mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx mucosa of rhinopharynx mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane of nasopharynx mucous membrane of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx mucosa nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa nasopharynx mucosa nasopharynx mucosa of organ nasopharynx mucous membrane nasopharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa of nasopharynx organ mucosa of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx mucosa rhinopharynx mucosa of organ rhinopharynx mucous membrane rhinopharynx organ mucosa mucosa of nasopharynx A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition]. middle ear mucosa middle ear mucosa of organ middle ear mucous membrane middle ear organ mucosa mucosa of organ of middle ear mucosa of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of middle ear organ mucosa of middle ear tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae mucosa of middle ear A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Automatically generated definition]. lacrimal canalicular mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of organ lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane of lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. gall bladder mucosa gall bladder mucosa of organ gall bladder mucous membrane gall bladder organ mucosa gallbladder mucosa gallbladder mucosa of organ gallbladder mucous membrane gallbladder organ mucosa mucosa of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gallbladder mucous membrane of gall bladder mucous membrane of gallbladder organ mucosa of gall bladder organ mucosa of gallbladder tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris mucosa of gallbladder A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiole mucosa bronchiole mucosa of organ bronchiole mucous membrane bronchiole organ mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ lobular bronchiole mucous membrane lobular bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ of bronchiole mucosa of organ of lobular bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiole mucous membrane of lobular bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiole organ mucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus terminalis mucosa bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole mucosa terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ terminal bronchiole mucous membrane terminal bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of terminal bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa of respiratory bronchiole respiratory bronchiole mucosa respiratory bronchiole mucosa of organ respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of respiratory bronchiole A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane mucosa of tympanic membrane mucous layer of tympanic membrane mucous stratum of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component tympanic membrane mucosa inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane of nasolacrimal duct nasolacrimal duct mucosa nasolacrimal duct mucosa of organ nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane nasolacrimal duct organ mucosa nasolacrimal ductal mucosa organ mucosa of nasolacrimal duct mucosa of nasolacrimal duct A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. fallopian tube mucosa fallopian tube mucosa of organ fallopian tube mucous membrane fallopian tube organ mucosa mucosa of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of uterine tube mucosa of oviduct mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucous membrane of uterine tube organ mucosa of fallopian tube organ mucosa of uterine tube tunica mucosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal mucosa uterine tube mucosa uterine tube mucosa of organ uterine tube mucous membrane uterine tube organ mucosa mucosa of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum uterine tube infundibulum mucosa uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa mucosa of infundibulum of uterine tube An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition]. long bone zone zone of long bone An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. external female genital organ external genitalia of female reproductive system female external genitalia organa genitalia feminina externa external female genitalia An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. immune system organ immune organ A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. hemopoietic or lymphoid organ hemopoietic or lymphoid gland haemolymphoid system gland hemolymphoid system gland The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. neural groove One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. medullary fold neural fold A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. neural tube rod neural rod The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric ureteric bud The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. ureter ureteric bud An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO] epithelial placode ectodermal placode A bud-like thickening in the epidermis consisting of elongated keratinocytes, which at the distal end are in touch with numerous aggregated specialized dermal fibroblasts, the dermal condensate. hair placode vibrissa placode hair gem hair germ hair peg hair follicle placode An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. dental anlage dental placode dental primordium odontogenic placode tooth anlage tooth primordium tooth germ tooth placode A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO]. sebaceous gland placode An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO]. sweat gland placode Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. musculus muscle muscle element muscle structure . kidney anlage kidney rudiment The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO]. descending thin limb of loop of Henle loop of Henle descending thin limb loop of Henle thin descending limb pars descendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin descending limb descending limb of Henle's loop descending limb of loop of Henle thin descending limb of loop of Henle thin descending limb of the loop of Henle thin descending loop of Henle descending thin limb The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO]. connecting tubule kidney connecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus renal connecting tubule An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition]. mesonephric epithelium A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric tubule An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. metanephric epithelium Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros. metanephric smooth muscle tissue A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric nephron Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. metanephric pyramid metanephric cortex mesenchyme The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO]. metanephric ascending thin limb The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. metanephric cortical collecting duct It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO]. metanephric descending thin limb The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO]. metanephric distal convoluted tubule The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO]. metanephric glomerular mesangium The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. metanephric macula densa The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO]. metanephric proximal convoluted tubule The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO]. metanephric proximal straight tubule At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO]. metanephric thick ascending limb The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO]. metanephric distal tubule The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric loop of Henle The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO]. metanephric glomerulus vasculature The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric nephron epithelium A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerular epithelium The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerular endothelium This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO]. metanephric glomerular capillary The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric comma-shaped body A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric nephron tubule The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. metanephric vesicle metanephric renal vesicle The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric S-shaped body The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric connecting tubule The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. metanephric proximal tubule A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. epithelial bud A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick. epithelial cord Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. reproductive system element reproductive system structure reproductive structure An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. epithelial fold The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells. CNS parenchyma central nervous system parenchyma parenchyma of CNS parenchyma of central nervous system parenchyma of central nervous system A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. multi-cell-component structure multi-cell-part structure cell part cluster multi cell part structure The distal part of the loop of Henle that is impermeable to water and actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate to generate the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange; it consists of an initial very thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium followed by a distal thick segment lined by simple cuboidal epithelium[MP]. ascending limb ascending limb of Henle's loop loop of Henle ascending limb distal straight tubule ascending limb of loop of Henle The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. papillary duct papillary duct of kidney renal papillary duct Bellini's duct duct of Bellini papillary duct Any of the veins that parallel the interlobular arteries, receiving blood from the peritubular capillary plexus and empty into the arcuate veins interlobular vein venae interlobulares renis interlobular veins of kidney set of interlobular veins of kidney venae interlobulares renis renal interlobular vein connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. interstitium interstitial tissue Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion). hepatic duct An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. abdomen organ abdomen element An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. abdominal segment organ abdominal segment element An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. back organ dorsal region organ dorsal region element An organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. chest organ A circumscribed mass of ectodermal cells which bud off from the dental lamina; it becomes cup-shaped and develops on its internal face the ameloblast layer of cells that produces the enamel cap of a developing tooth. dental organ enamel organ odontogenic organ organum enameleum tooth enamel organ An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. trunk organ trunk region element An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. thoracic cavity organ thoracic cavity element An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. pelvic element pelvis organ pelvis region organ pelvic region element An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. upper body organ thoracic segment organ The portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal medulla kidney medulla collecting duct medullary collecting duct renal medulla collecting duct A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. thoracic vein A germinal center that is part of the spleen. The spleen germinal center is located in a secondary B follicle in the white pulp of the spleen. germinal center of spleen spleen GC spleen follicle center splenic germinal center spleen germinal center A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast. lactiferous gland mammary gland breast mammary gland anterior mammary gland thoracic mammary gland A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Automatically generated definition]. distal straight tubule macula densa a tubuloacinar seromucous gland that is located principally in the submucosa of the trachea. Excretory ducts from this gland pass through the lamina propria to the tracheal lumen. glandula trachealis tracheal gland tubular seromucous gland of trachea trachea gland vagina stroma lamina propria of vagina Stromal matrix surrounding blood vessels within the choroid plexus. choroid plexus stromal matrix choroid plexus stroma A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Automatically generated definition]. tonsil capsule tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. kidney medulla interstitium renal medullary interstitial tissue renal medullary interstitium medullary interstitium medullary stroma renal medulla interstitium The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. interstitium of testis interstitium of the testis testis - interstitial testis interstitial tissue testis interstitium Leydig cell region of testis A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney outer medulla interstitium outer medullary interstitium outer renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. inner medullary interstitium kidney inner medulla interstitium papillary interstitium inner renal medulla interstitium The interstitial compartment of the kidney, comprising the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances, bounded on all sides by epithelial and vascular basement membranes. interstitial tissue of kidney renal interstitial tissue renal interstitium renal stroma stroma of kidney kidney interstitium group kidney interstitium An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. optic eminence surface ectoderm An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb digit epithelium toe epithelium foot digit epithelium pedal digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. finger epithelium fore limb digit epithelium hand digit epithelium manual digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper arm epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg epithelium An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition]. medial-nasal process ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. optic eminence ectoderm An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. endocardium of interventricular septum interventricular septum endocardial tissue interventricular septum endocardium A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. bulbus cordis cardiac muscle bulbus cordis myocardium A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros. metanephros pelvis metanephric renal pelvis A gland that is part of a stomodeum. stomatodaeum gland stomatodeum gland Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. cephalic mesenchyme cranial mesenchyme desmocranium head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper leg mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing toe [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb digit mesenchyme toe mesenchyme foot digit mesenchyme finger ray mesenchyme pedal digital ray mesenchyme pedal digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk. trunk and cervical mesenchyme trunk mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing finger [Automatically generated definition]. finger mesenchyme fore limb digit mesenchyme hand digit mesenchyme anterior limb digital ray mesenchyme finger ray mesenchyme manual digital ray mesenchyme manual digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. upper arm mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg mesenchyme An artery that supplies the renal cortex. kidney cortex artery renal cortex artery renal cortex arterial system renal cortex artery Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified] kidney cortex vein renal cortex venous system renal cortex vein A compartment of the renal cortex situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels that contains two contiguous cellular networks in mutual contact, one formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the other by dendritic cells. kidney cortex interstitium renal cortical interstitial tissue cortical stroma renal cortex interstitium The part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla. inner cortex of kidney inner renal cortex juxtamedullary cortex of kidney juxtamedullary cortex the tiny blood vessels that receive blood from the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus, and interact with superficial cortical nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron; peritubular capillaries are situated around the tubule and are at low pressure peritubular capillary A set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord[WP]. CNS ventricular system ventricular system ventricular system of neuraxis ventricle system ventriculi cerebri ventricular system of central nervous system brain ventricular system ventricular system of brain A structure found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain, consisting of part of the meninges (pia mater in mammals) plus ependyma[cjm]. tela chorioidea tela choroidea Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP]. tela choroidea choroid membrane choroid membrane of fourth ventricle tela chorioidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea of fourth ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi quarti tela choroidea ventriculi quarti tela choroidea of fourth ventricle Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle. tela chorioidea of lateral ventricle tela chorioidea of telencephalic ventricle tela chorioidea telencephalic ventricle tela choroidea (ventriculi lateralis) tela choroidea of lateral ventricle tela choroidea telencephalic ventricle tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) myelencephalon A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. portion of embryonic tissue developing tissue embryonic tissue Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. extra-embryonic tissue extraembryonic tissue the elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme found on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros in which the primordial germ cells become embedded, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary genital ridge gonadal ridge indifferent gonadal ridge crista gonadalis genital cord gonadal ridge Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. genital cord gonad cord gonadal cord primitive sex cord sex cord structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. ovigerous cord ovigerous cords cortical cord cortical sex cord ovary primitive sex cord secondary cord ovary sex cord The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. testis cord testis primary sex cords primary sex cord testis primitive sex cord testis sex cord A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. pronephric nephron The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. pronephric tubule ciliated neck segment pronephric nephron tubule The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO]. mammary anlage mammary placode The endothelial lining of the endocardium. endocardium endothelium endothelium of endocardium endocardial endothelium An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. pulmonary artery endothelial tube pulmonary artery endothelium The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. mesonephric collecting duct The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. mesonephric juxtaglomerular apparatus . mesonephric smooth muscle tissue A nephron that is part of a mesonephros. nephron of mesonephros stage IV nephron mesonephric nephron Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric mesenchyme The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric macula densa The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO]. glomerulus mesonephric glomerulus The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric glomerulus vasculature A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric glomerular epithelium The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric comma-shaped body A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric renal tubule mesonephric nephron tubule The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric nephron epithelium The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. mesonephric vesicle mesonephric renal vesicle The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric S-shaped body A bulb of epithelial cells that forms from the mammary placode that develops into the mammary gland. lactiferous gland bud mammary gland bud mammary primordium milk bud mammary bud A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. lamina propria of oral mucosa oral lamina propria A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. heart ventricle outflow tract outflow part of ventricle ventricular outflow tract outflow tract of ventricle An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. outflow tract aortic component outflow tract pulmonary component the ependymal cell layer that lines the brain ventricles ependyma of ventricular system of brain brain ependyma A layer in the central nervous system that lines system of communicating cavities in the brain and spinal cord. ventricular layer region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis ventricle of nervous system the ependymal cell layer that lines the spinal cord ependyma of central canal of spinal cord spinal cord ependymal layer spinal cord ventricular layer spinal cord ependyma The lobe at the anterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, responsible for olfactory functions. olfactory lobe the area of white matter of the spinal cord located on either side of the ventral (anterior) medial fissure anterior column spinal cord anterior column ventral column spinal cord ventral column Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. external plexiform layer olfactory bulb main external plexiform layer EPL OB outer plexiform layer external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb olfactory bulb external plexiform layer The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA]. glomerular layer olfactory bulb main glomerulus stratum glomerulosum bulbi olfactorii glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb olfactory bulb glomerular layer An epithelium that lines the nasal cavity. nasal epithelium nasal mucosa nasal cavity epithelium That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[MESH]. olfactory area of nasal mucosa olfactory mucosa olfactory part of nasal mucosa olfactory zone of nasal mucosa pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi olfactory segment of nasal mucosa An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. light-sensitive tissue photoreceptor array A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. lens transparent eye structure One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. carotid carotid artery subdivision of common carotid artery common carotid arterial subdivision carotid artery segment A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. female reproductive gland A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system. accessory sex gland male reproductive gland A gray matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. cerebral gray matter cerebral grey matter cerebral hemisphere grey matter cerebral hemisphere gray matter The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia. perirenal fascia adipose capsule of kidney capsula adiposa renis fatty capsule of kidney perinephric fat periphrenic fascia perirenal fascia perirenal fat capsule perirenal fat pad perirenal fat Any of any of the secretory or sensory organs located in the brain region around or in relation to the ventricular system that are characterized by extensive vasculature and a lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB) and allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow. CVO circumventricular organ circumventricular organ of neuraxis circumventricular organ The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system. GI tract alimentary system alimentary tract gastro-intestinal system gastroenterological system gastrointestinal (GI) tract gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract alimentary part of gastrointestinal system A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. anterior limb bud limb bud - forelimb upper limb bud wing bud arm bud forelimb bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. hind limb bud posterior limb bud leg bud limb bud - hindlimb hindlimb bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. forelimb - pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud pectoral fin buds pectoral appendage bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. hindlimb/pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud pelvic fin buds pelvic appendage bud An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. AER forelimb apical ectodermal ridge forelimb apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge wing AER wing apical ectodermal ridge aer pectoral fin apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin apical fold pectoral fin pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. apical ectodermal ridge hind limb apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge AER hindlimb apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud leg AER pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge developing structure developmental structure developmental tissue developing anatomical structure Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium. future RPE future retinal pigmented epithelium optic cup outer layer outer layer optic cup presumptive pigmented epithelia future PRE future pigmented layer future pigmented retinal epithelium presumptive pigmented epithelium presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. future neural retina future retinal neural layer inner layer optic cup optic cup inner layer presumptive retinas future NR future neural epithelium future neural layer presumptive retina presumptive neural retina Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. hollow lens vesicle solid lens vesicle immature lens lens mass presumptive lens lens vesicle Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. corneal primordium Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. VNC enteric neural crest post-otic neural crest vagal neural crest The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates saccus aorticus aortic sac A segment of autopod that is part of a pes. foot region foot subdivision regio pedis segment of foot subdivision of foot segment of pes A segment of autopod that is part of a manus. hand region hand subdivision regio manus segment of hand subdivision of hand segment of manus trunk part of spinal nerve, where dorsal and ventral roots meet to form the spinal nerve, before branching off to dorsal and ventral rami. spinal nerve (trunk) spinal neural trunk trunk of spinal nerve spinal nerve trunk A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a fundus of stomach. epithelium of fundus of stomach gastric epithelium of fundus gastric fundus epithelium stomach fundus epithelium Either of the two lateral lobes that constitute the thymus. lateral lobe of thymus lobe of thymus thymus lobe lateral wall midbrain lateral wall midbrain region lateral wall mesencephalon midbrain lateral wall Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. lateral wall neural tube neural tube lateral wall non neural ectoderm epidermal ectoderm epithelial ectoderm surface ectoderm ventral ectoderm non-neural ectoderm Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. primitive heart tube early primitive heart tube primitive heart tube A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. future hindbrain lateral wall rhombomere lateral wall A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID]. thymic primordium thymic rudiment thymus primordium Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. future gonad gonadal primordium primitive gonad undifferentiated gonad immature gonad gonad primordium Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. facio acoustic neural crest facio-acoustic neural crest Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle occipital somite cranial somite head somite A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. lateral diverticula lung diverticulum lung endoderm lung primordium A somite that is part of a trunk. trunk somite The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. dorsal mesentery dorsal mesogastrium extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct hepatic duct extrahepatic part extrahepatic part of hepatic duct Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery iliac artery right dorsal aorta A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. plexus vasculosus vascular plexus Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. extraembryonic membrane An epithelium that is part of a caecum. caecum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pylorus. pyloric region epithelium An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. anterior chamber epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. lens vesicle epithelium An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. 2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm 2nd arch ectoderm An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. 2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm 2nd arch endoderm connecting stalk mesoderm An endothelium that is part of a right lung. right lung endothelium An endothelium that is part of a left lung. left lung endothelium A mesentery that is part of a caecum. caecum mesentery A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut. midgut dorsal mesentery A dorsal mesentery that is part of a caecum. caecum dorsal mesentery Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme 2nd branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme 2nd arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. optic eminence mesenchyme A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut. foregut duodenum mesentery A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut. midgut duodenum mesentery An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate. footplate apical ectodermal ridge A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. rhombencephalon venous system hindbrain venous system A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros. pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric mesenchyme pronephric primordium pronephric mesoderm A sensory system that is capable of olfacttion (the sensory perception of smell). olfactory system chemosensory system . extra-embryonic mesoderm extraembryonic mesenchyme extraembryonic mesoderm A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. pectoral appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pectoral fin field pectoral appendage field A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pelvic fin field pelvic appendage field A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm paired limb/fin field paired limb/fin field The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. adventitia externa tunica adventitia tunica adventitia of vessel external coat tunica adventitia vasorum tunica externa vasorum tunica adventitia of blood vessel A tunica intima that is part of a artery. arterial intima tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) tunica intima of artery An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. tunica advetitia tunica externa adventitia Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. foramen foramens@fr foramina@fr bone foramen The capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP]. glomerular capillary tuft glomerulus glomerular tuft A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration[UBERON]. outer layer of the glomerular capsule composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium[MP] Bowman's parietal epithelium capsular epithelium glomerular capsule parietal layer outer layer of glomerular capsule parietal capsular epithelium parietal epithelial layer parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule parietal layer of Bowman capsule parietal layer of Bowman's capsule parietal layer of glomerular capsule renal glomerular capsule epithelium kidney parietal epithelium glomerular parietal epithelium The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. inner layer of the glomerular capsule surrounding the capillary endothelial cells and composed of highly specialized epithelial cells (podocytes) that are separated by filtration slits; the visceral layer is separated from the outer parietal layer by the urinary space (also known as the Bowman's or capsular space)[MP] Bowman's visceral epithelium glomerular capsule visceral layer inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule podocyte layer of Bowman's capsule visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule visceral layer of Bowman's capsule visceral layer of glomerular capsule visceral layer of glomerular capsule The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. caudal portion of nephrogenic cord caudal region of nephrogenic cord rear part of nephrogenic cord rear portion of nephrogenic cord caudal part of nephrogenic cord The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. rostral part of nephrogenic cord The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP]. septum urorectale urorectal fold urorectal membrane cloacal septum urorectal septum A acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure. acellular membrane An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. basement membrane of connective tissue membrana basalis basement membrane basement membrane of epithelium the layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the Bowman capsule; it is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas and acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter GBM glomerular capillary basement membrane glomerular filtration membrane glomerular basement membrane Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. nephric cord nephric ridge fetal uterus embryonic uterus Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle. aortic section aortic segment portion of aorta segment of aorta section of aorta The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. DA aorta dorsalis aortae dorsales dorsal aorta root dorsal aortae dorsal aortic root dorsal aortæ dorsal aorta In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. portal venous system portal system A bone tissue that is part of a long bone. osseous tissue of long bone bone tissue of long bone A fascicle that is part of a spinal cord. spinal cord fasciculus fasciculus of spinal cord A fascicle that is part of a brain. brain fasciculus fasciculus of brain A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. mesenchyme condensation developing mesenchymal condensation Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. cartilage condensation cartilagenous condensation chondrogenic condensation cartilaginous condensation pre muscle mass premuscle mass pre-muscle condensation A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts. pre-chondrogenic condensation precartilage condensation precartilagenous condensation prechondrogenic condensation pre-cartilage condensation the paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip mandibular process mandibular swelling prominentia mandibularis mandibular prominence An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. nasal pit olfactory pit A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. 1st arch branchial groove 1st arch groove ectoderm 1st pharyngeal groove 1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm branchial groove of 1st arch 1st branchial cleft 1st pharyngeal cleft 1st arch pharyngeal cleft the embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin undifferentiated genital tubercle genital tubercle phallic tubercle tuberculum genitale tuberculum phallicum undifferentiated genital tubercle An external pocketing of pharyngeal ectoderm that contacts a region of endoderm (a pharyngeal pouch) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions by the pharyngeal arches. pharyngeal groove pharyngeal groove ectoderm gill cleft Kiemenspalten branchial cleft branchial groove pharyngeal ectodermal cleft pharyngeal slit sulcus pharyngei pharyngeal cleft A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis. digit or predigit limb outgrowth autopodial extension neural tube lateral wall mantle layer The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom. celomic epithelium germinal epithelium of Waldeyer coelomic epithelium A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx leg bone A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones. bone of hand bone of hand skeleton bone of manus bone of pectoral limb autopod bone of pectoral limb autopodium forelimb autopod bone forelimb autopodium bone hand bone manus bone A bone that is part of the pes skeleton bone of foor proper or tarsal skeleton bone of foot bone of pedal skeleton bone of pes foot bone pes bone Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP]. ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae excretory duct of seminal gland seminal vesicle duct ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae duct of seminal vesicle Any of the ducts that are part of a male reproductive system. duct of male reproductive system Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA] serous sac A serous sac which is the aggregate of the conjunctiva plus the conjunctival space conjunctiva serous sac subbrillar sac conjunctival sac Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA] endoderm-derived epithelium endoepithelium endo-epithelium bone organ zone zone of bone organ A naris that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. naris external nares nostril blowhole anterior nares anterior naris external naris Thickening of the proximal end of the hair follicle. Contains rapidly proliferating, rather undifferentiated matrix cells (transient amplifying cells), melanocytes and outer root sheath cells. hair bulb hair follicle bulb coat hair bulb bulb of hair follicle . hair root sheath A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. hair follicle inner root sheath inner root sheath of hair follicle inner sheath of hair follicle internal root sheath of hair follicle inner root sheath hair inner root sheath A stratified epithelium that surrounds the hair follicle that merges proximally with the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and distally with the hair bulb. external root sheath of hair follicle hair follicle outer root sheath outer root sheath of hair follicle ORS outer hair sheath outer root sheath hair outer root sheath Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. skeleton axiale axial skeleton plus cranial skeleton An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. outflow part of atrium outflow tract of atrium Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk infundibulum RVOT conus arteriosus (infundibulum) infundibulum of right ventricle outflow tract of right ventricle pulmonary conus right ventricle pulmonary outflow tract right ventricular outflow tract arterial cone conus arteriosus pulmonary cone pulmonary conus outflow part of right ventricle Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta. LVOT Sibson vestibule aortic vestibule heart left ventricle outflow tract left ventricular outflow left ventricular outflow tract outflow tract of left ventricle vestibulum aortae outflow part of left ventricle A pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber of the eye through which aqueous humor circulates[MP]. eye trabecular meshwork reticulum trabeculare trabecular meshwork of the eye Hueck's ligament cribiform ligament iridis ligamentum peactin-tum iridis ligamentum pectinatum ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis ligamentum pectinatum iridis pectinate ligament pectinate ligament of iris reticulum trabeculare sclerae scleral trabeculae scleral trabecular scleral trabecule scribiform ligament trabecular mesh trabecular meshwork eye trabecular meshwork A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. amnionic fold amniotic fold The laminar structure of the heart heart layer Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation coronary vessel The left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP]. crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) crus sinistrum fasciculi atrioventricularis left bundle branch left bundle branch of bundle of His left bundle of atrioventricular bundle left crus of atrioventricular bundle left posterior branch left posterior bundle left branch of atrioventricular bundle The right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP]. crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) crus dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis right bundle right bundle branch right bundle branch of bundle of His right right crus of atrioventricular bundle right ventricular bundle right branch of atrioventricular bundle Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. body hair or bristle adnexae cutis skin adnexa skin adnexal structure skin appendage integumentary adnexa The bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath germinal matrix of hair bulb lower part of bulb of hair follicle lower zone of bulb of hair follicle hair follicle matrix region A ring of ribrous tissue that surrounds the atrioventricular and arterial orifices anulus fibrosus of heart Lower's ring annulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus cordis aortic annulus atrioventricular ring coronary tendon fibrous ring of heart fibrous ring of heart A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions). multi-limb segment region Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. leg musculature muscle group of leg set of muscles of leg musculature of hindlimb zeugopod The base or posterior surface of the urinary bladder contains the trigone of the bladder and the outlet where urine empties through the internal urethral orifice. fundus of bladder base of urinary bladder fundus vesicae urinary bladder base urinary bladder fundus urinary bladder fundus region bladder dome fundus of urinary bladder The deep nuclei of telencephalic origin found in the basal region of the forebrain basal nuclei basal nuclei of the forebrain basal ganglia basal ganglia (anatomic) corpus striatum (Savel'ev) ganglia basales basal nuclear complex cochlear canal spiral canal of cochlea wall of cochlea spiral vessel cochlear canal A funiculus of neuraxis that is part of a spinal cord. spinal cord funiculus white column of spinal cord funiculus of spinal cord The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans funiculus of neuraxis A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if it is myelinated) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system. nerve fibre neurofibra neurofibrum nerve fibers neurofibra nerve fiber Axons of neurons encased in a lipoproteinaceous material called myelin. (MeSH) myelinated nerve fiber non-myelinated nerve fiber unmyelinated nerve fiber pronephros proximal tubule pronephric proximal tubule pronephric distal tubule The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus mesonephric glomerular mesangium . mesonephric glomerular capillary The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros mesonephric connecting tubule The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule mesonephric distal tubule The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule mesonephric proximal tubule A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 that develop into the folds of the pinna and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. auditory hillock of Hiss auditory tubercles auricular hillock hillock of Hiss auditory hillocks The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx. oral membrane oral plate oropharyngeal membrane pharyngeal membrane buccopharyngeal membrane the posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system cerebellar anlage cerebellar primordium cerebellum primordium dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon future cerebellum presumptive cerebellum rostral rhombic lip rhombic lip The foremost region of the future forebrain that develops into the diencephalon. presumptive diencephalon future diencephalon elbow joint primordium facio-acoustic preganglion complex facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system. genital tubercle of female female genital tubercle A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. femoral pre-cartilage condensation femur pre-cartilage condensation An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut. foregut-midgut junction The embryonic precursor of the brain. brain rudiment presumptive brain encephalon embryonic brain future brain A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain. future prosencephalon presumptive forebrain presumptive prosencephalon prosencephalon future forebrain presumptive spinal cord presumptive spinal cord neural keel presumptive spinal cord neural plate presumptive spinal cord neural rod future spinal cord A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops. gall bladder primordium A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. humeral cartilage condensation humerus cartilage element A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. humeral pre-cartilage condensation humerus pre-cartilage condensation knee joint primordium A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system. genital tubercle of male penis anlage male genital tubercle An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut. mouth-foregut junction Groove between maxillary prominence and lateral nasal process. naso-lacrimal groove s. lacrimalis maxillae nasolacrimal groove The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. notochordal plate A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot chordamesoderm presumptive notochord notochordal process the pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles otic cup otic pit Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. pleuroperitoneal channel pleuroperitoneal canal Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. embryonic ventricle early heart ventricle embryonic heart ventricle future heart ventricle presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube primitive ventricle primitive ventricle of heart primordial cardiac ventricle primordial ventricle future cardiac ventricle future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle prosencephalic vesicle preevaginated forebrain vesicle forebrain ventricle forebrain vesicle prosencephalic ventricle early prosencephalic vesicle A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP]. spleen mesenchyme splenic mesenchyme splenic primordium left spleen primordium spleen primordium A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media eye chamber eyeball chamber chamber of eye chamber of eyeball Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. ocular refractive media Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. fluid body fluid bodily fluid A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. brain stem nucleus brainstem nucleus One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. pll posterior lateral line A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a lateral ventricle. lateral ventricle choroid plexus stroma A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a fourth ventricle. fourth ventricle choroid plexus stroma A peritubular capillary that is part of a outer medulla of kidney. kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary outer renal medulla peritubular capillary An artery that connects two larger arteries. communicating artery . distal straight tubule premacula segment kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal medulla thick ascending limb premacula segment of distal straight tubule the unique bone located in the glans penis of most mammals except humans; it is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by species baculum os baculum penile bone penis bone os penis A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart). anulus anulus fibrosus fibrocartilaginous ring fibrous ring annulus fibrosus System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli. pulmonary alveolar system bronchoalveolar system alveolar system left lung alveolar system right lung alveolar system Any region of a nephron tubule that is convoluted. Examples: distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tuble. convoluted tubule kidney convoluted tubule renal convoluted tubule A substance that is secreted by a mammary gland. The substance may differ depending on phase, with colostrum produced during pregancy/early lactation, and milk produced afterwards. lactiferous gland fluid lactiferous gland secretion mammary gland fluid mammary gland secreted fluid mammary gland secretion secretion of mammary gland mammary gland fluid/secretion A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla inner stripe. outer medulla inner stripe loop of Henle A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla outer stripe. outer medulla outer stripe loop of Henle A vasculature that is part of a kidney. kidney vasculature A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. renal duct A tube that is part of a excretory system. excretory tube An organ system subdivision that is a network of vessels capable of removing accumulating protein and fluid from the interstitial space and returning it to the vascular space. In some species, this network is connected to the immune system via lymph nodes and lymphocyte-producing organs, with the whole being the lymphoid system. lymphatic system lymphatic tree system lymporeticular system lymphatic part of lymphoid system An organ system subdivision that is the part of the lymphoid system that excludes the lymphatic vessels.. non-lymphatic lymphoid system non-lymphatic part of lymphoid system The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. anterior part of foregut pharyngeal tube pharynx A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. left ventricular myocardium myocardium of left ventricle left ventricle myocardium A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. myocardium of right ventricle right ventricular myocardium right ventricle myocardium A nucleus of brain that is part of a hypothalamus. nucleus of hypothalamus hypothalamic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a diencephalon. diencephalic nucleus An organ that is part of a vestibular system. balance organ vestibular organ Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. presumptive endoderm future blood presumptive blood Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure. future structure presumptive structures presumptive structure Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. presumptive epidermis presumptive ectoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. presumptive mesoderm Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans. lorica test shell exoskeleton A large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood blood sinus venous sinus A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. muscle layer of fallopian tube muscle layer of oviduct muscle layer of uterine tube muscular coat of uterine tube muscular layer of uterine tube muscularis of uterine tube tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) tunica muscularis tubae uterinae uterine tubal muscularis muscle layer of oviduct An adventitia that is part of a epididymis. epididymis adventitia adventitia of epididymis A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis. muscle layer of epididymis An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle. adventitia of seminal gland seminal vesicle adventitia tunica adventitia (vesicula seminalis) tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae adventitia of seminal vesicle muscular coat of vagina tunica muscularis vaginae vaginal muscularis muscular layer of vagina A joint that connects one phalanx to another along a proximodistal axis. inter-phalangeal joint inter-phalanx joint interphalangeal joint A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. muscular layer muscularis layer tunica muscularis muscular coat muscularis muscularis externa muscularis propria transverse muscular fibers tunica externa tunica muscularis muscular coat A valve that is part of a vein. valve of vein venous valve A vein that is part of a vertebral column. vena spinalis spinal branch spinal vein A vasculature that is part of a cerebellum. cerebellum vasculature The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region. autopod skeleton autopodial skeleton skeletal parts of autopod skeleton of autopod autopodium autopodial skeleton A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis. ligamentum spirale ductus cochlearis spiral cochlear ligament spiral ligament of cochlea spiral ligament of cochlear duct spiral ligament the edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm cornea limbus corneal limbus corneal-scleral limbus corneoscleral junction limbus corneae sclerocorneal junction sclerocorneal limbus limbus corneae corneo-scleral junction Layer of nonkeratinized squamous epithelium lining the conjunctiva, overlying scleral tissue conjunctiva epithelium conjunctival epithelium epithelium of conjunctiva An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. glandular epithelium Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. skeleton of nose nasal skeleton Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand. loose areolar connective tissue areolar tissue loose connective tissue areolar connective tissue A furrow or an incomplete tube. groove surface groove A peritubular capillary that is part of a cortex of kidney. kidney cortex peritubular capillary renal cortex peritubular capillary A region of nephron tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney. kidney cortex tubule cortical tubule renal cortex tubule . cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex thick ascending limb distal straight tubule postmacula segment A muscular coat that is part of a ureter. muscular coat of ureter muscular layer of ureter muscularis of ureter tunica muscularis (ureter) tunica muscularis ureteris ureteral smooth muscle layer muscular coat of ureter This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO] adrenal gland - interrenal gland adrenal gland/interrenal tissue adrenal - interrenal gland suprarenal gland - interrenal gland adrenal/interrenal gland A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition]. body of femur corpus femoris femoral diaphysis femoral shaft shaft of femur diaphysis of femur A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur. proximal metaphysis of femur A metaphysis that is part of a femur. femoral metaphysis metaphysis of femur The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus. rectum rectal part of digestive tract terminal section of digestive tract terminal part of digestive tract A gland that secretes a seminal fluid. seminal fluid secreting gland the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pes (foot) foot plate footplate distal part of hindlimb bud foot disk embryonic footplate An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate. handplate apical ectodermal ridge the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the manus (hand) hand plate handplate distal part of forelimb bud embryonic handplate A vasculature that is part of a organ. organ vasculature set of blood vessels of organ vasculature of organ A vasculature that is part of a liver. hepatic vasculature hepatic vascular element liver vascular element liver vascular system vasculature of liver A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. head mesenchyme derived from mesoderm head mesenchyme from head mesoderm head mesenchyme from mesoderm mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm mesenchyme from head mesoderm cranial mesoderm head mesoderm head mesenchyme from mesoderm Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. mesenchyme of mandibular process mesenchyme of mandibular prominence mandibular process mesenchyme An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. squamous epithelium Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA] epithelium stratificatum squamosum stratified squamous epithelium A non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. non-keratinized epithelium of tongue A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. squamous epithelium of tongue tongue squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. esophageal squamous epithelium squamous epithelium of esophagus squamous oesophageal epithelium esophagus squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. stomach squamous epithelium The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane. cervical squamous epithelium cervix squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a vagina. vaginal squamous epithelium vagina squamous epithelium A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. epithelium of gastric gland gastric gland epithelium stomach glandular epithelium Any gland that is part of the digestive system. digestive gland digestive system gland Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA] glandular columnar epithelium stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region. stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane stomach glandular region mucosa An epithelium that is part of a vestibular labyrinth. epithelium of vestibular labyrinth inner ear vestibular component epithelium vestibular sensory epithelium vestibular epithelium Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. neuroepithelium sensory epithelium An epithelium that is part of a crista ampullaris. epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth ampullary crest neuroepithelium crista ampullaris neuroepithelium the epithelial cell layer containing the sensory hair cells and their associated sensory nerve terminals inner ear epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pinna. pinna surface epithelium A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. sperm duct sperm ducts male genital duct An epithelium that is part of a uterus. uterus epithelium uterine epithelium The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. interstitial tissue of ovary ovarian stroma ovary stroma stroma of the ovary stroma ovarica stroma ovarii ovary stroma The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland. DHP pars anterior distal part of hypophysis pars anterior of adenohypophysis pars distalis (glandula pituitaria) pars distalis adenohypophysis pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland pars glandularis of adenohypophysis anterior lobe distal part of the hypophysis pars distalis pars distalis (hypophysis) pars distalis adenohypophyseos pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos pars glandularis pars distalis of adenohypophysis The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. vascular cord A capillary that is part of the coronary system. heart capillary coronary capillary A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n anatomical surface The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. cardiogenic splanchnopleure cardiac mesoderm cardiogenic mesoderm cardiogenic region heart primordia cardiogenic splanchnic mesoderm Organism at the cleavage stage. cleaving embryo A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. adult adults adult organism future digestive tract future digestive tube future gut primitive gut embryonic digestive tube primordial digestive tube primordial gut presumptive gut mechanosensory system Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. mandibular neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. hyoid crest hyoid neural crest A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified]. dorsal tube heart adult heart primary circulatory organ A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth. meconium The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. femoral neck collum femoris femur neck neck of the femur neck of femur A pharyngeal pouch that is between pharyngeal arches 1 and 2. 1st arch branchial pouch 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm 1st arch pouch endoderm 1st branchial pouch 1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm first arch pharyngeal pouch first visceral pouch hyomandibular pouch pharyngeal pouches 1 visceral pouch 1 first pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 1 A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3. 2nd arch branchial pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm 2nd arch pouch endoderm 2nd branchial pouch 2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm pharyngeal pouches 2 second arch pharyngeal pouch second visceral pouch visceral pouch 2 second pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 2 Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. corpuscle glomerulus glomeral mesenchyme Ganglion which is located in the trunk. body ganglion trunk ganglia trunk ganglion An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. presumptive central nervous system neural keel A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. colonic lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of colon lamina propria of colonic mucosa lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane lamina propria of mucosa of colon A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube serosa of infundibulum of oviduct serosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. mesothelium of pericardium pericardial mesothelium serous pericardium mesothelium mesothelium of serous pericardium The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. bone marrow stroma stroma of bone marrow The structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. arbor tracheobronchialis tracheobronchial system tracheobronchial tree multicellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. dioecious organism hermaphrodite hermaphroditic organism An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. hermaphrodite-specific hermaphrodite anatomical structure The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins. brachiocephalic vasculature Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest head mesenchyme from neural crest head neural crest derived mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trunk neural crest derived mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest ventral pharyngeal arch 1 ventral mandibular arch ventral visceral arch 1 1st arch mandibular component 1st arch maxillary component A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. arterial adventitia tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) tunica adventitia of artery A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) venous adventitia tunica adventitia of vein A tunica intima that is part of a vein. tunica interna (intima)(venae) venous intima tunica intima of vein Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei. cluster of neural nuclei neural nuclei nuclear complex nuclear complex of neuraxis A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea. trachea pre-cartilage rings Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin muscle pectoral fin musculature pectoral appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage. pelvic fin musculature pelvic appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage. fin musculature appendage musculature Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle. cheiropterygium pectoral appendage skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. pelvic appendage skeleton The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. presumptive rhombencephalon embryonic rhombencephalon future hindbrain rhombencephalon presumptive hindbrain A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium. presumptive endocardium A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm. presumptive segmental plates presumptive segmental plate A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate. prospective neuroectoderm prospective vegetal ectoderm presumptive neural plate The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. future paraxial mesenchyme future paraxial mesoderm presumptive paraxial mesoderm A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm. nephron primordium presumptive pronephric mesoderm A proximal convoluted tubule that is part of a pronephros. pronephric proximal convoluted tubule A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin blood vessel pectoral appendage blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. fin blood vessel limb blood vessel appendage blood vessel A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin vasculature pectoral appendage vasculature A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. branchial vasculature pharyngeal vasculature A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. fin vasculature appendage vasculature A glomerular capillary that is part of a pronephros. pronephric glomerular capillary A glomerular basement membrane that is part of a pronephros. pronephric glomerular filtration membrane pronephric glomerular basement membrane A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans. lobulus pancreaticus pancreas lobe pancreatic lobule pancreatic lobule A duct that collects and carries secretions of the exocrine pancreas to the intestine. duct of pancreas pancreas duct ductus pancreaticus pancreatic duct blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear. stria vascularis blood vessels stria vascularis blood vessel stria vascularis vasculature An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue. tongue surface surface of tongue The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. epidermis epidermis (sensu Metazoa) outer epidermal layer outer epithelial layer hypoderm hypodermis outer epithelium Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. EVL enveloping layer enveloping layer of ectoderm A lymphatic vessel that is part of a limb/fin. appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pelvic appendage. pelvic appendage lymph vessel A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. paired limb/fin cartilage A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin cartilage pectoral appendage cartilage tissue A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. pelvic fin cartilage pelvic appendage cartilage tissue A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum. tegmental nuclei tegmental nucleus nucleus of midbrain tegmentum A nucleus of midbrain tegmentum that is part of a midbrain reticular formation. midbrain reticular formation nucleus midbrain reticular nucleus mesencephalic reticular nucleus nucleus of midbrain reticular formation The space within an epithelial sphere. cavity of vesicle lumen of epithelial sac A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. matrix-based tissue An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. epithelial sac An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. epithelial tube open at both ends A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. arborising epithelial duct system arborizing epithelial duct system A closed epithelium with a lumen. epithelial vesicle A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. smooth muscle sphincter Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. dense mesenchyme tissue Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. loose mesenchyme tissue Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. migrating mesenchyme population A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. epithelium of uterine tube uterine tube epithelium ciliated columnar oviduct epithelium A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct. cuboidal oviduct epithelium Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA] ciliated columnar epithelium Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. ciliated epithelium Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the eye, in parts of the pharynx and anus, the female's uterus, the male urethra and vas deferens. Also found in intralobular ducts in salivary glands.[WP] epithelium stratificatum columnare stratified columnar epithelium A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. synovium stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial membrane synovial tissue layer of synovial tissue An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. articular cavity (synovial joint) cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) cavity of synovial joint joint cavity synovial cavity synovial cavity of joint epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. eye pigment epithelium pigment epithelium of eye A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. nucleus of medulla oblongata A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes lymph node of thorax deep thoracic lymph node thoracic lymph node A developing mesenchymal capsule that covers the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx. primary meninx meninx primitiva primitive meninx primordial meninx future meninx The outermost layer of the mesenchymal capsule that surrounds the developing brain, of mixed paraxial mesoderm and neural crest origin. The ectomeninx forms the dura mater (both inner layer and outer chondrogenic layer). future dura mater ectomeninx 2 An anatomical structure that connects two structures junction anatomical junction anatomical junction A sphincter that is part of an esophagus. esophageal sphincter functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. uriniferous tubule renal tubule region region of renal tubule region of nephron tubule region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. kidney anlage kidney field Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. field developmental field future organ organ field anlage endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP]. diverticulum thyroideum saccus thyroideus thyroid diverticulum . early pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal endoderm pharyngeal region endoderm early pharyngeal endoderm A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. baculum os penis/os clitoris bone of reproductive organ The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. foot interphalangeal joint hindlimb digit inter-phalangeal joint interphalangeal joint of foot interphalangeal joint of toe toe joint interphalangeal joint of pes The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): 'proximal interphalangeal joints' (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges 'distal interphalangeal joints' (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. articulationes digitorum manus articulationes interphalangeae manus interphalangeal joint of hand interphalangeal joint of finger IP joint articulations of the digits interphalangeal articulations of hand interphalangeal joints of hand interphalangeal joint of manus A gland that is part of a epidermis. epidermal gland gland of epidermis epidermis gland An endothelium that is part of a umbilical vein. umbilical vein endothelium An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery. umbilical artery endothelium Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces plasma ultrafiltrate transudate Any fluid produced by a serous gland. serous fluid serosal fluid serous gland fluid secretion of serous gland Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. Gefaesssystem@de vascular system A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. connecting stalk A vasculature that is part of a connecting stalk. connecting stalk blood vessels connecting stalk blood vessel vasculature of connecting stalk connecting stalk vasculature Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. abdominal adipose tissue abdominal fat intra-abdominal fat adipose tissue of abdominal region The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. cephalic area cephalic part of animal cephalic region head and neck head or neck craniocervical region An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). girdle girdle region fin girdle fin girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region appendage girdle region Mesentery that is located in the peritoneum. peritoneal mesentery External part of the nose containing the external nares. nose external nose A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. girdle bone girdle bone/zone A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region. bone of pectoral girdle pectoral girdle bone A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. bone of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle bone/zone A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons. skeletal parts of pectoral girdle skeleton of pectoral girdle cingulum pectorale pectoral girdle scapular girdle pectoral girdle skeleton Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. pelvic girdle skeleton skeletal parts of pelvic girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle pelvic girdle skeleton Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. membrane bones membrane bone Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. cartilage organ cartilaginous element chondrogenic element cartilage cartilage element Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. regular connective tissue Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular collagenous tissue regular dense connective tissue typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) dense regular connective tissue A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. head or neck bone cranial bone bone of craniocervical region A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus. sesamoid bone of hand sesamoid bone of manus A sesamoid bone that is part of a pes. sesamoid bone of foot sesamoid bone of pes The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. os irregulare os irregulare irregular bone A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. girdle joint joint of girdle A anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element. cartilage surface surface of cartilage A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. os pneumaticum pneumatic bone hollow bone pneumatized bone Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region. muscle of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle muscle muscle of pectoral girdle bone of hip region Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions. head or neck muscle head muscles head or neck muscle craniocervical region musculature The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. fibra periodontalis periodontal fiber periodontal fibre PDL alveolar periosteum alveolodental ligament alveolodental membrane desmodontium odontoperiosteum paradentium peridental membrane peridontal fiber peridontal fibre peridontal ligament peridontal ligament fiber peridontal ligament fibre peridontal membrane peridontium periodontium periodontal ligament A knoblike tooth primordium that develops into the mature tooth and consists of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac enclosing them. dental bud dental germ tooth germ tooth bud An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac endothelium heart endothelium A gland that is part of a nasopharynx. nasopharyngeal gland The sole is the bottom of the foot. planta plantar part of foot plantar region regio plantaris sole sole of foot pelma planta sole of foot sole of the foot soles of the feet plantar part of pes microvascular endothelium An intestinal villus in the duodenum. intestinal villus of duodenum An intestinal villus in the jejunum. intestinal villus of jejunum An intestinal villus in the ileum. intestinal villus of ileum An epithelium that is part of a ileum. epithelium of ileum ileal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a duodenum. epithelium of duodenum duodenal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a breast. breast epithelium The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions. epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule epithelium of proximal renal tubule proximal renal tubule epithelium proximale tubular epithelium proximal tubule epithelium proximal tubular epithelium An epithelium that is part of a distal tubule. distal tubule epithelium distal tubular epithelium A ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. mammary fold mammary gland ridge mammary line milk line mammary ridge Any muscle organ that is part of an nose. muscle of nose nasal muscle A muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland. prostate gland muscle tissue prostate muscle tissue prostatic muscle prostatic musclular tissue muscle tissue of prostate A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia. head of tibia proximal end of tibia proximal tibial epiphysis upper end of tibia proximal epiphysis of tibia An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers embryonic epiblast inner cell mass derived epiblast A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb. free lower limb segment free lower limb subdivision segment of free lower limb subdivision of free lower limb lower limb segment A limb segment that is part of a forelimb. free upper limb segment free upper limb subdivision segment of free upper limb subdivision of free upper limb upper limb segment An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. aedeagus penis copulatory organ intromittent organ A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified]. embryonic pharyngeal complex pharyngeal apparatus pharyngeal system pharyngeal arch complex pharyngeal arch region pharyngeal arches and clefts pharyngeal complex pharyngeal arch system A head that is part of a embryo. embryonic head An endoderm that is part of a thymus primordium. thymus primordium endoderm A brain that develops_from a neural tube. vertebrate brain neural tube derived brain An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. liver diverticulum diverticulum hepaticum hepatic diverticulum liver bud palmar/plantar part of autopod A ligament that does not connect two skeletal elements. non-skeletal ligament fibrous ligament nonskeletal ligament Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified]. ligament articular larua articular ligament true ligament skeletal ligament The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines gastric muscularis muscle layer of stomach muscularis externa of stomach tunica muscularis (gaster) tunica muscularis gastris stomach muscularis externa The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter canalis pyloricus canalis pyloricus pyloric canal A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP] gardiac gland gastric cardiac gland gastric cardiac mucuous gland gastric gland of cardia glandula cardiaca (gaster) cardiac gland cardiac gastric gland The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP]. glandula pylorica pyloric antrum gland pyloric gland pyloric mucuous gland pyloric gastric gland The distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages pulmonary alveolar parenchyma The part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches acinus pulmonaris arbor alveolaris lobulus pulmonis primarius primary pulmonary lobule respiratory lobule pulmonary acinus Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia hypodermal muscle layer hypodermis muscle layer superficial fascia muscular layer panniculus carnosus hypodermis skeletal muscle layer Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue. osteoid tissue pre-bone prebone prebone tissue osteoid The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. pulmonary circulatory system pulmonary system pulmonary vascular system Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. lateral line organ cyatocïde@fr lateral line neuromast neuromast organ neuromaste superficiel@fr neuromasts neuromast Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system. lateral line nerves lateral line nerve Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. dermal bones dermal bone A parenchyma that is part of a lung. respiratory portion of lung parenchyma of lung pulmonary parenchyma lung parenchyma respiratory primordium A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: humerus, any of the phalanges. Counter-example: scapula (a bone of the pectoral girdle). Note that we consider the forelimb to end at the shoulder. free forelimb bone wing bone forelimb bone A sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. dental sac tooth follicle dental follicle The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. parenchyma of kidney kidney parenchyma renal parenchyma One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. esophageal gland glandulae oesophageae mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus submocosal esophageal gland System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. brain vasculature cerebrovascular system intracerebral vasculature vasculature of brain Any region of a nephron tubule that is straight. Examples: distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tuble. kidney straight tubule straight tubule renal straight tubule A germinal center that is located in a lymph node germinal center lymph node activated zone lymph node central zone lymph node light zone lymph node nodule lymph node germinal center The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses. plexus venosus prostaticus pudendal venous plexus prostatic venous plexus inner medulla vasa recta descending limb outer medulla vasa recta descending limb vasa recta ascending limb inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb papillary tip papillary tips tip of renal papilla An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. gravid pregnant adult pregnant adult stage pregnant organism pregnant stage gravid organism A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region. cervical thymus A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region. thoracic thymus A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. gonad rudiment indifferent gonad The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary pituitary placode adenohypophyseal placode An ectodermal placode that will develop into the components of the lateral line system lateral line placodes lateral line placode A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. craniocervical vein head and neck veins vein of head and neck craniocervical region vein Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. entire embryonic mesenchyme pharyngeal region pharyngeal region of foregut indifferent external genitalia Any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. joint of the skull bones articulation of skull bones craniofacial suture Any suture between facial bones. facial suture The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. limb epidermis A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO]. nephric duct vasa recta descending limb Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence. medial nasal process mesenchyme A thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal clefts in a developing embryo. branchial arch membrane branchial membrane pharyngeal membrane pharyngeal membrane A pharyngeal membrane that separates the first pharyngeal cleft from the first pharyngeal pouch. 1st branchial membrane 1st pharyngeal membrane future tympanic membrane tympanic membrane primordium pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch nasal placode embryonic nasal process The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder. arm pit armpit axillary region regio axillaris armpits axilla axillae axillary region oxter underarm axilla Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode. associated mesenchyme of otic placode An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. ectoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. endoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. foregut-midgut junction mesentery mesentery of foregut-midgut junction A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. epithelium of foregut-midgut junction Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle. otocyst associated mesenchyme otocyst mesenchyme periotic region periotic mesenchyme The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head frontonasal mesenchyme naso-frontal mesenchyme mesenchyme of fronto-nasal process Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut. hindgut associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of hindgut Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trachea. trachea associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of trachea Mesenchyme that is part of a developing middle ear. otic mesenchyme middle ear associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of middle ear An endoderm that is part of a anal region. anal membrane endodermal component Mesenchyme that is part of a handplate. hand plate mesenchyme handplate mesenchyme mesenchyme of handplate A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung. vascular element of left lung A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung. vascular element of right lung An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. endoderm of foregut-midgut junction A submucosa that is part of a intestine. submucosa of intestine intestinal submucosa region of trunk trunk subdivision subdivision of trunk diencephalon lateral wall mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall diencephalon diencephalon mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall midbrain midbrain lateral wall mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon midbrain mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord lateral wall mantle layer spinal cord mantle layer Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme of mandibular component mandibular component mesenchyme mandibular mesenchyme 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung. left lung mesenchyme left lung associated mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung. right lung mesenchyme right lung associated mesenchyme A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain. forebrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. midbrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. hindbrain neural plate A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain. presumptive mesencephalon early midbrain future midbrain mesencephalon presumptive midbrain Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. cephalic paraxial mesenchyme cephalic paraxial mesoderm cranial paraxial mesenchyme cranial paraxial mesoderm head paraxial mesenchyme somitomere somitomeric mesoderm head paraxial mesoderm trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme trunk paraxial mesenchyme trunk paraxial mesoderm A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros. proximal straight tubules pronephric proximal straight tubule The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. root of spinal nerve spinal neural root spinal root spinal nerve root trachea non-cartilage connective tissue One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer) tympanic epithelium tympanic membrane epithelial layer tympanic membrane epithelium A eyelid connective tissue that is part of a hypodermis. superficial fascia of eyelid eyelid subcutaneous connective tissue A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule. kidney tubule basement membrane renal tubular basement membrane renal tubule basement membrane nephron tubule basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus. bronchial basement membrane bronchus basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a trachea. trachea basement membrane Nucleus located in the midbrain. midbrain nucleus Nucleus located within the hindbrain. hindbrain nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon. telencephalic nucleus peritoneal cavity mesentary peritoneal mesentary gut mesentery early telencephalic vesicle early telencephalic ventricle early telencephalic vesicle Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. dental arcade row of teeth tooth rows tooth row A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw. arcus dentalis inferior lower dental arcade lower jaw teeth set of all lower teeth mandibular dental arcade set of lower jaw teeth A epithelium that is part of a vermiform appendix. appendix epithelium epithelium of vermiform appendix epithelium of appendix Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. right ventricle endocardium right ventricular endocardium endocardial lining of right ventricle right ventricle endocardial tissue endocardium of right ventricle Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. left ventricle endocardium left ventricular endocardium endocardial lining of left ventricle left ventricle endocardial tissue endocardium of left ventricle pharyngeal arch endoderm entire pharyngeal arch endoderm The channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels medullary sinus lymph node medullary sinusoid lymph node medullary sinus The dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node medullary cord lymph node medullary cord The primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. limb mesoderm limb mesenchyme The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures heart mesenchyme cardiac mesenchyme The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas pancreas mesenchyme adrenal cortical region region of adrenal cortex adrenal gland cortex zone A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. abdominal ganglion A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. renal tubule (generic) tubule of excretory system renal tubule A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts. pleural sac The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. acinus acini glandular acinus A solid cord of prostate epithelium. cord of prostate epithelium epithelial cord of prostate prostate epithelial cord Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus. UGM urogenital sinus mesenchyme An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. cloacal epithelium embryonic cloacal epithelium A specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop. prostate primordium prostate field Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. diverticulum of gut intestinal pouch digestive tract diverticulum pouch diverticulum sac A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones endosteum A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. gastric zone region of stomach section of stomach zone of stomach outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements. nephrogenic tissue nephrogenic zone ALPM anterior lateral plate mesoderm One of a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal[WP] column of Morgagni columnae anales anal column A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla. Ferrein's pyramid kidney medullary ray renal medullary ray medullary ray An artery that supplies a renal lobe. arteriae interlobares renis interlobar artery of kidney kidney interlobar artery renal interlobar artery arteriae interlobares renis interlobar arteries of kidney set of interlobar arteries of kidney interlobar artery A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). anterior heart field anterior/second heart field second heart field SHF secondary heart field Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face. face mesenchyme mesenchyme of face facial mesenchyme lobulus lobule A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. lobus anatomical lobe The portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP]. kidney lobe lobi renalis lobus renalis lobi renales renal lobe The portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys kidney lobule lobulus renalis cortical lobule cortical lobule of kidney lobuli corticales renis lobulus corticalis renalis renal cortical lobule renculus reniculus renunculus renal lobule An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter. ureteral wall wall of ureter The loose collection of neurons that reside in the rostral medulla close to the medullary surface, ventral and immediately caudal of nVII, that are crucial for CO2 sensing in the brain retrotrapezoid nucleus The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter ureteral smooth muscle ureteral smooth muscle layer ureter smooth muscle optic neural crest plexiform layer olfactory bulb plexiform layer A vertebrate nasal chemosensory system that is responsible for detecting intraspecific pheromonal cues as well as environmental odorants vomeronasal system Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia. neurogenic placodes placodae neurogenicae neurogenic placode A conducting pathway in the conducting tissue of heart through which electrical activity spreads from the SA node to the AV node. interatrial conduction tract internodal conduction tract internodal fasciculus internodal tract muscle tissue internodal tract sinus lienalis sinus splenicus splenic sinus venous sinus of red pulp of spleen spleen venous sinus stato-acoustic epithelium statoacoustic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct. pancreatic duct epithelium pancreatic ductal epithelium epithelium of pancreatic duct one of the gastric glands that secretes the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice[Stedman's]. gastric gland acid gland glandula gastrica propria main gastric gland oxyntic gland principal gland of fundus of stomach Wassman gland gastric follicle principal gastric gland The junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney pelviureteric junction pelvoureteric junction ureteropelvic junction The valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney vesico-ureteral junction vesico-ureteric junction vesicoureteric junction ureterovesical junction An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. multicellular structure multicellular anatomical structure A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function. cell cluster organ A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF]. set of nuclei of neuraxis aggregate regional part of brain Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. basal ganglia basal ganglia set basal nuclei (basal ganglia) set of basal ganglia basal nuclei cerebral nuclei set of basal nuclei subcortical nuclei collection of basal ganglia The dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity. tubotympanic recess tubotympanic recess epithelium Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. 6th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme 6th branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme 6th arch mesenchyme The fundus glands (or fundic glands, or gastric glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach. They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. fundal gland fundus gland gastric fundal gland gastric fundus gland gastric gland of fundus of stomach glandulae gastricae fundic gastric gland An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food food storage organ Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. mesenchyme of 1st arch 1st arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component. mesenchyme of maxillary component maxillary component mesenchyme maxillary mesenchyme 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. buccal gland gland of oral opening gland of oral region mouth gland oral cavity gland oral region gland oral gland A compound organ that has the potential to develop into a tongue. future tongue hypoglossal cord tympanic cavity epithelium An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior. open anatomical space A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane cuticular layer of tympanic membrane cuticular stratum of tympanic membrane outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane outer layer of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component outer epithelial layer of tympanic membrane The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane. connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane fibrous layer of tympanic membrane fibrous stratum of tympanic membrane intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane tympanic endothelium intermediate layer of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane layer layer of tympanic membrane Organ system subdivision that consists primarily of chromaffin cells and their supporting structures. argentaffin system chromaffin tissue chromaffin system An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. cuboidal epithelium Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis. future dermis A multi-tissue structure that has the potential to develop into a meninx of hindbrain. future hindbrain meninges future hindbrain meninx A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon. future metencephalon A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon. future myelencephalon A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. femoral cartilage condensation femur cartilage element The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the autopod (e.g. manus, pes, paw) autopod plate limb plate embryonic autopod plate Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. specialized conducting tissue of heart specialized muscle tissue of heart conducting tissue of heart any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli neuroendocrine gland A circumventricular organ that is capable of secreting substances into the cerebrospinal fluid. secretory circumventricular organ A circumventricular organ that is capable of monitoring the levels of substances to the cerebrospinal fluid. humerosensory circumventricular organ humerosensory system humerosensory system organ sensitive circumventricular organs sensitive organs sensory CVOs sensory circumventricular organs sensory circumventricular organ A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad. indifferent sex cord primitive sex cords primitive sex cord of indifferent gonad Any gland, other than the gonad, associated with the genital tract, such as the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands of the male. male accessory gland male accessory reproductive gland male accessory sex gland any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the penile urethra Littre's gland gland of Littre gland of male urethra male urethra gland urethral gland (male) glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae male urethral gland An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra. female urethra gland gland of female urethra urethral gland (female) female urethral gland A roughly circular bulge in a surface. protuberance aortic system One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. gonadal artery genital artery An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity. bona-fide anatomical boundary The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear. lateral lines lateral line A nuclear complex which in mammals consists of four parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, ventral thalamus, and dorsal thalamus[WP,modified]. thalamic complex Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. presumptive atrium heart tube primordial atrium primordial cardiac atrium future cardiac atrium The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye. bulbus oculi eye globe eyeball eye globe eyeball of camera-type eye The connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland. thyroid gland stroma thyroid stroma stroma of thyroid gland An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged. merocrine gland Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. neural crest derived arch 2 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest 2nd arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. neural crest derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest 6th arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch neural crest derived arch 1 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest 1st arch mesenchyme from neural crest One of the three blood vessels, usually one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries, buried within Wharton's jelly, that transport blood to and from the placenta, where exchange between the mother and fetus takes place; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. allantoic vessel umbilical cord blood vessel umbilical vessel umbilical cord blood vessels umbilical vasculature umbilical blood vessel Any anatomical space that is part of a vertebral column. vertebral column opening vertebral conduit space in vertebral column A minute orifice on the summit of the papillae lacrimales, which is the commencement point of the lacrimal canaliculi. lacrimal point lacrimal puncta puncta lacrimalia lacrimal punctum Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. basal plate midbrain basal plate midbrain region midbrain basal plate Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. midbrain neural tube . layer of sclera An endothelium that is part of a sclera. scleral endothelium A stroma that is part of a sclera. subsantia propria scleral stroma stroma of sclera subsantia propria sclerae substantia propria sclerae substantia propria of sclera A single extraembryonic epithelium, which closes the germband dorsally. amnion-serosa amnioserosa An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. extra-embryonic epithelium extraembryonic epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus. epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium One of the three major regions of the conjunctiva. conjunctiva region region of conjunctiva subdivision of conjunctiva Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. future eye immature eye An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. neural crest-derived structure An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. structure with developmental contribution from neural crest germ layer / neural crest A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region. eye skeleton ocular skeleton skeletal element of orbital region skeletal element of eye region Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. cranial skeleton osteocranium cranium cranial skeletal system Mesenchyme that is part of a limb bud. limb bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. paired limb/fin bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing eyelid. eyelid mesenchyme An epithelium that is part of a handplate. handplate epithelium epithelium of handplate Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. extraembryonic membrane mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch 1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. head mesenchyme derived arch 2 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme 2nd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme 6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. endochondral replacement element endochondral element Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. exoskeleton dermal skeletal system dermoskeleton desmoskeleton dermal skeleton Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. odontogenic tissue portion of substance of tooth substance of tooth tooth substance dental tissue tooth hard tissue tooth tissue odontoid tissue A vasculature that is part of a conjunctiva. conjunctival veins conjunctival veins set set of conjunctival veins venae conjunctivales conjunctival vasculature A vein that is part of a conjunctiva. conjunctival blood vessel conjunctival vein The smallest anatomical unit of the lung, measuring 0.50 to 2.00 cm in diameter. Each lobule is composed of 4-8 terminal bronchioles and their distal alveolar ducts and sacs. The lobules are separated by fibrous interlobular septa. lobulus pulmonis pulmonary lobule Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified]. ectoderm-derived epithelium ecto-epithelium dorsal pancreas pancreas dorsal primordium ventral pancreas pancreas ventral primordium Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. mesenchyme from somatopleure Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. mesenchyme from splanchnopleure the neurons that innervate the esophagus, stomach, small and large bowel enteric nerve A lymphoid follicle that is part of a Peyer's patch. peyer's patch follicle Peyer's patch follicle An unstimulated network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells in the lymph node cortex. primary follicle of lymph node lymph node primary follicle The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms. eye surface eye surface region ocular surface ocular surface region An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract. urethral orifice urethral opening A lymphoid follicle containing naive B cells primary lymphoid follicle primary lymphoid nodule primary follicle primary nodular lymphoid tissue A primary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a tonsil. lymphoid nodule of tonsil primary lymphoid nodule of tonsil A naris that is located inside the nasal cavity and connects to the pharynx. choana internal choana choanae internal nares internal nostril internal naris The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. ciliary processes ciliary processes set processus ciliares set of ciliary processes ciliary process processus ciliares ciliary processes A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. pseudostratified columnar epithelium Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus electric sense organ electroreception organ electroreceptor organ A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. microcirculatory vessels microcirculatory vessel An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone. bone organ cavity cavity of bone organ air space of bone pneumatic cavity of bone . induced blastemal cells nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system nephrogenic interstitium peripheral blastema metanephros induced blastemal cells An epithelial tube that is fated to become a nephron. developing nephron primitive nephron future nephron presumptive nephron primitive nephron The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. metanephros cortex Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons. developing mesonephric nephron primitive mesonephric nephron primitive mesonephric nephron A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros. primitive nephron developing metanephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron nephron progenitor Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. mesonephric nephron progenitor An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin. limb/fin segment paired limb/fin segment The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. acropodial skeleton acropodium skeleton set of phalanges skeletal parts of acropodial region acropodium digital skeleton digits skeleton phalangeal skeleton skeletal parts of acropodium skeleton of digits acropodial skeleton A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pes phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation forelimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manus phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation foot digit phalanx cartilage element pedal digit phalanx cartilage element A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit phalanx cartilage element The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. all phalanges in forelimb autopod anterior acropodium skeleton fore acropodium skeleton hand digit skeleton manual digit skeleton manual phalanges phalanges of hand phalanges of manus set of manual phalanges set of phalanges of hand set of phalanges of manus anterior acropodium skeleton of manual acropodium The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm]. all phalanges in hindlimb autopod foot digit skeleton hind acropodium skeleton pedal phalanges phalanges of foot phalanges of pes posterior acropodium skeleton set of pedal phalanges set of phalanges of foot set of phalanges of pes posterior acropodium skeleton of pedal acropodium phalanx pre-cartilage condensation phalanx cartilage condensation phalanx cartilage element Mesenchyme of the digit region. digital ray digit mesenchyme The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region. antebrachial skeleton antebrachium skeleton anterior zeugopodium skeleton fore epipodium skeleton forearm skeleton skeleton of forearm wing zeugopod skeleton anterior zeugopodium fore epipodium forelimb epipodium forelimb epipodium skeleton mesomere 2 of pectoral appendage radius and ulna forelimb zeugopod skeleton An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). appendage complex appendage-girdle complex appendage/girdle complex girdle plus limb or fin limb appendage girdle complex Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle. pectoral appendage/girdle complex pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin upper limb upper limb and pectoral girdle upper limb and shoulder pectoral complex Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. pelvic appendage/girdle complex pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin lower limb lower limb and pelvic girdle lower limb and pelvis pelvic complex Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton. limb skeleton subdivision The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. skeleton of girdle girdle skeleton Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. Typically consists of the tibia and the fibula. crural skeleton crus skeleton hindlimb zygopod skeleton posterior zeugopodium skeleton skeleton cruris hind epipodium hindlimb epipodium mesomere 2 of pelvic appendage posterior zeugopodium hindlimb zeugopod skeleton A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). bone of extended limb/fin region limb bone bone of appendage girdle complex A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin. wing bone bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle forelimb bone bone of pectoral complex A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. hindlimb bone bone of pelvic complex The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system. cerebral meninges cluster of meninges meninges meningeal cluster A lymphoid follicle that is part of a lymph node. follicle of lymph node lymph node follicle A secondary follicle that is located in a lymph node lymph node secondary follicle A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center. central zone of follice light zone of follicle reaction center of follicle lymhpoid nodule nodule germinal center A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg. appendage segment appendicular segment subdivision of organism along appendicular axis A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. tibia cartilage element A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. tibia pre-cartilage condensation A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of cartilage tissue. limb cartilage element A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of pre-cartilage tissue. limb bone pre-cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. forelimb wing cartilaginous condensation wing cartilaginous condensation forelimb cartilage element A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. wing bone pre-cartilage condensation forelimb bone pre-cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. hindlimb cartilage condensation hindlimb cartilage element A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle lower limb muscle muscle of lower limb muscle of pelvic girdle and leg pelvic complex muscle A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb. pectoral girdle and fore limb muscles muscle of pectoral girdle and wing muscle of upper limb upper limb muscle muscle of pectoral girdle and limb pectoral complex muscle Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time. serially hermaphroditic organism simultaneous hermaphroditic organism synchronous hermaphroditic organism Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. ossicle Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. skeletal subdivision subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) subdivision of skeleton Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebra skeletal element vertebra element vertebra endochondral element vertebral endochondral element vertebral element Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. muscle of head or neck muscle of head and neck craniocervical muscle A thin layer of cartilage, usually hyaline, on the articular surface of bones in synovial joints. articular cartilage cartilago articularis hyaline cartilage joint-associated cartilage articular cartilage of joint A ligament that is part of a knee joint. knee joint ligament ligament of knee joint The cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebral cartilage condensation vertebra cartilage element The pre-cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebral pre-cartilage condensation vertebra pre-cartilage condensation A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. joint of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle joint synovial joint of pelvic girdle A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region. joint of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle joint synovial joint of pectoral girdle Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. solid joint nonsynovial joint A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra. intervertebral cartilage Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. axial skeletal system Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. axial skeletal system post-cranial axial skeletal system postcranial axial skeletal system Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb. synovial joint of free limb segment synovial limb joint Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. ossicle of appendicular skeleton appendicular ossicle Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. ossicle of axial skeleton ossicle of postcranial-axial skeleton vertebral ossicle axial ossicle Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters. upper urinary tract Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. submucosal gland Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. facial skeleton facial bone ossa facialia ossa faciei viscerocranium facial skeleton The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton skull subdivision subdivision of skull primary subdivision of skull primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. chondrocranium bone neurocranium bone An epithelium that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn. crypt epithelium intestinal crypt epithelium epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal sphincter A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine large intestinal lamina propria large intestine lamina propria lamina propria of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a parathyroid gland. parathyroid epithelium A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. muscular coat of large intestine muscular layer of large intestine muscularis externa of large intestine tunica muscularis intestini crassi muscle layer of large intestine A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine. muscular coat of small intestine muscular layer of small intestine muscularis externa of small intestine small intestine muscularis propria tunica muscularis (intestinum tenue) tunica muscularis intestini tenuis muscle layer of small intestine A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system. cell part cluster of neuraxis neuraxis layer central nervous system cell part cluster A subdivision of an anatomical system. organ system subdivision intrinsic muscle of eyeball intrinsic ocular muscle intra-ocular muscle Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. appendicular skeletal system A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones. autopod bone Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal-not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. scent gland The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. back of trunk dorsal part of trunk dorsum of trunk trunk back dorsal trunk basal cell layer of skin outer epithelium of body embryonic skin basal layer The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. submucosa of fallopian tube tela submucosa tubae uterinae submucous layer of uterine tube uterine submucosa submucosa of uterine tube A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum. predominantly white regional part of telencephalon telencephalic tract/commissure telencephalic white matter telencephalic tracts white matter of telencephalon A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon. predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon gray matter of telencephalon extrinsic tongue pre-muscle mass A blood vasculature that is part of a head. cranial blood vessel set of blood vessels of head cranial blood vessels cranial blood vasculature A lymph vasculature that is part of a head. cranial lymph vessel cranial lymphatics set of lymphatic vessels of head cranial lymph vessels set of cranial lymphatic vessels cranial lymph vasculature A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis or clitoris. Glands may also be present. prepuce The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. limb/fin skeleton skeletal parts of limb/fin skeleton of limb/fin paired limb/fin skeleton Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified]. stylopodium skeleton mesomere 1 propodial skeleton propodium proximal metapterygial mesomere stylopod stylopodium stylopodial skeleton Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium. epipodial skeleton skeleton of zeugopod zeugopod skeleton epipodium mesomere 2 mesomere 2 skeleton zygopodium zeugopodial skeleton Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). cell condensation Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix. pre-dentine tissue predentin predentine tissue pre-dentine Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. pre-enamel tissue preenamel tissue pre-enamel Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. non-mineralized cartilage tissue A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. jaw region A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region. gum of lower jaw gum of mandible lower gingiva lower jaw gingiva lower gum lower jaw gum mandibular gum gingiva of lower jaw An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. oral epithelium from ectoderm A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. axial subdivision of organism body segment main body segment subdivision of organism along main body axis A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. conceptus cardiovascular system embryonic circulatory system fetal circulatory system embryonic cardiovascular system . phallus phallus primordialis primordial phallus differentiated genital tubercle A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord. spinal cord nucleus nucleus of spinal cord A nerve that is part of a head. cephalic nerve head nerve nerve of head region Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. non-neurogenic ectodermal placode An ectodermal placode that gives rise to any of the cutaneous appendages that protrude from the skin epidermis (heair, feathers, epidermal scales). cutaneous appendage follicle placode skin follicle placode skin appendage placode An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. AV region AV segment atrial ventricular junction atrioventricular junction atrioventricular segment atrioventricular region Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. irregular connective tissue Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. irregular dense connective tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) dense irregular connective tissue Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets dense connective tissue fibrous connective tissue Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. textus connectivus collagenosus laxus textus connectivus laxus loose connective tissue A duct that is part of a sebaceous gland. sebaceous gland duct duct of sebaceous gland An acinus that is part of a sebaceous gland. sebaceous gland acinus acinus of sebaceous gland An acinus that is part of a salivary gland. salivary gland acinus acinus of salivary gland An acinus that is part of a mammary gland. lactiferous gland acinus acinus of lactiferous gland An acinus that is part of a lacrimal gland. lacrimal gland acinus acinus of lacrimal gland An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. exocrine gland acinus acinus of exocrine gland collection of collagen fibrils The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity aorta collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity pulmonary collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity bone collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity tendon collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity corneal stroma collagen fibril A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. muscle coat of esophagus muscular coat of oesophagus muscular layer of oesophagus tela muscularis (oesophagus) tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae muscle layer of esophagus Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. Haller tunica vascula anterior part of uveal tract anterior uveal tract anterior vascular layer of the eyeball anterior vascular tunic of the eye tunica vasculosa bulbosa ventral uveal tract ciliary body and iris vasculosa oculi anterior uvea A organ cavity that is part of a vagina. vaginal lumen lumen of vagina masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac visceral yolk sac blood island yolk sac blood islands yolk sac blood island blood island of umbilical vesicle insula sanguinea vesiculae umbilicalis connecting stalk blood islands The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes basement membrane of cochlear labyrinth cochlea basement membrane cochlear basement membrane An epidermal invagination that has as parts a hair follicle, a sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle fabrica pilosebacea pilo-sebaceous apparatus pilo-sebaceous unit pilosebaceous apparatus pilosebaceous gland pilosebaceous unit A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium. glandular stomach stomach glandular region An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. epiphysis of phalanx of toe epiphysis of phalanx of pes The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. enterocoelom haemocoelom schizocoelom coelem coelomic cavity coelom epithelium-associated lymphoid tissue A substance that is consumed by the organism for food. ingested food segment of autopod A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region. acropodium (Wagner) digitopodium region A digitopodium region that is part of a manus[Obol]. This includes the fingers and metacarpal region, but excludes the carpal region. manual digitopodium region A digitopodium region that is part of a pes[Obol]. This includes the toes and metatarsal region, but excludes the tarsals region. pedal digitopodium region A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton. digitopodium skeleton of digits skeleton of digitopodium A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton. manual digitopodium skeleton of manual digitopodium A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton. pedal digitopodium skeleton of pedal digitopodium acousticofacial ganglion facio-acoustic ganglion facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex facio-acoustic ganglion complex acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. head or neck skin network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP] bladder vasculature blood vessels of bladder set of urinary bladder blood vessels blood vessel of bladder urinary bladder vasculature mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix glandulae cervicales cervical gland Lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing. cervical mucosa A glandular epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix. cervix columnar epithelium cervix glandular epithelium The glandular epithelium that lines the endocervix. endocervical glandular epithelium endocervical epithelium An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta abdominal artery artery of abdomen abdominal aorta artery An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified] columnar epithelium Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. mesoderm-derived epithelium mesoepithelium meso-epithelium glandular part of endometrium uterine glands uterine glands set endometrium glandular epithelium The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands. nasal gland glandula nasalis glandulae nasales gland of nasal mucosa Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. paraganglion chromaffin body chromaffin paraganglia chromaffin paraganglion chromaffin paraganglion A holocrine gland that is part of the pilosebaceous unit of a hair located in the area around the anus. circumanal gland perianal gland perianal sebaceous gland One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly cloacal fold embryonic cloacal fold A mucosa that is part of a urethra. mucous membrane of urethra tunica mucosa urethrae urethral mucosa mucosa of urethra ectoderm of maxillary component 1st arch maxillary ectoderm One of five swellings formed during the development of the face embryonic facial process facial primordium primordium of face embryonic facial prominence The median slit located inferior and posterior to the external urethral orifice in the female; the exit for menstrual flow and birth and the entrance for the penis during sexual intercourse; the size and appearance of the vaginal orifice varies inversely with that of the hymen (G. membrane), a thin fold of mucous membrane that surrounds the vaginal orifice introitus opening of vagina orifice of vagina ostium vaginae vagina opening vaginal orifice introitus introitus of vagina vaginal introitus vagina orifice An artery of the neck cervical artery Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin. epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum keratinized stratified squamous epithelium The lymphocytic cell population present in the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal duct of some animals. NALT naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue nasal-associated lymphoid tissue A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. broad uterine ligament broad ligament ligamentum latum uteri broad ligament of uterus A zone of skin that is part of the area surrounding the anus. skin of perianal area perianal skin any exocrine gland whose secretion consists of its own disintegrated secretory cells along with its secretory product; holocrine secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen. holocrine gland The segment of the autopod that is distal to the metapodial region and consists of the digits. acropodial limb segment acropodial region acropodial segment of autopod set of digits acropodium region The segment of the manus that is distal to the metacarpal region and consists of the manual digits (fingers). acropodial hindlimb segment acropodial region of manus acropodial segment of manus all fingers anterior acropodium region anterior acropodium segment of limb digiti manus digits of hand fingers including thumb fingers set manual acropodium region manual acropodium segment of limb set of digits of hand set of fingers anterior acropodium manual acropodium manual acropodium region The segment of the pes that is distal to the metatarsal region and consists of the pedal digits (toes). acropodial forelimb segment acropodial region of pes acropodial segment of pes all toes digits of foot pedal acropodium region set of toes toes set toes pedal acropodium region A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton. digit bone digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton. bone of forelimb digitopodium manual digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton. bone of hindlimb digitopodium pedal digitopodium bone A bone element that is part of a jaw region. jaw bone bone of jaw internal anal region A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. intestinal muscularis propria muscularis externa of intestine smooth muscle of intestine muscle layer of intestine A muscular coat that is part of a jejunum. muscularis externa of jejunum jejunal smooth muscle muscularis propria of jejunum smooth muscle of jejunum muscle layer of jejunum A muscular coat that is part of a urinary bladder. bladder muscular coat muscle layer of urinary bladder muscular coat of bladder muscular coat of urinary bladder muscular layer of bladder muscular layer of urinary bladder tunica musculari vesicae tunica muscularis (vesica urinaria) muscle layer of urinary bladder respiratory system arterial smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel. respiratory system venous smooth muscle A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified] microvilli microvillus layer of microvilli A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine. striated border striated border microvillus layer Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. haemopoietic tissue hematopoietic tissue hemopoietic tissue textus haemopoieticus bone marrow tissue hematopoietic tissue The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. tunica fibrosa fibrous layer of eyeball corneosclera fibrous tunic tunica fibrosa of eyeball A endothelium that is part of a peritubular capillary. peritubular endothelium peritubular capillary endothelium endothelium of peritubular capillary The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives. cloacal opening cloacal orifice vent cloacal vent extraembryonic cavities extraembryonic cavity An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. closed anatomical space enclosed anatomical space Triangular calcified papillae (often five) placed radially around the anus of some Holothuriidae anal teeth calcified anal papilla cloacal tooth perianal tooth anal tooth external anal region The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle. bones of upper limb ossa membri superioris pectoral complex skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle upper limb skeleton skeleton of pectoral complex The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. bones of lower limb lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris pelvic complex skeleton set of bones of lower limb skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle skeleton of pelvic complex A gland that is part of a cloaca. cloacal gland A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca mucosa cloaca mucosa of organ cloaca mucous membrane cloaca organ mucosa cloacal mucous membrane mucosa of cloaca mucosa of organ of cloaca mucous membrane of cloaca organ mucosa of cloaca cloacal mucosa An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. cloacal endoderm cloacal epithelium A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca submucosa cloacal submucosa submucosa of cloaca A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca serosa cloaca serous membrane cloacal serosa serous membrane of cloaca visceral peritoneum of cloaca serosa of cloaca cloacal villi cloacal villus A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca. muscularis externa of cloaca smooth muscle of cloaca muscle layer of cloaca A sphincter muscle that is part of a vagina. sphincter of vagina vaginal sphincter A muscular coat that is part of a duodenum. duodenal muscularis propria muscularis externa of duodenum muscularis propria of duodenum smooth muscle of duodenum muscle layer of duodenum A muscular coat that is part of a colon. colonic muscularis propria muscular coat of colon muscular layer of colon muscularis externa of colon tunica muscularis coli colon muscularis muscle layer of colon A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal. anal canal muscularis propria anal muscularis propria muscular coat of anal canal muscular layer of anal canal muscularis externa of anal canal muscularis propria of anal canal muscle layer of anal canal A serous membrane that is part of a vermiform appendix. appendiceal serosa appendix serosa serosa of vermiform appendix visceral peritoneum of vermiform appendix serosa of appendix A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube. serosa of fallopian tube serosa of oviduct serous coat of uterine tube tunica serosa (tuba uterina) tunica serosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal serosa uterine tube serosa serosa of uterine tube A serous membrane that is part of a fundus of stomach. visceral peritoneum of fundus of stomach serosa of fundus of stomach A adventitia that is part of a esophagus. adventitia of oesophagus adventitious layer of esophagus esophageal adventitia esophagus adventitia tunica adventitia (esophagus) tunica adventitia oesophageae adventitia of esophagus A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a umbilical cord. umbilical smooth muscle A anatomical junction that connects a stomach and connects a duodenum. gastroduodenal junction A mucosa that is part of a gastroduodenal junction. gastroduodenal mucosa mucosa of gastroduodenal junction basal epiphysis of phalanx of foot base of phalanx of foot basis phalangis (pedis) basis phalangis pedis proximal epiphysis of phalanx of toe proximal epiphysis of phalanx of pes A vein that is part of a abdomen. abdominal vein vein of abdomen A nonskeletal ligament that is part of a liver. hepatic ligament liver ligament ligament of liver Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart. systemic venous tree organ part systemic vein rhombencephalic vesicle hindbrain vesicle early brain vesicle primitive brain vesicle primary brain vesicle secondary brain vesicle brain vesicle future brain vesicle A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. gland of foregut-midgut junction foregut-midgut junction gland the layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the cortex varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years; included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte; the zona pellucida, theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle; also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles. cortex of ovary cortex ovarii (zona parenchymatosa) ovarian cortex highly vascular stroma found in the center of the ovary that forms from embryonic mesenchyme and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves; this stroma forms the tissue of the hilum by which the ovarian ligament is attached, and through which the blood vessels enter; it does not contain any ovarian follicles. medulla of ovary medulla ovarii (zona vasculosa) zona vasculosa of Waldeyer ovarian medulla Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832-1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland's duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye. Moll's gland ciliary gland ciliary gland of moll ciliary sweat gland of eyelid gland of Moll sweat gland of eyelid Any gland that is part of an eyelid. This includes sebaceous glands (Zeis gland, tarsal gland) and sweat glands (Moll's gland). gland of eyelid eyelid gland Any of the sebaceous glands that are in the eyelid. Examples: gland of Zeis (services eyelashes), gland of Meibom (tarsal gland - unconnected to eyelids). sebaceous gland of eyelid The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. acinus of serous gland serous acinus The precursor of the urethra sulcus urethralis primarius urethral groove urethral sulcus embryonic urethral groove A epithelial tube that develops from a Mullerian duct in a male. Later degenerates. degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct male paramesonephric duct A diaphysis that is part of a tibia. body of tibia corpus tibiae shaft of tibia tibial diaphysis body of the tibia shaft of tibia diaphysis of tibia A gland that is part of a optic choroid. choroidal gland A thickened round patch of lymphoid tissue located at the ileocecal junction adjacent to the sacculus rotundus. caecal tonsil cecal GALT cecal tonsil A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory endothelium lung endothelium An intestinal crypt that is located in the ileum. ileal crypt ileal crypt of Lieberkuhn ileal intestinal crypt crypt of Lieberkuhn of ileum An intestinal crypt that is located in the duodenum. duodenal crypt duodenal crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of duodenum An intestinal crypt that is located in the jejunum. jejunal crypt jejunal crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of jejunum An intestinal crypt that is located in the colon. The colonic crypts of Lieberkühn are straight and unbranched and lined largely with goblet cells. colonic crypt colonic crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon An intestinal crypt that is located in the appendix. appendiceal crypt appendiceal crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix A sphincter muscle that is part of a cloaca. sphincter cloacae cloacal sphincter The space that surrounds an organism. external to organism outside of body space surrounding organism A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body. subdivision of oviduct subdivision of uterine tube uterine tube zone zone of uterine tube subdivision of fallopian tube subdivision of oviduct subdivision of tube A anatomical cavity that is part of a ear vesicle. lumen of otocyst otocyst lumen Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand. short bone Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. sesamoid sesamoid element A epithelium that is part of a intestinal villus. intestinal villus epithelium villous epithelium villus epithelium epithelium of intestinal villus Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. foramen of skull cranial conduit cranial foramen foramina of the skull foramen of skull 2 2 An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. foramen space anatomical conduit space A germinal center that is part of a tonsil. tonsil reaction center tonsil germinal center Lymphoid tissue located in the appendix. lymphatic tissue of appendix lymphatic tissue of vermiform appendix appendix lymphoid appendix lymphoid tissue Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier. cerebromicrovascular endothelium brain endothelium Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels. colon endothelial cell colon endothelial cells colonic endothelial cell colonic endothelium colorectal endothelial cell colorectal endothelium colon endothelium The epithelium that forms the surface of the tonsil dips into the underlying connective tissue in numerous places, forming crypts kown as tonsillar crypts. Stratified squamous epithelium, that may be heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes. Epithelial cells are present in the germinal as well as in the periphery of the nodule. epithelium of tonsil tonsil epithelial cell tonsil epithelium Epithelium lining the exocrine pancreas. epithelium of exocrine pancreas exocrine pancreas epithelial cell exocrine pancreas epithelium Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. axial musculature A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. main body axis The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs. body whole body body proper Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system. skin projection integumentary projection A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. chordal canal notochordal canal A metaphysis that is part of a metaphysis. diaphyseal end of humerus humeral metaphysis metaphysis of humerus A metaphysis that is part of a tibia. tibial metaphysis metaphysis of tibia A organ component layer that is part of a integumental system. layer of skin skin layer integumentary system layer A blood that is part of a artery. arterial blood blood in artery portion of arterial blood arterial blood A blood that is part of a vein. blood in vein portion of venous blood venous blood venous blood A blood that is part of a capillary. blood in capillary portion of blood in capillary portion of capillary blood capillary blood One of two openings in the uterine cervix. cervical opening uterine cervix opening cervical os Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. digestive organ digestive system organ digestive system element Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. great vessel great vessel of thorax great vessel of heart A organ cavity that is part of a uterus. cavity of uterus uterine cavity uterine space uterine lumen A zone of skin that is part of a palmar/plantar part of autopod. skin of palmar/plantar part of autopod A zone of skin that is part of a skin of pes. plantar skin of foot skin of plantar part of foot skin of sole of foot skin of sole of pes Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon. presumptive telencephalon future telencephalon Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived mesenchyme neural crest mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from neural crest The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the lumen of kidney collecting ducts. collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium epithelium of collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium of renal collecting tubule kidney collecting duct epithelium A muscular coat that is part of a ileum. muscularis externa of ileum ileal smooth muscle muscularis propria of ileum smooth muscle of ileum muscle layer of ileum A sweat gland that is part of the skin of the palmar part of the manus or plantar part of the pes palm sweat gland palmar eccrine sweat gland sweat gland of palmar part of manus palm/sole sweat gland palmar/plantar eccrine sweat gland sweat gland of palmar/plant part of autopod palmar/plantar sweat gland Any member of the network of tubes that return blood from the renal tissues to the systemic circulation. kidney venous blood vessel venous blood vessel of kidney kidney venous system renal venous blood vessel A part of the body present only in a specific gender. gender-specific gender-specific anatomical structure sex-specific sex-specific anatomical structure A part of the body present only in males. male-specific structure male-specific male anatomical structure A part of the body present only in females. female anatomical structure A gustatory epithelium that is part of a tongue. lingual gustatory epithelium gustatory epithelium of tongue Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue subcutaneous abdominal fat subcutaneous fat of abdominal region subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum. skeleton of thorax thoracic part of axial skeleton thoracic skeleton thoracic skeleton lamina of neuraxis neuraxis lamina white matter lamina of neuraxis diencephalon lamina lamina of diencephalon white matter lamina of diencephalon cerebral hemisphere lamina lamina of cerebral hemisphere white matter lamina of cerebral hemisphere The white laminae of cerebellum is subdivision of the cerebellar cortex comprised of myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. lamina alba of cerebellar cortex laminae albae of cerebellar cortex white lamina of cerebellum white laminae of cerebellum isthmus cinguli isthmus gyri cingulatus isthmus gyri cinguli isthmus of gyrus fornicatus isthmus of the cingulate gyrus isthmus-2 laminae albae of cerebellar cortex white matter lamina of cerebellum A white matter that is part of a medulla oblongata. substantia alba medullae oblongatae white matter of medulla white substance of medulla medullary white matter white matter of medulla oblongata A epithelium that is part of a frontonasal prominence. frontonasal process epithelium A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region. anal membrane ectodermal component metanephros primitive collecting ducts primitive collecting duct primitive renal collecting duct system A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory. interlobular duct The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells. acinus of mucuous gland mucus acinus mucous acinus A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular intralobular ductule intralobular duct A duct that is located between lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory. intralobular ductule interlobar duct A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain forebrain segment segment of forebrain forebrain neuromere future prosencephalon prosomere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain mesomere midbrain segment segment of midbrain mesomere of nervous system neuromere of mesomere group future mesencephalon mesomere group midbrain neuromere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord spinal cord metameric segment spinal neuromeres spinal cord segment spinal neuromere Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca. cloacal muscle The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. It is thicker behind than in front, and occasionally contains a small fibrocartilage, about 6 mm. in length. It is well displayed by making a vertical section across the organ. septum of tongue median fibrous septum septum of tongue tongue septum lingual septum Any collection of muscles that is part of the forelimb stylopod region [Automatically generated definition]. arm musculature muscle group of arm musculature of arm set of muscles of arm musculature of forelimb stylopod Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin. muscles of lower limb musculature of lower limb musculi membri inferioris musculature of pelvic complex Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin. muscles of upper limb musculature of upper limb musculi membri superioris set of muscles of upper limb upper limb musculature musculature of pectoral complex Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin). pectoral appendage muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin). pelvic appendage muscle White matter that is part of a brainstem [Automatically generated definition]. brain stem white matter brainstem tract/commissure brainstem tracts brainstem tracts and commissures brainstem white matter A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). skeletal muscle skeletal muscle organ A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature. primordial vasculature One of the primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and align dorsoventrally at the myotomal boundaries between somites. intersegmental vessel intersegmental vessels intersomitic blood vessel intersomitic vessels segmental vessel intersomitic vessel The major preaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. tibia skeletal element tibia element tibia endochondral element A forelimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. forelimb skeletal element forelimb endochondral element A hindlimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. hindlimb bone skeletal element hindlimb endochondral element A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. phalanx skeletal element phalanx element phalanx endochondral element A manual digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit phalanx skeletal element manual digit phalanx element manual digit phalanx endochondral element A pedal digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit phalanx skeletal element pedal digit phalanx element pedal digit phalanx endochondral element A femur bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. femur skeletal element femur element femur endochondral element A humerus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. humerus skeletal element humerus element humerus endochondral element A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. limb bone skeletal element limb bone endochondral element limb endochondral element A endochondral element that is part of a autopod region. autopod endochondral element A autopod endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. autopod cartilage perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium subepicardial connective tissue subepicardial layer of epicardium Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. epicardial adipose tissue pericardial adipose tissue epicardial fat A portion of connective tissue that is part of a prostate gland. connective tissue of prostate connective tissue of prostate gland A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. ocular gland orbital gland gland of ocular region A gland that is located in or around the ocular region, nearer the outer canthi. lateral ocular gland lateral orbital gland lateral gland of orbital region An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs multi-unit eye A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium. blood vessel of endometrium endometrial blood vessel The slightly constricted part of a tooth, between the crown and the root. cervix dentis cervix of tooth collumn dentis dental neck tooth neck cervical margin of tooth cervical zone of tooth neck of tooth Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. lateral structure A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. heart cardiac pump heart or heart like organ circulatory vessel cardiac structure circulatory organ A zone of skin that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. digit skin modified sebaceous gland A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system. respiratory system basement membrane heart/pericardium heart plus pericardium A mesenchyme that is part of a urethra. urethra mesenchymal layer A valve that is part of a ureter. ureteral valve valve or ureter ureteral valve A lymph node that is part of a hypodermis. subcutaneous lymph node A zone of skin that is part of a axilla. FMA:37322 MA:0003087 axillary skin skin of axilla axilla skin A zone of skin that is part of a external nose. external nasal skin skin of external nose skin of nose nose skin hat part of the duodenal wall traversed by the ductus choledochus, ductus pancreaticus, and ampulla. choledochoduodenal junction choledocho-duodenal junction A epithelium that is part of a anal canal. anal canal epithelium epithelium of anal canal anal canal epithelium portion of heterogeneous tissue heterogeneous tissue A epithelium that is part of a duct of salivary gland. epithelium of salivary duct salivary duct epithelium salivary ductal epithelium epithelium of duct of salivary gland A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis. muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue Any anatomical conduit which is part of the upper respiratory tract respiratory conduit upper respiratory conduit An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. olfactory apparatus chamber cranial/facial muscle cranial-facial muscle cranio-facial muscle craniofacial muscle cranial or facial muscle A zone of skin that is part of a autopod region. paw skin autopod skin A portion of connective tissue that is part of a digit. digit connective tissue A blood vessel that is part of a liver. hepatic blood vessel liver blood vessel A epithelium that is part of a ear. ear epithelium A epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye. eye epithelium A epithelium that is part of a middle ear. middle ear epithelium A epithelium that is part of a external ear. outer ear epithelium A epithelium that is part of a foregut. foregut epithelium A lamina propria that is part of a duodenum. duodenal lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of duodenum lamina propria of duodenum duodenum lamina propria visceral abdominal lymph node A lymph node that is part of a head. lymph node of head Any of the lymph nodes that are part of a face. buccal lymph node facial lymph node A lymph node that is part of a hindlimb. lymph node of lower limb A lymph node that is part of a forelimb. lymph node of upper limb A capillary that is part of a lung. capillary of lung pulmonary capillary A breast that is part of a male organism. mamma masculina male breast Subdivision of thorax which includes all structures from the skin to the costal pleura. Examples: There is only one chest wall. chest wall A stroma that is part of a liver. hepatic stroma stroma of liver liver stroma A lymph node that is part of a bronchus. bronchial lymph node is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. auditory system Skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. centrum centre vertébral@fr centrum of vertebra périchorde@fr vertebral centrum element A epithelium that is part of a male urethra. male urethral epithelium urethral epithelium of male epithelium of male urethra A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of fundus of stomach. lamina propria mucosae of fundus of stomach lamina propria of fundus of stomach A anatomical space that is part of a duodenum. doudenal lumen duodenal lumen lumen of duodenum luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. left ventricular cavity cavity of left ventricle A anatomical space that is part of a jejunum. jejunal lumen jejunum lumen lumen of jejunum A epithelium that is part of a female urethra. female urethral epithelium urethral epithelium of female epithelium of female urethra Subdivision of telencephalon which is one of a number of subdivisions of each hemisphere separated by both real landmarks (sulci and fissures) and arbitrary boundaries[FMA,modified]. cerebral hemisphere lobe cerebral lobe lobe of cerebral cortex lobe parts of cerebral cortex lobi cerebri cerebral cortical segment lobes of the brain regional organ part of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex lobe of cerebral hemisphere white matter of cerebral lobe Grey matter neocortex region of a lobe of the cerebral hemisphere. cortex of cerebral hemisphere lobe cortex of lobe of cerebral hemisphere gray matter of lobe of cerebral hemisphere neocortical part of cerebral hemisphere cortex of cerebral lobe A white matter of cerebral lobe that is part of a limbic lobe. white matter of limbic lobe cortex of limbic lobe limbic lobe cortex gray matter of limbic lobe limbic cortex The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. pharyngeal ectoderm A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. grey matter layer CNS gray matter layer CNS grey matter layer gray matter layer of neuraxis grey matter layer of neuraxis central nervous system gray matter layer A layer of of the central nervous system that is composed of white matter. white matter layer CNS white matter layer white matter layer of neuraxis central nervous system white matter layer spinal cord column A white matter that is part of the midbrain. mesencephalic white matter white matter of midbrain A blood vessel that is part of a cerebellum. cerebral blood vessel An roughly circular indentation in a surface. pit rexed lamina lamina of gray matter of spinal cord A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 1 that develop into the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix. auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 1 derived A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 2 that develop into the concha, antihelix and antitragus. auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 2 derived A scent gland that is part of the skin cutaneous scent gland skin scent gland A skin gland found in the interdigital region of some mammals interdigital sinus interdigital gland Primordium that develops into the central nervous system future CNS presumptive central nervous system future central nervous system Primordium that develops into the nervous system presumptive nervous system future nervous system Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. rectum epithelium epithelium of terminal part of digestive tract Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. rectum muscle rectum muscle structure muscle tissue of terminal part of digestive tract The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism. extra-embryonic component extraembryonic component entire extraembryonic component An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development. transitional anatomical structure A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure. developing mesenchymal structure A viscus that is part of a abdomen. abdominal viscera abdominal viscera set set of abdominal viscera abdominal viscera A muscle layer that is part of the rectum muscular coat of rectum muscularis externa of rectum rectal muscularis propria tunica muscularis (rectum) tunica muscularis recti muscle layer of rectum Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum rectal smooth muscle tissue rectum smooth muscle smooth muscle of rectum rectum smooth muscle tissue A ligament that is part of a middle ear. ligament of middle ear An organ system subdivision that is the part of the lymphoid system that includes the pulmonary lymphatic vessels. pulmonary lymphatic chain pulmonary lymphatic vasculature pulmonary part of lymphatic system A lymphatic vessel that is part of a lung. lymphatic vessel of lung pulmonary lymphatic vessel A sweat gland that is part of a axilla. axillary apocrine sweat gland sweat gland of axilla axillary sweat gland A stroma that is part of a pancreas. pancreatic stroma stroma of pancreas A capsule that divides the parenchyma of the pancreas into lobes and lobules pancreatic capsule capsule of pancreas A boundary delimiting a rhombomere. rhombomere junction rhombomere boundary skeletal musculature Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. submucosa of digestive tract Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. layer of muscle tissue A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract. tunica muscularis of digestive tract muscular layer of digestive tract muscularis externa of digestive tract tunica externa of digestive tract muscular coat of digestive tract Tissue that is part of some adrenal gland adrenal gland tissue adrenal tissue A feather that is part of a forelimb. feather of forelimb forelimb feather A feather that is part of a the upper ventral region of an animal's torso. feather of breast feather of mammary region feather of upper chest feather of upper ventral region breast feather A feather that is part of a the dorsal region of an animal's torso. feather of back feather of dorsum dorsal feather ventricular cardiac muscle tissue ventricular heart muscle ventricular muscle cardiac muscle tissue of ventricle the neck region of a bone organ. bone neck neck of bone neck of bone element An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart. cardiac vasculature heart vasculature A feather that is part of a hindlimb. feather of hindlimb hindlimb feather A feather that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. tibial feather crural feather A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas. bladder bladder organ genital mucosa reproductive system mucosa Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. intramuscular fat intramuscular adipose tissue carotid endothelium carotid epithelium carotid artery endothelium bronchial gland bronchial mucous gland peribronchial gland mucous gland of lung iliac artery endothelium Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. skin epithelium The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid chorioretina choroid and retina retinachoroid retinachoroidal region chorioretinal region A white matter that is part of the hindbrain. white matter of hindbrain A white matter that is part of the forebrain. white matter of forebrain A white matter that is part of the myelencephalon. myelencephalic white matter white matter of myelencephalon gray matter of the hindbrain gray matter of hindbrain gray matter of forebrain gray matter of midbrain gray matter of diencephalon white matter of metencephalon sensory organ epithelium nose epithelium Epithelial layer that is part of the external part of the nose. epithelium of skin of external nose epithelium of external nose An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. integumental exocrine gland integumental system exocrine gland exocrine gland of integumental system cerebral fascicle cerebral fasciculus nerve fascicle of telencephalon telencephalic fascicle telencephalic nerve fascicle cerebral nerve fasciculus epithelium of small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn wall of small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine the single bud-like invagination of the conjunctival fornix epithelium at the temporal aspect of the eye that signals lacrimal gland formation (Int Rev Cytol. 1996;168:1-80. Cell biology of the harderian gland) lacrimal gland bud splenic arteriole Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]. lamina layer nervous system cell part layer Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. visceral wall of serous membrane visceral serous membrane Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. cavity lining parietal wall of serous membrane parietal serous membrane ileal mesentery ileum mesentery mesoileum mesentery of ileum A blood vessel of the placenta. placental vessel placenta blood vessel A mammary gland duct that is part of a male organism. This structure typically regresses. male mammary gland duct White matter that lies deep to the granular cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains afferents to the cerebellar cortex and axons that run between the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei. white matter of the cerebellar cortex white matter of the cerebellar cortex An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system. neurepithelium embryonic neuroepithelium neuroepithelium developing neuroepithelium An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells. proliferating neuroepithelium A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells. differentiating neuroepithelium spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer spinal cord ventricular layer Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain cranial nerve fiber bundle cranial nerve fiber tract cranial nerve or tract neuron projection bundle from brain cranial neuron projection bundle The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa. nervus visceralis visceral nerve autonomic nerve sympathetic nerve A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology. morphological feature lymphomyeloid tissue pituitary primordium future pituitary gland the area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate prechordal mesenchyme prechordal mesoderm An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part. anatomical cluster multi organ part structure A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary. cell cluster Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other. disconnected anatomical group A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. anatomical collection An anatomical collection that is arranged in a line. anatomical row A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. external soft tissue zone The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. biliary system epithelium biliary epithelium biliary tract epithelium epithelium of biliary system Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. layer of smooth muscle tissue organ sector organ zonal region organ zone organ region with floating fiat boundary zone of organ A population of lymphatic endothelial cell precursors that will form the lymph vessels. primary lymph sac embryonic lymph sac duct epithelium ductal epithelium epithelial layer of duct A cluster of neuroendocrine cells derived from neural crest. Paraganglia may be chromaffin or nonchromaffin paraganglia paraganglion (generic) Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition]. jaw mesenchyme loop of Henle, outer medullary portion outer renal medulla loop of Henle loop of Henle of renal medulla loop of Henle, medullary portion renal medulla loop of Henle preputial swelling prepuce of male preputial swelling of male prepuce of female preputial swelling of female An epithelium that is part of an eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. eyelid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition]. naris epithelium jaw epithelium Any of the interlobular excretory ducts of a salivary gland which are found in the connective tissue septa and formed by the union of several intralobular striated (secretory) ducts[MP,generalized]. excretory duct of salivary gland excretory duct interlobular duct of salivary gland ductal part of eccrine sweat gland duct of eccrine sweat gland ductal part of apocrine sweat gland duct of apocrine sweat gland lobe or lobule of thymus thymus subunit hand cartilage condensation manus cartilage element foot cartilage condensation pes cartilage element The narrowest portion of the gallbladder and distal to the cystic duct. cervix of gallbladder gallbladder neck neck of gallbladder The membrane the surrounds the prostate gland. capsule of prostate capsule of prostate gland prostatic capsule Any chamber of the left side of the heart left cardiac chamber Any chamber of the right side of the heart right cardiac chamber lateral line sense organ cartilage of acoustic meatus cartilage of auditory canal cartilago meatus acustici external acoustic meatus cartilage cartilage of external acoustic meatus The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva adnexa oculi accessory parts of orbital region accessory visual structures accessory visual structures set adnexal parts of orbital region appendage of eye appendages of the eye eye adnexa set of accessory visual structures structurae oculi accessoriae ocular adnexa cardiac chamber cavity heart cavity heart lumen cavity of cardiac chamber intrapulmonary lymph node pulmonary node pulmonary lymph node intrapulmonary bronchus The primordial mouth region of the developing head. primitive mouth primordial mouth future mouth A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon muscularis externa of sigmoid colon muscularis propria of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon muscularis propria sigmoideum muscularis tunica muscularis colon sigmoideum muscle layer of sigmoid colon serous cavity The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. pericardial fat Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ. visceral fat A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity. peritoneal component peritoneal sac blood vessel wall vascular wall wall of blood vessel A sweet viscid material elaborated out of the nectar of flowers in the honey sac of various bees. honey A bodily fluid consisting of the contents of the digestive tract expulsed through the anterior portion of the digestive tract. regurgitate regurgitated substance respiratory primordium epithelium respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme respiratory primordium mesenchyme An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. cardiopharyngeal field An organ subunit in the skin that gives rise to cutaneous appendage. follicle cutaneous appendage follicle skin follicle skin appendage follicle An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum. rectosigmoid region rectosigmoid junction Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. anatomical surface region Any gland that is part os the respiratory system. respiratory system gland A transudate found in the serous sac. serous fluid serous sac fluid secretion of serous membrane Parenchymal tissue that consists of the alveoli, grape-like clusters where milk is stored, and branching ducts, which are tubular canals carrying gladular secretions. lactiferous gland parenchyma mammary gland parenchyma parenchyma of lactiferous gland parenchyma of mammary gland cranial orifice skull orifice orifice of skull Any of the eight ligaments pertaining to the uterus including the anterior, posterior, lateral, sacro-uterine and round ligaments. uterine ligament The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit. ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus) ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervus zygomatici zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve zygomaticotemporal zygomaticotemporal branch zygomaticotemporal nerve A zone of skin that is part of the face. face skin facial skin skin of face The parenchyma of the spleen, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages. It lies between the splenic trabecula. Red pulp is the part suffused with blood and white pulp consists of areas of lymphatic tissue where there are sleeves of lymphocytes and macrophages. Malpighian corpuscles pulp of spleen splenic pulp spleen pulp A parenchyma that is part of a spleen. splenic parenchyma parenchyma of spleen Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate a lateral line. LLG lateral line ganglia lateral line ganglion Cranial nerve which enters the brain between cranial nerves VIII and IX; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the posterior lateral line ganglion and middle ganglion. Fibers from the posterior lateral line ganglion innervate the occipital dorsal lateral line and trunk lateral lines. caudal lateral line nerve posterior lateral line nerve lateral line primordia llp lateral line primordium Cranial nerve which enters the brain between cranial nerves VI and VII; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the anterior lateral line ganglia. rostral lateral line nerve anterior lateral line nerve posterior lateral line placode The posterior lateral line ganglion develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the posterior lateral line system. posterior lateral line ganglion Dorsolateral placode that gives rise to the anterior lateral line. anterior lateral line placodes pre-auditory lateral line placode anterior lateral line placode The anteror lateral line ganglia develops from cranial ectodermal placodes and contain sensory neurons that innervate the anterior lateral line system. anterior lateral line ganglia anterior lateral line ganglion primitive olfactory epithelium Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton. postcranial axial cartilage The anterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated between the eye and the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the anterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The anterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians and are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project to the hindbrain. The anterior lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. anterior lateral line system The anterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The anterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear. anterior lateral line The posterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated behind the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the posterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The posterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The posterior mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. posterior lateral line system A migrating group of cells originating from an anterior lateral line placode. The primordium deposits neuromasts and interneuromasts between them during its migration. anterior lateral line primordia anterior lateral line primordium immature neuromast proto neuromast proto-neuromast protoneuromast Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse fenestrated blood vessel endothelium fenestrated capillary vessel fenestrated capillary Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes. preplacodal ectoderm Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument. external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument. head external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument. body external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the limb integument. limb external integument structure Blood vessels in respiratory skin. vasculature of respiratory integument Skeletal tissue that is mineralized. mineralized tissue mineralized skeletal tissue Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue. skeletal element projection collum anatomicum (Humerus) collum anatomicum humeri humeral neck anatomic neck of humerus neck of humerus An anatomical surface that is part of a bone bone surface surface of bone A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. pedal digit pedal digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit digitopodial subdivision pedal digit ray pedal digit plus metapodial segment A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. manual digit manual digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit digitopodial subdivision manual digit ray manual digit plus metapodial segment A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. digit digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit digitopodial subdivision digit ray digit plus metapodial segment A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit plus the associated metapodial element. pedal digit pedal digit skeleton pedal digit digitopodial skeleton A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit plus the associated metapodial element. manual digit manual digit skeleton manual digit digitopodial skeleton A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of a single digit plus the associated metapodial element. digit digit skeleton individual digit of digitopodial skeleton A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. length unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. mass unit A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. time unit A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. temperature unit A unit which is a standardised quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition. substance unit A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. concentration unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas. volume unit A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. frequency unit A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time . volumetric flow rate unit A unit which represents a standard measurement occurrence of a process per unit time. rate unit Obsolete Class example to be eventually removed The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job Person:Alan Ruttenberg failed exploratory term Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release organizational term Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot core placeholder removed An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. terms merged This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use. term imported This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created. term split Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. Alan Ruttenberg A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf universal A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. Alan Ruttenberg defined class A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions Alan Ruttenberg named class expression Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI requires discussion http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8343-612X ENVO Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_quality_location.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 45 Logical Axioms: 6] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 ENVO is an ontology which represents knowledge about environments,environmental processes, ecosystems, habitats, and related entities. It interoperates with other ontologies in the OBO Foundry and Library. New terms or revisions can be requested at https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/ Please see www.environmentontology.org for more information and citations. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1604-1512 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/process_attribute.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 21 Logical Axioms: 2] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 85 Logical Axioms: 13] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute_location.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 138 Logical Axioms: 23] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6962-2807