editor preferred term~editor preferred label
imported from
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
A is disconnected_from B if they have no parts in common.
Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
A duck swimming in a pond is partially surrounded by air and partially surrounded by water.
x partially_surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for the region r that is adjacent to x, r partially overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies a non-trivial proportion of the outermost boundary of x
Definition modified from 'surrounded by'.
Afforestation results in the expansion of a forest.
A process, p, results in the expansion of a material entity, m, if the spatial extent of m is increased as a result of participating in p.
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
inheres_in
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations.
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
location_of
location of
contained in
Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved.
Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition):
Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant)
contained_in
contains
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
bounding layer of
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which ends
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which starts
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
starts during
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
happens during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
ends during
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint)
continuous with
x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x
We would like to include disjointness axioms with part_of and has_part, however this is not possible in OWL2 as these are non-simple properties and hence cannot appear in a disjointness axiom
(forall (?x ?y) (iff (proper_overlaps ?x ?y) (and (overlaps ?x ?y) (not (part_of ?x ?y)) (not (part_of ?y ?x)))))
partially overlaps
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
Chris Mungall
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
David Osumi-Sutherland
Terry Meehan
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein
x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y
This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation
has active participant
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has direct input c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p.
has output
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
developmentally succeeded by
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint.
results in developmental progression of
an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists.
every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062)
results in formation of
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y
q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of
inheres in part of
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time.
enables
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
formed as result of
A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving branching relationships
This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves)
in branching relationship with
Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River
inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein
x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein.
tributary of
Deschutes River distributary_of Little Lava Lake
x distributary_of y if and only if x is capable of channeling the flow of a substance to y, where y channels less of the substance than x
This is both a mereotopological relationship and a relationship defined in connection to processes. It concerns both the connecting structure, and how this structure is disposed to causally affect flow processes
distributary of
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate'
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q.
q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2
This relation is provided in order to support the use of relational qualities such as 'concentration of'; for example, the concentration of C in V is a quality that inheres in V, but pertains to C.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
causal relation between material entities
A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef
s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s.
The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future
determined by (system to material entity)
s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w.
causally influenced by (material entity to material entity)
Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b
causally influences (material entity to material entity)
Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
A relationship that holds between two entities, where the relationship holds based on the presence or absence of statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes.
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
independent continuant
spatial region
temporal region
spatiotemporal region
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
process
disposition
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
quality
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
specifically dependent continuant
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
role
fiat object
fiat object part
object aggregate
site
object
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
generically dependent continuant
function
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
process boundary
one-dimensional temporal region
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
continuant fiat boundary
immaterial entity
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
anatomical structure
material anatomical entity
Material anatomical entity that is a member of an individual species or is a viral or viroid particle.
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups.
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
carbohydrate
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides,
A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Nuclear particle of charge number +1, spin 1/2 and rest mass of 1.007276470(12) u.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
The stable isotope of hydrogen with relative atomic mass 2.014102 and a natural abundance of 0.0115 atom percent (from Greek deltaepsilonupsilontauepsilonrhoomicronnu, second).
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
Any material that can be ingested by an organism.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene, so may be considered as triterpenoids.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor
EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor
Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
A cultured cell population that represents a genetically stable and homogenous population of cultured cells that shares a common propagation history (i.e. has been successively passaged together in culture).
cell line
A cavity developed along a bedding-plane and elongate in cross-section as a result.
An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.
Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore.
A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States.
A subdivision of a first-order administrative division.
A subdivision of a second-order administrative division.
A subdivision of a third-order administrative division.
A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area.
A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles.
An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life.
A geographical feature associated with water.
A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation.
This class refers to the water contained in a canal channel, and not the channel itself.
A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere.
A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean.
A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L).
A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts.
A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained in a depression on a landmass.
A lake of whose water contains low concentrations of salts.
A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply.
"There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague."
Linear body of water flowing on the Earth's surface.
An artificial body of water, often contained by a dam, constructed for the purpose of water storage.
A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface.
A point where groundwater or steam flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure.
A cave without streams or drips of water.
A valley or ravine, bounded by relatively steep banks, which in the rainy season becomes a watercourse.
The temporality of wadis is problematic in deciding whether they are watercourses or valleys.
An area of water bordered by land on three sides.
A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake.
An area of broken, fast flowing water in a stream, where the slope of the bed increases (but without a prominent break of slope which might result in a waterfall), or where a gently dipping bar of harder rock outcrops.
A wetland ecosystem which includes communities of grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants).
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used irrigation.
A small, human-made channel which has been dug for draining or irrigating the land.
A sheet of saline water separated from the open sea by sand or shingle banks. The sheet of water between an offshore reef, especially of coral and mainland. The sheet of water within a ring or horseshoe shaped atoll.
A long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation.
A sudden descent of water over a step or ledge in the bed of a river.
A tidal water channel. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used drainage.
An vegetated area which overlaps a wetland ecosystem.
A wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material.
A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
A dense growth of shrubbery planted as a fence or boundary.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used navigation.
A hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air.
A spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally-heated groundwater from the Earth's crust.
A lake contained within a volcanic crater.
A marsh in which soils are saturated with water that contains low concentrations of salts.
A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts.
It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt.
A shallow man-made pond designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large ponds and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested.
A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of fish.
An swamp formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth. Such a lake may be associated with caves and aquifers and springs.
A river that is under the surface of the Earth.
A stream that is under the surface of the Earth.
A geographical feature associated with water that is under the surface of the earth.
This class should probably be replaced with a quality-like entity "underground" which can then be distributed to the subclasses, solving the double inheritance.
Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population.
An accumulation of water of varying size.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water.
An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land.
A permanent way having one or more rails which provides a track for cars.
Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber.
A stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common feature of river deltas.
A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort.
"constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference
A cave developed along a fault or fault zone, either by movement of the fault or by preferential solution along it.
Structure designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity.
A permanent walled and roofed construction.
A barrier constructed across a watercourse to control the flow or raise the level of water.
A built structure erected over a depression or obstacle to carry traffic or some facility such as a pipeline.
An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials.
As with other classes that are "features", the subclasses of this class are being moved to more informative locations. Their relation to agriculture will be modelled by something more akin to a quality or relation to an agricultural process.
An area of land which is used for the cultivation of crops or grazing of livestock, including any agricultural constructions therein.
An open artificial water channel, that leads water from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow, often an elevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land.
A series of connected and aligned mountains or mountain ridges.
A landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit and a local relief of more than 300m.
A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m.
A lower point that allows easier access through a mountain range. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains.
A glacier contained in the site of a mountain valley.
We need to added classes such as "valley site" in order to fully axiomatize this class
A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent.
A high, steep, or overhanging face of rock.
A cliff that is a margin of a sea or ocean.
An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a sea.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a lake.
A part of an astronomical body associated with a volcano - an opening, or rupture, in that body's surface or crust - which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption.
A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall.
Area of dry or relatively dry land surrounded by water or low wetland.
A depression which has been formed as a result of erosion by water or ice and which is low-lying, bordered by higher ground, and especially elongate.
Valleys are typically located between hills our mountains.
A tract of alluvium formed at the mouth of a river where the deposition ofsome of its load exceeds its rate of removal, crossed by the divergent channels (distributaries) of the river.
An island formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation.
An upland moor or sandy area dominated by low shrubby vegetation including heather.
A grassland ecosystem which contains a variety of annual, biennial and perennial plants growing on rolling or flat terrain.
Typically, meadows have higher botanical biodiversity than other grasslands.
Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both.
A tunnel formed by the flow of molten lava, which has subsequently drained out.
These are usually classified as a sub-type of volcanic cave, rather than a tunnel.
An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood.
The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome.
A vegetated area which overlaps treeless, level, or gently rolling plains characteristic of arctic or subarctic regions, permanently frozen subsoil, and communities of low growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs.
A field which is located on land and used for agricultural purposes, such as the grazing of livestock or the cultivation of crops.
An intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food, typically fruit, production.
A place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins or table grapes.
An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming.
A forest that has been intentionally established by human intervention.
A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority.
A political entitity established by more than one state and with at least some influence over the affairs of its member states.
A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved minerals, that derive from the rocks through which the water flows.
A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved derivatives of sulfur.
An arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water.
A valley that no longer has a surface flow of water. Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream.
A ridge of rocks, lying near the surface of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, but is usually covered by water.
A hydrographic feature characterized by the dominance of snow or ice.
Likely to be depopulated and "glacial" made into a quality or similar.
A mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2.
An ice mass which is of sufficient mass that the action of gravity upon it overcomes the frictional forces holding it in place, causing it to deform and flow towards lower elevation.
Soil at or below the freezing point of water (0C or 32F) for two or more years. Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material.
A geographical region that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason.
A geographical area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement.
A circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance.
A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land.
A ditch that collects water from the surrounding land.
The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
A dome-shaped ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area).
A region of permanent snow in mountainous areas or high latitudes.
The region occupied by any more or less continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. Ocean Currents are rivers of hot or cold water within the ocean. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon. The depth contours, the shoreline and other movements influence the direction and strength of the movements of water that forms a given current.
Subclasses of this class are to be populated by inference. Definition modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current.
A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result. It often consists of a rocky bed of gravels or other small stones.
Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man.
Aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in shallow, marine waters with little nutrients in the water.
An alkaline flat, in the context of a marine environment.
A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later.
The upper part of a river system, denoting the upper basin and source streams of a river.
An area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding.
A depression which is semicircular or crescent-shaped, found towards the crest of a mountain, and formed by the erosional processes caused by the motion of a glacier.
A small, isolated, fertile or green area in a desert region, usually having a spring or well.
An artificial working of peatland to remove the peat.
A road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland.
A lake formed of a natural deposit of alphalt, a black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid composed of fossil hydrocarbons.
An oceanic island, often having a characteristic ring-like shape surrounding a lagoon. Atolls are formed when coral reef grows around a volcanic island that later subsides into the ocean.
A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.
A hole in coastal rock through which sea water is forced by a rising tide or waves and spurted through an outlet into the air.
Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope.
A hill of sand built by eolian processes.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a river.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of sand.
There should be relation here to ENVO:sand, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of rock.
There should be relation here to ENVO:rock, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
Narrow section of land in a body of water connecting two larger land areas.
A feature shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. These landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage.
A landform elevated above the surrounding area.
An accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier.
An artificial slope or wall, usually earthen, which parallels the course of a river, built for the purpose of containing the river.
An elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. Mesas form in areas where horizontally layered rocks are uplifted by tectonic activity.
The exposed summit of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice mass is present.
"peak" in the definition is understood as a synonym of mount, rather than of summit. Nunataks may also refer to areas of ridges. The definition and placement of this class may need to be revised.
An elevated and comparatively level expanse of land.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of gravel or stones.
There should be relation here to ENVO:rock and ENVO:gravel, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
A tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume.
Rain-fed, potentially deep peatlands occurring principally in lowland areas across much of Northern Europe, as well as in the former USSR, North America and parts of the southern hemisphere.
Flat or concave peatlands with a string-like pattern of hummocks (hence the name), found principally in northern Scandinavia but occurring in the western parts of the former USSR and in North America. A few examples exist in northern Britain.
Peatlands with a shallow peat layer, only about 500 mm thick, dominated by sedges and grasses. They form in permafrost areas, covering around 110,000 to 160,000 km2 in Alaska, Canada, and the former USSR.
Peatland typified by characteristic high mounds, each with a permanently frozen core, with wet depressions between the mounds. These develop where the ground surface is frozen only for part of the year, and are common in the former USSR, Canada and parts of Scandinavia.
Forested peatlands including both rain- and groundwater-fed types, commonly recorded in tropical regions with high rainfall. This type of peatland covers around 350,000 km2, primarily in south-east Asia but also occurring in the Everglades in Florida.
Feature on the ocean floor at a depth of 3500 - 6000 meters.
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of solid material, shaped by one or more environmental processes.
A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by the tides, rivers, sea or oceans.
Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders.
A natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes may vary in size from less than a meter to several hundred meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms.
A dry lakebed consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts. Generally the shore or bed of an endorheic lake.
A lake from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material.
A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living organisms to stir them up.
A lake, part of whose margin is formed by an ice mass, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.
A lake in a glacially eroded valley, which has been eroded below sea level.
A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process.
A lake which fills a depression that has formed as a result of subsidence along a a rift zone, an area of extensional tectonics in the continental crust.
The water mass of an ocean directly above a continental shelf.
The water mass of an ocean that is not above a continental shelf.
The zone of an ocean from the surface to where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light.
The zone of an ocean below 200m, in which photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of light.
The one of an ocean below the 10degC thermocline down to a temperature of 4degC.
The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000m.
The zone of an ocean immediately below the photic zone down to a depth where the water temperature is 10degC (the thermocline).
The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000m and 10,000m.
A fissure in the Earths's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.
A hole in the Earth's crust from which steam and gases are emitted.
A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. The superheated water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides, which crystallize to create a chimney-like structure around each vent. When the superheated water in the vent comes in contact with the cold ocean water, many minerals are precipitated, creating the distinctive black color. The metal sulfides that are deposited can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time.
A sea that is not connected with an ocean.
A group of geographically or geologically associated islands.
An island that lies on a continental shelf.
An island that does not sit on a continental shelf, and is of volcanic origin.
The extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow sea.
The continental shelf is a gentle slope. This class refers to the geographical continental shelf and not the legal concept of the same name.
An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically.
An estuary whose river output and marine input are more even, with river flow still dominant; turbulence induces more mixing of salt water upward than the reverse.
An estuary whose river output greatly exceeds marine input; there is little mixing, and thus a sharp contrast between fresh surface water and saline bottom water.
An estuary located in regions with high evaporation, there is no freshwater input and in fact salinity increases inland; overall flow is inward at the surface, downwells at the inland terminus, and flows outward subsurface.
An estuary which varies dramatically in its volume as a result of intermittent freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any other type of estuary.
A wetland ecosystem which overlaps both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
A wetland found in upland areas, characterised by acidic soils.
A freshwater peat land with chemically basic (which roughly means alkaline) ground water.
A wetland ecosystem in which land mass is permanently inundated by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions.
A small, slow-moving stream or creek; usually located in low-lying areas.
A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees.
A class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching forms which may be nowhere very large, but common enough to add up to a large area.
A palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus.
A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide.
A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by a stream.
A wetland which is inundated with water that contains low concentrations of salts.
A flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor.
A broad, low relief crater that results from a phreatic eruption or explosion caused by groundwater contact with hot lava or magma. The maar typically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.
A crater formed by a volcano, within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta.
An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section.
The parallel ridges of till deposited along the sides of an alglacier. The unconsolidated debris is deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts.
A moriane formed when the inside lateral moraines of two glaciers merge together. They form a ridge down the center of the combined glaciers.
A till covered area with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. Forms by the accumulation of till under the ice by lodgement, but may also be deposited as the glacier retreats.
Ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus.
A plain where a stream meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes.
An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried.
An area which is subject to periodic flooding.
The stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows in a flood plain.
Area of a flood plane covered by the flood, but which does not experience a strong current.
A relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills or mountains, formed by the deposition of alluvial soil over a long period of time by one or more streams coming from the mountains.
A plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.
An area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. Dominated by tall grasses (contrast steppe).
A grassland of the tropics or subtropics with scattered trees.
A plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude.
A narrow, vertical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so. Usually due to solution but sometimes to tension.
A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. Typically formed from volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from a seafloor of 1,000 - 4,000 meters depth. Independent features that rise to at least 1,000 meters above the seafloor.
A grassland ecosystem which is used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch.
A steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope. Many submarine canyons are found as extensions to large rivers; however there are many that have no such association. Canyons cutting the continental slopes have been found at depths greater than 2 km below sea level. Many submarine canyons continue as submarine channels across continental rise areas and may extend for hundreds of kilometers.
The ground surface that lies beneath a lake.
A continental island connected to its adjacent land by a natural feature, such as a causeway.
A pond that has formed as a consequence of the activities of beavers, building a beaver dam.
A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge.
The point where a tributary joins a more major river.
The seabed below the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break). The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3, but it can be as low as 1 or as high as 10. The slope is often cut with submarine canyons.
The continental rise is below the continental slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1. Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise.
Hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Drumlins are sometimes compared to kames, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement.
A lake that has either permanently or temporally lost its water.
Classes like this pose a logical problem. This probably shouldn't be a lake (water body) but a depression. Lakes which have temporarily lost water should be distinguished from permanently dry lakes.
A stream channel through which no water flows and which has dried, containing no appreciable accumulations of water.
A flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. A salt pan is formed where water pools. A saline pan would be a lake or a pond if it were located in a climate where the rate of water evaporation were not faster than the rate of water precipitation, i.e., if it were not in a desert. If the water is unable to drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind whatever minerals were dissolved. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface.
A transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. Most commonly a transition from one series of sedimentary rocks to another series of a different age and composition. In such cases, the escarpment usually represents the line of erosional loss of the newer rock over the older.
A long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.
A long and narrow upland with steep sides.
An open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted.
A bed of loose sand mixed with water forming a soft, shifting mass that yields easily to pressure.
An area reclaimed from the sea by diking and draining.
An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, smaller than mesas and plateaus. Buttes are formed by erosion when a cap of hard rock, usually of volcanic origin, covers a layer of softer rock that is easily worn away. This hard rock avoids erosion while the rock around it wears down.
The raised fault block bounded by normal faults. The raised block is a portion of the Earth's crust that has remained stationary while the land has sunk on either side of it or has been crushed by a mountain range against it.
A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. A graben is the result of a block of land being downthrown producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching.
An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody.
The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent.
A watershed such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent.
A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food.
A facility where eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions.
A paddy field for the cultivation of rice.
A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops.
A large mass of detached land ice in the sea or stranded in shallow water.
A field of ice, formed in regions of perennial frost.
Ice mass may need to be resolved from ice field, the former referring simply to an accumulation of ice.
Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees.
A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires.
A valley created by the formation of a rift, i.e. place where a planet's lithosphere is being pulled apart by tectonic forces.
The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features.
That part of the land in immediate contact with a body of water including the area between high and low water lines.
A body of land jutting out into and nearly surrounded by water.
A deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Where the direction of the shore turns inland (reenters) the longshore current spreads out or dissipates. No longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This causes a bar to build out from the shore, eventually becoming a spit.
A portion of a glacier characterized by rapid flow and a chaotic crevassed surface.
A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area.
Clarify that this pertains to the planetary crust and create superclass for general topological depressions. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
A crater caused by the impact of a meteor.
For the moment, no distinction is made between meteroids, lithometeors, or meteorites in this class. These can be added if needed.
A fluvioglacial landform occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when sediment laden streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and are deposited to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, holes are left in the sandur.
The plain formed by the large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as a glacier erodes the underlying rocks as it moves slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier.
A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind.
A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain.
A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope.
The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks.
Very similar to the "marine eulittoral zone" class, but without reference to seasonal tide marks. Some sources make no distinction between these zones, thus, they are currently related synonyms.
Pools formed as a high tide comes in over a rocky shore. Water fills depressions in the ground, which turn into isolated pools as the tide retreats.
The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment.
The tidal zone that is mostly submerged, only being exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides.
A cavity developed along a joint and elongate in cross-section.
"Lave cave" is differentiated from "volcanic cave": the former is formed in volcanic rock, the latter is formed by volcanic processes.
A cave containing a stream or active speleothems.
A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did so and which cannot be followed upstream to the surface.
A large closed depression draining underground, witha flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream and which may be liable to flood and become a lake. The floor makes a sharp break with parts of surrounding slopes.
A cave in present-day or emerged sea cliffs, formed by wave attack or solution.
A secondary mineral deposit formed in caves, most commonly calcite.
A zone beneath the land surface and above the level of permanent groundwater or phreatic zone in which water has a hydraulic head less than atmospheric pressure and is retained by a combination of adhesion and capillary action.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. In such soils, therefore, the unsaturated zone is the upper section of the vadose zone and not identical to it.
A zone beneath the land surface in which all interstices are filled with water. Water in the phreatic zone has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater.
A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips.
A speleothem hanging downwards from a roof or wall, of cylindrical or conical form, usually with a central hollow tube.
A closed depression draining underground in karst, of simple but variable form, e.g. cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish-shaped. From a few to many hundreds of metres in dimensions.
Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development.
Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand.
Karst completely pitted by closed depressions so that divides between them form a crudely polygonal network.
Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of vomit, a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose.
ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S.
An abiotic mesoscopic feature made of the mineral material of the crust of the Earth.
A piece of rock that is two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 75 millimeters (about 3 inches).
A comparatively elevated area on an icecap.
A terrarium is a vivarium which simulates a terrestrial environment.
A volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone.
This may be more a subclass of 'caldera'
A chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma.
A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust below continental crust.
A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust other oceanic crust on an adjacent tectonic plate.
A region of the earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity.
A volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma.
A cone made of material ejected from a volcano. The material can range from finest particles. In comparison, cinder cones are more uniform. They are usually found in or on larger features, such as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and can be found inside calderas, however they can also be an independent feature. They can range from a few metres in height and are usually formed by a single eruption.
A device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied.
An area of land or of a body of water in which management practices, through legal or other effective means, prioritise the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources.
This class needs revision. Protected areas may be designated for multiple uses, and more clarity is needed. Further, biodiversity may not prioritise biodiversity conservation. At a very general level, "protection" suggests that some forms of use are, in principle, excluded.
A natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance.
A protected forest or woodland area in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture.
A conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic 'building block' of nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations are based upon them, including National Nature Reserves, Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation.
A protected area of the sea usually established to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there. Most marine parks are designated by governments, and organized like watery national parks.
A protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality.
A designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat.
A wetland protected by the terms of the Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat).
A United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science interest.
An IUCN protected area which 1) primarily consists of ecosystems which are able to maintain their natural composition, structure, and function at a regional scale and which are deemed to be representative of a region's natural bio- and geodiversity, 2) is sufficiently large to allow its constituent ecosystems to function, develop, and recover from natural perturbations without human intervention, and 3) is managed to preserve natural ecosystem integrity and functioning at a regional scale, while allowing human access for the purposes of conservation, cultural and spiritural activities, research, education, tourism, subsistence use by indigenous communities, and recreation.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. These areas often serve as migration corridors between other natural and semi-natural ecosystems and pools of biodiversity. They may have core zones that are similar to IUCN Protected Area classes Ia and Ib.
An island, usually the consequence of the activity of a submarine volcano, that only exists for a short period or short periods of time after its formation, then being eroded or otherwise disappearing beneath the surface of a body of water.
MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A large area of brine on the ocean basin near cold seep vents which release methane into the water. These pools are concentrations of water having an extremely high salinity as compared to the surrounding ocean, caused by the motion of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: Marine brine pools are large areas of brine on the ocean basin. These pools are bodies of water that have a salinity three to five times greater than the surrounding ocean. For deep-sea brine pools the source of the salt is the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. The brine often contains high concentrations of methane, providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool.
A distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet.
A volcano with more than one feature. They form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area. Stratovolcanoes may form complex volcanoes, because they may overlap another from explosive eruptions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and by repeated eruptions, to make multiple summits and vents. Stratovolcanoes could also form a large caldera that gets filled in by multiple small cinder cones, lava domes and craters may also develop on the caldera's rim.
A shield volcano that is formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions rather than relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low-angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after the cessation of explosive activity commonly superposes the vent region.
An area where wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy.
A protected area with the purpose of protecting and managing wild life.
A protected area that is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
An international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB).
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of maintaining water levels in a canal or canals.
A thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice mass flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.
A section of the Earths's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole.
That part of the land in immediate contact with a lake.
The channel bottom of a stream; the physical confine of the normal water flow.
The channel bottom of a river; the physical confine of the normal water flow.
The place where a stream discharges into a lagoon, lake, or the sea.
The end of a stream where it enters a standing water body such as a lake, sea or ocean.
A depression which intermittently contains a lake.
This has been moved from the lake hierarchy.
An area that is sometimes inundated or saturated by surface or ground water sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
In a strict sense, this class cannot always satisfy the subclass axiom of wetland, requiring soil to always have a wet quality. Perhaps this should be treated more like channel of an intermittent stream.
An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands. Land bridges are commonly created by regression, in which sea levels fall exposing previously submerged sections of continental shelf. Land bridges are also formed by: (a) upthrust at the edge of continental plates; and (b) glacial retreat alleviating pressure on shallow marine formations.
A long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. An ice tongue forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the ocean or a lake.
A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land.
A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses.
The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks.
We need a more general channel definition, the current is only for water course channels. We need to refactor the semantics of channels, tunnels and conduits, in a similar way to uberon anatomical channels http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004111. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/147
Built by fragments (called ejecta) thrown up (ejected) from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater.
A cone that is composed of particles of silt to sand size. Explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with groundwater or the sea (as in an eruption off the coast) produce steam and are called phreatic. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases results in the ejection of mostly small particles called ash. Fallen ash has the consistency of flour. The unconsolidated ash forms an ash cone which becomes a tuff cone or tuff ring once the ash consolidates.
A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.
A volcanic cone formed of molten lava ejected from a vent somewhat like taffy. Expanding gases in the lava fountains tear the liquid rock into irregular gobs that fall back to earth, forming a heap around the vent. The still partly liquid rock splashed down and over the sides of the developing mound is called spatter. Because spatter is not fully solid when it lands, the individual deposits are very irregular in shape and weld together as they cool, and in this way particularly differ from cinder and ash.
A volcano created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Temperatures are much cooler than igneous processes.
A large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides.
A tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite).
An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean.
A volcano produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a lake melted into a glacier or ice mass by the rising lava.
Something more specific than an adjacent_to relation would be better, especially considering the volcano in question may have melted nearby glacial mass.
A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts and hannels. The volcano can usually be seen as a crack in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens.
A large, swirling body of water produced by ocean tides.
An elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kipuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow.
The shallow part of a stream which can be easily crossed.
A watercourse which has the intensity and direction of its flow primarily determined by the tides.
A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter.
Pingos may occur in cold-climate wetland areas, but are not necessarily wetlands themselves.
A natural formation where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath.
A beach or wave cut platform raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level.
A fertile low-lying raised beach found on the some of the coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular in the Outer Hebrides.
A submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged.
A geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast.
A deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms a narrow piece of land between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. They usually form because the island causes wave refraction, depositing sand and shingle moved by longshore drift in each direction around the island where the waves meet. Eustatic sea level rise may also contribute to accretion as material is pushed up with rising sea levels.
The narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves.
A natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement.
The solid surface that underlies an ocean.
A bend in a stream. A stream flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meanders as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course.
A biome is an ecosystem to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations.
There has been some concern raised (see Issue #143) about the usefulness of the assertion that organisms have evolved within a given biome. They may have evolved adaptations elsewhere and demonstrating one or the other is often not feasible. Consider relabelling to "environmental system determined by an ecological community" or similar.
A thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arte is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys. Artes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col.
A feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone.
A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins.
An isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.
A fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier.
A lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice mass due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.
A deep but narrow valley with a 'U' shaped cross-section and frequently a 'U' shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. It is formed when the edge of an ice mass advances up a slope. Its length may be appropriately measured in centimetres or kilometres, depending on the circumstances of formation.
A steep-sided depression formed by the melting of permafrost; it may contain a lake.
A small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped.
A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff.
A ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of containing a flood, an overflow of water from a body of water that sumerges land.
A tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area.
There should be a better superclass than "field" which should indicate that there are no woody plants in growth form "tree" around.
An aquaduct to transport water from one river basin to another one, to solve problems of hydrographic imbalance. It can decrease floods, moving the water to lands with droughts.
A biome that applies to the terrestrial realm.
An aquatic biome that comprises systems of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of generating electricity.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing drinking water.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing water for irrigation.
A lake constructed, or modified, for the chief purpose of providing an amenity.
A lake that is long, narrow, and finger-shaped, usually found in a glacial trough. Its formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. The sharp-edged boulders carried at the bottom of the glacier erode the softer rock more quickly by abrasion, thus creating a hollow called a rock basin. On either side of the rock basin, the more resistant rock is eroded less and these outcrops of harder rock are known as rock bars, which act as dams between which rainwater may accumulate after the retreat of the ice age, filling up the rock basin and creating a ribbon lake. A ribbon lake may also form behind a terminal or recessional moraine, both of which also act as dams, enabling water to accumulate behind them. A ribbon lake may also occur if a tributary glacier joins a main glacier. The increase in power can create a trough, which is filled with water from a river/meltwater to create a ribbon lake.
A lake or estuary that is formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments. It can be maritime (the bar being created by the current of a sea) or fluvial (the bar being created by the flow of a bigger river at the confluence).
A container of an intermittent lake unique to the limestone areas of Ireland, mostly west of the River Shannon. Most turloughs flood in the autumn, usually some time in October, and then dry up some time between April and July.
A mountain lake that is formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn.
A glacier on a plateau or high area, smaller than an ice sheet.
A region of low topographic relief as a consequence of erosion by streams.
A volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted. A pseudocrater is characterised by the absence of any magma conduit which connects below the surface of the earth. Pseudocraters are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters.
A volcanic field of scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous polygenetic volcanoes, are noted for having more than one eruptive event from the same vent(s), rather than the more common monogenetic volcanic field. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last >10 million year period.
A place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored.
A harbor which is formed by a natural landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage.
An area of land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated.
A dam constructed for the purpose of generating electricity from the water stored behind it.
A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken.
A dam constructed for the purpose of holding water in a reservoir for irrigation.
A dam constructed for the purpose of controlling flooding.
An area of calm water unaffected by the current of a stream.
A quarry from which gravel is extracted.
An excavation of the Earth's surface to provide passage for a road, railway, canal, etc.
An opening of the sea into the land, or of a lake into its shore.
The exit or point of discharge of a stream into another stream, lake or sea.
A tall, slender, spire-shaped rock projecting from a level or more gently sloping surface.
The ground surface that lies beneath a sea.
A hollow eroded by the force of the falling water at the base of a waterfall, particularly by the eddying effect.
Problematic. Does this refer to the depression or the accumulated water?
Any enclosed water area in pack ice other than a lead, not large enough to be called open water. When frozen over, a polyna becomes an ice skylight from the point of view of the submariner.
Could be a subclass of a class that describes holes in solid material covering water or other liquids. Perhaps a class like "clearing". Logical def can include surrounded_by "ice mass".
That part of the land in immediate contact with a sea, including the intertidal zone.
The line of contact between a body of water and the land.
One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system.
A lake which is primarily composed of glacial meltwater and which fills a depression formed as a result of a glacial erosion process.
An elevation which is formed as the result of a perennial ice lens forming under soil, pushing a roughly oval portion land surface upwards.
Palsas typically occur in areas with discontinuous permafrost, frequently peat bogs. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil. Palsas are characteristically found in areas with discontinuous permafrost and in such areas bay be the only reliable surface evidence of permafrost. A palsa needs large quantities of water for the formation of its ice core (i.e. ice lens), which is why they frequently emerge from and are bound by boggy soils, which can store enormous quantities of water in their pores. Palsas develop particularly in moorlands and are therefore also named palsamoors.
A stream whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., a stream that follows the slope of the original land.
A stream whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts.
A stream whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream.
A stream flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.
A stream that has an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock.
A stream or river which flows into another river (a parent river) or body of water but which may not flow directly into the sea.
A narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground.
An intrusive igneous body. Its thickness is usually much smaller than its other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike lies so that the latter becomes horizontal.
A linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rift along the mid-oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough.
An obstruction in a stream constructed by a beaver.
The portion of the ground surface which lies below water.
A depression that is periodically filled with saline water, forming a saline lake.
container of an intermittent saline lake
A depression which is continous with one or more abandoned meander loops of a river channel.
A container of an intermittent water body which, when filled with water, has a well-illuminated surface layer, is subject to complete mixing of the water it holds, and is smaller than the container of a lake.
A gently inclined underground tunnel bringing water for irrigation from an aquifer.
A reservoir that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
The lower terminus of a wadi where it widens into an adjoining floodplain, depression, or water body.
A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls.
A peatland whose development is mostly independent of basins or topographical features where water collects; it simply covers the landscape like a blanket. Peat develops due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic or rain fed, and as a result their pH lies between 3.5 and 4.2.
The ground surface that lies beneath a pond.
The ground surface that lies beneath a reservoir.
A generally circular saucer or bowl-shaped depression caused by volcanic or meteorite explosive action.
A patch of ground, distinct from and slightly above the surrounding plain or wetland. Often occurs in groups.
A surface stream that disappears into an underground channel, or dries up in an arid area.
The exit or point of discharge of a ditch.
A mound of earth material, at the base of a slope and the associated scoured area.
An irregular mass of fallen rock at the base of a cliff or steep slope.
A channel formed as a result of a stream cutting through a meander neck.
A former stream or distributary no longer carrying flowing water, but still evident due to lakes, wetland, topographic or vegetation patterns.
A stream that has been substantially ditched, diked, or straightened.
A deep narrow slot, notch, or groove in a cliff.
A relatively undissected upland between adjacent stream valleys.
A ridge of sand just inland and parallel to the beach, usually in series.
A gentle slope, with a generally smooth surface, particularly found around groups of islands and seamounts.
A depression which is part of an ice cap.
A site at which refuse is dumped, normally filling a natural or artificial depression.
A low obstruction built across the path of s stream to raise its level.
An annular depression that may not be continuous, located at the base of many seamounts, islands, and other isolated elevations.
A high altitude or high latitude bare, flat area covered with large angular rocks.
An undersea area of subdued corrugations.
The low part of a gap or saddle separating basins.
A lake which is primarily composed of brackish water, having a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water.
An irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography. When the ice retreats further, the delta kame often collapses. Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are the deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side.
A low tract of land, especially when moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. When created by humans, this open drain system is designed to manage water runoff.
A man-made watercourse, or makeshift aqueduct, often an artificial channel which supplies water to a watermill or its mill pond, collecting water from upstream of the mill so that the natural level of the driving water is above the level of the stream at the mill. Alternatively to may deliver water for mineral washing and concentration, irrigation or to a dye works.
A beach which is armoured with pebbles or small to medium sized cobbles.
Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these.
A pond, often temporary or seasonal, used as a drinking place by mammals and birds.
A depression which is is periodically filled with water when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage.
Despite the relocation from its position under 'water body' and the rewording of the definition, the class was not obsoleted as the entity being referenced is effectively the same.
This was formerly represented as a water body, which would not be valid during dry periods. This class more properly refers to the container of the water body, thusfar always some depression, which periodically contains a water body.
A drainage basin from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material.
An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost.
A dam constructed for more than one purpose.
An auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency.
A dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion.
A dam that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment.
A dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.
A dam designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course.
A region at which weapons, typically military, are tested.
A weapons test site at which nuclear weapons are, or have been, tested.
A region in which military personnel train.
A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation.
A raised walkway over water, supported by piles or pillars.
A place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which is, has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology.
A building or region where sports activities can be carried out.
The inclusion of "region" in this definition is problematic.
A sports facility constructed for skiing and allied sports that require snow and/or ice.
A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea.
A biome that applies to the freshwater realm.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large rivers" (e.g. the Mekong river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river headwaters" (e.g. the Upper Amazon headwaters) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-headwater-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river deltas" (e.g. the Niger river delta) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-delta-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small rivers" (e.g. the Salween river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-river-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large lakes" (e.g. African rift lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-lake-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small lakes" (e.g. Cameroon crater lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-lake-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A biome which has little permanent surface water and a low relative abundance of springs.
The WWF definition is somewhat ambiguous, but workable.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms.
The various 'has part' and 'has quality' relations may not hold true for all soils; however, I have yet to find counter examples. Require input from a pedologist or similar. [pbuttigieg]
'In engineering terms, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material that lies above the 'solid geology'. Soil is commonly referred to as "earth" or "dirt"; technically, the term "dirt" should be restricted to displaced soil.' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil " The upper limit of soil is the boundary between soil and air, shallow water, live plants, or plant materials that have not begun to decompose. Areas are not considered to have soil if the surface is permanently covered by water too deep (typically more than 2.5 meters) for the growth of rooted plants. The lower boundary that separates soil from the nonsoil underneath is most difficult to define. Soil consists of horizons near the Earth's surface that, in contrast to the underlying parent material, have been altered by the interactions of climate, relief, and living organisms over time. Commonly, soil grades at its lower boundary to hard rock or to earthy materials virtually devoid of animals, roots, or other marks of biological activity. For purposes of classification, the lower boundary of soil is arbitrarily set at 200 cm." Soil taxonomy, 2nd Ed., quoted in http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054280
A significant accumulation of water which is part of a marine biome.
Ideas like "significant" are fuzzy and need to be modelled more accurately. The definition is a candidate for review.
The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression.
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence.
An excreta material which is composed primarily of feces, an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation.
This is distinct from classes such as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988 in that it refers to the environmental material composed primarily of feces rather than 'just' feces.
An environmental feature that is, or can be, contained and is predominantly composed of one or a few types of stuff.
An object which is large enough to be visible to humans, but small enough that humans can handle the object (i.e. transport it, examine it, etc) in its entirety with little to no technological assistance.
This is a legacy class from ENVO's early versions. It will be depopulated and filled in by inference using a PATO quality. Not to be confused with "mesoscopic" as defined in physics, which deals with objects typically between 10e-6 and 10-8 meters in diameter.
physical object of mesoscopic geological size
The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.
An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form.
Sediment is an environmental substance comprised of any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bedor bottom of a body of water or other liquid.
It is recommended to use a combination of sediment terms to describe a more specific sediment type.
Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere.
Water which contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts.
The threshold salt concentration for classifying water as saline varies, but typically begins at about 1,000 to 3,000 parts salt per million parts water or 0.1–0.3% salt by weight.
Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride.
The lower bound of solute concentration required for water to be considered freshwater is variable, but is always less than that of seawater, and often cited as less than 1 gram of solutes per 1 litre of water.
Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, surpassing the average salinity of seawater.
We make no commitment to a particular threshold; this should be described on the data/information layer according to the norms of a discipline, accepted standard, or similar reference.
The average salinity of sea water is assumed to be around 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water.
An igneous rock that results from the crystallization of a magma below the surface of the Earth.
An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta.
Due to the general suggestion that volcanic rock simply comes from a volcanic process, it's not immediately clear whether this is interchangeable with igneous rock.
A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.
A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation).
Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine,
Water which has a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water.
A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum.
A natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with a planetary surface without being destroyed.
Water that is found on the surface of an astronomical object.
The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes.
Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen.
An excreta material which is composed primarily of urine, a liquid excreta containing water and waste products made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra.
A stony meteorite that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body.
A stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks.
A meteorite that consists of a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals.
A meteorite that overwhelmingly of nickel-iron alloys.
A sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite.
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains.
A fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane.
A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture.
A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C.
The result of the unintentional release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity.
The result of the release of natural hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth, including beneath the sea, by natural geological processes.
Sediment that accumulates in the flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The three main types of deep marine sediment, also known as pelagic sediment, are siliceous oozes, calcareous oozes, and red clays.
A portion of contaminated soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some contaminant.
"contaminant" is more of a disposition - any material entity can be a contaminant in particular circumstances.
A hot spring whose water has an alkaline pH.
A hot spring whose water has an acidic pH.
Mud which has elevated concentrations of arsenic.
A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. A vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic.
Revise adjacent to. Consider sampled stream sediment. Dry stream sediment.
The dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline.
The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion.
The layer within a body of water or air where the temperature changes rapidly with depth.
Especially used in connection with lakes.
Mud which has no or neglible concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
An estuary which is composed primarily of brackish water.
A clastic rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology.
A rock or rock fragment with a particle size between 64 and 256 mm.
The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both.
Coal mine lake sediment is lake sediment which covers the bottom of a coal mine lake.
Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean.
When we have more classes representing the various processes which make seawater seawater, we can further axiomatise this class.
This definition refers to water that is actually in a sea or ocean. This water may have a wide range of salinity levels.
Coastal sea water is sea water that is adjacent to a coast.
The limits of what qualifies as "adjacent to" vary greatly. This should be defined on a data level and is left intentionally fuzzy here. The label is "coastal sea water" rather than "coastal water" as some large lakes are often said to have coasts.
A highly contaminated site designated by the United States of America's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
The mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms.
The aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials.
A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment.
A zone within a portion of petroleum contaminated sediment within which iron-reducing processes occur.
iron-reducing zone of petroleum contaminated sediment
A hot spring whose water has a neutral pH.
A manufactured container within which oil or other petrochemical products are stored and which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities.
Consider using http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 as a super-class
Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine.
An aquarium is a vivarium which simulates the submerged portions of an aquatic environment
A saline water aquarium is an aquarium which contains saline water as its primary ecological medium.
A fresh water aquarium is an aquarium which contains fresh water as its primary ecological medium.
cis-dichloroethane contaminated sediment
Saline lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a saline lake.
thermophilic anaerobic methanogenic reactor
A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely.
A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators.
A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods.
A shop in which a business offers food products for sale or trade.
Whether food is the primary product offered by the business or simply one of the products it offers is not specified in this class.
Water with a nutrient level intermediate between eutrophic and oligotrophic.
Arenosols are sandy soils, including both soils developed in residual sands after in situ weathering of usually quartz-rich sediments or rock, and soils developed in recently deposited sands such as dunes in deserts and beach lands.
Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic materials or household wastes, irrigation and cultivation.
Alisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have a low base saturation at certain depths and high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon. They lack the albeluvic tonguing as in Albeluvisols. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and warm temperate regions.
Andosols are soils that develop in volcanic ejecta or glasses under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid climates.
Albeluvisols are soils that have, beginning within 1 m of the soil surface, a clay illuviation horizon with an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting in tonguing of bleached soil material into the illuviation horizon.
Acrisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Acrisols have in certain depths a low base saturation and low-activity clays.
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal.
Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes.
Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter.
Durisols are associated mainly with old surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments and accommodate very shallow to moderately deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils that contain cemented secondary silica (SiO2) within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Calcisols are soils in which there is substantial secondary accumulation of lime. Calcisols are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments.
Kastanozems are dry grassland soils, among them the zonal soils of the short-grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall-grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have a similar profile to that of Chernozems but the humus-rich surface horizon is thinner and not as dark as that of the Chernozems and they show more prominent accumulation of secondary carbonates.
Leptosols are very shallow soils over continuous rock and soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. Leptosols are azonal soils and particularly common in mountainous regions.
Lixisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Lixisols have a high base saturation and low-activity clays at certain depths.
Histosols comprise soils formed in organic material. These vary from soils developed in predominantly moss peat in boreal, arctic and subarctic regions, via moss peat, reeds/ sedge peat (fen) and forest peat in temperate regions to mangrove peat and swamp forest peat in the humid tropics. Histosols are found at all altitudes, but the vast majority occurs in lowlands.
Gleysols are wetland soils that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at ped surfaces and/or in the upper soil layer or layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil.
Gypsisols are soils with substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum (calcium sulfate). These soils are found in the driest parts of the arid climate zone.
Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. These soils have diffuse horizon boundaries, a clay assemblage dominated by low-activity clays (mainly kaolinite) and a high content of sesquioxides.
Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils with diffuse horizon boundaries and a subsurface horizon with more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) elements. Weathering is relatively advanced but Nitisols are far more productive than most other red, tropical soils.
Luvisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths.
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems may or may not have secondary carbonates but have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil.
Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is an Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a layer with hard nodules, a hardpan or irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous, fractured or broken sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated nodules or mottles. Pisoliths are discrete strongly cemented to indurated nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening.
Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon.
Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones and to coastal regions in all climates.
Umbrisols are soils in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil (in most cases with low base saturation) to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil.
A soil in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon.
Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that has a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions. Solonetz that contain free soda (Na2CO3) are strongly alkaline (field pH > 8.5).
Regosols form a taxonomic remnant group containing all soils that could not be accommodated in any of the other RSGs. In practice, Regosols are very weakly developed mineral soils in unconsolidated materials that do not have a mollic or umbric horizon, are not very shallow or very rich in gravels (Leptosols), sandy (Arenosols) or with fluvic materials (Fluvisols). Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous terrain.
Podzols are soils with a typically ash-grey upper subsurface horizon, bleached by loss of organic matter and iron oxides, on top of a dark accumulation horizon with brown, reddish or black illuviated humus and/or reddish Fe compounds. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics.
A soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively).
A portion of soil which is found in a forested area.
A portion of soil which is found in a garden.
A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process).
This seems more like a role than a material. Anything can be waste. Thus, a "waste" role or disposition will be created and this class can then be populated by inference: any environmental material which has [role,disposition] waste will be considered a waste material.
Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with industrial entities.
A peatland dominated by species of the Bryophyte Sphagnum.
A layer within a fluid where the temperature changes rapidly with depth.
A layer within a fluid where the chemical composition changes rapidly with depth.
A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure.
Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits.
Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching.
Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with animal metabolism.
A depression in the sea floor that results from the collision of continental plates; the weight of the sinking plate causes the overlying plate to stretch and thin, causing a basin in the overlying plate. Sometimes, the Earth's crust in these basins stretches so much it cracks, allowing magma through from the mantle beneath. Hence, basins often contain active volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.
A material entity which determines an environmental system.
A material entity determines an environmental system when its removal would cause the collapse of that system. For example, a seamount determines a seamount environment, acting as its 'hub'. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A structural basin that is below sea level.
This class is defined in its geological sense: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hydrologically, an oceanic basin may be anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater, but geologically ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level. Geologically, there are other undersea geomorphological features such as the continental shelves, the deep ocean trenches, and the undersea mountain ranges (for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge) which are not considered to be part of the ocean basins; while hydrologically, oceanic basins include the flanking continental shelves and shallow, epeiric seas.
Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.
A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure).
Soil which has been eroded and influenced by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
This should probably be merged with biological waste material.
A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a subgroup of silicate minerals) minerals (see clay minerals), that are typically less than 2 micrometres in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water.
A naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the planetary surfaces.
A viscous liquid state at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic.
A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants.
This is interesting in that the "role" aspect of "waste" is (or can be) replaced by another role "fertilizer". Thus, the positioning of "manure" under waste may not be totally correct.
A compost which generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together and is the residual compost waste generated by industrial mushroom production.
A house used for sheltering non-human animals.
While humans are animals, this class does not refer to human houses.
Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt (NaCl).
It is used (now less popular than historically) to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat.
Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health.
A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products.
anthropogenic abiotic mesoscopic feature
Glue is any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation.
This sounds more like a role than a material, per se.
A portion of enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some material entity.
This could be demoted to an inferred class if issues with double inheritance arise.
A portion of sarcosine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of sarcosine.
A portion of trimethylamine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of trimethylamine.
A portion of skatole enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of skatole.
A portion of ethanol enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of ethanol.
A portion of acetamide enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of acetamide.
A portion of pantothenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of pantothenate.
A portion of testosterone enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of testosterone.
A portion of kynurenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of kynurenate.
A portion of threonine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of threonine.
A portion of salicylate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of salicylate.
A portion of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
A portion of L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of L-(+)-tartrate.
A portion of quinate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of quinate.
A tannery is a building in which the skins of animals are treated with chemicals to alter the structure of their constituent proteins, creating leather.
Manure which is primarily composed of pig feces.
An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered.
It's possible that this will become an inferred class in the future. The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification should be referred to when expanding this branch. ISIC can also be used to identify processes. See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1.
A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption.
'Terminology differs between countries. For example, in the United States, the entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy." The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor." The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house." Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant," also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of dairy products. In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds."' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy
A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms.
The semantics of food are being handled by FOODON http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/foodon.owl
A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself.
A bakery is a food processing building and a 'food shop' at the same time. This needs to be resolved.
An agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed.
A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery.
A sake brewery is a brewery which produces rice wine by fermenting rice which has been polished to remove the bran.
A building or collection of co-located buildings constructed for the purpose of undertaking scientific research.
A layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid (especially water or molten metal).
A warehouse is a building which is used for the storage of goods.
A tobacco warehouse is a warehouse used to store cured leaves of plants from the genus Nicotiana, primarily N. tabacum and N. rustica.
A creamery is a part of a dairy where cream is separated from whole milk.
An air filter is a device that removes some substance from air.
This is a general definition derived from the definitions for particulate, chemical, and other air filters. Subclasses should be created if needed.
A natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; typically aragonite, but often recrystallized to or primarily calcite; which is deposited from the water of mineral springs (especially hot springs) or streams saturated with calcium carbonate.
A building within which logs are cut into lumber products.
A large flat plain in karst territory with areas usually 5 to 400 sqaure kilometres.
A portion of soil which is found in a roadside area.
A portion of soil which is found in a savanna.
Soil which has little to no water content and in which minerals and other soluble chemical entities have either bonded or become adsorbed to sold particles due to insufficient water availability.
A portion of soil which is part of a cropland or a rangeland biome.
A portion of soil which is found in a grassland.
Soil which is part of a densely forested area subject to tropical climate patterns.
A portion of urea enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of urea.
A portion of bacteria enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated bacterial abundance.
A portion of alluvial soil which is part of a swamp ecosystem.
A portion of chloropicrin enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of chloropicrin.
Soil which has, as a part, a portion of either fresh or processed animal manure.
Soil which has properties to which plants in the Family Orchidaceae have adapted, including increased levels of aeration and drainage.
Soil which is composed of a large proportion of mud, thus having properties resembling mud.
Soil in which trees from an orchard grow.
Soil which is found in a pasture and in which vegetation, such as the grass used for the grazing of ungulates, grows.
A portion of soil which is found in a steppe.
A portion of soil which is found in a greenhouse.
Soil which is formed from avian fecal matter.
Bluegrass field soil is a soil which is found in a field of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis).
Sterile water is water which does not contain lliving organisms.
Water which has physicochemical properties determined by processes which occur beneath the planetary crust.
This class references any water that's under a planetary surface. For water that is in an aquifer, see "groundwater" (ENVO:01001004). Previously, this class included both.
Mud which is part of a marine ecosystem.
Mud which constitutes the bed of a lake.
The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms.
Soil that is not penetrated by the root systems of plants.
The dwelling of an animal or group of similar animals.
A pile of earth, sand, pine needles, or clay or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their mandibles and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes, and may create nest chambers within the mound.
A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young.
An ice rise is an elevation which is part of an ice shelf, typically dome shared, and formed by the ice shelf overriding an obstruction in the seabed. An ice rise may be adjacent only to an ice shelf, or to an ice shelf and a sea. For some features, properly ice rises, the term island has become established through usage.
A glacier covering a coastal strip of low-lying land backed by mountains, and sloping gently seaward over a distance up to 30km or more to terminate in ice cliffs or to merge with an ice shelf.
Fissure at the junction between an inland ice sheet, ice piedmont or ice rise and an ice shelf, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide.
A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms.
A dump for domestic waste. A term used to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life.
A portion of environmental material is a fiat object part which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system.
A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system.
Everything under this parent must be a mass noun. All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water". This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A layer of some material entity which is adjacent to one or more of its external boundaries and directly interacts with its immediate surroundings.
This class is distinct from a geometric surface, which is two-dimensional. The idea of "uppermost" may be problematic. Further, the definition of layer (the superclass of surface in rev 133) references surface. This may be another issue. Perhaps this can be made into an inferred class using 'bounding layer of' some material entity, note that 'bounding layer' implies containment, which may not be valid here.
Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.
Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol"
A mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase).
A vivarium is an enclosure for keeping and raising organisms for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions.
A sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals.
A place where a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes.
A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.
A research facility consisting of instruments that measure the properties of the oceans over time. Usually of at least approximately fixed location.
An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well.
Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live.
This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material.
Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant stream.
Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant river.
Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia.
A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay.
The concentration basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome that have higher salinity than bordering oceans due to evaporation. Water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.
concentration basin mediterranean sea biome
MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: An oceanographic feature that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: A marine upwelling is a net flow of marine water to the surface of the water column from deeper regions. This is often a result of surface water displacement off continental coasts by wind action. Localised upwellings may also occur along divergent fronts around eddies and along some of the major oceanographic features. Deeper waters often have higher nutrient content; consequently blooms of primary producers, such as planktonic algae, are generally observed around upwelling zones.
This term is specific to marine upwellings.
A multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts.
Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity.
A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
Gravel is an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters.
The logical def is a little off here - it should really suggest that a gravel is composed of many "pieces" of gravel.
surface layer with role "walking substrate" or similar. Indicate it is some sort of "bottom"
Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt.
The marine salt marsh biome comprises marshes that are transitional intertidals between land and salty or brackish marine water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, estuaries). It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. The daily tidal surges bring in nutrients, which tend to settle in roots of the plants within the salt marsh. The natural chemical activity of salty (or brackish) water and the tendency of algae to bloom in the shallow unshaded water also allow for great biodiversity.
The marine pelagic biome (pelagic meaning open sea) is that of the marine water column, from the surface to the greatest depths.
The marine benthic biome (benthic meaning 'bottom') encompasses the seafloor and includes such areas as shores, littoral or intertidal areas, marine coral reefs, and the deep seabed.
The marine neritic zone biome comprises sea floor from the high tide mark to a continental shelf break. This zone generally extends to 200 m below average sea level.
The marine bathyal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 200 m and 3000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental slope.
The marine abyssal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 2500 m and 6000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental rise and the abyssal plain.
The marine hadal zone biome describes sea floor deeper than 6000 m such as that of the oceanic trenches.
A biome expressed by strips or ridges of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of marine water.
The marine hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals.
The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column above a continental shelf.
The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column offshore, beyond a continental shelf.
The oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of the marine surface waters occurring offshore, away from a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.
The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The oceanic epipelagic zone biome encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline.
The oceanic mesopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends through the water column from approximately 200-1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases.
The bathypelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below approximately 1000 m water depth - the maximum depth to which detectable daylight penetrates in all but the clearest oligotrophic waters - and extends to about 2500 - 2700 m water depth. In the temperate Atlantic, the beginning of the bathypelagic zone biome approximates to the deep oxygen minimum and the base of the permanent thermocline.
The abyssopelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below the bathypelagic zone biome at approximately 2500 -2700 m and extends either to the hadal pelagic zone biome (at approximately 6000 m) or to the benthopelagic zone biome within ca. 100 m of the seafloor. The depth of 2700 m may be critical for physiological reasons as the change in hydrostatic pressure across this depth may preclude organism migration.
The oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome comprises the water column in oceanic trenches occurring at depths between 6000m and 10,000m.
The benthopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column which usually coincide with the benthic boundary layer (BBL) - the layer of isothermal and isohaline water contiguous to the sea floor. A general reversal in the declining gradient of pelagic biomass may be observed here, perhaps explained by viable nutrition on the sea floor being resuspended by bottom currents. This zone typically extends 100 m above the seafloor, but may reach upto1000 m during benthic storms.
The neritic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of marine surface waters occurring above a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.
The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The epipelagic zone encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline.
The neritic mesopelagic zone biome comprises the marine column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring within the marine water column.
The epeiric sea (also known as an epicontinental sea) biome comprises a shallow seas that extend over part of a continent. Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the geologic past, which have variously been due to either global eustatic sea level changes, local tectonic deformation, or both, and are occasionally semi-cyclic.
The marginal sea biome comprises parts of an ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds. Many marginal seas are enclosed by island arcs that were formed from the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another.
The mediterranean sea biome comprises mostly enclosed seas that have limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds.
The ocean biome comprises major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt.
The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals.
The marine rocky subtidal reef biome comprises regions of the marine reef biome composed mainly of rock and which harbour abundant communities of algae and invertebrates. These reefs are often very patchy, with alterations of rocks dominated by rich invertebrate assemblages and turf-forming calcareous red algae.
A marine black smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by a black vent plume. This black plume is a consequence of dissolved metals and minerals forming complexes with sulphide and indicates polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits beneath the surface.
A marine white smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by lightly hued plumes, typically containing barium, calcium, and silicon. These vents tend to have lower temperature plumes when compared to black smoker environments.
A marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of themarine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks.
marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome
A marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on basaltic rocks. Basalt generally has a composition of 45 to 55 wt % SiO2, 2 to 6 wt % total alkalis, 0.5 to 2.0 wt % TiO2, 5 to 14 wt % FeO and 14 wt % or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt %, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt %.
A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity.
Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds.
Kelp forests and beds may extend many meters above the sea floor, thus should not be considered a type of "bed".
A bed of a marine, saline water body which is covered by one or more speices of seagrass typically belonging to the families Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, or Cymodoceaceae.
"Seagrass beds are highly diverse and productive ecosystems, and can harbor hundreds of associated species from all phyla, for example juvenile and adult fish, epiphytic and free-living macroalgae and microalgae, mollusks, bristle worms, and nematodes. Few species were originally considered to feed directly on seagrass leaves (partly because of their low nutritional content), but scientific reviews and improved working methods have shown that seagrass herbivory is a highly important link in the food chain, with hundreds of species feeding on seagrasses worldwide, including green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, swans, sea urchins and crabs." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass 2016-01-18
Particulate material is an environmental material which is composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.
Subclasses should be assigned by inference.
particulate matter
The upper part of the marine water column with generally uniform properties resulting from wind-driven mixing.
Benthic storms are strong benthic (near bottom) currents transporting sediment, created by the input of energy (largely kinetic) to the seabed. In regions with high mesoscale eddy activity, benthic storms are frequent and can create isohaline and isothermal conditions extending as much as 1000m above the seafloor.
A portion of planktonic material is a portion of environmental material primarily composed of plankton.
See Issue #251. Awaiting class creation in PCO to attempt logical definitions.
planktonic material
A marine downwelling describes a net current of marine surface water towards deeper regions of the water column. Marine downwellings are usually caused by differences in the density (and hence, temperature and salinity) of seawater.
Marine anoxic zones are areas of marine water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange. In most cases, oxygen is prevented from reaching the deeper levels by a physical barrier (sill) as well as by a pronounced density stratification. Anoxic conditions will occur if the rate of oxidation of organic matter by bacteria is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen.
A hydroform which is maintained by a continuous, directed movement of marine water, generated by forces caused by breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of astronomical bodies. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.
Marine streamers are tongues of cold water that extend > 100 km offshore from upwelling regions. Enhanced primary productivity may occur in these waters as they are typically more nutrient rich than marine surface waters.
Mesoscale marine eddies are characterized by currents which flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic. Ocean eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different to those outside of the eddy. Marine mesoscale eddies are between about 10 and 500 km in diameter, and persist for periods of days to months. They may be formed when an ocean current develops an instability. This instability grows, causing the current to meander, and eventually an eddy is pinched off from the meander.
Sediment comprised of weathered continental rocks, wind blown dust, volcanic ash or other terrestrial material.
An oceanic front is a narrow zone of enhanced horizontal gradients of water properties (temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) that separates broader areas with different water masses or different vertical structure (stratification).
A marine Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in a marine body of water. Currents flowing over shoaling topography such as seamounts are accelerated and destabilised, resulting in Taylor columns. Eddies and internal waves are generated downstream of the topological feature and may extend 1000 m or so above them. This may result in a localised increase in primary production where the Taylor column reaches surface waters.
An expanse of marine water characterised by low concentrations of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate as well as organic matter and, hence, low primary productivity. These regions tend to have high dissolved oxygen levels due to a lack of respiration.
A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque).
The marine thermocline describes a sharp change in the temperature of seawater (in relation to the temperature gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column, which is usually associated with rapid changes in water density and salinity.
A marine chemocline is a marine cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of marine water. Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formations of anoxic bottom water.
The marine pycnocline describes a sharp change in the density of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. Pycnoclines are usually associated with thermo- and haloclines.
The marine nutricline describes a sharp change in the nutrient content of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column.
The marine lysocline denotes the depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically. As water column depth and therefore pressure increases, the corresponding calcite saturation of seawater decreases and the calcite begins dissolve.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water temperature.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal salinity.
Biogenous sediment is derived from living organisms, typically planktonic organisms possessing shells, frustules or coccoliths.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water density.
A convergence front which is located in a region subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A marine current that generally occurs below the permanent thermocline (where it occurs) or below 400 m depth and that is driven by density and temperature gradients.
A marine current bordered by the surface of the water column and the permanent thermocline, where it occurs. Surface currents are mostly wind driven and mostly limited to the top 400 m of the water column. Ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. Large ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy from the tropics to polar regions. In some cases, currents are transient features and affect only a small area. Other ocean currents are essentially permanent and extend over large horizontal distances.
A marine surface current that flows along an oceanic front.
A warm water, narrow marine surface current flowing from the equator to high latitudes at speeds between 40 and 120 kilometers per day. Western boundary currents are the deepest ocean surface flows, usually extending 1000 meters below the ocean surface.
A cold water, broad marine surface current flowing from high latitudes to the equator at speeds between 3 and 7 kilometers per day.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring on or along marine benthic environments.
The permanent marine thermocline describes a marine thermocline found in temperate to tropical latitudes, which marks the transition between warm waters and cold deep waters. The permanent thermocline separates the marine cold-water sphere and the marine warm-water sphere
The seasonal marine thermocline is a marine thermocline, which generally occurs below the marine wind mixed layer.
The marine cold-water sphere describes a water mass extending from the polar seas and across low latitudes at depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m, which is separated from the marine warm-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline
The marine warm-water sphere describes a water mass extending to depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m in low and middle latitudes. It is separated from the marine cold-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline
Hydrogenous sediment is derived from solutes that precipitate out of sea water by a variety of chemical reactions. These are typically less abundant than other sediment types.
Cosmogenous sediment is derived from extraterrestrial dust and debris in the form of meteorites and similar entities.
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter.
Suspended sediment, or suspended load, is the term for the particles settle slowly enough to be carried in flowing water (such as a stream or coastal area) either without touching the bed or while only intermittently touching it. These particles are generally of the fine sand, silt and clay size, although larger particles may be carried as well depending on the intensity of the flow.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 32 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 2 and 4 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 62.5 micrometers and 2 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 62.5 micrometers.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter below 1 micrometer.
A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals.
The marine sponge reef biome comprises marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders.
The supralittoral zone is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides.
The marine littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends, approximately, from the spray region above the high tide mark to the edge of the coninental shelf.
The marine sublittoral zone is part of the marine littoral zone which is permanently covered by seawater. In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters. In marine biology, the sublittoral refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone.
The marine cold seep biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where seepage of methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon rich fluids and other fluids occurs.
The dilution basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome with lower salinity than the surrounding ocean due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers. Water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
A marine hydrothermal vent plume, part of a marine hydrothermal vent, is a high temperature water jet laden with dissolved metals and minerals that is driven by heat generated due to tectonic activity below the vent.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 15-45 degrees Celsius and high-to-low oxygenation. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 45-75 degrees Celsius and low to no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 80-125 degrees Celsius and no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
High temperature water ejected from hydrothermal vents and laden with dissolved metals and minerals as a result of percolation through crustal rocks.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active nitrate reducing microbial communities.
An isolated fragment of rock, which fell vertically through the water column into finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks. Drop stones range in size from small pebbles to boulders.
An accumulation of organic matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
A accumulation of plant matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
The carcass of an animal that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
Whale fall is the term used for a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a relatively short period of time: within several months. However, in deeper water (depths of 2,000 m/6,600 ft or greater), fewer scavenger species exist, and the carcass can provide sustenance for a complex localized ecosystem over periods of decades.
Seal fall is the term used for a seal carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor.
A wood fall describes an accumulation of woody plant material that has fallen to the ocean floor.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active manganese reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active iron reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active sulphate reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active carbon dioxide reducing microbial communities.
Environmental material derived from living organisms.
Material derived from a biofilm, an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides in various configurations.
Material derived from a microbial mat, a multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments.
Marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic pertaining to or derived from living organisms.
Pockmarks are craters in the seabed resulting from the release of gas or liquid. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column.
A marine sponge reef is marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders.
A collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function.
A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The light can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells) , or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism.
Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
A specialised organ found in deep-sea tube worms populating hydrothermal vent environments that is colonised by chemosynthetic bacteria which supply the host worm with organic compounds. The term may be applied to similar organs in other worms.
A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins.
Determinate nodules are root nodules found on tropical (sub)legumes, such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), Lotus, and Vigna. Determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape.
Indeterminate nodules are found on temperate legumes like Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch). They earned the moniker "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis.
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule.
indeterminate root nodule active meristem
A part of an indeterminate root nodule permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted.
indeterminate root nodule infection zone
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where each cell contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. Typically, the plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color.
indeterminate root nodule nitrogen fixation zone
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule.
indeterminate root nodule senescent zone
A forest biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, densely packed vegetation which strongly limits light penetration to the forest floor.
A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor.
A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs.
A grassland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, an unbroken layer of grasses (Gramineae), sedges (Cyperaceae) or rushes (Juncaceae).
A savanna biome is a woodland biome which has seasonal water availability and includes, across its entire spatial extent, trees spaced sufficiently far apart to allow an unbroken layer of grass, sedge (Cyperaceae) or rush (Juncaceae) communities to live.
A desert biome is a terrestrial biome which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation and includes communities adapted to these conditions.
A tundra is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, only low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Tundra biomes rarely have monthly average temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and have low evapotranspiration ratios.
A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action.
Preliminary definition. Depending on whether mangrove trees or shrubs are present, this class could be a child of shrubland biome or woodland biome. Consider creating the appropriate classes.
A temperate desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to intermediate insolation, low rainfall, and large temperature variations between winter and summer. Winter temperatures may fall below 0 degrees Celsius. Some precipitation in this biome may fall as snow.
Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established.
A tropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, very high insolation due to inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Tropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog.
A subtropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, high insolation (but lower than that of a tropical desert biome), inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Subtropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog.
A montane desert biome is a desert biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A polar desert biome is a desert biome which is subject to low levels of insolation, annual precipitation less than 250 millimeters, and a mean temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius during its warmest month. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water.
A flooded savanna biome is a savanna biome which has very wet to saturated soil moisture content.
A grassland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A montane grassland biome is a grassland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A coniferous forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A broadleaf forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A mixed forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf and coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A mediterranean forest biome is a forest biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
A broadleaf forest biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A broadleaf forest biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system.
A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional.
A tropical condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives high yearly solar irradiance per unit area and, on Earth, the Sun reaches a subsolar point at least once during the solar year. This results in a hot and moist year-round climate at low elevations, which have a monthly average temperature above 18 degrees Celsius.
A subtropical condition is an environmental condition in which an envrionmental system receives more solar irradiance than those with temperate conditions, but less than those with tropical conditions. At low elevations, this typically results in eight months of the year having average temperatures greater than or equal to 10 degrees Celsius with the coldest monthly temperature averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius.
As with most other climatic zones and conditions, multiple classification schemes have somehat different definitions and criteria. To quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50.0 °F) or above. German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined Warm temperate zones as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between 2 °C (35.6 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Northern Hemisphere and between 6 °C (42.8 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding oceanic and continental climates. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone,[4] which is subdivided into seven smaller areas.[5] According to the E. Neef climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into two parts: Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate.[6] According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into three parts: high-continental, continental, and maritime.[7] According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world.[8]"
A temperate condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives less solar irradiance than those with subpolar conditions, but greater than those with subtropical conditions.
This class' definition is less satisfactory than the other latitudinal conditoins.
A mediterranean condition is a subtropical condition in which hot dry summers and winters with moderate to high rainfall.
These regions are under the constant influence of the subtropical ridge.
A subtropical woodland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
A coniferous forest biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A coniferous forest biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A coniferous forest biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A mixed forest biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A shrubland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A montane shrubland biome is a shrubland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A mediterranean shrubland biome is a subtropical shrubland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity.
A woodland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A montane savanna biome is a savanna biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A subtropical grassland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome
A savanna biome which is subject to mediterranean climate patterns.
An environmental condition in which annual precipitation is less than half of annual potential evapotranspiration.
Lava is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids which has extruded beyond a planetary crust.
Some use 'lava' to refer to rock that is formed when lava cools. This is not the intended meaning of this class. See 'igneous rock' or similar.
Felsic lava is lava which is high in silica (> 69 percent by weight), aluminium, potassium, sodium, and calcium, forming a polymerized liquid rich in feldspar and quartz. Felsic lava has a higher viscosity than other magma types. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C. Unusually hot (>950 °C) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres
Intermediate lava is lava which, relative to felsic lava, is lower in aluminium and silica (between 52 and 63 percent by weight), and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron. The temperature of intermediate lava ranges from 750 to 950 degrees Celsius, destroying polymerized bonds and promoting more fluid behaviour relative to felsic lavas and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, and also occasionally amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts.
Mafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types other than ultramafic lava, has a high ferromagnesian content and low aluminium and silica content, with silca making up between 45 and 52 percent of its weight. Mafic lava generally erupts at temperatures in excess of 950 degrees Celsius. The high temperature and low polymerisation in mafic lava favors low viscosity and chemical diffusion, promoting the formation of large, well-formed phenocrysts.
Ultramafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types, has very high magnesium oxide content and less than 45 percent silica by weight is thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1600 degrees Celsius. Due to its high temperature and composition, the viscosity of ultramafic lava is very low.
Basalt is a volcanic rock which is formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava.
A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast.
A polar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area, resulting in colder climatic conditions.
On Earth, polar conditions are such that every month has average temperature lower than 10 degrees Celsius. Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition.
An oak woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of oak trees.
A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae.
A juniper woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the genus Juniperus.
A scrubland which is located in a desert.
A piece of rock with a grain size above 300 millimetres in diameter. Smaller boulders are, at times, referred to as rocks or stones.
A pinyon juniper woodland is a conifer woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the subsection Cembroides of the genus Pinus and the genus Juniperus.
A cropland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for agricultural activity and which contains no village or larger human settlement.
A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity.
Villages are also described as agricultural settlements with greater than 100 persons per square kilometre; however, no upper limit is defined.
A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock.
A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use.
An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised.
A coniferous forest biome which includes communities adapted to subpolar conditions.
A subpolar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area and is surrounded by large land masses. This results in very cold winters with temperatures potentially falling to around -40 degrees Celsius and summers which last no more than 3 months of the year with a 24-hour average temperature of at least 10 degrees Celsius.
Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition.
A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities.
In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A mineral deposit is a physiographic feature which has unusually high concentrations of one or more minerals.
Note that the definition of the term mineral is debatable; however, a mineral generally must be naturally occuring, stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula (unlike rocks, which may include a wide variety of components), are usually formed by geophysical processes (i.e. are abiogenic), and have an ordered atomic arrangement.
A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure.
Look for "mineral" in a chemical or geochemical ontology to formalise the composed primarily of link. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor which emits lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate acetyl thioesters, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them.
A cline is a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance.
A similar term exists in linguistics and mathematics. An ecocline, or biological cline, is a related concept; however, may be better placed as a child of a class like "ecotone". Further, some definitions of "layer" require a layer's constiuent materials to have consistent properties, thus "cline" would not qualify as a subclass. The term "gradient" has been proposed as a more suitable superclass. Discussion in Issue #286)
A layer within a fluid where the density gradient changes rapidly with depth.
A layer within a water body where the nutrient content changes rapidly with depth.
A layer within a marine water body where the rate of calcite dissolution changes rapidly with depth. The increase in the rate of calcite dissolution with depth is largely due to the concomitant fall in calcite saturation.
A seep is a spring in which water has filtered through permeable earth to the surface.
MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A cold seep is a seep in which methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids rise to the sea floor. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs. Cold seeps are distinct from hydrothermal vents: the former's emissions are of the same temperature as the surrounding seawater, whereas the latter's emissions are super-heated.
A hydrothermal seep is a seep in which diffuse flow of geothermally heated fluids with high methane concentrations. This seep has been proposed as an intermediate between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water.
Perhaps a better relation between water vapour and water can be found in or added to RO?
An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.
Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere.
A sedimentary rock which is composed mainly of silt. This rock has a grainsize in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones.
A clastic sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of clay sized particles.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally.
A mudstone is a clastic sedimentary rock which contains a mixture of at least one third of silt- and one third of clay-sized particles.
There is debate on the usage of mudstone and mudrock, and some ambiguity is to be expected. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks.
Lime mudstone is a limestone which is primarily composed of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks.
Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks.
A structural basin is a geological depression formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying rock strata.
A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions.
Unlike biomes, ecoregions are geographically defined entities. ENVO's sister project, GAZ, contains terms for instances of ecoregions (e.g. Beringia lowland tundra). Requests for new terms should be directed to GAZ. ENVO will only contain this top-level class. The class' definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO.
Ice is water frozen into a solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance.
A depression caused by the collapse of a pingo.
An ice mass which is formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates and freezes in a localized zone, wedging soil or rock apart.
Ecozones delineate large areas of a planetary surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.
ENVO contains this top-level class, but all instances will be in GAZ. The definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology. Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
A layer is a quantity of some material which is spatially continuous, has comparable thickness, and usually covers some surface.
A stratum is a layer which is composed of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers.
Preliminary definition. Concepts such as "characteristic" may be problematic.
Note that this class does not contain metalimnion as a subclass. The metaliminon is classified as a thermocline.
A lake which is permanently covered by ice, does not mix, and exhibit inverse cold water stratification whereby water temperature increases with depth below the ice surface.
A holomictic lake is a lake which mixes at least once per year. Mixing is caused by a uniform temperature distribution from the upper to lower layers of the lake.
A dimitic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during two mixing periods each year. Mixing typically occurs during the spring and autumn, when the lake is "isothermal" (i.e., at the same temperature from the top to the bottom). At this time the water throughout the lake is about 4°C, and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from top to bottom. These lakes are common in regions with temperate climates.
A polymictic lake is a holomictic lake which is too shallow to allow thermal stratification and which can mix from top to bottom through the ice-free period of the year.
A monomictic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during one mixing period each year.
A monomictic lake which is covered by ice throughout much of the year and only mixes when its surface ice melts and the lake lacks thermal stratification.
A monomictic lake which does not freeze and is thermally stratified throughout most of the year, only mixing in winter when cooler temperatures ease stratification.
A cold polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is covered by ice in winter.
A warm polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is not covered by ice at any point during the year.
Class should be populated by inference and asserted subclasses redistributed.
A layer that is part of a marine water body.
A lake bed which is dry. That is, the bed of a dry lake.
Deliberately disjoint with "lake bed", which must be covered with water.
The continental margin is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called continental margin. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area.
A Taylor column is a column of deflected fluid flow which is formed in a perturbed, rotating fluid, is parallel to the axis of rotation, and extends above the obstacle perturbing the fluid in a rigid manner.
This is an interesting class. It's not really a column in the sense of a water column, nor is it a current, exactly. It may also occur in any fluid, gaseous or liquid.
An atmospheric Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Taylor columns often form above islands resulting in vortex streets in the atmosphere.
Brackish water which is part of an estuary.
A portion of environmental material which protrudes through a surface layer.
This is kept as a general class. One can specify subclasses by identifying the protruding material (e.g. rock outcroup, mineral outcrop, etc ) and the material(s) the protrusion emerges from. Possible logical definition: A portion of ENVO:environmental material which has_quality PATO:"protruding out of" a ENVO:surface layer of an ENVO:environmental material.
An endolithic environment is an environment that exists within solid rock.
A high pressure environment is an environment in which all material entities are exposed to a high ratio of force per unit area.
A high temperature environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to increased levels of heat radiation or which have molecules or atoms moving randomly with increased levels of average kinietic energy.
An aquatic environment which is determined by freshwater.
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by saline water.
An environmental system which is located beyond the Earth's exosphere and away from the Earth's core.
This would need an instance of planet (i.e. Earth) to be fully expressed. Note that this is not necessarily outer space, as it can include planetary environments that are not of Earth.
An environment which has a lower temperature than some local or global average.
The definition of the deprecated 'cold temperature habitat' class, which this class was derived from, quotes an upper threshold of 15 degrees Celsius for 'coldness'.
A haline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of salt, typically above 2 molar.
A cultivated environment is an environment that has been modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops.
A culturing environment is an environment which is maintained by humans for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures.
An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity.
Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic.
A high osmolarity environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of solutes.
An acidic environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to a low pH.
An alkaline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high pH, typically greater than a pH of 9.
An environment whose dynamics are strongly influenced by water.
An extreme high temperature environment is a high temperature environment in which entities are exposed to temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius.
The lower threshold, 80 degrees Celsius, is derived from the definition of the obsolete class "extreme high temperature habitat" which this class replaces.
A rocky slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of rock.
A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body.
An environmental system determined by seawater.
An environment determined by the presence of brackish water.
This may refer to environments submerged in brackish water or those that are determined by its presence, such as a brackish water pond environment.
The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer of an atmosphere which is strongly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface with strong vertical mixing and in which physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence).
A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space.
a useful class: this can be used to define sub-terrestrial and sub-marine entities
A layer in a water mass, itself composed primarily of water.
This class will eventually be populated by inference, and its asserted subclasses removed.
A subsurface layer in a water body, typically an ocean or lake, in which chlorophyll concentrations reach their maximum.
Logical def is incomplete. Need to express the idea of maximum chlorophyll. This could follow a pattern like: X has_maximum_levels_of Y relative_to Z, i.e. DCM has_maximum_levels_of chlorophyll relative_to subsurface_aquatic_layer May also be useful to include has_decreased_levels_of light intensity relative_to surface aquatic layer Further discussion in Issue #126.
The DCM may or may not indicate greater abundance of photosynthetic, chlorophyll-bearing cells, as shade-adapted cells may have a greater chlorophyll to biomass ration than surface variants. Further, some DCMs may be formed by the sinking of cells from surface zones or the subduction of surface waters, rather than through biotic, community-level processess.
A strand swamp is a swamp that forms linear drainage channels on flatlands.
A dome swamp is a swamp which occurs in a depression where deeper waters at the centre of the swamp allow trees to grow taller relative to those in shallower regions of the depression. This creates a dome-like shape.
The logical def should be improved with the idea of a vegetation unit growing in a depression expressed.
A cypress dome swamp is a dome swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia
A cypress strand swamp is a strand swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
A cypress swamp is a swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
A gravelly slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of gravel.
A hillside is a slope that is part of a hill.
A talus slope is a slope which has a surface layer composed of scree.
An understory is a layer of plant life which grows below the canopy without penetrating it.
A shrub layer is a layer of vegetation in a woodland or forest consisting of low, woody vegetation of frutescent form.
A herb and fern layer is a layer of a forest or woodland which is composed of all vascular plant life that are one metre or less in height.
This definition is inclusive of non-herbaceous plants that may be transiently present in the "herb layer". See Gilliam FS (2007) The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. BioScience. 57(10):845-858. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B571007) for rationale and a review of definitional and terminological variation.
Refers to the ground layer of a forest or woodland where leaf litter or other plant matter accumulates
A biome which has the environmental condition polar
This class is primarily for inference and, in general, should not be used directly by annotators. If you're an annotator, please consider using a more informative term such as 'tundra biome'.
An alpine condition is an environmental condition in which the monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and which occurs at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline.
Requested term with preliminary def. See Issue 29 on the envo tracker.
A subalpine condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line.
Requested in Issue 33 of our tracker. The lower boundry of this condition's range, that is, the lower altitudinal limit of an elevation that is considuered subalpine, is not clear in this definition.
A montane condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate.
An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude.
Depending on the latitude (and, to a lesser extent, other factors), the actual location of the zones where these conditions are in effect will change.
A nival condition is an environmental condition in which vegetation is extremely limited, soils are silica enriched, and ground cover is dominated by snow and ice at altitudes above the snowline.
An upper montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line.
This definition is somewhat odd in that it doesn't clearly define a lower boundary.
A lower montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately above mid-altitude forests.
This definition does not define an upper boundary.
A montane conifer woodland is a conifer woodland which is located within an altitude range that falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
A field used for the cultivation of corn or related crop plants.
Requested in Issue 112 as part of the curation of metagenome submissions in the European Nucleotide Archive.
An organic material primarily composed of a portion of plant root.
Requested in Issue 115 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive.
Autoclaved sand is sand that has been sterlised by exposure to high pressure saturated steam at at least 121 degrees Celsius.
Requested in Issue 116 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive.
This class was created to accommodate "fields" from agricultural fields to marine mesoscale eddy fields. Thus, it has a very broad definition which makes it less than informative when annotating. Please consider using or requesting an appropriate subclass.
A mesoscale eddy field is an expanse of marine water which includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals and is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline.
An ice cap climatic condition is a polar condition in which the montly average temperature does not exceed 0 degrees Celsius.
A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.
A portion of granite is a portion of igneous rock which is intrusive, felsic, granular, and phaneritic.
Requested in issue 45. Some relations to PATO and SWEET classes suggested.
A portion of alkaline water is a portion of water with a pH greater than 7.
Here, we commit to a threshold of pH as this is almost universally accepted.
A portion of acidic water is a portion of water with a pH less than 7.
A cave formed in limestone, usually by dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater.
Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater.
A cave formed by the dissolution of soluble rock or other solid material such as limestone, chalk, dolomite, gypsum, salt or marble.
A cave formed at the same time as the surrounding rock.
A cave that is formed by the action of pressurised lava pushing against surrounding rock and then draining away.
A cave formed by erosion caused by flowing streams carrying rocks or sediments.
A glacier cave is a cave formed within or under a glacier.
An ice cave is a bedrock cave which contains year-round ice formations.
A talus cave is a cave formed by the openings between large boulders which have fallen into a random heap.
An anchialine cave is a cave which contains an anchialine pool.
An anchialine pool is a landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean and which has fresh water towards its surface with saline water in its deeper layers.
An tundra climatic condition is a polar condition in which at least one month's average temperature exceeds 0 degrees Celsius.
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.
As with other wastes, this is more a role than a material in itself. This should be revised.
Household waste refers to waste material usually generated in the residential environment. Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with domestic entities.
Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth).
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being composed primarily of some organic or biological matter.
A dry woodland is a woodland which occurs in areas of rain shadow in a tropical marine climate, receives very little rainfall, typically has rapidly draining soils and trees which have adaptations to dry climates such as thick bark, small leaves, and the disposition to shed their leaves.
A tropical marine condition is a tropical condition in which the ocean strongly influences the climate and a wet and dry season occur.
A semi-evergreen forest is a forest which undergoes a long dry season and, as a consequence, has a two-storey layer structure, a dry canopy, a leaf litter layer that only decays during moist periods trees with very small leaves or which shed their leaves to conserve water and which flower during the dry season and grow during the wet season.
A humid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has hot, humid summers, warm to cool dry winters, and average annual precipitation either evenly distributed throughout the year or marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter
In cases where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, this condition falls into the Cfa category of the Köppen climate classification. In cases marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter, this condition falls into the Cwa category of the Köppen climate classification. Environmental systems with this condition usually occur on the eastern side of continents.
An arid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has an annual average temperature near 18.2 degrees Celsius with their coldest month averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity.
Mild variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents.
A highland subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which increased elevation results in mild summers, cooler winters, and, in some instances, snowfall associated with montly temperature averages below 22 but above -3 degrees Celsius.
This is an interesting overlap of a latitudinal and altitudinal condition. Some link between this condition and the altitudinal conditions should be considered. This condition corresponds to the Cfb and Cwb categories of Köppen climate classification.
An oceanic temperate condition is a temperate condition which is strongly influenced by oceans and oceanic winds. Summers are cool and winters are cool, but not cold, and there is little frozen precipitation at lower elevations.
This condition is typically present on the western coasts of large continental landmasses.
A continental temperate condition is a temperate condition which is influenced by large land masses. Summers are warm to hot and winters are often long, cold, and snowy.
A cold desert is a desert which has hot summers and cold, dry winters with temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius
This variant of the desert climate is somewhat rare outside of Asia. A cold desert climate is typically found in temperate zones, almost always in the rain shadow of high mountains which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds, or in the case of Central Asia, from the monsoon. The Gobi desert in Mongolia is a classic example of a region with a cold desert climate. Though hot in summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. The Kyzyl Kum and Taklamakan deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, lying in the Great Himalayas in India also has a cold desert climate.
An evergreen needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000).
A broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns with high rainfall, is located in a lowland area, and is dominated by plants which retain their leaves throughout the year.
tropical lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest
A deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A deciduous needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made.
A semi-deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made.
tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest
A mixed broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made.
A mixed needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made.
tropical semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest
A montane forest which is located in a region subject to tropical climate patterns modulated by sufficient elevation to encounter upper montane climate patterns.
A montane forest which is located in a region subject to tropical climate patterns modulated by sufficient elevation to encounter lower montane climatic patterns.
A freshwater swamp forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A sclerophyllous forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A sclerophyllous forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A broadleaf evergreen forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A freshwater swamp forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). It is currently unclear how to relate forests and swamps.
A needleleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A mixed needleleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made.
A mixed broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. The relationship between this "forest" class and the mangrove swamp must be clarified.
A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight.
A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less.
respirable suspended particulate matter
Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice.
The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. The adjacency of water has many consequences including the generation of microclimates and impacts on the biology.
This class is intended to capture littoral zones that are associated with marine, freshwater, and any other aquatic environments. Note that there is no single definition of the extent of the "littoral zone", associated with any water body. Here, we use definitions that will be more familiar to marine biologists rather than military organisations, although the latter can be added on request.
A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein.
Formerly, this class was an experimental class and a subclass of "environmental feature". It is now aligned to BFO. The class was not obsoleted as the core semantics maintained their stability through its transition.
A freshwater littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends offshore from the shore of a freshwater body of water to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants.
The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
The eulittoral zone extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shapes and reforms cliffs, gaps, and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms.
A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by algae. This zone usually extends up to five metres below the low water mark.
A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by sessile animals such as oysters. This zone usually begins at a depth greater than the infralittoral zone.
A whole plant which is relatively young.
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less.
fine respirable suspended particulate matter
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less.
Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter
A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity.
The provisioning of a dwelling-place can perhaps be modelled as a role.
A human house is a house which provides a dwelling-place for humans.
A garden that is associated with a human house. This association is generally one of spatial proximity or parthood.
A building part is a construction which is part of a building.
Not recommended for annotation. This class is likely to be made into an inferred class as its subclasses are distributed among more meaningful superclasses (i.e. ceiling is_a surface layer). See for example, "building floor". The boundaries between building parts may be bona fide or fiat.
An indoor kitchen is a room or part of a room primarily used for cooking or food preparation, but which may have other funcitons such as dining, food storage, dishwashing, or laundry.
Not a sublcass of room as this may just be part of some room.
A bathroom is a room which contains a washbasin or other fixture, such as a shower or bath, used for bathing by humans.
A living room is a room in a human house which is used for social and domestic leisure activities.
The logical definitions must state which social and leisure activities are included here. Jet-skiing and mass rallies are probably not the range.
A patio is a paved outdoor area, adjacent to a human house, and used for dining or recreation.
An indoor toilet is a room which contains a sanitation fixture used primarily for the disposal of human urine and faeces.
A building part which is separated from other building parts by one or more interior walls and, optionally, outdoor areas by one or more exterior walls.
A portion of carbon nanotube enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of carbon nanotubes.
Logical definition will be created pending import of "carbon nanotube" from CHEBI
A rocky shore is an intertidal area of a seacoast where solid rock is the predominant substrate.
This label is usually used to refer to 'rocky intertidal shores', i.e. a marine environment. Other types of rocky shore should be requested explicitly. Additionally, "rocky" could be a quality, this would link this with rocky deserts etc.
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion
Should be better defined logically aggregating 'hole' or 'tunnel' with some sort of relation to 'habitation' etc.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. The subclasses of this class need to be checked: are they properly placed under other classes or is this corrected and the dominant form of mixed vegetation noted in the label?
Waterborne particulate matter is a form of particulate matter in which small portions of solid material are surrounded by water.
This class should be populated by inference, relying on 'composed primarily of', many 'pieces of solid material' and 'surrounded by' some 'water'.
waterborne particulate matter
A lava field is an expanse of flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.
A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption.
Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts.
Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites.
An accumulation of a salt, typically sodium chloride.
salt mass
A disturbed area is an environmental zone which includes an ecosystem which was subject to an ecological disturbance. That is, the ecosystem in the area has undergone a pronounced change in response to a change in environmental conditions or other perturbation.
This is often used by plant collectors when early successional species are observed in an area.
A ravine is a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water.
An environmental zone of varying area which is adjacent to a road.
A mixed grassland is a grassland which contains a mixture of tall and short grasses.
A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated with water for part or all of the growing season.
Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Wet meadows may occur because of restricted drainage or the receipt of large amounts of water from rain or melted snow. They may also occur in riparian zones and around the shores of large lakes. Unlike a marsh or swamp, a wet meadow does not have standing water present except for brief to moderate periods during the growing season. Instead, the ground in a wet meadow fluctuates between brief periods of inundation and longer periods of saturation. Wet meadows often have large numbers of wetland plant species, which frequently survive as buried seeds during dry periods, and then regenerate after flooding. Wet meadows therefore do not usually support aquatic life such as fish. They typically have a high diversity of plant species, and may attract large numbers of birds, small mammals and insects including butterflies.
A mass of salt which has erupted onto a planetary surface, usually through sedimentary rock.
salt glacier
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in an atmosphere.
This could also be considered a part of an environmental material like air.
A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof.
This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind.
The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store carbon.
The disposition of an environment to sequester carbon dioxide, subsequently storing the carbon component thereof.
The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store some material entity.
A concrete masonry unit is a large, rectangular masonry unit primarily composed of concrete.
A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob.
Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.
Missing the class for "aggregate" - tricky to define what it is, exactly. Again, seems more like some sort of material/disposition hybrid.
Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement.
Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
This class refers to naturally-occuring asphalt or bitumen.
Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.
Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together.
"Cement" refers more to a disposition than a specific material.
Hydraulic cement is a masonry cement which contains activated aluminium silicates or pozzolans, such as fly ash, allowing it to set in wet conditions or underwater.
Non-hydraulic cement is a cement which sets by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and will not set in wet conditions or underwater. It is susceptible to attack by aggresive chemicals after setting.
Building walls are bulding parts which serve to support roofs, floors and ceilings; enclose a space as part of the building envelope; give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security.
This is a building part and not the same as a standalone wall, which is a building in its own right.
A boundary wall is a constructed barrier which is usually opaque, constructed from masonry, and of greater structural strength than a fence.
This is not the same as a wall that is part of a building. use ENVO:01000420 for the latter.
A constructed barrier is a freestanding wall, berm, or fence built to limit movement of entities across a boundary.
A fence is a constructed barrier which is generally of lighter construction than a wall and used to provide visual sectioning of spaces.
An exterior wall is a building wall which separates the interior of a building from the buildings surrounding environment.
A building envelope is a building part composed of those building parts which physically separate the interior of a building from its surrounding environment. The building envelope provides resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The three basic elements of a building envelope are a weather barrier, air barrier, and thermal barrier.
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the floor or roof structure above.
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight. A roof is also the framing or structure which supports the covering
This class is meant to represent roofs which are parts of buildings, rather than a roofs of cave and other natural formations.
Thatch is material composed of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather.
Some sort of logical definition towards: composed_primarily_of some ((straw or 'water reed' or rushes or sedge or heather) and has_quality dry) should be considered, where "rushes", "sedge", etc are represented as materials rather than some sort of taxon.
A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried.
A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried.
Generally used to refer to the masonry unit rather than a material.
Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used.
Gypsum plaster is a plaster which is formed by partially dehydrating gypsum by heating it to approximately 150 degrees Celsius and grinding the product into a powder. Gypsum anhydride - formed by heating gypsum above 200 degrees Celsius - may also be used as plaster.
Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set.
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent.
This class refers to all forms of glass. For the familiar form present in window panes and drinking glasses, consider silica-based glass.
Silica-based glass is a glass composed primarily of silicon dioxide, the primary constituent of sand.
Silica-based glasses are the most common manufactured variety of glass.
Soda-lime glass is a silica-based glass which is composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide, with sodium oxide and calcium oxide consituting most of its remaining composition.
This type of glass constitutes 90% of manufactured glass.
Flat glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 73% silicon dioxide (silica), 14% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 4% magnesium oxide, 0.15% aluminium oxide, 0.03% potassium oxide, 0.02% titanum dioxide, and 0.01% iron III oxide.
Most flat glass is soda-lime glass produced by the float glass process. It is more water soluble than container glass.
Container glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 74% silicon dioxide (silica), 13% sodium oxide, 10.5% calcium oxide, 1.3% aluminium oxide, 0.3% potassium oxide, 0.2% sulphur trioxide, 0.2% magnesium oxide, 0.04% iron III oxide, and 0.01% titanum dioxide.
Container glass is less water soluble than flat glass.
Quartz glass is a glass which is composed of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.
This is "pure" silica glass. As an ENVO:"environmental material" this class assumes that there remains some possibility that 'contaminants' being present.
A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking.
To be more precise, a subfloor and a floor covering may be specified. Please request these classes and propose definitions if they are needed.
A brick building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of brick material or is built from bricks.
A wooden building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of wood.
A concrete building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of concrete
At times, this is called a cement floor, although that is probably not accurate.
A sandy building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of sand.
A glass building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of glass.
A dung building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of dried animal feces.
A stone building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of rock.
A thatched exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of thatch.
A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock.
A straw exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of straw.
A mud exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of mud.
A solid, cylindrical object or column with its length greater than its diameter.
This was created in response to a user request, but it is an odd class in that it specifies a shape rather than a particular material entity. It may, therefore, be deprecated when more meaningful or sensible alternatives become apparent.
A pole-reinforced mud exterior wall is a mud exterior wall which is supported and reinforced by poles.
A brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from bricks.
A burnt brick is a brick which has been dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology .
An unburnt brick is a brick which has been air dried rather than dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology .
A burnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from burnt bricks.
An unburnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from unburnt bricks.
A dome-shaped mass of salt formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir.
salt dome
An iron sheet is a mass of iron which has been forged into a roughly planar form of less than 6 millimetres in thickness.
salt material
A sheet-iron exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from sheets of iron.
A sheet-iron building roof is a building roof that is built from sheets of iron.
A thatched building roof is a building roof that is built by thatching (or out of thatch).
A wooden building roof is a building roof that is built from wood.
An asbestos building roof is a building roof that is built from asbestos.
asbestos exists in CHEBI and will be imported to complete this class' logical def.
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications.
A tile building roof is a building roof that is built using tiles.
A fixture which is used primarily for the collection and, in some cases, disposal of human urine and feces.
"disposal" may not be the most precise way to describe fill-in latrines. Note that no assertion is made on whether these fixtures are in- or outdoors.
A pit latrine is a latrine which is constructed by digging a hole in the ground.
This class refers to human latrines. Note that some pit latrines can use pour-flush mechanisms. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine
A diapir is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks due to its higher buoyancy.
Unclear whether this should be a subclass of intrusion, as diapirism can actually cause fracturing.
diapir
A latrine is a toilet which is of simple construction (relative to a flush or chemical toilet) and typically intended for communal use.
A latrine slab is a broad, flat, thick piece of solid material (typically stone or concrete) used as the floor of a latrine and which includes a hole through which excreta are deposited into a latrine pit.
This could be moved to "surface layer" like other floors, although more thought has to be given to "floor": a role of a surface layer? "The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine
A batholith is an area of mostly continuous plutonic (igneous intrusive) rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers, formed in the planetary crust, and exposed by erosion. On Earth, Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite.
The form of erosion should be further specified.
batholith
A latrine pit is an artificial hole or cavity in the ground used to collect human excreta.
A latrine pit is typically at least 3 metres (10 feet) deep and 1 metre (3.2 feet) across.
A pit latrine with a slab floor is a pit latrine which has a latrine slab as a floor.
This class refers to human latrines. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine
An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit latrine or a dry toilet.
"Outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet but to outbuildings in a general sense."
An intrusion is a mass of rock which has been formed within a pre-existing fracture in a larger mass of rock. While some intrusions are still located in the fracture where they formed, others may be (partially) exposed by erosional processes.
intrusion
Subclasses of this class will be created by inference.
sedimentary intrusion
A toilet fixture which uses water to flush liquid and solid excreta into a sewage containment or processing facility through a drainpipe.
A toilet fixture which uses little to no water; excreta is removed manually or composted in situ.
Subclasses will probably be filled in by inference.
A chemical toilet fixture is a toilet fixture which uses chemicals to deodorise and treat excreta which is stored in the fixture.
"In the past, disinfection was generally carried out by mixing formaldehyde, bleach or similar chemicals with the toilet water when flushed...[F]ormaldehyde is very irritating to the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and throat, it is being replaced by other proprietary blends such as glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds, with non-staining dyes and nature-identical perfume oils. Additionally, enzyme hybrids are sometimes used." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet
A ventilated improved pit latrine is a pit latrine which includes a vent pipe fitted to the pit with a flyscreen covering the pipe's outlet. Air currents moving across the outlet of the vent pipe create a vaccum which draws odors out of the latrine's superstructure.
A covered latrine is a building which comprises a latrine sheltered by an outhouse.
A covered pit latrine is a building which comprises a pit latrine sheltered by an outhouse.
A covered pit latrine with slab is a building which comprises a pit latrine with a slab floor sheltered by an outhouse.
A flush toilet fixture into which water is manually poured to dispose of excreta.
A pit latrine which includes a water seal (U-trap or siphon) used over one or two offset pits instead of a plain hole or seat. Water is manually poured through the trap to flush excreta into the latrine pit.
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.
Atmospheric ozone is an environmental material primarily composed of ozone in its gaseous form and present in an atmosphere.
The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT)
Definition from GEMET - will be refined.
The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum
The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT)
The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height
The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the stratosphere which contains high concentrations of ozone gas relative to other parts of the atmosphere.
"The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically"- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer
ozone layer
This could be made into an inferred class, rather than having asserted subclasses.
atmospheric layer
A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.
boundary layer
The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere which extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the planetary surface and is ionised by solar radiation. It includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
ionosphere
The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere.
exosphere
A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface.
glaze ice layer
eutrophic lake
mass of biological material
A composting toilet fixture is a dry toilet fixture in which managed, aerobic decomposition converts human excreta into organic matter suitable for the fertilisation or amendment of soils.
composting toilet
Paraffin is a thin, clear liquid composed of hydrocarbons that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Paraffin is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 grams per cubic centimetre. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water. Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.
paraffin
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years.
natural gas
Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
liquefied petroleum gas
A gas that is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecules.
hydrocarbon gas
Compressed natural gas is a natural gas stored at high pressures, typically 20–25 Megapascals.
compressed natural gas
Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water, and siloxanes.
This is distinct from natural gas which is a fossil fuel product.
biogas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel.
liquefied natural gas
liquefied hydrocarbon gas
Compressed biogas is biogas stored at increased pressures.
This is distinct from compressed natural gas, which refers to the compressed form of a fossil fuel.
compressed biogas
Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen.
charcoal
A paraffin lamp is a type of lighting device which burns paraffin to generate light and heat.
paraffin lamp
A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of paraffin lamp, which burns paraffin drawn up through a wick by capillary action.
flat-wick lamp
A central-draught lamp is a paraffin lamp which burns a parrafin saturated, tubular wick contained between two structural tubes and supplied with oxygen by a central draught of air through the innermost of these tube.
central-draught lamp
A mantle lamp is a central-draught lamp which includes a pear-shaped, fabric mesh containing thorium or other rare-earth salts placed over the burner. On first use the fabric burns away and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame.
mantle lamp
A lantern is a portable device or mounted fixture comprising a light source protected by a translucent case.
lantern
A lamp is an object which generates heat, light, or any other form of radiation.
lamp
A paraffin lantern is a lantern which houses a parrafin lamp in a structure of soldered or crimped-together sheet metal stampings and glass or other translucent material.
paraffin lantern
A tubular paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which includes metal tubes in its casing that direct air to the burning wick.
tubular paraffin lantern
A dead-flame paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which has a wick housed in a glass globe with airflow channelled upwards by vents below the burning wick and an open chimney above it.
dead flame paraffin lantern
A hot-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects hot air from the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick.
hot-blast paraffin lantern
A cold-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects cool air from around the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick.
cold-blast paraffin lantern
An electric lamp is a lamp which produces light from electricity.
electric lamp
A battery-powered electric lamp is an electric lamp which draws its power from a device composed of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
battery-powered electric lamp
A candle is a lamp composed of a wax within which an ignitable wick is embedded.
candle
A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius.
wax
An apiary is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept and maintained by beekeepers.
apiary
A device capable of receiving and/or transmitting information encoded in electromagnetic radiation through wave modulation.
radio device
A cassette deck is a device capable of playing and recording audio compact cassettes.
cassette player
A television set is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of converting digital or analog information signals into moving images and sound.
television set
A telephone is a telecommunications device which converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media, and reconverts such signals into sound waves.
telephone
A mobile phone is a telephone which transmits sound information to a mobile phone network via radio transmissions.
mobile phone
A landline telephone is a telephone which is connected to a telephone network with wires through which electronic signals are carried.
landline telephone
A refrigerator is a device which consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a mechanical, chemical, or electronic heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment such that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room
refrigerator
A table is a form of furniture with a flat horizontal upper surface used to support objects, for storage, show, and/or manipulation.
table
A desk is a table which is intended for information-manipulation tasks, including writing and use of interactive electronics.
The intentional nature of this definition is problematic, but the restricted range of activities visited upon a desk is of interest.
desk
A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface commonly used to seat a single person.
This class, along with benches, stools, and the like, can be grouped under "seating furniture" or similar. However, this is probably better as an inferred class using some sort of BFO:function in the subclass annotation.
chair
A piece of furniture is a movable object intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., chairs, stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g., beds).
The assumption is that furniture is manufactured, which is arguable. Further, according to Black's Law Dictionary (http://thelawdictionary.org/furniture/) many classes can be subclasses of 'piece of furntiure': "This term includes that which furnishes, or with which anything is furnished or supplied; whatever must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make it habitable, convenient, or agreeable; goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages necessary or convenient for housekeeping; whatever is added to the interior of a house or apartment, for use or convenience. Bell v. Holding, 27 Ind. 173.The term “furniture” embraces everything about the house that has been usually enjoyed there, including plate, linen, china, and pictures. 1 Endicott v. Endicott, 41N. J. Eq. 96, 3 Atl. 157.The word “furniture” made use of in the disposition of the law. or in the conventions or acts of persons, comprehends only such furniture as is intended for use and ornament of apartments, but not libraries which happen to be there, nor plate. Civ.Code La. art. 477." However, this would eventually be absurd and limit other groupings. Perhaps some sort of 'furnishing' BFO:function would be a better way to handle this.
piece of furniture
A sofa is a bench which is partially or entirely upholstered, and often fitted with springs and tailored cushions.
sofa
A bench is a piece of furniture, on which several people may sit at the same time.
bench
A mattress is a mass of material which is able to cushion and support a reclining body and is used as or on a bed.
mattress
A bed frame is a piece of furniture which is used to position a mattress and bed base and may include a means of supporting a canopy.
bed frame
A bed base is a piece of furniture which supports a mattress.
bed base
A framed bed is a piece of furniture which is composed of a mattress supported by a bed base and held in place by a bed frame.
framed bed
A cabinet is a roughly cuboidal piece of furniture which is used to store miscellaneous items in compartments accessible through doors or drawers.
cabinet
A cupboard is a cabinet which is used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and to protect them from dust and dirt
cupboard
A clock is an instrument which may indicate, keep, and/or co-ordinate time.
clock
A pressure lamp is a portable paraffin or oil lamp in which fuel is forced up into the mantle or burner by air pressure in the reservoir, which can be increased by pumping with a plunger.
This may be a paraffin or an oil lamp. It can potentially be filled by inference if we can express that any lamp with pressurised fuel in the lamp reservoir is a pressure lamp. See Issue #228.
pressure lamp
freshwater spring
river water
Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour.
rainwater
A motor vehicle is a vehicle which is propelled by an engine or motor and that does not operate on rails.
motor vehicle
A truck is a motor vehicle which, as its primary funcion, transports cargo rather than human passangers.
truck
A water truck is a truck which transports water.
water truck
A vehicle is a mobile machine which transports people or cargo.
vehicle
A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used primarily for the transportation of human passengers. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
car
A cart is a vehicle which has two wheels and is designed to transport human passengers or cargo.
NB: "[A cart]...is different from a dray or wagon, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more horses, or a carriage, which is used exclusively for transporting humans...Over time, the term "cart" has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, from shopping carts to golf carts, without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart
cart
An animal-drawn cart is a cart which is attached to one or more working or draught animals.
animal-drawn cart
A boat is a watercraft of any size which is able to float or plane on water.
Difficult to distinguish from "ships". Similar to mountains and hills. " In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat
boat
A motor boat is a boat which is propelled by a motor.
motor boat
A motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
motor
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.
bus
A taxicab is a car which may be hired, along with its operator, to transport passengers between locations of their choosing.
Depth can be added with specifications of BFO:role for both the car and the human operator.
taxicab
A watercraft is a vehicle which is able to travel on or through water.
Ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines are all considered watercraft. The term would normally imply some propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence is distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft. - Wikipedia
watercraft
A bicycle is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.
bicycle
A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle.
motorcycle
A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet.
motorscooter
A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow.
lentic water body
A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing.
lotic water body
A closed ecological system is a vivarium which does not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system.
This class refers to strictly sealed enclosures such as Biosphere 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2), rather than vivaria which allow matter exchange with external environmental systems.
closed ecological system
A mesocosm is a vivarium that is embedded within a natural environment and is used to place a relatively small part of that environment under experimental control for the purposes of scientific investigation.
mesocosm
A microcosm is a vivarium within which a simple ecosystem is artificially established and used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions.
microcosm
Vaporisation of an element or compound is process whereby that element or compound undergoes a phase transition from the liquid to vapor.
Note that a vapor describes an element or compound in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point,
vaporisation
Boiling is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure.
boiling
Hydrological condensation is a process in which atmospheric water vapour undergoes a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
"process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the condensed material (e.g. water droplets, window fog)
hydrological condensation process
A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something.
manufactured cage
A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock.
drylot
A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
feedlot
Leaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground.
plant litter
The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.
Definition vebatim from GEMET. Will need to be refined. Further, distinction between "climate change" and (one or many) "climate change process" will need to be discussed. Fluctuations are not processes, per se.
climate change
Acidification of an aquatic environment is a process whereby the pH of an aquatic environment, biome, or water body is lowered.
acidification of an aquatic environment
Ocean acidification is a process whereby the pH of a sea or ocean is lowered.
On Earth, the major cause of ocean acidification is the update of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
ocean acidification
A chonolith is an igneous rock intrusion of irregular shape with a demonstrable base, absent in other types of irregularly-shaped intrusions.
chonolith
A process which consists of all aerobic respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem.
ecosystem-wide aerobic respiration
A volcanic process is a process during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure.
volcanic eruption
Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.
Land may more properly be represented as part of a planetary surface rather than a sublcass.
land
A liquid planetary surface is a planetary surface layer where a liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space.
liquid planetary surface
Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies.
outer space
A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's crust would be an instance.
planetary crust
A planetary structural layer is laminar part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. Planetary layers have differing physicochemical properties and composition.
Label should be improved to match definition.
planetary structural layer
A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's mantle would be an instance.
planetary mantle
A planetary core is the innermost structural layer or layers of a planet. The core may be entirely liquid, entirely solid, or have both liquid and solid parts.
"Not to be confused with planetary core in the core accretion theory, referring to a central accretionary body surrounded by a halo of dust and gas which serves to trap debris and increase the rate of accretion.." WIkipedia:Planetary_core. This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's core would be an instance. The "layer" aspect of cores may be problematic.
planetary core
Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets.
outer planetary core
inner planetary core
A liquid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of liquid material.
liquid planetary core
A solid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of solid material.
solid planetary core
A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle.
lithosphere
An asthenosphere is a layer of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is highly viscous, mechanically weak, and ductilely deforming.
asthenosphere
Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles.
magma
A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully or ditch), and narrow compared to its length (as opposed to a simple hole).
trench
stream channel
An ocean strait is a strait which connects two oceans.
ocean strait
river channel
A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure.
slum
An undersea trough is a trough which is below a marine water body.
undersea trough
An explosive eruption is a volcanic process in which pressurised magma is violently expelled and froths into volcanic ash. Explosive eruptions can eject a cloud of rocks, dust, gas, and pyroclastic material which may then collapse, creating a pyroclastic flow of hot volcanic matter.
explosive eruption
An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption during which lava flows onto the ground.
effusive eruption
A process whereby rising magma cools and solidifies without reaching the surface. Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion.
igneous intrusion process
A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants.
See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
dense settlement
An igneous intrusion is a mass of rock and minerals formed when magma cools, solidifies, and undergoes fractional crystallisation without reaching the surface.
"Intrusion" can refer to the solidified mass or the molten rock.
igneous intrusion
Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism.
tephra
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.
tuff
Scoria is a highly vesicular, dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals.
Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser.
scoria
Pumice is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals.
pumice
A cone that is composed of consolidated volcanic ash.
tuff cone
A role that is realized in some process wherein the bearer is discarded or not utilized further.
waste role
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of open water generally have less than 25% cover of vegetation or soil. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition.
area of open water
A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces.
geological fracture
A geological fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement.
The relationship between faults and active plate boundaries must be further developed, as there is some overlap.
geological fault
An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years.
active geological fault
A vein is a geological fracture which is filled with minerals precipitated out of an aqueous solution.
vein
A sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body.
dike
A joint is a geological fracture which has no measureable shear displacement
geological joint
A geological fracture across which shear displacement has occurred
Sounds like this should be populated by inference.
shear fracture
A microfracture is a small fracture which is found in a portion of solid material along which further fracturing tends to occur. Microfractures are considered imperfections which to pre-exist any fractures formed by the application of stress to a material.
microfracture
A vertical pillar defined by a unit area on a planetary surface and bounded by the top of the atmosphere that is used to quantify an atmospheric parameter such as pressure, ozone or precipitable water.
This should be relocated under "fiat object part" of the BFO during next refactoring. Also, the "part of" relation to atomosphere should be updated to express that this is a fiat part of the atmosphere.
atmospheric column
Contaminated air is air which has sufficient concentrations of environmental pollutants such that it may adversely affect a given ecosystem.
contaminated air
An earthquake is a process whereby part of the surface of a planet shakes due to the passage of seismic waves through rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in a planet's crust is suddenly released. Elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies can produce earthquakes.
earthquake
A tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the release of elastic strain. A tectonic earthquake occurs when strains in rock masses have accumulated to a point where the resulting stresses exceed the strength of the rocks, and sudden fracturing results.
tectonic earthquake
A megathrust earthquake is a tectonic earthquake which occurs at subduction zones at destructive plate boundaries (convergent boundaries). These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0.
megathrust earthquake
A lake which has concentrations of environmental contaminants high enough to harm the ecosystems associated with it.
polluted lake
A mineral material composed primarily of sodium chloride.
This class is for material primarily composed of sodium chloride. For other pure chemical salts, consider a CHEBI class. Request new ENVO terms for environmental samples of other chemical salts.
sodium chloride salt
A glacial abrasion process is an erosional process during which debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood.
glacial abrasion
Glacial plucking is an erosional process during which pieces of bedrock are cracked off due to the mechanical force of a moving glacier.
glacial plucking
Glacial ice thrusting is an erosional process during which a moving glacier which has frozen to its bed surges forward and moves large sheets of sediment frozen to the glacial mass.
glacial ice thrusting
water mass
marine water mass
A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake.
Used for both marine and lake coasts. The boundary of the coast is fuzzy and it overlaps both the water body and land in quesiton. Compared to 'shore'
coast
The general region of indefinite width that extends from a lake inland to the first major change in terrain features.
lake coast
A tsunami is a process during which a series of waves is generated in a water body, typically an ocean or large lake, by the displacement of a large volume of water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
tsunami
Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides.
Of interest for future development: Some causes of mass wasting earthquakes, increased overburden from structures, increased soil moisture, reduction of roots holding the soil to bedrock, undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion, weathering by frost heave, bioturbation, volcanic edifice over-steepening. Some processes that reduce mass wasting: Afforestation, Reforestation, Terracing steps on slopes (reduce angle of slope). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting.
mass wasting
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface.
avalanche
A landslide is a process whereby a large mass of earth and rocks moves down a hill or a mountainside.
landslide process
rockfall
A subsidence process is a geomorphologic process in which a surface shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level.
geological subsidence
mudslide
A mass wasting flow is a form of mass wasting during which the moving materials behave similarly to a flowing fluid. Water, air and ice are often involved in enabling fluidlike motion of the material.
mass wasting flow
A mudflow is a form of mass wasting which involves very rapid to extremely rapid surging flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquified by the addition of significant amounts of water to clay-rich source material.
"Mudflows are often called mudslides, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events. Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called flow slides." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflow
mudflow
debris flow
A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.
lahar
A sturzstrom is a landslide consisting which has a great amount of kinetic energy resulting in greater horizontal movement when compared to its initial vertical drop — as much as 20 or 30 times the vertical distance. By contrast a normal landslide will typically travel a horizontal distance that is less than twice the distance that the material has fallen.
sturzstrom
Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents.
volcanic ash
An ash fall process is a process in which volcanic ash formed during an explosive volcanic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption, or during material transport in pyroclastic density currents is pulled towards the planetary surface by gravity.
ash fall process
Hydrological precipitation is a process during which any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour is pulled to the planetary surface by gravity.
"process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the precipitated material (e.g. snow, rain, sleet)
hydrological precipitation process
Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.
hydrological evaporation
Soil degradation is a process which results in a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem in which the soil occurs to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries.
soil degradation
Soil erosion is a process in which exogenic processes remove soil from one location on the Earth's crust and transport it to another location where it is deposited.
"Soil Erosion is a common term that is often confused with soil degradation as a whole, but in fact refers only to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients. This is indeed the most visible effect of soil degradation, but does not cover all of its aspects. Soil erosion is a natural process in mountainous areas, but is often made much worse by poor management practices." http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/
soil erosion
Coastal flooding is a process in which normally dry, low-lying land near a coast is flooded by sea water.
coastal flooding
Riverine flooding is a process in which the flow rate of river water exceeds the capacity of its channel, thus flooding neighbouring land. Bends and meanders in a river channel are particularly disposed to such flooding.
A disposition class such as 'flooding disposition' may be interesting, especially when attached to things like meanders and bends.
riverine flooding
Flash flooding is a process in which low-lying land is inundated with water for a short period of time and are usually the result of precipitation or a breach in the container of a water body.
Flash floods generally last no more than six hours. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php
flash flooding
An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas.
flood
A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity.
coastal flood
A riverine flood is a flood which is formed as a result of a river's flow rate exceeding the capacity of its channel.
riverine flood
A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours.
flash flood
A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Needs links to weather when these phenomena are added.
storm surge
A meteotsunami is a tsunami caused by atmospheric processes and differences in air pressure.
Ambiguity as to whether this label refers to the process or the material entities (the waves). The material entities are a type of severe storm surge.
meteotsunami
A storm surge process is a coastal flooding process which is caused by low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Should be linked to the relevant weather classes when these are created.
storm surge process
Areal flooding is a flooding process in which flat or low-lying areas become inundated with water due to water input exceeding infiltration, evaporation, or run off.
areal flooding
Urban flooding is a flooding process in which land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, is inundated due to the rate of water input exceeding that of water drainage provided by the environment's drainage systems.
Relevant to built environments and can be linked to urban flows. Also relevant to water and sanitation SDGs.
urban flooding
Snowmelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of snow and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff.
The assertion that the output is freshwater seems reasonable; however, this can certianly be changed if a counter example is provided.
snowmelt
hydrological melting process
Icemelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of ice and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff.
icemelt
Meltwater is the water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans.
meltwater
Melting is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.
could replace with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REX_0000177
melting
Condensation is a process during which a gas undergoes a phase transition into a liquid.
condensation process
Chemical precipitation is a process in which a portion of some solid substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. Segregation may occur due to the solubility limits of the precipitating substance being exceeded or due to a chemical reaction that forms a solid product from aqueous reagents.
chemical precipitation process
Desublimation is a process in which a portion of some gas undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some solid.
desublimation process
Sublimation is a process during which a portion of some solid undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some gas.
sublimation process
A tectonic uplift process is a geomorphologic process in which a geological surface shifts upward relative to a datum such as sea-level due to forces other than isostatic responses to unloading.
tectonic uplift process
Atmospheric subsidence is a process in which a mass of air moves through an atmosphere towards a planetary surface.
atmospheric subsidence
A process in which a volume of lava emitted during an effusive eruption moves along a solid surface.
lava flow process
A mass of igneous rock formed when hot magma flows out (extrudes) onto a planetary surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.
igneous extrusion
A dike formed when sediment fills a pre-existing fracture in a mass of rock.
clastic dike
A stock is a discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 100 square kilometres. Stocks differ from batholiths only in being smaller.
Some assertion to indicate that stocks are smaller than batholiths should be made.
stock
A sheet intrusion (or concordant pluton) that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure of the magma is high enough that the overlying strata are forced upward, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form with a generally planar base.
laccolith
A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region.
lopolith
A phacolith is an intrusion parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped intrusion that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline.
phacolith
A tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock.
sill
A process whereby the precursors of rock, such as magma or sedimentary particles, fill a fracture in a mass of rock.
intrusion process
An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population.
A habitat's specificity to an ecological population differentiates it from other environment classes.
habitat
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class covers part of the NLCD "Perennial Ice/Snow" class.
area of perennial water ice
A process in which some input bearing a waste role is consumed to produce an output which bears a resource role.
This has been created for SDGIO. Revision is likely, but the general meaning should be stable. The frame of reference for determining what is 'waste' and what is a 'resource' is unclear.
recycling process
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which outputs a carbon-bearing gas.
Requested for SDGIO. Likely to be revised.
carbon-bearing gas emission process
A process in which natural ecosystems present over an expanse of land are removed and replaced with anthropogenic ecosystems.
An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. This looks like an aggregate class, subsuming a range of processes which can lead to degradation.
These anthropogenic ecosystems may include urban or other built-up settlements or anthropogenic ecosystems used for activities such as forestry or agriculture.
land consumption process
A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work.
human dwelling
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
area of perennial snow
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow or water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, these areas are characterised by ice and/or snow cover generally greater than 25% of total cover. The definition of perennial needs clarification.
area of perennial ice or snow
A layer of loose, heterogeneous, superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials.
The various parts of the regolith are highly variable. Perhaps some sort of "unconsolidated" quality should be used here with "environmental material" to cover this scope. Note that organisms, their parts, or their derivatives are also included.
regolith
A layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
This is an Earth-centred class, but can be generalised to include other planetary bodies.
On Earth, all continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons.
continental crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate.
oceanic crust
The Mohorovicic discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, indicating a change in composition.
This is and Earth-centred definition, but can likely be applied to other differentiated planetary bodies.
Mohorovicic discontinuity
A lithified mass of rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet.
bedrock
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
The range of entities that are considered "barren land" are not exhaustive, making axiomatisation risky at this stage.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of barren land generally have less than 15% cover of vegetation. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition.
area of barren land
A hollow tower of ice formed by the freezing of steam escaping a fumarole.
fumarole-derived ice tower
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of gaseous or aerosolised material held in shape by one or more environmental processes.
This may not need to be in the atmosphere, also note that "meteor" will do much of the same work.
Similar, in spirit, to landform. This class may need to be split into aerosols and 'pure' volumes of gas.
aeroform
A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.
On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers only to clouds made up of a water-based material.
cloud
Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds which form in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 metres and which support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine and remove gaseous nitric acid, catalysing ozone destruction.
This class should be linked to ozone layer depletion processes.
polar stratospheric cloud
A settlement with a low density of buildings and inhabitants.
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "sparsely populated" can be determined as needed. These are usually "sparse" in relation to urban environments. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
sparsely populated settlement
A settlement which has lower population density than a town, city, or other urban environment and is primarily used for agricultural or pastoral activity.
A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272.
rural settlement
A settlement which has been established and is managed through officially sanctioned processes and is recognised as legal by a competent authority.
This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses.
formal settlement
A settlement which is not associated with or directed by official planning processes and which typically lacks municipal services and infrastructure such as sanitation, water services, and waste management services.
Can a formerly formal settlement become an informal settlement?
Informal settlements need not be illegal.
informal settlement
A settlement on land that the inhabitants have a legal claim to.
legal settlement
A settlement on land that the inhabitants have no legal claim to or occupy illegally.
illegal settlement
Forest which originally covered a region before changes in the environment brought about by people. (Source: PHC)
primary forest
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which releases carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.
Requested for SDGIO. This class may be revised in future once the offical definitions become more clear.
carbon dioxide emission process
A volume of carbon dioxide gas emitted by a carbon dioxide emission process.
This is a working definition for #280. Which processes will ultimately be included in the axioms is still open.
carbon dioxide emission
A road which is usable across all seasons.
Created for SDGIO, indicator 9.1.1. See #272.
all season road
An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements.
rural area
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement.
This class may be split. "urban village" doesn't sit well and prevents relations to village biomes.
village
oligotrophic lake
A lake with medium nutrient levels, which allow moderate productivity.
What constitutes a "medium" nutrient level is subject to debate. The thresholds should be set either on a data level or through new subclasses.
mesotrophic lake
An abiotic mesoscopic physical object which is primarily composed of plastic.
piece of plastic
A cylindrical shaped pre-production plastic pellet used in manufacturing and packaging.
nurdle
An environmental zone which contains, as determined by an officially mandated selection process, one or more ecosystems which include, as parts, ecological communities of global significance for conservation due to their vulnerability and irreplaceability.
The narrow synonyms will be made into subclasses in their own right.
Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area
IUCN Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity
Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity
The selection process which determines the whether an area is an important site must follow the best practice specifications and guidelines developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), using globally standardised criteria and thresholds. Note that the label 'important site' is chosen to align with SDGIO. The definition is that of "key biodiversity area".
The system of public works in a country, state or region, including roads, utility lines and public buildings.
We label this as 'public infrastructure', as the OECD definition refers specifically to public constructed features. The parts of public infrastructure are not exhaustive and should be extended as needed.
public infrastructure
This class is created for the SDGIO and the 'public infrastructure' class. The publically accessible attribute could be axiomatised.
public road
A building which is publically accessible.
Created for SDGIO, we treat "public" as "publically accessible" where the semantics of access are dealt with in SDGIO.
public building
A cable used to trasmit electricity from its point of production to its point of consumption.
utility line
A utility line which services the public power grid.
public utility line
A populated place where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally, or where dwellings are not in compliance with current planning and building regulations.
Informal settlements may be urban or rural.
illegal informal settlement
A planned process during which a portion of environmental material is removed from a material entity.
This should be an OBI planned process. Pending import.
Created for SDGIO and intended to be a more general form of resource extraction process.
material extraction process
A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products.
Not to be confused with a flame - the visible portion of gas released by a fire . Oxidation processes such as rusting or biological digestion are not subsumed here.
fire
A conflagration which is uncontrolled and combusts material in a vegetated area, be it rural or wild.
The definition of "wildland" or "wild" is ambiguous.
wildfire
A fire which occurs in a large spatial area poses a risk to human life, animal life, health, and/or property.
conflagration
A portion of gas which is emitted by a fire or other exothermic reaction, is of increased temperature, and typically emits light in the visible range.
flame
A flame which is produced by the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel.
hydrocarbon flame
A wildfire which occurs in a forest, primarily consuming vegetation as fuel.
forest fire
A process whereby a large volume of gas moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
This class refers to all forms of "wind": from the familiar movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere to the solar wind. Use a subclass to be more precise.
mass gaseous flow
A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria.
atmospheric wind
A stream of plasma primarily composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star.
stellar wind
A mass gaseous flow in which planetary atmospheric gases flow into outer space.
planetary wind
A process whereby a large volume of plasma moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
mass plasma flow
A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.
This class is to be populated by inference.
gaseous environmental material
A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields.
An NTR for `quality of a plasma` has been posted on the PATO tracker: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/88
plasma
An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space.
Astronomical bodies are usually cohesive, thus the use of the term 'object' sensu BFO 'object'.
astronomical body
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.
Considerable debate on the definition of planet exists.
planet
An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces.
Add qualities such as spherical. Request NTRs if not available in PATO.
star
An astronomical body which orbits a planet of comparatively greater mass.
At times, a moon is equated to a natural satellite, however, the latter class includes a broader range of entities. Here, we currently separate moons from other satellites. We can create a logical definition of satellite using an orbital process class.
planetary moon
This class is hard to define and is sometimes treated as equivalent to 'minor planet'.
asteroid
An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space.
If there is only one astronomical body involved, this class is equivalent to ENVO:01000799. This may be problematic with reasoning, but it seems to be true to the rather fuzzy definitions found thus far.
astronomical object
There is a need to account for open star clusters which are not gravitationally bound. This would need a superclass other than 'astronomical object', as currently defined.
globular star cluster
An interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases
nebula
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
galaxy
An astronomical body which is in direct orbit of a star and is massive enough for its own gravity to compress it into a shape preserved by hydrostatic equilibrium (usually a spheroid), but which shares its orbit with other bodies, such as asteroids or comets.
Considerable debate on this definition exists.
dwarf planet
A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and other trans-Neptunian objects.
This definition is in need of revision - it relies on negation and seems to straddle class and instance level. The definitional space here is contested and quite inhomogeneous.
"Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet. During its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSB). Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium and form an ellipsoidal shape. All other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the term minor planet may still be used, but the term small Solar System body will be preferred. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the traditional distinction between minor planet and comet is still used."
minor planet
planetary atmosphere
A planetary atmosphere which is composted primarily of dinitrogen and dioxygen gas.
An instance of this class would be Earth's atmosphere.
nitrogen-oxygen planetary atmosphere
A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size.
desert pavement
A material part of an astronomical body.
astronomical body part
An environmental material which is in a solid state.
This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference.
solid environmental material
An environmental material which is in a liquid state.
liquid environmental material
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of deciduous forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of deciduous forest
A biosphere is a part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body, as well as the non-living and dead entities with which they interact.
A biosphere is an environmental system which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body, and the non-living and dead entities which they interact with.
Whether this class should be grouped with classes such as "hydrosphere" and "cryosphere" requires some discussion.
The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations.
biosphere
A cryosphere is that part of a planet which is primarily composed of water is in solid form.
This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class.
cryosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
hydrosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of soil, subject to soil formation processes, and found on the surface of a lithosphere.
pedosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of those parts of a star, distal from the star's core, from which light is radiated into space.
photosphere
A planetary part which is exposed, at least periodically, to light.
In some literature, the term photosphere is used; however, this is more correctly reserved for a part of a star.
planetary photic zone
An astronomical body part which includes those parts of a biosphere that are, at least periodically, illuminated and in which photosynthesis may occur.
Somewhat awkward at the moment, see #314.
illuminated biosphere part
A lake from which water constantly flows out of under almost all climatic circumstances, maintaining low concentrations of dissolved solid relative to endorheic lakes.
exorheic lake
A part of a building roof which overhangs the face of a wall and, normally, projects beyond the side of a building.
eaves
Overhanging eaves where the rafters and underside of the roof are visible from below.
open eaves
Eaves in which projecting roof members are not visible, being closed from view by boarding.
closed eaves
Air which has increased levels of water vapour.
humid air
Air which has a partial pressure of water vapour equal or near equal to its equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature.
"Near equal" is meant to reflect that there will be fluctuations around the equilibrium point.
water vapour saturated air
A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity.
This is the process which typically happens on Earth. Other planets may have different liquids involved in the process.
water-based rainfall
A droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces which maintains its shape due to the surface tension of the liquid.
No attempt is made to differentiate between drops and droplets. This may be added, if requested.
droplet
A droplet formed by condensation of vapour in an atmosphere and which is sufficiently massive to overcome atmospheric resistance and fall to a planetary surface due to gravity.
raindrop
A defined class which should be filled by inference.
water droplet
This is the class intended for use when describing raindrops on Earth. These typically have a diamter of 0.1 to 9 millimetres.
water raindrop
A droplet which is spherical in shape and suspended in an atmosphere, being of too small a mass to be pulled to a planetary surface by gravity.
cloud droplet
A cloud droplet composed primarily of water.
water-based cloud droplet
A process in which precipitation falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before making contact with a planetary surface.
virga
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass
smoke
Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Unlike the "combustion" class in the Chemical Methods Ontology, this class is not necessarily a planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473
combustion process
thermolysis
A thermolysis process in which organic material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen.
pyrolysis
A fog which is intermixed with smoke or other combustion products and their derivatives.
smog
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of evergreen forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should maintain their foliage despite seasonal change - the canopy is never without green foliage. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of evergreen forest
A visible mass of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near a planetary surface.
This class refers only to fog formed by materials primarily composed of water. "Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog
fog
A solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
This class refers to a portion of crystal and not an individual crystal.
crystal
A crystal which is primarily composed of water ice.
water ice crystal
A type of water ice that forms on dead wood with the assistance of the fungus Exidiopsis effusa and takes the shape of fine, silky hair.
hair ice
A vegetated area which includes a community of flowering plants that provide food for local pollinators.
This may or may not be an anthropogenic environment, but its boundaries are maintained by human activity.
Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services.
flower strip
A flower strip which is present at the margins of cultivated fields.
flower-rich field margin strip
A material which is primarily composed of a substance arranged as a lattice which can trap or contain other molecules.
Not sure if this should be a subclass of crystal. If it is removed, remember to assert that it is a solid.
This class is not to be confused with CHEBI's "clathrate". The latter refers to the pure substance, while this class refers to clathrates found in nature. "Traditionally, clathrate compounds are polymeric and completely envelop the guest molecule, but in modern usage clathrates also include host-guest complexes and inclusion compounds." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound
clathrate material
A clathrate material in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice.
methane clathrate
An environmental process in which coral expels the symbiotic algae living in its tissue as a result of stress, causing the coral to turn white.
Add relations to coral organisms in NCBI taxonomy.
coral bleaching process
Marl is a mass of calcium carbonate derived from mollusk shells and mixed with silt and clay.
A request from the Agronomy Ontology in Issue #345.
marl
A marine coral reef biome which is located in a region with a tropical climate.
tropical marine coral reef biome
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of mixed forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that neither deciduous or evergreen trees make up more than 75% of the total tree cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of mixed forest
A marginal sea biome which is located in a region with a temperate climate.
A component of the WWF Temperate Shelf and seas ecoregions grouping
temperate marginal sea biome
temperate mediterranean sea biome
A marine biome which contains communities adapted to living in an environment determined by an upwelling process.
marine upwelling biome
A marine upwelling biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
tropical marine upwelling biome
A marine upwelling biome which is located in a region subject to temperate climate patterns.
temperate marine upwelling biome
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by shrubs with ground-hugging stems or low growth habit, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub"
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of dwarf scrub are dominated by shrubs less than 20 centimeters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This type is often co-associated with grasses, sedges, herbs, and non-vascular vegetation. The NLCD 2011 notes that this is intended as an Alaska only land cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of dwarf scrub
A turbulent surface layer of a water body maintained by strong currents setting over submerged ridges or shoals or by winds opposing a current.
This should likely be a part of the surface layer rather than a subclass.
turbulent aquatic surface layer
A structure which is built into the container of a water body which allows water to flow out of the container when the volume of the water contained exceeds that of its cavity.
overflow structure
A site at the terminus of a liquid conveyance conduit where the liquid carried is discharged into the sea or a river.
mouth of liquid discharge conduit
An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transfer and use electric power.
electric power system
A photovoltaic system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.
photovoltaic system
A group of solar panels, typically belonging to the same photovoltaic system, arranged to maximise interception of solar radiation.
solar panel array
A solar panel array that is integrated into the power system of a human dwelling.
domestic solar panel array
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a shrubs, young trees, or stunted trees.. The surfaces of this area are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of scrub or shrub are dominated by shrubs; less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of scrub
A process in which a solid planetary surface is deformed.
This is a class to be filled by inference.
ground deformation process
A puddle is a small accumulation of water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat surface.
This class refers only to puddles of water, see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/337
puddle of water
Ballast water is water contained in the ballast tanks of sea-going vessels.
This definition could be improved, as ballast water is often used in more general ways, beyond the water contained in a ballast tank at any given time. For example, water which has just been released from a ballast tank is often still refered to as ballast water.
balast water
A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide stability for a vessel.
ballast tank
Hailfall is a hydrological process in which balls or irregular lumps of water ice formed in thunderstorm or cumulonimbus clouds fall to a planetary surface.
hailfall
A precipitation process is a process in which a portion of some substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved or suspended in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force.
precipitation process
A storm is an environmental process in which an environmental system and the processes it participates in are strongly perturbed by external forcings. These forcings typically increase the rates of processes unfolding in the system, relative to their normal rates.
The threshold of what constitutes "strong" perturbation is not defined here due to considerable semantic variation. If a specific threshold is required, please request a new term.
storm
An atmospheric storm is a process in which a portion of an astronomical body's atmosphere is strongly perturbed from its prevaling weather.
atmospheric storm
An atmospheric storm which occurs in cumulonimbus clouds and during which lightning and thunder occur.
Thunderstorms may or may not involve processes which result in strong winds, heavy rain, snow, sleet, hail, or other forms of precipitation.
thunderstorm
An atmospheric storm during which intense rainfall occurs.
rainstorm
An atmospheric storm which intense hailfall occurs.
hailstorm
An atmospheric storm during which intense snowfall occurs.
snowstorm
An atmospheric storm during which freezing rain falls and accumulates as ice on exposed surfaces.
The U.S. National Weather Service defines an ice storm as a storm which results in the accumulation of at least 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) of ice on exposed surfaces.
icestorm
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation planted for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes interspersed by constructed or manufactured objects and materials. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed open space are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover less than 20% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of developed open space
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation and by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering up to approximately half its extent. Such areas are used for low intensity purposes such as accommodating collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under low intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 20 - 49% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of developed space with low usage intensity
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering from half to three-forths of its extent and by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for medium intensity purposes such as accommodating dense collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under medium intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 50 - 79% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of developed space with medium usage intensity
An area of developed space used for high intensity purposes such as accommodating dense and multi-occupant residential, commercial, and industrial units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under high intensity usage are dominated by constructed features where humans reside and work. Examples include apartment complexes, row houses and commercial/industrial facilities. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 80 - 100% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of developed space with high usage intensity
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by sedges or forbs, possibly interpersed with grasses or grass-like plants. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by sedge or forbs. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that land covered by sedge tundra and sedge tussock tundra are subsumed in this category. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of sedge- and forb-dominated herbaceious vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation and which is not subject to intensive management by humans. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by grasslands or non-woody, herbaceous plants. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that, while no "intensive" management such as tilling is performed in these areas, they may be used for grazing.
area of gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by fruticose or foliose lichens and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by lichens. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of lichen-dominated vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by mosses and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by mosses. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of moss-dominated vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by planted grasses, legumes, or mixtures of grass and legumes and used for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by pasturelands or hayfields. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD also notes that the crops are grown on a perennial cycle in these areas.
area of pastureland or hayfields
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered either by annual crops and perennial woody crops or by actively tilled land. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by croplands or actively tilled land. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD provides corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton as examples of annual crops and the trees and vines in orchards and vineyards as examples of perennial woody crops.
area of cropland
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by forest or shrubland vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by forest or shrubland vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of woody wetland
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by perennial herbaceous vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by herbaceous vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of emergent herbaceous wetland
A hydrological process in which irregular aggregates of snow fall to a planetary surface.
snowfall
Rainfall which occurs when the temperature of a planetary surface and its surrounding atmosphere are below the freezing point of water, resulting in supercooled raindrops which freeze upon impact with solid surfaces.
freezing rainfall
A process during which a sudden flow of electricity occurs, often accompanied by a visible release of photons, between two electrically charged objects due to contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown.
This should probably be moved to an ontology of physical processes when one is created, and be imported back into ENVO.
electrostatic discharge process
A sudden electrostatic discharge which occurs during an electrical storm as differentially charged atmospheric entities equalise their charge.
atmospheric lightning
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between at least two clouds.
intercloud lightning
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud.
intracloud lightning
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between a cloud and an object on a planetary surface, or a planetary surface itself.
lightning strike
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud or between multiple clouds.
lightning flash
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm during which snowfall is transported by strong winds, sustained for several hours.
To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards.
blizzard
A ground blizzard is a storm during which snow which has settled on a planetary surface is resuspended in and transported through its atmosphere by strong winds, sustained for several hours.
This form of blizzard does not involve snowfall as the snow which is blown by the winds is already present on the ground. To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards.
ground blizzard
A lentic water body which is used for the artificial culture of shrimp.
There are multiple subclasses possible for this term, including ponds managed by the traditional (extensive), improved traditional (semi-intensive), and intensive methods of cultivation.
"Shrimp" is a common language term that may refer to multiple crustacean species, typically in the groups Caridea or Dendrobranchiatamarine. These may be marine or freshwater organisms.
shrimp pond
A process during which humans rear animals or plants in bodies of water for harvest and consumption.
Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge.
In 1988, the FAO introduced a definition of aquaculture which reduces its confusion with capture fisheries: Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common property resources, with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of fisheries.
aquaculture process
An archeological site which contains holes humans had dug in the ground, or their remnants, for the purpose of storing and distributing food, drink, and both functional or ritualistic implements during communal eating and drinking.
Feasting pits had a wide variety of social functions throughout time, which extended in scope from the single family group to multiple tribes or villages.
feasting pit site
A river which is heated by geothermal processes such as heat exchange with lava or hydrothermal percolation.
A key example is the Boiling River, or Shanay-timpishka, of the Peruvian Amazon. This river is of high cultural significance and is protected by the shaman of the small town Mayantuyacu, a secluded healing center.
geothermally heated river
A surface layer of a solid environmental material which is formed by the presence and activity of photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising it.
biocrust
A biocrust which is formed by photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising the surface layer of a portion of arid soil. Through their successional dynamics, these communities reduce the soil surface's albedo, impart it with stability against erosion, modify its hydrology, and promote its fertility.
Couradeau et al. (2016) assert that any albedo reductions associated with biocrust development are due largely to the accumulation of the microbial sunscreen, scytonemin.
soil biocrust
An electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller.
automated teller machine
A solid or liquid particle, usually 0.2 micrometers in diameter, on which water vapour condenses, seeding cloud formation.
cloud condensation nucleus
A process during which a solid particle or liquid droplet catalyses the condensation of water vapour in an atmosphere.
nucleation of cloud condensation
An environmental zone which overlaps a glacier or an ice sheet, and in which ice loss exceeds ice gain.
ablation zone
A material decumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass decreases in size.
Ice loss could likely become a defined class with some equivalence axioms linking it to processes, along the lines of: 'has part' some (icemelt or 'ice calving process' or 'water ice sublimation process').
ice loss process
A mass wasting process during which refuse from human activities, usually accumulated at a dumping site, falls down a slope under the force of gravity.
Of interest to sustainable development goals, linking production and consumption to human health and environmental impacts.
"At least 48 people have been killed in a landslide at a vast rubbish dump on the outskirts of Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, officials say...Hundreds of people attempt to make a living by scavenging at the landfill site, sifting through the rubbish for items they can sell, the BBC's Emmanuel Igunza in Addis Ababa reports" BBC Africa reports
rubbish landslide
A process during which a part of an ice mass breaks away from the main mass.
ice calving process
An animal house which is only partially surrounded by a building envelope.
open animal house
An ice loss process which occurs in the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below the firn layer.
glacial ice ablation process
A sublimation process during which water ice transitions into a gaseous state.
water ice sublimation process
An animal house which has a complete building envelope.
closed animal house
A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal.
animal cage
A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed.
Petting zoos are often nested within a zoological garden featuring wild non-human animals, not docile enough for humans to touch.
petting zoo
An artificial channel which transports unwanted water or waste liquids away from their source, either to a more useful area, a receptacle, or into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed.
plumbing drain
A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption.
abattoir
A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed, but not for human consumption.
Animals killed in knacker's yards are not fit for human consumption or can no longer be used to perform work.
knackery
A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians.
This is a kind of day care facility. A facility need not be a building.
day care building
A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption.
This is a kind of fish processing facility. Facilities need not be buildings, factory ships may be considered fish processing facilities.
fish processing building
An environment determined by the presence of a mushroom.
mushroom environment
An ecosystem which bridges two or more adjoining ecosystems and through which organisms may move or propagate.
Ecological corridors may or may not provide habitats for the organisms which move through them. They serve to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation by allowing genetic exchange between populations that would otherwise be separated by, e.g., human activity.
ecological corridor
An ecological corridor through which organisms move during a migration process.
Should be axiomatised with PCO's migration process once it is released.
This term refers to the ecosystem(s) the organisms traverse, rather than the spatial track they cover. The latter is better placed in a geospatial ontology.
migration path
A building in which nursing aides and skilled nurses provide care and treatment to residents who have significant difficulty coping with the required activities of daily living.
nursing home
A human house which serves as a long-term shelter for its inhabitants and within which they store personal property.
This is under "human house" due to the broad definition of "house".
This term is not to be used for hotels, hostels, inns and the like, which provides shorter-term stays.
residential building
A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services.
restaurant
A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters.
This is a very ambiguous term with wide-ranging usage patterns across cultural groups and regions.
campground
A campground which has been modified by humans to provide and maintain facilities for camping such as fire pits, road access, latrines, and garbage bins.
dedicated campground
A campground which has no pre-existing facilities installed or maintained by humans, usually found outside of anthropised ecosystems.
impromptu campground
A manufactured product which may hold a volume of heated water suitable for one or more humans to bathe in, usually for the purposes of hydrotherapy or pleasure.
hot tub
An open system in non-equilibrium with its environment that exhibits time translation symmetry breaking.
While the usage of the term is still debated, the general idea is that time crystals (which have been made using ytterbium ions and defect-bearing diamonds) break temporal symmetry analogously to how mineral crystal break spatial symmetry. While spatial crystals are inhomogeneous in space (vs a gas, which is distributed evenly) due to the ordering of their atoms, the properties of atoms in a time crystal are inhomogeneous in the time dimension.
time crystal
Water which is partially contained within a fissure or a geological fracture.
The axiomatisation should be more tuned to the site within the fissure.
While containment is often enough to classify this subtype of water, it is expected that the water's composition is altered by contact with the solid material bounding the fissure's site.
fissure water
Regions of a planet which are not exposed to the planet's atmosphere or space, often comprising parts of one or more planetary structural layers.
planetary subsurface zone
A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below a continental landmass.
We may have to soften dependence on planetary structural layers as some planets haven't differentiated by density.
continental subsurface zone
A hill which has a surface that is partially or wholly covered by plant communities.
This class will be axiomatised to coordinate with the 'vegetated area' class.
vegetated hill
A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than five millimetres.
microplastic particle
A microplastic particle which is the direct output of a manufacturing process.
primary microplastic particle
A microplastic particle which is derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris.
The debris that make up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch constantly release microplastics as they break down.
secondary microplastic particle
An envirommental system which bridges two or more biomes and which includes ecological communities which blend these biomes' phylogenetic and phenotypic compositions.
There are many subtypes of ecotone, some with sharp transitions and others with gradual, patchy transitions between communities. From Wikipedia:Ecotone - The word ecotone was coined from a combination of eco(logy) plus -tone, from the Greek tonos or tension – in other words, a place where ecologies are in tension.
ecotone
An ecotone which bridges a subpolar coniferous forest biome and a tundra biome.
This assumes, of course, that the planet's or planetoid's poles receive less stellar radiation and/or thermal energy than equatorial regions.
Major vegetational ecotones such as that between the northern edge of the Boreal Forest in North America (or taiga in Russia) and the arctic tundra, known as the arctic tree-line ecotone, are controlled largely by large-scale airmass contrasts and are sensitive to climatic change, as noted by R. A. Bryson (1966). Harvey Nichols, Ph.D. , April 23, 2017 Emeritus Professor of Biology.
polar tree-line ecotone
A woodland which has an understory partially covered by lichen mats and tundra-like vegetation.
lichen woodland
A material transformation process during which water ice is formed.
water ice formation process
An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition.
In most contexts, 'natural' is defined by the lack of intervention or influence by humans and their activities. On Earth, most environments fall on a scale between completely natural and anthropised.
natural environment
A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action.
An area may be classified as anthropized even though it looks natural, such as grasslands that have been deforested by humans. It can be difficult to determine how much a site has been anthropized in the case of urbanization because one must be able to estimate the state of the landscape before significant human action.
anthropisation
An ecotone which overlaps at least one biome which supports the growth and persistence of trees and at least one that does not. Before ceasing altogether, tree growth becomes sparse and trees appear stunted as conditions become less favourable along this ecotone.
tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to the low temperatures or duration of snow cover that occur at increased elevations above mean sea level.
alpine tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability due to a lack of water-based precipitation.
desert tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability caused by exposure to increased solar radiation and a lack of rainfall.
The lack of rainfall in these ecotones is often due to their elevation above the condensation line of atmospheric water vapour.
desert-alpine tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone which contains gaps in tree coverage due to decreased biodiversity in tree-forming plant species: gaps are above the alpine tree line for some species yet below the desert tree line for others, and no species with intermediate tolerances are present.
Mountain ranges isolated by oceans or deserts may have restricted repertoires of tree species and contain double tree lines.
double tree line ecotone
A planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals.
terrestrial planet
A planetary atmosphere which is formed as a result of the accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's star.
Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet.
primary atmosphere
A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of its planet's volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts.
A secondary atmosphere is found on many terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's. Earth has a tertiary atmosphere due to biotic processes.
secondary atmosphere
A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of biotic processes modifying a secondary atmosphere.
This definition cites biotic processes; however, the source indicated that other processes may cause a secondary atmosphere to transition into a tertiary one. More input is needed.
Further processing of a secondary atmosphere, for example by the processes of biological life, can produce a tertiary atmosphere, such as that of Earth.
tertiary atmosphere
A sedimentary rock which is primarily composed of the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals.
This material is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide.
diatomite
A piece of rock which is primarily composed of diatomite: the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals.
Diatomite is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide.
diatomite particle
Wastewater which is produced by industrial activity and which contains chemical contaminants other than those associated with urine and fecal matter.
industrial wastewater
A construction which is designed to hold water in which humans may swim or perform other leisure activities.
constructed swimming pool
A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a non-governmental legal entity or a collective of such entities.
private swimming pool
A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a governmental or state entity.
public swimming pool
A hydraulic-engineering installation which transports water - in specified amounts, of a specified quality, and in accordance with a water-consumption plan - from a source of supply into a conduit.
Sources of water include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies. Conduits include canals, pipelines, and tunnels. Water intakes typically transport water for purposes of hydroelectric power engineering, water supply, or irrigation.
water intake
A building which provides the site for food services with little or no waiting staff furnishing table service.
cafeteria
A food shop which sells a selection of food products that are not typical dietary components of the human population it is co-located with.
The food products sold in a delicatessen are often considered unusual by the majority of its customers and may come from foreign food supplies which are not widely imported into its region of operation.
delicatessen
A truck which is equipped to cook and sell food.
Due to the facilities on board, food trucks are often larger than other trucks with comparable mechanics.
food truck
A restaurant which provides prepared meals or other food products that the purchaser must eat off its premises.
take-out restaurant
A booth with an open window on one side.
The relation between booths and buildings needs to be clarified. Booth should be its own class.
This definition of kiosk is characteristic of the Western hemisphere and used in English-speaking countries.
kiosk
A kiosk from which food products are sold.
food kiosk
A manufactured product which is designed to catch and hold animals.
animal trap
An animal trap which consists of a container set flush with the ground such that animals moving along the ground may fall in and be available for examination or collection.
pitfall trap
A pitfall trap in which a glass, plastic, or metal container devoid of accumulations of any liquid is used to contain any animal that falls inside.
dry pitfall trap
A pitfall trap in which the container used to hold trapped animals is filled with a liquid solution formulated to hold, kill, and preserve any animal or animals which falls within it.
Aqueous solutions used in these traps include: formalin (10% formaldehyde), alcohol, methylated spirits, trisodium phosphate and picric acid.
wet pitfall trap
A channel of an intermittent stream which contains a river when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage.
channel of an intermittent river
A channel through which a directional flow of water periodically occurs, ceasing when bed seepage or evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply.
channel of an intermittent stream
A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
This class can refer to the flow of any material in a liquid phase.
mass liquid flow
A process during which a volume of water is transported due to a disequilibria in physical forces.
water flow process
A part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology and which are within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body.
An environmental system which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body.
technosphere
A food shop in which food products are the primary offer for sale or trade.
grocery store
A part of an ecosystem which has been allocated to host a gathering of people for multiple entertainment or commercial activities.
A good candidate to draft land use semantics around
Fairgrounds, or parts thereof, may be constructed (e.g. concreted over) or be natural (e.g. clearings or heaths), thus land use is the key differentia.
fairground
A fairground which is used to exhibit agricultural technology, livestock, and farm-related activity.
agricultural fairground
A part of an ecosystem where people gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods.
Hierarchies based on land use should replace the anthropogenic feature class once we have a stable rationale.
As with campgrounds and fairgrounds, land use is the key differentia here. The regularity of marketplace activities may provide a differentia for further growth of this branch.
market
A food shop in which the food products on offer are restricted to those produced in a region and cultural setting other than that of the shop's locality.
ethnic food shop
An exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water.
plumbing fixture
A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped and used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes.
sink fixture
A plumbing fixture which may serve as a container for water in which humans or other animals may bathe.
Of course, there are other uses for bathtubs.
bathtub fixture
A plumbing fixture within which a human or other animal may bathe under a spray of water.
As some showers have no drain, this may cause issues with the definition of plumbing fixture.
Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. Showering is common in Western culture due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice. A shower uses less water on average than a bath: 80 litres for a shower compared with 150 litres for a bath.
shower fixture
A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
manufacturing process
A manufacturing process which occurs on a planet.
Whether this is within the planet's Hill sphere, the region which extends from its exosphere to its core, or some other planetary region is not clear.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/513 for discussion.
planetary manufacturing process
A dry stream channel through which a river had flowed, but now contains no appreciable accumulations of water.
See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000979 for the channel of an intermittent river.
dry river
An process during which natural or manufactured materials and products are processed and arranged by humans or their technology into structures.
The nature of "structures" must be further specified.
construction process
An environmental system which is determined by materials bearing roughly homogeneous qualities.
Organisational class. Not intended for annotation.
environmental system determined by a quality
An environmental system within which an environmental material strongly influences the system's composition and properties.
Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. Subclasses describe environments which are usually permeated by an environmental material. They may also describe environments which are sufficiently close to a material, that their dynamics are strongly influenced by it (e.g. a patch of forest ecosystem neighbouring a uranium dump).
environmental system determined by a material
An environmental system determined by the presence of a plant rhizosphere.
rhizosphere environment
An environmental system which is determined by a living organism.
environmental system determined by an organism
An environmental system determined by a green plant.
plant-associated environment
An environmental system determined by an animal.
animal-associated environment
This class (term) is defined by the lack of a quality (i.e. the lack of salinity or increased osmolarity), which is not best-practice ontologically. Use for annotation is generally discouraged and users should use classes which positively describe the material or environment sampled (i.e. stating the qualities the entity has, rather than those it does not).
non-saline environment
Underground water which is located in pore spaces found in rock or unconsolidated deposits such as soil, clay, or gravel.
The definition of aquifer is quite permissive, referencing any water bearing rock or unconsolidated material.
groundwater
A lunar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light, which has been reflected from a moon's surface, by water droplets in an astronomical body's atmosphere.
lunar rainbow
A rainbow is a photometeor which consists of a spectral separation of light, formed as a result of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere.
The term 'rainbow' is usually used to refer to solar rainbows, but greater specificity should be used when possible.
rainbow
A solar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light. which has been emitted by a star, by water droplets in the atmosphere of an astronomical body.
The astronomical body where the rainbow occurs is understood to orbit the star which produces the light which forms the rainbow.
solar rainbow
A meteor is any matter- or energy-based entity which is located in the atmosphere of an astronomical body.
meteor
A meteor that is primarily composed of light.
Requires radiative phenomena to be added for axiomatisation.
photometeor
A meteor which is primarily composed of water.
hydrometeor
A photometeor which is formed as a result of sudden electrostatic discharge in the atmosphere.
This phenomenon is often treated as interchangeable with the process of electrostatic discharge that causes it.
light emitted by lightning
A meteor which is primarily composed of rock.
lithometeor
A rainbow which forms from sunlight which has been reflected off a body of water prior to its interaction with water droplets in an atmosphere.
Not to be confused with a reflected rainbow, which is not a photometeor.
reflection rainbow
A solar rainbow which is formed by a narrow band of wavelengths, the rest of the spectrum having been scattered away by an atmosphere.
monochrome solar rainbow
A rainbow which forms through the interaction of sunlight with the water droplets which constitute fog or clouds; light is diffracted by these droplets such that the photometeor appears almost white with faint reds on the sky-facing side and faint blues on the planet-facing side of the bow.
Often, fogbows are treated as separate from rainbows; however, as the formation processes are much the same, we currently classify these as a subclass of rainbow pending input from domain experts.
fogbow
A photometeor which is formed by wave interference of light refracted within water droplets which constitute mist or clouds and consists of one or more concentric, successively dimmer rings, each of which has red wavelengths distant to the glory's centre and blue wavelengths towards the centre.
This is not to be confused with a circular rainbow, which is formed through different processes.
glory
A photometeor which is produced by light that is relected, refracted, and dispersed by ice crystals, capable of acting as prisms and mirrors, suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere.
halo
Water which has a very high concentration of nutrients.
The thresholds of eutrophy are fluid and often locally defined.
hypereutrophic water
A lake which is composed primarily of water with very high nutrient concentrations.
hypereutrophic lake
A lake which is primarily composed of water with a concentration of dissolved salts greater than that of ocean water.
hypersaline lake
A lake which is composed primarily water with high concentrations of humic substances and organic acids, resulting in brown- or tea-coloured colouration.
In response to historical misuse of the term in literature, these lakes are better referred to as "humic lakes". Although dystrophic lakes are often considered acidic and nutrient-poor (oligotrophic), these lakes actually vary greatly in terms of both pH and productivity. Due to the low pH associated with dystrophic lakes, few bacterial species and other aquatic life are able to survive. They are common in the taiga of North America and Eurasia.
humic lake
A lake which has formed as the result of processes that are not or are only minimally driven by human activity.
This class is to be filled by inference.
natural lake
A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
Requires addition of waves for full axiomatisation. This should be linked to "subatomic particle" with an "or". Note that ENVO represents space as an environmental material (a hard vacuum with sparse material inclusions).
radiation
A radiation process during which energy is transmitted or emitted by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.
particle radiation
A particle radiation process during which subatomic particles move in the same direction.
particle beam radiation
A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy.
Note that this class is concerned only with active radiative processes: static electric and magnetic fields are not inlcuded. All electromagnetic radiation carries radiant energy.
electromagnetic radiation
A radiation process during which mechanical waves generated by oscillations radiate through an environmental material.
The mechanical waves generated by this process are also referred to as pressure waves.
acoustic radiation
Sediment which has its porespace filled by water which has very low levels of sodium chloride and/or other salts.
We do not specify numeric thresholds for saline vs. non-saline here, as this is variable. Consider specifying this on the information and/or data layer for your purposes. If you require an ENVO class with a fixed threshold, please request one using our issue tracker.
sediment permeated by freshwater
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by feces.
fecal environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a bodily secretion of a metazoan.
environment determined by a metazoan secretion
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a substance produced by a plant.
environment determined by a plant substance
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a plant.
environment determined by a biofilm on a plant surface
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a digestive tract.
digestive tract environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a animal.
environment determined by a biofilm on an animal surface
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a fungus.
environment determined by a biofilm on a fungal surface
Sediment which has its porespace filled by water with increased levels of sodium chloride and other salts.
sediment permeated by saline water
Water which contains a slightly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater.
The United States Geological Survey classifies slightly saline water as having around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%) of dissolved salts.
slightly saline water
Water which contains a moderately increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater.
The United States Geological Survey classifies moderately saline water as having around 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) of dissolved salts.
moderately saline water
Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater.
The United States Geological Survey classifies highly saline water as having around 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%) of dissolved salts.
highly saline water
An environment which is determined by materials which bear significant concentrations of salts.
The thresholds for "significant" concentrations of salts vary widely and thus no committment is made in this class. Subclasses with more explicit thresholds can be made upon request.
saline environment
An environmental system determined by a fungal structure.
fungi-associated environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sterile water.
This term can be understood as a negative experimental control primarily composed of sterile water. The quantity of sterile water used may be contaminated; to express pure sterile water, please use http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00005791
sterile water environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by hypersaline water.
hypersaline water environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by soil.
soil environment
A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below an oceanic plate.
oceanic subsurface zone
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by the subsurface zone of a planet.
planetary subsurface environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by those parts of a planetary subsurface zone which are not saline.
non-saline planetary subsurface environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment.
sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by non-saline water.
non-saline sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by saline water.
saline sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to non-saline materials.
environment determined by a biofilm on a non-saline surface
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol.
aerosol environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a saline aerosol.
saline aerosol environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol with a low concentration of dissolved solutes.
non-saline aerosol environment
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal.
environment associated with an animal part or small animal
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to saline materials.
environment determined by a biofilm on a saline surface
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead plant, or a whole small plant.
environment associated with a plant part or small plant
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead fungus.
environment associated with a fungal tissue
A cell culture which is composed of a microbial community of known composition.
Mock communities are typically used as positive controls in experiments.
mock community
A cell culture which is composed of a single population of bacterial or archaeal cells.
single strain cell culture
A lake which is contained within a caldera.
caldera lake
Note that this class does not commit to what kind of crater contains the lake in question. Please see the subclasses for more specificity.
crater lake
Water which has an appreciable concentration of dissolved oxygen.
The threshold dissolved oxygen concentration past which water is considered oxic is variable. Typically, this is understood as the concentration at and beyond which organisms inhabiting that water can sustain aerobic metabolism and good health. For most systems, this is above 80% oxygen saturation. Input is welcome here https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/536
oxic water
As with oxic and anoxic water, the thresholds for hypoxia are variable. Typically, a hypoxic state is asserted when dissolved oxygen levels decrease to a level where they have detrimental effects on aerobic aquatic organisms, typically below 30% oxygen saturation.
hypoxic water
A lake which is contained in a crater formed by a meteorite impact.
meteorite lake
An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects resulting in changes in one or both of those objects.
impact event
An impact event during which a meteoroid collides with another astronomical body.
meterorite impact
An astronomical body which is composed of rocky or metallic materials and is considerably smaller than asteroids.
meteoroid
A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties.
Far more axiomatisation can be done should the qualities of metals be added to PATO or a similar quality ontology. However, note that there are many exceptions to the typical qualities of the majority of metals.
While this class allows for some degree of contamination by non-metal substances, the material represented should show at least some of the typical features of a pure metal: hardness (except for liquid metals), opacity, lustre, malleability, fusibility, ductile and good electrical and thermal conductivity.
metallic material
A lake which is contained in a crater formed by an impact event.
impact crater lake
A crater which was formed as a result of the impact of one astronomical body on another.
impact crater
A lake which is primarily composed of anoxic water.
anoxic lake
A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water.
lake with an anoxic hypolimnion
lake with a hypoxic hypolimnion
hypoxic lake
A lake which is primarily composed of oxic water.
oxic lake
A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of oxic water.
lake with an oxic hypolimnion
Environmental variability which inheres in an astronomical body part or in outer space.
This class refers to all weather, including atmospheric and space weather. Please use a subclass for more specificity.
weather
This class refers to the common usage of "weather", referencing the state of a (part of) an astronomical body's atmosphere.
atmospheric weather
space weather
A condition which inheres in an environmental system by virtue of that system undergoing variation in its composition, the distribution of the qualities its components bear, and/or in the processes which occur within it and which it participates in.
This class is very general, but the nature of environmental variability is indeed quite variable. This class may be refined once we have more subclasses to consider.
environmental variability
The disposition of an environmental system, particularly those influencing atmospheres, to manifest a cyclic pattern of weather over time.
The current alignment of "climate" under BFO:disposition is drawing from its very useful etymology (Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination). The climatic conditions currently used to axiomatise biomes (polar, tropical, etc) may be better placed under this class.
Climate is commonly defined as the weather averaged, or otherwise summarised, over a period of time much longer than the duration of any phenomenon that constitutes weather. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose.
climate
A process during which water vapour condensing in the atmosphere aggregates into clouds.
cloud formation process
A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed.
particulate matter formation process
An aerosol formation process which occurs in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosol formation
A process during which an aerosol, consisting of solid particulates suspended in a gas, is formed in an atmosphere.
formation of solid particles in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol in an atmosphere
A process during which an aerosol, consisting of droplets of liquid suspended in gas, is formed in an atmosphere.
formation of liquid droplets in an atmosphere
formation of liquid particles in an atmosphere
formation of a liquid aerosol in an atmosphere
An aerosol which is primarily composed of liquid droplets.
liquid aerosol
An aerosol which is primarily composed of solid particles.
solid aerosol
A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere.
atmospheric formation of a solid aerosol
formation of a solid aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere
A process during which microscopic liquid droplets are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere.
atmospheric formation of a liquid aerosol
formation of a liquid aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of liquid droplets from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of liquid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of a liquid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere
A lake which is contained in a depression formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of a lithosphere.
tectonic lake
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move.
tectonic movement
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move towards one another.
convergent tectonic movement
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move away from one another.
divergent tectonic movement
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move along each other in a predominantly horizontal manner, either in a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction.
transform tectonic movement
A part of a lithosphere which is separated by other such parts by geographic faults or similar geomorphological discontinuities.
tectonic plate
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates move towards, away from, or along one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere.
tectonic plate boundary
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving away from one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forms rifts or ridges.
divergent plate boundary
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving towards one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forces one plate below the other where it melts in the mantle.
convergent plate boundary
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving along one another in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) horizontal direction.
This class overlaps with the semantics of geographic faults and further work needs to be done to disentangle them.
transform plate boundary
A convergent tectonic movement process during which one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into a mantle.
tectonic plate subduction
An organic material which is primarily composed of dead particulate matter.
An environmental zone in which extensional tectonic processes occur and where the lithosphere is being pulled apart.
rift zone
A lake which fills a basin that has been dammed by wind-blown sand, formed between sand dunes oriented by winds; or formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments.
aeolian lake
A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a landslide.
landslide lake
A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a rockslide.
rockslide lake
A rockslide is a process whereby a large mass of rock moves down a hill or a mountainside.
rockslide process
A succession of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around one or more blunt bodies.
These vortices are responsible for such phenomena as the "singing" of suspended telephone or power lines, and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds.
Karman vortex street
An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components.
This class will be primarily filled by inference, any environmental system which necessarily includes living parts should be autoclassified here.
ecosystem
A channel which was formed as a result of an annelid burrowing through soil, where organic residues lining the burrow have subsequently initiated fossilization.
fossil worm burrow
A process during which organic substances are replaced with mineral substrances, maintaining part of their anatomical organisation.
fossilization of organic material
Material which is primarily conposed of the vegetation present in tended pastures: mainly grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs.
forage material
A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal feed for agricultural purposes.
This should be moved to "zone", and inference should be used to link to agricultural feature.
feed storage space
A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal manure for agricultural purposes.
manure storage space
Manure which has been collected directly or indirectly from dairy cattle, as from flushing of manure from concrete feed lanes, free stalls, and milking facilities.
bovine dairy liquid manure
Manure which is composed primarily of the feces of poultry.
poultry manure
Manure which has been subjected to heat treatment for solidification and/or sterilization purposes.
heat-treated animal manure
Manure which has been subjected to a natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of its organic matter content by microorganisms under controlled conditions.
composted animal manure
A product which is composed primarily of animal manure that has been heat treated and packaged as a product for commercial or consumer use.
animal manure product
Organic material which is primarily composed of plant structures, living or dead.
plant matter
A planet which is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.
Gas giants are composed of about 90% hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are examples of gas giants.
gas planet
A gas planet which 1) is considerably smaller than a gas giant and 2) has a rocky core around which a thick envelope primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and smaller proportions of volatiles.
The physical make-up of gas dwarfs limit their size, which gravitate towards a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii.
dwarf gas planet
A gas planet which has mass and size comparable to Jupiter and Saturn.
The definition should be revised to avoid relativisation to instances.
giant gas planet
An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure.
This class is defined logically - any material that is frozen is considered a subclass. Note that ice may be formed at very high temperatures, due to gravitational effects and/or pressure.
ice
An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with freezing points above an approximate threshold of 100 Kelvin.
This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Water, ammonia, and methane are considered "ices" with freezing points of 273 K, 195 K, and 91 K, respectively.
astrogeological ice
A giant planet which is primarily composed of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 Kelvin.
Uranus and Neptune are considered ice giants, a separate class relative to the gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass. A large portion of the mass in an ice giant was incorporated by the capture of ice (as defined in planetary science) or as gas trapped in water ice.
ice giant
A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium - probably with deep layers of ice, rock or liquid oceans (made of water, ammonia, a mixture of both, or heavier volatiles) - and a small core made of low-density volatiles.
These planets have a mass up to 10 Earth masses, notably smaller than Uranus or Neptune, which are about 14.5 and 17 Earth masses, respectively.
mini-Neptune
An astronomical object which is more massive than the planet Jupiter.
Due to their immense size, super-Jupiter class objects straddle the space between planets and other objects such as brown dwarfs. While they may be more massive than Jupiter, super-Jupiters tend to be the same approximate size, with increasing density as their mass increases up to about 80 Jupiter masses.
super-Jupiter
A process during which one or more entities move along geodesics in a region of spacetime that has been sufficiently curved towards an entity with sufficient mass and/or energy.
gravitational motion
A giant gas planet which has a jovian-scale mass (0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses), a short orbital period (1.3–111 Earth days), and which is close to the star it orbits, resulting in extreme and exotic atmospheric properties.
It is assumed that the mass of a hot Jupiter cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses, beyond which the planet would start burning deuterium and become a brown dwarf.
hot Jupiter
A gas planet which has a mass similar to that of Neptune or Uranus and which closely orbits its star (normally at a distance less than 1 Astronomical Unit).
Whether this should be classified as a gas planet or an ice giant must be explored.
hot Neptune
A terrestrial exoplanet which is at least ten times the mass of Earth.
mega-Earth
A terrestrial planet which has a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the masses of Uranus and Neptune (15 and 17 Earth masses, respectively).
The upper bound of a super-Earth's mass is generally agreed on as 10 Earth masses. In general, super-Earths are defined exclusively by their masses, and the term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments.
super-Earth
A terrestrial planet which has a surface dominated by hot deserts.
This class of planet is still mostly theoretical.
desert planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by water, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of water.
An axiom to express that the planet has a 'substantial' proportion of its mass in the form of water wound enhance this class.
While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as the extrasolar planet GJ 1214 b and ocean planet candidate Kepler-22b.
ocean planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by ice, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of ice.
While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Pluto was considered an ice planet until its reclassification in 2006 CE. Surface temperatures of ice planets would have to be below 260 K (−13°C) if composed primarily of water, below 180 K (−93°C) if primarily composed of CO2 and ammonia, and below 80 K (−193°C) if composed primarily of methane.
ice planet
Ice which is primarily composed of carbon dioxide.
carbon dioxide ice
Ice which is primarily composed of methane.
methane ice
Ice which is primarily composed of ammonia.
ammonia ice
Ice which is primarily composed of carbon monoxide.
carbon monoxide ice
A planet which in primarily composed of an iron-rich core with little to no mantle
Mercury is the largest iron planet in the Solar System, the other terrestrial planets being composed of silicate rocks. Some extrasolar planet candidates that may be composed mainly of iron are KOI-1843 b,[5] Kepler-70b and Kepler-10b.
iron planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by lava, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of lava.
This class of planets is still mostly theoretical, however, lava planets are thought plausible shortly after a terrestrial planet is formed, soon after a terrestrial planet has suffered a large collision event, or if a terrestrial planet is orbiting very close to its star, causing intense irradiation and tidal forces. Likely lava exoplanets include COROT-7b, Kepler-10b, Alpha Centauri Bb, and Kepler-78b.
lava planet
A terrestrial planet which has a mass smaller than Earth's, such that 1) it lacks a magnetic field strong enough to shield its atmosphere from erosion by stellar wind and 2) it has comparatively short periods of geological activity unless it is subject to gravitational tidal forces from a much more massive object.
The first sub-Earths were discovered by the Kepler Orbiting Observatory space telescope on 2012-01-10, orbiting the star Kepler-42. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of less than 1 Earth radius, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii.
sub-Earth
A planet which is formed as a result of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere, as well as its outer layers, being stripped away by a stellar wind through photoevaporation and hydrodynamic escape.
This class is largely theoretical, however, some likely candidates exist. HD 209458 b and Gliese 436b are examples of a gas giants that are in the process of having their atmospheres stripped away. COROT-7b is the first exoplanet found that might be chthonian.
chthonian planet
A process during which energetic radiation ionises gas and causes it to disperse away from the ionising source.
This process is responsible for the stripping away of gases from the atmosphere of planets and related bodies by acceleration on interaction with high energy photons and other electromagnetic radiation.
photoevaporation
A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed primarily of helium.
The placement of this class assumes that some traces of hydrogen are left in the atmosphere. If this is not the case, the axiom on gas planet must be updated.
A helium planet might form via hydrogen evaporation from a gaseous planet orbiting close to a star. Low-mass white dwarfs may transition into objects which are essentially helium planets by hydrogen depletion through mass transfer to a massive object such as a neutron star. Gliese 436 b is a candidate helium planet.
helium planet
An astronomical body which 1) is held together by its own gravity, 2) can attract other, similar bodies through mutual gravitational influence, and 3) has orbital dynamics that are not significantly affected by gas drag.
In the Solar nebula, planetesimals are usually larger than approximately 1 kilometer.
planetesimal
An astronomical object that forms within a protoplanetary disc when planetesimals and other solid debris aggregate and, due to gravitational forces, fuse and initiate internal melting to produce a differentiated interior.
State that this is derived from a collection of planetesimals.
Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant planets. The exact sequence of events which lead to planetary formation from protoplanets is not fully understood.
protoplanet
An astronomical object which is composed of dense gas and dust rotating around a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or a Herbig Ae/Be star in a disk-shaped configuration.
protoplanetary disk
A protoplanetary disk which is externally illuminated and undergoing photoevaporation.
proplyd
A planet which is smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres.
mesoplanet
Because of the short orbits of some binary stars, the only way for planets to form is by forming outside the orbit of the two stars.
circumbinary planet
A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds with relatively low boiling points, equilibrium condensation temperatures below 1300 Kelvin, and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet.
Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust
Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets.
volatile astrogeological material
An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with boiling points around those of hydrogen and helium.
This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.271 Kelvin and a melting point of 13.99 Kelvin. Helium has a boiling point of 4.222 Kelvin and a melting point of 0.95 Kelvin.
astrogeological gas
A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds which have equilibrium condensation temperatures above approximately 1300 Kelvin and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet.
The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial planets and asteroids in the inner belt.
refractory astrogeological material
A process during which gases that constitute a planetary atmosphere escape that planet's gravitational field and move away into outer space.
atmospheric escape
An atmospheric escape process during which atoms that are parts of a planetary atmosphere escape into outer space through numerous collisions with lighter atoms in that atmosphere.
hydrodynamic escape
newCloud
A cloud which is fibrous and/or has a silky sheen, often present in aggregates where individual cirrus clouds are organised in patches or narrow bands of white or mostly white detached filmanents.
cirrus cloud
An IUCN protected area in which human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection and conservation of natural biodiversity and/or geodiversity, natural ecosystem assemblages and processes, and any associated cultural and spiritual values.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Previous anthropogenic impacts (e.g. by early human settlement) may be present in these sites; these should be reversible by either natural processes or brief restorative interventions. Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas.
IUCN strict nature reserve
An IUCN protected area which 1) is dominated by natural ecosystems, 2) is sufficiently large to allow those ecosystems to function and develop without local anthropogenic perturbation, 3) is managed to prevent perturbations by proximate or local anthropisation, including those caused by local and/or indigenous human communities or human visitation.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. These areas exclude permanent built infrastructure, activities by extractive industries, commercial or intensive agriculture, extensive access by motor vehicles, unregulated visitation supported by any infrastructure, as well as other activities that may lead to significant ecosystem perturbations.
IUCN wilderness area
A quality which inheres in a astronomical body or astronomical body part by virtue of the variation in its material composition, participation in geological processes, and the variation in is land- and hydroforms.
Materials which are usually assessed when appraising geodiversity include minerals, rocks, sediments, fossils, soils and water. Landforms factored into geodiversity metrics typically include folds, faults, and other expressions of morphology or relations between units of earth material. Natural processes that are included in measures of geodiversity are those which either maintain or change materials or geoforms, including tectonics, sediment transport, and pedogenesis. Geodiversity does not usually factor in anthropogenic entities.
geodiversity
An IUCN protected area which includes a primarily natural formation designated to be of high natural heritage value and the environmental systems which it determines (e.g. the spray zone of a waterfall monument).
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Further, note that the use of "natural" in the IUCN definition may allow for some anthropisation such as the presence of cave dwellings or spiritual sites. These areas tend to be smaller than other IUCN protected areas and are sites of frequent human visitation and high tourism value. They often serve to conserve natural heritage in land- or seascapes which have otherwise been anthropised. Frequently, these areas have high spiritual and cultural value as well as bio- and geodiversity value. It is not clear what would happen to the status of a IUCN Category III protected area if its key natural monument dies or degrades. IUCN acknowledges that larger ecosystem areas may need protection or management to sustain the area given Category III protection.
IUCN natural monument or feature
An IUCN protected area within which the habitats of or ecosystems used by floral and faunal species deemed to be of international, national, or local importance are maintained, conserved, or restored such that their composition and functional integrity are maintained.
Clarify what is encompassed by floral and faunal. Do microbial and fungal species (e.g. of importance to many marine systems) fall within these categories? Further, create subclasses for habitat and species conservation separately.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Note that many Category IV sites require frequent interventions to maintain habitats for the species conserved, particularly as many of these areas are ecosystem fragments which are unable to sustain themselves. Additionally, many are used for public outreach, education, and recreation, implying regular human visitation. What qualifies a species as important is variable and often ill-defined.
IUCN habitat/species management area
An ecosystem which has been causally isolated from a larger ecosystem within which it was previously embedded, such that the direct exchange of materials, resources, and energy between these systems is severely or entirely curtailed.
Often, ecosystem fragments are unable to sustain themselves without human intervention and management as they are not large enough to perform self-sustaining functions (e.g. nutrient recycling) or hold sufficient ecological resources such as genetic diversity of populations.
ecosystem fragment
A process during which one or more parts of an ecosystem become causally isolated such that the direct flow or exchange of materials, resources, and energy between a given fragment and the remainder of the original system is severely curtailed or entirely halted.
ecosystem fragmentation process
A protected area in which management objectives have been declared, by a local governing body or authority, to adhere to the guidelines set forth by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Axiomatise with SDGIO classes once available: https://github.com/SDG-InterfaceOntology/sdgio/issues/114
IUCN protected area
The international recognition of an area as an IUCN protected area generally depends on the assigning government or authority reporting its assignments to the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
area protected according to IUCN guidelines
A process during which an ecosystem, its parts, or the processes it participates in are modified by human intervention to accomplish an objective.
active ecosystem management process
An active management process which has the conservation of an ecosystem, or a part thereof, as its primary objective.
conservation-focused active ecosystem management process
An IUCN protected area which 1) includes entities that have been deemed to be of high scenic quality, 2) is composed of a historically stable assemblage of causally interlinked natural and anthropised ecosystems that provides cultural ecosystem services, and 3) hosts traditional and sustainable human activities.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. The IUCN note that the integrity of balanced natural and anthropogenic ecosystems may be compromised in some Category V areas, as long as "there is reasonable hope of restoring that integrity".
IUCN protected landscape/seascape
A site which is bounded or relativised by a material entity which is of spiritual significance to one or more human groups.
sacred site
A process during which an ecosystem fragment loses its system integrity, with many of its resident ecological populations 1) losing their habitats, 2) undergoing a loss of functional and phylogenetic diversity, and 3) undergoing a subsequent genetic destabilisation through inbreeding.
This process may be caused by direct anthropisation (i.e. the fragmentation of ecosystems due to the establishment of cropland) or by more natural events such as forest fires or erosion of land bridges.
ecosystem decay
An ecosystem fragmentation process during which discontinuities emerge in the habitats of one or more ecological populations.
habitat fragmentation process
An environment which has its properties and composition largely determined by the presence of a metazoan which lacks a vetebral column and which has a habitat that is found in an aquatic environmental system.
environment associated with an aquatic invertebrate
Land which is regularly manipulated by human activities, such as plowing or tilling, in order to grow crops.
Consider moving axioms to the quality 'arable' directly. The discontinuous quality on tillage can likely be improved or refined. Also, add axioms for ploughing once it is added to AgrO: https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/agro/issues/34
arable land
Land which hosts a community of herbaceous plants - such as grasses and forbs - upon which animals may graze.
See this issue for requests regarding surrounding semantics of grazing: https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/agro/issues/32
pasturable land
An environmental system determined by a cnidarian or part of a cnidarian.
cnidarian-associated environment
An environment which has its properties and composition determined by a portion of Bondon cheese.
This class was cross-axiomatised with FOODON, but recent changes in FOODON's alignment (e.g. Bondon cheese as a subclass of an information artifact) have caused reasoning errors. We await FOODON to stabilise these semantics before attempting a reimport and will work with them to this end.
Bondon cheese environment
A surface layer which is composed of the external surface of a root, together with closely adhering soil particles and debris
rhizoplane
Pasturable land which is maintained by human activities in order to provide grazing oppoturnities for livestock.
tended pasturable land
Land which either hosts plant communities upon which animals may graze has been manipulated by tilling, ploughing, or other human activity for the purposes of seed sowing or planting crops.
Add semantics to support "land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category."
This class does not refer to the land that is potenitally cultivable, only referencing land that is being managed for cultivation. This class has been created to support the FAO definition of arable lands in FAOSTAT.
arable or pasturable land
A quality inhereing in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being periodically and mechanically manipulated to loosen and mix any soil which it has as a part.
arable
Soil which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7.
acidic soil
Volcanic ash which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7.
acidic volcanic ash
A digestive tract environment which has its properties and dynamics determined by the digestive tract of an echinoderm from the class Holothuroidea.
holothurian digestive tract
A bodily fluid which is present in the digestive tract of a member of the Holothuroidea.
holothurian digestive tract contents
An organic material which is primarily composed of living or dead algae, along with their exudates.
This class will be axiomatised with "alga" once an approach to handle this term's ambiguous semantics has been agreed with PCO.
algal material
Sea ice which has a brown colouration, either due to 1) the presence of pigments which are or were contained in the members of ecological assemblages, such as algal communities, living or trapped within the ice or 2) due to the presence of trapped sediments.
brown sea ice
water surface
The surface layer of a mass of sediment.
sediment surface
A liquid planetary surface which is composed primarily of water.
This includes the surface layers of all volumes of water exposed to space or the planet's atmosphere.
water-based planetary surface
A site in which charged particles are influenced by an astronomical body's magnetic field.
The original definition referenced astronomical objects, however, the text suggests that reference to an astronomical body is more accurate.
Magentospheres are generated by the motion of active hot iron and nickle or metallic planetary cores or by the interactions of plasma in stars.. The magnetic field near the surface of many astronomical bodies resembles that of a dipole. The field lines farther away from the surface can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting plasma emitted from a nearby star. The structure and behaviour of magnetospheres depend on numerous variables, including the type of astronomical body which generates it, the period of the object's spin, the properties of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of stellar wind.
magnetosphere
An environmental disposition which inheres in an entity that intercepts, attenuates, or blocks radiation.
radiation shielding disposition
A radiation shielding disposition which inheres in a material or immaterial entity which attenuates or blocks cosmic rays.
cosmic ray shielding disposition
A magnetosphere which either 1) cannot withstand the pressure of the stellar wind interacting with it, thus allowing the stellar wind to interact with the ionosphere, atmosphere, or surface of the planet generating it or 2) is formed by the interaction of the stellar wind with an astronomical body unshielded by its own magnetosphere.
induced magnetosphere
A magnetosphere which shields the body generating it from the stellar wind by withstanding the stellar wind's pressure before it reaches the body.
intrinsic magnetosphere
An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a land mass or the atmosphere or space adjacent to it.
terrestrial environmental zone
A terrestrial zone which is bounded by constructed, manufactured, or other anthropogenic material entities.
anthropised terrestrial environmental zone
An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a marine environment.
This class will eventually be populated by inference alone, with its subclasses distributed in more process-linked hierarchies to improve semantic density.
marine environmental zone
Soil or sediment which has been eroded and influenced by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
alluvium
Sediment which has been transported by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
alluvial sediment
A rock which is formed as a result of the lithification of alluvium.
alluvial deposit
A process during which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid sedimentary rock.
lithification
An ecosystem in which grasses (Graminae) are the dominant form of vegetation and determine the system's structure and dynamics.
grassland ecosystem
An area of land used for the herding and grazing of livestock.
ranch
An area of wetland which overlaps a swamp ecosystem.
swamp area
A terrestrial ecosystem which is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
wetland ecosystem
A planned process during which an environmental system is modified to mitigate or nullify the impacts of flooding.
defence against flooding
An electromagnetic radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star.
stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
This definition focuses on the properties of microwaves rather than their wavelength or frequency limits. Considerable ambiguity exists around the wavelength and frequency thresholds of microwaves. The ISO 21348 definition bounds these waves at 1 mm and 15 mm, with frequencies between 100 GHz and 0.225 GHz.
microwave stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales.
As with microwaves, considerable variation exists in the delimitation of frequency and wavelength thresholds for radiowaves. The ISO 21348 standard allows a wavelength range of 0.10 mm to 100 m and a frequency range of 300 GHz to 3 MHz. However, much lower thresholds also exist.
radio wave stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star when molecules change their rotational-vibrational movements, usually at wavelengths between 760 nm and 1 mm.
infrared stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm.
visible spectrum stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.
ultraviolet stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons as they fall into a lower state of energy.
Ambiguity exists in the definition of x-rays and their differentiation from gamma rays. Photons with sufficient energy to be classified as x-rays may be emitted by other processes than electrons falling to lower energy states. Most x-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV.
x-ray stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the radioactive decay (gamma decay) of atomic nuclei.
Ambiguity exists in the definition of gamma rays. As a rule of thumb, gamma rays have energies above 100 keV, frequencies above 10 exahertz, and wavelengths less than 10 picometers. However, regardless of the energy released, electromagnetic radiation from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei is referred to as "gamma rays". In astronomy, however, gamma rays are defined by their energy, and no production process needs to be specified.
gamma-ray stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms.
ionising stellar radiation
A process during which liquid water accumulates in a site, most often in some form of container.
water accumulation process
A commercial building which contains parts used as workplaces primarily for administrative and managerial workers.
"An office building will be divided into sections for different companies or may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, as well as toilets."
office building
A building which is primarily used to facilitate the buying or selling of goods or services.
"Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or internationally."
commercial building
A process during which wood is processed into beams or planks.
lumber production process
A building part within which administrative work is done by an organisations users in order to support and realise the objectives of that organization.
office
An IUCN protected area within which 1) natural ecosystems and their resources are either conserved or used through non-industrial human activities, 2) usage activites contribute to conservation goals, ensuring inter-generational security for local communities' livelihoods, and 3) the majority of benefits derived from the use of ecosystems are received by communities living near or in the area.
protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Note, that the IUCN recommends that a proportion of the area is retained in a natural condition (e.g. a no-take management zone). As this is a recommendation rather than a rule, this ENVO class does not include IUCN categories with strict conservation regimes as necessary parts. An emphasis is placed on the integration of cultural approaches, belief systems and world-views possessed by human populations in and around the protected area into the conservation approaches used. Further, these areas host activities which facilitate scientific research, environmental monitoring, recreation, and "appropriate" small-scale tourism.
IUCN protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
A natural environment which is located on a land mass.
terrestrial natural environment
A natural environment which is within a water body.
aquatic natural environment
A site in which the attraction of satellites by gravitation is dominated by an astronomical body, bounded by a zero-velocity surface.
Hill sphere
A site in which the combined gravitational pull of the two large astronomical bodies is such that a smaller body, affected only by gravity, can maintain a stable position relative to those two large bodies and orbit with them due to centripetal force.
Lagrangian point
A marginal sea biome which is located in a region with a tropical climate.
A class which is complementary to the WWF Temperate Shelf and Seas ecoregions grouping
tropical marginal sea biome
Organic material which is in a solid phase and contained in sedimentary rock.
kerogen
Kerogen which cotains alginite, amorphous organic matter, cyanobacteria, freshwater algae, and land plant resins, thus having a hydrogen to carbon ratio above 1.25, and oxygen to carbon ratio below 0.15, readily produces liquid hydrocarbons, has reduced concentrations of aromatic structures, and primarily derived from proteins and lipids.
sapropelic kerogen
Kerogen from which heavy hydrocarbons (such as oils) are derived following chemical break down.
labile kerogen
Kerogen from which light hydrocarbons (such as hydrocarbon gases) are derived following chemical break down.
recalcitrant kerogen
Kerogen which is enriched in sulfur compounds, has a hydrogen to carbon ratio under 1.25, an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.03 and 0.18, derives into mixtures of hydrocarbon gas and oil, and derives from marine organic materials (primarily lipids) which are formed in reducing environments.
planktonic kerogen
Planktonic kerogen which has high concentrations of sulfur compounds.
sulfrous kerogen
Kerogen which derives from land plants, resembles wood or coral in structure, has a hydrogen to carbon ratio under 1, an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.03 to 0.3, and which primarily produces coal or hydrocarbon gas on degradation.
humic kerogen
Kerogen which has a hydrogen to carbon ratio less than 0.5 and primarily composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
residual kerogen
forest canopy
A canopy which is part of a woodland ecosystem.
woodland canopy
A canopy which is composed of the aboveground portion, or crowns, of a community of crop plants.
crop canopy
A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the aboveground portion of a plant community.
canopy
An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities form continuous or discontinuous regions of canopy cover.
The correct usage of FLOPO terms in the axiomatisation needs to be confirmed.
forest ecosystem
An ecosystem which is determined by communities of annual crops, perennial woody crops, or by actively tilled land.
cropland ecosystem
An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities are spaced sufficiently far apart to allow sunlight to illuminate the understory.
Woodland understories are often populated with communities of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. There are varying distinctions between woodland and forest, with a large degree of ambiguity.
woodland ecosystem
A process during which humans rear animals or plants on land for harvest and consumption.
agricultural process
An agricultural process during which humans rear plants on land for harvest and consumption.
agronomic process
An agricultural process during which humans rear animals on land for harvest and consumption.
animal husbandry
An aquaculture process during which humans rear crustaceans.
crustacean farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear finfish.
finfish farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear molluscs.
mollusc farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear seaweed.
seaweed farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear freshwater macrophytes.
freshwater macrophyte farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear animals.
animal aquaculture process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear plants.
This is unlikely to be limited to Viridiplantae, better axiomatisation should be sought in revisions.
plant aquaculture process
A shrimp pond which is embedded in a coastal water body.
coastal shrimp pond
Saline water which is derived from sea water and used during the cultivation of crustaceans.
saline shrimp pond water
A fog which is composed of liquid aerosols and gases derived from volcanic gas emissions (primarily sulfur oxides), formed when sulfur-bearing gases react with sunlight, oxygen, and moisture in an atmosphere.
"Vog and smog are different. Vog is formed when sulfur oxides emitted by a volcano react with moisture to form an aerosol. The aerosol scatters light, thus making the vog visible. Smog is formed largely from the incomplete combustion of fuel, reacting with nitrogen oxides and ozone produced from carbon monoxide by reactions with sunlight. The result is also a visible aerosol."
vog
A process during which materials deemed to be waste are removed from a site and transported to another site designated for its storage.
transport of waste to a designated storage site
A process during which materials deemed to be waste are transported away from a site.
waste disposal process
A waste disposal process during which the feces of human children is transported to a designated storage site.
transport of child feces to a designated site
A process during which materials used in a household and deemed to be waste are removed from the housing unit and transported to another site designated for its storage.
transport of household waste to a designated storage site
A site which has been designated as a place where humans may defecate.
area designated for human defecation
A site which has been designated for the storage of waste material.
area designated for waste storage
An environmental pollution process during which the temperature of an environmental system, or parts thereof, is raised above its natural levels.
thermal pollution
A thermal pollution process which occurs in a water body or aquatic environment.
thermal pollution of an aquatic system
Water which accumulates on a solid surface during precipitation events and snow/ice melt.
"Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies (surface water)."
stormwater
Stormwater which accumulates in an urban ecosystem.
urban stormwater
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials, possibly interspersed with cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation.
area of developed space
Stormwater which accumulates in a rural ecosystem.
rural stormwater
A surface layer through which liquids or gases cannot pass.
impermeable surface layer
A construction which comprises a durable surface layer overlying a solid surface intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic.
constructed pavement
A layer which is primarily composed of some liquid material.
liquid layer
A layer throughout which one or more qualities (e.g. pressure, temperature, velocity, density) maintain an approximately constant value.
Isosurfaces are not equivalent to a "surface layer" in the sense of overlapping an external boundary. Further, this class is concerned only with material isosurfaces, not with mathematical abstractions.
material isosurface
A layer which is primarily composed of some solid material, allowing for non-solid parts such as interstitial pockets of gas or liquid.
solid layer
water ice layer
A road which is primarily composed of asphalt.
asphalt road
A road which is primarily composed of concrete.
concrete road
A constructed pavement which is built on the side of a road and intended for foot traffic.
"In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park."
sidewalk
A road which is used for local access to one or more structures, and is privately owned and maintained by an individual or group.
driveway
A constructed pavement which is used for parking vehicles.
paved parking lot
Dust which is composed primarily of slicon dioxide.
silica dust
Dust which is primarily composed of aluminium particles.
aluminium dust
Dust which is primarily composed of barium particles.
barium dust
Dust which is primarily composed of hydrated magnesium silicate (talc) particles.
talc dust
Dust which is primarily composed of slate particles.
slate dust
A fire which occurs in an industrial area or building.
industrial fire
Dust which is primarily composed of kaolinite particles.
kaolin dust
A land fire which consumes low-growing plants such as scrub and brush.
brush fire
A land fire which occurs in a large uncleared or sparsely settled area (as in Australia) usually scrub-covered or forested.
"Bush" is a rather loosely defined regional term, primarily used in Australia.
bush fire
pasture fire
A fire which occurs on land, typically consuming a terrestrial ecosystem as fuel.
land fire
A vegetated area which has not been cleared or is sparsely settled, usually scrub-covered or forested
bush area
An atmospheric storm which is generated by the heating and convection of moist and unstable air masses.
"Convective storms range from localised thunderstorms (with heavy rain and/or hail, lightning, high winds, tornadoes) to meso-scale, multi-day events."
convective storm
A warm-core cyclone which occurs in the middle and high latitudes, primarily drawing energy from horizontal temperature contrasts between atmospheric fronts.
"When associated with cold fronts, extratropical cyclones may be particularly damaging (e.g. European winter/windstorm, Nor’easter)."
extra-tropical cyclone
A an atmospheric storm which originates over tropical or subtropical waters and possesses a warm-core, non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone with a low pressure centre, spiral rain bands and strong winds.
tropical storm
An atmospheric storm during which a large air mass rotates around a centre of low atmospheric pressure, generating winds which spiral towards that centre.
cyclone
A cyclone which rotates around an area low atmospheric pressure with increased temperature.
The threshold of what is "warm" is variable, and thus data-level thresholding should be applied when using this class.
warm core cyclone
An environmental zone which is part of an atmosphere.
atmospheric zone
An atmospheric zone in which atmospheric gaseous masses have reduced atmospheric pressure.
Air is not specified directly (although the definition subsumes air masses) to allow for other forms of low pressure areas in planetary atmospheres.
area of low atmospheric pressure
A layer of liquid that is part of an estuary.
aquatic estuarine layer
A layer of estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
estuarine coastal surface layer
A role which is may be realised by an environmental system
An oasis is a vegetated area located in a desert, supplied with water from a water source which it surrounds, and surrounded by arid soil, sand, or rock.
A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities.
An environment which is determined by a bone element.
A geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid water held in shape or sustained by an environmental process.
Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by"
A liquid surface layer which is in contact with air.
liquid air-water interface layer
liquid surface layer
solid surface layer
A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
"Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement.
estuarine coastal upper water column
A layer of estuarine water which constitutes the pycnocline from the shore to to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
estuarine coastal pycnocline
A layer of estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuarine bed and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
estuarine coastal lower water column
A layer of estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water surface layer
A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water upper water column
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal surface layer
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
"Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal upper water column
A body of water which is primarily composed of saline water.
This class has its subclasses populated by inference.
saline water body
fresh water body
A body of water which is primarily composed of brackish water.
brackish water body
A layer of estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters to end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water lower water column
A layer of estuarine water which constitutes the pycnocline from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water pycnocline
An estuarine coastal pycnocline which is composed primarily of fresh tidal water.
What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. Further, the original definition and label do not clearly state whether this is a pycnocline in its own right, or just the tidal freshwater part of the pycnocline. In this ENVO class, we follow the semantics suggested by the label and treat this as a type of estuarine coastal pycnocline.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal pycnocline
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuarine bed and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal lower water column
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine tidal riverine open water surface layer
estuarine tidal riverine open water upper water column
An estuarine open water pycnocline which is composed primarily of fresh tidal water.
What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. Further, the original definition and label do not clearly state whether this is a pycnocline in its own right, or just the tidal freshwater part of the pycnocline. In this ENVO class, we follow the semantics suggested by the label and treat this as a type of estuarine open water pycnocline.
estuarine tidal riverine open water pycnocline
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters to end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine tidal riverine open water lower water column
A biogeochemical cycle which has nitrogen-bearing chemical entities as participants.
nitrogen cycling
A biogeochemical cycle which has sulfur-bearing chemical entities as participants.
sulfur cycling
A biogeochemical cycle which has phosphorous-bearing chemical entities as participants.
phosphorous cycling
A tidal flow process which occurs in an ocean or sea and during which tidal movements generate advective flows, often amplified in velocity when moving through an inlet, pass or channel.
marine tidal flow process
A material transport process during which a volume of material is displaced due to a disequilirium in physical forces and during which 1) the qualities that inhere in that volume and 2) the processes that are unfolding within it are largely unchanged.
Advective processes are disjoint from diffusive processes. Typically, fluids are advected.
advective transport process
An ice mass which is attached to a bed underneath a body of water.
anchor ice
A marine current which is maintained by a tidal flow process.
This class aligns to an ambiguously defined unit of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS), "Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/643.html). In CMECS, this is treated as a hydroform, but is defined as a process (while some of its subclasses are not). In ENVO, we have aligned the CMECS unit according to its definition as a process (ENVO:01001333); however, we maintain this class to allow reference to the hydroform maintained by that process.
marine tidal flow
Anchor ice which is attached to a riverbed.
riverine anchor ice
A marine zone in which ocean waters undergo a diurnal (once per day) tidal oscillation - with one high and one low tide per day - due to the supression of a second daily oscillation by the geometry of the ocean basin and obstructions presented by land masses.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. In this case, the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. Alternate classes have been created to accommodate the process of diurnal tidal flow. The as the frequency of the process does not influence the semantics of the resulting hydroform, please use ENVO_01001336 to reference the hydroform rather than the zone or the process. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
diurnal marine tidal flow zone
A tidal flow process which occurs once per day in ocean waters where a second daily oscillation is blocked by land masses or ocean basin geometry.
This class broadly aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). This class is provided as the processual equivalent of CMECS unit 664 "Diurnal Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/664.html); however, based on its definition, CMECS:664 is more accurately mapped to ENVO:01001338 as the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. A class has been created to accommodate the semantics of the resulting hydroform (ENVO:01001336). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
diurnal marine tidal flow process
A marine tidal flow zone in which ocean waters undergo a semi-diurnal (twice per day) tidal oscillation - with two high and two low tides per day of roughly equal amplitude.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. In this case, the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. Alternate classes have been created to accommodate the process of diurnal tidal flow. The as the frequency of the process does not influence the semantics of the resulting hydroform, please use ENVO:01001336 to reference the hydroform rather than the zone or the process. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
semi-diurnal marine tidal flow zone
An environmental zone in which varying gravitational forces from astronomical bodies, combined with the rotation of the astronomical body containing the zone, cause marine waters to undergo periodic depth oscillations (tides).
marine tidal flow zone
A water flow process during which movements of water masses caused by varying gravitational and rotational forces from astronomical bodies, combined with the rotation of the astronomical body containing the water mass, cause waters to undergo periodic depth oscillations (tides).
tidal flow process
A marine tidal flow process which occurs twice per day, resulting in two high and two low tides per day, both of roughly equal amplitude.
This class broadly aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). This class is provided as the processual equivalent of CMECS unit 666 "Semi-diurnal Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/666.html); however, based on its definition, CMECS:666 is more accurately mapped to ENVO:01001340 as the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. A class has been created to accommodate the semantics of the resulting hydroform (ENVO:01001336). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
semi-diurnal marine tidal flow process
Anchor ice which is attached to a riverbed where a river flows into a marine water body and which is formed by the freezing of freshwater seeping out of the riverbed's sediments.
fresh water seep riverine bottom-fast ice
freshwater seep riverine bottom-fast ice
freshwater seep riverine anchor ice
An ice mass which is suspended in a water body, being sufficiently buoyant for part of the mass to breach the surface of that water body.
floating ice mass
An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one location on the surface of an astronomical body, transporting it to another location where it is deposited.
erosion
A zone on a glacier which is roughly linear and where the rates of ice ablation and accumulation are approximately equal.
glacial equlibrium line
A zone in which the deposition and accumulation of an environmental material occurs.
material accumulation zone
A zone in which processes resulting in the removal of one or more environmental materials have higher rates than pocesses which result in their deposition and accumulation.
material decumulation zone
A material accumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes exceed those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net icrease in some mass of ice.
ice accumulation zone
A material decumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes are below those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net decrease in some mass of ice.
ice decumulation zone
glacial ice accumulation zone
An environmental zone in which the rates of two or more processes are roughly equal to one another.
environmental zone of processual equilibrium
A glacier which is contained in the site bounded by a volcanic crater.
volcanic crater glacier
crater zone
The site which is located in a volcanic crater.
volcanic crater zone
A landform which has been rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall.
desert
A climate which is realised through hydrological processes.
hydroclimate
An aerosol formation event which occurs in an atmosphere.
rapid formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
atmospheric new particle formation event
Note that the detection of such events, and thus the thresholds used to define them in the field, are operational and dependent on the technology and observation strategy used. The event must be intense enough, occur in a large enough area, and persist for enough time to allow the formed particle population to be observed. There are no exact or universally agreed upon thresholds for the intensity, area and duration of such events. If elevated new particle formation rate is observed in the atmosphere (away from direct sources of the related gas-phase molecules) for an operationally defined period of time, practitioners often declare that such an event has taken place.
An alpine tundra ecosystem which exists above the continuous timberline but below the permanent snowline on elevated land in tropical regions.
Paramo ecosystems are known to be evolutionary hotspots and large daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity, often resulting in dialy freez-thaw cycles.
Paramo
A direction which inheres in an atmospheric wind, typically expressed as the inverse of the direction the wind is moving in.
atmospheric wind direction
atmospheric wind speed
The volume of water which has fallen during a precipitation process.
Niederschlagsmenge
While the precipitated material may be water in any of its forms, the volume that this class refers to is that of liquid water.
volume of hydrological precipitation
A system which consists of an atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere, forced or influenced by external processes.
This class, from the IPCC report, is naturally focused on the Earth's climate. The report cites the Sun as the agent of the most important forcing processes. It also considers the direct effect of human activities on the climate system an external forcing
climate system
A process during which gas-phase molecules form solid or liquid particles that are stable enough to continue growing in size - via the condensation or aggregation of other gas-phase molecules - at a greater rate than their constituents re-enter gas phase.
formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
atmospheric new particle formation process
formation of an aerosol in an atmosphere
formation of an aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
atmospheric secondary aerosol formation process
A process during which an aerosol is formed.
aerosol formation process
An aerosol formation process during which solid or liquid particles are directly introduced into a volume of gas.
primary aerosol formation process
An aerosol formation process during which solid or liquid particles are formed in a volume of gas through gas-to-liquid or gas-to-solid conversions.
secondary aerosol formation process
A shrubland biome which is densely vegetated by dwarf or short mangroves (and associates) that are generally less than 6 meters in height, is tidally influenced, is located in tropical or subtropical areas.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. CMECS provides the following notes: "Commonly found on intertidal mud flats along the shores of estuaries. Tidal mangrove shrublands may include immature stands or stunted mature trees that indicate a harsh growing environment. Areas characterized by tall mangroves (> 6 meters) are placed in the Tidal Mangrove Forest Biotic Group. Where tidal amplitude is relatively low, the vegetation forms narrow bands along the coastal plains, and it rarely penetrates inland more than several kilometers along rivers. Where tidal amplitude is greater, mangroves extend further inland along river courses, forming extensive stands in the major river deltas. Also, mangrove cays may occur within the lagoon complex of barrier reefs. The list of biotic communities for this group is long: a few examples are provided below, and the complete list is available in Appendix F"
tidal mangrove shrubland
An ecosystem which 1) typically has monthly average temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius 2) has a low evapotranspiration ratio and 3) is determined by communities of low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens.
tundra ecosystem
A tundra ecosystem which exists at high altitudes and where vegetation is stunted due to low temperatures and high winds.
alpine tundra ecosystem
An aerosol formation process during which the rate of particle formation exceeds that which is normally present in the site of its occurrence.
This is similar to the semantics of storms, where increased rates are observed due to external forcings.
aerosol formation event
secondary atmospheric aerosol formation event
A hypodermic needle is a medical instrument made from a hollow needle. It is commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body of an organism.
A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn).
Bedclothing is a textile covering used on a bed as a sheet, blanket, or pillowcase.
A pockmark field is an undersea feature formed by shallow seabed depressions, typically several tens of metres across and a few metres deep. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column.
Nesting material is an animal habitation consisting of matierals used to cushion, insulate and protect the young of the organism. The adult will use the material to form a protective structure to house and raise their young. Nests are built primarily by birds, but also by mammals, fish, insects and reptiles.
Tissue culture is the culture of cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions.
A cell culture is a growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for experimental research.
Plant tissue culture is the growth or maintenance of plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants in vitro.
Organ culture is the aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium. Animal organs must be small enough to allow the nutrients in the culture medium to penetrate all the cells.
An organic material which is primarily composed of some natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood, a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of amniotic fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of excreta, bodily fluids consisting of matter which contains the waste products of biological processes, including urine or feces, discharged from an organism's body.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of bile, a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of aqueous humour, a bodily fluid consisting of a thick watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea.
An excreta material which is composed primarily of sweat, an excreta consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of chyme, a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood plasma, a bodily fluid that comprises the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of ear wax, a bodily fluid consisting of a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of cerebrospinal fluid, a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. CSF is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of chyle, a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of breast milk, is a bodily fluid produced that is secreted from two milk-secreting glandular organs on a female's chest.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of vitreous humor, a bodily fluid consisting of a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of a pleural effusion, a bodily fluid that is produced in excess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of a volume of tears, a bodily fluid consisting of a drop of the clear salty liquid secreted by glands (lacrimal glands) in the eyes. Tears wet the membrane covering the eye and help rid the eye of irritating substances.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of an oronasal secretion, a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of saliva, a slightly alkaline secretion of water, mucin, protein, salts, and often a starch-splitting enzyme (as ptyalin) that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands, lubricates ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of sebum, an oily bodily fluid secreted from the sebaceous glads that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of pus, a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of synovial fluid, a bodily fluid secreted by the synovial membrane into the joint cavity to form a thin layer at the surface of cartilage.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of mucus, a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of lymph, a bodily fluid consisting of a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of interstitial fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
A biological product is an environmental substrate comprised of any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product available to prevent, treat or cure diseases or injuries in man.
This definition should be revised, it is currently too ambiguous.
Siliceous ooze is a marine sediment composed of the debris of plankton with silica shells, such as diatoms and radiolaria. This ooze is limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2-1 cm / 1000 yr.
Red clay, also known as pelagic clay, accumulates in the deepest and most remote areas of the ocean. Containing less than 30% biogenic material, its composition is a varied mix of very fine quartz and clay minerals, authigenic deposits precipitated directly from seawater, and micrometeorites. Though called "red" because it sometimes takes the color of oxidized iron minerals, it is usually brownish in color. Its ultimate origin is uncertain, but red clay seems to be mostly derived from distant rivers, and windblown dust. Covering 38% of the ocean floor, it accumulates more slowly than any other sediment type, at only 0.1-0.5 cm / 1000 yr.
Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr.
Animal feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes.
Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals.
Coastal water is a marine water body bordering a coast.
A canopy designed to protect against precipitation or sunlight.
A skin obtained from animals for human use typically from deer or cattle sources used to produce leather, shoes, fashion accessories, musical instruments.
A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed.
Plant feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed plants.
A textile comprised of a pliable material made usually by weaving, felting, or knitting natural or synthetic fibers and filaments.
A soil consisting of the upper layer of soil on the surface consisting of loose material capable of supporting life composed of a mixture of mineral and organic matter.
A written message from one person to another addressed to a person or organization.
A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock.
Dust which is derived from mineral material.
Dust which is composed of fibrous material.
Dust which is composed primarily of some metallic material.
Dust which is derived from clay material.
Dust that comes from grain and all the other substances associated with its cultivation & harvesting.
A surface mine that utilizes a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
A gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale.
A wax that is naturally synthesized by a plant or animal.
A white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
An organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil can be produced.
A hydrological process that results in the drainage of water from peatlands
Typically a part of a peat extraction process
Any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects.
A planned process that is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another.
A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants.
This is a convenience class for organisation and should not be used for annotation.
environmental system process
a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
desertification
A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water.
flooding
A process which occurs within an atmosphere.
This class will be populated by inference and is primarily organisational.
atmospheric process
A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.
greenhouse effect
A process which diminishes the functioning of an ecosystem located on land.
An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised.
This could include, for example, reducing soil health, pollinator activity, or an ecosystem's ability to sequester carbon.
A process which consists of all photosynthesis processes instantiated in an ecosystem.
A process which consists of all respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem.
A biogeochemical process during which one or more chemical compounds are sequentially converted into a series of related compounds in a regularly repeating, periodic fashion.
A biogeochemical cycle which has carbon-bearing chemical entities as participants.
Establishment of a new forest by seeding or planting of nonforested land.
Prior to afforestation, the land cover of a region must not include forests.
The removal of forest and undergrowth to, for example, increase the surface of arable land or to use the timber for construction or industrial purposes.
The planting of trees in areas in where forests have previously been cleared.
reforestation is reestablishment of forest where the forest recently existed[IPCC]
To be populated through inference. Do not use for annotation.
A process during which the populations in a community of algae in a marine or freshwater ecosystem undergo rapid growth, resulting in high concentrations of algal cells that occur only periodically and briefly in that ecosystem, relative to their concentrations through the majority of the planetary orbital period.
This class is under development. Note that cyanobacterial blooms are often confused with algal blooms. There is no globally recognised threshold beyond which community density enters a bloom state.
To be ceded to external ontology (e.g. pco)
A process during which the rapid growth of algal populations that result in an algal bloom ceases, and cell densities begin to fall due to death, predation, and transport.
A process during which the algal cells constituting an algal bloom produce biomass from abiotic components during photosynthesis.
TODO; add axioms pointing to GO organismal process; Add axioms pointing to toxin role
accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process
degradation of toxins from algal bloom process
A process during which humans apply technology to alter the magnitude, duration, rate, or impact of an environmental process.
Relabel the obo foundry unique label to be generic process
anthropogenic modulatory intervention process
An environmental process which is driven by the action of humans.
An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one part of a planet's crust, transporting it to another location where it is deposited.
An erosional process in which bedrock is converted from its solid form into a solute by the action of some solvent.
A process during which chemicals that are involved in natural ecosystem processes are transported or transformed, and which impact the activity of biological entities
An environmental process which has water - in any of its states - as a participant.
This classes asserted subclasses will be moved away as it should be an inferred class.
Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere.
Evaporation is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a portion of the surface layer of a liquid in contact with a gaseous material, which is not saturated with the evaporating substance, vaporises.
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts of that plant, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers.
Needs a process part "water transport" or similar and some link to plants to be complete.
An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment.
Pollutants may be material or immaterial (e.g. heat energy)
A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into water.
A pollution process during which plastic contaminants are released into an environmental material.
An process in which environmental parameters and variables are continually assayed.
A planned process during which the amount of pollutants released into an environmental system is regulated.
A monitoring process that assays the level of environmental pollutants to determine the presence of effect of environmental pollution.
A pollution process that results in increased levels of pollutants in an urban environment.
Partially compacted granular snow, which has undergone several cycles of melting and refreezing while being compacted, usually found on the atmosphere-exposed surface of a glacier.
Névé that survives a full season of ablation turns into firn.
neve
Granular snow which contains a proportion of fused granules formed through melting and re-thawing while being compacted by the weight of overlying material and which contains interconnected gaseous pores.
Firn derives from névé which has survived a full season of ablation and has undergone a metamorphic transition.
firn
A material transformation process during which recently precipitated, powdery snow transitions into firn or névé through compaction and/or through cycles of freezing and thawing.
Often, the weight of material deposited on top of powdery snow by, for example, mass wasting, can lead to nivation.
nivation
Any water ice that is part of a glacier.
It is suggested that users complement this term with ice terms that are more descriptive of the ice itself, rather than its location/parthood.
glacial ice
Glacial ice which contains material liberated during a glacial erosion process.
erosionally enriched glacial ice
An erosion process during which the movement of a glacier across a terrestrial surface causes the removal of material from that surface.
glacial erosion process
Water ice containing little to no air bubbles resulting in a reduction of internal light scattering and, given sufficient volume, a blue appearance.
The blue 'appearance' is to be understood as that within the visual range of humans.
blue ice
A physical process during which atoms, molecules, or other consituents of a material entity are forced closer together.
compaction process
A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, increases.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material accumulation process ends a material transport process.
material accumulation process
A process during which material is displaced from its original location and transported either to a new location or back to the original location.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation.
material transport process
A material accumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass increases.
ice gain
A material transport process during which the snow and ice constituting a glacier, and anything contained within it, is transported down a slope by gravitation.
This must be differentiated from small ice masses simply falling or moving down slopes. In ENVO, this is a subclass of advective transport process, however, this may not be universally accepted by some which strictly limit advection to fluids.
glacial transport process
A small glacier contained within a cirque basin.
cirque glacier
A depression which is part of a planetary crust, is of geographic scale, and is partially or completely enclosed.
The general semantics of depression and geographic basin are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
geographic basin
A process during which a mass composed of one or more environmental materials, present within a given site, decreases.
material decumulation process
A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier decreases.
glacial ice loss
A stream which is primarily composed of meltwater and which flows within a glacier or ice sheet.
englacial stream
A material transport process during which one or more environmental materials are transported by the action of wind.
aeolian transport process
Particulate matter primarily composed of carbon particles formed through the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
soot
Water ice which contains material liberated during an erosion process.
erosionally enriched ice
Uncompacted snow containing trapped atmospheric gases.
Described as having a fluffy appearance.
powdery snow
A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier increases.
glacial ice gain
A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass.
Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers.
glacial ice calving process
A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg.
iceberg calving process
It would be ideal to express that the size of the icemass calved must be smaller than an iceberg.
calving of ice from an iceberg
Sediment which has been transported through the marine water column, settling on the seafloor.
Particles of marine sediment are primarily generated by 1) processes in terrestrial systems and transported to the marine realm by the action of rivers or aeolian processes (amongst other routes) , 2) marine organisms, 3) chemical processes in seawater, or 4) cosmogeneous input.
marine sediment
Marine sediment soured from either terrestrial systems, marine organisms, seawater and or cosmogeneous sources, which is transported through the marine water column, and accumulates within shallow regions of the oceanic basin close to continents, such as the continental shelf, or continental slope.
In this definition we refer to sedimentation processes that occured above the shelf, however this should be relaxed to include the continental shelf and slope.
output of sedimentation process which occured in neritic zone biome
shallow marine sediment
A water body which is located in a depression within the surface of a glacier.
supraglacial lake
A material accumulation process during which solid particles are pulled through a water body by gravitation or centrifugal force and which ends when they settle on a solid surface.
sedimentation in a water body
An ablation zone which is part of a glacier.
glacial ice ablation zone
Particulate matter which is composed primarily of dust, rock, and soot, as well as the microbial communities associated with these materials, deposited on an ice mass by an aeolian process.
This actually is formed as a result of an accumulation process involving the constituents of cryoconite. When their semantics are more stable, we can axiomatise this fully.
cryoconite deposit
A vertical thaw hole within an ice mass, formed as a result of ice melt associated with local temperature increases, due to increased absorption of solar radiation by cryoconite deposits.
The general semantics of depressions are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
This class doesn't refer to the site but instead the depression or hole and therefore the adjacency to the cryoconite itself.
cryoconite hole
A water body which forms as a result of localised melting taking place on the surface of a glacier or a mass of sea ice and which is contained in the cavity formed by such melting.
melt pond
brine channel
A material accumulation process during which brine droplets, trapped between ice crystals formed during seawater freezing, form brine channels.
This process may be considered a material accumulation process as it is the accumulation of brine droplets which form the channels.
brine channel formation process
A process during which a portion of some environmental material is converted into a different material or a collection of materials.
A different material transformation process class (or similarly named class) pertaining to the conversion of a specific chemical into another belongs in CHEBI and or REX ontologies.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material transformation process only refers to ENVO:environmental material classes (e.g. bulk and typically impure substances), rather than transformations converting a specific chemical into another.
material transformation process
A material transformation process during which seawater freezes into sea ice.
sea ice formation process
A material transformation process during which brine is formed due to the expulsion of salt during frazil formation or a seawater freezing process.
Expelled salt accumulates in brine droplets, which remain in a liquid state due to their increased salinity.
brine rejection from seawater
New ice which is composed of small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water.
Needs to have axioms added pertaining to the semantics of colloids and suspensions once they have been resolved see: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/91#issuecomment-290711238 Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice.
Typically 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system.
frazil ice
A new ice formation process during which small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water, form due to the freezing of open, turbulent, supercooled water.
frazil ice formation
A channel which traverses an ice mass floating on a water body and bridges the atmosphere to the underlying water through its internal cavity.
thaw hole
A melt pond which has a surface exposed to the atmosphere.
atmosphere-exposed melt pond
A melt pond which is completely encased in ice and thus not directly exposed to the atmosphere or underlying water.
In practice, there may be some openings which are small relative to the surface footprint of the meltpond.
ice-encased melt pond
A lake which is comprised of meltwater located underneath or within a glacier.
Add axioms to show that this is on the larger side in a size continuum between ice-encased meltponds and intraglacial lakes.
intraglacial lake
A process during which material entities are added to a landform or to a feature upon the landform.
depositional process
A desublimation process during which water vapour is frozen into water ice.
desublimation of water vapour into ice
An ice formation process during which water is frozen into a form of new ice such as frazil, grease ice, slush, or shuga.
Make this class the union of the following processes: frazil ice formation, grease ice formation process, slush formation process, and shuga formation process.
new ice formation process
A sea ice formation process during which new ice crystals freeze together, forming nilas, a thin, elastic, continuous, ice sheet of a transparent gray color.
nilas formation process
A sea ice formation process during which water freezes to the bottom of an existing nilas ice floe creating a thicker ice floe known as young ice.
young ice formation process
A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto young ice during the cold season, forming first year ice.
First year ice that survives melting during spring and summer can transition to second year ice.
first year ice formation process
A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto first year ice during the cold season, forming second year sea ice.
Second year ice forms from first year ice which has previously survived one melt season.
second year ice formation
A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes into second year ice during the cold season, forming multiyear ice.
Multiyear ice forms from second year ice which has previously survived at least two melt seasons.
multiyear ice formation process
Water ice which is formed from freezing water and is suspended in a water body.
Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice.
sea ice types include frazil, grease ice, slush, and shuga. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system.
new ice
A cohesive sheet of water ice which floats upon the surface of a water body.
Ice floes can exist in sea ice, in rivers or lakes.
ice floe
An ice floe which is formed from frozen sea water, and floats upon the surface of a marine water body.
sea ice floe
A sea ice floe which has a rounded or circular shape and raised rims.
pancake ice
A sea ice floe which is thin, elastic, continuous, and of a transparent gray color, which results from the freezing of new ice.
nilas
A sea ice floe which is inflexible and thicker than nilas.
young ice
Sea ice which is thicker than young ice.
First year ice that survives a seasonal melting process becomes second year ice.
first year ice
Sea ice which is thicker than first year ice, and has survived a seasonal melting process.
second year ice
Sea ice which is thicker than second year ice, and has survived more than two seasonal melting process.
multiyear ice
A layer which consists of a thin aggregate of frazil ice crystals, which float upon the surface of a water body.
Within a marine system, grease ice makes the ocean surface resemble an oil slick.
grease ice layer
New ice, which is spongy, lumpy and opaque, and forms from water which freezes in an agitated water body.
These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system.
shuga
A slurry of frazil, snow, and liquid water.
slush ice
slush ice layer
A new ice formation process in which slush ice is formed.
slush formation process
A new ice formation process in which shuga is formed.
shuga formation process
A freshwater lake which fills a depression formed by the erosion of thermokarst caused by permafrost thaw.
Continued thawing of the permafrost substrate can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of thermokarst lakes, leaving only the landform, thermokarst depression behind.
thermokarst lake
A thermokarst lake through which methane gas released from thawing permafrost, or other methane stores, rises and escapes to the atmosphere.
On Earth, the bright blue appearance, in the light spectrum visible to humans, is due to increased abundances of microorganisms attracted to sulfur compounds associated with the methane release.
methane-releasing thermokarst lake
A geographic basin which is formed due to the erosion of thermokarst by meltwater released from thawing permafrost.
thermokarst depression
An irregular land surface which consists of marshy hollows, hummocks, thermokarst depressions and thermokarst lakes formed from the erosion of ice-rich thawing permafrost areas.
Thermokarst is usually found in Arctic or mountainous areas.
thermokarst
A process during which permafrost is warmed such that a portion of its constituent water ice is converted into meltwater.
permafrost thawing process
Permafrost which contains pockets of trapped methane gas.
It would probably be better to assert parthood between the permafrost and cavities filled with gas rather than the gases themselves.
Other hydrocarbon gasses such as carbon dioxide may also be present. These pockets can be sufficently large that the permafrost surface will undulate when pressure is applied.
methane-laden permafrost
A crater which is found in permafrost and formed as a result of an explosion fuelled by methane formerly contained in that permafrost.
methane-sourced permafrost crater
A process during which a material entity undergoes a rapid increase in volume, releasing gasses and various forms of energy, often including thermal, light and sound energy.
Supersonic explosions are known as detonations and subsonic explosions as deflagrations.
explosion process
An explosion during which methane-rich gas trapped in permafrost combusts.
permafrost methane explosion
A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere.
gas emission process
A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere.
Some hydrocarbon gasses within the atmosphere contribute to the planetary green house gas effect by increasing absorption of solar energy.
hydrocarbon gas emission process
A hydrocarbon gas emission process during which a portion of methane gas is transported into the atmosphere.
Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
methane gas emission process
A process during which the intesity of stellar radiation received by a planet's surface varies in a cyclical regime due to the planet's orbital motion around the barycentre of a planetary system and/or the tilt of its rotational axis relative to its orbital plane.
The seasons that are generated by this process are divisions of time between warm (maximal radiation exposure) and cold (minimum radiation exposure) extremes. Depending on the planet's makeup, the resulting seasonal dynamics may include ecological and meteorological cycles which may form the basis for further divisions of the cycle (e.g. rainy season, dry season, wildfire season).
season generating process
A one-dimensional temporal region which is delimited by the occurrence of processes which serve as its delimiters.
Season could be implemented as a subclass of one-dimensional temporal region, however, this will need further thought and discussion with BFO editors.
season
A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part exceeds that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process.
The boundaries of seasons are typically fiat and should be defined on a data/information layer. This also pertains to the amount of time included when averaging measured values of qualities like temperature.
warm season
A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part is below that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process.
cold season
A material transformation process during which a material entity melts during a warm season.
seasonal melting process
A compaction process during which a material entity subjected to heat and/or pressure is compacted into a solid mass without undergoing melting.
We should add the subclass axiom: 'has output' some ('environmental material' and 'has quality' some 'decreased porosity') once PATO:decreased porosity is available see ENVO issue #497 Additional axioms could also refer to object aggregates becoming objects within an environmental material.
solid-phase sintering
A sintering process during which snow is compacted into glacial ice.
Axioms will probably need to be updated if the axiomatisation of solid-phase sintering changes.
glacial sintering
An aeolian transport process during which powdery snow is displaced and moved.
aeolian transport of snow
An accumulation process during which a powdery snow carried on the wind settles on a solid surface, forming a mound.
snow drift formation
A mass wasting process during which slab snow rapidly moves down a sloping surface.
Slab avalanches account for most back-country fatalities.
slab avalanche
powdery snow avalanche
An avalanche during which a suspension of water and snow flows down a sloping surface.
Wet snow avalanches travel at a lower velocity than other types of avalanches.
wet snow avalanche
Snow which is cohesive, hard and overlies weaker snow.
slab snow
A geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous mass of snow and/or ice.
Place holder class. Also the axiom should be changed to something along the lines of 'primairly composed of’ some ‘environmental material’ and ‘has quality’ frozen once PATO:frozen is imported.
cryoform
snow mass
An accumulation of powdery snow which was transported and deposited via a snow drifting process.
snow drift
An accumulation of snow and firn which rests upon land.
snow patch
A snow patch which forms during a cold season and melts away during the succeeding warm season.
Need to find a way of expression the fact that it 'ends during' some 'warm season' (but not with that axiom as that is for processes not a material entity).
seasonal snow patch
A snow patch which persists through at least one seasonal cycle.
Need to find a way of expression the fact that it has survived two or more melt seasons.
A snow patch is defined as perennial if it survives two or more melt seasons.
perennial snow patch
A layer which consists of an accumulation of snow.
Snowpack is found in geographic regions experiencing cold weather for extended periods of time.
snowpack
A structure which traverses a mass of one or more environmental materials, and encloses a roughly tubular site.
Intended to be a top level class for wide variety of channel-like entities. It’s particulars may change once more subclasses are accumulated. This is distinct from 'channel of a watercourse', which is a depression.
channel
A melt pond which and is exposed to the atmosphere and to a lesser degree water underlying the ice mass which contains it.
It would be good to add an axiom such as 'continuous with' some 'water body'.
atmosphere and water column exposed melt pond
A melt pond which is formed close to that part of an ice mass which is in contact with some underlying water body, and which has channels connecting it to that water body.
water column exposed melt pond
A lake which is situated beneath a glacier.
subglacial lake
An erosion process during which rock or soil is removed or degraded due to alternative thawing and freezing of meltwater beneath and at the margins of snowbanks.
erosion through nivation
An environment that is determined by an axilla skin.
An environment that is determined by a mouth.
The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom solubility
solubility of carbon atom in environmental material
The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom amount
amount of carbon atom in environmental material
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom concentration
concentration of carbon atom in environmental material
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material nitrogen atom solubility
solubility of nitrogen atom in environmental material
The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil.
The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in water.
The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material nitrogen atom amount
amount of nitrogen atom in environmental material
The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil.
The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material nitrogen atom concentration
concentration of nitrogen atom in environmental material
The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil.
The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a chloride when measured in water.
The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material.
environmental material dissolved carbon atom
dissolved carbon atom in environmental material
The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil.
The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in water.
The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material.
environmental material dissolved nitrogen atom
dissolved nitrogen atom in environmental material
The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil.
The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in water.
The temperature of some environmental material.
The quality of a environmental system process.
The concentration of a ammonium when measured in soil.
The concentration of a nitrate when measured in soil.
The concentration of a nitrate when measured in groundwater.
The concentration of oxygen when measured in water.
A hydrological precipitation process with a reduced rate relative to some historical average, typically resulting in ecosystemic perturbations.
Drought is often defined as a temporal period of below-average precipitation, however, representing it as a temporal entity seems insufficient.
drought
A gelatinous material primarily composed of exopolymeric compounds with colloidal properties, formed through the aggregation of marine snow particles, often found in large sheets, flocs, and clouds.
See issue #276. This class is complex as marine mucilage is quite complex. It will also requre new class creation in GO process for deeper semantics.
The formation of marine mucilage is often associated with conditions which stress marine microorganisms such as diatoms.
marine mucilage
A process in which carbohydrates are transported from the interior of an organism to its surroundings.
exudation of carbohydrates
A process which results in the formation of an island.
Addressing Issue #268. This top-level class may be converted to an inferred class.
island formation process
An island created when a continent is rifted.
"Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island
microcontinental island
An island formed by deposition of solid material such as sand or small rocks where a water current loses some of its carrying capacity.
depositional island
An island formed by the accumulation of sand deposited by sea currents on a continental shelves
barrier island
A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process
The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties
A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices.
A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system.
An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates.
An animal habitation constructed by termites. Termite workers build and maintain nests which house the colony. These are elaborate structures made using a combination of soil, mud, chewed wood/cellulose, saliva, and faeces. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and water conservation (through controlled condensation).
An environment which is determined by an anatomical entity.
An environmental system determined by an intestine.
An environment determined by an area or zone of skin tissue.
orange juice (liquid)
A substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure.
foodon product type
The juice products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant.
fermented agave juice
This food product type includes food products which are made from fermentation of juice extracted from pressed sugarcane.
fermenting sugar cane juice
fermenting elaeis palm sap food product
A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals.
meat food product
A food made from ground meat. Typically the sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes synthetic
sausage food product
liver paste food product
A moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from advanced meat recovery or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun.
hot dog
processed meat food product
milk formula food product
Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.
cheese food product
A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
yogurt food product
This food product type includes food products which are derived from or produced by a plant.
plant food product
Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green or purple biennial plant, grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
cabbage food product
commercial yogurt
The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whiskey. Wort contains the sugars that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol.
wort food product
beer wort food product
acifified beer wort food product
Cream component produced by churning and containing not less than 80% milkfat.
butter (unspecified mammal)
pickled cabbage food product
camembert cheese food product
cane sugar food product
cheddar cheese food product
A large disc of smooth, soft, even runny cheese made with cow's milk.
Brie cheese food product
A hard cow's milk cheese with an almost orange yellow paste. Older cheeses are coated in black wax.
gouda cheese food product
A drum of very rich, creamy, pungent blue-veined cow's milk cheese. It has a white paste with blue veining and a brined rind. It is made in Gorgonzola, near Milan.
gorgonzola cheese food product
A generic cheese common to many countries for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental. Three types of bacteria are used in the production of Emmental cheese: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus (L. helveticus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Propionibacter (P. freudenreichii or P. shermani). In a late stage of cheese production, the Propionibacter consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other bacteria, and releases carbon dioxide gas, which slowly forms the bubbles that develop the eyes. Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind."
swiss cheese food product
A mild, large, yellow, waxy cow's milk cheese with many holes.
emmenthal cheese food product
new zealand cheddar cheese food product
A small, sweetish, soft, square cow's milk cheese from Normandy with a yellowish-orange rind.
pont ieveque cheese food product
A disc of soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a soft to runny paste and a smooth, pink rind.
vacherin mont dor cheese food product
Meat from the domestic pig (Sus domesticus).
pork meat food product
A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked.
cured meat food product
chicken meat food product
Meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle (cows).
beef food product
A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream.
ice cream food product
seafood product
A fermented salty fish of Korean cuisine.
jeotgal food product
meshanger cheese food product
A cut of meat (a meat chop) cut perpendicularly to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra, served as an individual portion.
pork chop food product
Tempeh/Tempe is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybean particles into a cake form.
tempehc food product
fermented rice beverage
amasake food product
fermented dairy food product
fermented fish or seafood food product
sea water fish food product
A fine powder made from cereals or other starchy food sources.
flour food product
plant fruit food product
fruit extract food product
apple juice (food product)
awamori food product
Any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that may be cured and/or smoked.
bacon food product
fermented millet food product
millet beer food product
bottled beer food product
A class of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct smell.
blue cheese
The liquid left over after producing butter from cream during the churning process.
buttermilk food product
fermented fruit food product
A food produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans, with salt and the mold koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae).
miso food product
Must is the juice of freshly pressed grapes, that contains various quantities of pulp, skins, stems, and seeds, called pomace or grape solids, which typically comprise between 7 to 23 percent of the total weight of the must.
grape must food product
A liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid.
vinegar food product
Vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose.
malt vinegar food product
nonfat dry milk food product
Sake is a fermented rice beverage resulting from the fermentation of rice with the mold Aspergillus oryzae and, in parallel, with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [wikipedia:sake]
sake food product
salt pork meat food product
fermented soybean food product
A food preserved by soaking and storing it in vinegar or brine.
pickled food product
tape kefan food product
A soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a creamy paste and a greyish-red and downy white penicillin rind and is sometimes foil-wrapped.
Bondon cheese food product
bitter cheese food product
sugar food product
A fermented milk drink made from milk. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains, a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. Many different bacteria and yeasts are found in the kefir grains, which are a complex and highly variable community of micro-organisms termed probiotics.
kefir food product
A lipid material derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature.
vegetable oil food product
linseed oil food product
corn flour food product
sour milk beverage
dried milk food product
A food product which is derived from or produced by an animal.
vertebrate animal food product
cereal grain food product
fermented beverage
fermented grape beverage
fermented elaeis palm beverage
fermented sugar cane beverage
fermented apple beverage
apple beverage
orange fruit beverage
grape beverage
fermented grain beverage
This food product type includes beverage products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant.
fermented agave beverage
This food product type includes food products which are made from eggs laid by the sea water fish.
sea water fish egg food product
avian egg food product
camelid dairy food product
bovine dairy food product
equine dairy food product
zebra dairy food product
camelid milk beverage
equine milk beverage
caprine cheese food product
ovine cheese food product
bovine cheese food product
cow milk cheese
A very strong smelling, brick-shaped, soft cow's milk cheese.
limburger cheese food product
goat milk cheese food product
sheep milk cheese food product
poultry meat food product
porcine meat food product
A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish.
condiment food product
bovine meat food product
distilled fermented grain beverage
distilled fermented beverage
soya food product
tea based beverage
coffee based beverage product
fruit juice (food product)
wheat based food product
corn food product
fungal food product
yeast food product
microbial food product
solanaceous root food product
A food product derived from or produced by a plant.
plant root food product
potato food product
Food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well.
confectionery food product
cucurbit fruit food product
A citrus fruit is botanically classified as a type of berry called a hesperidium that has a thick, leathery rind, with numerous oil glands, and a large flesh portion composed of several wedge-shaped sections. Unlike pome fruit, such as the apple, the citrus fruit is derived from a superior ovary, an ovary completely separate from the calyx.
citrus fruit food product
The fleshy fruit (false berry) of a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae.
melon fruit food product
round melon (cucumis melo) fruit food product
Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) var. lanatus) and citron melons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.)
citrullus lanatus fruit food product
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai
watermelon plant (food source)
citrus fruit juice
pomaceous fruit juice beverage
pomaceous fruit food product
fermented pomaceous fruit beverage
pomaceous fruit extract food product
citrus fruit extract food product
grape extract food product
solanaceous fruit food product
tomato vegetable food product
solanaceous food product
plant inflorescence food product
leguminous food product
cruciferous food product
grape fruit food product
cruciferous inflorescence food product
nut food product
plant seed food product
plant lipid food product
plant stem food product
invertebrate animal food product
insect food product
honey food product
Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked.
prepared food product
cooked food product
pickled cruciferous food product
bread food product
This food product type includes food products which are derived from a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms.
algal food product
rice food product
buckewheat food product
sorghum food product
oat food product
rye food product
barley food product
quinoa food product
fonio food product
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Pisum.
dry peas food product
A product of the dry seeds of Lens culinaris.
lentil food product
A product of the dry seeds of Cajanus cajan.
pigeon pea food product
A product of the dry seeds of Vigna subterranea.
bambara groundnut food product
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Vicia.
dry broad beans food product
A product of the dry seeds of Cicer arietinum.
chickpea food product
A product of the dry seeds of Vigna unguiculata.
cowpea food product
Dry beans refers to the Phaseolus species of beans.
kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius)
dry beans food product
A product of the dry seeds of Psophocarpus teragonolobus.
winged bean food product
A product of the dry seeds of Vicia sativa.
vetch seed food product
A product of the dry seeds of Pachyrrizus erosus.
yam bean food product
A product of the dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis.
velvet bean food product
A product of the dry seeds of Lupinus spp.
lupin seed food product
A product of the dry seeds of Canavalia gladiata.
jack bean food product
A product of the dry seeds of Lablab purpureus.
hyacinth bean food product
PULSES are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod. They are used for both food and feed. The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes.
pulse food product
wheat flour food product
A food made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts.
pasta food product
A food product that is a baked good made from ingredients such as flour, butter, shortening, baking powder or eggs.
pastry food product
baked food product
A confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavorings and colorants are added.
candy food product
A food product derived from Theobroma cacao.
cacao food product
A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization.
cream food product
An opague white dairy product produced by the mammary glands of female mammals.
mammilian milk beverage
bee food product
A sausage that is cooked and then smoked or smoke-cooked.
sausage (cooked, smoked)
sausage (smoked)
A raw sausage that is smoked.
sausage (raw, smoked)
A sausage made from meats that have not been previously cured.
sausage (raw)
A cured sausage that is fermented and dried.
sausage (dried, fermented)
A sausage made with fresh meats, and then fully cooked.
sausage (cooked)
smoked meat food product
A cheese product made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the addition of milk, more salt, preservatives, and food coloring.
processed cheese food product
A condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white or yellow mustard, Sinapis hirta; brown or Indian mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, Brassica nigra). The whole, ground, cracked, or bruised mustard seeds are mixed with water, vinegar or other liquids, and sometimes other flavorings and spices, to create a thick paste ranging in colour from bright yellow to dark brown.
mustard food product
A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche.
creamy salad dressing food product
A salad dressing that is an emulsion of a vegetable oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, and other ingredients.
vinaigrette dressing food product
nut oil food product
A stable emulsion of oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Egg yolk is the traditional emulsifier.
mayonnaise food product
A condiment produced by fermenting soybeans with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus soyae molds along with roasted grain, water, and salt.
soy sauce food product
processed pork meat food product
A vegetable product such as leaves, flowers, seeds and roots that is rich in essential oils and aromatic principles. Used mainly a a condiment.
spice or herb
A brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant.
coffee beverage
A beverage prepared from the cured leaves of Camellia sinensis by combination with hot or boiling water.
tea beverage (liquid)
A heated beverage typically consisting of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar.
hot chocolate food product
A beverage prepated by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water.
mate food product
fish food product
fish egg food product
avian food product
animal derived beverage
plant derived beverage
fermented plant derived beverage
nonfermented plant derived beverage
dairy food product
milk or milk based food product
food (fermented)
wine food product
Beer is a fermented cereal beverage resulting from the fermentation most commonly of malted barley (though wheat, corn, or rice may included), by a yeast, most commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and flavored by dried flowers of hops, Humulus lupulus [wikipedia:beer].
beer beverage
Any plant food product which, typically, is constituted by intact parts from one or more annual plants cultivated as field and garden crops in the open and under glass, and used almost exclusively for food.
vegetable food product
Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits.
botanical fruit food product
camel milk beverage
zebra milk beverage
A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves.
egg food product
hen egg food product
Cider, hard apple cider, or hard cider in the US, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples.
apple cider (alcoholic)
orange juice (unpasteurized)
A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit.
cake food product
cake icing food product
chocolate food product
A food involving whipped and cooked milk, sugar and egg yolk mixtures.
custard food product
A ground meat product, made of beef finely chopped by a meat grinder.
ground beef food product
A food product from a category of domestic birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers including fowl such as chickens, turkeys, and waterfowls such as domestic ducks and geese and other meat birds such as pigeons and doves and games birds including pheasants.
poultry food product
duck meat food product
goose meat food product
turkey meat food product
A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source.
fungi
wild mushroom
mushroom (food source)
Cantaloupe (also known as muskmelon (India and the United States), mushmelon, rockmelon (in Australian states and in New Zealand), sweet melon, spanspek (South Africa), or capuchin (Scotland) refers to a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family.
cantaloupe fruit food product
potato salad food product
salad dressing
clam food product
oyster food product
shellfish food product
unpasteurized goat milk cheese food product
A family of hard Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.
pecorino cheese food product
unpasteurized sheep milk cheese food product
unpasteurized camel milk beverage
fermentation/modification process
Fermented onions or pickled onion
Hom dong
Fermented meat product is any product made primarily of meat subjected to a fermentation process.
fermented meat product
alcoholic beverage
animal product sausage
apple condiment
apple food product
apple vinegar food product
bakery food product
barley flour food product
barley vegetable food product
bean (vegetable) food product
berry food product
blackeyed pea vegetable food product
broad bean (vegetable) food product
cabbage juice
cattle cured meat food product
cattle sausage food product
food component product
cocoa beverage
cow milk based food product
cow milk dessert
cowpea vegetable food product
dairy dessert food product
fermented cereal beverage
food flavoring or seasoning product
This is a working folder that holds LanguaL SIREN database product types that need to be reviewed for placement within the food product hierarchy.
food product type (to be processed)
frozen dairy dessert
frozen dairy food product
fruit based alcoholic beverage
fruit salad food product
garbanzo bean (vegetable) food product
grain based alcoholic beverage
grain based bakery food product
grain based vinegar food product
grape vinegar food product
gravy or sauce food product
leguminous vegetable food product
lentil vegetable food product
malt beverage
melon food product
milk dessert food product
millet food product
mushroom pickle food product
mushroom vegetable food product
mustard vegetable food product
onion food product
orange food product
pigeon pea vegetable food product
plant based alcoholic beverage
plant based bakery food product
plant based candy food product
plant based salad food product
plant confectionery
plant derived soft drink
plant fruit vegetable food product
plant leaf vegetable food product
food product by consumer group
plant seed based bakery food product
plant seed vegetable food product
plant stem or spear vegetable food product
food product by preservation method
rice based alcoholic beverage
salad food product
soft drink
soybean condiment
steeped beverage product
sugar based vinegar food product
sweetener food product
swine sausage
tomato juice food produc
vegetable pickle food product
water based soft drink
water (food product)
food product by culinary role
food product by organism
food material
agave food product
mushroom food product
A process involving the physical transformation of a food source or food product into some derived organic material or food product
food transformation process
invertebrate (food source)
apple (fresh)
food product by quality
food (baked)
food (fresh)
apple (peeled)
"peeling" is the process of removing the outer covering, layer or skin from (a fruit, vegetable, or shrimp).
food peeling process
citrus honey
root beer
orange juice (food product)
water (bottled)
fodder
vegetable juice food product
potato (raw, whole)
Drinking water that has been treated by heat, filtration, chemical disinfection, and/or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (including solar UV).
drinking water (purified)
apple (raw)
cola carbonated beverage
fruit-flavored beverage (carbonated)
fruit-flavored beverage carbonated
apple (baked)
apple (dried)
beverage
ginger beer soft drink
imitation grape carbonated beverage
grapefruit soda
imitation black cherry carbonated beverage
imitation fruit-flavored carbonated beverage
orange carbonated beverage
beverage (carbonated, caffeinated)
orange carbonated beverage (naturally and artificially flavored)
grape carbonated beverage (naturally and artififically flavored)
imitation grape drink base
imitation grape carbonated beverage (artificially sweetened)
imitation black cherry (artificially sweetened)
noncarbonated beverage (less than 10% fruit juice)
noncarbonated beverage less than 10% fruit juice
lemon and lime carbonated beverage (vitamin-fortified)
soda water
imitation grape drink
grape drink (carbonated, artificially flavored and colored, vitamin-fortified)
grape drink carbonated artificially flavored and colored vitamin-fortified
beverage (carbonated, naturally and artificially sweetened)
imitation cherry carbonated beverage (naturally and artificially sweetened)
orange carbonated beverage (vitamin fortified)
sangria-flavored carbonated beverage
beverage (carbonated, amino acid-fortified)
beverage carbonated amino acid-fortified
cola carbonated beverage (decaffeinated, vitamin-fortified)
cola carbonated beverage decaffeinated vitamin-fortified
lemon soda
beverage (carbonated, vitamin, mineral and amino acid fortified)
root beer (sugar free)
lemon and lime fruit juice carbonated beverage (10% diluted)
lemon and lime fruit juice carbonated beverage 10% diluted
pepper-type carbonated beverage (decaffeinated)
pepper-type carbonated beverage decaffeinated
imitation cherry drink
citrus peel
orange peel
dessert (food product)
cola carbonated beverage (decaffeinated)
cola carbonated beverage (caffeine-free)
cola carbonated beverage (caffeine-free, low calorie)
cola carbonated beverage caffeine-free low calorie
beverage (carbonated, vitamin- and mineral-fortified)
beverage carbonated vitamin- and mineral-fortified
seltzer water (flavored)
water (canned)
soda water (artifically sweetened)
sparkling dry beverage (nonalcoholic)
fruit squash juice drink
seafood newburg (dish)
bar mix
seltzer water (flavored and sweetened)
mountain water (food product)
imitation spring water (bottled)
grape beverage (artificially flavored)
grape carbonated beverage (artificially colored)
beverage (carbonated, guarana-flavored)
beverage carbonated guarana-flavored
ice (crushed)
iodized water for livestock
beverage (fruit-flavored, noncarbonated)
beverage fruit-flavored noncarbonated
horchata chufa
fruit-flavored punch (canned)
fruit-flavored punch canned
soda water concentrate
lemonade-flavored drink
water (bottled, minerals added)
pea vine silage
imitation grape punch (artificially flavored)
liquid cow milk (food product)
soda water (unflavored, in polyvinyl chloride bottle)
bitter lemon drink
ginger ale
tap water
water (processed)
tap water (softened)
imitation raspberry-flavored drink
ginger-flavored drink
spring water (bottled)
water (carbonated, vitamin c added, bottled)
distilled water (bottled)
fruit crush drink
food (dried)
tonic water
spring water
melon seed
soda water (artificially flavored)
spring water with white chardonnay wine (food product)
seltzer water
food product for animal
fermented bean product
mushroom (dried)
water glacier
water as food product
soft drink dietetic
luncheon meat
fermented vegetable food product
An apple, whole or in pieces, for eating, baking or other food processing.
apple (whole or parts)
soft drink not further specified
salami (smoked)
soft drink artificially sweetened
soft drink non-cola diet
cherry soft drink
orange-flavored soft drink
food (raw)
soft drink prepared from cherry powder
sauce
fruit punch canned
apple peel
A natural starter culture.
bubod (food product)
processed food product
sport drink (food product)
cola carbonated beverage low-calorie
imitation fruit flavored drinks and ades noncarbonated refrigerated single-strength
imitation fruit flavored drinks and ades frozen concentrates
soft drink carbonated canned
mammlian milk product
soft drink noncarbonated
A fish product is a home-made or commercially produced or retail or wholesale product containing substantial amounts of freshwater or saltwater fish and/or shellfish flesh. Note that this category should avoid items that mention a particular species of fish or shellfish.
fish product (unspecified species)
cocoa food product
soft drink cold
soft drink brewed
juice beverage
fruit food product
water represented as mineral or spring water (food product)
water in sealed container
fruit peel food product
sausage (formed)
herbal infusion
water table prepared
beverage (flavored, water-based, nonalcoholic)
beverage (water-based, carbonated, with added sweeteners and flavorings)
soft drink calorie reduced
water for beermaking (food product)
cocoa mass
soft drink energy-containing sweetener not added
apple (fresh, peeled)
A meat product is a product organized by the form of - or processing done to - its meat component (a skeletal meat part of an animal or crustacean).
meat (whole or parts)
fish sauce
beef sausage (raw)
beef and pork sausage (raw)
product type, other
Liquid food prepared from fruit (21 CFR 146). Products prepared from fruit juice by thickening with pectin are indexed under *FRUIT JELLY*; those thickened with gelatin are under *FRUIT BUTTER, JELLY, PRESERVE OR RELATED PRODUCT*.
fruit juice or related product (us cfr)
Seasoned product that contains multiple ingredients and that is used in limited amounts to accompany other foods; excludes flavors, spices and herbs.
dressing, condiment, gravy or sauce (us cfr)
Beverage containing no more than 0.5% alcohol; it may be flavored, sweetened or carbonated; includes soft drinks and steeped beverages; excludes milk in all forms, fruit juices, diluted fruit juices and vegetable juices.
nonalcoholic beverage (us cfr)
Natural cheese, cured or uncured, cheese product (which is further processed), or cheese product analog.
cheese or cheese product (us cfr)
A substance having greater than 2% of the caloric value of sucrose per equivalent unit of sweetening capacity. For example, the amount of such subtance having the sweetening capacity of 1 teaspoon of sucrose would have more than 0.4 calories (21 CFR 170.3(o)(21)).
nutritive sweetener (us cfr)
Any form of whole or milled grain, prepared grain product or starch containing product derived from non-grain sources. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
grain or starch product (us cfr)
The liquid extracted or expressed from mature fruit with or without the application of heat. Includes concentrated juice and single-strength juice. If the single-strength juice is prepared from concentrate, then *WATER ADDED* should be used. Carbonated fruit juices are indexed by *FRUIT JUICE* or *FRUIT JUICE, DILUTED* and *CARBONATED* or the appropriate narrower term.
fruit juice (us cfr)
Product that imparts or helps to impart a taste or aroma in food (21 CFR.170.3(n)(26). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
flavoring or seasoning (us cfr)
Fruit in all forms; includes fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products.
fruit or fruit product (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to milk or milk products, including cream product analogs, margarine, and milk analogs. Certain alternate ingredients are substituted for those components that are responsible for specific functional properties.
milk or milk product analog (us cfr)
Milk in all forms, milk-based beverage, cultured milk product, or milk or milk product analog. Index infant formula under *MEAL REPLACEMENT*.
milk or milk product (us cfr)
Meat (flesh and organs including blood and bone marrow) from mammals. Used for meat in all forms including cured meat, sausage or luncheon meat and meat product analogs.
meat or meat product (from mammal) (us cfr)
Vegetables in all forms except where a use-related product type descriptior (such as *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT* or *SNACK FOOD*) takes precedence.
vegetable or vegetable product (us cfr)
Semisolid or jelled food prepared from fruit or fruit juice and other ingredients prescribed for the individual products (21 CFR 150).
fruit butter, jelly, preserve or related product (us cfr)
Milk, a product derived from milk, or a dairy product analog; includes cheese and frozen dairy desserts. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
dairy product (us cfr)
Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked. Prepared foods often undergo several of the processes listed in *F. EXTENT OF HEAT TREATMENT* and *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*; these factors should be carefully considered in indexing. The classification of prepared food products emphasizes consumption characteristics. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
prepared food product (us cfr)
Food product that is usually pungent, tart, salty, or spicy and is used to enhance the flavors of other foods; includes catsup, relish, prepared mustard, prepared horseradish, and condiment sauces.
condiment or relish (us cfr)
Cheese made from milk or milk components, such as cream, by the following process: (1) produce curd through coagulation of milk by bacterial action and/or enzymes and/or acidification and draining of whey. (2) For cured cheese only: cure the curd. Excludes products made through further processing, such as comminuting (see *CHEESE PRODUCT*).
natural cheese (us cfr)
Candy or other food product made with sweeteners and frequently containing nuts, fruits, starches, flavorings and other foods (21 CFR 170.3(n)(9). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
confectionery (us cfr)
Food product prepared by heating a mixture of sweeteners and other optional ingredients according to the specific formula for each subgroup.
candy (us cfr)
Jelled product made from one or more fruit juices and optional ingredients. Includes both fruit jelly, which may be sweetened with nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, (21 CFR 150.140), and artificially sweetened fruit jelly (21 CFR 150.141). The finished fruit jelly must have a soluble solid content of no less than 65% and the ratio by weight of the fruit ingredient to sweetener in the starting mixture must be no less than 45:55. Artificially sweetened fruit jelly must contain no less than 55% fruit ingredient by weight.
fruit jelly (us cfr)
Soft candy prepared by boiling milk, sugar, salt and optional ingredients to the soft-ball stage (238 degrees F.).
fudge (us cfr)
Products of the flesh of animals. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
meat, poultry, seafood or related product (us cfr)
This category includes a wide variety of products made from comminuted or chopped meat (skeletal and/or organ meat) that is usually salted and/or seasoned and often stuffed in an edible or inedible casing. Includes products such as pork sausage, pickle or pimiento loaf, meat spread and pate, and products made by binding meat chunks with gelatin or other binders, such as sectioned and formed ham, beef rolls, and headcheese. Excludes plain ground meat, meat loaf and products made by slicing intact muscle or other tissue, even if packaged and marketed like luncheon meat. Index all processes applied to the product at hand; examples: *FULLY HEAT TREATED*, *CURED FOR 2 MONTHS*, *SMOKED*, *FERMENTED*, *EMULSIFIED OR HOMOGENIZED*. Also consider *PARTICLE SIZE IN SOLID FORMED PRODUCTS* and *TYPEOF SAUSAGE CASING* in *Z. ADJUNCT CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD*.
sausage or luncheon meat (us cfr)
Sweetened prepared product usually consumed after the main course in a meal. Excludes fruit or fruit products, bakery products and confectionery.
dessert (us cfr)
Alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage; excludes milk and milk-based beverages, fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, and vegetable juices. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
beverage (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to those of butter; it is in plastic form or liquid emulsion and contains not less than 80% fat whose origin is vegetable or rendered animal carcass fats or a mixture of these as well as other optional ingredients specified by 21 CFR 166.110.
margarine (us cfr)
A product added to a food item to achieve some degree of sweet taste; it may be nutritive or nonnutritive.
sweetener (us cfr)
Nonalcoholic beverage made from potable water by adding one or more of the following: carbon dioxide, flavoring ingredients or sweeteners. Naturally or artificially carbonated mineral waters are also considered soft drinks. Excludes products containing 15% or more fruit juice, which are indexed by the appropriate narrower term under *FRUIT JUICE OR RELATED PRODUCT*. Includes beverage bases to make soft drinks. Carbonated fruit juices are indexed by *FRUIT JUICE* or *FRUIT JUICE, DILUTED* and *CARBONATED* or the appropriate narrower term.
soft drink (us cfr)
Fruits and vegetables in all forms. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
fruit or vegetable product (us cfr)
The liquid extracted or expressed from mature vegetables with or without optional ingredients such as seasoning or salt. Products prepared from vegetable juice by thickening with gelatin or pectin are indexed under the broader term *VEGETABLE OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*. For part or portion, index the part or the plant from which the juice was extracted, rather than *PLANT EXTRACT, CONCENTRATE, OR ISOLATE*.
vegetable juice (us cfr)
Flesh from fish or shellfish. Includes seafood product analogs and seafood-based sausage or luncheon meat as well as such products as squid ink and clam juice.
seafood or seafood product (us cfr)
Beverage prepared by extrcting flavor and other components from food sources by percolation and/or immersion in water, usually at near-boiling temperature.
steeped beverage (us cfr)
Any form of cacao, cacao product, chocolate, chocolate product or chocolate product analog except chocolate candy; includes such products as cacao beans, cacao nibs, chocolate liquor, sweet or milk chocolate, and chocolate syrup; excludes flavors and extracts derived from cacao beans and chocolate- or cacao-flavored foods (21 CFR 163). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
cacao or chocolate product (us cfr)
Beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol; includes distilled spirits, malt beverage, and wine.
alcoholic beverage (us cfr)
Nonstandardized food product used as a meal accompaniment and consisting of a mixture of fats or oils, starch, liquid and other optional ingredients specified by the recipe; excludes condiment sauce (q.v.) and tomato or spaghetti sauce, which are vegetable products.
gravy or sauce (us cfr)
Food group having common consumption, functional or manufacturing characteristics, e.g. *FRUIT OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*, *DAIRY PRODUCT*, *CONFECTIONARY*, *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT*, etc. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
product type, usa
Candy prepared by cooking a mixture of water, sugars and optional ingredients to a temperature of 250 degrees F. or less.
soft candy (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to a butter product; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble.
butter product analog (us cfr)
Renamed from *PRODUCT TYPE, CODEX ALIMENTARIUS* in LanguaL 2008.
product type, international
product type, european union
A food product type is a class of food products that is differentiated by its food composition, processing and/or consumption characteristics. This does not include brand name products but it may include generic food dish categories.
food product type
Codex Alimentarius, Volume 2 - 1993, Section 2: Pesticide Residues in Food. The Codex Classification of food and animal feed commodities moving in trade and the description of the various items and groups of food and animal feedstuffs included in the present document have been developed by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. It was first adopted by the 18th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, (1989). The Codex Classification includes food commodities and animal feedstuffs for which Codex maximum residue limits will not necessarily be established. The Classification is intended to be as complete a listing of food commodities in trade as possible, classified into groups on the basis of the commodity's similar potential for pesticide residues. The Classification may also be appropriate for other purposes such as setting maximum levels for other types of residues or for other contaminants in food. The Codex Classification should be consulted in order to obtain a precise description of the food or animal feed commodities and, especially, in cases where Codex maximum residue limits have been set for groups of food and groups of animal feedstuffs. The Codex Classification is intended to promote harmonization of the terms used to describe commodities which are subject to maximum residue limits and of the approach to grouping commodities with similar potential for residue for which a common group maximum residue limit can be set.
classification of food and feed commodities (codex alimentarius)
a. primary food commodities of plant origin (ccpr)
Vegetables are foods derived from many different kinds of plants mostly annual and usually cultivated, commonly known by custom and tradition as "vegetables". In several countries, some of these commodities grown on large areas are distinguished as "field crops" or arable crops e.g. sugar beet. For the sake of convenience in this guide such crops are classified under Type 2 Vegetables. Exposure to pesticides is dependent on the particular part of the plant used for food and the growing practices. Vegetables may be consumed in whole or in part and in the form of fresh, dried or processed foods.
02 vegetables (ccpr)
Pulses are derived from the mature seeds naturally or artificially dried, of leguminous plants known as beans (dry) and peas (dry). The seeds in the pods are protected from most pesticides applied during the growing season except pesticides which show a systemic action. The dried beans and peas however are often exposed to post-harvest treatments. The dry pulses are consumed after processing or household cooking.
015 pulses (vd) (ccpr)
eurofir food classification
The group includes marine or freshwater fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other fauna such as reptiles, insects or frogs not in the Meats group. The group also includes seafood product analogs and seafood-based sausage or luncheon meat as well as such products as squid ink and clam juice.
seafood or related product (eurofir)
includes fish offal; a food product whose predominant constituent is fish (e.g. dried and salted fish, smoked fish, canned fish, pickled fish, restructured fish and fish analogues, surimi; fish paste, pâté).
seafood product (eurofir)
Alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage; excludes milk and milk-based beverages.
beverage (non-milk) (eurofir)
Beverage containing no more than 0.5% alcohol; it may be flavoured, sweetened or carbonated; includes soft drinks and steeped beverages; excludes milk in all forms, fruit juices and vegetable juices.
non alcoholic beverage (eurofir)
Beverage prepared by extracting flavour and other components from food sources by percolation and/or immersion in water, usually at near-boiling temperature. The group includes coffee (e.g. instant coffee, coffee and chicory essence), tea, herbal tea (e.g. green tea, black tea, tisane), cocoa beverage and beverage powder.
coffee, tea, cocoa or infusion (eurofir)
EFG group 32, Eurocode-2 group 12.
miscellaneous food product (eurofir)
This subgroup includes multicomponent meals, sauces, retail salads, desserts, soups, snacks and other foods where similarity of the product type is more significant than the source of the principal ingredient(s).
prepared food product (eurofir)
A liquid food made by simmering meat, poultry, seafood or vegetables, being clear or thickened to the consistency of a thin puree or having milk or cream added, and often containing pieces of solid food such as meat, shellfish, pasta or vegetables. Soup takes precedence over other food products. Examples are egg and lemon soup, oxtail soup, fish soup, rice soup, lentil soup, minestrone, cherry soup.
soup (eurofir)
The Global System 1 (GS1) Global Product Classification (GPC) is a system that gives buyers and sellers a common language for grouping products in the same way, everywhere in the world.$br/$ The GS1 GPC classification in facet A is currently updated based on June 2017 release of GS1 GPC Standard for Food/Beverage/Tobacco, except for codes pertaining to tobacco. See the GS1 site for details [https://www.gs1.org/standards/gpc].
global product classification (gs1 gpc)
50220000 - cereal/grain/pulse products (gs1 gpc)
50221200 - processed cereal products (gs1 gpc)
50190000 - prepared/preserved foods (gs1 gpc)
50192900 - pasta/noodles (gs1 gpc)
Food and Drugs, title 21, Code of Federal Regulations. Original food classification in LanguaL.
product type, u.s. code of federal regulations, title 21
pea, edible seed cultivars (food source)
fruit used as vegetable (food source)
polysaccharide-producing plant (food source)
sugar-producing plant (food source)
plant used for producing extract or concentrate (food source)
starch-producing plant (food source)
oil-producing plant (food source)
vegetable-producing plant, root, tuber or bulb (food source)
chemical food product
grain or seed-producing plant (food source)
carbohydrate-producing plant (food source)
vegetable-producing plant, above-ground parts (food source)
Shellfish is a food source and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some kinds are found in freshwater. In addition, a few species of land crabs are eaten, for example *Cardisoma guanhumi* in the Caribbean. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish]
shellfish or crustacean (food source)
"Slicing" or "globe" tomatoes are the usual tomatoes of commerce, used for a wide variety of processing and fresh eating.
Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill.
globe tomato plant (food source)
The black-eyed pea, black-eyed bean or goat pea, a legume, is a subspecies of the cowpea, grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible bean.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eyed_pea]
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata
blackeyed pea plant (food source)
animal (mammal) (food source)
swine (food source)
Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and genus (*Citrus*) of flowering plants in the rue family, *Rutaceae*. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnan province of China. Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; the best-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and limes.
citrus family (food source)
fruit-producing plant (food source)
A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family *Fabaceae* (or *Leguminosae*). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for their grain seed called pulse, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, beans, chickpeas, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume]
pod or seed vegetable (food source)
Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily *Bovinae*, are the most widespread species of the genus *Bos*, and are most commonly classified collectively as *Bos taurus*... with three subspecies: *Bos taurus primigenius, Bos taurus indicus, Bos taurus taurus*. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle]
cattle (food source)
The chickpea or chick pea (*Cicer arietinum*) is a legume of the family *Fabaceae*, subfamily *Faboideae*. Its different types are variously known as gram, or Bengal gram, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, as well as the Egyptian pea. Its seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes: 7,500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea]
garbanzo bean plant (food source)
spice or flavor-producing plant (food source)
head vegetable (food source)
Cultivated cowpeas are known by the common names black-eyed pea, southern pea, yardlong bean, catjang, and crowder pea. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea]
crowder pea plant (food source)
The cowpea (*Vigna unguiculata*) is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus *Vigna. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall it is an important crop in the semi-arid regions across Africa and other countries. It requires very few inputs, as the plants root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name. Four subspecies of cowpea are recognised, of which three are cultivated. Cultivated cowpeas are known by the common names black-eyed pea, southern pea, yardlong bean, catjang, and crowder pea.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea]
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata
cowpea plant (food source)
cow (food source)
algae, bacteria or fungus (food source)
algae, bacteria or fungus used as food source
potato plant (food source)
insect (food source)
Fish are the gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish]
fish (food source)
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. True oysters are members of the family *Ostreidae*. This family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera *Ostrea, Crassostrea, Ostreola, Magallana, Saccostrea*. Pearl oysters are not closely related to true oysters, being members of a distinct family, the feathered oysters (*Pteriidae*). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster]
oyster (food source)
barley plant (food source)
A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Berries are typically juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet or sour, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, red currants, and blackcurrants. The scientific usage of the term "berry" differs from common usage. In scientific terminology, a berry is a fruit produced from the ovary of a single flower in which the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (pericarp). The definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known as berries, such as grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines) and bananas. Fruits excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are aggregate fruits, and mulberries, which are multiple fruits. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry]
berry plant
corn plant (sensu maize)
turkey (poultry) (food source)
An apple tree (Malus pumila species in genus Malus), is cultivated worldwide as a fruit tree, providing sweet, edible fruit. Malus pumila encompasses over 7,500 apple cultivars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars).
apple tree (food source)
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, *Fungi*, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus]
fungus (food source)
lentil plant (food source)
The word "tomato" may refer to the plant (*Solanum lycopersicum*) or the edible, typically red, fruit that it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler climates.See also the list of tomato cultivars
tomato plant (food source)
A male hog castrated before sexual maturity. [Webster´s]
barrow (food source)
Kale (also called Borecole) is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group) in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. Kale can be classified by leaf type: Curly leaved (Scots kales), Plain leaved, Rape kale, Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale), Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale) (
kale plant (food source)
Melon is a name given to various members of the plant family *Cucurbitaceae* with sweet flavored, fleshy fruit e.g. gourds or cucurbits. Melon can be referred as a plant or a fruit. Many different cultivars have been produced, particularly of muskmelons.
melon plant (food source)
The *Arecaceae* are a botanical family of perennial climbers, shrubs, acaules and trees commonly known as palm trees (owing to historical usage, the family is alternatively called Palmae). They are flowering plants, a family in the monocot order Arecales. Currently 181 genera with around 2600 species are known, most of them restricted to tropical and subtropical climates. Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, palm syrup, ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and palm wood. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae]
palm plant (food source)
Multicellular animal, e.g., fish, meat animal or poultry.
vertebrate animal (food source)
The onion (*Allium cepa *L), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus *Allium*. Its close relatives include the garlic, shallot, leek, chive,[2] and Chinese onion. This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (*Allium fistulosum*), the tree onion (*A. ×proliferum*), and the Canada onion (*Allium canadense*). The name "wild onion" is applied to a number of *Allium* species, but *A. cepa* is exclusively known from cultivation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion]
onion plant (food source)
Unicellular and multicellular algae.
algae (food source)
coffee plant (food source)
cacao plant (food source)
*Oryza sativa*, commonly known as Asian rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. *Oryza sativa* contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained *japonica* or *sinica* variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained *indica* variety. Rice occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices. Black rice (also known as purple rice) is a range of rice types, some of which are glutinous rice. Varieties include Indonesian black rice and Thai jasmine black rice. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa]
rice plant (food source)
grain plant (food source)
*Vitis* (grapevines) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family *Vitaceae*. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis]
grape plant (food source)
clam (food source)
pea plant (food source)
*Citrus × sinensis*, also known as the *Citrus aurantium* Sweet Orange Group, includes the commonly cultivated sweet orange, blood oranges, and navel oranges. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_×_sinensis]
orange plant (food source)
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom *Fungi*, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species.
yeast (food source)
Multicellular plants.
plant (food source)
GRIN Nomen 300661 Vicia faba L. (broad bean, bell-bean, fava-bean, faba-bean); however ITIS Id. 26339 Vicia faba L. (horsebean). *Vicia faba*, the Broad Bean, Fava Bean, Field Bean, Bell Bean or Tic Bean, is a species of bean (*Fabaceae*) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally recognized: Vicia faba var. equina Pers. - Horse Bean. Although usually classified in the same genus Vicia as the vetches, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus *Faba*. The term fava bean (from the Italian fava, meaning "broad bean") is usually used in English speaking countries such as the US, however the term broad bean is the most common name in the UK.
Vicia faba L. (varieties for human consumption)
broad bean plant (food source)
Crustaceans form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean]
crustacean (food source)
Sweet corn (*Zea mays* convar. *saccharata* var. *rugosa*; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content. Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which control conversion of sugar to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel. Unlike field corn varieties, which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent stage), sweet corn is picked when immature (milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a vegetable, rather than a grain. Since the process of maturation involves converting sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, canned, or frozen, before the kernels become tough and starchy.
vegetable corn plant (food source)
cabbage plant (food source)
The term shellfish is used both broadly and specifically. For regulatory purposes it is often narrowly defined as filter-feeding molluscs such as clams, mussels, and oyster to the exclusion of crustaceans and all else. Although their shells may differ, all shellfish are invertebrates. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish]
shellfish (food source)
popcorn plant (food source)
chicken (food source)
The European cantaloupe is lightly ribbed, with a gray-green skin that looks quite different from that of the North American cantaloupe.
Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo Cantaloupe Group
Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin
Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin
european cantaloupe plant (food source)
Agave is a genus of monocots native to the hot and arid regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States. Some agave species are also native to tropical areas of South America. Some species are known by the name "century plant". Agave tequilana, agave azul or blue agave, is used in the production of tequila. Agave nectar, also called agave syrup, a sweetener derived from Agave sap, is used as an alternative to sugar in cooking, and can be added to breakfast cereals as a binding agent.
agave plant (food source)
poultry or game bird (food source)
Individual plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived; also a chemical food source [FDA CFSAN 1995].
food source
leafy vegetable (food source)
marrow bean
bean (vegetable) (food source)
vegetable-producing plant (food source)
In botany, a pome (after the Latin word for fruit: pomum) is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subfamily *Maloideae* of the family *Rosaceae*.
pome fruit plant (food source)
tea plant (food source)
Horse bean and field bean refer to *Vigna faba* L. cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel.
horse bean plant (food source)
*Lupinus*, commonly known as lupin or lupine (North America), is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, *Fabaceae*. The genus includes over 200 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus]
lupine bean plant (food source)
A mature female chicken (usually more than 10 months of age) with meat less tender than that of a roaster, and with a nonflexible breastbone tip.
hen (food source)
*Vigna unguiculata* subsp. *sesquipedalis* is a legume cultivated to be eaten as green pods. It is known as the yardlong bean, bora, bodi, long-podded cowpea, asparagus bean, pea bean, snake bean, or Chinese long bean. Despite the common name, the pods are actually only about half a yard long; the subspecies name sesquipedalis (one-and-a-half-foot-long) is a rather accurate approximation of the pods' length.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus_bean]
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.
Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.
yardlong bean plant (food source)
hyacinth bean plant (food source)
The winged bean (*Psophocarpus tetragonolobus*), also known as the Goa bean, four-angled bean, four-cornered bean, Manila bean, Dragon bean, is a tropical legume plant native to New Guinea.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean]
goa bean plant (food source)
pigeon pea plant (food source)
*Ascomycota* is a Division/Phylum of the kingdom *Fungi* that, together with the *Basidiomycota*, form the subkingdom *Dikarya*. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi. They are the largest phylum of *Fungi*, with over 64,000 species. The *ascomycetes* are a monophyletic group, i.e., all of its members trace back to one common ancestor. This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics and for making bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese, but also as pathogens of humans and plants. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi.
ascomycetes (food source)
*Basidiomycota* is one of two large phyla that, together with the *Ascomycota*, constitute the subkingdom *Dikarya* (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically the *Basidiomycota* include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast *Cryptococcus*.
basidiomycetes (food source)
White fonio (*D. exilis*) is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated *Digitaria* species that are harvested in the savannas of west Africa. Fonio is the smallest of all species of millet. It is one of the primary cereals of southern Sudan and Ethiopia in Africa. []
fonio plant (food source)
Muskmelon (*Cucumis melo*) is a species of melon that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. These include smooth skinned varieties such as honeydew, crenshaw and casaba, and different netted cultivars (cantaloupe, Persian melon and Santa Claus or Christmas melon).
muskmelon plant (food source)
Mustards are several plant species in the genera *Brassica* and *Sinapis* whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as mustard or prepared mustard. The seeds are also pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens.
mustard plant (food source)
vetch plant (food source)
red cabbage plant (food source)
*Mollusca* is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca]
molluscs (food source)
*Bivalvia*, in previous centuries referred to as the *Lamellibranchiata* and *Pelecypoda*, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. Bivalves as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia]
bivalve (food source)
coffee or tea plant (food source)
boar (food source)
*Dolichos* is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, *Fabaceae*, and the subfamily *Faboideae*. It is distributed in Africa and Asia. The lablab bean (*Lablab purpureus*) was formerly included in *Dolichos*.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichos_(plant)]
dolichos plant (food source)
devils tongue plant (food source)
savoy cabbage plant (food source)
Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (L.H.Bailey)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (L. H. Bailey) Musil
chinese kale plant (food source)
The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops or grains, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. They do not form a taxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one. Their essential similarities are that they are small-seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments such as those at risk of drought. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years.
millet plant (food source)
konjac plant (food source)
bacteria (food source)
food additive
liquid (food source)
*Elaeis guineensis* is a species of palm commonly called African oil palm or macaw-fat. It is the principal source of palm oil. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis]
african oil palm plant (food source)
Hordeum vulgare L. convar. distichon (L.) Alef.
two row barley plant (food source)
Hordeum vulgare convar. hexastichon Alef.
six row barley plant (food source)
paradise apple plant (food source)
pointed headed cabbage plant (food source)
plant according to family (food source)
plant used as fodder (food source)
Zebus (*Bos taurus indicus*), sometimes known as 'nothing cattle', are better-adapted to tropical environments than other domestic cattle. Their scientific name was originally *Bos indicus*, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under *Bos taurus* along with all other domestic cattle, and their aurochs ancestors, domesticated in India about 10,000 years ago. The ancient species of *Bos nomadicus* cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr, Guzerat, Indu-Brazilian, Nellore, Ongole and Brahman. Zebu have humps, large dewlaps and ears. They have more sweat glands than European cattle (*Bos taurus*). They handle hot, humid climates well and have pest resistances not seen in European cattle. (
zebu (food source)
brassica species (food source)
Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa Thell.
Brassica oleracea L., convar, acephala (D.C.) Alef, var. medullosa Thell.
marrow-stem kale plant (food source)
Kale or borecole is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group), green or purple, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables including broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, and brussels sprouts. The cultivar group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically.
Brassica oleracea L., convar. acephala (D. C.) Alef., var. sabellica L.
curly kale plant (food source)
*Canavalia ensiformis*, or (common) jack bean, is a legume which is used for animal fodder and human nutrition, especially in Brazil where it is called feijão-de-porco ("pig bean"). It is also the source of concanavalin A.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavalia_ensiformis]
jack-bean plant (food source)
Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.; Stizolobium deeringianum Bort.; other Stizolobium spp.
velvet bean plant (food source)
*Vigna subterranea* (also known by its common names: Bambara nut, Boro (Yoruba), Bambara groundnut, Bambara-bean, Congo goober, earth pea, ground-bean, or hog-peanut) is a member of the family *Fabaceae*. The plant originated in West Africa. Vigna subterranea ripens its pods underground, much like the peanut (also called a groundnut). They can be eaten fresh or boiled after drying.[]
bambara groundnut plant (food source)
cocktail tomato plant (food source)
Brewing yeasts may be classed as "top-cropping" (or "top-fermenting") and "bottom-cropping" (or "bottom-fermenting"). Top-cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top-cropping yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sometimes called an "ale yeast". Bottom-cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment well at low temperatures. An example of bottom-cropping yeast is *Saccharomyces pastorianus*, formerly known as *Saccharomyces carlsbergensis*. \n\n*Saccharomyces pastorianus* is a yeast used industrially for the production of lager beer, and is named after Louis Pasteur. It is a synonym of the yeast species *Saccharomyces carlsbergensis*,[ which was originally described in 1883 by Emil Christian Hansen, who was working for the Danish brewery Carlsberg.
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen, 1908
Saccharomyces pastorianus Reess ex E.C. Hansen, 1904
brewers yeast (food source)
plant used for dietary supplements (food source)
Melons with netted skin.
true muskmelon plant (food source)
The North American cantaloupe, common in the United States, Mexico, and in some parts of Canada, has a net-like (or reticulated) skin covering. It is a round melon with firm, orange, moderately sweet flesh and a thin, reticulated, light-brown rind. Varieties with redder and yellower flesh exist but are not common in the U.S. market.
north american cantaloupe plant (food source)
muskmelon, cantaloupe group (plant) (food source)
*Pachyrhizus* is a small genus of five or six species of tropical and subtropical plants growing from large, often edible taproots.
yam bean plant (food source)
*Allium* is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium]
allium species (food source)
A beefsteak tomato (American English) or beef tomato (British English) is any of the largest varieties of cultivated tomatoes, some weighing 1 pound (450 g) or more.
beefsteak tomato plant (food source)
The biological subfamily *Bovinae* includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium- to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, the bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hoofs and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns.
bovine (food source)
A bovid (family *Bovidae*) is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammal which has males with characteristic unbranching horns covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The family is widespread, being native to Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, and diverse: members include bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle.
bovid (food source)
*Cucumis* is a genus of twining, tendril-bearing plants in the *Cucurbitaceae* family which includes the cucumber (*Cucumis sativus*), muskmelons (*Cucumis melo*, including cantaloupe and honeydew), the horned melon (*Cucumis metuliferus*), and the West Indian gherkin (*Cucumis anguria*). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis]
cucumis species (food source)
The *Cucurbitaceae*, also called cucurbits and the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, the most important of which are: *Cucurbita* - squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds; *Lagenaria* - calabash, and others that are inedible; *Citrullus* - watermelon (*C. lanatus, C. colocynthis*) and others; *Cucumis* - cucumber (*C. sativus*), various melons; *Luffa* - luffa, loofah [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceae]
gourd/squash family (food source)
*Vigna* is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, *Fabaceae*, with a pantropical distribution. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna]
cowpea family (food source)
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum *Vertebrata*. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; jellyfish, and worms. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate] Terrestrial invertebrates include ants, flies, crickets, grasshoppers and spiders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal]
terrestrial invertebrate (food source)
The *Solanaceae*, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many, including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell/chili peppers, and tobacco are widely used. The *Solanaceae* consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae]
solanaceae plant (food source)
*Solanum* is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include two food crops of high economic importance, the potato and the tomato. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit. *Solanum* species show a wide range of growing habits, such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like *Lycopersicon* (the tomatoes) and *Cyphomandra* are now included in *Solanum* as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500-2,000 species. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum]
solanum plant (food source)
Edible flesh of any type of animal, including poultry and seafood. Excludes parts containing only animal fat, which is indexed under *FAT OR OIL* or under *FAT, TRIM*.
meat part of animal
organ meat, digestive system
A broad term that includes the nutritive sweeteners dextrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose and sucrose, which are simple carbohydrates with molecules composed of one or two saccharide units. Note that on a product label or in a recipe, 'sugar' means *SUCROSE* and should be so indexed. Use the broad term *SUGAR* only if the specific sugar used is not known or not listed in the vocabulary.
sugar
peel, core or seed
A broad term that includes milk and its components, cream, curd and whey; use the appropriate specific term when milk or a milk product is the principal ingredient. Use the appropriate term under *MEAT ANIMAL* to index the source of the milk (note: 21 CFR 131.110 defines milk as cow's milk).
milk or milk component
Anatomical part of the plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived, e.g., *LEAF*, *ROOT OR TUBER*, *ORGAN MEAT*, *MILK* OR *EGG*; it also includes components of parts, such as *CREAM*, and extracts, concentrates or isolates, such as *PROTEIN EXTRACT* or *SUGAR*.
part of plant or animal
Bone, feathers, shell, skin or trim fat.
nonmeat part of animal
A broad term that includes cream and its components, butter and buttermilk.
cream or cream component
skeletal meat part, without bone or shell
Includes carcass meat, organ meat, and nonmeat parts of animals, as well as the whole animal.
animal body or body part
organ meat, cardiovascular system
fruit, peel removed
plant above surface, excluding fruit and seed
organ meat, urogenital system
The parts of a plant that are not fruit or seed.
root, stem, leaf or flower
Extract, concentrate or isolate high in sugar, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide.
carbohydrate extract, concentrate, or isolate
The main propagative part of a plant, especially the kernel of a grain or nut. The bulk of the seed is formed by the endosperm, which encloses the germ and is covered by skin (bran).
seed (anatomical part)
Soft sugar whose crystals are covered by a film of refined dark syrup that imparts color, flavor, and moisture.
brown sugar
Anatomical part of an animal; includes eggs and milk that, although separated from the animal, are prouced as integral parts and are affected by the animal's food intake and metabolism.
part of animal
fruit or seed
The fleshy fruit of any plant. *FRUIT* includes vegetables berries and pods as well. The bulk of a fruit is its fleshy part, which is covered by a peel (skin) and which encloses a core, pit or seeds.
fruit part
Bone (endoskeleton) or shell (exoskeleton) of animals, or any part thereof.
bone or shell
Anatomical part of a plant, such as fruit, seed, pod, leaf, stem or flower as well as the whole plant.
part of plant
Carcass meat from any type of animal including poultry and seafood. Includes retail and wholesale cuts other than organ meat. Refers to the whole carcass or parts.
skeletal meat part
Food substance or component consisting predominantly of mixed glycerol esters of fatty acids and, in far lesser amounts, of fatty acids, sterols and pigments. A fat is a solid at room temperature, an oil is a liquid at room temperature (20 degrees C.). Excludes essential oils.
fat or oil
Poultry, game bird or turtle eggs.
egg or egg part
The female reproductive organs of animals (e.g., fish roe, coral of a lobster).
ovary, roe
Edible organ meat, including blood and bone marrow.
organ meat
A physical-chemical component separated from the food source or its parts by extraction, centrifugation, filtration, heat processing, expressing or a similar process. The separated component may be converted through further processing. If this is done, the final substance is indexed. A water-extracted component may remain in aqueous dispersion. The extract, concentrate or isolate is indexed in preference to the anatomic part from which it is derived. For example, peanut oil is indexed under *PEANUT* combined wih *FAT OR OIL* rather than with *SEED OR KERNEL*. On the other hand, fruit and vegetable juices can be indexed under *FRUIT JUICE OR NECTAR* or *VEGETABLE JUICE* (A. PRODUCT TYPE); therefore the anatomic part of the plant should be indexed.
extract, concentrate or isolate of plant or animal
fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed
The serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the thicker or more coagulable part or curd, espcially in the process of making cheese; it contains lactose, minerals and lactalbumin.
whey
Meat from organs that do not belong to the cardiovascular, digestive or urogenital system.
organ meat, other systems
sugar syrup or syrup solids
The hard, central part of an apple, pear, etc., that contains the seeds (Source: Webster's)
fruit core (anatomical part)
The rind or skin of fruit (Source: Webster's)
fruit peel (anatomical part)
The part of a flowering plant that typically contains the embryo with its protective coat and stored food and that can develop into a new plant under the proper conditions; fertilised and mature ovule (Source: Webster's). .Seeds and fruits commonly called seeds include: grain, kernel, berry, ear, corn, nut. (Source: Webster's Thesaurus).
fruit seed (anatomical part)
A liquid that flows slowly at room temperature. Examples are: some heavy liqueurs, evaporated milk, vegetable oil, molasses and honey. The range of high viscosity liquids spans sucrose solutions between 45 and 70% solids (viscosity range from 10 to 500 centipoise). Prefer 'solid pieces' factor term to 'small particles' if both appear in the food.
food (liquid, high viscosity)
A liquid that flows very easily at room temperature. Examples are: water, apple juice, sherry, acidophilus milk, whipping cream and some heavy liqueurs. The range of low viscosity liquid spans sucrose solutions between 0 and 45% solids (viscosity range from 1 to 10 centipoise). Prefer 'solid pieces' factor term to 'small particles' if both appear in the food.
food (liquid, low viscosity)
The physical state of the food product (liquid, semiliquid, semisolid, or solid). Solid food products are further subdivided by shape or form. Terms are provided for products that have both liquid and solid components or that incorporate air or other gases. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
food physical quality
liquid, low viscosity, with small particles
A state of matter between a solid and a gas, in which a substance has the capacity to flow and conforms to the shape of the container. Liquids range from water to honey, corresponding to a range in viscosity (or apparent viscosity) from 1 to 500 centipoise (viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow). Products that are pourable but have a higher viscosity are *SEMILIQUID*.
food (liquid)
A solid product is a hard or soft product capable of retaining its own shape at room temperature (20 degrees C.). A soft product that is spreadable or formable is considered semisolid.
food (solid)
not heat-treated
Used to broadly characterize a food product based on the extent of heat applied. Heat treatment affects the flavor and textural characteristics of a food and thus consumer preparation time. Heat treatment causes chemical changes and/or reduction of enzyme and of microbial activity and thus affects food safety and shelflife. Specifics of preparation are covered by *G. COOKING METHOD* and *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
extent of food heat treatment
food cooking process
Cooked at moderate to high levels of heat in which no liquid is added and only small amounts of fat may be added to prevent sticking.
cooking by dry heat
Cooked without moisture, covered or uncovered, in an oven.
food baking process
nutritive sweetener added
Used to specifically characterize a food product based on the treatment or processes applied to the product or any indexed ingredient. The processes include adding, substituting or removing components or modifying the food or component, e.g., through fermentation. Multiple values can be assigned.
food treatment process
flavoring or taste ingredient added
Modified by microbial or enzymatic action resulting in molecular changes in any food component. If salt, sugar or other food additive is used to aid in the modification process, index it by the appropriate term under *INGREDIENT ADDED*.
microbial/enzymatic modification process
physical/chemical modification process
sugar or sugar syrup added
food modification process
molasses added
Treated with acid that may be produced by fermentation or added and/or with salt brine, often in the presence of spices or herbs, producing changes in flavor and texture.
pickling process
sweetener added
This class is subject to revision as it is inherited from LanguaL but is not according to FoodOn ontology design. Product ingredients are handled using 'has part', 'derives from', 'has substance added', etc. relations rather than through "X added" terms; these will likely be deprecated.
ingredient added (TO BE REVISED)
fermentation/modification process, single component
alcohol fermentation process
carbohydrate fermentation process
sugar syrup or sugar syrup solids added
leavening agent added
sourdough added
The methods contributing to the prevention or retardation of microbial, enzymatic or oxidative spoilage and thus to the extension of shelf life. Index all methods for which information is available, even if a corresponding descriptor has already been used in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. Preservation descriptors refer to the finished food as a whole with these exceptions: (1) if the components of a multi-component food, such as cream pie, are preservation by different methods, index all methods; (2) if chemical preservatives are declared on the label, always index them even if it is known that the preservative was introduced through or is only present in a component or ingredient of the food; and (3) if the preservation method for an ingredient is declared on the label (such as brie cheese made from pasteurized milk) index it. Also use *INGREDIENT preservation by THERMAL PROCESSING* or *INGREDIENT preservation by IRRADIATION* when ingredients have been pasteurized, ultrapasteurized, sterilized or irradiated.
food preservation process
preservation by dehydration or drying
Preservation method that lowers the water activity (relative humidity) of a food product. This is accomplished by using mechanical dehydration equipment, by natural drying, by adding salt, sugar or other agents to the food or by surface drying during a refrigeration or freezing operation. This method of preservation may be used in conjunction with other preservation methods such as preservation by thermal processing.
preservation by reducing water activity
Type of container or wrapping defined by the main container material, the container form, and the material of the liner lids or ends. Also type of container or wrapping by form; prefer description by material first, then by form. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
food container or wrapping
can, bottle or jar
Classification corresponding to FSTA Thesaurus Packaging 3.1 Package Types
container or wrapping by form
bottle or jar
can (container)
bottle
jar
jug or demijohn
The stage of development of a plant or plant part. Maturity influences safety, nutrient composition and consumption characteristics. Use the appropriate narrower term only if ripeness is stated in the food name or label.
degree of plant maturity
That stage of plant development at which a plant or plant part has achieved full maturity and is ready for utilization.
ripe or mature
food plant physical quality
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
A biological process that involves only one organism.
A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
measurement unit label
a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
objective specification
a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take
action specification
A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
datum label
Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
software
A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content
information carrier
a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
data item
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
information content entity
a scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label.
scalar measurement datum
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
directive information entity
A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions.
dot plot
A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way.
graph
A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata.
algorithm
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
PERSON:Bill Bug
A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
data format specification
A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
data set
An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface.
image
data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
data about an ontology part
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
plan specification
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
measurement datum
A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres.
material information bearer
A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes.
histogram
A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map.
heatmap
A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm.
dendrogram
A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.
scatter plot
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
figure
A figure that expresses one or more propositions
diagram
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
document
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
time stamped measurement datum
A data set that is an aggregate of data recording some measurement at a number of time points. The time series data set is an ordered list of pairs of time measurement data and the corresponding measurement data acquired at that time.
time sampled measurement data set
ducks, geese, chickens, fowl, quail, currasows and allies
Saccharomyces pasteurianus var. pasteurianus
non Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, nom. illeg.
Elaeis guineensis var. tenera (Oil palm)
whales, hippos, ruminants, pigs, camels etc.
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
planned process
a regulatory role involved with making and/or enforcing relevant legislation and governmental orders
regulator role
a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body.
regulatory role
a role realized through the process of supplying materials such as animal subjects, reagents or other materials used in an investigation.
material supplier role
A data set that is produced as the output of a class prediction data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned class labels.
classified data set
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
processed material
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material
material processing
a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation
specimen role
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
organization
An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature.
environment control function
A regulatory agency is a organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government.
regulatory agency
an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials.
material transformation objective
Manufacturing is a process with the intent to produce a processed material which will have a function for future use. A person or organization (having manufacturer role) is a participant in this process
manufacturing
is the objective to manufacture a material of a certain function (device)
manufacturing objective
Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process.
A data set that is produced as the output of a class discovery data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned discovered class labels.
clustered data set
A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen.
A class prediction data transformation (sometimes called supervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class prediction.
class prediction data transformation
A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
A support vector machine is a data transformation with a class prediction objective based on the construction of a separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two data sets of vectors in n-dimensional space.
A decision tree induction objective is a data transformation objective in which a tree-like graph of edges and nodes is created and from which the selection of each branch requires that some type of logical decision is made.
A decision tree building data transformation is a data transformation that has objective decision tree induction.
decision tree building data transformation
a software that provides access to more than 100 tools for gene expression analysis, proteomics, SNP analysis and common data processing tasks.
Peak matching is a data transformation performed on a dataset of a graph of ordered data points (e.g. a spectrum) with the objective of pattern matching local maxima above a noise threshold
A k-nearest neighbors is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, in which an input data object with vector y is assigned to a class label based upon the k closest training data set points to y; where k is the largest value that class label is assigned.
k-nearest neighbors
A CART (classification and regression trees) is a data transformation method for producing a classification or regression model with a tree-based structure.
CART
A data transformation which assesses how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set.
A person or organization that has a manufacturer role
is a role which inheres in a person or organization and is realized in in a planned process which provides access to training, materials or execution of protocols for an organization or person
A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified.
A label that is part of a categorical datum and that indicates the value of the data item on the categorical scale.
A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent.
A document with a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study.
A cultured cell population that is derived through one or more passages in culture.
A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories
An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale.
A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts.
collection of specimens
A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a tumor slide specimen according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th Edition grading system.
histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a tumor slide specimen according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System.
histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System
A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a ovarian tumor.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor that is from a two-tier histological classification of tumors.
histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to a two-tier grading system
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor that is from a histological classification by the World Health Organization (WHO).
histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colorectal cancer following the rules of the TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colorectal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pathologic lymph node stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pathologic lymph node stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colon cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic distant metastases stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pathologic distant metastases stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is an assessment of the stage of a cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) v7 staging systems.
clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is an assessment of the stage of a gynecologic cancer according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging systems.
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the FIGO classification system.
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification
A categorical value specification that is an assessment of a participant's performance status (general well-being and activities of daily life).
A performance status value specification designed by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group to assess disease progression and its affect on the daily living abilities of the patient.
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification
A performance status value specification designed for classifying patients 16 years of age or older by their functional impairment.
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
organism
A material entity that has the specimen role.
specimen
A processed material comprised of a collection of cultured cells that has been continuously maintained together in culture and shares a common propagation history.
A planned process that produces output data from input data.
data transformation
is a data transformation : leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) involves using a single observation from the original sample as the validation data, and the remaining observations as the training data. This is repeated such that each observation in the sample is used once as the validation data
leave one out cross validation method
A k-means clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, which takes as input a collection of objects (represented as points in multidimensional space) and which partitions them into a specified number k of clusters. The algorithm attempts to find the centers of natural clusters in the data. The most common form of the algorithm starts by partitioning the input points into k initial sets, either at random or using some heuristic data. It then calculates the mean point, or centroid, of each set. It constructs a new partition by associating each point with the closest centroid. Then the centroids are recalculated for the new clusters, and the algorithm repeated by alternate applications of these two steps until convergence, which is obtained when the points no longer switch clusters (or alternatively centroids are no longer changed).
k-means clustering
A hierarchical clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery objective, which takes as input data item and builds a hierarchy of clusters. The traditional representation of this hierarchy is a tree (visualized by a dendrogram), with the individual input objects at one end (leaves) and a single cluster containing every object at the other (root).
hierarchical clustering
A dimensionality reduction is data partitioning which transforms each input m-dimensional vector (x_1, x_2, ..., x_m) into an output n-dimensional vector (y_1, y_2, ..., y_n), where n is smaller than m.
dimensionality reduction
A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones.
principal components analysis dimensionality reduction
An planned process that creates images, diagrams or animations from the input data.
data visualization
An objective specification to transformation input data into output data
data transformation objective
A partitioning data transformation is a data transformation that has objective partitioning.
partitioning data transformation
A partitioning objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to generate a collection of disjoint non-empty subsets whose union equals a non-empty input set.
partitioning objective
A class discovery data transformation (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class discovery.
class discovery data transformation
A class discovery objective (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to organize input data (typically vectors of attributes) into classes, where the number of classes and their specifications are not known a priori. Depending on usage, the class assignment can be definite or probabilistic.
class discovery objective
A class prediction objective (sometimes called supervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to create a predictor from training data through a machine learning technique. The training data consist of pairs of objects (typically vectors of attributes) and class labels for these objects. The resulting predictor can be used to attach class labels to any valid novel input object. Depending on usage, the prediction can be definite or probabilistic. A classification is learned from the training data and can then be tested on test data.
class prediction objective
A cross validation objective is a data transformation objective in which the aim is to partition a sample of data into subsets such that the analysis is initially performed on a single subset, while the other subset(s) are retained for subsequent use in confirming and validating the initial analysis.
cross validation objective
A data visualization which has input of a clustered data set and produces an output of a report graph which is capable of rendering data of this type.
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's scalar absolute value of the rate of change of the bearer's position.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed.
A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts.
A chromatic property that is the relative position of different hues or degrees of saturation.
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to pressure, being broken, or pierced
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing or displaying a distinctive feature in type or degree or effect or force.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's molecules being are aerially dispersed and perceived by an odorant receptor.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average.
The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement which is defined by the angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object.
A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation.
A color hue with low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of or the relationships between its repeated parts lack consistency.
A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking color.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a higher to a lower point.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces east.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces west.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a lower to a higher point.
A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure.
A hardness quality of giving little resistance to pressure.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's once or in or a few unpredictable instances.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence.
A length quality which is relatively large.
A length quality which is relatively small.
A size quality which is relatively high.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording not completed blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two sides; two-sided.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being overfilled.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being upright in position or posture.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having mistakenly taken course, way, or passage; ill-routed.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being stretched out and lying at full length along the ground.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by breaks or interruptions.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
A color consisting of dark orange, red, of very low intensity.
An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sinuate margin and rippled surface.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable to be permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A physical quality of a liquid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's velocity multiplied by its mass.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of change of the bearer's velocity in either speed or direction.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input.
A physical quality that exists by virtue of the rate of flow of the bearer across a given surface.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration.
A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the middle relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the side relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located more centrally than another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter Y.
An odor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking odour.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits variation or change.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's power or force.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located further from a more centrally located entity.
A physical object quality which inheres in a single-bearer.
quality of a single physical entity
A physical entity quality which exists in relation towards some other entity.
quality of related physical entities
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to varying or changing.
A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of distinct morphology.
A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given area.
A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given volume.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting low opacity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having distinct structure.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking distinct structure.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of the bearer's angular movement about an axis; the angle rotated in a given time.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life.
A concentration quality inhering in a medium by virtue of the bearer's tendency to hydronate a specific reference base.
An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a high concentration of H+ ions.
An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a low concentration of H+ ions.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decomposition into component parts.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer includes all its components.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being broken open.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being encrusted or impregnated with calcium carbonate (CHEBI:3311).
A sensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's independence on oxygen.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an oblique or slanted direction.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being thicker or more closely packed together; pressed tightly together.
A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform a regular function(s).
A physical quality inhering in sound by virtue of the bearer's travelling speed in a given medium under specified conditions.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the bearer's disposition to dissolve in a liquid.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts.
extra or missing physical or functional parts
A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s).
A mass which is lower than normal or average.
A mass which is higher than normal or average.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being spread out or scattered about or divided up.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic.
A permeability which is relatively high.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to transmit of an entity through a medium.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch.
A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimenision.
A depth quality which is relatively high.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distorted in form.
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits decreased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functional quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits increased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distributed or spread over a considerable extent.
A quality of related physical entities inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space in relation to another entity.
relational spatial quality
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front of an organism relative to another entity.
A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary into the surface or boundary of another entity.
A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary and outwards in relation to the physical space occupied by another entity.
An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a proper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of osmoles of solute per liter of solution.
A distribution which is relatively high.
An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having efficiency.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities.
A magnetic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to exert magnitism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in two dimensions.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions.
An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lose an entitity by natural process.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed body parts.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed foliage.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to not shed any body part.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to retain foliage.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being between evergeen and deciduous.
A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation.
A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate.
A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity.
A radioactivity which is relatively low.
A radioactivity which is relatively high.
A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneous transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.
A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to convey electricity.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing granules.
An age which is high relative to the normal or average.
An age which is low relative to the normal or average.
A thickness quality which lacks pattern.
A density which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome.
A density which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on left side of from the a another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on right side of a another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting disturbance of its smoothness or regularity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality that is relatively high.
A wetness quality that is relatively low.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing acid (hydrogen ions).
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being situated at right angles to the horizon.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in the plane of the horizon.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter U.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into three branches.
A circumference which is relatively high.
A circumference which is relatively low.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the south when it faces north.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces south.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one direction only.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two directions.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction approximating the shape of a circle.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned on opposite sides on the same plane.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits size variation or change.
A variability of size which is relatively low.
A variability of size which is relatively high.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having at least one salient angle on the margin.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being kept below its freezing point.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's passing into solution.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers).
A shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being elongated and cylindrical.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delimited by a surface with holes.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's layered configuration.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a layered configuration.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being seperated into two contiguous wholes.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being at the edge or boundary of a related entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being fit to be eaten.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being suitable for use as food.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer not being suitable for use as food.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch of an increased apical height.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning towards an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning away from an additional entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being free of curves, bends, or angles.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in position.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A behavioral quality inhering ina bearer by virtue of the bearer's unequal distribution of fine motor skill between its left and right hands or feet.
Handedness where the organism preferentially uses the left hand or foot for tasks requiring the use of a single hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot.
Handedness where the organism preferentially uses the right hand or foot for tasks requiring the use of a single hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot.
Handedness where the organism exhibits no overall dominance in the use of right or left hand or foot in the performance of tasks that require one hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being small or narrow in circumference or width in proportion to length or height.
A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan.
An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter V.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located far (not close to) in space in relation to another entity.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.
A physical quality inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, flattish shape, possibly with a slightly angled edge.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partially upright in position or posture.
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located in a position equidistant from edges.
A structural quality of the collection or massing of one physical object within another physical object.
An increased number of physical objects that are accumulated within another physical object usually as a result of a failure to break down or remove objects in a timely manner.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same continuous distance relative to another object.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's underlying structure being capable of change.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the base of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the stalk of an organism relative to another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's upper parts die back to the rootstock at the end of the growing season.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's width being notably higher than its length.
Recurrent and often more or less cyclic alteration.
Flattened from above downward; below the normal level or the level of the surrounding parts.
Open to view or not covered by another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer touching another entity along a border or with a projecting part.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's position being displaced from a reference point.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same level as another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer bring gradually worn away.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of some aspect of the bearer extending to the position of another entity.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increased rate of change of the position.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decreased rate of change of the position.
Positional quality in which an entity is located outside of another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a slanting direction (neither perpendicular nor parallel) relative to another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being level or even with another surface.
A variability quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer having a variable number or count of an entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing an uninterrupted or unbroken connection or spatial distribution relative to the position of another entity.
A quality inhering in air by virtue of the partial pressure exerted by the bearer's water vapour content.
The propensity of a material to undergo combustion. Combustion encompasses smouldering and flaming combustion. Combustibility is usually applied to solids.
A quality of an object that has a value that is normal or average.
An age which is relatively normal or average.
A concentration which is relatively normal or average.
A curvature which is relatively normal or average.
An efficiency which is relatively normal or average.
An elasticity which is relatively normal or average.
A flexibility which is relatively normal or average.
A fluid flow which is relatively normal or average.
A magnetism which is relatively normal or average.
A mass which is relatively normal or average.
A density which is relatively normal or average.
An osmolarity which is relatively normal or average odor.
A permeability which is relatively normal or average.
A position which is relatively normal or average
A distribution which is relatively normal or average
An elevation which is relatively normal or average
A pressure which is relatively normal or average
A radioactivity which is relatively normal or average
A size quality which is relatively normal or average
An area which is relatively normal or average
A depth quality which is relatively normal or average
A length quality which is relatively normal or average
A perimeter which is relatively normal or average
A circumference which is relatively normal or average
A thickness which is relatively normal or average
A volume which is relatively normal or average
A width which is relatively normal or average
A speed which is relatively normal or average
A strength which is relatively normal or average
A temperature which is relatively normal or average
A quality of aprocess that has a value that is normal or average.
A variability which is relatively normal or average
A variability of size which is relatively normal or average
A velocity which is relatively normal or average
A viscosity which is relatively normal or average
A wetness which is relatively normal or average
An occurrence which is relatively normal.
The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials, N, E, S, W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east.
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west.
East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west.
South is one of the four cardinal directions or compass points. South is the polar opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west.
West is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east.
A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids.
collection of organisms
A collection of organisms, all of the same species, that live in the same place.
population of organisms
A community of at least two different species, living in a particular area. Must have at least two populations of different species as members.
ecological community
A material entity that has as parts two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids of the same species and no members of any other species.
single-species collection of organisms
A collection of organisms of the same species whose members are all either genealogically related to each other or have mated with each other.
community
A collection of organisms that consists of two or more organisms from at least two species.
multi-species collection of organisms
A material entity that is one or more organisms, viruses or viroids.
organismal entity
An ecological community which is composed of co-existing populations of microbial organisms that interact, directly or indirectly, such that they impact one another's ecological fitness.
microbial community
A vehicle which uses a motor to impel itself along a track to which its movements are constrained.
Definition created on the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Morioka for the 2017 BioHackathon. Contributors to add to xrefs: Seth Carbon and Mark Wilkinson.
Conceivably, cable cars and ski lifts are also trains. Further, entities like hand cars (platforms with wheels propelled along train tracks) are usually not considered trains.
train
A plant structure (PO:0005679) which is a whole organism.
A floral structure primordium (PO:0025477) that is committed to the development of an ovule (PO:0020003).
portion of ovule primordium tissue (exact)
A floral structure primordium (PO:0025477) that is committed to the development of a gynoecium (PO:0009062).
portion of gynoecium primordium tissue (exact)
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) composed of cutin (PO:0025385), a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids C16 and C18 chains, embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386) and forming a layer on the surface of a plant epidermis (PO:0005679).
A shoot axis (PO:0025029) that is the most distal part of a shoot system (PO:0009006) and has as parts a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and the youngest primordia (PO:0025127).
&#225pice del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A portion of shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035) that is part of a shoot axis (PO:0025029).
epidermis del eje del tallo (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) which is the organogenic region of the meristem, characterized by higher rates of cell division.
A portion of reproductive shoot apical meristem tissue (PO:0008028) that gives rise to the floral organs (PO:0025395).
A native plant cell (PO:0025606) synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall.
c&#233lula meristem&#225tica (Spanish, exact)
A primordium (PO:0025127) that develops from a root anlagen (PO:0025433) and is committed to the development of a root (PO:0009005).
portion of root primordium tissue (exact)
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) composed of epidermal cells (PO:0004013) that develops from the protoderm (PO:0006210) and covers the surface of a plant structure (PO:0009011).
A lateral plant organ (PO:0009008) produced by a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148).
A portion of phyllome epidermis (PO:0025157) that is part of a leaf (PO:0025034).
A portion of epidermis (PO:0005679) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006) and arises from the meristem L1 layer (PO:0009020).
epidermis del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A portion of epidermis (PO:0005679) that is part of a root (PO:0009005).
epidermis de la ra&#237z (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006).
meristema del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is the outer layer of an apical meristem (PO:0020144), or the outer layer of a plant embryo proper (PO:0000001), and gives rise to a portion of epidermis (PO:0005679).
A shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) that gives rise to the apical growth of reproductive tissues and organs.
meristema apical reproductivo del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a gynoecium (PO:0009062), or a single carpel (PO:0009030), and at maturity may have as parts one or more seeds (PO:0009010).
A cell which is a plant structure (PO:0009011).
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that lacks shoot axis nodes (PO:0005004) and usually grows indeterminately.
A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces shoot-borne portions of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) and the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them.
sistema de epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that consists predominantly of similarly specialized plant cells (PO:0009002) of one or more types.
porci&#243n de un tejido vegetal (Spanish, exact)
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that is a functional unit, is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and includes portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types that derive from a common developmental path.
A whole plant (PO:0000003) that participates in the plant embryo stage (PO:0007631).
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a plant ovule (PO:0020003) and has as parts a plant embryo (PO:0009009) enclosed in a seed coat (PO:0009088).
An anatomical structure that is or was part of a plant, or was derived from a part of a plant.
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) in which plant cells (PO:0009002) have retained their embryonic characteristics, or have reverted to them secondarily, and that divide to produce new cells that can undergo differentiation to form mature tissues, i.e. they have a capacity for morphogenesis and growth.
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is the outermost layer of a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and gives rise to a shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035).
A determinate reproductive shoot system (PO:0025082) that has as part at least one carpel (PO:0009030) or at least one stamen (PO:0009029) and does not contain any other determinate shoot system (PO:0009006) as a part.
A collective phyllome structure (PO:0025023) composed all of the carpels (PO:0009030) in a flower (PO:0009046).
gynoecium of lower floret of pedicellate spikelet of ear (narrow)
gynoecium of lower floret of pedicellate spikelet of tassel (narrow)
gynoecium of lower floret of sessile spikelet of ear (narrow)
gynoecium of lower floret of sessile spikelet of tassel (narrow)
gynoecium of upper floret of pedicellate spikelet of ear (narrow)
gynoecium of upper floret of pedicellate spikelet of tassel (narrow)
gynoecium of upper floret of sessile spikelet of ear (narrow)
gynoecium of upper floret of sessile spikelet of tassel (narrow)
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the outer layer (wall) of a fruit (PO:0009001), and develops from a plant ovary (PO:0009072) or a carpel (PO:0009030) wall.
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the outer layer of a pericarp (PO:0009084).
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the innermost differentiated layer of a pericarp (PO:0009084).
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is the middle layer of a pericarp (PO:0009084).
A plant organ (PO:0009008) that has as parts a nucellus (PO:0020020) in which a female gametophyte (PO:0025279) is located, one or two integuments (PO:0020021), and a funicle (PO:0020006).
A maximal portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) located at a shoot apex (PO:0000037) or root tip (PO:0000025).
A shoot system meristem (PO:0006079) formed at the apex of the shoot axis (PO:0025029), including those originating from an axillary bud meristem (PO:0000232).
meristema apical del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A collective plant structure (PO:0025497) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and is composed of two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) and the associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007).
estructura vegetal colectiva de &#243rgano (Spanish, exact)
A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that consists of two or more phyllomes (PO:0006001) originating from the same node or from one or more adjacent nodes with compressed shoot internodes (PO:0005005).
estructura colectiva del filoma (Spanish, exact)
A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces root meristems (PO:0006085), the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them and the parts thereof.
A native plant cell (PO:0025606) that is part of a plant embryo (PO:0009009).
c&#233lula embri&#243nica vegetal (Spanish, exact)
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006).
eje del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A phyllome (PO:0006001) that is not associated with a reproductive structure.
A shoot system (PO:0009006) in the sporophytic phase that has as part at least one sporangium (PO:0025094).
sistema de brote reproductivo (Spanish, exact)
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that is part of an plant embryo (PO:0009009).
estructura vegetal embri&#243nica (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that has as parts protoderm (PO:0006210) and sub-epidermal meristematic tissue and is committed to the development of a particular plant structure (PO:0009011).
A primordium (PO:0025127) that develops from a phyllome anlagen (PO:0025430) and is part of a shoot apex (PO:0000037) and is committed to the development of a phyllome (PO:0006001).
portion of phyllome primordium tissue (exact)
An anatomical entity that is or was part of a plant.
entidad anat&#243mica vegetal (Spanish, exact)
A portion of shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035) that is part of a phyllome (PO:0006001).
A portion of organism substance that is or was part of a plant.
porci&#243n de sustancia vegetal (Spanish, exact)
A shoot apex that has as part a reproductive shoot apical meristem.
&#225pice reproductivo del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) that is part of a plant embryo (PO:0009009).
portion of embryonic plant tissue (exact)
tejido embri&#243nico vegetal (Spanish, exact)
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), and is composed of a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acid C16 and C18 chains.
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) comprised predominantly of very long chain aliphatic lipids and is part of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022).
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), composed primarily of cutin (PO:0025385), embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386).
cut&#237cula propia de la planta (Spanish, exact)
A plant organ (PO:0009008) that is part of a flower (PO:0009046).
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is part of a peripheral zone (PO:0000225) of a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and will give rise to a phyllome primordium (PO:0025128).
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is committed to the development of a root primordium (PO:0005029).
A primordium (PO:0025127) that is committed to the development of a floral organ (PO:0025395) and is part of a reproductive shoot apex (PO:0025222).
floral structure primordia (exact, plural)
portion of floral structure primordium tissue (exact)
primordio de organo floral (Spanish, exact)
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that has as parts two or more portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single structural unit demarcated by primarily bona-fide boundaries from other structural units of different types.
estructura vegetal con m&#250ltiples tejidos (Spanish, exact)
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003) and includes two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) or adjacent cardinal organ parts (PO:0025001), along with any associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007).
estructura vegetal colectiva (Spanish, exact)
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is an aqueous solution that can be transported through the apoplast (GO:0048046) or symplast (GO:0055044).
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that consists of a complex mixture of organic aromatic compounds such as mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoids.
A plant cell (PO:0009002) that is either part of a multicellular whole plant (PO:0000003) 'in vivo' or a unicellular organism 'in natura' (i.e. part of a natural environment).
A fruit (PO:0009001) which at maturity comprises a fleshy endocarp (PO:0009086), fleshy mesocarp (PO:0009087), and fleshy exocarp (PO:0009085).
A berry fruit (PO:0030108) which develops from a superior gynoecium (PO:0009062) and at maturity comprises a thickened exocarp (PO:0009085), thickened mesocarp (PO:0009087), and endocarp (PO:0009086), and has as parts juice sacs (PO:0006013) on a carpel adaxial epidermis (PO:0025618).
A berry fruit (PO:0030108) which develops from an inferior gynoecium (PO:0009062) and at maturity comprises a fleshy exocarp (PO:0009085), fleshy mesocarp (PO:0009087), and hardened endocarp (PO:0009086) and has as a part a fleshy hypanthium (PO:0009065) which is indistinct from the exocarp (PO:0009085).
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.
Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH].
The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity.
the clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas
The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN].
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted].
A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
somatic nervous system, somatic division
somatic part of peripheral nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO].
pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis.
The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO].
A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia
An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid.
camera-type eye plus associated structures
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Anatomical projection that protrudes from the skin. Examples: hair, nail, feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, antler, bristle and some scales.
one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins.
Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported.
Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO].
Any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph.
A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions.
A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway.
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].
The fluid surrounding the ovum and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle.
multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer.
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO].
* Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain. (MSH) * ganglion found on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of the unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. (CSP)
spinal ganglion part of peripheral nervous system
A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.
An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity.
Thickened areas of the saccule or utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs[MESH,modified].
A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.
Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs.
the fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening
A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances.
A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong].
Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity.
A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ.
Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts
proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract
Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS.
A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO].
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism.
The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm.
mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure
An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure
The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa.
The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo.
In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]
A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP].
An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP]
A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum.
A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues
embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior
the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta
A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc.
Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA]
portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia]
The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO].
the connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea.
Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO].
Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium.
A layer of thin, concentrically arranged cells with interspersed collagen that lies within the epineurium. (Nolte, J., The Human Brain 3rd edition)
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO)
The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus.
Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures
endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP].
the ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body.
A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis.
The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung.
Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
A bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach disgorged through the mouth or nose that happens as a result of a vomit reflex.
Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid.
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity
Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
A bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose.
Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells.
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs.
Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO].
Dorsal part (base region) of the telencephalon.
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.
the thin innermost layer of the extraembryonic membranes that contains the amniotic fluid; the membrane forms a closed sac in which the embryo and later, the fetus, is suspended and protected
Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
The upper ventral region of an animal's torso.
The upper ventral region of the torso of an organism.
A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition].
intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ
intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane
mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum
mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum
organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum
Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells.
A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching.
The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin.
The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity).
A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition].
bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network.
A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm].
A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]
A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex].
functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues.
A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO].
the inner portion of the kidney consisting of the renal pyramids
An epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.
The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP].
The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur.
The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses.
maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2)
A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway.
Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP].
The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified].
The group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. distributed to the hair cells of the spiral organ. The cochlear fibers arise in bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion in the modiolus.
cochlear part of vestibulocochlear ganglion
vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component
vestibulocochlear ganglion cochlear component
An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a jejunum.
One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers plus ganglia that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells.
A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
A mesodermal signaling center of the hair follicle consisting of closely packed specialized mesenchymal fibroblasts. Framed by the enlarged bulb matrix in anagen.
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells.
An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
A merocrine, unbranched, unbranched, coiled, tubular gland sweat gland. In humans, distributed over almost all of the body surface, and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretion.
The layer located below the cerebral cortex that includes the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands.
The region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity.
An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition].
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
organism substance
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ.
A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm.
The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue.
Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another.
A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.
Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO].
Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells.
Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]
Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]
Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]
Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers.
Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces.
Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]
A semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats.
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen.
The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column.
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.
Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut.
The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity.
An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium.
The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation
A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex.
Middle part of an organ, surrounded by the cortex.
The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted].
the transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure
Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells.
An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column.
Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah]
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral fin
The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion).
The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod.
The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified].
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin
Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].
A intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
the gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells
female organism reproductive system gonad
female organism reproductive system gonada
gonad of female organism reproductive system
gonad of reproductive system of female organism
gonada of female organism reproductive system
gonada of reproductive system of female organism
reproductive system of female organism gonad
reproductive system of female organism gonada
A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body.
tubular parts of female reproductive system
the female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth
A fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP].
Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct.
The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.
Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.
An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products..
organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP].
Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue
A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism.
The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed).
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
The sensory system for the sense of taste.
A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP].
Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract.
A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED].
Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993).
saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]
Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO].
The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract.
Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)].
In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted].
the terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus
A tubule that extends from the posterior part of the digestive tract which absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. Each tubule consists of a single layer of cells that is closed off at the distal end with the proximal end joining the alimentary canal at the junction between the midgut and hindgut[WP,modified].
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core.
A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice
A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium.
Ossified form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified].
Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle.
An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle
Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer.
A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.
Excretion that is the output of a kidney
Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells.
Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.
Skeletal element within the mouth (or in some species, upper part of the digestive tract) that is composed of dentine and is used in procuring or masticating food.
An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A lobe of tissue that is part of a thyroid gland.
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO].
The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland for secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually found as a pair, embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism.
Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified].
Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers.
Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO].
textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus
Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri).
A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column..
Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava.
the tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct
A pouch in the digestive tract that connects the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction.
A blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically[WP].
Last portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum.
Section of colon which is distal to the cecum and proximal to the transversecolon.[FMA,modified]
The proximal-distal subdivision of colon that runs transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, from the right to the left colic flexure. Continuous with the descending colon[BTO,modified].
The portion of the colon between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon at the pelvic brim; the portion of the descending colon lying in the left iliac fossa is sometimes called the iliac colon.
The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity.
The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong].
The part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP]
the area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells
the stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum
the layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between
An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP].
The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids.
A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder.
the part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space.
Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum
The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted].
The mucosal layer that lines the stomach.
the fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa
the outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum
anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane
anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane
serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus
serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach
serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus
serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall
serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall
ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane
A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP].
A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
submucosal tissue in the small intestines.
A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
the protruding lymphoid tissue located on the mucosa of the intestine that is composed of densely packed B cell follicles
aggregated lymphoid follicle of intestine
A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP].
the tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold
A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP].
Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
Tip of renal pyramid projecting into a minor calyx.
the structure containing the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus that serves as the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron
A cup-like sac at the expanded beginning of a tubular component of a nephron that contains the glomerulus
An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient
the thick outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces and secretes steroid hormones such as corticosterone, estrone and aldosterone
the inner portion of the adrenal gland that consists mainly of chromaffin cells which produce, store and secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
A chromaffin paraganglion located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.
Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine.
lamina propria mucosa of small intestine
lamina propria mucosae of small intestine
lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine
the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes of the small intestine
A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition].
anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane
anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane
intestine anatomical wall serous membrane
serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel
serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine
serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall
serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall
The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad.
The area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur
the parenchymatous tissue network of the spleen that consists of loose plates or cords (sinuses) infiltrated with red blood cells where most of the blood filtration occurs and degenerate erythrocytes are removed from the circulation
the zone between the red and white pulp of the spleen containing numerous macrophages and lymphocytes, and a rich plexus of sinusoids supplied by white pulp arterioles carrying blood-borne antigens
A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
The luminal epithelium of the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder[MP]
distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP].
An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder.
the smooth triangular region of the wall of the urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice; it is an area in which the muscle fibers are closely adherent to the mucosa
The constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP].
the mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder
A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder
lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder
An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct.
An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO].
A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis.
The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
Epithelial layer that lines the intestine.
An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel
The functional units of the liver including the lobules.
Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers.
the tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule
The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP]
The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule.
the section of the renal tubule in the kidney medulla with a hairpin bend; consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, and is situated between the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule; it functions to reabsorb water and ions from the urine
the portion of the renal tubule that constitutes the proximal part of the loop of Henle, has low permeability to ions and urea, and is highly permeable to water; it consists of an initial short thick segment lined by low simple cuboidal epithelium and a long thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium; however, this distinction is not as important physiologically as in the ascending limb, so often the two are treated as one structure
The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule.
thick descending limb of proximal tubule
the distal sub-portion of the ascending loop of Henle which is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and enters the renal cortex to empty a hypotonic filtrate into the distal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment
straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule
straight portion of distal convoluted tubule
The first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa.
The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO].
Innermost region of the mammalian kidney.
the glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy
the smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ and surrounds and supports the endometrium
the elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens
A spherical aggregation of cells in the ovary that contains a single oocyte[WP,modified].
follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically
The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted].
The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted].
One the veins that drains the vaginal venous plexus, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,modified].
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,
A portion of a prostate that forms a lobe.
A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition].
A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect.
A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system.
A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system.
Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine
The tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.
Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified]
A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified]
The upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct that is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla; it connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity; like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue.
A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter.
The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present
A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls.
A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle.
muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment
A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.
A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition].
The head of a long bone that articulates with a neighboring skeletal element and is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united[MESH,modified].
Zone of long bone that is between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA]
The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle
Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region.
Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape].
Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA].
Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape].
A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).
A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition].
zone of skin of auricular region of head
The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm].
The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint-the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific].
A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod.
pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
the loose fold of skin that covers the penis
The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted].
A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO].
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.
A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue.
An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted].
The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted].
A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
joint of terminal segment of free lower limb
A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons.
A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition].
joint of terminal segment of free upper limb
A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted].
the part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest
Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted].
A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
the short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery
One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta
One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries.
A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra.
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea.
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]
A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure.
The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted].
A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris.
A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted].
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition].
Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.
Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).
Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches).
the large, irregular bone located at the base and side of the skull; consists of three parts at birth: squamous, tympanic, and petrous
Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It typically consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO].
The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted].
Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof.
An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present.
Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons.
Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm].
A fold of skin that covers and protects part of the eyeball. Examples: upper eyelid, lower eyelid, nictitating membrane
the groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves
cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system
A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.
the section of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate
the circular lymphoid tissue formed by the lingual, pharyngeal, and facial tonsils
Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP].
A lymphoid follicle that contains a germinal center.
A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Automatically generated definition].
A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Automatically generated definition].
A network of orbital structures of the eye that secrete and drain tears from the surface of the eyeball into the nasal cavity; these parts include the lacrimal glands, lacrimal lake, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, nasolacrimal ducts, and lacrimal puncta.
Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular.
A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP].
Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument.
The part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP].
The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO].
The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus.
The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO].
A condensation of odontoblasts that forms the part of a tooth germ that gives rise to dentin and pulp in the mature tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ.
Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO].
the space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens
the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited].
the adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye
The part of the lacrimal duct that connects the lacrimal punctum to the lacrimal sac.
the smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea
Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP].
A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region.
the thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes
vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP].
the lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes
A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor.
The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae.
the any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified]
Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP].
A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP].
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.
Cytoarchitectural layer of retina containing closely packed cell bodies, the majority of which are bipolar cells (adapted from Wikipedia).
A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP].
A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina
Gelatinous mucoid tissue that is composed of vitreous humor and fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina[MP,modified]
The chamber in the eyeball enclosing the vitreous humor, bounded anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the posterior wall of the eyeball[BTO,modified].
The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.
any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive)
any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive)
A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye.
ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion.
A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia
ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion
Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord.
the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball
The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, located in or near the orbital region, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.[WP].
any of the coil glands of the skin that secrete sweat
A holocrine gland that secretes sebum into the hair follicles, or in hairless areas into ducts.[MP].
One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP].
The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP].
The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001].
A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.
A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted].
One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP].
the spiral-shaped bony canal in the inner ear containing the hair cells that transduce sound. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. [WP,modified].
Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation.
cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal.
Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is lodged within the bony labyrinth and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph.[FMA, WP]
A collection of channels that connects the conjunctival sac with the nasal cavity, encompassing the lacrimal ducts, the lacrimal sac and the naso-lacrimal duct.
the larger of the two otolith organs in the vestibule
the smaller of the two otolith organs in the vestibule
An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP].
Any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium
The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals.
Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP].
A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin
zone of skin of anterior thoracic region
zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax
One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA]
A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces.
The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.
The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].
A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP].
Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.
The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle.
Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified].
Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO].
A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia].
the epithelial lining of the trachea which contains numerous ciliated cells
An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A specialized accessory gland of the skin of mammals that secretes milk. The gland is typically only developed in females, and regresses in males.
Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA]
An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation.
milk (mammary secretion)
An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition].
Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP)
paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus (Malone)
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP].
A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord.
A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO].
An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN)
An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx
A part of the brain consisting of a three layered cortex located in the forebrain bordering the medial surface of the lateral ventricle. The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum.
An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius
epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue
The hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP].
A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that lines a terminal bronchiole.
bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis
epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole
the parenchymatous tissue of the spleen that surrounds splenic blood vessels, consists of compact masses of lymphatic cells and is where foreign material removed from the blood is used to initiate an immune reaction that results in the production of antibodies
diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO].
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO].
A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses
The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.
vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium.
A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
the epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus
One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins
The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO].
A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.
Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules.
the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes
A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP].
A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA]
organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell.
Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified]
The upper layer of the dermis beneath the epidermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue[ncit,modified].
Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.
Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns.
Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers.
A sensory epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors[WP].
pseudostratified main olfactory epithelium
The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO].
Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP].
The mdeullary portion of the lymph node, which contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells.
An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood..
Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO].
A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO].
Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints).
membrana synovialis (capsula articularis)
membrana synovialis capsulae articularis
synovial layer of articular capsule of synovial joint
synovial membrane of articular capsule of synovial joint
synovium of articular capsule of synovial joint
A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.
the deepest layer of the epidermis, which is composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells
the outer layer of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized non-nucleated cells
The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA].
The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder.
An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
A tiny smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle with the dermis.
Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations.
Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].
Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM).
nucleus pigmentosus subthalamo-peduncularis
An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition].
A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO].
Respiration organ that develops as an oupocketing of the esophagus.
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
the narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex where aldosterone is produced
The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles.
The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted].
The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP].
the layer of flattened cells containing basophilic granules of keratohyalin and lying just above the stratum spinosum (spiny layer) of the epidermis
Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP].
A tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO].
An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen.
A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart.
Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart.
Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart.
A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart.
A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart.
The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA].
Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm].
The fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer.
A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition].
Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA]
Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon.
The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.
The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present.
A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts.
A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts.
A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts.
The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.
Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli.
the organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets
An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong].
An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function.
The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one).
the portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum
the portion of the small intestine that extends from the jejunum to the colon
An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO].
the outer part of a thymus lobule that surrounds the medulla and is composed of closely packed lymphocytes
Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size.
A lobule that is part of a thymus. Divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla and separated from each other by connective tissue septa, but with the medullary tissue continuous from lobule to lobule.[ncit,modified].
The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of three main layers, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer.
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted].
The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO].
Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]
Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]
The small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters
The white substance of the spinal cord lying on either side between the ventral median fissure and the ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
the upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea
the conducting airway of the lungs found terminal to the bronchi; these structures contain neither cartilage nor mucous-secreting glands; the epithelium of the bronchioles becomes thinner with each branching
the last conducting structure of non-respiratory bronchioles; after this point, the airways have alveoli in their walls
A bronchiole that is the first segment of the respiratory zone.
A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.
Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers.
The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin[ZFA].
The posterior part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormon.
Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Vasculature that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems.
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA]
A continuation of the neuron projection bundle component of a nerve inside, crossing or immediately outside the central nervous system.
the oval neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the anterior wall of the saccule; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies
macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula
macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA]
the neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the inferolateral wall of the utricle; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies; normally sensitive to linear acceleration in the longitudinal axis of the body and to gravitational influences
macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula
macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA]
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]
The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted].
Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO)
Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD].
the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc which is a remnant of the notochord
nucleus pulposus (diskus intervertebralis)
nucleus propulsus of intervertebral disk
An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base.
The pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO].
columna grisea posterior medullae spinalis
The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO].
columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis
The dorsal roots contain afferent sensory axons. The dorsal roots of each side continue outwards, along the way forming a dorsal root ganglion (also called a spinal ganglion).
A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO].
An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ.
periventricular zone of the hypothalamus
A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ).
The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted].
The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted].
A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord.
Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree).
The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA].
The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal[MESH].
Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized].
Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP].
the atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle
An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP].
The layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus.
cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation
Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
A neural nucleus that is part of the brain.
A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames).
The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue.
Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system.
The regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.
inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries.
A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
the tissue comprised of mesangial cells that fill the triangular space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes..
A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube.
Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia].
The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta.
The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO].
The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle.
A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk
lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk
A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP].
Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue.
epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma
a region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
the middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers
The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO]
The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA].
An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
A part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers[GO]
The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs.
Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium.
A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified].
Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA]
Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord.
Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections.
A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted].
A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas
The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified].
Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO].
Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop.
the soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones
either of the two small almond-shaped masses of lymph tissue found on either side of the oropharynx
Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region.
Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region.
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis.
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants.
middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb
zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb
distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits.
manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells.
Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system through lymph capillaries[WP].
the paired channels leading from the lacrimal sacs to the inferior meatus of the nose, through which tears are conducted through the nasal cavity
Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine.
distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits.
The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural.
The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs.
The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.
a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium.
Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac.
The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO].
autonomic division of peripheral nervous system
autonomic part of peripheral nervous system
divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici
pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici
The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.
A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].
An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified].
Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment].
Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large irregularly shaped cavity located on the midline of the rhombencephalon, between the medulla, pons and the isthmus ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally. It is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct anteriorally and the central canal of the spinal cord posteriorly. It communicates with the subarachnoid space through its lateral and median apertures.
The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system
An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues
Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA].
Any muscle organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ
muscle organ of anterior thoracic region
muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax
A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted].
A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO].
White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere.
white matter structure of cerebral hemisphere
A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition].
A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad]
The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta
The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus.
An artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted].
The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries
The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system[WP].
A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot
The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus).
The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton.
Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
The minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra.
the branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina
Long bone is a limb bone that is subcylindrical and has a shaft with periosteum separating the ends of the bones. Long bones are present only in the limbs[VSAO:wd].
The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted].
An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
The lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group.
A transient endocrine gland that develops from the postovulatory or atretic follicles and secretes progesterone; it is thought to be related to egg retention[PMID].
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.
The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof.
the crystalline particles composed of calcium carbonate and a protein which adhere to the gelatinous membrane of the maculae of the utricle and saccule (otolithic membrane)
Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers.
The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong].
A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles.
an organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ
In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]
Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt]
One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches.
A line of sensory organs and associated structures along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes.
A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans).
digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic.
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata
reticular formation of medulla oblongata
reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata
Part of cerebral hemisphere located on the medial surface, forming a ring around the brain stem
Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.
Part of the reticular formation located in the midbrain tegmentum
formatio reticularis tegmenti mesencephali
A region of the brain consisting of ventral and rostral subcortical regions of the telencephalon, including among others, the basal ganglia, septal nuclei, amygdala, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, and basal nucleus of Meynert.
A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Automatically generated definition].
The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Distributed to the maculae of the utricle and saccule and to the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts. The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus.
vestibular part of vestibulocochlear ganglion
vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component
nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars medialis
vestibulocochlear ganglion vestibular component
the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the eighth cranial nerve during embryogenesis; splits in later development to form the cochlear and vestibular ganglia
nucleus nervi oculomotorii ventrolateralis
nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars ventralis
A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A sensory epithelium that is part of a gustatory system.
A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP].
A nerve fiber that is part of a trigeminal nerve.
A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
An epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP]
A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis.
The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form.
In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP].
Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted].
A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue
The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements.
Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes.
The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK]
Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.
Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP].
A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP].
Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA].
A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]
The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]
Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP].
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells.
Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia].
Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone.
Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP].
The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus.
neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.
Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types.
Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO].
Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified].
The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis
The vessels formed within the second pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis
The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis
The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph].
Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism).
Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP].
female organism reproductive system organ
reproductive structure of female organism
reproductive system organ of female organism
reproductive system organ of male organism
barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP].
A sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO].
organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP].
Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO].
one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO]
Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits.
An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch
ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle
epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth
epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle
epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth
epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue
utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue
utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium
utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue
utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium
epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule
epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth
epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule
epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth
epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue
saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue
saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium
sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue
sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium
epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition].
cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue
cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium
epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth
epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth
the epithelial layer of the luminal surfaces of the mammary gland
An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a footplate.
An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition].
The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac.
An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a thyroid primordium.
A calcareous tooth that is part of the lower jaw region. In mammals, the lower jaw teeth are attached to the mandible (dentary).
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage.
An endothelium that is part of a trachea.
The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum.
A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx.
Any gland that is part of the diencephalon. Examples: pineal gland, neurohypophysis.
A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood island that is part of a mesoderm.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition].
female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme
female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme
gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme
gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme
mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad
mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada
mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system
mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system
The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing elbow [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing knee [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pinna [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing mammary gland.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa
submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum.
A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ
anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane
anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa
mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal
mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal
organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa.
An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition].
An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud.
An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud.
An ectoderm that is part of a footplate.
A extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion.
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle of interventricular septum
cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition].
A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition].
cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium
meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac
mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac
A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the mucous, serous, or mixed glands that empty their secretions onto the surface of the tongue.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing tongue [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition].
A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP]
An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve
nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb
nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit
terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve
A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk).
A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve
nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb
nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit
terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve
A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine.
solitary lymphatic follicle of large intestine
solitary lymphoid follicle of subdivision of large intestine
nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.
aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine
noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis
A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel
lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius
A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax
A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia
A bone that is connected via a shoulder joint (i.e. glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints). The shoulder bones are the clavicle, scapula and humerus - but note that these are only considered to be shoulder bones when a true shoulder is present, as in most tetrapods.
A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle)
A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition].
A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye. Example: a tarsal gland.
A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition].
A holocrine gland of the dermis that secretes sebum into hair follicles.
A lactiferous gland that is part of the abdominal region [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium
apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium
apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel
blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system
capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
capillary endothelium of respiratory system
capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system
endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system
endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of capillary of respiratory system
endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system blood capillary endothelium
respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium
respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary
respiratory system endothelium of capillary
respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel
respiratory system capillary endothelium
A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball
A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a trachea.
A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel
blood vessel of anterior thoracic region
blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax
A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb
blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit
digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel
terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel
A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta.
A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb
blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit
digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel
terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel
A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel
blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius
capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius
A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
An lymphatic vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel
apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium
apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium
endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system
lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system
lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system
respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel
respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium
respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium
A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin
skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb
skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit
terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin
A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin
skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb
skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit
terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin
A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.
A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition].
A dura mater that is part of a forebrain.
A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon
mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis
A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
portion of connective tissue of adult head
A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
neck (volume) portion of connective tissue
portion of connective tissue of neck (volume)
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus
connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
portion of connective tissue of respiratory system
respiratory system portion of connective tissue
textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius
textus connectivus of respiratory system
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trachea.
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
anterior thoracic region connective tissue
anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue
anterior thoracic region textus connectivus
anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue
anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue
anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus
connective tissue of anterior thoracic region
connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax
front of thorax portion of connective tissue
portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region
portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax
portion of connective tissue of front of thorax
textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region
textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax
A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
connective tissue of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue
lower respiratory tract textus connectivus
portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract
textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract connective tissue
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition].
connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx
nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue
nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus
nasopharynx portion of connective tissue
portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx
portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx
portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx
rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue
textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx
The fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland.
connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland
lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue
portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk
portion of connective tissue of bronchus
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition].
connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition].
connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb
A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
the ring-shaped cartilaginous structures that support the trachea
A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition].
A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall.
adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus
dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of adult aorta
elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta
elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree
textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta
textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta
textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree
trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue
trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus
The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers.
An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
elastic connective tissue of respiratory system
elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius
respiratory system elastic connective tissue
respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus
textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius
textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system
An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition].
cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue
cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus
circulatory system elastic connective tissue
circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system
elastic connective tissue of circulatory system
textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system
textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system
Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer.
blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of blood vessel
textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel
Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition].
An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue
bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk
textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk
textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus
An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition].
cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue
cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus
elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea
elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea
textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea
textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea
textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe
vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue
vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus
The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane.
An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
respiratory system arterial blood vessel
An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
Any joint that is part of a (free) limb.
Any muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ
muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb
muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit
terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ
Any muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb.
Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ
muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb
muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit
terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ
A collection of teeth arranged in some pattern in the mouth or other part of the body. The arrangement may be a simple row, a collection of rows, or a more elaborate structure, such as a toooth whorl.
Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture.
A fold of peritoneum originating at the stomach and supporting the viscera.
The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature.
A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO].
The part of the forelimb between pectoral region and the elbow, corresponding to the humerus.
The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants.
A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk
Any muscle tissue that is part of the urethra.
Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk
A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk
A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue
abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue
abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus
connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk
portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk
textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk
A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition].
joint of limb of distal free limb segment
Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ.
An epithelium that is part of a thymus, forming a supporting framework[MP,modified].
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain.
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain.
A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme enclosed by a dental organ that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion.
A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen.
The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom
Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus
paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM].
Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma.
A cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP].
A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum.
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk.
The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO].
small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP].
endothelium of irregular blood filled space
wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP].
The epithelial component of the choroid plexus. Consists of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue.
epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.
Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition].
Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO].
A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart
embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud.
The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID].
pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.
pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct.
A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract.
White matter that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
predominantly white regional part of diencephalon
A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula.
A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton.
Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction.
The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain.
The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood
The brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses
The structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins
The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity
blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate
The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina.
internal genitalia of female reproductive system
A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP].
The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP]
The subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target
cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells.
The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells
The nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp
The nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp
The spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals
membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct
The external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum
The internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands
One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP]
The subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles
The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium
The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer.
The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout.
The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it
one of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid
The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present
Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces.
An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches.
A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.
Any of the layers of the myocardium. Example: compact layer, trabecular layer.
The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA].
cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.
A cortical cell layer of the cerebellum. Examples: the granular (inner+outer) layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and the ventricular layer of the embryo.
In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO].
The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the distal convoluted tubule and distal straight tubule segments
The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules
The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field
A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract
The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries
The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles
A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart
An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium
A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG].
A jaw muscle that arises from cranial mesenchyme and is innervated by cranial nerves.
The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals
The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals
Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system.
the nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta
A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells
The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts
The solid cord of epithelial cells that emerges from the mammary bud and grows down from the primary mammary mesenchyme and into a second stromal compartment, the fat pad precursor, beneath the dermis.
The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply
blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta
labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel
The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland
A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm.
The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer
olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer
The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus
The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus
A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water
ascending limb thin segment of loop of Henle
loop of Henle ascending limb thin segment
The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron
The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron
Kidney pyramids are the conical arrangements of tubules that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts.
The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules
The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules
The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex
The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla
The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla
Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron
The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron
the small branching blood vessels in the kidney glomerulus that receives blood from the kidney afferent arterioles; these capillaries are under high pressure for filtering within the glomerulus
A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system
the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the urothelium of the kidney pelvis
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone
involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder
involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder
involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone
non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone
non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder
non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder
non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone
smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder
smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone
smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone
smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder
smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder
smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone
trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle
trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle
trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle
trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue
urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle
urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle
urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder
involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck
neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle
neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle
neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue
non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder
non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck
smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder
smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder
smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck
urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle
urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition].
anal part of perineum involuntary muscle
anal part of perineum non-striated muscle
anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue
involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum
non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum
smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle
lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle
lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue
non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract
smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract
smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a mammary gland [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal.
A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids.
A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids.
A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
bone of inferior member middle limb segment
bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb
bone of lower extremity middle limb segment
bone of middle limb segment of hind limb
bone of middle limb segment of inferior member
bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity
bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment
bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment
bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment
bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb
bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment
bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb
bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb
bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member
bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity
bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member
bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity
hind limb middle limb segment bone organ
inferior member middle limb segment bone
inferior member middle limb segment bone organ
intermediate segment of free lower limb bone
intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ
lower extremity middle limb segment bone
lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ
middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ
middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ
middle limb segment of inferior member bone
middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ
middle limb segment of lower extremity bone
middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ
Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition].
articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures
articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set
articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium
cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea
cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea
cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea
cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint
cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea
suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea
suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint
A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle
choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle
choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle
epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium
lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue
lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus
lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus
lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium
A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle
choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle
choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle
epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle
epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle
epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue
fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium
fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue
fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus
fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus
fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium
A muscle that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.
The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome.
A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
An endothelium that is part of a glomerular capillary.
A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition].
nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system
nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system lymphatic vessel smooth muscle
A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle
A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG].
outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition
An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].
The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm
multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP].
An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].
The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries
One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP]
A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane.
A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition].
bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton
A metaphysis that is in the proximal side of a diaphysis.
An epiphysis that is on the proximal side of the bone.
The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb.
An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition].
An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition].
An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition].
An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition].
The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles.
A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition].
A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition].
An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition].
A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition].
Sum of all sensory systems in an organism.
Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a face.
Any collection of muscles that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition].
interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchiole
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of respiratory bronchiole
A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition].
A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep.
A vascular network consisting of blood vessels.
the layer of secretory cells which lines the epididymis
the thick circular layer of smooth gastric musculature encircling the gastroesophageal junction that functions to reduce backflow into the esophagus from the stomach
An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition].
A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries.
An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong]
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions.
A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart
the blood vessels that branch from the kidney interlobular artery, convey blood to the glomerular capillaries, and play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
the blood vessels that convey blood from the glomerulocapillary network to the capillary bed of the proximal convoluted tubule
arteriola glomerularis efferens capsulae renalis
the connective tissue that surrounds the spleen
An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
The epithelial lining of the luminal space of the urinary bladder.
transitional epithelium of urinary bladder
the polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein
A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue.
The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces.
An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space.
the outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers
A muscular coat that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition].
The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart
membranous part of interventricular septum
membranous portion of interventricular septum
pars membranacea (septi interventricularis)
pars membranacea septi interventricularis
The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart
muscular part of interventricular septum
pars muscularis (septi interventricularis)
pars muscularis septi interventricularis
One of: the 4th ventricle median or lateral apertures.
The thin epithelium-like membrane composed of ependymal cells that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord.
The sensory system for the sense of balance.
The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane.
An epithelium that is part of an external naris [Automatically generated definition].
the specialized epithelium of the Peyer's patch
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition].
Area of the Peyer's patch where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
respiratory system blood vessel endothelium
a transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches
An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex.
Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues.
Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues.
The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised.
anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis)
The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP].
Any of the veins that parallel the arcuate arteries, receive blood from the interlobular veins and straight venules, and terminate in the interlobar veins.
The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration.
The branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney that radiate outward throught the renal columns and supply the glomeruli[MP]. The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule.
In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle.
A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres).
Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres.
An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition].
glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition].
juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
juxtaglomerular apparatus of metanephros
The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment.
A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]
dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue.
A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP].
cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull
Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles.
Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular
Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified].
Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body.
Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP].
A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition].
outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta
vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney
vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla
A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition].
inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta
set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta
vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney
vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla
vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids
A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa
lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius
lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system
lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius
respiratory system lamina propria mucosa
A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system.
A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
serous membrane of gastrointestinal system
A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart
the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract
mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius
mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius
A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system.
An urothelium that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
the epithelial lining of the luminal space of the kidney pelvis
transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis
A mucous gland that is part of the skin.
A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia.
An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition].
the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi
An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition].
columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube
An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius
An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system
gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Automatically generated definition].
the cellular avascular layer of the renal tubule luminar surfaces
An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition].
epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium
An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition].
the stratified epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, consisting of the developing spermatozoa and the supporting Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule
epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule
epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis
epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis
An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Automatically generated definition].
the cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces
Any epithelium that lines one of the bile ducts.
The epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO].
An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct
extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct
intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue
A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius
skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius
skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition].
anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum
skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum
Smooth muscle tissue in all or part of a hepatic duct.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium
apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery
arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
arterial endothelium of respiratory system
artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
artery endothelium of respiratory system
endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of artery of respiratory system
respiratory system endothelium of artery
An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein
apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium
apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium
endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius
endothelium of vein of respiratory system
vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius
venous endothelium of respiratory system
An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Automatically generated definition].
the thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall
endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree
trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium
An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system.
A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid.
An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax
nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax
sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax
thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system
thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk
A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition].
Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP].
Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP].
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP].
A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP].
A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP].
One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP].
The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord
The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung.
Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus
The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra
Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts.
A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm.
The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition].
The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum.
A sphincter muscle that is part of a anal region.
A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra.
A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract.
A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer.
The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx.
A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition].
fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa
submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis)
A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder.
A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition].
fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ
fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane
fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa
mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis)
mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis)
mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis)
organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis)
A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach
mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster)
mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region
mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach
mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster)
mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region
A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum
mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum
A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach
mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region
mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach
mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region
A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition].
ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ
ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane
ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa
mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris)
A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder
mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone
mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder
mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone
organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder
trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ
trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane
A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder
mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder
A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx
mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx
A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis
mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis
A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ
bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane
mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius
mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole
mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius
mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole
organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius
A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component
inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane
A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube
mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum
mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum
organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum
uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ
uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane
An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition].
An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition].
external genitalia of female reproductive system
An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition].
The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds.
One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP].
A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN].
The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO].
The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO].
An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO]
A bud-like thickening in the epidermis consisting of elongated keratinocytes, which at the distal end are in touch with numerous aggregated specialized dermal fibroblasts, the dermal condensate.
An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO].
A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO].
An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO].
Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO].
The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO].
thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO].
An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition].
A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO].
An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO].
Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros.
A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO].
Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO].
The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO].
The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO].
It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO].
The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO].
The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO].
The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO].
The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO].
The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO].
At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO].
The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO].
The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO].
The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO].
The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO].
A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO].
The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO].
This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO].
The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO].
A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO].
The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO].
The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO].
The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO].
The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO].
A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding.
A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick.
Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system.
An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis.
The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells.
A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part.
The distal part of the loop of Henle that is impermeable to water and actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate to generate the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange; it consists of an initial very thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium followed by a distal thick segment lined by simple cuboidal epithelium[MP].
The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx.
Any of the veins that parallel the interlobular arteries, receiving blood from the peritubular capillary plexus and empty into the arcuate veins
connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure.
Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion).
An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland.
An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region.
An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back.
An organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
A circumscribed mass of ectodermal cells which bud off from the dental lamina; it becomes cup-shaped and develops on its internal face the ameloblast layer of cells that produces the enamel cap of a developing tooth.
An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.
An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli.
An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis.
An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.
The portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal medulla
A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A germinal center that is part of the spleen. The spleen germinal center is located in a secondary B follicle in the white pulp of the spleen.
A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast.
A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Automatically generated definition].
a tubuloacinar seromucous gland that is located principally in the submucosa of the trachea. Excretory ducts from this gland pass through the lamina propria to the tracheal lumen.
Stromal matrix surrounding blood vessels within the choroid plexus.
A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Automatically generated definition].
tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS..
A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition].
The interstitial compartment of the kidney, comprising the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances, bounded on all sides by epithelial and vascular basement membranes.
An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition].
An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition].
An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition].
interventricular septum endocardial tissue
A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition].
A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros.
Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing toe [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing finger [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
An artery that supplies the renal cortex.
Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified]
A compartment of the renal cortex situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels that contains two contiguous cellular networks in mutual contact, one formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the other by dendritic cells.
The part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla.
the tiny blood vessels that receive blood from the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus, and interact with superficial cortical nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron; peritubular capillaries are situated around the tubule and are at low pressure
A set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord[WP].
ventricular system of central nervous system
A structure found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain, consisting of part of the meninges (pia mater in mammals) plus ependyma[cjm].
Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP].
Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle.
tela chorioidea of telencephalic ventricle
tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle
The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP].
A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo.
Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo.
the elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme found on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros in which the primordial germ cells become embedded, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary
Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female.
structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles.
The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP].
A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO].
The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO].
The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO].
The endothelial lining of the endocardium.
An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO].
The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO].
The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO].
A nephron that is part of a mesonephros.
Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO].
The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO].
The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO].
The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO].
A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO].
The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO].
A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO].
The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO].
The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO].
The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO].
A bulb of epithelial cells that forms from the mammary placode that develops into the mammary gland.
A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region.
A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP].
An outflow tract that is part of a aorta.
the ependymal cell layer that lines the brain ventricles
A layer in the central nervous system that lines system of communicating cavities in the brain and spinal cord.
region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis
the ependymal cell layer that lines the spinal cord
ependyma of central canal of spinal cord
The lobe at the anterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, responsible for olfactory functions.
the area of white matter of the spinal cord located on either side of the ventral (anterior) medial fissure
Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs.
olfactory bulb main external plexiform layer
external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb
The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA].
An epithelium that lines the nasal cavity.
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[MESH].
An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye.
A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array.
One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries.
A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system.
A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system.
A gray matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere.
The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia.
Any of any of the secretory or sensory organs located in the brain region around or in relation to the ventricular system that are characterized by extensive vasculature and a lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB) and allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow.
The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system.
alimentary part of gastrointestinal system
A limb bud that develops into a forelimb.
A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb.
A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin.
A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin.
An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud.
apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud
pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge
An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud.
pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge
Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium.
presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium
Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina.
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens.
Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea.
Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA].
The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates
A segment of autopod that is part of a pes.
A segment of autopod that is part of a manus.
trunk part of spinal nerve, where dorsal and ventral roots meet to form the spinal nerve, before branching off to dorsal and ventral rami.
A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a fundus of stomach.
Either of the two lateral lobes that constitute the thymus.
Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube.
Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube.
A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere.
A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID].
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad.
Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion.
Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle
A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum.
The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum.
Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery
A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part.
Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo.
An epithelium that is part of a pylorus.
An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball.
An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle.
An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2.
An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2.
An endothelium that is part of a right lung.
An endothelium that is part of a left lung.
A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut.
A dorsal mesentery that is part of a caecum.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2.
Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence.
A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut.
A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut.
An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate.
A venous system that is part of a hindbrain.
A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros.
A sensory system that is capable of olfacttion (the sensory perception of smell).
A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme.
pectoral appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm
A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme.
pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm
A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified].
limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm
The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue.
A tunica intima that is part of a artery.
An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP].
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves.
The capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP].
A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration[UBERON]. outer layer of the glomerular capsule composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium[MP]
The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. inner layer of the glomerular capsule surrounding the capillary endothelial cells and composed of highly specialized epithelial cells (podocytes) that are separated by filtration slits; the visceral layer is separated from the outer parietal layer by the urinary space (also known as the Bowman's or capsular space)[MP]
inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule
The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm.
The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros.
The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP].
A acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure.
An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
the layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the Bowman capsule; it is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas and acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter
Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions.
Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle.
The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP].
A bone tissue that is part of a long bone.
A fascicle that is part of a spinal cord.
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme.
Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts.
the paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip
An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO].
A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch.
the embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin
An external pocketing of pharyngeal ectoderm that contacts a region of endoderm (a pharyngeal pouch) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions by the pharyngeal arches.
A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis.
The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom.
A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx
A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones.
Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP].
ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae
Any of the ducts that are part of a male reproductive system.
Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]
A serous sac which is the aggregate of the conjunctiva plus the conjunctival space
Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA]
A naris that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing.
Thickening of the proximal end of the hair follicle. Contains rapidly proliferating, rather undifferentiated matrix cells (transient amplifying cells), melanocytes and outer root sheath cells.
A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP].
A stratified epithelium that surrounds the hair follicle that merges proximally with the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and distally with the hair bulb.
Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified].
An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk
Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta.
A pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber of the eye through which aqueous humor circulates[MP].
ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis
A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong].
Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation
The left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP].
crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis)
crus sinistrum fasciculi atrioventricularis
The right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP].
crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis)
crus dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis
right right crus of atrioventricular bundle
Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers.
The bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath
A ring of ribrous tissue that surrounds the atrioventricular and arterial orifices
A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions).
Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod.
The base or posterior surface of the urinary bladder contains the trigone of the bladder and the outlet where urine empties through the internal urethral orifice.
The deep nuclei of telencephalic origin found in the basal region of the forebrain
A funiculus of neuraxis that is part of a spinal cord.
The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans
A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if it is myelinated) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system.
Axons of neurons encased in a lipoproteinaceous material called myelin. (MeSH)
The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus
The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros
The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule
The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule
A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 that develop into the folds of the pinna and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head.
The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx.
the posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system
dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon
The foremost region of the future forebrain that develops into the diencephalon.
facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex
A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system.
A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation.
An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain.
A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops.
A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation.
A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system.
An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut.
Groove between maxillary prominence and lateral nasal process.
The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord.
A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot
the pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles
Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity.
Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle.
presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube
future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle
A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP].
A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media
Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light.
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem.
One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.
A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a lateral ventricle.
A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a fourth ventricle.
A peritubular capillary that is part of a outer medulla of kidney.
kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary
outer renal medulla peritubular capillary
An artery that connects two larger arteries.
distal straight tubule premacula segment
kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment
medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop
renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment
premacula segment of distal straight tubule
the unique bone located in the glans penis of most mammals except humans; it is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by species
A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart).
System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli.
Any region of a nephron tubule that is convoluted. Examples: distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tuble.
A substance that is secreted by a mammary gland. The substance may differ depending on phase, with colostrum produced during pregancy/early lactation, and milk produced afterwards.
A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla inner stripe.
outer medulla inner stripe loop of Henle
A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla outer stripe.
outer medulla outer stripe loop of Henle
A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine.
A tube that is part of a excretory system.
An organ system subdivision that is a network of vessels capable of removing accumulating protein and fluid from the interstitial space and returning it to the vascular space. In some species, this network is connected to the immune system via lymph nodes and lymphocyte-producing organs, with the whole being the lymphoid system.
An organ system subdivision that is the part of the lymphoid system that excludes the lymphatic vessels..
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO].
A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart.
A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a hypothalamus.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a diencephalon.
An organ that is part of a vestibular system.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm.
Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm.
Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans.
A large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood
A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube.
An adventitia that is part of a epididymis.
A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis.
An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle.
A joint that connects one phalanx to another along a proximodistal axis.
A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis.
A vein that is part of a vertebral column.
A vasculature that is part of a cerebellum.
The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region.
A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis.
the edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm
Layer of nonkeratinized squamous epithelium lining the conjunctiva, overlying scleral tissue
An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells.
Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts.
Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.
A peritubular capillary that is part of a cortex of kidney.
A region of nephron tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney.
cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop
kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment
renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment
distal straight tubule postmacula segment
A muscular coat that is part of a ureter.
This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO]
A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition].
A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur.
The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus.
the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pes (foot)
An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate.
the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the manus (hand)
A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm.
Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence.
An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells.
Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA]
A non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue.
A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue.
A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus.
A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach.
The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane.
A squamous epithelium that is part of a vagina.
A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands.
Any gland that is part of the digestive system.
Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA]
stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region.
stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane
An epithelium that is part of a vestibular labyrinth.
inner ear vestibular component epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue.
An epithelium that is part of a crista ampullaris.
epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth
the epithelial cell layer containing the sensory hair cells and their associated sensory nerve terminals
A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra.
The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis.
The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland.
pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland
pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos
The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA].
A capillary that is part of the coronary system.
A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n
The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO].
A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage.
Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch.
Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified].
A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth.
The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward.
A pharyngeal pouch that is between pharyngeal arches 1 and 2.
A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3.
Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm.
An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section.
A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa.
lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane
A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum.
serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube
A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum.
muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube
muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube
muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube
A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium.
The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis.
The structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
multicellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes.
An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites.
The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest.
head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest
mesenchyme derived from head neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest.
mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest
A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery.
A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein.
Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei.
A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral appendage.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage.
Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage.
Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle.
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region.
The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate.
The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm.
A proximal convoluted tubule that is part of a pronephros.
A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin.
A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx.
A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin.
A glomerular capillary that is part of a pronephros.
A glomerular basement membrane that is part of a pronephros.
pronephric glomerular filtration membrane
A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans.
A duct that collects and carries secretions of the exocrine pancreas to the intestine.
blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear.
An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue.
The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO].
Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a limb/fin.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pelvic appendage.
A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin.
A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage.
A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage.
A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum.
A nucleus of midbrain tegmentum that is part of a midbrain reticular formation.
A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified.
An epithelial tube that is open at one end only.
An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow.
A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal.
A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring.
Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix.
Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix.
A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct.
A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct.
Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA]
Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface.
Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the eye, in parts of the pharynx and anus, the female's uterus, the male urethra and vas deferens. Also found in intralobular ducts in salivary glands.[WP]
A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO].
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint.
cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis)
epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules.
A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata.
A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes
A developing mesenchymal capsule that covers the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx.
The outermost layer of the mesenchymal capsule that surrounds the developing brain, of mixed paraxial mesoderm and neural crest origin. The ectomeninx forms the dura mater (both inner layer and outer chondrogenic layer).
An anatomical structure that connects two structures
A sphincter that is part of an esophagus.
functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule.
region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop.
Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue.
endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP].
A bone that is part of a reproductive organ.
The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments.
The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): 'proximal interphalangeal joints' (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges 'distal interphalangeal joints' (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes.
An endothelium that is part of a umbilical vein.
An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery.
Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces
Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels.
A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord.
A vasculature that is part of a connecting stalk.
Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots.
The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae.
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
Mesentery that is located in the peritoneum.
External part of the nose containing the external nares.
A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region.
A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle.
A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons.
Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature.
Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.
Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient.
Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue.
Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).
dense regular collagenous connective tissue
typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
A bone that is part of a craniocervical region.
A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus.
The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region.
A anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element.
A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions.
The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO].
A knoblike tooth primordium that develops into the mature tooth and consists of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac enclosing them.
An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a duodenum.
The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions.
epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule
An epithelium that is part of a distal tubule.
A ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
Any muscle organ that is part of an nose.
A muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland.
A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia.
An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers
A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb.
A limb segment that is part of a forelimb.
An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP].
A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified].
An endoderm that is part of a thymus primordium.
A brain that develops_from a neural tube.
An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.
A ligament that does not connect two skeletal elements.
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified].
The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines
The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter
A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP]
The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP].
The distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages
The part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches
Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia
Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue.
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins.
Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements.
Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system.
Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO].
A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: humerus, any of the phalanges. Counter-example: scapula (a bone of the pectoral girdle). Note that we consider the forelimb to end at the shoulder.
A sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively.
The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons.
One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed.
System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain.
Any region of a nephron tubule that is straight. Examples: distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tuble.
A germinal center that is located in a lymph node
The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses.
inner medulla vasa recta descending limb
outer medulla vasa recta descending limb
An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body.
A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region.
A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region.
A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary.
The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary
An ectodermal placode that will develop into the components of the lateral line system
A vein that is part of a craniocervical region.
Any suture between cranial and/or facial bones.
The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium.
A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO].
Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence.
A thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal clefts in a developing embryo.
A pharyngeal membrane that separates the first pharyngeal cleft from the first pharyngeal pouch.
The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder.
Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode.
An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane.
An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane.
Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction
A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch.
An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle.
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trachea.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing middle ear.
An endoderm that is part of a anal region.
A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung.
A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung.
An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
A submucosa that is part of a intestine.
Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component.
mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung.
A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain.
A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain.
A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain.
Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles.
A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros.
The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule.
One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer)
A eyelid connective tissue that is part of a hypodermis.
A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule.
A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus.
A basement membrane that is part of a trachea.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon.
Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row.
A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw.
A epithelium that is part of a vermiform appendix.
Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart.
Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart.
The channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels
The dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node
The primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells.
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas
A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk.
A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts.
The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form.
Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus.
An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca.
A specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop.
Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract.
A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones
A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland.
outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements.
One of a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal[WP]
A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla.
A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face.
A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain.
The portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP].
The portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys
An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter.
The loose collection of neurons that reside in the rostral medulla close to the medullary surface, ventral and immediately caudal of nVII, that are crucial for CO2 sensing in the brain
The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter
A vertebrate nasal chemosensory system that is responsible for detecting intraspecific pheromonal cues as well as environmental odorants
Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia.
A conducting pathway in the conducting tissue of heart through which electrical activity spreads from the SA node to the AV node.
An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct.
one of the gastric glands that secretes the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice[Stedman's].
The junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney
The valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function.
A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF].
Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum.
The dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6.
The fundus glands (or fundic glands, or gastric glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach. They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct.
An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1.
Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component.
The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells.
associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region
entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme
entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme
Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands.
A compound organ that has the potential to develop into a tongue.
An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior.
A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane
outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component
outer epithelial layer of tympanic membrane
The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane.
connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane
intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane
Organ system subdivision that consists primarily of chromaffin cells and their supporting structures.
An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells.
Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis.
A multi-tissue structure that has the potential to develop into a meninx of hindbrain.
A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon.
A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon.
A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the autopod (e.g. manus, pes, paw)
Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers.
any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli
A circumventricular organ that is capable of secreting substances into the cerebrospinal fluid.
A circumventricular organ that is capable of monitoring the levels of substances to the cerebrospinal fluid.
A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad.
Any gland, other than the gonad, associated with the genital tract, such as the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands of the male.
any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the penile urethra
glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae
An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra.
One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads.
An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity.
The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear.
A nuclear complex which in mammals consists of four parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, ventral thalamus, and dorsal thalamus[WP,modified].
Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium.
The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.
The connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland.
An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme.
1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme.
1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme.
pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest
branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme.
pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest
branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest.
mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme.
mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch
pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest
branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest
One of the three blood vessels, usually one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries, buried within Wharton's jelly, that transport blood to and from the placenta, where exchange between the mother and fetus takes place; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta.
Any anatomical space that is part of a vertebral column.
A minute orifice on the summit of the papillae lacrimales, which is the commencement point of the lacrimal canaliculi.
Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain.
Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain.
An endothelium that is part of a sclera.
A single extraembryonic epithelium, which closes the germband dorsally.
An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure.
Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus.
epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum
nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
One of the three major regions of the conjunctiva.
Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures.
An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest.
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region.
Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.
Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing eyelid.
An epithelium that is part of a handplate.
Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme.
mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme.
mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme.
1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme.
1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme.
mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch
1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme.
head mesenchyme derived arch 2 mesenchyme
mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch
pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
2nd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme.
head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme
pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme.
branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme.
branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification.
Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements.
Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla.
A vasculature that is part of a conjunctiva.
The smallest anatomical unit of the lung, measuring 0.50 to 2.00 cm in diameter. Each lobule is composed of 4-8 terminal bronchioles and their distal alveolar ducts and sacs. The lobules are separated by fibrous interlobular septa.
Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified].
Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure.
the neurons that innervate the esophagus, stomach, small and large bowel
A lymphoid follicle that is part of a Peyer's patch.
An unstimulated network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells in the lymph node cortex.
The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms.
An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract.
A lymphoid follicle containing naive B cells
A primary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a tonsil.
A naris that is located inside the nasal cavity and connects to the pharynx.
The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.
A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels.
Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile.
epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus
A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses.
An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone.
nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone
cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system
An epithelial tube that is fated to become a nephron.
The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO].
Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons.
A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros.
Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells.
An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin.
The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified].
A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme.
hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
hindlimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme.
fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
forelimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
manus phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation
A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme.
hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation
A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme.
fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation
hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation
The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified].
The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm].
The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region.
An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle.
pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin
pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle.
pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin
Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton.
The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle.
Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. Typically consists of the tibia and the fibula.
A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle).
A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin.
bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle
A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle.
The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system.
A lymphoid follicle that is part of a lymph node.
A secondary follicle that is located in a lymph node
A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center.
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg.
subdivision of organism along appendicular axis
A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia.
A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia.
A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of cartilage tissue.
A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of pre-cartilage tissue.
A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone.
forelimb wing cartilaginous condensation
A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone.
forelimb bone pre-cartilage condensation
A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone.
A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone.
Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin.
A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb.
Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time.
Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints.
Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck.
A thin layer of cartilage, usually hyaline, on the articular surface of bones in synovial joints.
A ligament that is part of a knee joint.
The cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
The pre-cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region.
A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.
A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb.
Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton.
Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton.
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters.
Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue.
Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones.
The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton
primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system
A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn.
A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system
A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine.
lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine
An epithelium that is part of a parathyroid gland.
A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine.
A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine.
A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system.
central nervous system cell part cluster
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.
A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones.
Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal-not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals.
The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm].
The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube.
A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum.
predominantly white regional part of telencephalon
A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon.
predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon
A blood vasculature that is part of a head.
A lymph vasculature that is part of a head.
A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis or clitoris. Glands may also be present.
The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin.
Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified].
Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium.
Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995).
Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix.
Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix.
Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized.
A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions.
A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region.
An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium.
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column.
subdivision of organism along main body axis
A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus.
A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord.
Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system.
An ectodermal placode that gives rise to any of the cutaneous appendages that protrude from the skin epidermis (heair, feathers, epidermal scales).
An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart.
Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets
Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue.
A duct that is part of a sebaceous gland.
An acinus that is part of a sebaceous gland.
An acinus that is part of a salivary gland.
An acinus that is part of a mammary gland.
An acinus that is part of a lacrimal gland.
An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity
A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus.
Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris.
A organ cavity that is part of a vagina.
masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac
The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes
An epidermal invagination that has as parts a hair follicle, a sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle
A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium.
An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen.
A substance that is consumed by the organism for food.
A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region.
A digitopodium region that is part of a manus[Obol]. This includes the fingers and metacarpal region, but excludes the carpal region.
A digitopodium region that is part of a pes[Obol]. This includes the toes and metatarsal region, but excludes the tarsals region.
A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton.
A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton.
A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton.
facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII
facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex
acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex
A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region.
network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP]
mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix
Lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing.
A glandular epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix.
The glandular epithelium that lines the endocervix.
An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta
An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]
Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition].
The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands.
Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads.
A holocrine gland that is part of the pilosebaceous unit of a hair located in the area around the anus.
One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly
One of five swellings formed during the development of the face
The median slit located inferior and posterior to the external urethral orifice in the female; the exit for menstrual flow and birth and the entrance for the penis during sexual intercourse; the size and appearance of the vaginal orifice varies inversely with that of the hymen (G. membrane), a thin fold of mucous membrane that surrounds the vaginal orifice
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin.
epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The lymphocytic cell population present in the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal duct of some animals.
A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis.
A zone of skin that is part of the area surrounding the anus.
any exocrine gland whose secretion consists of its own disintegrated secretory cells along with its secretory product; holocrine secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.
The segment of the autopod that is distal to the metapodial region and consists of the digits.
The segment of the manus that is distal to the metacarpal region and consists of the manual digits (fingers).
The segment of the pes that is distal to the metatarsal region and consists of the pedal digits (toes).
A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton.
A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton.
A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton.
A bone element that is part of a jaw region.
A muscle layer that is part of an intestine.
A muscular coat that is part of a jejunum.
A muscular coat that is part of a urinary bladder.
respiratory system arterial smooth muscle
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel.
A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified]
A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine.
Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells.
The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth.
A endothelium that is part of a peritubular capillary.
The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives.
An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior.
Triangular calcified papillae (often five) placed radially around the anus of some Holothuriidae
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle.
skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle.
skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle
A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca.
A sphincter muscle that is part of a vagina.
A muscular coat that is part of a duodenum.
A muscular coat that is part of a colon.
A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal.
A serous membrane that is part of a vermiform appendix.
visceral peritoneum of vermiform appendix
A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube.
A serous membrane that is part of a fundus of stomach.
visceral peritoneum of fundus of stomach
A adventitia that is part of a esophagus.
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a umbilical cord.
A anatomical junction that connects a stomach and connects a duodenum.
A mucosa that is part of a gastroduodenal junction.
A nonskeletal ligament that is part of a liver.
Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart.
A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
the layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the cortex varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years; included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte; the zona pellucida, theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle; also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles.
highly vascular stroma found in the center of the ovary that forms from embryonic mesenchyme and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves; this stroma forms the tissue of the hilum by which the ovarian ligament is attached, and through which the blood vessels enter; it does not contain any ovarian follicles.
Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832-1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland's duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye.
Any gland that is part of an eyelid. This includes sebaceous glands (Zeis gland, tarsal gland) and sweat glands (Moll's gland).
Any of the sebaceous glands that are in the eyelid. Examples: gland of Zeis (services eyelashes), gland of Meibom (tarsal gland - unconnected to eyelids).
The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells.
A epithelial tube that develops from a Mullerian duct in a male. Later degenerates.
degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct
A gland that is part of a optic choroid.
A thickened round patch of lymphoid tissue located at the ileocecal junction adjacent to the sacculus rotundus.
A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition].
An intestinal crypt that is located in the ileum.
An intestinal crypt that is located in the duodenum.
An intestinal crypt that is located in the jejunum.
An intestinal crypt that is located in the colon. The colonic crypts of Lieberkühn are straight and unbranched and lined largely with goblet cells.
An intestinal crypt that is located in the appendix.
A sphincter muscle that is part of a cloaca.
A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body.
A anatomical cavity that is part of a ear vesicle.
Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand.
Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation.
A epithelium that is part of a intestinal villus.
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull.
An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified].
A germinal center that is part of a tonsil.
Lymphoid tissue located in the appendix.
Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier.
Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels.
The epithelium that forms the surface of the tonsil dips into the underlying connective tissue in numerous places, forming crypts kown as tonsillar crypts. Stratified squamous epithelium, that may be heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes. Epithelial cells are present in the germinal as well as in the periphery of the nodule.
Epithelium lining the exocrine pancreas.
Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs.
A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages.
The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs.
Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system.
A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily.
A metaphysis that is part of a metaphysis.
A organ component layer that is part of a integumental system.
One of two openings in the uterine cervix.
Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.
Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart.
A organ cavity that is part of a uterus.
A zone of skin that is part of a palmar/plantar part of autopod.
A zone of skin that is part of a skin of pes.
Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon.
Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition].
The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the lumen of kidney collecting ducts.
collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium
epithelium of collecting duct of renal tubule
A muscular coat that is part of a ileum.
A sweat gland that is part of the skin of the palmar part of the manus or plantar part of the pes
sweat gland of palmar/plant part of autopod
Any member of the network of tubes that return blood from the renal tissues to the systemic circulation.
A part of the body present only in a specific gender.
A part of the body present only in males.
A part of the body present only in females.
A gustatory epithelium that is part of a tongue.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region.
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum.
white matter lamina of cerebral hemisphere
The white laminae of cerebellum is subdivision of the cerebellar cortex comprised of myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex.
A white matter that is part of a medulla oblongata.
A epithelium that is part of a frontonasal prominence.
A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region.
A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory.
The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells.
A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular
A duct that is located between lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory.
A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain
A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain
A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord
Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca.
The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. It is thicker behind than in front, and occasionally contains a small fibrocartilage, about 6 mm. in length. It is well displayed by making a vertical section across the organ.
Any collection of muscles that is part of the forelimb stylopod region [Automatically generated definition].
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin.
Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin).
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin).
White matter that is part of a brainstem [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles).
A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature.
One of the primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and align dorsoventrally at the myotomal boundaries between somites.
The major preaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
A forelimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A hindlimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A manual digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit phalanx endochondral element
A pedal digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
pedal digit phalanx endochondral element
A femur bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A humerus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A endochondral element that is part of a autopod region.
A autopod endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue.
perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium
Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface.
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a prostate gland.
A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands.
A gland that is located in or around the ocular region, nearer the outer canthi.
An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs
A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium.
The slightly constricted part of a tooth, between the crown and the root.
Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile.
A zone of skin that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition].
A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system.
A lymph node that is part of a hypodermis.
A zone of skin that is part of a axilla.
A zone of skin that is part of a external nose.
hat part of the duodenal wall traversed by the ductus choledochus, ductus pancreaticus, and ampulla.
A epithelium that is part of a anal canal.
A epithelium that is part of a duct of salivary gland.
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis.
muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae
smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
Any anatomical conduit which is part of the upper respiratory tract
An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present.
A zone of skin that is part of a autopod region.
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a digit.
A epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye.
A epithelium that is part of a middle ear.
A epithelium that is part of a external ear.
A lamina propria that is part of a duodenum.
Any of the lymph nodes that are part of a face.
A lymph node that is part of a hindlimb.
A lymph node that is part of a forelimb.
A breast that is part of a male organism.
Subdivision of thorax which includes all structures from the skin to the costal pleura. Examples: There is only one chest wall.
A lymph node that is part of a bronchus.
is the sensory system for the sense of hearing.
Skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified].
A epithelium that is part of a male urethra.
A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of fundus of stomach.
lamina propria mucosae of fundus of stomach
A anatomical space that is part of a duodenum.
luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart.
A anatomical space that is part of a jejunum.
A epithelium that is part of a female urethra.
Subdivision of telencephalon which is one of a number of subdivisions of each hemisphere separated by both real landmarks (sulci and fissures) and arbitrary boundaries[FMA,modified].
Grey matter neocortex region of a lobe of the cerebral hemisphere.
gray matter of lobe of cerebral hemisphere
A white matter of cerebral lobe that is part of a limbic lobe.
The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches.
A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter.
central nervous system gray matter layer
A layer of of the central nervous system that is composed of white matter.
central nervous system white matter layer
A white matter that is part of the midbrain.
A blood vessel that is part of a cerebellum.
An roughly circular indentation in a surface.
A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 1 that develop into the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix.
auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 1 derived
A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 2 that develop into the concha, antihelix and antitragus.
auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 2 derived
A skin gland found in the interdigital region of some mammals
Primordium that develops into the central nervous system
Primordium that develops into the nervous system
Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract.
epithelium of terminal part of digestive tract
Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract.
muscle tissue of terminal part of digestive tract
The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism.
An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development.
A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure.
A muscle layer that is part of the rectum
Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum
A ligament that is part of a middle ear.
An organ system subdivision that is the part of the lymphoid system that includes the pulmonary lymphatic vessels.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a lung.
A capsule that divides the parenchyma of the pancreas into lobes and lobules
Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract.
Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue.
A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract.
Tissue that is part of some adrenal gland
A feather that is part of a the upper ventral region of an animal's torso.
A feather that is part of a the dorsal region of an animal's torso.
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart.
A feather that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod.
A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas.
Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region.
The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid
A white matter that is part of the hindbrain.
A white matter that is part of the forebrain.
A white matter that is part of the myelencephalon.
Epithelial layer that is part of the external part of the nose.
An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system.
epithelium of small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn
wall of small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn
epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine
the single bud-like invagination of the conjunctival fornix epithelium at the temporal aspect of the eye that signals lacrimal gland formation (Int Rev Cytol. 1996;168:1-80. Cell biology of the harderian gland)
Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO].
Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ.
Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity.
A mammary gland duct that is part of a male organism. This structure typically regresses.
White matter that lies deep to the granular cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains afferents to the cerebellar cortex and axons that run between the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei.
An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system.
An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells.
A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells.
spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer
Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain
The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa.
A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology.
the area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate
An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part.
A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary.
Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other.
A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin.
An anatomical collection that is arranged in a line.
A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures.
The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts.
Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue.
organ region with floating fiat boundary
A population of lymphatic endothelial cell precursors that will form the lymph vessels.
A cluster of neuroendocrine cells derived from neural crest. Paraganglia may be chromaffin or nonchromaffin
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of an eyelid [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the interlobular excretory ducts of a salivary gland which are found in the connective tissue septa and formed by the union of several intralobular striated (secretory) ducts[MP,generalized].
The narrowest portion of the gallbladder and distal to the cystic duct.
The membrane the surrounds the prostate gland.
Any chamber of the left side of the heart
Any chamber of the right side of the heart
The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva
The primordial mouth region of the developing head.
A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon
The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits.
Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ.
A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity.
A sweet viscid material elaborated out of the nectar of flowers in the honey sac of various bees.
A bodily fluid consisting of the contents of the digestive tract expulsed through the anterior portion of the digestive tract.
respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme
An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles.
An organ subunit in the skin that gives rise to cutaneous appendage.
An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum.
Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure.
Any gland that is part os the respiratory system.
Parenchymal tissue that consists of the alveoli, grape-like clusters where milk is stored, and branching ducts, which are tubular canals carrying gladular secretions.
Any of the eight ligaments pertaining to the uterus including the anterior, posterior, lateral, sacro-uterine and round ligaments.
The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit.
ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus)
ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervus zygomatici
zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve
A zone of skin that is part of the face.
The parenchyma of the spleen, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages. It lies between the splenic trabecula. Red pulp is the part suffused with blood and white pulp consists of areas of lymphatic tissue where there are sleeves of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate a lateral line.
Cranial nerve which enters the brain between cranial nerves VIII and IX; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the posterior lateral line ganglion and middle ganglion. Fibers from the posterior lateral line ganglion innervate the occipital dorsal lateral line and trunk lateral lines.
Cranial nerve which enters the brain between cranial nerves VI and VII; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the anterior lateral line ganglia.
The posterior lateral line ganglion develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the posterior lateral line system.
Dorsolateral placode that gives rise to the anterior lateral line.
The anteror lateral line ganglia develops from cranial ectodermal placodes and contain sensory neurons that innervate the anterior lateral line system.
Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton.
The anterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated between the eye and the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the anterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The anterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians and are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project to the hindbrain. The anterior lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.
The anterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The anterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.
The posterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated behind the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the posterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The posterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The posterior mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.
A migrating group of cells originating from an anterior lateral line placode. The primordium deposits neuromasts and interneuromasts between them during its migration.
Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse
Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes.
Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the limb integument.
Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue.
An anatomical surface that is part of a bone
A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis.
pedal digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue
A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis.
manual digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue
A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis.
digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue
A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit plus the associated metapodial element.
A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit plus the associated metapodial element.
A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of a single digit plus the associated metapodial element.
individual digit of digitopodial skeleton
A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points.
A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object.
A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence.
A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
A unit which is a standardised quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition.
A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas.
A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time.
A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time .
A unit which represents a standard measurement occurrence of a process per unit time.
example to be eventually removed
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
failed exploratory term
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
metadata complete
term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
organizational term
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
ready for release
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
metadata incomplete
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
uncurated
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
pending final vetting
Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes.
core
placeholder removed
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
terms merged
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term imported
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
term split
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
Alan Ruttenberg
to be replaced with external ontology term
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
requires discussion
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_quality_location.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 45 Logical Axioms: 6]
ENVO is an ontology which represents knowledge about environments,environmental processes, ecosystems, habitats, and related entities. It interoperates with other ontologies in the OBO Foundry and Library. New terms or revisions can be requested at https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/ Please see www.environmentontology.org for more information and citations.
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/process_attribute.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 21 Logical Axioms: 2]
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 85 Logical Axioms: 13]
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute_location.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 138 Logical Axioms: 23]