SURVIVOR;DD/MMM;/YEAR;RESULT;RD;DECEASED;AGE;MV;ALPHA;CITY;STATE/CTY/PROV;COUNTRY;WEIGHT;SOURCE/REMARKS;CHAMPIONSHIP;PRO/AM/TOUGHMAN;TYPE;WHERE;CAUSALITY/LEGAL;;
Richard Teeling;14-May;1725;KO; ;Job Dixon;; ;dixon;Covent Garden (Pest Fields);London;England;ND;"Ipswich Journal, June 25, 1725; London Journal, July 3, 1725; (London) Parker's Penny Post, July 14, 1725; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), Richard Teeling, killing: murder, 30th June, 1725. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17250630-26. Covent Garden was a major entertainment district in London. Both men were hackney coachmen. Dixon and another man, John Francis, had fought six or seven minutes. Francis tired, and quit. Dixon  challenged anyone else. Teeling accepted. They briefly scuffled, and then Dixon fell and did not get up. He was carried home, where he died next day.The surgeon and apothecary opined that cause of death was either skull fracture or neck fracture. Teeling was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to branding. (Branding was on the thumb, with an ""M"" for murder. The idea was that a person could receive the benefit only once. Branding took place in the courtroom, in front of spectators. The practice did not end until the early nineteenth century.)"; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Simon Small;20-Sep;1724;KO; ;John Lambert; ; ;lambert;Muzzle Hill;Buckinghamshire;England;ND;"Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 6.0, 05 December 2011), February 1725, trial of Simon Small (t17250224-66). The two men fought two times in succession, and a week after the second fight, Lambert died of injuries to his ""Head, Back, Belly, and Privy Members."" The jury acquitted. "; ;Pro;;Later;Misadventure;;
Richard Pritchard;25-Nov;1725;KO;3;William Fenwick; ; ;fenwick;Moorfields;London;England;ND;"London Journal, February 12, 1726; (London) British Journal, February 12, 1726; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), Richard Pritchard, killing: murder, 2nd March, 1726. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17260302-96. The men decided to settle a quarrel with a prizefight. Pritchard knocked Fenwick down three times, using a left to the head. The third time, Fenwick did not get up, and he died an hour later. The surgeon said death was cause by blood ""spilt on the Brains.""  The jury ruled accidental death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Whitaker;Jan/;1728;KO; ;John Gretton; ; ;gretton;Islington (Copenhagen Fields);London;England;ND;American Weekly Mercury (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), May 23 1728. The bout took place at Stoake's Amphitheatre and lasted about 25 minutes. Both men were exhausted, and the final blows were given while Whittaker was on his knees and Gretton was on the ground. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Thomas Hargrave;2-Feb;1729;KO;;Henry Hill;; ;hill;London;London;England;ND;"(London) Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, September 6, 1729; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), Thomas Hargrave, killing : murder, 27th August, 1729. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17290827-4. The two men fought for half a crown. Hargrave won the bout, and the two men went to an alehouse to have a drink. Hill put his head against the chimney, and died. The surgeon found much blood in Hill's abdomen, and attributed death to the bursting of blood vessels during a fall. Hargrave was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to branding"; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Richard Wells;21-May;1730;KO; ;Samuel Biggs; ; ;biggs;London;London;England;ND;"Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 6.0, 05 December 2011), June 1731, trial of Richard Wells (t17310602-19). Biggs had thrown Wells at least two times before Wells through Biggs. However, when he fell, Biggs struck his head on a cartwheel. He remained unconscious following the fall, and died following morning. The surgeon said there was no fracture of the skull, but on autopsy, there was more than four ounces of coagulated blood on the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter; the punishment was branding.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Phillips;Oct/;1730;KO; ;Lloyd; ; ;lloyd;St. James;London;England;ND;(London) Daily Post, October 17, 1730. The verdict was that Lloyd died a natural death. The constable disagreed, and he and the coroner began physically fighting in the courtroom.; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure;;
William Emerson;ND;1732;KO; ;Andrew Reed;;;reed;Great Yarmouth;Norfolk;England;ND;Charles John Palmer, The Perlustration of Great Yarmouth,with Goreston and Southtown, (Great Yarmouth: George Nall, 1872), 89.; ;Pro;;Ring; ; ;
Joseph Greenfield;22-May;1734;KO; ;John Jones; ; ;jones;Hampstead;London;England;ND;"London Evening Post, May 30, 1734; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), Joseph Greenfield, killing: murder, 30th June, 1734. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17340630-3. From the Old Bailey: ""The Deceas'd said, he'd fight any Man for a Crown. The Prisoner, who was a Stranger to him, began to strip; but said he had not a Crown to venture, and so the Deceas'd and he agreed to fight for Love, as they call'd it. They boxt fairly; the Deceas'd had the better, and the Prisoner said he would fight no more, in the Nine-pin-Ground among Black-guards; but would fight it out in a Room. The Deceas'd was for having it out in the Ground. Then the Prisoner clapp'd him on the Back, and call'd him a good Lad. They shook Hand three times very lovingly, and went to boxing again. The Prisoner struck the Deceas'd upon the Temples, which made him stagger, and as he was falling the Prisoner kick'd him on the Breast and the Groin, and he fell down, and lay for dead; but he was brought a little to himself in about half an Hour. This was on a Wednesday, and he dyed on the Saturday following."" Greenfield was convicted of manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;26-Aug;1735;KO; ;ND ; ; ;nd;Dublin;Dublin;Ireland;ND;Boston (Massachusetts) News-Letter, February 13, 1735. Two gentlemen's servants were boxing in the street. Squire Westley's coachman went to the stable, vomited blood, and died.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Andrew Gardner;24-Jun;1742;KO; ;William Pateman; ; ;pateman;Chelsea;London;England;ND;"Newcastle (England) Courant, June 25, 1742; Ipswich (England) Journal, July 2, 1742. Cause of death was a blow to the temples. Gardner was arrested, along with his father (who abetted the fight)."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;21-Jul;1748;KO; ;ND ; ; ;nd;London;London;England;ND;Derby (England) Mercury, July 28, 1748. Two servants boxed a match lasting about three quarters of an hour. One of them died about an hour afterwards.; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
ND;2-Dec;1749;KO ; ;ND ; ; ;nd;Perth Amboy;New Jersey;British North America;ND;"New-York (New York) Gazette, December 4, 1749. Two seamen decided to try a ""Tryal of Skill at Boxing."" Afterwards, they went back inside the bar, and drank some more. Then one of the fighters died. The other promptly fled."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
Charles Troop;6-Jun;1751;KO; ;George Bartholomew; ; ;bartholomew;London;London;England;ND;"Derby (England) Mercury, June 13, 1751; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 6.0, 05 December 2011), July 1751, trial of Charles Troop (t17510703-39).The pair met in an alehouse, and then fought for a prize of a shilling, a coin worth 1/20th of a pound, meaning its current money would be about œ6. The men took off their shirts and waistcoats, and shook hands. Their fight lasted about twenty minutes. There were several knockdowns, and once, Troop fell on top of Bartholomew, with a knee in his guts. The crowd called shame, but the fight continued. Bartholomew lost. He was carried home in a coach. His wife said he was bruised all over, ""as black as a negro."" He died next morning. There was a large contusion on his scrotum, and a skull fracture. Troop was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to branding."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;1-Jan;1752;KO; ;ND ; ; ;ND;London;London;England;ND;Derby (England) Mercury, January 2, 1752. A chairman and a groom agreed to a prize fight for a prize of a guinea. They met at Hyde Park, and boxe. The groom died. The chairman was arrested.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
John Hudson;28-Dec;1753;KO; ;Thomas Moss; ; ;moss;White Conduit Fields;London;England;ND;"(London) Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, January 12, 1754;  Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), John Hudson, killing: murder, 16th January, 1754. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17540116-40. The two men agreed to fight, for a prize of a leg of mutton, turnips, and some beer, to the value of a crown. They boxed between a quarter and a half an hour. Moss led at first, but then Hudson began knocking him down. Moss was asked if he wanted to quit. ""I will fight,"" he said, standing up, arms at his side. So, Hudson knocked him down again. This time he did not get up, and blood was streaming from his ears and mouth. Moss's friends carried home, on their backs. He was put to bed, but he was already dead. The surgeon said cause of death was extravasated blood in the brain. Hudson was convicted of manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Faulkner;5-Aug;1758;KO;;George Taylor; ;Y;taylor;St. Albans;Hertfordshire;England;Heavy;"Bob Mee, Bare Fists: The History of Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting (Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2001), 20; H.B. Wheatley, Hogarth's London, Pictures of the Manners of the Eighteenth Century (London: Constable and Company Ltd., 1909), 149. Taylor, who was blind in one eye prior to the fight, lost sight in his good eye during the fight, and died of injuries in December 1758. ";English;Pro;;Later;; ;
William Smith;ND;1761;KO; ;William Alsop; ; ;alsop;London;London;England;ND;Derby (England) Mercury, May 7, 1761. Smith was found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to branding.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Nicholas McCabe;ND;1764;KO; ;Patrick Smith; ; ;smith ;Bloomsbury ;London;England;ND;Derby (England) Mercury, June 7, 1764.  The bout took place near Montagu House. Cause of death was given as broken neck.; ;Pro;Broken neck;Ring;Manslaughter;;
"John ""Jack"" Warren";9-Apr;1765;KO;;Phillip Juchau; ;Y;juchau;Moorfields;London;England;Heavy;"Pierce Egan, Boxiana, London, 1812, 79; Pancratia, or a History of Pugilism, London, Hildyard, 1812, 56; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 265; Mee, 2001, 24; London Encyclopaedia, edited by Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (Bethesda, Maryland: Adler & Adler, 1986), 526. Juchau was thrown by a cross-buttock. He struck his head on a paving stone, and he died."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Thomas Bradby;Sep/;1765;KO; ;Murphy; ; ;murphy;Tothill Fields;London;England;ND;(London) Lloyd's Evening Post, September 9, 1765. The jury's verdict was manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
George Lovell (Gipsey George);29-Jul;1768;KO; ;Richard Berry; ; ;berry;St. Gile's;London;England;ND;"(London) Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, August 4, 1768; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), George Lovell, otherwise Gipsey George, killing, 7th September, 1768. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17680907-84. While watching a prizefight, Lovell and Murphy had an argument. So, following the main event, the men stripped to the waist and entered the ring themselves. Murphy was soon knocked down, and Lovell began to leave the ring, but Murphy's second told Lovell to come back. So he did, and the fight resumed. Murphy was soon knocked down again, but this time, he did not get back up, and he died within the half hour. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Grant;27-Aug;1777;KO; ;Skinner; ; ;skinner;Lambeth;London;England;ND;(London) Evening Post, Skinner was a paver and Grant was a butcher. The bout lasted about 45 minutes. Skinner died while being taken home. Grant was also badly battered.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Matthew Alefleet;ND;1781;KO; ;Hardy; ; ;hardy;Norwich;Norfolk;England;ND;Ipswich (England) Journal, August 10, 1781. Alefleet was convicted of manslaugher. The seconds were acquitted.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Manslaughter;;
William Tower;22-Nov;1784;KO;;Bill Day; ;;day;Barnet;London;England;ND;"Pierce Egan, Boxiana, London, 1812, 488-489; Pancratia, or a History of Pugilism, London, Hildyard, 1812, 68-69. Day was dancing about, said Egan, ""till at length TOWERS caught him in one corner of the stage, and held him fast by one hand, while with the other he nearly annhilated DAY."" The bout lasted 33 minutes, and Day died shortly afterward of his injuries. "; ;Pro;;Later;; ;
ND;Apr/;1786; KO; ;ND ; ; ;ND;Glochester;Gloucestershire;England;ND;Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, April 19, 1786. Two soldiers of the 35th Regiment decided to hold a boxing atch. One died. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;Jul/;1786;KO; ;ND ; ; ;ND;Kentish Town;London;England;ND;The bout took place near Mother Black Cap's pub. The bout lasted about fifty minutes, and ended with a blow to the stomach.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Robert Jones;22-Sep;1786;KO; ;James Barrett; ; ;barrett;London;London;England;ND;"(London) Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, November 1, 1786;  Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), ROBERT JONES, killing: manslaughter, 25th October, 1786. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17861025-70.  The men were hackney coachmen who decided to settle a quarrel through a prizefight. They fought for about a quarter of an hour. Barrett fell, and died a few hours later. The surgeon said the brain appeared normal, but there was about a pint of blood in the abdomen, on the left side. The injury was associated with a fall on paving stones. Jones was convicted of manslaughter, and fined a shilling and ordered to serve a week's imprisonment."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
John Clayton;26-Mar;1788;KO;;Samuel Fewster; ; ;fewster;Moorfields;London;England;ND;"(London) Public Advertiser, April 7, 1788; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org). JOHN CLAYTON, killing: murder, 2nd April, 1788. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17880402-73. The prisoner was fined 20 shillings, a sum roughly equivalent to œ110 today, and discharged.";;Pro;;Ring ;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Tyne;6-Aug;1788;KO;;William Earle; ;Y;earle;Brighton;East Sussex;England;Heavy;"(London) Star, July 7, 1788; ""Some Selected Reports from the Salisbury & WInchester Journal,"" August 18, 1788; http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dutillieul/ZOtherPapers/NewS&WJ18Aug1788.html;  (London) Evening Post, March 28, 1789; (London) World, March 31, 1789; Pancratia, or a History of Pugilism (London, Hildyard, 1812), 81; Leslie A. Marchand, Lord Byron: Letters and Journals, volume 3, ""Alas the Love of Women"" (London: John Murray, 1974), 133;  Albert Jack, Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes (London: Allen Lane, 2008). The bout lasted 48 minutes. After being struck a solid blow, Earle fell backwards and struck his head against a post or rail. He died. Prizefights were illegal, so the crowd fled. Tyne was convicted of manslaughter, and fined one shilling. The Prince Regent, the future King George IV, was present at the bout. Like the other spectators, the Prince quickly left the scene. To reduce the ensuing scandal, in 1789, the Prince awarded an annuity of œ20 to Earle's mother. This chain of events apparently inspired the rhyme, ""Georgie Porgie, puddin' and pie/Kissed the girls and made them cry/When the boys came out to play/Georgie Porgie ran away."" The explanation is this. George was notoriously fat; hence, he had eaten too many puddings and pies. From 1782 to 1803, George's mistresses included Frances Twysden Villiers, wife of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey. George's wives (Caroline, from whom he was separated, and Maria Fitzherbert, to whom George had married in a civil ceremony) were unhappy about George's relationship with Frances Villiers. Thus, the rhyme's line about making the girls cry, and also the rhyme's subsequent association with the seventeenth century dukes of Buckingham, both of whom were named George Villiers, same as Lady Jersey's husband. Finally, when the boys came out to play (that is, box) and Earle died, the Prince Regent ran away."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
ND;10-Oct;1788;KO; ;Thomas Standen; ; ;ND;Steyning Fair;West Sussex;England;ND;"(London) Lloyd's Evening Post, October 17, 1788; Hampshire (England) Chronicle, October 26, 1788. The jury ruled death was accidental."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
William Ward (Bill Warr);5-May;1789;KO;;Edwin Swaine; ;Y;swaine;Enfield;London;England;Heavy;"(London) Whitehall Evening Post, June 4, 1789; Pierce Egan, Boxiana, London, 1812, 118;  ""William Ward, a boxer, convicted of manslaughter for killing his opponent,"" http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng370.htm;  Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), ""William Ward, Killing: Murder, 3rd June, 1789,"" Ref: t17890603-17. Swaine was a blacksmith who challenged Ward, a professional, to a fight, for a prize of a guinea. Swaine took Ward by the hair, and began punching him in the face. They then went to the ground, and the first round ended. They got back up, and Ward began striking back. Swaine said he wanted to stop, and began walking away. Ward followed Swaine, and struck him again, once in the stomach and a second time to the head. Swaine went down, and was dead on the spot. The surgeon did not do an autopsy, but said that the cause of death was a blow to the temple. Ward was arrested, convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to three months imprisonment, plus a one-shilling fine. An artist's depiction of the mill appears in Andrew Knapp and William Baldwin, The Newgate Calendar, vol. 3 (London: J. Robins and Co., 1825), 145."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
James Wilkins;28-Jul;1789;KO; ;George Grift; ; ;grift;London;London;England;ND;London Chronicle, July 30, 1789. Wilkins was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to nine months imprisonment and a one-shilling fine. The stiff sentence was because the boxing match had been occasioned by foul blows.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Tombs;21-Feb;1791;KO; ;Robert Wilson; ; ;wilson;Kempsford;Gloucestershire;England;ND;"Hereford (England) Journal, March 8, 1791; (London) Star, March 9, 1791. Wilson was struck in the throat and he died. Cause of death was a ruptured artery in the brain. Tombs was charged with manslaughter.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
James Smith;30-Aug;1791;KO ; ;Thomas Daniel; ; ;daniel;Annapolis;Maryland;USA;ND;Vermont Journal, October 4, 1791. ?In a boxing match, on Tuesday last, the latter unfortunately lost his life by a blow... Thhe inquest, which sat on the body, gave a verdict of manslaughter.?;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Peak;Mar/;1794;KO; ;John Barlow;;;barlow;Hanmer;Flintshire (Wrexham);Wales;ND;"National Archives of Wales, Crime and Punishment Database, http://www.llgc.org.uk/sesiwn_fawr/index_s.htm. ""Manslaughter of John Barlow during a fight. The deceased challenged to fight 'any man of his weight for a shilling' who were then drinking at an inn called The Welsh Harp."" The sentence was to be burned in the hand and one month's imprisonment.
"; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Taherner;25-Aug;1795;KO; ;Wardle; ; ;wardle;Stramshall;Staffordshire;England;ND;Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, September 2, 1795. Cause of death was a blow. ;;Pro; ;Ring;Blow;;
Proctor;10-Oct;1795;KO;;Reed; ; ;proctor;Fleet Prison;London;England;ND;Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, October 14, 1795. Fleet Prison was both a debtor's prison and the surrounding neighborhood. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Joseph Sayers;Mar/;1797;KO; ;Richard Criss; ; ;criss;Falmer;Sussex;England;ND;(London) Whitehall Evening Post, March 21, 1797. Sayers was acquitted at the Sussex Assizes.;;Pro;;Ring ;Misadventure;;
Thomas Niblett;4-Mar;1798;KO;;William Turner; ;;turner;Mile-End;London;England;ND;"(London) London Packet or New Lloyd's Evening Post, July 6, 1798; London Times, July 7, 1798; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), HENRY NIBLETT, killing: murder, 4th July, 1798. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17980704-49. This was a grudge match that was fought as a prizefight. The bout lasted between twenty to thirty minutes. Niblett dominated from the beginning, and during the last couple breaks, Turner asked to quit. However, his second would not let him, and damned any man who said otherwise. So, Turner kept going up to the mark. In the last round, Turner threw Niblett with a cross-buttock. Niblett stood back up. Then, unexpectedly, Turner's knees began shaking, and blood began pouring from his mouth and nose. Niblett struck Turner a couple of times. Turner fell and did not get up. Turner was carried home, and he died about a quarter hour after arrival. Cause of death was attributed to the strain of throwing Niblett and the latter was acquitted."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;14-May;1800;KO;;Collins; ;Y;collins;Newington;London;England;ND;"Anonymous, Sporting Magazine, v. 16 (Apr.-Sept. 1800), London, Rogerson & Tuxford, 1800, p. 89; London Times, May 14, 1800. Collins was a construction worker, and his opponent was an Irish fisherman. The two men had a dispute, so they decided to settle it with a prizefight at noon. The bout took place outside the Elephant and Castle, and it lasted 1 hour, 20 minutes. Finally, Collins was struck on the jugular and he died almost instantly. The Irishman died soon after. "; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Collins;14-May;1800;WKO;;ND ; ;Y;ND;Newington;London;England;ND;"Anonymous, Sporting Magazine, v. 16 (Apr.-Sept. 1800), London, Rogerson & Tuxford, 1800, p. 89; London Times, May 14, 1800. Collins was a construction worker, and his opponent was an Irish fisherman. The two men had a dispute, so they decided to settle it with a prizefight at noon. The bout took place outside the Elephant and Castle, and it lasted 1 hour, 20 minutes. Finally, Collins was struck on the jugular and he died almost instantly. The fisherman was carried to his rooms, where he died a week later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
John Fitch;9-Jul;1800;KO; ;Private Davey; ; ;davey;Chelmsford;Essex;England;ND;(London) Morning Post and Gazetter, July 14, 1800. The two men fought one bout that ended in a draw. The man holding the stakes said he wouldn't pay unless they fought to a finish. So they fought 20 more minutes, until Davey collapsed. Davey died, and Fitch and the man holding the stakes were arrested.;;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Holmer;13-Sep;1801;KO; ;James Nevill; ; ;nevill;Middleton;Northamptonshire;England;ND;"Derby (England) Mercury, September 24, 1801; London Times, September 28, 1801. The two men quarreled, and they decided to settle the dispute next evening, with a prize fight. After about fifteen minutes fighting, Holmer struck Nevill on the temple, and Nevill died. Nevill was charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Colstone;22-Sep;1801;KO; ;R. Dudley; ; ;dudley;Cosby;Lancashire;England;ND;(Suffolk, England), Bury and Norwich Post, September 29, 1801.  Dudley was knocked down by a blow to the side. He died next day.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
S. Houghton;20-Oct;1801;KO;;B. Dickenson; ;Y;dickenson;Great Ponton;Lincolnshire;England;ND;Edinburgh (Scotland) Advertiser, November 13, 1801. Houghton was a horse breaker, and Dickinson was a tailor. This was probably a grudge match fought under prize ring rules, as Houghton was said to be about 70 years of age.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Anthony Bridgen;ND;1802;KO; ;William Hammond; ; ;hammond;Duncombe;Sussex;England;ND;(Suffolk, England) Bury and Norwich Post, August 10, 1802. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Bridgen was convicted, and fined a shilling.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Jacob Halsey;13-Nov;1802;KO; ;Patrick Dorsey; ;  ;dorsey;New York;New York;USA;ND;(Albany, New York) Gazette, November 25, 1802. Dorsey collasped after a blow to the temple, and died. Halsey was charged with manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;May/;1803;KO; ;ND ; ; ;ND;Stretford;Lancashire;England;ND;Hampshire (England) Telegraph, May 22, 1803.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
James Kay;Aug/;1803;KO; ;John Alcock; ; ;alcock;Chelmsford Barracks;Essex;England;ND;(London, England) Morning Chronicle, September 7, 1803. The two men were privates in the Lancashire Militia. They boxed, and Alcock died. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Samuel Goodman;10-Oct;1803;KO; ;Richard Toon; ; ;toon;Spa Fields;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, November 2, 1803; Old Bailey Proceedings Online, Samuel Goodman, Killing > manslaughter, 26 October 1803, t18031026-44. The prize was half a guinea a side. The men fought for about half an hour. Toon was knocked down, but staggered to his feet. The crowd screamed for Goodman to knock him down, but Goodman said he would not do it. Instead, he put on his coat, and left. Toon was carried home, where he died. Goodman was sentenced to six months, and fined 6s. 8d."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;2-Jul;1804; KO; ;ND ; ; ;ND;City Road;London;England;ND;Hampshire (England) Chonicle, July 8, 1804. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Dennis Dillon;21-Jul;1805;KO;;Patrick Michael Lennard;; ;lennard;Marlyebone;London;England;ND;"London Times, July 25, 1805; London Times, July 26, 1805; (London, England) Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, August 10, 1805; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), DENNIS DILLON, killing : murder, 18th September, 1805. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t18050918-46. The men were coworkers who decided to settle a dispute with a prizefight. The winner was to get half a guinea.The bout lasted an hour and 43 minutes. At the end of the fight, both men collapsed at about the same time; certainly, it was not clear to the onlookers who struck whom. Nonetheless, it was clear that it was Lennard who did not get up. While performing autopsy, the surgeon did not find any blood on the brain or in the abdomen. Therefore, the jury ruled not guilty."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
Courtney;Oct/;1807;KO; ;Jonas; ; ;jonas;Dresden Green;Buckinghamshire;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, November 24, 1807; (Oxford, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, November 28, 1807. The bout lasted an hour and a half. At the end of it, neither man was able to continue, so it was declared a draw. The two men were to meet again in a month. However, a month later, Flowers was still unable to walk without assistance, and Jonas had died of injuries."; ;Pro; ;Later; ;;
James Ayres;30-Jun;1809;KO;13;William Dormer; ;Y;dormer;Hackney;London;England;ND;"Hampshire (England) Chronicle, June 11, 1809; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), JAMES AYRES, WILLIAM ROBINSON, killing : murder, 26th June, 1809. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t18090626-29; Bob Mee, Bare Fists: The History of Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting (Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2001), 76. The youths (they were all in their late teens) decided to settle a quarrel with a prize fight. Struck below the right ear, Dormer fell down. He stood up, and then collapsed. He died soon after. It was a fair fight, according to witnesses, though without much skill on either side. The surgeon said cause of death was bleeding on the brain. Ayres' defence was that he was averse to the bout, as his mother had died shortly before. The jury ruled guilty, and judge sentenced Ayres to six months and a one-shilling fine, and his second was sentenced to four months and a one-shilling fine."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Huskinson;27-Oct;1809;KO;20;Solomon Purdy;; ;Hampton;London;England;ND;;(Suffolk, England) Bury and Norwich Post, October 31, 1809. Purdy was struck behind the ear, and died in less than half an hour.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Haynes;11-Dec;1809;KO;;Holmes;;;holmes;Sallowfield;Hampshire;England;ND;Edinburgh Annual Register for 1809, Vol. 2 (London: James Ballantyne and Co., 1811), 311-312. Holmes was knocked down by a blow below the right ear, and he did not get up.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Stringer Tonks;23-Jan;1811;KO;31;Charles Beale; ;Y;beale;Rollestone;Staffordshire;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, January 31, 1811; Plattsburgh (New York) Republican, May 31, 1811, cited at http://esf.uvm.edu/vtbox/Historical.html. The men decided to settle a dispute with a prize fight. Although prize fighting was illegal, the constable was one of the stake-holders at the fight. Beale was struck below the ear, and died."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John Pedlar;24-Apr;1811;KO; ;John Bartlett; ; ;bartlett;Drury Lane;London;England;ND;Old Bailey Online,  JOHN PEDLAR, Killing > manslaughter, 29th May 1811,  t18110529-57. Both men had been drinking, and their fight took place inside rooms at the Red Lion and Still public house. The prize was a pound note. The boxers stripped to the waist while another man drew a line on the ground. The boxers stepped to the mark, and shook hands. They fought several short rounds, with Bartlett doing most of the falling. The fight was stopped. After the fight, Bartlett said he could not urinate. A surgeon catheterized him, but he got worse, and died. Autopsy showed death was caused by a rupture of the bladder and laceration of one of the intestines. The surgeon said that this was probably pre-existing, and the court ruled not guilty.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Soon after;Pre-existing condition;;
Weilmot;25-Oct;1811;KO;24;Spartan; ; ;spartan;Longford;Buckinghamshire;England;ND;Northampton (England) Mercury, October 25, 1811. Cause of death was a fall.The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Fall;;
ND;12-Dec;1812;KO;;White; ;;white;Wickwar;South Gloucestershire;England;ND;The Sporting Magazine, Volume 39,  1812, p. 242. The wager was 3 shillings (at 20 shillings to the pound), and the fight lasted about an hour. White walked home after the fight, a distance of about three miles, and that night, he became unconscious. He died the following Saturday. Cause of death was a burst blood vessel in the brain. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Michael Graghn;4-Sep;1813;KO; ;John Shea; ; ;shea ;Plumstead Common;London;England;ND;(London) Morning Post, September 7, 1813. The fight was for a prize of a one-pound note. Gragn dominated throughout the fight, and Shea died of injuries. The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter.;;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
"Edward ""Ned"" Turner";22-Oct;1816;KO;68;"John ""Jack"" Curtis"; ;Y;curtis;Moulsey Hurst;Surrey;England;ND;"Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), ""Edward Turner: Killing: Murder, 30th October, 1816,"" Ref: t18161030-8; (London) Morning Post, October 24, 1816; Edinburgh Advertiser, November 5, 1816; London Times, November 1, 1816; Exeter (England) Flying Post, November 7, 1816; Manchester (England) Observer, April 24, 1826; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 248; Henry Ripley, The History and Topography of Hampton-on-Thames, London: Wyman and Sons, 1884, 115. The mill lasted 1 hour, 28 minutes. Curtis was losing, but did not want to stop the fight. Nonetheless, at the conclusion, Curtis was knocked out. After getting up, he started vomiting, so he was taken to a nearby inn. Surgeons were called, and he was bled, but he still died later that night. After two minutes deliberation, the jury convicted Turner of manslaughter. The sentence was three months imprisonment and a one-shilling fine. "; ;Pro;;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
William Batts ;28-Apr;1817;KO;27;Thomas Clayton; ;Y;clayton;Near Oxford;Berkshire;England;Light Heavy;"(Oxford, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, May 3, 1817; (Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, May 8, 1817; (Cooperstown, New York) Otsego Herald, July 10, 1817; see also Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, May 1817; Personal correspondence with Ollie Batts (a descendent). The fight took place about five miles from Oxford, in a meadow on the Berkshire bank of the Thames. The crowd was estimated in the thousands, and the purse was 20 guineas. Batts weighted about 13 stone (182 pounds) while Clayton weighed about 12 stone (168 pounds). Going into the match, the betting odds were slightly in favor of Clayton, and he was probably leading going into the fourteenth round. However, after that, Batts began dominating the fight. Finally, Clayton was knocked out by a blow to the side of the neck. He did not regain consciousness, so he was transported to King's Arms Public House in Sandford, where he died at about 7 p.m. The coroner ruled cause of death was occasioned by blows. Batts was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to six months imprisonment. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Richards;24-Jun;1817;KO; ;S. Scott;24; ;scott;Melksham;Wiltshire;England;ND;(London) Morning Post, June 30, 1817. The fight took place off Broughton Road. The coroner ruled cause of death was a blow to the left side of the neck, and the coroner's jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Davis;11-Aug;1817;KO; ;Samuel White; ; ;white;Lansdown;Somerset;England;ND;"(Suffolk, England) Bury and Norwich Post, August 19, 1817; Hereford (England) Journal, August 19, 1817. The bout took place at the Lansdown Fair, near Bath. It lasted about 40 minutes. White went home with assistance, but then collapsed and died of injuries the following morning. The jury rule dmanslaughter. ";;Pro; ;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Watkins;Jan/;1818;KO;;Richard Davies;;;davies;Presteigne;Radnorshire (Powys);Wales;ND;"National Archives of Wales, Crime and Punishment Database, http://www.llgc.org.uk/sesiwn_fawr/index_s.htm. ""Manslaughter of Richard Davies, Presteigne, labourer by beating him. Prisoner and deceased 'met to fight by previous appointment... with their fists.'"" Verdict was not guilty.";;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;25-Mar;1818;KO;;Price ; ; ;price;Walthamstow;London;England;ND;"(Edinburgh, Scotland) Caledonian Mercury, March 30, 1818; (Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, April 2, 1818. The bout was arranged at a pub called Hilliar's Ferry. During the fight, Price wanted to quit. His seconds insisted he continue, and carried him to the mark. He was struck hard in the stomach, and killed on the spot. "; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Henry Jacques;4-Apr;1818;KO; ;Daniel Collison; ; ;collison;Chesterton;Buckinghamshire;England;ND;London (England) Morning Post, April 13, 1818. The bout took place on the border of Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire. The fight lasted about two hours. Finally, Collison collapsed following a blow o the head. He was carried to a nearby pub, where he was pronounced dead.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Thomas Chapman;25-Jun;1818;KO; ;John Dunnington; ; ;dunnington;Ripon;Yorkshire;England;ND;York (England) Herald, July 17, 1818. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
"Charles ""Pug"" McKay (sometimes spelled McGee)";15-Jun;1819;KO;;Samuel Eades; ;Y;eades;Birmingham (Rotten Park);West Midlands;England;ND;"London Times, June 28, 1819; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 226. Eades was knocked down by a blow to the neck. Said the London Times: ""After fighting nearly 40 minutes, the latter had received so much injury that he died."""; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Payne;6-Mar;1820;KO; ;Wyer; ;;wyer;Hindon;Wiltshire;England;ND;Bristol (England) Mercury, March 13, 1820. Toward the end of the fight, Wyer collapsed on the ground. Payne's second, a man named Target, came up and began kicking him, telling him to get up and fight. He did. He fought two more rounds, then collapsed. He was carried unconscious from the field, and died two days later. Cause of death was attributed to blows. Manslaughter was charged. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Garthshore;8-Sep;1820;KO;57;Bartholomew  ; ; ;bartholomew;Newington;London;England;ND;(Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, September 14, 1820. The two men met at a public house, and agreed to have a prize fight. The paper said they fought hard but unskilfully, and that they were hurt more by falls than blows. Bartholomew collapsed during a clinch. A surgeon was called, but Bartholomew was pronounced dead at the scene.; ;Pro; ;Ring ; ;;
Dogherty;5-Dec;1820;KO;45;Michael White; ; ;white;Bristol;Bristol;England;ND;(London, England) Morning Chronicle, December 14, 1820. The Cottager's Monthly Visitor, Volume 1, London: F.C. & J. Rivington, 1821. The two men had a quarrel that they decided to settle with a prize fight. The bout took place on a Tuesday, and lasted one hour, ten minutes. White was carried home, and died about 6 p.m. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Cullington;21-Apr;1821;KO; ;Codrington; ; ;codrington;Newington;London;England;ND;London (England) Morning Chronicle, April 24, 1821. The two men had been fighting for about two hours. Codrington was knocked down by a blow to the head. He died soon after. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the head. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
"Edward ""Ned"" Horner";16-Jul;1821;KO;;John Wilson;24;Y;wilson;Millbank;London;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Observer, October 14, 1821;  (London) Morning Post, October 14, 1821; London (England) Morning Advertiser, October 15, 1821; Edinburgh (Scotland) Advertiser, October 19, 1821. The bout took place on a Sunday morning, near Milbank Penitentiary. The prize was five guineas per side. The two men fought about a quarter of an hour, when Horner could not make it to scrach. The fight was stopped, and the victory awarded to Wilson. After a rest, Horner said he was ready to try again. So, the ring was put up again, and they fought three more rounds. In the next to last round, both men fell. Wilson had trouble getting up, but his seconds helped him up, and he fought one more round. Horner knocked him down, and this time, Wilson was he loser. When the surgeon arrived, he found Wilson with a swelling on the right side of the neck, under the ear, and paralyzed on the right side. Although the surgeon bled Wilson, he died anyway, later that night. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Codrington;7-Aug;1821;KO; ;Delville; ; ;delville;Newingon;London;;;Yorkshire Gazette, August 10, 1821. The bout was for five shillings per side. There was more wrestling than boxing, and Delville apparently hit his head in the final fall. Death was attributed to a ruptured blood vessel in the head.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
"John ""Jack"" Cooper (Slashing Gypsy)";7-Aug;1821;KO;38;Daniel O'Leary; ;Y;o'leary;Epsom (Walton Down);Surrey;England;Welter;"(Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, August 16, 1821; Edinburgh Advertiser, September 14, 1821; Edinburgh Advertiser, September 18, 1821; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 217. The bout lasted 68 minutes. Toward the end, O'Leary was hit several times under his ear and on the temple, and this ended the fight. O'Leary was carried off the field, and soon died. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Cooper was found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to six months imprisonment."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;22-Mar;1822;KO; ;Coxhead; ; ;coxhead;New-cross;London;England;ND;(London, England) Morning Chronicle, March 22, 1822.The fight lasted about an hour and a half. Coxhead was thrown, and died. Death was attributed to a ruptured blood vessel on the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Charrington;8-May;1822;KO; ;Blinkinsop; ; ;blinkinsop;Newington;London;England;ND;(London, England) Morning Post, May 9, 1822. The match was distinguished by better wrestling than punching. Blinkinsop was thrown hard, and did not get up. Cause of death was attributed to the fall. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
William Snellgrove;22-May;1822;KO; ;William Platt; ; ;platt;Bow Common;London;England;ND;Proceedings of the Old Bailey, WILLIAM SNELLGROVE, THOMAS BUCKMASTER, SAMUEL DIGHTON, JOSEPH SMITH, FRANCIS BOYD, Killing > manslaughter, 22nd May 1822, t18220522-72. The fight started mid-afternoon. Platt was the loser, but both men had to be helped away from the field. About 11 p.m., Platt began vomiting, and then passed out. He died next morning. Cause of death was extravasation of blood on the brain. Snellgrove was found guilty, and sentenced to a month's imprisonment.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Jones;19-Sep;1822;KO;9;Michael Higgins;20; ;higgins ;Deptford;Kent;England;ND;(Midlothian, Scotland) Caledonian Mercury, September 29, 1822.  The purse was five shillings a side. Higgins dominated the fight. After the fight ended, the two men shook hands, then Higgins collapsed. He was carried off the field, and died. Cause of death was attributed to external violence, probably blows.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Turner;26-Oct;1822;KO; ;Thomas Carroll; ; ;carroll;Hoxton Fields;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, November 28, 1823; (London, England) Morning Chronicle, December 8, 1823; Old Bailey Online, JOHN TURNER, EDWARD JONES, JOHN SMITH, Killing > manslaughter, 3rd December 1823, t18231203-48. The fight was arranged three weeks in advance. It was fought on a Sunday, and the crowd was mostly working men. The prize was a sovereign. The fight lasted 50 minutes. Carroll was knocked down by a blow beneath the ear. His seconds carried him to a nearby pub. The landlord refused entry. He was carried to another pub, where a doctor was called. The doctor said keep him warm, and then transport him to a surgeon. He was transported to the surgeon and bled. He was then transported by coach to his father's house. He died a few days later. Autopsy revealed upwards of three ounces of extravasated blood on the brain. The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter, but the criminal court ruled not guilty."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Michael O'Toole;3-Dec;1822;WKO; ;Thomas Dawson;91;Y;dawson;Gorford;Berkshire;England;ND;London Times, December 3, 1822. The two men decided to settle a dispute with a prizefight. O'Toole was aged 85, so the match was fair. Dawson won the bout, but died of injuries a week later.;;Pro;;Later;;;
Daniel Watts (Dunn);4-Apr;1823;KO;;Jim Smith; ;Y;smith ;Brighton;East Sussex;England;ND;"(Oxford, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, April 12, 1823; Henry Downes Miles, Pugilistica: The History of British Boxing (London, J. Grant, 1906), 17. The fight lasted about an hour. Smith was knocked out by a blow to the ear. Cause of death was attributed to congestion of the brain. Around this time, pugilism began falling out of favor with the British aristocracy. One reason was a scandal over betting that caused the retirement of Gentleman John Jackson, a man widely viewed as an honest broker. Another was the well-publicized trial and execution of a homicidal boxing promoter named John Thurtell. And a third was the spread of middle-class Christian evangelicalism. To the Christian reformers, pugilism gave crude pleasure to the rich and the working classes. Moreover, it was associated with homoeroticism, which was an even graver sin. (During the Regency, heroic nudity had been an artistic vogue, and Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin, was notorious for paying pugilists to pose nude amidst his Greek marbles.) Thus, new laws were passed -- and more importantly, enforced. The first major fight to be stopped under the new anti-prizefight laws was one between Ned Neale and Jem Burns in 1824. Emigrating to America or Australia was among the ways that fighters avoided such strictures, and in July 1823, the New York Evening Post described a bout between an 18-year old butcher and ""a man they called the champion of Hickory Street."" The stakes in the latter fight were $200, an amount roughly equal to a working man?s annual income. Better known were the battles between Ned Hammond of Dublin and George Kensett of Liverpool in 1824 and 1826. Such battles had strong ethnic overtones, and the practice of tying gang colors to the ropes dates to this era. At the same time, journalists such as Pierce Egan, author of Boxiana, or Sketches of Ancient and Modern Pugilism, began promoting the heroics of the old days, and newspapers such as the New York Herald began routinely reporting prizefights. Other, less famous, popular boxing texts of 1820s and 1830s included William Sharples's The Complete Art of Boxing (1829),  Samuel O?Rourke?s The Art of Pugilism (1837), and Owen Swift?s Hand-Book to Boxing (1840). The American edition of the latter book was called Boxing without a Master."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John Hargreaves;30-May;1823;KO;;Ralph Croft; ;;croft;Kirby Lonsdale;Cumbria;England;ND;London Times, August 14, 1823. This was a grudge match fought as a prize fight. Croft was struck below the left ear. He fell, and died three days later without regaining consciousness. Death was due to bleeding in the brain. Hargreaves was convicted of manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Richard Huntingdon;15-Aug;1823;KO;37;Gabriel Turner; ;18;turner;Bushey;Hertfordshire;England;ND;"Cambridge (England) Chronicle and Journal; Ipswich (England) Journal, August 23, 1823. The fight took place about six in the morning. The prize was a sovereign. The fight lasted about an hour, ""and it consisted chiefly in throwing."" The surgeon ruled death was due to a ruptured vessel in the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Thomas George;24-Nov;1823;KO;;Charles Gibson;19;;gibson;Bethnal Green;London;England;Welter (about 11 st);"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, November 28, 1823; Old Bailey Online, THOMAS GEORGE, JOHN FAWCETT, Killing > murder, 3rd December 1823, t18231203-81. George was two years younger, and weighed about 10 stone (that is, he was a lightweight). According to the papers, the stakes were two sovereigns each, backed by each man's employer. About seven hundred people watched. There were no ropes, only the ring of onlookers. The fight lasted about 65 minutes. A non-uniformed constable tried to interfere, but was driven off. During the fifth round, George was downed by a foul to the groin. George got up, and began hitting Gibson hard about the face and head. Around round 26, George began hitting Gibson in the body. In round 31, Gibson's brother interfered with the fight, throwing his coat over George. For the next seven rounds, Gibson's seconds kept bringing him back up to scratch, and George kept knocking him down. Then, in the 38th round, Gibson said, ""I've had enough,"" and the fight was stopped. George went home, and went to bed. Meanwhile, Gibson was laid on a table in the tea-ground, where he died. The surgeon said cause of death was extravasated blood on the brain, occasioned by violence. George, aged 19, was sentenced to six weeks, but the 52-year-old referee who had chased the constable was sentenced to two years."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
"Henry ""Harry"" Bostock";12-Jul;1824;KO;;Thomas Smith; ;Y;smith ;Islington (Copenhagen Fields);Kent;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, July 14, 1824; (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England) Newcastle Courant, July 24, 1824; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 239; Old Bailey Online, THOMAS JAMES, Killing > murder, 16th September 1824, t18240916-274. The two men were coachmen, and the prize was a sovereign. The fight lasted two hours, seventeen minutes. At the end of it, Bostick's left ear was so badly damaged that it had to be amputated, and Smith was carried away. Smith died soon afterwards, and Bostock was arrested. The jury returned a verdict of manslaughter."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
George Clarke;6-Sep;1824;KO;20;George Wildgoose; ; ;wildgoose;Washington;Derbyshire;England;ND;"Derby (England) Mercury, March 22, 1825; (London) Morning Chronicle, March 21, 1825. The fight was for two sovereigns. The men agreed that there would be no pumming (kicking to the ribs) or hamming (catching below the breeches). In other words, it was to be a ""fair, stand-up fight."" However, nbody said anything about a boxer himself to the ground whenever he wanted a rest, and Wildgoose did that frequently. Therefore, about the nineteenth round, Clarke's father told his son to ""tumble into him, with your knees or elbows in his guts."" The younger man did. This time, Wildgoose could not get up, and about twenty minutes later, he died.  Cause of death was determined to be extravasated blood in the chest. There was no consensus about whether Clarke's knee was in Wildgoose's stomach as they fell, so the jury ruled not guilty."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
"Edward ""Ned"" Brown (Sprig of Myrtle)";9-Nov;1824;KO;21;"Henry ""Harry"" Scott";;Y;scott;Colnbrook;Berkshire;England;Middle (about 10 stone);"Leeds (England) Mercury, November 13, 1824; (London) Morning Chronicle, March 7, 1825; Manchester (England) Guardian, March 7, 1825; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 134.  Before the fight, the prize was announced as ten shillings (half a pound), but at the inquest, the promoter said that Scott was to be paid a glass of gin. Brown was a featherweight, weighting about 8 stone, and was at least 6 inches shorter than Scott. But he was the better boxer. In the twentieth round, Scott took a swing with his left, missed, and fell on his face. He stood up, then collapsed. He lay on the field for about half an hour before being carried to the King's Arms public house in Colnbrook, where he remained until his death the following day. The surgeon attributed death to estravasation of blood on the left side of the brain. The contusion could have been caused by the fall or exertion, but was more probably caused by a blow. The jury ruled guilty of manslaughter, but at the same time, said death was due to over-exertion rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
George Young;10-Nov;1824;KO; ;John Nixon; ; ;nixon;Farnham;Surrey;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, January 3, 1825. The two men were apprentice blacksmiths who agreed to a prize fight in Farham Park. The fight lasted about 1 hour and 10 minutes. After the fight ended, Nixon was carried from the field, and he died a few hours later. Cause of death was rupture of a blood-vessel on the brain. The jury ruled guilty, but recommended mercy.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
James Miller;3-Jan;1825;KO; ;Ezra Coizer;;Y;coizer;Cheltenham;Gloucestershire;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, January 28, 1825; (London, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, January 29, 1825. Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 211. The prize was set at a shilling. After about half an hour, Cozier was brought up for time, but was staggering so much that the spectators stopped the fight. He complained of dreadful pain in his head. He was then carried to the Norwood Arms Inn, but was dead before he got there. The coroner ruled death due to extravasation of blood on the brain. Manslaughter was charged."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Joseph Packer;15-Jan;1825;KO;;John Stone; ;Y;stone;Chalkfarm;London;England;ND;"(London) Morning Post, January 16, 1818; London Times, January 17, 1825; (London) Morning Post, January 18, 1825; London Times, January 19, 1825; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 220; Old Bailey Online, JOSEPH PACKER, THOMAS SAUNDERS, SAMUEL HEARNE, Killing > murder, 17th February 1825, t18250217-30. Stone was a cabinetmaker and Packer was a butcher. The two men had a quarrel that they decided to settle with a bout fought by prize ring rules, with the winner to get two sovereigns. Packer was the more skilled of the two, and after about three-quarters of an hour, Stone collapsed. The coroner's jury found a verdict of manslaughter against Packer and the seconds, and recommended time to be spent in Clerknwell prison, in part to discourage the ""similar disgraceful scenes [that] are occurring in this part of the metropolis on the Sabbath-day,"" but the court dismissed, because the surgeon said the cause of death was exertion rather than blows."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Exertion;;
Jack Ford;26-Feb;1825;KO; ;Joseph Ebbs;;Y;ebbs;Rickmansworth;Hertfordshire;England;ND;"London Times, March 4, 1826; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 161, 168. This was a grudge match fought as a prizefight, for five shillings a side. Ford did much headbutting throughout the fight. Ebbs died of ruptured blood vessels in the brain. Ford was convicted of manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
George Alexander Wood;28-Feb;1825;KO;60;Francis Ashley Cooper;14;Y;cooper;Eton;Berkshire;England;ND;"Edinburgh (Scotland) Advertiser, March 8, 1825; Edinburgh (Scotland) Advertiser, March 11, 1825; The Cottager's Monthly Visitor, vol. 5 (London: C. & J. Rivington, 1825), 179; Andrew Knapp and William Baldwin, The Newgate Calendar, vol. 4 (London: J. Robins and Co., 1824-1826, 394-396; Newgate Calendar, http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng595.htm. Cooper was the fifth son of the Earl of Shaftsbury. Meanwhile, Wood, who was aged about 16 years, was the son of an army colonel and the nephew of Charles Stewart, 3rd Marquis of Londonderry. Wood and Cooper had an argument about seating, and they agreed to settle it using prize ring rules. After boxing for about two hours, Cooper was knocked down by a blow to the temple, and he did not get up. His friend James Morrell carried him to his bed. A servant looked in on him every hour, and after about four hours, the surgeon was called. By the time the doctor arrived, Cooper was dead. The coroner's jury found for manslaughter. The criminal case was tried March 9, 1825. Cooper's family refused to allow his brothers, who had served as his seconds in the match, to testify against Wood. Consequently, since there were no witnesses to the contrary, a verdict of not guilty was returned."; ;Amateur;;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Rawlins;15-Apr;1825;KO;70;Heathcote; ; ;Heathcote;Wendover Common;Buckinghamshire;England;ND;"(London) Examiner, April 24, 1825; The Cottager's Monthly Visitor, vol. 5 (London: C. & J. Rivington, 1825).  Rawlins was a coachman and Heathcote was a sawyer. The prize was five shillings. Heathcote was carried away, and died in the night.  "; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
John Morris;16-May;1825;Draw;60;William Richards; ; ;richards;Shifnal;Shropshire;England;ND;Cambridge (England) Chronicle and Gazette, August 4, 1825. The prize was two pounds. The fight took place on the property of a local veterinary surgeon. The crowd was in excess of two hundred people. After sixty rounds, there was no decision, so the bets were returned to the audience. Following the fight, Richards said he did not feel well, and that night, he collapsed. Next morning, he was dead. The medical opinion could not say that it was blows, so charges were dismissed.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;No determination;;
Leonard;9-Jul;1825;KO; ;John Platt; ;;platt;Finchley;London;England;ND;London Times, July 13, 1825. Platt and Leonard had an argument that they decided to settle with a prizefight. They fought for about an hour before Platt was knocked out. Platt died soon after, and Leonard was arrested.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
Roberts;14-Oct;1825;KO;30;Hamilton; ; ;hamilton;Turner's Hill;West Sussex;England;ND;(Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, October 24, 1825. Hamilton remained unconscious after a fall, and died the same evening.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Fall;;
Al Henderson;28-Nov;1825;KO; ;Jerry Halton (Runner);;Y;halton;Hungerford;Berkshire;England;ND;"Bristol (England) Mercury, December 5, 1825; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 178. The fight lasted two hours. Halton died three hours later.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Dennis Kelly;Dec/;1825;KO; ;David Elliott; ; ;elliott;Dulwich;London;England;ND;Ipswich (England) Journal, January 7, 1826. The coroner's jury ruled death by boxing. Manslaughter charges were filed.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
S. Theobold;14-Jan;1826;KO; ;Jonathan; ; ;jonathan;Limehouse;London;England;ND;York (England) Herald, January 20, 1826. The purse was five shillings. The bout took place aboard a lighter, which is a kind of flat-bottomed barge. The fight lasted about an hour. Jonathan was holding his own until the final round, when he was struck heavily in the head. He died on the barge and the onlookers and seconds scattered.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blow;;
John Burke (Dennis Hayes);18-Mar;1826;KO; ;Timothy Driscoll;;Y;driscoll;Eel Pie Island;London;England;ND;"(Edinburgh, Scotland) Caledonian Mercury, March 27, 1826; (London, England) Morning Chronicle, April 8, 1826; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 159; Proceedings of the Old Bailey, JOHN BURKE, JAMES ROACH, WILLIAM DONOVAN, Killing > other, 6th April 1826, t18260406-22. The fight lasted an hour. At the end of it, Driscoll fell. The surgeon said cause of death was apoplexy, caused by excitement or irritation, and the charges of manslaughter were dismissed."; ;Pro;Apoplexy;Ring;Misadventure;;
Young Flowers;25-Mar;1826;KO; ;Suffield; ; ;suffield;Barton Wells;Cheshire;England;ND;"(London) Morning Post, March 27, 1826; (London, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, April 1, 1826. The match was for 25 sovereigns a side. After fifty minutes, Suffield was knocked out by a right hand to the temple. He collapsed, and died two hours later. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
Joseph Palmer;9-May;1826;KO; ;William Gage;16; ;gage;Bethnal Green;London;England;ND;Old Bailey Online, JOSEPH PALMER, JAMES KENDALL, JOSEPH SPRING, SAMSON TASKER, Killing > manslaughter, 22nd June 1826, t18260622-30. During the fight, Gage stepped in a hole about two feet deep, and fell backwards. He continued to fight for another three quarters of an hour, then conceded. While dressing, he complained that his head and left arm hurt. After reaching home, he passed out, so next day, he was taken to hospital. Autopsy found an effusion of blood on the brain, and the injury was attributed to the fall rather than blows. Palmer, who was aged sixteen, was acquitted.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Hawkeswell  ;25-Oct;1826;KO; ;James Buxton; ;Y;buxton;Kingston;West Sussex;England;ND;Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 181. The bout lasted an hour.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Abie Ratney;25-Dec;1826;KO; ;Bob Garnett; ;Y;England;Ashford;Kent;England;ND;(London) Morning Chronicle, December 28, 1826. Garnett was a coachman. Ratney was a bricklayer. The pair decided to settle a quarrel with a fight for the prize of a sovereign. Garnett was knocked down by a blow to the head, and he died half an hour later. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Smith;17-Mar;1827;KO; ;Jones; ; ;jones;Oakingham;Cambridgeshire;England;ND;"Royal Cornwall Gazette, March 23, 1827.  ""They fought for love and a sovereign upwards of an hour."" Jones was hit under the ear. He was carried home unconscious, and died an hour later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Albert Frankham ;15-May;1827;KO;43;George Albert Seeley;;Y;seeley;Bath (Lansdown);Somerset;England;ND;"(London) Standard, August 23, 1827; (London) Examiner, August 26, 1827; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 168. The bout lasted one hour, 20 minutes. Sealy wanted to quit, but the seconds told him to go on. He was knocked out. He was then transported to the Braithwaite's Arms public house, in Lansdown, where he died two hours later. Frankham was arrested, convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to time served, plus a week."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Jack Yates;21-May;1827;KO;90;Bob Clough;;Y;clough;Eccles;Manchester;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, May 24, 1827; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 144. The bout lasted one hour, 20 minutes. Clough was carried unconscious to the doctor's house in Oldfield lane, where he was bled. Nonetheless, he died. Manslaughter was charged."; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Benjamin Palmer;15-Jul;1827;KO; ;John Barker; ; ;barker;ND;Shropshire;England;ND;Worchester (England) Journal, July 18, 1827.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Jonathan Howarth;24-Jul;1827;WKO;80;Paul Thompson; ; ;thompson;Cheetham Hill;Manchester;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, July 28, 1827; Lancaster (England) Gazette, August 3, 1827. After winning the fight, Thompson walked home. He died about a quarter hour after arrival."; ;Pro; ;Soon after;;;
James Kindell;11-Sep;1827;KO;;John Oliffe;;;oliffe;Tring;Hertfordshire;England;ND;" ""Some Selected Reports from the Windsor and Eton Express,"" September 15, 1827, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dutillieul/ZWindsorEtonExpress/15thSeptember1827B.html; Leeds (England) Mercury, September 22, 1827; ""A Fist Fight at Wigginton,"" from Hertfordshire Mercury, September 15, 1827, http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/data/oldnews/hm-1827-sept-fight.htm. Both men had been drinking at the Wigginton feast, which is the feast preceding the autumnal fast that begins with the Exhaltation of the Cross. They decided to fight. The fight lasted about half an hour. Olliffe won the first few rounds, but Kindell dominated the end of the fight. At the end of the fight, Oliffe took to clinching. Finally, he said he could not fight any more, and the fight was stopped. He was carried to his sister's house, where he died. Cause of death was a ruptured spleen. Manslaughter charges were filed."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Samuel Beard;1-Oct;1827;KO; ;John Kemp Crow;;Y;crow;Westminster (Old Oak Common);London;England;ND;"London Times, October 31, 1827; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 126; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), ""Samuel Beard, Alexander Reed, Michael Kirton, Patrick Flinn: killing : murder, 25th October, 1827,"" Ref: t18271025-89. This was a grudge match fought by prize-ring rules. The fight lasted about less than half an hour, and during the fight, several of Crow's ribs were broken. One of the rib fragments punctured Crow's spleen, and he died of the internal injury. Beard and the seconds were convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to serve seven to fourteen days."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Joseph Palmer;15-May;1828;KO; ;William Ford; ; ;ford;Ilford;London;England;ND;Old Bailey Online, JOSEPH PALMER, Killing > manslaughter, 29th May 1828, t18280529-28. The fight took place at the back of the Rabbits public house. The fight lasted about half an hour. Ford was in bad shape, and had to be carried to his father's house in a cart. He was dead on arrival. The surgeon found an effusion of blood on the brain. NOTE: This is not the same Joseph Palmer as was involved in the 1826  fatality, as this one was aged 39.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
James Morgan (Cooper);Jul/;1828;KO; ;John Corker; ; ;corker;Kentish Town;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, September 13, 1828; Old Bailey Online, JAMES MORGAN, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN BUSTON, JAMES DRABWELL, Killing > manslaughter, 11th September 1828, t18280911-18. The bout was fought for a prize of five shillings. Corker said he would fight until he died, and he did. The surgeons said that cause of death was a rupture of blood vessels in the brain, and attributed to exertion rather than blows. The jury found not guilty. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Exertion;;
Ostler;5-Jan;1829;KO;30;James Butler; ; ;butler;Tipton;West Midlands;England;ND;Chester (England) Chronicle, January 8, 1829. Liverpool (England) Mercury, January 16, 1829. Butler died about three hours after the fight. The seconds were arrested.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
William Davis (Jack the Painter);26-Jul;1829;KO;55; Frederick Winkworth (Wentworth);;Y;Winkworth;Hampstead;London;England;ND;"(London) Morning Post, July 30, 1829; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 154, 255;  Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), ""William Davis, Patrick Flynn, Michael Driscoll, killing : manslaughter, 10th September, 1829,"" Ref: t18290910-51.  The fight started in Hampstead. It went two rounds before a local magistrate interefered, and the fight moved to another parish about two miles away. The second bout lasted about an hour and a quarter, and for the last half hour, Davis was clearly leading. Winkworth was heard to say, ""So help me God, I am not able to fight any longer,"" but his seconds kept pushing him to the mark. He finally collapsed without being struck, and the crowd called, ""Foul!"" Cause of death was bleeding on the right side of the brain. Davis and the seconds were convicted of manslaughter. Davis was confined for a year, and the seconds were transported for life."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Jones;26-Aug;1829;KO; ;Hayward (Samuel Jones); ; ;hayward;Worcester;Worchestershire;England;ND;Hereford (England) Journal, September 1, 1829. The bout was fought for three shillings a side. Hayward died of injuries. ;;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Joseph Hoare;Sep/;1829;KO; ;Denis Egan; ; ;egan;Cork;Ireland;England;ND;Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, September 11, 1829.  ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Kaye;24-Sep;1829;KO; ;Walton;28; ;walton;Everton (Liverpool);Merseyside;England;ND;(Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, September 25, 1829. Walton was struck in the side. He collapsed, and died.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Thomas Price;Sep/;1829;KO;85;Richard Humphreys; ;;humphreys;Llanbadarn Fynydd;Radnorshire (Powys);Wales;ND;"National Archives of Wales, Crime and Punishment Database, http://www.llgc.org.uk/sesiwn_fawr/index_s.htm.""Manslaughter of Richard Humphreys of Betws Cedewain, co. Mont., shoemaker. Prisoner and deceased met by agreement and fought about two hours and had eighty five rounds in a pitched battle."" The jury acquitted."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
Thomas Taylor;12-Apr;1830;KO ; ;Thomas Davies; ; ;davies;Lowton;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, September 4, 1830. Davies died of injuries. At the trial, it was said that the survivor had tried to quit the fight, but Davies insisted it continue. Taylor was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to one month's imprisonment.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Simon Byrne;2-Jun;1830;KO;47;"Alexander ""Sandy"" McKay";26;Y;mckay;Salcey Forest;Northhamptonshire;England;Heavy;"(Dublin, Ireland) Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser, June 8, 1830; (London) Examiner, June 13, 1830; London Times, July 24, 1830; John Johnstone, The Schoolmaster and Edinburgh Weekly Magazine, v. 1-2 (1832-1833) (Edinburgh: John Anderson, 1833), 97. ""Match between Simon Byrne and Sandy M'Kay, Oriental Sporting Magazine: From June 1828 to June 1833, Vol. II (London: Henry S. King & Co., 1873), 44-45; Henry Downes Miles, Pugilistica: The History of British Boxing, (London, J. Grant, 1906), 226; Peter Radford, The Celebrated Captain Barclay: Sport, Money and Fame in Regency Britain (London: Headline, 2001), 255-264; ""The fight at Salcey Green,"" http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/hdhs/fight.html; ""The death of Simon Byrne, the pugilist,"" National Gazette and Literary Register,"" August 1, 1833, No. 1928, XII, at http://www.boxinggyms.com/news/simon/death_simon1.htm; ""Broadside entitled 'S. Byrne &c.',"" National Library of Scotland, http://www.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/15559/transcript/1; ""Broadside entitled 'MacKay poisoned!"" http://www.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/14570, ""Simon Byrne,"" Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Giano/Sand_box_2. McKay was a strongman rather than a pugilist, and despite the billing that this was a championship bout, it was only McKay's fourth prizefight. (He had two wins over an Irish boxer, Paul Spencer, and a loss to Simon Byrne 2-1/2 years earlier.) His trainers included the famous pedestrian Captain Barclay Allerdyce and the boxers Tom Cribb and George Cooper. Gentleman John Jackson was referee. The bout lasted 53 minutes. The blow that ended the fight was a left to the throat that didn't seem especially powerful. Nonetheless, McKay was carried to his corner. When he regained consciousness, he complained of severe headache. He was carried, semi-conscious, to the Watt's Arms in Hanslope. he surgeon bled him and gave him laudanum, but he died nonetheless. Cause of death was listed as ""considerable effusion of blood, three or four tablespoons full,"" on the left side of the brain. In other words, he had an acute left subdural hematoma. At the subsequent manslaughter trial, witnesses were found to say that McKay had struck his head while falling on some stones several hours before the fight, and so no convictions were obtained.";English;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall: Misadventure; ;
James Quinch (Quinet);20. Okt;1830;KO; ;W. Abel; ; ;abel;North Elmham;Norfolk;England;ND;"London Standard, March 20, 1831. The two men had a grudge. They decided to settle with a prize fight. After several rounds, Abel was knocked down. He died before a surgeon could arrive. The surgeon declined to perform an autopsy.  The jury acquitted Quinch, on the grounds that his master attested to his character and that there was no medical evidence regarding what caused Abel's death. The trial, , Rex v. Quinch [1829] 4 Carrington and Payne 571, January 1, 1829, led to an important case law, namely, that in England, it was subsequently the duty of the medical examiner or coroner to determine cause of death following any ""pugilistic encounter."""; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Richard Dodd;22-Aug;1831;KO; ;James Cox;25;;cox;Isle of Dogs;Kent;England;ND;"London Times, September 1, 1831; London Times, September 9, 1831; R. v. Hargrave, 1831, 5 C&P 170, King's Bench, ""Reports of Cases Argued and Ruled at Nisi Prius..."" (London: W. McDowall, 1833), 170-171; see also Charles F. Williams and David S. Garland, American and English Encyclopaedia of Law, Vol. 28 (Northport, New York: Edward Thompson Co., 1895), 203. The prize was two sovereigns. The police stopped a fight between the men at Islington, so the crowd and the boxers went to Isle of Dogs, where the fight resumed. The pair boxed for about twenty minutes, and finally Dodd fell without being struck. He was carried to the boat unconscious. The boatman took Dodd to a surgeon, who declared Dodd dead due to blows on the head. The chief second, a man named James Hargrave, was arrested. Witnesses testified that they heard Hargrave telling Dodd that Dodd would not get his money unless he won or was carried dead from the field. The jury convicted Hargrave, and the judge sentenced him to 14 years transportation. For his part, Dodd escaped prosecution, having died in the meantime. The important case law here was that when a fight started in one county (Islington was then part of Middlesex), but ended in another (Isle of Dogs was in Kent), the county in which the blow was struck had jurisdiction. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Isaacs;23-Aug;1831;KO; ;Samuel Gilpin;;Y;gilpin;Newscastle;Staffordshire;England;ND;Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 173.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
Timothy Sanders;Aug/;1831;KO; ;John Duffield; ; ;duffield;Birmingham;West Midlands;Englad;ND;Worchester (England) Journal, September 7, 1831.  The two men were cousins. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
John Jones;13-Feb;1832;KO; ;John Goodwin; ;Y;goodwin;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;ND;Liverpool (England) Mercury, March 16, 1832. The two met at Ward's public house, and agreed to fight. Goodman died. The jury ruled manslaughter, and the judge sentenced Goodman to six weeks imprisonment.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;Mar/;1832;Sparring; ;Ned Stockman; ; ;stockman;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Herald, March 5, 1832; Sydney (Australia) Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, March 6, 1832. Cause of death was attributed to ""a blow received in sparring."" NOTE: Horse races were held in Sydney as early as 1812, and there are reports of prizefights at the Sydney race track as early as January 7, 1814. Early fighters included John Berringer and Charles Litton. (Wellington) NZ Truth, July 26, 1913."; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
James Gale;23-Apr;1832;KO;1;James Launder; ; ;launder;Richmond Arms;Sussex;England;ND;Sussex (England) Advertiser, April 29, 1832. The fight took place near a public house. Launder was knocked down. Cause of death was attributed to a blow to the forehead. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Carver;24-Apr;1832;KO; ;George Eaton; ; ;eaton;Richmond;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Sydney (Australia) Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, May 15, 1832. The two men met in a drinking establishment, and determined to fight the following morning. The fight lasted about an hour. Finally, Eaton fell backwards, and did not get up. He was carried home and he died next day. The surgeon determined that cause of death was the rupture of a blood vessel in the head, due to blows. The jury ruled manslaughter, but recommended leniency.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Barber;26-Feb;1833;KO;44;Thomas Startin;21;Y;startin;Walsall;West Midlands;England;ND;"Derby (England) Mercury, February 27, 1833; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 241. There was a hard fall at the end of the 42nd round, in which Barber's elbow hit Startin's neck. The fight went on, but Startin could not answer the call for the 44th round. His second (his brother) carried him, semi-conscious, to the Bull's Head public house, where he died. "; ;Pro;Broken neck;Ring; ;;
Charles Jackson;24-Apr;1833;KO;29;Edward Bower; ;;bower;Sheffield (Shiregreen);South Yorkshire;England;ND;"London Times, April 29, 1833; (London) Morning Chronicle, May 2, 1833; (Glasgow) Scotsman, May 11, 1833. The prize was five shillings to the winner (at 20 shillings to the pound.) In the next-to-last round, Jackson fell on Bower. After taking his second's knee for a rest, Bower stood up -- then collapsed on his left side, without being struck. He was carried to his home, where he was bled. He died about four hours later. The surgeon stated that cause of death was an effusion of blood on the brain, caused by blows. Cause was attributed to apoplexy. Jackson and the seconds were charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
James Burke (Deaf 'Un);30-May;1833;KO;99;Simon Byrne;32;Y;byrne;St. Albans;Hertfordshire;England;Heavy;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, July 24, 1833; John Epps, Consumption (London: Sanderson, 1859), 103; Henry Downes Miles, Pugilistica: The History of British Boxing (London, J. Grant, 1906), 126;  John Gilbert Bohun Lynch, Knuckles and Gloves (London: W. Collins Sons, 1922), 80-83. Byrne had gained a lot of weight over the past few years, so during his training for this fight, he lost about 25 pounds. By the 43rd round, both men were clearly exhausted, but the seconds and the referee kept pushing them to their marks, as they had their bets to consider. Finally, by the 99th round, Byrne's hands were too damaged to go on, and the fight was stopped. Two days later, Byrne died. The official cause of death was congestion of blood on the left side of the brain. The scandal surrounding the seconds pushing exhausted fighters to their mark contributed to the development of London Prize Ring Rules, which, among other things, prohibited seconds from carrying a nearly unconscious man to the mark. Meanwhile, although Burke avoided prison, he was unable to get another fight in England. Therefore, in 1836, he went to the USA, where he fought in both New York and New Orleans";English;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Welsh Ned;12-Jun;1833;KO; ;Samuel Oakey;;;oakey;Cheltenham;Gloucestershire;England;ND;London Times, June 18, 1833. The two men had quarreled, and agreed to a prize fight to resolve their differences. The bout lasted about three-quarters of an hour. Oakey was carried unconscious from the field, and died three days later. Welsh Ned fled, and the coroner's jury charged him with manslaughter.; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Michael Murphy;2-Jul;1833;KO; ;"Edward ""Ned"" Thompson (Paddington Pet)"; ;Y;thompson;Friern Barnet;London;England;ND;"London Times, July 13, 1833; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 211; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), ""Edward Murphy, killing: murder, 28th November, 1833,"" Ref: t18331128-45; Jack Anderson, ""Pugilistic prosecutions: Prize fighting and the courts in nineteenth century Britain,"" The Sports Historian, November 2001,  http://www.umist.ac.uk/sport/SPORTS%20HISTORY/BSSH/The%20Sports%20Historian/TSH%2021-2/Art3-Anderson.htm. Thompson died of concussion of the brain, but his being bled of four pints (two liters) of blood probably didn't help. A faction fight, complete with bludgeons, had broken out during the middle of the bout, and this led to Murphy and his seconds being charged with death during riotous assembly.  The case law is R. v. Murphy, 6 C&P 103. Murphy was sent to prison, where he soon died, but the true importance of this case is that in it, the court determined that seconds could be charged with aiding and abetting manslaughter. ";;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
William Hackney;30-Oct;1833;KO;69;John Brown (Northampton Baker); ;;brown;Kingston upon Hull;Yorkshire;England;ND;"Sheffield (England) Independent, April 4, 1834; Leeds (England) Intelligencer, April 5, 1834;  Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 135; ""Some Selected Reports from the Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette,"" November 7, 1833, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dutillieul/ZOtherPapers/DWGNov71833ZZZ.html. Brown was a butcher from Hull and Hackney was a fishman from Aldborough. The prize was twenty pounds per side. Their fight lasted one hour, 38 minutes. Brown died that night, and Hackney left England for Holland. The jury returned a verdict of guilty The sentence was four months at hard labor."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Owen Swift;24-Jun;1834;KO;74;Anthony Noon (Pocket Hercules);23;Y;noon;Andover;Hampshire;England;Feather (8 stone 12 pounds);"(London) Morning Chronicle, June 26, 1834; Ipswich (England) Journal, June 28, 1834; London Times, July 9, 1834; Eau Claire (Wisconsin) Argus, July 24, 1879. There were two fights on the card, one between Young Dutch Sam and Gaynor, and the second between Swift and Noon. The crowd was large, and included many women. The Swift-Noon fight lasted two hours, 6 minutes. The prize was 50 shillings (at 20 shillings to the pound) per side. At the end of the 71st round, Noon was thrown by a cross-buttock. When he fell, he reportedly struck his head on the ground. His seconds asked if he wanted to stop the fight. He said no, but in the next round, he was doing so poorly that his seconds ""threw up the hat in token of defeat."" Noon was angry at this, and struck one of the seconds. He was taken to a public house, where he was bled. He died later that evening. Swift served six months for manslaughter."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Robinson;19-Apr;1835;KO;6;Hope;41; ;hope;Bradford;Manchester;England;ND;"(Edinburgh, Scotland) Caledonian Mercury, April 27, 1835; Liverpool (England) Mercury, May 1, 1835. Hope was hit hard on the side of the head. He went down, and died within minutes. Robinson and four others were charged with manslaughter. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
James Dukes (or Dykes);20-Apr;1835;KO;13;Bob Skinner; ;Y;skinner;Sutton Coldfield (Birmingham);West Midlands;England;ND;Liverpool (England) Mercury, May 1, 1835. Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 159, 238. The (Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, May 11, 1835, lists them as Skynner and Dykes, and reverses the names of survivor and deceased. The prize was 5 shillings per side.; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Harman;21-Apr;1835;KO; ;Thomas Ricketts;18; ;ricketts;ND;ND;England;ND;Liverpool (England) Mercury, May 1, 1835. Ricketts was knocked down, and carried home unconscious. He died, and Harman was charged with manslaughter. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Austin;4-May;1835;KO; ;Lupton;;;lupton;Mapperley Plains;Nottinghamshire;England;ND;John Frost Sutton, The Date-Book of Remarkable & Memorable Events connected with Nottingham... (Nottingham: H. Field, 1880), 449. The two men were competing for the attentions of a young woman. They decided to settle the matter according to prize ring rules. They fought for about two hours. Lupton was knocked out, and died soon after.; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
John Hardaway;22-Jun;1835;KO; ;James Edwards; ; ;edwards;Norwood;London;England;ND;"Northampton Mercury, June 27, 1835; Old Bailey Online, JOHN HARDAWAY, FRANCIS MOODY, Killing > manslaughter, 6th July 1835, t18350706-1686. The fight was arranged at least a week in advance. There was no roped ring; the people made the ring themselves. The fight started about dawn, on a Sunday morning, and lasted about 1 hour 20 minutes. Hardaway was put into a cart, and transported to the surgeon's, but was dead on arrival. Since no one could say exactly where Hardaway died, the prisoners were acquitted. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
William Monks;13-Dec;1835;KO; ;John Brigs;29; ;brigs;Bolton;Lancashire;England;ND;Preston (England) Chronicle, December 19, 1835. The bout was described as up-and-down, but Brigs stayed down. Monks was charged with manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Stephen Sheppard;Jun/;1836;KO;73;Thomas Sweet; ; ;sweet;Patchway;Gloucestershire;England;ND;"Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, June 29, 1836; Hereford (England) Journal, July 5, 1836. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
William Phelps (Phillips);5-Aug;1836;KO; ;Daniels;20; ;daniels;Brighton;East Sussex;England;ND;Hereford (England) Journal, August 9, 1836. The fight took place at the Downs, during the Brighton Races. It lasted about two hours. After the fight, Daniels was transported to hospital. He was dead on arrival. According to the London Standard of March 16, 1838, Phillips was believed to have been the same as the boxer who died fighting Owen Swift in December 1837 ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
George Gaudry;24-Aug;1836;KO; ;"James ""Stringy-bark"" Bishop"; ;;bishop;Windsor;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, September 1, 1836; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, September 13, 1836; R. v. Gaudry and others [1836], NSWSupC 70, 10 November 1836; Sydney (Australia) Gazette, November 12, 1836; Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, November 12, 1836. The bout took place during the second day of the colony's annual horse races. The bet was œ10, and the  fight lasted about an hour. Gaudry threw Bishop several times, and finally Bishop stayed down. The surgeon bled Bishop, and then had him transported to a nearby pub, where he died. Cause of death was listed as compression of the brain, occasioned by a profusion of blood on the brain. The mechanism was attributed to the falls rather than the blows. The survivor, seconds, and bottle holders were convicted of prizefighting, and sentenced to prison sentences ranging from three months to two years."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
Edward Smith;2-Oct;1837;KO; ;Thomas Davies;32; ;davies;Kingston;London;England;ND;Hereford (England) Journal, October 10, 1837. The fight lasted more than an hour. Davies was carried home unconscious, and he died following morning. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Owen Swift;19-Dec;1837;KO;85;William Phelps (Brighton Bill);20;;phelps;Melbourne Heath;Cambridgeshire;England;Feather;"London Times, March 20, 1838; (London, England) Morning Chronicle, March 20, 1838; (London, England) Morning Chronicle, March 22, 1838; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 24, 1838; Edmond Burke, The Annual Register, v. 80 (London: Rivingtons, 1839), 40-41; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 222; Eau Claire (Wisconsin) Argus, July 24, 1879; Alfred Kingston, Fragments of Two Centuries: Glimpses of Country Life when George III was King (Royson: Warren Brothers, 1893); ""Famous pupils -- William Phelps -- Brighton Bill,"" http://www.middlestreet.org/mshistory/brightonbill.htm. The fight was well-planned (it took place at the border of three counties, but on a main road), lasted about 1 hour, 35 minutes, and throughout, no one called ""shame."" Phelps collapsed at the end of the fight, and died two days later. Cause of death was given as brain hemorrhage, primarily on the left side of the head, and a punctured left lung. Swift was charged with manslaughter, but acquitted. The notoriety surrounding this death led to the Pugilistic Club of London replacing Broughton's Rules with London Prize Ring Rules. London Prize Ring Rules introduced a 24-foot square roped ring, eliminated seizing below the waist, and prohibited seconds from pushing a a semi-conscious fighter to his mark. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Edward Bleakey;26-Mar;1838;KO; ;Thomas Boulter; ; ;boulter;Blackwall;London;England;ND;"Dublin (Ireland) Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser, March 31, 1838; London Times, April 2, 1838. The two men had an argument over a woman with whom Bleakey had been dancing. They decided to settle the matter via a prize fight. The bout took place in the Plaistow Marshes, on the Essex side of the river. It lasted about 35 minutes. At the end of the fight, Boulter was knocked down by a right to the left ear. He collapsed, and was carried unconscious to his lodgings, where he died about two hours later. When arrested, Bleakey was lying in bed, with his left eye completely closed and his face bruised. At the inquest, the surgeon attributed death to extravastion of blood on the brain, produced by violent blows and falls. Bleakey and the seconds were convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to serve a month in the House of Corrections."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Chandler;Apr/;1838;KO; ;Henry Langer;23; ;langer;Reading;Berkshire;England;ND;"(Newcastle-upon-Tyne) Northern Liberator, April 7, 1838. Langer died as the result of injuries incurred in a ""pugilistic encounter."""; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Robert Forbister;22-May;1838;KO;37;John Brown;23;Y;brown;Ryton (Hedley Common);Northumberland;England;Light (9 stone 6 pounds);"(Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England) Northern Liberator, May 26, 1838; London Times, May 29, 1838; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 135, 167; Thomas Fordyce, John Sykes, Local Records: or, Historical Register of Remarkable Events? (Newcastle upon Tyne: T. Fordyce, 1867),  91. At 5'10"" and 10 stone 5 pounds, Forbister was four inches taller and 20 pounds heavier than Brown, but Brown was said to be the more skilled of the pair. The match took place at the border of Northumberland and Durham counties, and when a Durham magistrate arrived, the fight moved to the Northumberland side. Ropes were strung for a 24-foot ring, and the spectators were at about 30 yards distance. Brown scored first blood and first knockdown, but tired after the twelfth round. After 37 rounds lasting about an hour and a half, Brown was knocked down by a blow to the neck and he did not get up. Brown was carried from the field to a nearby public house, where he died that evening. The surgeon said cause of death was blows to the right side of the head. The local clergyman refused to allow Brown to be buried in the churchyard, and Forbister was sentenced to four months at hard labor."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
"""Gypsy"" Charles Lee";12-Nov;1838;KO; ;John Bean; ; ;bean;Gravesend;London;England;;(London) Morning Post, November 22, 1838. The bout took place in early morning.  Bean was carried to the nearby Tivoli Tavern, showing contusions on his entire body. He was left lying on a table for about an hour before the surgeon was called. When the surgeon arrived, he bled Bean, then ordered him put into a bed, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to blows. The jury ruled manslaughter.;;;;;;;
George Terry;27-Feb;1839;KO;33;"Edward ""Ned"" Marshall (Screw)";28;Y;marshall;Bilston;West Midlands;England;ND;"Staffordshire (England) Advertiser, March 8, 1839; London Times, March 9, 1839; (London, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, March 16, 1839; Editors of Bell's Life, Fistiana: Or, The Oracle of the Ring, London, 1841, 205, 245. The fight was to have taken place near the Gospel Oak pub in Tipton, but interference caused it to be moved to Fireholes, about a mile and a half up the road, in the township of Bilston. The prize was 10 shillings per side. The crowd was estimated at two to three hundred. At the end, both men went down together, but Marshall never recovered. Death was due to brain injury. At the trial, the witnesses said he must have struck his head on a stone. The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Henry Coward;13-May;1839;KO; ;Edmund Cullener; ; ;cullener;Monkton Coome;Somerset;England;ND;"Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, August 14, 1839; (London) Morning Post, August 15, 1839.  The prize was a sovereign a side. The fight started in the morning, and lasted about two hours. Cullener was carried off, and died about 8 p.m. that night The jury subsequently found Coward, the seconds, and the timekeeper guilty of manslaughter. The sentence was a year at hard labor."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Lee;15-Jul;1839;KO;26;Constantine Marlow;25;;marlow;Markfield;Leicestershire;England;ND;"Leicester (England) Chronicle, July 19, 1839; Leicestershire (England) Mercury, July 26, 1839. The stakes were five shillings a side. Both men were tired, and in the final round, they fell together. Lee was the only one to stand back up.  The surgeon was called. The deceased was bled, but there was nothing else to be done. He died next day. Cause of death was rupture of a large vessel in the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Joseph Dunn;26-Aug;1839;KO;35;Patrick Canavan; ; ;canavan;Manchester;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, September 3, 1839. The bout took place in the Cock-pit area of Newton. The prize was five shillings a side.  The crowd numbered about 50 men and boys. Rounds were half a minute each, and with breaks, it lasted about an hour. There was no clarification, though, on whether the fight would be administered by the old rules, that allowed head-butting, or the new rules, which did not, and during the fight, Dunn frequently butted and threw, per the old rules. Dunn did no butting and less throwing, and took the worse of the fight accordingly. During the final round, Dunn was thrown hard.  He stood up, then collapsed.  After laying on the ground unconscious for about half an hour, he was finally carried to a public house about a mile away, where he died. At the inquest, the coroner noted that there was no sign of injury except to the head. There was bleeding in the brain, and the surgeon had no doubt that cause of death was blows to the head.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Cain;7-Jan;1840;ND;6;Richard Cricknell;;;cricknell;Norwich;Norfolk;England;ND;"Charles Mackie, Norfolk Annals, Vol. I (Norwich: Norfolk Chronicle, 1901), 391, 415.The police stopped the bout in the sixth round, but on February 5, 1842, Cricknell died. Said the Norfolk paper: ""He had never been well since he fought with Cain (on January 7th, 1840, q.v.); the injury which he received to his head deprived him of his reason, and he had since been in the Bethel."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Robert Middleton;7-Jul;1840;KO;61;Henry Isaac Cutts; ;Y;cutts;Bollingford;London;England;ND;London Times, August 22, 1840. This was a grudge match, fought as a prize fight. Middleton was convicted of manslaughter.; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Henry Presdee;18-Sep;1840;KO;22;Thomas Banks (Thomas Foy);24;Y;banks;St. Pancras;London;England;ND;"(London) Morning Chronicle, September 21, 1840; London Times, September 30, 1840. The fight was for ten shillings a side, and lasted about 35 minutes. Both men were visibly injured, and tired. In the final round, Banks either slipped or fell, and Presdee fell on top of him. This time, Banks did not get up. Banks was carried home still unconscious. The surgeon was called, but by the time he arrived, it was too late. Autopsy indicated death was due to a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. The coroner's jury said it was due to the fall, and ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Francis Silvester;26-Oct;1840;KO; ;James Bivens; ; ;bivens;Colo River;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Herald, February 8, 1841. The bout was for a prize of œ5. It took place about eighteen miles up the river from Windsor, and was witnessed by some 26 persons. A man called John Jones who was ""now in the bush,"" and who was ""in the habit of going about the country getting up and superintending fights,"" acted as ""keeper of the ring, by threatening to pummel any one who should venture to interfere with the combatants."" The fight lasted about an hour and a half. Death was attributed blood on the brain, and attributed to the fall, rather than blows. The jury ruled guilty."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Stephen Tancard;2-Nov;1840;KO;54;Richard Ralph; ; ;ralph;Blackwattle Swamp;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Herald, February 9, 1841; Sydney (Australia) Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, February 11, 1841; (Wellington) NZ Truth, July 26, 1913. Tancard's defense was that Ralph had thrown his hat in Parramatta Street, in Sydney, and offered to fight any man in that street. Tancard also claimed that following a couple of rounds, Tancard had offered to call it a draw, but Ralph refused to quit. The Crown replied that Tancard's counsel had presented ingenious argument, but boxing, defined as fighting with the fists, was still an illegal act. The jury deliberated about five minutes. The decision was guilty, but with a recommendation for mercy. "; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Isaiah Wright;8-Mar;1841;KO;2;Samuel (or Benjamin) Thompson; ; ;thompson;Dudley;West Midlands;England;ND;Oxford (England) Journal, April 2, 1841. The fight took place in a field near the Crown pub.  The prize was a guinea a side. Thompson was struck in the chest. He fell, and was instantly dead. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Richard Stephens Jr.;17-Mar;1841;KO; ;George Glassbrook;  ; ;glassbrook;Pershore;Worchestershire;England;ND;"London Standard, March 25, 1841; Worchestershire (England) Chronicle, July 20, 1841. The fight lasted about an hour. At the half hour mark, the men were willing to stop, but the crowd said that they were cowards, and so they resumed fighting. At the end, Stephens fell unconscious. He was carried home, where he died in late evening. Cause of death was a ruptured artery in the brain, probably caused by a blow. Nonetheless, the jury ruled not guilty because the fight had been fair, no anger between the fighters, or misconduct by seconds."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
"Henry ""Harry"" Bell";12-Apr;1841;KO;5;Henry Marshall;21;Y;marshall;Stonyford;Derbyshire;England;ND;"London Times, May 27, 1841; Hertford (England) Mercury and Reformer, June 5, 1841; Alfred Swaine Taylor, ed. Thomas Stevenson, The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1883), 601. The jury found that Marshall died of the effects of a blow received during the prizefight. Specifically, his kidney was ruptured. The prisoners were convicted. The case law is Regina v. Bell (Notts Aut. Ass. 1841)."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
James Sayers;25-Apr;1841;KO; ;William Lucas; ; ;lucas;Dorking;Surrey;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, August 11, 1841. Lucas and Sayers met at a beer house, and agreed to fight. After a couple of rounds, Lucas was hit in the stomach. He stopped, said, ""I am not much hurt,"" and then collapsed. He was dead. The surgeon said there was no indication of external injury, and said death was due to apoplexy. The jury moved to dismiss. The case law is R. v. Sayers, C.C.C. Aug. 1841."; ;Pro;Apoplexy;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Philip Inkin;6-Jun;1841;KO;75;"William ""Maggot"" Brown";27;Y;brown;Gloucester;Gloucestershire;England;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, June 12, 1841. The two men had a quarrel that they decided to settle with a prize fight. After the fifteenth round, a City policeman asked if they would stop. They said no. After 45, the same policeman asked again, this time with a baton. A local squire told the policeman to stand back, saying that he had seen thirty rounds, and he wanted to see the end. At the end of 75 rounds, Brown collapsed and the fight was ended. Inkin was convicted of manslaughter, and the local squire was officially reprimanded. ""Inkin,"" said the paper, ""from injuries, is in a dangerous state. He is unmarried, and about twenty-one."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;Nov/;1841;KO; ;John Slaney;;;;Darlaston;Staffordshire;England;ND;Staffordshire (England) Gazette and County Standard, November 3, 1841. After being knocked down, Slaney was reportedly kicked in the head. He died. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
Robinson;16-May;1842;KO; ;Amesbury;22; ;amesbury;Northmoor Green;Somerset;England;ND;Exeter and Plymouth (England) Gazette, May 18, 1842. The men were laborers on a rail construction project. The fought for about an hour, until Amesbury collapsed. He died the following day. The coroner's inquest ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Smith (Chequer Lad);11-Jul;1842;KO;53;"James ""Jemmy"" Russell";23;Y;russell;Manchester (area);Derbyshire;England;ND;"(London) The Era, August 6, 1843; William E.A. Axon, The Annals of Manchester (London: J. Heywood, Deansgate and Ridgefield, 1886), 218. The prize was 50 soverigns a side. The fight lasted an hour and a quarter. Smith and the two seconds were convicted of manslaughter."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Christopher Lilly;13-Sep;1842;KO;120;Thomas McCoy;;Y;mccoy;Hastings-on-Hudson;New York;USA;ND;"Wellsboro (Pennsylvania) Tioga Eagle, September 21, 1842; Elliott Gorn, The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1986), 73-76; Joan Levy, ""Chris Lilly in the middle of history,"" (San Mateo, California) Daily Journal, March 16, 2006, http://www.smdailyjournal.com/article_preview.php?id=55616. The bout lasted 2 hours, 40 minutes. McCoy's corner would not throw in the towel and he ended up literally drowning in his own blood. Lilly went to England to avoid prosecution, but 18 others were arrested and convicted of fourth-degree manslaughter. Lilly later returned to the USA via New Orleans, and during the early 1850s, he was promoting boxing and cockfighting in San Francisco. In August 1856, a vigilance committee suggested that Lilly leave California for his health. So, he went to Honduras, where he was executed in February 1857. NOTE: This is not the first US ring fatality. For example, according to Plattsburgh (New York) Republican,  December 6, 1817, cited at http://esf.uvm.edu/vtbox/Historical.html, ""A young man was killed the other day in New York (City), in a boxing match."" There is also indication of a death in New Orleans in 1834. However, there is no additional documentation, so these deaths are not listed here."; ;Pro;Pulmonary injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Joseph Coombs;19-Sep;1842;KO; ;James Lenton;18;Y;lenton;Salisbury;London;England;ND;"London Times, September 21, 1842; London Times, September 24, 1842; Derby (England) Mercury, September 28, 1842. The bout took place ouside the limits of the borough. The participants were first cousins. They fought for an hour and a half, with 30 seconds between rounds. Lenton's eyes were swollen shut during the fight, but the swelling was lanced, and the fight continued until he collapsed. After fifteen minutes of not getting up, Lenton was carried on a board to the Salisbury Infirmary, where he died."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
James Davis;2-Nov;1842;KO;;Henry Wakefield; ; ;wakefield;Bovingdon Green;Buckinghamshire;England;ND;"""Some Selected Reports from the Windsor and Eton Express,"" November 5, 1842, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dutillieul/ZWindsorEtonExpress/5thNovember1842.html. Wakefield's brother Henry had a quarrel with Davis. They decided to settle the matter with a prize fight, for five shillings a side, between James Wakefield and Davis. At about 9 p.m., the fight commenced, with the landlord of the Royal Oak holding the lantern. The fight lasted about two hours. Wakefield finally collapsed, and was pronounced dead on the scene. Manslaughter charges were filed."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Luke Lock;3-Nov;1842;KO;17;Greenstreet; ; ;greenston;Washington Common;Sussex;England;ND;"Derby (England) Mercury, November 9, 1842; Bristol (England) Mercury, November 12, 1842. The fight lasted about 40 minutes."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Matt Rusk;15-Apr;1843;KO;169;Gilbert Freeland; ;Y;freeland;Goosetown;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Wellsboro (Pennsylvania) Tioga Eagle, April 26, 1843. Freeland was an English pugilist, while Rusk was a Philadelphia bricklayer. Seconds included men associated with the Lilly fight of 1842. This fight lasted two hours, 49 minutes. Rusk was almost blinded by the many blows to his eyes. Nonetheless, in the 169th round, he managed to strike Freeland hard in the chest. Freeland went down. Freeland took nearly fifteen minutes to stand back up, and he later died of injuries.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
John Crump;Nov/;1843;KO; ;George Hammond; ; ;hammond;Macclesfield;Cheshire;England;ND;Hertford (England) Mercury and Reformer, November 10, 1843. The fight lasted two hours, twenty minutes. At the end, Hammond took a few steps, then fell. He died soon after. ;;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Henry Ball;5-Dec;1843;KO;21;George Gray;22;Y;gray;Tilbury Fort;Essex;England;ND;"London Times, December 11, 1843; London Times, December 12, 1843; Essex (England) Standard, December 22, 1843. This was a grudge match fought under prize ring rules for a wager. The bout lasted about an hour. Gray was carried unconscious to a river steamer, but a surgeon said he should be taken to hospital instead. At the hospital, he was blistered and bled, and then died. Cause of death was hemorrhage on the right side of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Peter Hoey;14-Mar;1844;KO; ;Edward Power; ; ;power;Cork Barracks;Ireland;England;ND;London Standard, March 20, 1844. The men were soldiers in the 30th Regiment of Foot. They decided to have a fight. The prize was a half-penny. After the fight, Power said he did not feel well when he went to bed, and next morning, he was found unconscious. He was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was hemorrhage on the left side of the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter;;
James Dean;9-Apr;1844;KO; ;William Grubb;26; ;grubb;Horseleydown (Bermondsey);London;England;ND;(London) Lloyd's Weekly Register, April 14, 1844. Grubb collapsed at the end of the fight. He was taken to hospital, where he died soon after arrival. The surgeon ruled cause of death due to Grubb's state of intoxication, and the jury ruled death was induced by drinking rather than blows.; ;Pro;Alcohol abuse;Ring;Unfit;;
Jonathan Towersey;10-Jul;1844;KO;12;James Hedge; ; ;hedge;Floore;Northamptonshire;England;ND;Northampton (England) Mercury, July 19, 1844. Both men fell in the last round. Hedge got up, asked for some water, then collapsed. He was carried home, and put in a chair. He died next morning. Cause of death was a ruptured vessel in the brain.The jury ruled guilty. Towersey received a seven days' sentence, while Hedge's second received six months.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Daniel Cumberpatch (Dan Patch);22-Jul;1844;KO; ;Frederick Fitzhugh; ; ;fitzhugh;Northampton;Northamptonshire;England;ND;"Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, July 31, 1844; Dumries and Galloway  (Scotland) Standard, August 6, 1844.  The fight was for ten shillings a side. Fairly early in the fight, Fitzhugh was knocked down. He died soon after. The coroner's inquest returned a verdict of murder."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Jackson;26-Aug;1844;KO;56;John Toder; ; ;toder;Trent Bridge;Nottinghamshire;England;ND;"Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, September 4, 1844; West Kent (England) Guardian, September 6, 1844; London Times, December 19, 1844. The fight was for five shillings a side. Toder collapsed after 56 rounds. At the coroner's inquest, it was said that Toder was carried off the field insensible, and that he died twelve hours later without ever regaining consciousness. The surgeon said the vessels of his brain were ruptured. AT the subsequent manslaughter trial in London, the defendants testified that after the fight, the two men then shook hands, and then went home. The following morning, Toder was found dead in his room. The jury was not convinced, and Jackson and the seconds were convicted. The sentence was two months imprisonment and a fine of five shillings each."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Henry Jones;22-Sep;1844;KO;7;George Benson;22; ;benson;Kennington;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Examiner, September 28, 1844; (Leeds, England) Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser, October 5, 1844. The men quarrelled in a public house on Saturday evening, and then agreed to settle the matter with a prizefight the following morning. The men fought in their shirts. There were about a dozen persons present. The men fought seven rounds. At the end of the final round, Benson was struck on the ear. He said, ""I am done."" He then fell forwards, on his hands, and then on his face. Jones said, ""Is there any fear?"" Benson's second, his brother, said there was. Jones ran for a doctor. The jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure;;
Isaac Taylor;27-Jan;1845;KO;6;Joseph Derrick;26; ;derrick;Exeter;Devon;England;ND;"(Devon, England) Western Times, January 31, 1845; Bristol (England) Mercury, February 1, 1845; (Devon, England), Western Times, March 22, 1845. The men fought for a prize of ten shillings. The crowd numbered about 150. Derrick was being roundly beaten, and was thrown several times. Nonetheless, the crowd called on Derrick to continue. It did, but in the end, it was stopped. The two men walked off. Taylor went home, but Derrick collapsed. He was carried to his lodging rooms, and the surgeon was called. The doctor ordered Derrick transported to hospital, where he died about two days later. Cause of death was bleading throughout the brain. Taylor and the seconds were arrested. The jury ruled guilty. Taylor and the seconds were sentenced to one month's imprisonment without hard labor."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Joseph Wilkinson;Feb/;1845;KO;11;William Ashley; ; ;ashley;Crewe;Cheshire;England;ND;Blackburn (England) Standard, March 4, 1845. The bout was fought for 10 shillings a side. In the eleventh round, Ashley was struck over the heart and he died on the spot.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Thomas Langston Wilson;1-Jul;1845;KO;10;John Glenn; ; ;glenn;Leicester;Leicestershire;England;ND;"(Leichester, England) Leichestershire Mercury, July 4, 1845. Glenn was advised to quit after the fourth round, but he did not. In the tenth, he fell backwards, striking his head on the ground. Glenn's second helped him stand up. Glenn said, ""I am done, I will fight no more,"" and then he collapsed again. Glenn was transported by wheelbarrow to a nearby pub, and then to the police station. The surgeon found Glenn at the police station in the morning, still in the wheelbarrow. Cause of death was rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter.  "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Michael Manning;6-Oct;1845;KO;12;John Woodley; ;Y;woodley;Saffron Walden;Essex;England;ND;London Times, Doctober 9, 1845. The two men were railway workers. This was a grudge match fought as a prizefight. Woodley was struck over the heart and he died. Cause of death was attributed to heart disease.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
William Cleghorn;10-Mar;1846;KO;48;Michael Reilly; ;Y;reilly;Blyth Links;Northumberland;England;ND;"London Times, March 13, 1846; John Latimer, Local Records; or the Historical Register of Remarkable Events (Newcastle: Chronicle Office, 1857), 210. The two men were ironworkers who decided to settle a quarrel with a prizefight, the prize being ten shillings. The fight lasted 2 hours, 21 minutes. Reilly died the following morning. Cleghorn was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to six months."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;12-Jun;1846;KO;100;Travers; ; ;travers;Southampton;Hampshire;England;ND;"London Times, June 18, 1846; Manchester (England) Guardian, June 20, 1846; Belfast (Ireland) News-Letter, June 23, 1846. The bout was arranged at a beer shop. The stake was about thirty shillings, a sum that would be worth about œ160today.  The bout took place on the far side of the river Itchen, and it lasted about an hour and a half. After the fight, Travers was carried home unconscious, and he died the following night. "; ;Pro;;Ring; ;;
William Stirling;3-Aug;1846;KO; ;James Greensmith; ; ;greensmith;Huddersfield;West Yorkshire;England;ND;"Leeds (England) Intelligencer, August 15, 1846; Leeds (England) Intelligencer, August 21, 1846. The fight lasted about twenty minutes. Knockout was provided by a hard throw.  Death was caused by concussion of the brain, attributed to the fall. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
ND;6-Sep;1846;KO; ;Hennessy; ; ;hennessy;ND;Co. Kerry;Ireland;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, September 9, 1846. The men were soldiers from the the 94th Regiment of Foot, a unit that was then itself in India. They were boxing, and Hennessy died.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
James Johnson;18-May;1847;KO; ;William Edwards; ;;edwards;St. Louis;Missouri;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Eagle, June 5, 1847; (Lincoln, Nebraska) Saturday Morning Courier, January 13, 1894. The original citation was the St. Louis Union. The bout was for $10 a side, and was reportedly the first prize fight in St. Louis.";;Pro; ;Ring; ; ;
Paul Price;26-May;1847;KO;5;Bristol Jack; ; ;jack;Worcester;England;Worchestershire;ND;Bath (England) Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, May 26, 1847. Jack died of injuries the day after the fight.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Thomas Jeeves;20-Jun;1847;KO; ;Thomas Sheppard; ; ;sheppard;Leighton Buzzard;Bedfordshire;England;ND;The two men had fought a draw in early June, and agreed to fight a rematch on June 20. The bout lasted about three quarters of an hour. In the end, Sheppard was knocked down by a blow to the neck. He was carried from the field unconscious. He died two days later. There was no autopsy, so the judge ruled to dismiss. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Dismissed for lack of evidence;;
William Grennall;5-Oct;1847;KO; ;Joseph Hollyoak;21; ;hollyoak;Nine Fields, Birmingham;West Midlands;England;ND;"Birmingham (England) Gazette, April 2, 1847; Stirling (England) Observer, October 21, 1847. The bout was for a sovereign a side.  Grennall clearly dominated the bout, but the seconds would not stop the fight. Indeed, when Hollyoak  collapsed, his backer bit Hollyoak's ear and ran a pin under Hollyoak's fingernails. Hollyoak stood up for another round. Grennall pushed him down. Hollyoak died later the same day. Death was attributed to blows. Grennall was found guilty and fined a shilling, while Hollyoak's second was sentenced to six months hard labor."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
"""Pet""";30-Nov;1847;KO; ;William Stephens; ; ;"""Pet""";Birmingham;West Midlands;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Times and Gazette, December 4, 1847; Lincolnshire (England) Chronicle, December 9, 1847."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
William Gilroy;29-Mar;1847;KO; ;William Graham; ; ;graham;Murton Colliery;Durham;England;ND;Newcastle (England) Guardian and Tyne Mercury, April 7, 1848. Graham died five minutes after the end of the fight. ; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Henry White;1-Apr;1848;KO ;50;John Smith;21; ;smith ;Ashover;Derbyshire;England;ND;"(London) Daily News, April 6, 1848; (London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, April 9, 1848;  Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer (Australia), September 9, 1848. There was no grudge; this was a ""friendly"" fight. The fight lasted about an hour, and at least fifty rounds were fought. Smith was struck on the head, and fell. He died. The crowd, estimated at 100-200 people, fled. Smith was taken to a nearby house, where he died. Manslaughter charges were filed."; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Heatley Campbell;12-Jan;1849;KO;6;Robert Owens; ;;owens;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;ND;"Bristol (England) Mercury, January 13, 1849; (London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, January 14, 1849; Racine (Wisconsin) Advocate, February 14, 1849. Owens died the day after the fight. Campbell was charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro; ;Ring;; ;
John Middleton (Thomas Welsh);6-Sep;1849;KO;;Richard Lilly (or Lilley);30; ;lilly;Crossness;London;England;ND;"Reading (England) Mercury, September 15, 1849; (London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, October 7, 1849; London Times, August 19, 1850. The fight lasted two hours. Lilly died. Middleton was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to a fortnight's imprisonment.  "; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Dick Hall;24-Jun;1850;KO; ;James Brown (Go-cart Man);22;Y;brown;Long Eaton (on the Nottingham side);Nottinghamshire;England;ND;"(Newcastle-upon-Tyne) Newcastle Courant, June 28, 1850; Nelson (New Zealand) Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, November 30, 1850. Brown died, Hall fled, but was later arrested, along with a second, George Clay. "; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Keady Leary Jr.;2-Jul;1850;KO; ;James Berry; ; ;berry;ND;Tasmania;Australia;ND;(Hobart, Tasmania) Colonial Times, September 5, 1850. The two men fought for about an hour. Finally, Berry collapsed. He was carried off the field, and subsequently died. The jury returned a verdict of not guilty. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
"William ""Paddy"" Gill";23-Jul;1850;KO;53;Thomas Griffiths;23;;griffiths;Frimley Green;Surrey;England;Bantam;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, July 27, 1850; Hull (England) Packet and East Riding Times, August 2, 1850; London Times, August 3, 1850; (London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, Bob Mee, Bare Fists: The History of Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting (Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2001), 111. The prize was 200 shillings (œ10) per side. A special train was hired to carry all the observers to the fight. During the first fifteen rounds, Gill was noted to pursue ""his peculiar system of jumping out of the way of his antagonist's blows"" (Morning Chronicle). The fight lasted about 1-3/4 hours, and at the end, Griffiths was knocked senseless by a hip throw. He was left to lay in the grass for half an hour, as the rain came down. Eventually, he was placed into a carriage and taken to a public house, where he died a few hours later. At the time, there was a theory that a second had doped Griffiths using nicotine. The autopsy disproved this; cause of death was extravasation of blood on the brain. Cause was not certain; it could have been the blows, the fall, or the exertion. Gill was charged with manslaughter, but acquitted of the doping charges."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Richard Scarfe;24-Feb;1851;WKO;;Richard Kelvey; ; ;kelvey;Leeds;West Yorkshire;England;ND;"London Times, February 27, 1851; (Edinburgh) Caledonian Mercury, March 3, 1851. The prize was a sovereign a side. Scarfe was unable to continue the fight, so Kelvey was announced the winner. Kelvey began celebrating, then complained that his head hurt. He was taken to a nearby public house, where he died. Cause of death was bleeding on the brain. Scarfe was charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Matthews;Apr/;1851;KO; ;McKenna; ; ;mckenna;Adelaide;South Australia;Australia;ND;"Maitland (Australia) Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, April 30, 1851. The men were in a bar, sparring with gloves, when suddenly McKenna fell. He lay on his side, gave a few gasps, and then died. The jury ruled cause of death was an attack of palsy, brought on by over-excitement, accelerated by intoxication."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion;;
Hollingshead;28-Aug;1851;KO; ;William Smith;21; ;smith ;Manchester;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Times, October 2, 1852. Smith was boxing, with gloves, at a beerhouse run by Charles Jones. Hollingshead was hitting Smith in the head, while Smith was only hitting Hollingshead in the arms. After about five minutes, he fell down. He died. Autopsy revealed about two ounces of blood on the right side of the chest. Jury returned a verdict of death from the effects of excitement.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Exertion;;
William Graham;23-May;1852;KO; ;Thomas Gregson;35; ;gregson;Bradford;West Yorkshire;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, June 2, 1852. The men worked as wool-combers and poachers. They had been drinking together, and decided to have a prize fight. Their wives were present, as were various seconds. The bout lasted about an hour and a half. Gregson was carried unconscious to his home, where he died.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Thomas Welch (Tiny Tom);7-Dec;1852;KO;78;"George ""Hammer"" Wilson"; ;Y;wilson;Woodhead;Derbyshire;England;ND;"London Times, December 9, 1852; Derby (England) Mercury, December 15, 1852; New York Times, December 28, 1852. The venue was about 20 miles from Manchester, near the borders of four counties, along a rail line. The bout lasted 1 hour, 35 minutes. At the end, Wilson fell, and apparently struck his head. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. He had apparently been knocked unconscious for some time subsequent to a fight a few months earlier and had apparently reported feeling dizzy before the fight. Death was attributed to the fall, rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;Mar/;1853;Sparring;;Rivington Duyckinck;21;;duyckinck;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, March 28, 1853. Duyckink enjoyed sparring with gloves, and did so regularly. One night during the middle of March, he came home, complaining of pain in his head. He was put to bed, and seen by the doctor. Nonetheless, he died on Friday, March 25, 1853. The cause of death was attributed to congestion of the brain, superinduced by over-exercise in sparring.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Thomas Jupper;Jul/;1853;KO; ;Jethro Lee; ; ;lee;Brighton (Broadwater);East Sussex;England;ND;(Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, July 14, 1853. The two men were gipsies, boxing at a fair. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Frank Donnelly;10-Nov;1853;WKO; ;"James ""Rory"" Gill"; ;Y;gill;Formby Beach (Liverpool);Merseyside;England;ND;"London Times, November 17, 1853; Ipswich (England) Journal, November 19, 1853. The fight was for 20 shillings a side, and lasted 35 minutes. Despite winning the fight, Gill died five days later. Cause of death was a fractured left lower jaw, which in turn led to a blocked windpipe. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Asphyxiation;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter.; ;
Thomas Welch (Tiny Tom);15-Aug;1854;KO; ;John Jackman;17; ;jackman;Manchester;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Times, August 19, 1854. The fight took place at a boxing booth run by Charley Jones. On Monday, the men sparred one match, lasting about fifteen minutes, and Jackman was hit hard in the belly. About an hour later, they fought again, for about the same length of time. This time, a blow to the head staggered Jackman, but he went the distance. On Tuesday, Jackman he went back to the booth, and sparred Welch again, plus some other men. Afterwards, he started walking home. Along the way, he began vomiting, and then collapsed. He was put into a cab, and taken to his mother's house. He told his mother that he felt as if his head were bursting. Wednesday morning, he said he felt better, and on Thursday evening he died. Autopsy found about six ounces of blood on the brain. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure;;
ND;7-Jul;1854;Sparring; ;John Kendrick;30; ;kendrick;Worcester;Worchestershire;England;ND;"Worchester (England) Chronicle, July 11, 1854. Kendrick, ""a fighting black"" had worked as a ""sparrer at a boxing booth"" for the past fifteen years."" He had been complaining of pains in his chest, but continued sparring throughout the week, and on Friday, he died. Cause of death was attributed to chronic alcoholism. "; ;Pro;Alcohol abuse;Later;;;
James Peile;20-Aug;1854;KO; ;John Dixon Jr.;22; ;dixon;Harris Moor, near Whitehaven;Cumbria;England;ND;"Liverpool (England) Mercury, August 25, 1854; Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, August 28, 1854; Maitland (Australia) Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser, November 18, 1854. Both men were seconded by relatives, Dixon by his uncle and Peile by his father, who served as time-keeper. The prize was a sovereign. After about an hour, Dixon collapsed, and he died at home later that night. Cause of death was compression of the brain. Peile was also badly injured. Charges were filed. To the disgust of the Liverpool newspaper, this was a Sunday morning fight, fought in lieu of attendance at divine services."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Richardson;5-Sep;1854;KO;;Thomas Crick;19;;crick;Wilmington;Ohio;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Eagle, September 12, 1854. Crick was struck above the heart, and he died within minutes. It's not directly related to this death, but ""a contusion of the heart muscle [can result in]? abnormal electrocardiographic changes."" A.D. Dennison, Jr., ""Cardiovascular situations related to athletic injures,"" Journal of the Indiana State Medical Asociation, January 1958, 39. In addition, writes Barry D. Jordan in Medical Aspects of Boxing  (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1993), 262: ""Athletes in whom the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is established should not participate in professional or recreational boxing."" Meanwhile, in New York City, Frank Queen's New York Clipper becomes the first newspaper to specialize in covering sports (Queen especially liked boxing), theater, and other popular entertainment."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Joseph Jackson;20-Sep;1854;KO; ;Richard Hague; ; ;hague;York;North Yorkshire;England;ND;(London, England) Morning Chronicle, September 26, 1854. The two men had a dispute that they decided to settle with a prizefight. They fought for half an hour, and ended up wrestling, Hague did not get up. He was splashed with water, but that did nothing, and he soon died. Manslaughter was charged.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
John McCarty;8-Jun;1855;KO; ;David Connolly; ; ;connolly;New York (Staten Island);New York;USA;ND;(Stroudsburg, Pennsylyvania) The Jeffersonian, June 14, 1855. Connolly died about ten minutes after the bout. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Michael Madden;11-Dec;1855;KO ;23;"John ""Jack"" Jones"; ;Y;jones;Long Reach;Kent ;England;Light;"(Oxford, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, December 15, 1855; (Oxford, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, December 29, 1855; Manchester (England) Guardian, December 29, 1855. The prize was 100 shillings (œ5) per side. The crowd was estimated at 3,000 people. Jones was the favorite. In the 23rd round, Madden struck Jones hard in the head, and Jones fell. He was taken to a nearby tavern, where he died. The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Charles Lynch;18-Sep;1856;KO;85;Andy Kelly; ;Y;kelly;Palisades;New Jersey;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, September 22, 1856; Janesville (Wisconsin) Gazette, October 4, 1856; Viroqua (Wisconsin) Western Times, October 11, 1856. The fight took place about 18 miles up the Hudson River, on the Jersey side. At the start of the 86th round, Kelly stood up, then collapsed. He was carried unconscious to a friend's house. Later, he was taken to the hospital, where the attendants were told that his name was John Williams, and that he had received his injuries at the hands of a party of ruffians. Cause of death was a large clot on the right side of the brain. Around this same time, an anonymous notice in London's Saturday Review coined the phrase ""Muscular Christianity."" The phrase described the philosophy that a perfect Christian gentleman should fear God, play sports, and doctor a horse with equal facility. (""The object of education,"" said an editorial in Spirit of the Times, ""is to make men out of boys. Real live men, not bookworms, not smart fellows, but manly fellows."")  This in turn began changing the interpretation of the English word ""sport,"" which previously had referred mostly to betting on boxing matches and horse races."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Gregory Jordan;16-Oct;1856;KO; ;Thomas Murriss (Thomas Layless); ; ;murriss;Watervale;South Australia;Australia;ND;"Adelaide (Australia) South Australian Register, October 22, 1856; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, October 27, 1856; (Hobart, Tasmania) Colonial Times, November 11, 1856.  About thirty to fifty people watched the fight. Murriss was knocked out, and carried to his lodgings, where he died the following day. The jury found manslaughter."; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Paddy Callaghan;13-Apr;1857;KO;  ;Yorkie; ; ;yorkie;Hagley;Tasmania;Australia;ND;(Launceton, Tasmania) Cornwall Chronicle, April 15, 1857. Yorkie died, and Callaghan was arrested.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
George Groundwell;21-Oct;1857;KO;34;William Hodkins; ; ;hodkins;Paddington;London;England;ND;"(London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, November 1, 1857; Old Bailey Online, GEORGE GROUNDWELL, HENRY RUBRIDGE, Killing > manslaughter, 26th October 1857, t18571026-1098. The men were fighting for a prize of two shillings. At the start of the 34th round, Hodkins was knocked down by a blow to the jaw, and he died an hour later. It was alleged that he had been doped, with laudanum, during the fight, but this was not proven. During the autopsy, half an ounce of opium was found in Hodkin's stomach, but the coroner said this was not enough to cause death. The surgeon also noted an effusion of blood on the left side of the brain and the base of the skull, probably caused by a fall while in a state of intoxication.The jury ruled manslaughter, and Groundwell got six months. "; ;Pro;Drugs;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Watson;19 Dec;1857;KO ; ;Thomas Kay; ; ;watson;Lindrick Common, near Anston;Yorkshire;England;ND;(London) Daily News, December 25, 1847. The men decided to settle an argument about a dog fight with a prizefight. After about an hour, Kay was knocked out. He was left where he lay. Sometime later, he was found, still unconscious, where he fell. He was carried inside. He died next morning. Manslaughter charges were filed. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
James Morris (Brighton Pet);20-May;1858;KO;;Philip Redwood;26; ;redwood;Gravesend Marsh;Kent;England;ND;"London Times, May 28, 1858; London Times, May 29, 1858; Manchester (England) Guardian, May 29, 1858; London Times, July 29, 1858; London Review, August 7, 1858, cited in Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 11, 1858. The planned main event did not occur, so other boxers fought. This was the second event of the day. The bout lasted about an hour. Redwood finally collapsed. He as carried unconscious from the field, and he died about the same evening. Cause of death was an effusion of blood upon the brain. The defense said the injuries were caused during the transportation rather than the fight, but the jury ruled guilty and Morris was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to sixty days' imprisonment."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Arnold;22-May;1858;Draw; ;William Higginstone (Eggerstone);33; ;higginstone;Brompton Fields;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, June 1, 1858; (Bangor, Wales) North Wales Chronicle, June 5, 1858;  (London) West Middlesex Advertiser and Family Journal, June 5, 1838; (London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, June 6, 1858. HIgginstone died several days later; cause of death was attributed to internal injuries associated with chronic alcoholism. Arnold's sister acted as bottle-holder."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure;;
Donald McKay;5-Jul;1858;WF;6;Thomas Henry Paynter; ; ;paynter;Collingwood;Victoria;Australia;ND;(Melbourne, Australia) Argus, July 22, 1858. The men quarrelled, and decided to settle matters with a prize fight.  There were perhaps half a dozen rounds, and lasted about half an hour. McKay struck a foul blow, and the fight was stopped. Paynter died a few minutes later. Cause of death was attributed to the effects of a blow to the stomach.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
William Houston;23-Sep;1858;KO;5;George Mercer; ; ;mercer;New Haven;Connecticut;USA;ND;New York Times, September 25, 1858. Both boxers were said to be English. Mercer won the first two rounds, while Houston won the last three. Finally, Mercer was knocked down, and did not get back up. Cause of death given as congestion of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
James Reynolds;11-Nov;1858;KO;5;Thomas Boland; ; ;boland;Maitland;South Australia;Australia;ND;(Queensland) Moreton Bay Courier, November 17, 1858. The fight was a grudge match, fought over a saddle. There were seconds. London Prize Rules were followed. The fight was fairly even until the fifth round. Then Boland was knocked down. His seconds picked him up, but he collapsed. The surgeon attributed death to a series of blows to the head. The jury found manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Samuel Asquith (Gosway);28-Nov;1858;KO; ;George Donald McDonald;17; ;mcdonald;Abbey Wood;London;England;ND;"(London) Morning Chronicle, December 1, 1858; Old Bailey Online, SAMUEL ASQUITH, Killing > manslaughter, 13th December 1858, t18581213-153; JOHN HARRINGTON, HENRY GEORGE, Killing > manslaughter, 3rd January 1859, t18590103-206. The fight took place on a Sunday morning, to attract working men. The purse was five shillings a side. The venue was a field about a mile from the railway station. The youths (Asquith was aged 16 years) fought for about half an hour. Finally, Asquith threw McDonald using a hip throw, and McDonald struck his head. He did not get up. A fence was torn down to make a litter, and McDonald was carried to the Harrow public house. The doctor came to see him there, and advised transporting him to hospital. He died at three in the morning, next day. Autopsy revealed cause of death was crushing of the spinal cord, caused by dislocation of bones at the back of the neck. The jury returned a verdict of manslaughter, and the judge sentenced Asquith to three months. The seconds had a separate trial, and were also convicted and sentenced."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Patrick Tannan;1-Dec;1859;KO; ;Patrick Honeyman; ; ;honeyman;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, February 9, 1860. Tannan was charged with fourth-degree manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
George Henry Tyler;30-Apr;1860;KO; ;Thomas Miller; ; ;miller;Brompton;London;England;ND;Dawsons Fort Wayne Daily Times (Fort Wayne, Indiana), June 6, 1860.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Reid (or Reddie);2-Jul;1860;KO;50;John McLachlan; ; ;mclachlan;Erskine Ferry;Renfrewshire;England;ND;"Derby (England) Mercury, July 4, 1860; Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, September 3, 1860. The fight lasted about one hour, 20 minutes, and it had between 40 and 50 rounds. Reid was unconscious at the end, and he died soon after. Cause of death was attributed to effusion of blood on the brain. The seconds were arrested; McLachlan fled."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Williams;12-Aug;1860;KO; ;George Mitchell;32; ;mitchell;Battersea Fields ;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, August 17, 1860; London (England) Morning Chronicle, August 17, 1860; Proceedings of the Old Bailey, William Williams, William Davis, Henry Walker, Killing > manslaughter, 17th September 1860,  t18600917-831. The fight was two pounds, in silver. It took place early Sunday morning, and lasted about half an hour. There were twenty to thirty in the crowd. Mitchell was knocked down several times during the fight. Following the knockout, he lay insensible for about a quarter hour. When he finally got up, a friend from work helped him to his house, but he could barely stand. He laid down in his bed, and he died next afternoon. The surgeon who treated him said that when he first saw him, the pupils of both eyes were contracted, and insensible to light. On autopsy, it ws found that there was at least an ounce of extravasagated blood on the left side of the head, with a ruptured vessel at the back of the head. The jury ruled guilty, with recommendation for mercy, and Williams was confined for three weeks."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;Nov/;1860;KO; ;George Howard; ; ;howard;Hampton;New Brunswick;Canada;ND;San Francisco (California) Daily Evening Bulletin, December 22, 1860. Howard, a black boxer, was glove fighting another man. Howard was winning, so the opponent took off his gloves and began fighting bare-knuckle. Howard was hit hard in the head, and died at the scene.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
James Wallis;16-Dec;1860;KO;;Alfred Tabraham;19; ;tabraham;Gravesend Marsh;Essex;England;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, January 31, 1861; (London, England) Morning Chronicle, February 9, 1861; London Times, February 28, 1861, Proceedings of the Old Bailey, James Wallis, Charles Impey, John Cupis, Henry Neighbours, Killing > Mansalughter, 25th February, 1861, t18610225-243. The fight took place on a Sunday morning. There were many rounds and many falls, and toward the end, as much clinching as boxing. Following the knockout, Tabenham was taken to a nearby blacksmith's shop, where he was washed. After that, he was transported to a relative's house. A doctor arrived mid-afternoon, and Tabenham died that evening. Autopsy revealed cause of death to be extravasation of blood on the left side of the brain, but medical opinion was split on whether the cause was a blow or the fall. Verdict was not guilty."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
Tom Holland;20-May;1861;KO;60;Thomas Thorpe;19; ;thorpe;Sheffield;South Yorkshire;England;ND;"Leeds (England) Mercury, May 21, 1861. The two men fought for twenty shillings (œ1)  a side; that sum would be worth about œ100 today. Thorpe was knocked out by a blow to the right ear, and soon died. Holland was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Pugh;14-Oct;1861;KO;39;David Richards (Matthews); ; ;richards;Cefn Mawr;Wrexham;Wales;ND;"(London, England) Morning Chronicle, October 22, 1861; (Bangor, Wales) North Wales Chronicle, October 26, 1861. The prize was œ2 per side. The crowd was estimated at three hundred. The men fought about an hour. Toward the end, Richards was clearly exhausted, but would not stop. He was struck in the face, and fell. He got up, rested on his second's knee. At the command, ""Time,"" he rose, and then collapsed, blood gushing from his nose and mouth. He died about half an hour later. Cause of death was attributed to a blow to the right ear causing a fracture of the temporal bone. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Mike Fagin;May/;1862;KO;35;Andrew Love;17; ;love;Illinoistown;Missouri;USA;ND;"Chicago Tribune, June 4, 1862; Davenport (Iowa) Daily Gazette, June 5, 1862; Whitewater (Wisconsin) Register, June 20, 1862. Love's injuries included two broken ribs. He died the following day. See also Recollections of Corporal Marcus S. Pratt, Company G, 12th Wisconsin Infantry, http://www.russscott.com/~rscott/12thwis/marcprat.htm -- the Union general Francis P. Blair reportedly refused to move his 8,000 men to take part in an ongoing battle until thiis fight ended."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;29-Jul;1862;KO; ;William Morse; ; ;morse;Poplar;London;England;ND;"Leeds (England) Mercury, August 2, 1862; (London, England) Penny Illustrated Paper, August 9, 1862. The two men went to a field near Westferry Road. They fought, and Morse was knocked out. His seconds called for a doctor. By the time the doctor arrived, he was dead. Arrests were made."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
William Morris;17-Aug;1862;KO;5;Thomas Granger;31; ;granger;Hereford (Bartonsham meadows);Hertfordshire;England;Feather (between 9 and 10 stone);Hereford (England) Journal, August 22, 1862. Granger was knocked backwards in the final round. Members of the crowd said he was not knocked out, just sick.He was transported off the field in a wheelbarrow, thrown on the floor, and left to recover.He died. Cause of death was concussion and bleeding of the brain.The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
James Gillon;21-Mar;1863;KO; ;John Fisher;30; ;fisher;Little Usworth Colliery (near Washington);Tyne and Wear;England;ND;"Newcastle (England) Journal, March 22, 1863; Newcastle (upon-Tyne, England) Courant etc., March 27, 1863; Newcastle (upon-Tyne, England, Courant etc., July 31, 1863. The two men fought about one hour, 45 minutes. Finally, Fisher was knocked down, and his seconds threw in the sponge. Fisher died that night. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of the brain, occasioned either by blows or the fall. Gillon and the seconds were convicted of manslauther. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;26. Mrz;1863;Training;;"Thomas ""Shocker"" Shipp";35;Y;shipp;Greewich;London;England;Welter;Bristol (England) Mercury, March 28, 1863. Shipp was training for a fight with Patsy Reardon, scheduled for April 7. Cause of death was listed as apoplexy.; ;Pro;Apoplexy;Ring;;;
Samuel Howlett;6-Apr;1863;KO;;Samuel Rivett;23;Y;rivett;Hackney;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Daily News, April 9, 1863; (London, England) Daily News, April 11, 1863; (London, England), Daily News, May 18, 1863; (London, England) Penny Illustrated Paper, May 23, 1863; Old Bailey Online, SAMUEL HOWLETT, WILLIAM HAMMOND, JAMES WILLIAM HAMMOND, JAMES LEWIS, Killing > manslaughter, 11th May 1863, t18630511-738a. The prize was six shillings. The venue was a field near White Posts Lane. The time was early morning. There were perhaps a hundred persons present. The fight lasted about 45 minutes. There was no rope; the spectators formed the ring. Throughout the fight, Rivett was seen to intentionally fall, rather than take a blow, and during the last three rounds, Rivett was pushed to his mark by his seconds. After the final fall, he was left lying in the wet grass for about 20 minutes before being carried to a nearby public house. By the time the doctor arrived, Rivett was dead. Cause of death was effusion of blood on both sides of the brain, and also in the lungs, almost certainly caused by violence. Howett and three others were convicted of manslaughter, with lenience recommended because the fight was arranged by the deceased. Sentence was two months' imprisonment."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Lee;15-Jun;1863;KO; ;William Nicholls; ; ;nicholls;Palsey Lane;London;England;ND;Old Bailey Online, JOHN LEE, CHARLES CHILCOT, ROBERT YOUNG, Killing > manslaughter, 13th July 1863, t18630713-948. The fight lasted about three quarters of an hour. The onlookers included Lee's mother, who seconded him. During the fight, both men were clearly tired, and sometimes fell without being struck, but Lee (the deceased) kept saying that he would fight until he got a cut. The autopsy ruled cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel on the brain. The surgeon was not ready to testify whether the cause of the rupture was a blow or excitement. About a year earleir, Lee had been knocked out in a similar fight. The jury ruled not guilty.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Pelham;20-Jun;1863;KO; ;Osborne; ; ;osborne;Pimlico;London;England;ND;(Dublin, Ireland) Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser, June 23, 1863. Osborne died at the scene of the fight.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Jem Dillon;11-Aug;1863;KO; ;Bob Travers;31; ;travers;Wargrave;Berkshire;England;Light;"(Edinburgh, Scotland) Caledonian Mercury, August 15, 1863; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, October 27, 1863; ""Black Dynamite Bob Travers 'The Black Wonder,"" http://cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/travers-b.htm. The prize was said to be 400 pounds. There were two bouts involved. After about 38 rounds, police intervened at the first fight, which took place at Twyford. The fighters were told to meet at Wargrave Ferry the following day. They did, and Travers subsequently died of injuries."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Thomas Cutter;25-Jul;1863;KO; ;Patrick McGlennon; ; ;mcglennon;Little Usworth Colliery (near Washington);Tyne and Wear;England;ND;Newcastle (England) Guardian and Tyne Mercury, July 31, 1863. McGlennon was carried home unconscious, and he died two days later. Cutter was arrested.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
James Stevens;14-Aug;1863;KO; ;John Mears; ; ;mears;Teignbridge;Devon;England;ND;"Bristol (England) Mercury, December 12, 1863. Stevens, a well-known pugilist about age 50, was described as ""a man of colour,"" and he operated a boxing booth set up at the race course. Mears and Stevens sparred, and afterwards, they agreed to a fight without gloves, outside of town. During this fight, Mears was struck under the ear, and he died. His body was found on August 21. There was only one witness, a boy, and Stevens had men to give him an alibi, so the jury moved to dismiss."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Kidd;11-Oct;1863;KO; ;James Burgess;17; ;burgess;Manchester ;Manchester;England;ND;"Sheffield (England) Independent, October 13, 1863; (Manchester, England) Bury Times, October 16, 1863.  The fight took place on a Sunday afternoon. Burgess borrowed the money for his stake. About four hundred spectators were present. After about half an hour, Burgess was knocked out by a blow to the abdomen. Burgess was carried by boat toward town, but died on the way. The surgeon said that death was due to injuries to the head."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
William Horner;23-Oct;1864;KO;6;Thomas Dawes; ; ;dawes;Sheffield;South Yorkshire;England;ND;"(London, England) Daily News, October 25, 1864; Newcastle (England) Journal, November 3, 1864; Sussex (England) Advertiser, November 11, 1864. The fight took place at Old Park Wood. The men had the second fight of the night, and they fought for about twenty minutes. Dawes was hit hard on the neck, and went down. He rested, stood up, and then collapsed without being struck. Horne and most of the onlookers promptly fled. Horner was subsequently arrested, and charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows;;
Harding;Jun/;1865;ND;  ;Joseph Sullivan (Sailor Jack); ; ;sullivan;South Crescent Mews;London;England;ND;"(London, England) Pall Mall Gazette, June 20, 1865; (London, England) Reynolds's Newspaper, July 2, 1865. On June 10, 1865, Sullivan decided to see the doctor, because his face was still swollen following a prize fight the weak before. The coroner's jury attributed the fatal staph infection to Sullivan's falling down while drunk rather than the inch long gash on his face, and the case was dismissed."; ;Pro;Erysipelas;Soon after;Misadventure;;
ND;27-Sep;1865;ND; ;Jabez George; ; ;george;Henley-on-Thames;Oxfordshire;England;ND;Reading (England) Mercury, October 6, 1865. George was sparring (e.g., boxing with gloves) with a fellow farm laborer at a fairground boxing booth. Suddenly, without being struck, he collapsed. He was carried unconscious to his brother's house, where he died soon after. Cause of death was cardiac, and attributed to over-excitement.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Over-exertion;;
John Young;9-Oct;1866;KO;6;Edward Wilmot ;22;Y;wilmot;Westminster (Carlton Gardens);London;England;ND;"(London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, October 14, 1866; North Devon (England) Journal, October 18, 1866; (London) Daily News, October 19, 1866; (London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, October 21, 1866; (London) Penny Illustrated Paper, October 20, 1866; London Times, October 30, 1866; London Times, November 3, 1866; Edward W. Cox, Reports of Cases in Criminal Law... volume X, 1864-1867 (London: Law Times Office, 1868), 371-373; Charles Dickens, All the Year Round, Vol. 20 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1868), 379; Montagu Stephen Williams, Leaves of A Life; Being the Reminiscences of Montagu Williams, Q.C. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1890), 220-223; Jack Anderson, ""Pugilistic prosecutions: Prize fighting and the courts in nineteenth century Britain,"" The Sports Historian, November 2001,  http://www.umist.ac.uk/sport/SPORTS%20HISTORY/BSSH/The%20Sports%20Historian/TSH%2021-2/Art3-Anderson.htm; Old Bailey Online, JOHN YOUNG, WILLIAM SHAW, DANIEL MORRIS, EDWARD DONELLY, GEORGE FLYNN, THOMAS DAW, JAMES GOOD, Killing > manslaughter, 19th November 1866, t18661119-44. The fight was with gloves. The venue was William Shaw's Queen's Head Tavern, in Windmill-street, Haymarket. Because prizefighting was illegal, the match was advertised as a ""protracted sparring match."" The bout took place in an upstairs room that was used, alternately, for boxing, rat killing, and cock fighting. About one hundred people were present, and admission was by ticket costing 6 pence. There was a referee and a time-keeper. The publican, Shaw, was in and out of the room all night with drinks. The men  fought for about an hour. In the end, Wilmot either fell or was knocked down. As he fell, he may have struck his head against a post that was in the center of the ring. After getting up, he said did not feel well, and Shaw stopped the fight, saying, ""Now, gents, it's all over."" Wilmot was taken to the hospital, where he died several hours after admission. Cause of death was a rupture of an artery on the right side of the brain. The subsequent court case, R. v. Young, (1866) 10 Cox 371, established the legal precedent that death ""caused by an injury received in a friendly sparring match, which is not a thing likely to cause death... is not manslaughter, unless the parties fight on until the sport becomes dangerous."" (Henry Roscoe, Roscoe's Digest of the Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases, Eighth American Edition, volume II,  Philadelphia, 1888, p. 912.) Another important distinction of this fight is that it took place in private rooms, and so did not cause a public nuisance.  There had been cases of fence-breaking and illegal timber removal in earlier outdoor prizefights, and after 1860, most British railway companies refused to hire special trains for prizefight excursions. Indeed, the practice of hiring special prizefight trains was specifically prohibited by the Regulation of Railways Act of 1868: ""Any railway company that shall knowingly let for hire any special train for the purpose of conveying parties to be present at any prize fight... shall be liable to a penalty ... of such sum not exceeding five hundred pounds, and not less than two hundred pounds."" Henry Godefroi and John Shortt, The Law of Railway Companies, Comprising the Companies Clauses (London: Stevens and Haynes, 1869), 526."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
ND;31-Dec;1866;KO; ;Darby; ; ;darby;Wellington;;New Zealand;ND;(Wellington) New Zealand, January 8, 1867. Darby was a former drill sergeant of the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry, and landlord of the Criterion Hotel. He was sparring at Cocker's Music Hall on New Year's Eve. He was struck in the head, and died of concussion of the brain. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Dennis Reardon;19-Jan;1868;KO;;Thomas McCann;17;;mccann;Belleville;Illinois;USA;Light;"New York Times, January 21, 1868; Chicago Tribune, January 22, 1868; Davenport (Iowa) Daily Gazette, February 5, 1868; St. Joseph (Michigan) Herald, February 15, 1868. The fight took place at Bloody Island, a sandbar in the Mississippi River near St. Louis, on the Illinois side. Seven people were arrested after the death, and Reardon was sentenced to one month in the county jail. Cause of death was attributed to over-excitement rather than blows."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Manslaughter: Over-excitement;;
Thomas Beynon;30-Mar;1868;KO;76;Jonathan Muzzy; ; ;muzzy;Merthyr Tydfil;Glamorgan (Merthyr Tydfil);Wales;ND;"Birmingham (England) Daily Post, April 1, 1868; Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, April 4, 1868. The two men fought for two hours. In the final round, Muzzy was knocked down. He reportedly struck his head as he fell, and he died a few hours later. Cause of death was said to be a broken neck. Muzzy and the seconds were arrested."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;;;
Barney Duffy;26-Jun;1868;KO;185;Jack; ;;jack;Albuquerque;New Mexico;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Daily Gazette, July 30, 1868; Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Herald, September 19, 1868; both citing the Denver News. The fight took 6 hours, 19 minutes. Duffy's left eye was closed, two ribs were broken, and his left arm was broken. Jack, who had lost three teeth and had a broken nose, was essentially blind for the last two rounds, and he died ten minutes after the fight. The report said it was the best fight ever witnessed."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Edmund Smith;11-Nov;1868;KO;14;Joseph Patrick Fitzsimmons; ; ;fitzsimmons;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, February 27, 1869. The fight lasted about an hour and a half, and had 14 rounds. Toward the end, both fighters were clearly exhausted, and mostly wrestling. After the final fall, Fitzsimmons did not get up, so after twenty minutes, his seconds had him carried to his father's house in a cab. At the inquest, the surgeon said there were no external indications of serious injury, but upon autopsy, he found a ruptured blood vessel on the left side of the brain and an effusion of blood on the right. The jury ruled guilty.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Grogan;11-Jan;1869;KO;;Bartholomew Gill;; ;gill;Peckham;London;England;ND;"(London) Pall Mall Gazette, January 13, 1869; Manchester (England) Times, January 16, 1869. The pair were having a ""pugilistic encounter"" with gloves at a beer-house. There was a large audience. After about half an hour of sparring, Gill was knocked out by a blow under the ear. He was carried to a room in the beer-house, and he died there the following day."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
T. Price;Apr/;1869;KO; ;James Jones; ; ;jones;Wrexham;Clwyd (Wrexham);Wales;ND;Liverpool (England) Mercury, April 17, 1869. The men were having a match at the Swan Inn, in Wrexham. Jones died in the ring.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Donnelly;13-Jun;1869;KO;9;Jimmy McGuire; ;;mcguire;Ogden's Lock (near Syracuse);New York;USA;ND;"New York Herald, June 17, 1869; Chicago Daily Tribune, June 19, 1869. The two men arranged to fight near Farmerville, New York, but the town constable said no. A local gambler came up with a different venue, and set a prize of ten dollars, a sum that would be aboutt $160 today. Although McGuire weighed about thirty pounds less than Donnelly, Donnelly was the one being thrashed during the first eight rounds. Donnelly tried to quit, but the gambler, Art Wood, took out a revolver and told him to box on. So, he did. Donnelly caught McGraw by the collar, and kneed him. Then he hit him on the neck as hard as he could. According to the newspaper story, ""McGuire dropped to the ground like a bar of lead, gasping twice, and died."" McGuire was dead within minutes, apparently from a ruptured artery in the head. Donnelly then left town."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;3-Jul;1869;ND;;Michael Ryan;;;ryan;Nashville;Tennessee;USA;ND;US Army, A Report of Surgical Cases Treated in the Army of the United States from 1865 to 1871 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1871), 107. Ryan was a private in Company C, 45th US Infantry. He and another soldier were boxing. Ryan was struck, but not especially hard, in the abdomen. Ryan stopped boxing, walked away, and then collapsed. Within ten minutes, the surgeon was on hand, but death occurred less than five minutes after that. Autopsy revealed a ruptured spleen.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Patrick Malone;10-Oct;1871;KO;;Tom Connor;21;;connor;New York;New York;USA;ND;"Hartford (Connecticut) COurant, October 14, 1871; Elyria (Ohio) Independent Democrat, October 25, 1871. Both men were hod carriers. They had a dispute, and they decided to settle it with a prize fight. During the fight, they grappled (which was fair, under London Prize Ring Rules), and Connor was thrown. Connor reported that his neck hurt, so the fight was stopped. It turned out his neck was broken, and he died soon thereafter."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Soon after;; ;
William Yeardley;22-Oct;1871;KO; ;Richard Petty Gill; ;;gill;Doncaster;South Yorkshire;England;ND;"Leeds (England) Mercury, December 6, 1871. The two men met at a public house. According to the court testimony, there was no prize or quarrel. The two men simply decided to box with gloves: ""Dick, I will have a round with thee."" ""Agreed on."" They went out, fought fifteen rounds, and then, when they were done, shook hands. Next day, Gill took ill, and the day after he went into a coma. He died four days later. Cause of death was a clot on the brain. Yeardley was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to three months. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter;;
George Robinson;2-Mar;1872;KO;13;Robert Taylor;21;;taylor;Sandhurst;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 5, 1872; (Hoktika, New Zealand) West Coast Times, March 14, 1872; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 14, 1872; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, March 19, 1872; Nelson (New Zealand) Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, March 20, 1872; Auckland (New Zealand) Daily Southern Cross, March 20, 1872. The two men decided to find out which was the better boxer by means of a Sunday prize fight. The venue was the butts, at Back Creek. About a hundred people watched.Taylor was knocked down, and did not get up. He was carried to a hotel, where he died. Manslaughter was charged. At the inquest, the survivors insisted money had not been at stake, but both men had ring names."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Exertion;;
John Connor;15-Mar;1872;KO;;Thomas Callis; ;;callis;Long Reach;Cambridgeshire;England;ND;"London Times, March 25, 1872; London Times, March 27, 1872; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 28, 1872; Dennis Brailsford, Bareknuckles: A Social History of the Prize Ring (Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1988), 158. March 14, 1872, the police stopped a fight between the men. So, the next day, the pair had another fight. Again, the police interfered, and again, the fight was stopped. However, this time, as Callis left the roped area, he staggered and fell. He was taken to the nearby Dartford Workhouse, where he died the following day (March 16, 1872). Cause of death was attributed to bleeding in the brain. Connor was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to a month's imprisonment and court costs. On the other hand, the seconds were acquitted."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Howard Price;Sep/;1872;KO;;Cornelius Driscoll;24;;driscoll;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;New York Times, September 23, 1872. The two men had a prize-fight. It resulted in a draw, so the two men fought a second match later the same day. Driscoll was knocked out, and died a few days later.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Seton Williams;21-Dec;1872;KO; ;Thomas Lyndsay Field;18; ;field;Westbury;Tasmania;Australia;ND;"(Launceton, Tasmania) Cornwall Chronicle, December 30, 1872); Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, January 13, 1873. The young men aged 18 and 21, reportedly had a grudge. Their fight took place at the cricket grounds, and lasted at least an hour. There were at least thirty witnesses, and the stated purpose of the referee was ""to chop anyone who interfered over the eyes."" There were several falls, on hard ground, and it was not known if Field struck his head when he fell. At the inquesti, the surgeon said death was caused by apoplexy and concussion, brought on by exhaustion. The defense counsel quoted from Tom Brown's School Days, a book in which the author, a Christian gentleman, had spoken approvingly of boxing matches as a way of resolving disputes between schoolboys. After lengthy deliberation, the jury ruled acquittal."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Albert Widders;6-Nov;1873;KO; ;Edward Kealy; ; ;kealy;Paterson;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 13, 1873; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, November 13, 1873. The two men were drinking at the Plough Inn. They argued about which was stronger, and decided to answer the question with a prize fight. Widders was charged with manslaughter. "; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Charles Miller (Young Mullins);7 Nov;1873;KO;;James Lynch (Young Lynch);;;lynch;Portsmouth;Hampshire;England;Middle;"(Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, November 12, 1873; (Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, November 15, 1873; (Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, November 19, 1873; (Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, November 22, 1873; (Portsmouth, England) Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, December 13, 1873. The match took place in rooms at a hotel in Portsmouth. About 200 persons were present. Captain Sir George Malcolm Fox, 100th Regiment, a future head of British Army gymnastics, was timekeeper. There was no referee. Gloves were worn. Rounds were 3 minutes in length. The bout, which was termed an ?assault at arms? rather than a prizefight, lasted about 45 minutes, including the minute-long pauses between rounds. During the final round, Lynch was knocked into the chairs. Lynch stood up, and continued to fight until the end of the round, but could not leave his corner to start the next round. The fight was ended. Lynch did not recover, so he was taken to another room, and laid on a table. Meanwhile, a surgeon was called. The surgeon arrived in about twenty minutes. After the surgeon arrived, a cab was called, and Lynch was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to extravasation of blood on the brain. At the inquest, the solicitor said the match was legal, gloves were worn, and the violence was ordinary.The coroner's jury could not reach a unanimous verdict, so the defendants were released."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
Jim Rogers (California Pet);19-Nov;1873;KO;36;Jack Lewis;; ;lewis;Ottawa;Illinois;USA;ND;"Macon (Georgia) Weekly Telegraph, November 25, 1873; United States Central Publishing Co., Important Events of the Century, Philadelphia: United States Central Publishing Co, 1874, 186. At the start of the 37th round, Lewis failed to leave his corner, and ""speedily thereafter went to eternity."" Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
William Henry Franklin;19-Jan;1874;KO; ;Alfred Foster;21; ;foster;Birmingham;West Midlands;England;ND;"Liverpool (England) Merucry, January 20, 1874; Manchester (England) Guardian, January 20, 1874; London Times Jan 21, 1874; Birmingham (England) Daily Post, January 24, 1874. The bout took place in a room inside Hiram Cutler's Army and Navy Inn for a prize of œ5 per side. Gloves were worn. The men fought about half an hour. Foster was knocked down by a blow to the head. He did not get up, so cold water was applied to his head. He still did not rally, so he was taken by cab to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival. Autopsy revealed blood under the arachnoid membrane. Either a blow to the nose or a fall could have caused the injuries identified. Jury ruled accidental death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Robert Fountain;14-Jun;1874;KO;8;Duncan Blair; ; ;blair;Ballarat;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 17, 1874; Otago (New Zealand) Tuapeka Times, July 4, 1874; New York Times, August 10, 1874. The two men had a quarrel that they decided to settle with a prize fight, fought according to London Prize Ring Rules. There were about thirty spectators, to include Blair's mother. The fight lasted about three quarters of an hour. Toward the end of the fight, Fountain struck Blair over the liver, and Blair collapsed. He was carried home in great pain, and on the morning of June 15, 1874, Blair's mother found him dead in his bed. The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Roberts;Sep/;1874;KO; ;Henry Lewis; ; ;lewis;Newport;Newport (Monmouthshire);Wales;ND;(Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, September 7, 1874. Lewis died at the police station on Friday, September 6, 1874. Roberts and the seconds were arrested.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
William Tubbs (Thomas Leonard);1-Feb;1875;KO; ;Augustus Albert Dulgar (Albert William Dalby);24; ;dulgar;Hackney Marshes;London;England;ND;"London Times, February 5, 1875; (London) Reynolds's Newspaper, February 7, 1875; (London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, February 14, 1875.  London Times, February 20, 1875; (London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, February 28, 1875; London Times, April 9, 1875; New York Times, April 10, 1875; Old Bailey Online, WILLIAM TUBBS, ALFRED SLATER, WILLIAM TAYLOR, WILLIAM ROSS, THOMAS LEONARD, WILLIAM WOODYEAR, ALFRED GEORGE FINCHAM, Killing > manslaughter, 5th April 1875, t18750405-274. The two men reportedly decided to settle a quarrel with a prize-fight; the prize would be a pound stirling. After about half an hour, Dulgar's nose began bleeding profusely. He said he wanted to stop, but was told to continue. So, he fought for another forty minutes. Finally, he was knocked down, and could not get up. After the fight, he asked if he had won or lost. He was told he lost. ""I'm sorry for it,"" he said. His friends helped him walk the mile to the road, where they got a cab to carry him to his father's house, where he died. The surgeon said cause of death was concussion of the brain; other injuries included a broken nose and a fractured tooth. Leonard and eight other men were subsequently convicted of manslaughter, but the judge, Mr. Justice Brett, ruled that mutually agreed-upon fighting with fists was not a particularly heinous offense, and  the punishment was a week's imprisonment. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Ennis;5-Feb;1875;KO;84;John Hockin; ; ;hockin;Barrow-in-Furness;Cumbria;England;ND;"(London) Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times, February 13, 1875; Waikato (New Zealand) Times, June 8, 1875. The two men decided to settle a quarrel with a prize fight. There were seconds, bottle holders, and so on. The men boxed for over two hours. Finally, the police arrived. Most of the spectators fled, but Hockin was left unconscious on the ground. Hockin was carried to a nearby house, where he died about three hours later. Cause of death was attributed to a head injury. Ennis and the seconds were arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Dan Dougherty;Apr/;1875;KO; ;George Siddons;;;siddons;New York;New York;USA;ND;Wellsboro (Pennsylvania) Agitator, May 18, 1875. Siddon died about a week after the fight, reportedly of injuries he sustained during the bout. Another George Siddons boxed during the 1890s, as a featherweight.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
John Mahoney;1-Aug;1875;KO; ;Simon Looney; ;;looney;Aintree Racecourse, Liverpool;Merseyside;England;ND;"London Times, August 3, 1875; (London, England) Pall Mall Gazette, August 3, 1875; Liverpool (England) Mercury, August 5, 1875. The prize was ten pounds a side. The fight was a rematch, after a fight on July 12 that resulted in a draw. This bout was stopped due to Looney having received a broken jaw and nose. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Autopsy found a ruptured left eardrum, but cause of death was concussion of the brain. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Michael Carney;8-Oct;1875;KO;73;John Ryan;23;;ryan;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"New York Times, October 10, 1875; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Daily Sentinel, October 11, 1875. The two men decided to settle a grudge using prize-ring rules. They fought for two hours, 55 minutes. Ryan was carried home, and died the following day. Carney surrendered to the police."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Jimmy Weeden;31-Aug;1876;KO;76;Philip Kosta (Billy Walker);19;Y;kosta;Pennsville;New Jersey;USA;Light ;"Chicago Daily Tribune, September 3, 1876; Chicago Daily Tribune, September 6, 1876; New York Times, November 4, 1876; National Police Gazette, September 18, 1880, 15; Walter Campbell, ""Going back in the fight game,"" Veteran Boxer Magazine, January-March 1945. The bout took place on a river barge. The fight was a rematch, as in November 1875, the two men had fought a 41-round contest that went to Weeden. After this fight, Weeden was convicted on manslaughter charges. His second, Martin ""Fiddler"" Neary, and several others were also imprisoned. After getting out of prison, Weeden was shot to death (Salem, Ohio, Daily News, September 9, 1890)."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Thomas McCarroll;19-Sep;1876;Sparring; ;Philip McCarroll; ; ;mccarroll;Iowa City;Iowa;USA;ND;(Lyons, Iowa) Weekly Mirror, October 7, 1876. The McCarroll brothers were boxing. During their fight, Philip was kneed in the groin. He fell, and died.; ;Pro;Groin injury;Ring;Blows;;
ND;Oct/;1876;KO; ;Smith; ; ;smith ;Stanthorpe;Queensland;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, October 18, 1876; Sydney (Australia) Mail, October 21, 1876; (Auckland, New Zealand) Daily Southern Cross, October 31, 1876. ""A miner named Smith died from the effects of a blow in a prize-fight at Stanthorpe, Queensland."""; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
"Patrick J. ""Paddy"" McDermott";28-Dec;1876;Ldec;24;Daniel Davidson;24;Y;davidson;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"Boston Daily Globe, December 29, 1876; New York Times, December 31, 1876; Quebec Daily Telegraph, January 4, 1877. The men were professionals, and fighting with Liverpool gloves, meaning ""the ordinary stuffed boxing-gloves with which it is impossible to inflict serious injury."" The referee was also timekeeper; there were seconds for both men. About 75 people were present, to include several uniformed police officers. The fight lasted 55 minutes, and ""for the last three or four rounds the seconds had to carry their men up to the scratch"" (Daily Telegraph). Davidson finally collapsed, and he died about an hour later. Death was attributed to cardiac trouble. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Richard Warmsley;27-Jan;1877;KO;2;Dennis Lynch;60; ;lynch;North Bourke;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, February 2, 1877; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, February 3, 1877; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, February 3, 1877.  Warmsley, aged about 26 years, and Lynch had an argument, and decided to settle the matter with a prize fight. The audience was estimated at 500 persons. Although Lynch had heart disease, cause of death was ruptured spleen, and Warmsley was charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Charles Garwood Thomas;7-Apr;1877;KO; ;William Taylor;28; ;taylor;South Shields;Tyne and Wear;England;ND;"(London, England) Pall Mall Gazette, April 9, 1877; Manchester (England) Times, April 14, 1877. The men were sparring at a boxing booth in Market Place. Suddenly Taylor fell over. He was dead."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
ND;7-May;1877;KO; ;Jack McGrath; ; ;mcgrath;Smithfield;Queensland;Australia;ND;Brisbane (Australia) Courier, May 8, 1877. McGrath died.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
ND;Jul/;1877;KO; ;Peter Connolly; ; ;connolly;Newcastle;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, July 19, 1877. The bout took place a few weeks before.  After some initial dizziness, he seemed to recover. Then he collapsed. A doctor was called, but Connolly died. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
John Taylor;12-Aug;1877;KO;;William Scully;19;;scully;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 14, 1877; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 15, 1877;  Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 16, 1877;  Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, August 20, 1877; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, September 19, 1877. The bout took place on the banks of the Yarra River, near Alphington, on a Sunday morning. This was a rematch, and the prize was œ3.There were about fifty people in the crowd. The fight lasted about half an hour, and had four or five rounds. At the end of the last round, both men fell together. Scully was helped up, but fell off his second's knee, and the fight was stopped. A passerby transported the semi-conscious Scully to his father's home by a passerby. His father took him to the hospital about 2 p.m., and he died in hospital the following afternoon. Autopsy revealed clotted blood between the membranes of the brain on the left side. Cause of death was given as a blood clot on the brain, the result of external violence. The coroner's jury ruled guilty, and the principals were sentenced to serve between fourteen days and three months."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;20-Aug;1877;WKO;;Edward Powell; ; ;powell;Townsville;Queensland;Australia;ND;(New South Wales) Australian Town and Country Journal, September 29, 1877. Powell died on August 28, 1877, from effects of heatstroke received while fighting two hours under the direct sun.; ;Pro;Sunstroke;Later;Misadventure;;
James Fitt;15-Mar;1878;KO;2;George Cooper; ;;cooper;St. Luke's;London;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Evening News, March 17, 1878; London Times, March 18, 1878; (London, England) Illustrated Police News, March 23, 1878. The bout took place at a public house called the York Minster, in St. Luke's. Gloves were worn. Cooper stood at the start of the second round, then began convulsing. Then he collapsed, and died. The surgeon attributed death to rupture of a blood vessel of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Henry Dunn;30-Mar;1878;KO;13;Charles Scarr;29; ;scarr;Heaton;Manchester;England;ND;"Leeds (England) Mercury, April 2, 1878; (Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, April 3, 1878. According to the widow, Scarr left home about eight in the morning, on a Saturday, dressed in his best clothes. He came home, unconscious, in a cab, at about noon, and was at about ten minutes to six that evening. The prize was six pounds. There were about fifty spectators. Cause of death was extravasation of blood between the membrane and upper surface of the brain. The surgeon said the bleeding was the result of recent violence, probably a fall rather than a blow with a fist.  Dunn was held over for manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Harrop;Aug/;1878;KO; ;John Pall; ; ;pall;Kadina;South Australia;Australia;ND;Maitland (Australia) Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, August 29, 1878. Pall was injured in the fight and died a few days later. Harrop was arrested, and charged with manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Frank Rutt;9-Jun;1881;KO;;Thomas Moss;;;moss;Bangor;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Indiana (Pennsylvania) Weekly Messenger, June 15, 1881. Cause of death was attributed to a blow to the chest. Death was almost instantaneous.;;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
John Macartney;Jun/;1881;KO; ;John Thomas Smeed; ; ;smeed;Rochester;Kent;England;ND;(Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, June 15, 1881. The men had a glove fight. A few days later, Smeed died of injuries. Macartney was arrested.;;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
"Michael Henry ""Webby"" Booth";18-Jun;1881;KO;8;Denis Kelleher (James Killian);25;Y;kelleher;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Middle (11 stone);"Brisbane (Australia) Courier, June 20, 1881; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, June 21, 1881; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, June 22, 1881; (Wellington, New Zealand) Evening Post, July 9, 1881; Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1881; (Wellington) NZ Truth, November 15, 1913. The bout took place at the Randwick racecourse. Before the police arrived to break it up, Kelleher was knocked down by a blow beneath the heart. About then, the police arrived. Booth ran away with the crowd. Kelleher also tried to run, but collapsed, and died. Booth and his second were arrested, and charged with manslaughter. Subsequent accounts sometimes spelled the name ""Keeler"" or ""Keiler."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Samuel Arnold;26-Sep;1881;KO;30;John Plant;48; ;plant;Coventry;West Midlands;England;ND;"Birmingham (England) Daily Post, September 28, 1881; London Times, September 29, 1881; (London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, October 2, 1881. London Times, October 8, 1881.The fight was stopped twice by police, but when it finally took place, it lasted about 45 minutes. Plant was knocked down at least a dozen times, and he died of injuries the day after the fight. Arnold and the seconds were arrested, and held without bail.  According to Medical Press and Circular, ""Notes on Current Topics,"" October 12, 1881, 327, the deceased's ""face and eyes were much swollen and bruised; the chest and sides much bruised; three ribs were broken, and blood was oozing from his mouth and nose, the bones of which were completely smashed, and the left hand was much swollen and contused. Death was caused by extravasation of blood on the brain."" "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Martin;27-Sep;1881;KO;3;Charles Pretty;16; ;pretty;Launceton;Tasmania;Australia;ND;"Marlborough (New Zealand) Express, October 28, 1881. The two youths quarrelled on Saturday, and decided to settle the matter with a prize fight on Tuesday night. In the third round, Pretty was thrown to the ground, and upon rising, he said, ""I feel ill."" He went to sit on his second's knee, and then started gurgling and groaning. He was given watter and brandy, put into a cab, and taken to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead. Cause of death was attributed to blows, so the coroner's jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
"James ""Jem"" Carney";7-Oct;1881;Draw;43;James Highland; ;Y;highland;Middleton;Warwickshire;England;Light;"(Dublin) Irish Times, October 17, 1881; London Times, October 18, 1881; London Times, October 21, 1881; London Times, February 18, 1882; Billy Edwards, Gladiators of the Prize Ring: Heroes of All Nations (Philadelphia: Pugilistic Publishing, 1894), 123; New York Times, September 11, 1941; Syracuse (New York) Post Standard, October 27, 1956. The fight lasted about an hour and three quarters before it was called because the police were coming. Carney was arrested, and detained on charges of prizefighting, but Highland's seconds got him away. However, Highland arrived home with a black eye and acting as if intoxicated. He was put to bed, where he died on October 15, 1881. The defense said that Highland's death was due to liquor, but the surgeon said cause of death was blood in the lungs, a condition connected to the contusions on chest and body. Carney was convicted, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. Upon getting out of jail, Carney went right back to boxing, and he was the English lightweight champion from December 1884 to May 1891. "; ;Pro;Internal;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;Apr/;1882;KO;;Daniel Keller; ;;keller;Celina;Ohio;USA;ND;"Cambridge (Ohio) Jeffersonian, May 4, 1882; Athens (Ohio) Messenger, May 4, 1882. Gloves were worn. Keller was struck on the right temple, and died. (NOTE: There was a 31-year-old farmer by the name of Daniel Keller living in Mercer County, Ohio, in 1880; this is possibly him.)"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
James Meador;19-Aug;1882;Sparring; ;William Dumworth;47; ;dumworth;Somers Town;London;England;ND;"(London) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, September 10, 1882. The two men were sparring in the yard. Meador was knocked down twice, but got up, and knocked Dumworth down. He fell hard. His wife came out to see what happened. Dumworth said, ""Esther, this is my death blow. I wish I had never seen him."" Cause of death was attributed to fractured ribs. The jury ruled accidental death."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
George Emerson;25-Aug;1882;KO;7;Charles Oram; ; ;oram;Sauselito;California;USA;Light heavy;"Los Angeles Times, August 27, 1882; (Salt Lake City, Utah) Salt Lake Herald, August 27, 1882. The fight reportedly ""grew out of a dispute over the pugilistic merits of the Sullivan and Tug Wilson match."" The prize was $250 a side. Four-ounce gloves were worn, but othrwise, it was fought according to London Prize Ring Rules. Interval between rounds was twenty seconds. Weights were given as Emerson 175 pounds, Oram about 165 pounds. The fight had just seven rounds, but lasted about 45 minutes. Oram wanted to quit, but was not allowed to stop. After the fight, he complained of pains in his head, and was given brandy. He was then taken to his home, where he lived alone. Next morning, he was found dead in his bed. Emerson was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
ND;26-Dec;1882;Sparring; ;Thomas Smith;21; ;smith ;San Francisco;California;USA;ND;(San Francisco, California) Daily Evening Bulletin, January 12, 1888. Smith was sparring with gloves with a friend. Subsequently, he began bleeding from the nose. He grew weaker and died. Autopsy indicated the blow ruptured a nasal artery. ;;Amateur;Ruptured nasal artery;Later;Blows: Misadventure;;
John Shea;11-Mar;1883;KO; ;Bernard Carr;23;;carr;South Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"Boston (Massachussetts) Daily Advertiser, March 13, 1883; Newport (Rhode Island) Mercury, March 17, 1883. The contest was with gloves. Carr fell or was knocked down and apparently struck his head on the floor. In any event, he did not get up. He died the following day without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was attributed to a burst blood vessel in the head."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Michael McLaughlin;2-Apr;1883;KO;6;Martin Linskey;18;;linskey;Dubois;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Davenport (Iowa) Daily Gazette, April 4, 1883; Reno Evening Gazette, April 4, 1883; New York Times, April 4, 1883; (Salt Lake City, Utah) Salt Lake Herald, April 5, 1883; Pennsylvania (Indiana) Indiana Democrat, April 12, 1883. The pair had a quarrel that they agreed to settle using London Prize Ring Rules. The bout was fought, before an audience, under lamp light. The first two rounds were even. The third round went to McLauglin, but both boxers were bleeding at the end of it. After that, both fighters looked tired. In the sixth, both fighters were clinching, and Linskey fell, slipped, or was thrown; the exact mechanism was not clear. In any case, hee hit the ground face first, and he died almost instantly. Cause of death was listed as broken neck. McLaughlin was arrested."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;RIng;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Jacob Camp;Apr/;1883;KO; ;Donovan;;;donovan;Hickory Bush;New York;USA;ND;Janesville (Wisconsin) Gazette, April 11, 1883. The two men were sparring with gloves. Donovan was winning, and this made Camp angry. So, the latter picked up a stone and bashed in Donovan's skull.;;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Moore;10-Jul;1883;KO; ;William Leishman;21; ;leishman;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;ND;"Glouchester (England) Citizen, July 11, 1883; Preston (England) Guardian, July 14, 1883; Preston (England) Guardian, July 21, 1883. The bout was with gloves at a booth. Leishman was struck in the ear, and died on the spot."; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
John Green;2-Sep;1883;KO;;Henry McNulty;;;mcnulty;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;New York Times, September 4, 1883. The two men boxed outside a barber shop. McNulty was struck in the abdomen, and he died within minutes.;;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
McFadden;Oct/;1883;KO; ;Martland; ; ;martland;Caldwell;Idaho;USA;ND ;(Paris, Kentucky) Semi-weekly Bourbon News, November 2, 1883. Injuries were fatal.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Robert B. Williams;8-Mar;1884;KO;1;Oliver Dyer Jr.;21;Y;dyer;New Haven;Connecticut;USA;ND;"Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, March 11, 1884; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Daily Gazette, March 13, 1884; New York Times, March 15, 1884; New York Times, March 17, 1884 (Letters to the Editor); Yale University Class of 1886, Vicennial Record. Both boxers were students at Yale College. Dyer was reportedly feeling dizzy before the bout, and some onlookers attributed this to drinking. During the bout, Dyer was not very active, and he was knocked down by a blow to the chin. During the fall, his head may have hit the floor. Death was attributed to apoplexy brought on by excitement."; ;Amateur;Apoplexy;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"""Kilrain""";5-Apr;1884;KO;58;Nickvest; ;;nickvest;Hyndman;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New York Times, April 6, 1884; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Freeborn County Standard, April 16, 1884. The bout was fought according to London Prize Rules. Both boxers were in bad shape by the 24th round, but the crowd refused to let the fight stop. Finally, in the 58th round, Nickvest collapsed, and the cry went up, ""Foul!"" The referees and seconds drew their guns, and by the time the shooting stopped, Nickvest was dead of a broken head, one man in the crowd had been shot dead, three other members of the crowd shot, and others injured."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Soon after;; ;
James Lawson;17-Apr;1884;KO;15;"Alexander ""Alec"" Agar"; ;Y;agar;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Light;"Brisbane Courier, April 26, 1884; Christchurch (New Zealand) Star, April 30, 1884; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 2, 1884; (Wellington) NZ Truth, November 8, 1913; (Wellington) NZ Truth, February 6, 1915; Richard Waterhouse, ""Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting, Masculinity and Nineteenth Century Australian Culture,"" Journal of Australian Studies, 73, 2002, 110. This was a London Prize Ring bout. The prize was œ25 per side. The venue was Randwick racecourse. Although bare-knuckle prize fights were illegal in Melbourne, there were about 150 spectators, to include several uniformed police officers. Lawson won every round by knocking Agar to the ground, and eventually, Agar was knocked down by a hard right to the temple. However, at the inquest, the jury was told that Agar collapsed while resting on his second's knee. At any rate, he was dead before the cab arrived to carry him to the hospital. Cause of death was attributed to an effusion of blood on the brain. Lawson and the seconds were arrested and later convicted of manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Peter Moran;28-Nov;1885;KO; ;Lewis Munro; ; ;munro;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;ND;"(Darlington, England) Northern Echo, December 2, 1885; Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, December 2, 1885; (Auckland, New Zealand) Observer 7:375, February 13, 1886. The men were having a sparring contest in a boxing booth. Munro was knocked down. As he fell, he reportedly struck his head on the rope. He did not recover as expected, so he was taken to the emergency doctor at the police station. The doctor said Munro was drunk, and had him taken home. However, Munro did not regain consciousness, and he died four days later. Morrin was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Frank McGonigle;3-Mar;1886;KO;43;James Sheady; ;;sheady;Fayetteville;West Virginia;USA;Middle;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 5, 1886; Chester (Pennsylavania) Times, March 5, 1886; (London, England) Reynolds's Newspaper, March 21, 1886.  Although fought for a purse of $50, this was also a grudge match. As for rules, well, McGonigle's little finger was bitten off, and his right ear was torn away. Meanwhile, McGonigle's techniques included kicking Sheady while the latter was down. Sheady died at his home, and McGonigle and his seconds left the county."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Evan Evans;1-Aug;1886;KO;32;John Jenkin James;22;;evans;Porth;Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf);Wales;ND;"(Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, August 2, 1886; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, August 3, 1886. The two men had a dispute on Saturday, so they decided to get up early the next morning, and have a fight, with referee, seconds, and a prize of five shillings per side. The fight began at twenty minutes to five in the morning, and lasted about an hour and ten minutes. Toward the end of the fight, James fell several times, and as he fell among rocks, he may have struck his head. At any rate, he started bleeding profusely from nose and mouth. The fight was stopped, and the two men shook hands. Then James fell down. He was carried home. The doctor was called, but James was dead before he got there, at about seven a.m. The surgeon found a clot of blood on the surface of the left side of the brain. The clot was caused either by falls or blows. The jury returned a verdict of manslaughter against Evans and the seconds."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Henry McGuirk;7-Oct;1886;KO; ;Edward Kauban;25; ;kauban;Redlands;Tasmania;Australia;ND;"Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, October 9, 1886; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, October 11, 1886; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, October 21, 1886. The two men were sparring with gloves when Kauban unexpectedly went to one knee, and then fell forward on his face. He was dead within five minutes. Cause of death was attributed to rupture of the aorta of the heart, caused by exertion."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion;;
Michael Monahan;30-Mar;1887;Sparring; ;W.F. O'Riley; ; ;o'riley;St. Paul;Minnesota;USA;ND;Bismarck (North Dakota) Weekly Tribune, April 8, 1887. The two men were sparring. O'Riley was struck in the left ribs. He passed out, and died on April 1, 1887. Cause of death was given as injury to the spleen.; ;Amateur;Spleen;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Thomas Wagner (Fred Behringer);12-Apr;1887;KO;1;Elijah Watters (Lije Walker); ;;watters;Napa;California;USA;ND;"Coshocton (Ohio) Semi Weekly Age, April 15, 1887; (Reno) Weekly State Journal, August 27, 1887. The fight was a grudge match, fought bare knuckles. Walker was knocked down by a blow to his head. He remained unconscious until next morning, when he died. Cause of death was listed as broken neck. Behringer was smaller, and the jury acquitted him. "; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;Misadventure; ;
John Kitchen;Jun/;1887;KO; ;Railton; ; ;railton;Kendal;Cumbria;England;ND;Sheffield (England) Independent, June 9, 1887. The two men were boxing for sport. Railton was knocked (or thrown) down. He apparently struck his head during the fall, and died. The jury ruled misadventure.; ;Amateur;;Ring;Misadventure;;
Hanley;21-Jun;1887;KO; ;Connolly; ; ;connolly;Cairns;Queensland;Australia;ND;Brisbane (Australia) Courier, June 24, 1887. Connolly died during a match that was part of the Jubilee celebrating fifty years of Queen Victoria's regency. Death was attributed to an enlarged liver.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;Oct/;1887;KO;;McClellan; ; ;mcclellan;Las Cascades;Panama Canal Zone;USA;ND;Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1887. McClellan, a professional boxer from San Francisco, challenged anyone at a tavern to a fight. A black canal digger accepted the challenge. The canal digger threw McClellan to the ground three times, and after the third throw, McClellan was unable to get up. He died a few days later of internal injuries received during the bout.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Fall;;
John R. Hile;Oct/;1887;KO;4;William Quinter; ; ;quinter;Reading;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) North American, March 23, 1888. Quinter died 23 days after the fight. He was arrested and tried in March 1888. At the trial, it was reported that Hile struck Quinter while down. Cause of death was attributed to peritonitis caused by internal injuries. ; ;Pro;Peritonitis;Later;Blows: Misadventure;;
"Simon Besser (Swipes the Newsboy; aka Tom White)";22-Jan;1888;KO;;William Dempsey;22;Y;dempsey;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Light;"Chicago Daily Tribune, January 23, 1888; New York Times, January 23, 1888; New York Times, January 24, 1888; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 25, 1888; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 26, 1888; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, December 21, 1891; Syracuse (New York) Herald, December 3, 1911. Although Dempsey fought lightweight, he weighed about 114 pounds.  The bout took place in a back room of Red Leary's Live Oak Hotel. Two-ounce gloves were worn, and it was a finish fight fought according to Queensberry Rules. Although billed as lightweights, actual weight was about 115 pounds. The fight was also reportedly a fix, with Dempsey supposed to dive during the fourth. However, during the bout, Dempsey was hit in the temple. He collapsed, and lay on the floor, frothing at the mouth and convulsing, for about twenty minutes. Then he died.  The promoter, Eddie McDonald, told police he didn't know the names of anyone who was there, and the seconds said that death was due either to the fall or to Dempsey being unfit for boxing. Death was attributed to ""shock caused by excitement"" or ""organic derangement."" Besser was about 18 or 19 years of age, and he remained a professional boxer for several years. Besser's wife Minnie also boxed professionally (Chicago Daily Tribune, November 2, 1892)."; ;Pro;Organic derangement;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Matthew Evans;26-Feb;1888;KO;64;Henry Row (John Hyrons);27; ;hyrons;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Light;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 8, 1888; (Perth) West Australian, March 16, 1888. The two men were fish hawkers who had a quarrel over customers. They were also bookmakers, so they decided to settle their dispute for œ5 per side, under London Prize Ring Rules. The fight had started at about five in the morning, and lasted until about one hour, forty minutes. After the 64th round, Hyrons fell off the knee of his second. He remained unconscious, so he was taken to the hospital about three hours later. There were contusions all over his ribs and chest, both eyes were black, and his right hand and arm were swollen. There were no obvious fractures. He died soon after. The surgeon said death was caused by an extravasation of blood on the brain, produced by blows to the head. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Thomas Burke;11-Mar;1888;Sparring; ;Daniel Shean;17; ;Bermondsey;London;London;England;ND;(Devon, England) Western Times, March 26, 1888. The youths were sparring with gloves in the back yard of Burke's house. There was a head butt.  Shean collapsed, and died. The jury ruled misadventure.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Furhman;8-May;1888;KO;;Fred Winkler; ;;winkler;Greenfield Park;Wisconsin;USA;ND;"Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, May 8, 1888; New Philadelphia (Ohio) Democrat, May 17, 1888. Winkler was knocked down by a blow to the left side.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
John Garner;21-May;1888;KO;63;William Drury;22; ;drury;Hucknall Torkard;Nottinghamshire;England;ND;"(London, England) Daily News, May 23, 1888; Sheffield (England) Independent, May 23, 1888; London Times, May 24, 1888; (London, England) Pall Mall Gazette, May 24, 1888; (London, England) Daily News, May 25, 1888; (London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, May 27, 1888; Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, June 8, 1888. The fight took place on Whitmonday, in the club room of a public house called the Seven Stars. Gloves were worn. The boxers were paid from the admissions, while the public house made its profits from the increased beer and food sales. The fight lasted about 70 minutes. There were between 50 and 63 rounds. Both men were severely battered, but Drury was unable to make the mark for the last round. Afterwards, Drury reportedly told his friends he would be fine in an hour, but that he needed to rest. He was carried semi-conscious to a nearby rooming house, where he died a few hours later. The jury ruled death was due to compression of the brain, accelerated by boxing. The publican, Thomas Maclure, was fined œ10 for allowing riotous conduct."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure;;
ND;18-Aug;1888;KO;;Dan Shields;27;;shields;Poughkeepsie;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, August 21, 1888. The two men were sparring on a balcony of McWilliams' Hotel. A bystander interfered, and Shields was knocked over the railing. The fall was about 30 feet, and Shields died of injuries the following morning.;;Pro;;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
Baxter;15-Sep;1888;Sparring; ;William Collins;10;;collins;Camberwell;London;England;ND;(London, England) Pall Mall Gazette, September 18, 1888. Baxter was aged 8 years, and the two boys were sparring with gloves. Baxter struck Collins behind the right ear. Collins fell down, and died. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Tom Bannon (Young Barrett, Boston Casey);23-Sep;1888;KO;1;George Fulljames;30;Y;fulljames;Grand Forks;Dakota Territory;USA;Middle;"Mitchell (Dakota Territory) Daily Republican, September 25, 1888; (Winnipeg) Manitoba Daily Free Press, September 27, 1888. Although a one-round knockout, in those days, rounds lasted until there was a knockdown or fall. According to some reports, Bannon reportedly held Fulljames' hand, and then struck him repeatedly in the temple. However, the coroner's inquest ruled that it was a slung shot that struck Fulljames in the temple, causing his death, rather than a blow from a fist. Either way, the bettors didn't want Fulljames winning. As for Bannon, he was murdered about a week later. See Salem (Ohio) Daily News, April 22, 1889 and Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 20, 1889."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Harry Baker (or Barker);9-Oct;1888;Sparring; ;John Dallas;60;;dallas;Lilydale;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Brisbane Courier, October 11, 1888; (Melbourne) West Australian, October 11, 1888; Sydney (Australia) Mail, October 20, 1888; Otago (New Zealand) Witness, October 26, 1888; Wanganui (New Zealand) Chronicle, November 1, 1888; Te Aroha (New Zealand) News, November 28, 1888. During a boxing exhibition that included the Slavin brothers and Jack Hall, Dallas was sparring with a pupil. He stopped, then collapsed. Cause of death was apoplexy. Baker was charged with assault, but released."; ;Pro;Apoplexy;Ring;Misadventure;;
Maurice Bolen;17-Dec;1888;KO;2;P. Sherry; ; ;sherry;Jersey City;New Jersey;USA;ND;New York Times, December 18, 1888. The venue was the Scottish-American Club. Bolen had won an earlier bout that night. He pounded Sherry hard, and at the end of the second round, Sherry collapsed into the arms of his seconds. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Jerry Flower;12-Mar;1889;KO;4;John Kendall; ;;kendall;Couer D'Alene;Idaho;USA;ND;Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, March 13, 1889. Kendall was black and Flower was white.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Thomas Tracy;Jun/;1889;KO;;Cornelius O'Shea; ; ;o'shea;ND;Victoria;Australia;ND;Launceton (Tasmania) Examiner, June 17, 1889. Cause of death was apoplexy.; ;Pro;Apoplexy;Ring;;;
Ed Cuffe;26-Apr;1889;KO;4;Tom Avery;;;avery;San Francisco;California;USA;ND;"Reno Evening Gazette, April 27, 1889; (San Francisco) Daily alta California, April 30, 1889. The bout was with gloves, and was scheduled for 6 rounds. During the fourth, Avery fell to the floor and died. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion; ;
Andrew Gillespie;26-Aug;1889;Draw; ;Patrick Gallocher; ;;gallocher;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;ND;London Times, August 28, 1889. The bout took place along the banks of the River Clyde. The two men fought an hour and 15 minutes. The fight was declared a draw. Gallocher collapsed afterwards. He was carried home, where he died.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
Edward Herron (Ed Ahearn);16-Sep;1889;KO;11;Thomas E. Jackson (Jack King);18;Y;jackson;St. Louis;Missouri;USA;Feather;"Reno Evening Gazette, September 17, 1889; Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Post, September 18, 1889; New York Times, September 18, 1889; Decatur (Illinois) Daily Despatch, September 18, 1889; Decatur (Illinois) Saturday Herald, September 21, 1889; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Freeborn County Standard, October 3, 1889. The venue was a saloon on Seventh Street in St. Louis, between Market and Chestnut, that was owned by by Dan, Charlie, and Johnny Daly. The purse was $30. Two-ounce gloves were worn, and the fight started at midnight. Within the first couple rounds, both the boxers and the ring floor were slick with blood. At the start of the twelfth, Jackson stood up, then fell backwards, and the fight was stopped. After Jackson died, Herron and the seconds were arrested on charges of murder in the second degree. Herron told the police that Jackson must have had heart disease, because he had not been hit hard enough to cause death. Newspaper coverage of this bout was extensive, in part because the referee, Joe Murphy, was the former sporting editor of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Tom Branch;24-Sep;1889;KO;;Ernest Willingham; ;;willingham;Allatoona;Georgia;USA;ND;"Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, September 25, 1889; Indiana (Pennsylvania) Progress, October 2, 1889; New Philadelphia (Ohio) Democrat, October 3, 1889. Willingham was ""negro,"" while Branch was white. Cause of death was listed as broken neck."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;; ;
John Gallagher;17-Dec;1889;KO;105;George W. Ward;30;Y;ward;Butte;Montana;USA;Heavy;"Helena (Montana) Independent, December 17, 1889, in the boxing file at Montana Historical Society; Dunkirk (New York) Evening Observer, December 18, 1889; Butte (Montana) Anaconda Standard, April 10, 1903; Frank Bell,  Gladiators of the Glittering Gulches (Helena, Montana: Western Horizons Books, 1985), 63-66.  The two men decided to settle a dispute via a prizefight. Gallagher's arm was injured in the 48th round.  Moreover, his body had a lot of bruises and his face was badly swollen.  Nonetheless, the fight went on, and in the 98th round, Gallagher caught Ward with a blow under the chin that knocked Ward down. Ward's seconds pushed him out for round 99 while he was just half conscious. Gallagher knocked Ward down eleven times more times, and at the end of the 105th round, Gallagher was declared the winner. Ward died the following day, and Gallagher left the territory ahead of the manslaughter warrant."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
James Farrell;24-Dec;1889;TKO;5;James Burns;;;burns;Plymouth;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Omaha (Nebraska) Daily Bee, December 25, 1899; Mitchell (South Dakota) Daily Republican, December 26, 1889. The fight took place in a barn. Burns was unable to come up after the fourth round, and the fight was awarded to Farrell. Burns was then taken into the house and a doctor was called. Cause of death was attributed to lockjaw."; ;Pro;Lockjaw;Ring; ; ;
E. Berry;25-Jan;1890;KO;1;Arthur Knight;17; ;knight;Clerkenwell;London;England;ND;"Portsmouth (England) Evening News, January 27, 1890; Northampton (England) Mercury, January 31, 1890. Knight collapsed at the end of the  round. He was carried upstairs, where he died."; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Thomas Levitt;4-Feb;1890;KO;3;John William Williams;20;Y;williams;London;London;England;Bantam (8 stone 6);"(London) Daily News, February 10, 1890; London Times, February 10, 1890; (Glasgow) Scotsman, February 10, 1890. Williams was a member of the Stanhope Amateur Athletic Club, and 8-ounce gloves were used. During this bout, Williams was hit repeatedly, but according to the papers, not especially hard. In any case, he stepped back, and then collapsed unconscious. He was rubbed down with vinegar and left to wake up on his own. After about an hour, he still was not conscious. Consequently, he was wrapped in blankets and taken to the hospital, where he died several hours later. Cause of death was due to the rupture of small blood vessels in the brain. Williams had been knocked unconscious during December 1899."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Louis Bezenah;13-Feb;1890;KO;4;Tom James;22;Y;james;Dallas ;Texas;USA;Bantam;"Dallas Morning News, February 14, 1890;  Galveston (Texas) Daily News, February 14, 1890; New York Times, February 14, 1890; New York Times, February 15, 1890; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 16, 1890; Fresno (California) Daily Republican, February 16, 1890; Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, February 17, 1890; Chuck Burroughs, Come Out Fighting: True Fight Tales for Fight Fans (Peoria, Illinois: Chuck Burroughs, 1977), 90. James spent the fight running. In the fourth, Bezenah struck James with a hard right to the neck. James went down. He remained unconscious, so was carried off the stage. Water was thrown on him, and he was left to recover while the sports returned to watch Jake Kilrain spar three rounds with Cleary. After that, there was some wrestling.  James still had not recovered by the time the wrestling had ended, so a physician was sought. The physician arrived, but James still died about 11:30 p.m. that night. Cause of death was attributed to the ""great excitement and exertion pending the contest,"" and the principals were released on the grounds that there was no law regarding deaths that occurred in the course of properly licensed exhibitions. Bezenah was touring with William Muldoon and Jake Kilrain. Anyone who lasted 4 rounds with Bezenah got $25, so he specialized in doing fourth-round knockouts. At the time of this fight, he was 19 years old, and weighed about 137 pounds. In March 1891, a jealous suitor shot Bezenah twice in the stomach, and he died in April 1891 of the injuries. See Sandusky (Ohio) Daily Register, March 24, 1891, Mansfield (Ohio) Evening News, April 29, 1891, and Chicago Daily Tribune, February 15, 1890."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Cornelius Collins (John Collins);6-Apr;1890;KO; ;John Hopkins; ;;hopkins;Mountain Ash;Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf);Wales;ND;"Liverpool (England) Mercury, April 9, 1890; London Times, April 9, 1890; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, April 10, 1890; Bristol (England) Mercury and Daily Post, April 14, 1890. Hopkins was taken home, where he died. Manslaughter charges were filed."; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Andy John Murray;22-Apr;1890;KO;10;James E. Fallon;;Y;fallon;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 26, 1890; (Salt Lake City, Utah) Salt Lake Herald, April 26, 1890; Chillicothe (Missouri) Morning Constitution, April 27, 1890. The venue was the Bay State Athletic Club. Two-ounce gloves were worn. Fallon was leading on points into the tenth round. Then he was knocked out by a blow to the left side of the ear. He was carried to the dressing room. He died two days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel on the left side of the head."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Frank La Rue;9-Jun;1890;KO;10;Harry M. McBride;27;Y;mcbride;San Francisco;California;USA;Heavy;"San Francisco (California) Daily Evening Bulletin, June 10, 1890; Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, June 12, 1890; (San Francisco) Daily alta California, June 13, 1890; (San Francisco) Daily alta California, June 14, 1890; Trenton (New Jersey) Times, June 16, 1890; Sacramento (California) Daily Record-Union, July 2, 1890; (San Francisco) Daily alta California, August 21, 1890. The venue was the Golden Gate Club. Five-ounce gloves were worn. At the inquest, the coroner was told that the blows couldn't have been very hard, because ""every time [McBride] was knocked down he came to time in less than three seconds"" (Daily Alta California). The surgeon who did the autopsy noted that McBride was missing two fingers on his right hand, and that he had Bright's disease. In addition, his nose had been broken in the first round, and blood was found in his lungs. Death, however, was due to concussion of the brain. La Rue was charged with second-degree homicide. The jury was unable to agree on a verdict (seven were for conviction and five were not; defense had argued the concussion could have been the result of the fall rather than the blows to the head), so La Rue was released."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Frank Garrard;3-Jul;1890;KO;5;Billy Brennan;21;Y;brennan;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light;"Chicago Tribune, July 5, 1890; Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 5, 1890; Sandusky Daily Register, July 5, 1890; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, July 5, 1890; Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1890; Syracuse (New York) Herald, July 6, 1890; New York Times, July 6, 1890. The venue was the Battery D armory. During the first round, Brennan was very active, but he also tired himself out. Consequently, his seconds decided to fortify him with whiskey. Things went downhill from there, and the fight ended with Brennan grabbing on to Garrard, and then slumping to the floor. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain. Garrard and the seconds were arrested, but released the next day, after the injury was attributed to the fall rather than the blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Frank J. Straub (Jersey Spider);29-Aug;1890;KO;;Peter Noud; ;;noud;New York;New York;USA;ND;"Waukesha (Wisconsin) Journal, September 13, 1890; Baltimore (Maryland) Sun, November 3, 1903. No details given, but in November 1890, Straub, a former policeman from the Charles House Station, died in a duck hunting accident. (New York Times, November 4, 1890)."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Frank W. McConnico;25-Sep;1890;WKO;13;Warren Taliaferro;15;;taliaferro;Lexington;Virginia;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, September 26, 1890; Dallas Morning News, September 26, 1890. The pugilists were cadets at Virginia Military Academy. They had a dispute, and they decided to settle it with a prize fight. The fight lasted about half an hour. McConnico was unconscious at the end of the fight, and Taliferro went to his room with his nose bleeding. He went to sleep and never awoke. McConnico afterwards attempted suicide, so was placed in jail for his own protection."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
"John ""Jack"" Burns";Feb/;1891;KO;;"Henry ""Fox"" McGlone ";33;Y;mcglone;Natick;Massachusetts;USA;Heavy;"Boston Daily Globe, February 4, 1891; Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Sentinel, February 24, 1891; Middletown (New York) Daily Press, May 27, 1891; Chicago Daily Tribune, December 8, 1897. McGlone died on February 24, 1891. McGlone had beaten Burns earlier in the month, by knockout, but died following a rematch. Cause of death was ""congestion caused by blows upon the body next the heart."" McGlone left a widow and three children. This is noted because, although period newspapers called McGlone ""Nicholas"" or ""Fox,""  http://home.neo.rr.com/jmcglone/part5.htm notes that Henry McGlone of Natick was a pugilist of the John L. Sullivan era who had three children."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Later;Blows: Misadventure; ;
William Doyle;6-Feb;1891;KO;7;George Shafer;21;;shafer;Seattle;Washington;USA;ND;" New York Times, February 8, 1891; Spokane (Washington) Daily Chronicle, February 9, 1891. Prizefighting was illegal in Washington, so the promoters described the bout as a sparring exhibition. Nonetheless, the fact that the fight took place at  a vaudeville theater (owner John W. Considine was the referee), and that the fatal injury occurred in the seventh round suggests that the bout was professional. Anyway, Shafer was struck by a right to the cheek. He spun around, and half collapsed. Considine stopped the fight. Shafer went to his corner, and then fell off his chair. After an hour, he was taken to his room, still unconscious, where he died about 9:20 a.m.  Cause of death was listed as the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. The coroner's jury ruled death by natural causes."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
David Seville;24-Feb;1891;KO;18;"A.B. ""Tom"" Tracey (Arthur Majesty)"; ;Y;tracey;Nelsonville;Ohio;USA;Bantam;"Chicago Daily Tribune, February 26, 1891; Mansfield (Ohio) Evening News, February 25, 1891; Salem (Ohio) Daily News, January 14, 1892; Chuck Burroughs, Come Out Fighting: True Fight Tales for Fight Fans (Peoria, Illinois: Chuck Burroughs, 1977), 91. Two ounce gloves were worn. The purse was $200 to the winner. The venue was a large hall, with a capacity of about 800 persons. Moments before the knockout, Majesty said, ""I can't see any longer. Hit me if you want to."" Which Seville did. The autopsy showed a ruptured blood vessel at the base of the brain. Seville was subsequently convicted of prizefighting, and sentenced to a year in prison. The conviction was appealed, on the grounds that gloves were worn and Queensberry Rules were followed. Hence, to Seville's attorney, this was not a prizefight. In its published decision, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that it didn't matter if Queensberry Rules or London Prize Ring rules were being used, or whether one called it a sparring match or a prizefight. Instead, ""What was it, in plain English?"" Consequently, Seville's conviction for prizefighting was upheld.  The relevant court case is Seville v. State, 15 L.R.A. 516, 49 Ohio St. 117, 27 W.L.B. 258, 30 N.E. 621; see also Robert Desty, ed., Lawyers' Reports Annotated, Book XV (Rochester, New York: Lawyer's Co-Operative Publishing Co., 1905), 518-520."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
William Amesbury;6-Apr;1891;KO; ;John Davies;28; ;davies;Dowlais;Glamorgan (Merthyr Tydfil);Wales;ND;"(Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, April 17, 1891; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, April 24, 1891. The fight took place on Mabon's Day, which was a holiday that took place in Wales on the first Monday of the month from 1888 to 1898. The prize was eight pounds -- six sovereigns, two half-sovereigns, and the rest in silver. There were about twenty spectators present, and the men formed the ring; there were no ropes. The fight lasted about twenty minutes, and had about eight rounds. (A round was determined by a fall.) At the end of the fight, could not make time, and the fight was stopped. He was carried home, and he died eight days later. Autopsy found clotted blood on the left side of the brain. The surgeon said this compression was caused by violence, probably either a fall or blows. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;8-Apr;1891;KO; ;Rossiter; ; ;rossiter;Writhlington;Somerset;England;ND;"Gloucester (England) Citizen, May 26, 1891. Rossiter was fighting in a booth. The jury remarked the indifference of the management of the booth, as they ""rendered no assistance to the deceased when he fell insensible upon the ground."""; ;Pro; ;Ring;No determination;;
Byrne Murphy;20-Mar;1891;KO;5;Robert K. Willink;18;;willink;Savannah;Georgia;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 22, 1891; Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, March 22, 1891. Willink was hit hard over the left ear. He collapsed and died. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Willink was the son of a local railwayman."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Harrison A. Tracy (Harry Tracy);25-May;1891;KO;8;"John ""Jack"" Burns"; ;Y;burns;Lynn;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;"Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, May 26, 1891; Chicago Daily Tribune, May 27, 1891; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News, May 27, 1891; Decatur (Illinois) Daily Republican, October 19, 1891. This was the same Jack Burns as was involved in the fatal fight with McGlone, of Natick (Middletown, New York, Daily Press, May 27, 1891). During this fight, Burns was hit hard in the temple and jaw. He went down. As he rose, Tracy hit him again, with what the Chicago Daily Tribune called ""a sledgehammer blow on the head that would have felled an ox."" This time, Burns stayed down. Cause of death was a broken blood vessel in the brain. On October 19, 1891, Tracy was convicted of manslaughter. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;24-Jun;1891;Ldec;;John Stevens; ;;stevens;Hokitika;;New Zealand;ND;Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, June 25, 1891. Stevens went to the dressing room, dressed, and went back into the room, where he collapsed. Death was almost instantaneous. Death was attributed to heart disease.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;Unfit; ;
J.L. Renfield;4-Jul;1891;KO;42;Edwin James Lloyd; ; ;lloyd;Canterbury;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, July 7, 1891; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, July 15, 1891; Wanganui (New Zealand) Chronicle, July 17, 1891. The bout was for a prize of œ1. It took place inside a horse paddock. The fight started about 4 p.m. and lasted about 45 minutes. Toward the end, Lloyd was visibly exhausted, and when he finally collapsed, he never got up. His seconds carried him unconscious to his father's house. The doctor was called, but by the time he arrived, about 11 p.m., Lloyd was dead. Death was attributed to concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
William Daniels;16-Jul;1891;KO;7;James McCormick; ;;mccormick;Crystal Falls;Michigan;USA;Heavy;"Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, July 20, 1891; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News, July 20, 1891; Iowa City (Iowa) Iowa Citizen, July 24, 1891; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, October 10, 1891. The bout was fought with light gloves. McCormick was knocked down, and died a few hours later. Daniels and the seconds were arrested. NOTE: Galveston (Texas) Daily News, July 22, 1891, ran a story saying that McCormick was reported badly bruised, but alive, in Chicago, but this is unlikely, inasmuch as Daniels was not acquitted until October 9, 1891. (Waterloo, Iowa, Daily Courier, October 9, 1891.)"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Harry Boyd;23-Jul;1891;KO;4;John Myford;20;;myford;Monongahela City;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1891; Salem (Ohio) Daily News, July 24, 1891; Middletown (New York) Daily Press, July 24, 1891. This was a bare-knuckle bout, and apparently a grudge match. But it was fought inside a roped ring, with witnesses. Myford was struck in the neck. He collapsed, and never regained consciousness."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
John Swindells;7-Aug;1891;KO;;James Henney;19;;henney;East Road, Gorton;Manchester;England;ND;"(Exeter, England) Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, August 8, 1891; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 9, 1891; New York Times, August 9, 1891; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, August 9, 1891; Liverpool (England) Mercury, August 11, 1891; London Times, August 11, 1891; Manchester (England) Times, August 14, 1891. The fight was a grudge match fought as a prizefight; the prize was one pound per side. There were about twenty to thirty spectators. The fight had been going for about an hour when Henney was struck in the stomach. He said, ""That's a good one,"" and then collapsed. He stood up, said he'd had enough, and then collapsed again. He was given some brandy, and then carried to a nearby cottage. A doctor was called, but Henney was dead before the physician's assistant could arrive. The cause of death was effusion of the brain, probably caused by blows to the head.The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND; Oct/;1891;KO; ;Dan Jordan;19; ;jordan;Peru ;Indiana;USA;ND;"Jasper (Indiana) Weekly Courier, October 23, 1891. Jordan died at his home following the fight. Cause of death listed as ""quick consumption,"" meaning a rapidly developing case of tuberculosis of the brain."; ;Pro;Tuberculosis;Soon after;;;
Bob Ferguson;19-Oct;1891;Wdec;;Patrick Killen;30;Y;killen;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Heavy;"Chicago Daily Tribune, October 22, 1891; Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, October 22, 1891. While showing a friend how to box, Killen slipped and fell. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Killen had been out of training for some time, and for the past year, he had worked as a saloonkeeper. Cause of death was given as erysipelas (a skin disease that can be fatal in the absence of antiobiotics)."; ;Pro;Erysipelas;Later;; ;
Joseph Altman;21-Nov;1891;KO;5;John Hellinger;19; ;hellinger;New York;New York;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, November 22, 1891; New York Times, November 26, 1891; New York Times, October 7, 1893; New York Times, January 9, 1894. The bout, described as a ""sparring match with gloves, took place in a stable. Cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage. In 1894, manslaughter charges were filed."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
ND;31-Dec;1891;KO;;Waterstone; ; ;waterstone;Winton;Queensland;Australia;ND;Brisbane (Australia) Courier, January 5, 1892. The bout was with 4 ounce gloves, at Steele's Hall. Waterstone was struck in the stomach. Cause of death was attributed to ruptured intestine. The opponent was arrested.; ;Pro;Intenal injuries;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Charles Vokes;28-Jan;1892;KO;15;Robert Brown; ; ;brown;Cincinnati;Ohio;USA;Light;"New York Times, January 29, 1893; New York Times, October 7, 1893. It was Brown's first professional fight. The venue was the lower deck of an Ohio River excursion boat, about ten miles south of Cincinnati. In other words, it was between jurisdictions. There were about 150 observers. During the fourteenth round, Brown was hit hard by an uppercut, but was saved by the bell. He stood up for the fifteenth, and then collapsed. Brown's father, who was present, stepped in and stopped the fight. The boat returned to Cincinnati. Brown was carried off on a stretcher, and he died on his way home."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows ;;
H.A. Smeltzer;11-Mar;1892;KO;;Charles E. Lesh;17;;lesh;Wells County (Bluffton);Indiana;USA;ND;"Washington Post, March 13, 1892; Traverse City (Michigan) Herald, March 17, 1892; Pennsylvania (Indiana) Indiana Progress, March 23, 1892; Ancestry.com, Indiana Deaths, 1882-1920 [database online]. Lesh was knocked down by a blow to the neck. He died a few minutes later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Charles Bell;13-Mar;1892;Wfoul;23;"Wallace ""Pearl"" Henderson";16;;henderson;Portland;Oregon;USA;ND;"Portland Oregonian, March 14, 1892; Portland Oregonian, March 17, 1892. The two youths, aged 15 and 16, had a contest to see who was the better boxer. During the fight, both landed many good punches. After the decision was declared, Henderson collapsed into a coma. A doctor was summoned, and he arrived with the half hour, but it was too late. Cause of death was listed as ""insufficiency of the contractable power of the right heart."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
McCarthy ;15-Apr;1892;KO; ;Henderson; ;  ;henderson;Waverley ; ;New Zealand;ND;Hawera and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, April 16, 1892. The men were in a sparring match at the Clarendon Hotel. Henderson was knocked down, and died within minutes. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
David Ryan;26-Apr;1892;KO;;Ambrose Seeley;24;;seeley;New York;New York;USA;ND;Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 27, 1892. The two men had a quarrel that they decided to settle using London Prize Ring rules. Seeley was downed by a blow to the neck. When he did not get up, the spectators fled.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
King;Jun/;1892;;;"Robert ""Bob"" Matthews"; ; ;matthews;Wellington; ;New Zealand;ND;" Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, June 14, 1892; Marlborough (New Zealand) Express, June 18, 1892. Died at Waipawa County Hospital a week ago Saturday. He did not recover from injuries received in the bout with King."; ;Pro; ;Later;;;
Robert Rothery;28-Aug;1892;KO;5;William Asquith;20; ;asquith;Leeds;West Yorkshire;England;ND;"Leeds (England) Mercury, August 31, 1892; Leeds (England) Mercury, September 2, 1892; Leeds (England) Times, September 2, 1892; Liverpool (England) Mercury, December 10, 1892. The venue was the grounds of Temple Newsam. The prize was two pounds per side. The fight started about 7:25 in the morning. About two hundred spectators were present. There was no ring, save that formed by the spectators. The fight lasted about twenty minutes. At the end of that time, Asquith suddenly dropped his hands to his side, and Rothery promptly hit him several times hard in his head. He fell backwards. ""Time"" was called. Asquith stood up, said, ""I won't give in,"" and then fell back again. The fight was stopped. He then lay in the wet grass for awhile, until finally some men carried him to a nearby stable. The owner of the property told the men to take him away, or she would have them arrested. So, the men moved Asquith to a hedgerow. About 8:15 in the morning, three constables arrived. The sergeant borrowed a horse and cart, and the police then transported Asquith to the Leeds Borough infirmary, where he died. The surgeon said cause of death was a clot of blood on the brain. The clot was probably due to the fall rather than blows. Rothery and the seconds were arrested. The jury returned a verdict of manslaughter.  "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
Stephen Memory (Soldier Clayson);10-Sep;1892;KO;40;William Langley (Dobbs);28; ;langley;Northampton;Northamptonshire;England;Middle (11 stone);"(Darlington, England) Northern Echo, September 12, 1892; (Darlington, England) Northern Echo, September 19, 1892; (London, England) Illustrated Police News etc., October 1, 1892; London Times, November 21, 1892; Bristol (England) Mercury and Daily Post, December 10, 1892. The men had a quarrel that they agreed to settle with a prizefight. About thirty persons were present. The prize was œ5 per side. The fight lasted about an hour and a half. Toward the end, Langley was so weak he had to be helped to stand. He was taken home in a cab. The doctor was summoned, but he died two days later without regaining consciousness. Most of his bruises were on the right side. Death was attributed to an effusion of blood on the brain following a blow. The jury ruled manslaughter. The sentence was 14 days."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
Jack Keefe;2-Oct;1892;KO;5;George Roway (Billy the Kid Duffy); ;;roway;Covington;Nebraska;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, October 3, 1892; Plattsburgh (New York) Morning Telegram, October 5, 1892, http://esf.uvm.edu/vtbox/Historical.html. Roway (Duffy) died within an hour of the fight's end. The coroner found indications of heart disease. Keefe, the referee, and the seconds were arrested."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;Unfit; ;
Jack Davis;8-Oct;1892;KO;8;Richard Barker (Dick Nolan); ;;barker;Memphis;Tennessee;USA;Light;"Galveston (Texas) Daily News, October 11, 1892; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, October 13, 1892. The bout took place at the Memphis YMCA. Five-ounce gloves were worn. The fight was probably even into the sixth round. In the seventh, both men were visibly tired, so no apparent damage was done. Then, during the eighth, Davis hit Nolan with a left to the chin, and Nolan fell unconscious. Nolan died the following day, about noon. Cause of death was listed as a burst blood vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John McGarry;17-Oct;1892;KO;4;William J. Neary;26;;neary;New York;New York;USA;ND;"(Iowa City) Iowa Citizen, October 21, 1892; Waterloo (Iowa) State Reporter, October 27, 1892; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Journal, October 29, 1892. Neary was knocked out by a blow to the chest. After being seen by a physician, he was carried home, still unconscious. He died the following day about noon.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
James Lomas;6-Nov;1892;KO; ;Smith; ; ;smith ;Ince;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, November 14, 1892. Smith died  a week after the fight. Cause of death was attributed to peritonitis subsequent to a blow received during the fight.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Later;;;
William Smith;14-Dec;1892;KO;;James Brown; ;;brown;New Orleans ;Louisiana;USA;ND;Dallas Morning News, October 20, 1892. The fight was a grudge match fought under London Prize Ring rules. The knockdown followed a strike to the chest.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Alexander ""Young Sandy"" Ross";17-Dec;1892;Wdec;19;"Alexander ""Scotty"" Stewart (Davidson)";21;Y;stewart;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"Brisbane Courier, December 19, 1892; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, December 19, 1892; Hawarea and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, December 20, 1892; Brisbane Courier, December 21, 1892; Sydney Mail, December 31, 1892. Brisbane Courier, December 22, 1892; Sydney Morning Herald, April 6, 1893. Ross was the son of professional boxer Alexander ""Sandy"" Ross. Both Ross and Stewart had boxed less than a week prior to this bout. Their gloves were 4.5 ounce. The bout took place at the California Athletic Club. The prize was about œ7. There were several knockdowns during the last few rounds, and Stewart was knocked down twice in the nineteenth round. Over the crowd's disapproval, the police stopped the fight, and Ross was declared the winner. Stewart heard the decision, then fell backwards on his stool. He was carried to the dressing room, and following morning, he died in hospital. Cause of death was extravasation of blood on the brain. The coroner's jury ruled manslaughter, due to prizefighting being illegal."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
Watson;26-Dec;1892; KO;3;Charles William Egerton Tatton; ; ;tatton;Singapore; ;British Straits Settlements;ND;"(Singapore) Straits Times Weekly Issue, February 16, 1892; (Singapore) Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, February 23, 1892. In Jauary 1892, Tatton began complaining of headaches, and on February 4, 1892, he was admitted to the hospital. He died a week later. Autopsy showed an old clot of blood on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Misadventure;;
George Green;4-Feb;1893;KO;2;George W. Goodrich (Ed Williams); ;Y;goodrich;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;ND;"Melissa Haley, ""A Storm of Blows,"" Common-Place, 3:2 (January 2003), http://www.common-place.org/vol-03/no-02/haley/haley-2.shtml; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 4, 1893; New York Times, February 5, 1893; New York Times, February 10, 1893; Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, February 17, 1893; New York TImes, October 7, 1893. The stage floor was wet with blood. Goodrich fell  backwards on the wet surface, and broke his neck. The death was ruled an accident, but the investigation does not seem to have been especially thorough, perhaps because the promoters were well-known white men from Louisiana while the deceased was a black man from Louisville, Kentucky. The venue for the bout was the Olympic Club, and soon after this death, the State took the Olympic Club to court, saying that its gloved boxing matches violated state laws against prize fighting. The court case was State v. Olympic Club, 24 L.R.A. 452, 15 So 190, April 1894. In this case, the court ruled that state laws against bare-knuckled prizefighting did not apply to gloved contests sponsored by regularly chartered athletic clubs. Instead, if the state wanted to ban gloved contests as well as bare-knuckle prizefights, then new laws would be required."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Dal Hawkins;24-Feb;1893;KO;15;"William ""Swede"" Miller";21;;miller;San Francisco;California;USA;Feather;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 26, 1893; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 26, 1893; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, March 2, 1893. Miller was never really in the fight, and he was knocked out in the fifteenth. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Hawkins was arrested. Miller was reportedly a pseudonym."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
William Edward Savage (Yankee);4-Mar;1893;Draw;20;James Joseph Lewis;24;Y;lewis;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"(Adelaide, Australia) South Australian Register, March 6, 1893; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, March 7, 1893; Tuapeka (New Zealand) Times, March 8, 1893; Brisbane (Australia) Courier, April 5, 1893; Tuapeka (New Zealand) Times, April 19, 1893; (Wellington) NZ Truth, March 6, 1915. Two nights earlier, Lewis had been sparring with Michael Fox at Tom Meadows' gym in Abercrombie Street when he struck his head on an iron pillar. At the inquest, it was said Lewis had done this intentionally, to show how strong his head was, but later, it was admitted that the blow was accidental. In any event, he was helped home. The fight took place at Sam Matthew's California Club for œ25 and a percentage of the gate. Four ounce gloves were worn. At the end of the twentieth round, the referee called it a draw. Nonetheless, Lewis was taken home vomiting, and he died early next morning. The medical examiner attributed death to rupture of the meningeal artery.The principals were arrested, and the jury ruled guilty."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Manslaughter: Preexisting injjury; ;
ND;14-Mar;1893;KO;3;Fred Wright; ;;wright;Grand Rapids;Michigan;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, March 15, 1893; Hamilton (Ohio) Daily Republican, March 16, 1893. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Joseph Dunfee;4-Apr;1893;KO;7;Daniel Donovan; ;Y;donovan;Maple Bay;New York;USA;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1893; Syracuse (New York) Evening Herald, April 6, 1893; Olean (New York) Democrat, April 7, 1893; New York Times, May 13, 1893. It was reportedly Dunfee's first glove fight. Donovan was knocked down three times in the final round. He died the following day. Cause of death was blood between the membranes of the brain. The county sheriff was charged with not using due diligence in preventing the bout, but the charge was dismissed by the governor. Donovan's brother Jack was also a prizefighter, and on April 6, 1894, Jack Donovan, fighting under the name Jack Watson, also suffered significant brain injury while boxing. See (Phoenix) Arizona Republican, April 8, 1894 and Syracuse (New York) Herald, April 8, 1894."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Joseph Gregory;Apr/;1893;KO; ;Henry Lang ; ; ;langley;Windsor;Ontario;Canada;ND;(Quebec) Daily Telegraph, April 10, 1893. The youths were boxing at the Great Western Hotel. Lang's ribs were broken, and about a week after the fight, he died of injuries.;;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring; ;;
"John ""Jack"" Nicholson";11-Apr;1893;W disq;35;Richard Campbell Forgie;21;;forgie;Auckland;;New Zealand;Light;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, April 25, 1893; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, May 30, 1893; Otago (New Zealand) Witness, June 1, 1893; (Whangarei, New Zealand) Northern Advocate, June 10, 1893. The bout was fought with gloves, for money. There were about 400 spectators. The fight lasted from 9:45 p.m. until about 1 a.m. Forgie was clearly tired after the thirtieth round, but kept fighting, and in the 35th round, he was awarded the victory by reason of a foul. (He was knocked over the ropes, and Nicholson pulled him back in, in order to strike him again.) Forgie went to work the next day, but that night, he said he had a bad headache, and he died in bed. Cause of death was brain injuries. The judge advised the jury to consider whether the fight violated laws against prizefighting. To the judge's surprise, the grand jury responded with a verdict of no bill. The reason was that the police had been present and did not stop the fight. Thus, the jury decided that do what the judge instructed was against their duty. Immediately after dismissal, Nicholson caught a ship to Sydney. A month later, one of the seconds, Richard Sandall, aged 29, dropped dead n his shop, for no apparent reason."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Blows: Misadventure; ;
"Henry John ""Harry"" Bull";15-May;1893;KO;9;"Henry Edward ""Harry"" Wiltshire";20;Y;wiltshire;Smithfield;London;England;Heavy;"London Times, May 20, 1893; Manchester (England) Guardian, May 20, 1893. (London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, May 21, 1893. The venue was Queen's Head School of Arms, in Smithfield. Spectators were charged 6 pence admission. Eight-ounce gloves were worn. In the ninth round, Wiltshire was knocked through the ropes. He did not get up. Eventually, he was carried to the scullery at the adjoining Queen's Head public house, where he died. Death was attributed to rupture of vessels in the brain. Mechanism of injury was attributed to the fall. The coroner's jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Inspector Jarratt;19-May;1893;Sparring; ;William Henry Rodan;46;  ;rodan;Birmingham;West Midlands;England;ND;Birmingham (England) Daily Post, June 13, 1893. Roden was a police inspector. At work, on a Friday afternoon, he was sparring with another senior officer. He slipped, and fell. When he got up, his nose was bleeding, so the men stopped the sparring. A few days later, he complained he felt out of sorts. Then he died. Cause of death was a clot on the brain. The jury ruled accidental death, and said the cause was the fall rather than blows.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
"Francis J. ""Frank"" Egan";17-Jul;1893;KO;2;John J. McDonald;24;;mcdonald;New York;New York;USA;Middle (150-lbs);"New York Times, July 18, 1893; New York Times, July 19, 1893; New York Times, July 29, 1893; New York Times, October 7, 1893.The bout took place at a lumber yard at 843 Tenth Avenue. The match was fought with gloves and 3-minute rounds, before several hundred spectators. Egan weighed about 180 pounds, while McDonald weighed about 150 pounds. McDonald was knocked down by a blow to the jaw, and did not get up. A policeman arrived, and called an ambulance. McDonald died in hospital later that evening. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The injury was attributed to the fall rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
"William ""Kid"" Robinson";3-Aug;1893;Draw;22;Bobby Taylor (Lon Turner, Sailor Kid);;Y;taylor;Denver;Colorado;USA;Feather;"Aspen (Colorado) Weekly Times, August 5, 1893; Trenton (New Jersey) Times, August 5, 1893; Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, August 5, 1893; Chicago Daily Tribune, August 5, 1893. The venue was the Ramblers Cycling Club. Six-ounce gloves were worn. Taylor was white and Robinson was black, so the referee's declaration of a ""draw"" at the end of 22 rounds suggests that Taylor was losing badly. Taylor collapsed in the dressing room, and remained unconscious until his death the next afternoon. The referee was the famous Western lawman Bat Masterson. Masterson said that death was caused by the fall rather than blows. After rendering this important decision, that paragon of frontier law enforcement promptly skipped town."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;Sep/;1893;ND; ;Patrick Bowles;29; ;bowles;Churchtown;Merseyside;England;ND;Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, September 20, 1893. Bowles had been in a street fight on Easter Monday (April 3), and in it, he suffered a head injury that required medical attention. In September, he participated in a bout at a boxing booth. Afterwards, he complained of great pain. During the night, he got worse, and the priest was called, but Bowles died before the priest arrived. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Prior injury;;
Samuel Smith;22-Oct;1893;KO;5;Patrick Fahey; ; ;fahey;Chester;Cheshire;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, October 29, 1893; Liverpool (England) Mercury, February 3, 1894. The fight took place in Lache Lane. The prize was five shillings. Smith was ""a coloured man"" who came to England via Argentina. Fahey was battered about the heart, and died from internal injuries. The jury acquitted. "; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure;;
John Henry Johnson;23-Oct;1893;KO;7;Emmett Burke; ;Y;burke;Gloucester;New Jersey;USA;Light;"Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, March 2, 1906; http://www.boxrec.com";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Lloyd;28-Oct;1893;KO;;Charles Cunningham; ;;cunningham;Lady Barkly;;New Zealand;ND;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, November 1, 1893; North Otago (New Zealand) Times, November 3, 1893; Wanganui (New Zealand) Chronicle, November 17, 1893. Cunningham was struck on the body, and afterwrds said he was in great pain. A doctor was called, but Cunningham died nonetheless, on October 31, 1893. Cause of death was attributed to a burst hydatid cyst. That is, Cunningham had tapeworm. The blow burst a cyst attached to his liver, and he died."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Blow; ;
Silas Taft;2-Jan;1894;KO;1;Porter Scott;18;;scott;Des Moines;Iowa;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 3, 1894; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 3, 1894; (Dublin) Irish Times, January 5, 1894; (Correctionville, Iowa) Sioux Valley News, January 11, 1894. The bout took place at the Essex Athletic Club. After being struck in the neck, Scott fell to the floor, where he died within minutes. Cause of death was concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall. The death caused the state governor to call for an end to all prize fights in Iowa."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Arthur Foster;13-Feb;1894;Sparring;;Alfred Hosmer Linder;19;Y;linder;Cambridge;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"New York Times, February 19, 1894; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Journal, February 24, 1894; Secretary's Report, No. 1, Harvard College Class of 1895, 60, 176; ""Alfred Hosmer Linder '95,"" http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=316563.  The boxers were college students. Seven ounce gloves were worn. Linder was struck on the jaw. He congratulated Foster on the blow, then fell to the floor. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain. A scholarship was subsequently established in Linder's name at Harvard College."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blow: Misadventure; ;
A. W. Crane;9-Mar;1894;KO;2;Mike Sullivan; ; ;sullivan;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Heavy;(New York) Evening World, March 10, 1894. The bout took place at the Chicago Athletic Club, and it was billed as the first amateur boxing championship of the West. Sullivan was nearly knocked out in the first, but went out for the second, where he was pummeled at will. Following the knockout, he remained unconscious for several minutes. He got dressed, and started home. On his way home, he said he didn't feel good, and then fell in the gutter.;;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;15-Mar;1894;Ldec;3;Harry B. Sapp;;;sapp;Renovo;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Trenton (New Jersey) Times, March 16, 1894. After losing the match, Sapp went home. Next morning, he was found dead in his bed.; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
John Pugh;21-Mar;1894;KO;;Michael Goppert; ;;goppert; Utica;New York;USA;ND;"Bismarck (North Dakota) Daily Tribune, March 23, 1894; Olean (New York) Democrat, March 24, 1894. Goppert was knocked to the floor, and carried to the hospital."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Thomas Roberts Edwards;17-May;1894;KO;7;David Rees;;;rees;Aberdare;Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf);Wales;ND;"Manchester (England) Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, May 18, 1894; (Winnipeg) Manitoba Morning Free Press, May 19, 1894; Liverpool (England) Mercury, May 21, 1894; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, May 28, 1894; Wanganui (New Zealand) Herald, August 2, 1894. The bout took place at Patsy' Perkins' boxing saloon in Market Hall. Five-ounce gloves were worn, and the stone floor was overlaid with sawdust. Rees was knocked over the ropes in the seventh, and he did not get up. Doctors were called, but he died before they arrived. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture, with the mechanism of injury being the fall on a stone floor rather than participation in what a letter writer to the Western Mail (M.A. Cantar, May 28, 1894) called the ""healthful exercise of boxing."""; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring; ; ;
Jimmy Carney;15-Jun;1894;KO;3;Tommy Miller;;;miller;Meyers Lake;Ohio;USA;Light;Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 16, 1894. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Kennard (St. Paul Kid);13-Jul;1894;KO;4;Gene Flanagan; ;;flanagan;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Feather;Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 13, 1894. The men fought in the back of a saloon. Two billiards tables had been moved for the occasion, and there were about 70 spectators. Flanagan was diagnosed with a fractured skull.; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Lindsey;9-Aug;1894;KO; ;Arthur Robbins (Fletcher Robinson); ;;robbins;Plattsmouth;Nebraska;USA;Welter;"Frederick (Maryland) News, August 21, 1894; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, August 14, 1894; Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1895; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Morning Free Press, March 23, 1895; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News, November 28, 1895; Frederick (Maryland) News, December 6, 1895. Robbins (Robinson) died of his injuries on August 14, 1894, and in March 1895, Lindsay, of Omaha, was sentenced to 2 years in the state penitentiary for his part in the death. The referee, G.V. Griswold, was the sports editor of a local paper. Griswold was also charged, but he was exonerated in December 1895."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Various;25-Aug;1894;Sparring; ;Payne; ; ;payne;Torquay;Devon;England;ND;(Oxford, England) Jackson's Oxford Journal, September 29, 1894. The deceased sparred with several men associated with a boxing booth set up at the Torquay Regatta. He was knocked down by all of them. He left. Witnesses said he looked drunk. The surgeon said death was due to meningitis, and the coroner's jury moved to dismiss charges of manslaughter.; ;Pro;Meningitis;Soon after;Unfit;;
Edward Turner;7-Oct;1894;Sparring;;John A. Gerharty;14;;gerharty;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;ND;"(New Orleans, Louisiana) Daily Picayune, October 8, 1894. The youths sparred with gloves for about ten minutes. Gerharty began sweating profusely. Advised to stop boxing, he did not. He took a hard blow to the heart. He said, ""I am dazed,"" then collapsed and died."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Joseph Wiley;7-Aug;1894;KO; ;Herman Barnes; ; ;barnes;Rolfe;Iowa;USA;ND;Frederick (Maryland) News, August 7, 1894. The two men were farmers who decided to settle a grudge with a prizefight. Barnes died. Wiley was arrested.; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
ND;Oct/;1894;ND; ;William John Edgar;43;;edgar;London;London;England;ND;London Times, January 15, 1895. Edgar was a working man whose recreation was boxing. He came home one Sunday afternoon, after a bout, and took to his bed. He got worse, and three months later, he died. He never told his wife who he had been fighting, as the injury had been due, in his words, to his own foolishness.; ;Amateur;Cervical injury;Later;Misadventure;;
"Robert ""Ruby Bob"" Fitzsimmons";16-Nov;1894;KO;1;"Cornelius ""Con"" Riordan";31;Y;riordan;Syracuse;New York;USA;Light Heavy;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 17, 1894; Reno Evening Gazette, November 17, 1894; Syracuse (New York) Daily Standard, November 17, 1894; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, November 17, 1894; Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1894; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 14, 1933; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, May 19, 1989. Riordan, who was from Melbourne, Australia, was Fitzsimmons' sparring partner, and he had not boxed competitively since losing to Jack Slavin in June 1892. Thus, Fitzsimmons normally took it easy on Riordan, who was also a heavy drinker. After being told of the death, Fitzsimmons said, ""I knew he had been drinking hard, but did not know he was in such a condition... The blow that caused the trouble was as light as I could make it, I merely slapping him with the back of my hand. He fell down then rose and staggered around... When he fell headlong, I thought he was faking, and was thoroughly disgusted."" The death certificate listed the cause of death as ""hemorrhage within the cranial cavity, causing compression of the brain."" The clot was on the right side of the brain, very deep.  Fitzsimmons was arrested on a charge of manslaughter in the first degree, but  was later acquitted. Fitzsimmons bought the burial plot for Riordan, in Section 51 of Oakwood Cemetery, and helped carry the casket, but no one ever bought Riordan a gravestone. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
"Maurice ""Dummy"" Winters";16-Nov;1894;TKO;2;George Smith;22;Y;smith ;London;London;England;Feather;"Cumberland (Maryland) Evening Times, December 11, 1894; London Times, December 19, 1894; (London) Illustrated Police News, December 22, 1894; (Winnipeg) Manitoba Morning Free Press, January 9, 1895. Winters was a deaf-mute, hence the name. Smith had taken up boxing about two months previously, and the bout was arranged at the last minute, to fill a hole in a card. However, he had fought professionally as recently as four nights before the fatal fight. The rounds were two minutes each, with one minute between them. During the second round, Smith was struck hard on the jaw, and he may have hit his head on the ropes as he fell. He did not answer the bell for the third round, and so the fight was awarded to Winters. Following the fight, Smith's jaw continued to hurt, so he went to the doctor. He was diagnosed with a broken jaw, on the right, near the front. Gangrene set in around a rotten tooth, and Smith died on December 10, 1894. Winters was arrested. Death was attributed to blood poisoning, following a gangrenous condition of the lungs."; ;Pro;Gangrene;Later;Blows: Misadventure; ;
George Lavigne (Saginaw Kid);14-Dec;1894;KO;18;Andy Bowen;27;Y;bowen;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;Feather;"Chicago Daily Tribune, December 16, 1894; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, December 15, 1894; William A. Adams, ""New Orleans as the National Center of Boxing,"" Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 39 (1956), 92-112; New Orleans Daily Picayune, December 15, 1894; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 16, 1894; Melissa Haley, ""A Storm of Blows,"" Common-Place, 3:2 (January 2003), http://www.common-place.org/vol-03/no-02/haley/haley-3.shtml. According to Haley, ""In the eighteenth round, Bowen 'staggered around like a drunken man,' clinched continually to save himself, and tried to avoid Lavigne's blows. A right caught him in the jaw, though, and Bowen fell back and 'his head hit the wooden floor with a thud which could have been heard a block away.' The ring, as it turned out, was not padded; it was simply wooden planks, with a canvas tarp stretched across the top."" Bowen died the following morning without regaining consciousness. No doctors were called because of fears of adverse publicity. Lavigne and promoters were charged with manslaughter, but charges were dismissed after the coroner said the mechanism of injury was the fall rather than the blow."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
ND;Jan/;1895;Sparring;;Michael Nugent; ;;nugent;Springfield;Ohio;USA;ND;Cumberland (Maryland) Evening Times, January 8, 1895. A few days prior to his death on January 8, Nugent had been boxing with a friend. He was punched in the nose. Cause of death was a clot on the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Mar/;1895;KO;;Meekins;;;meekins;Dorchester County;Maryland;USA;ND;"Frederick (Maryland) News, March 26, 1895. ""A colored lad named Meekins has been arrested in Dorchester county, charged with causing the death of a schoolmate in a boxing match."""; ;Amateur;;Ring;;;
Frank Klein;21-Jul;1895;KO;5;Louis Schmidt Jr.; ;;schmidt;Milwaukee;Wisconsin;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, July 23, 1895; Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1895; (Albert Lea, Minnesota) Freeborn County Standard, July 31, 1895; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, March 14, 1896; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, March 14, 1896. The fight took place at a roadhouse. Schmidt was tiring. He was struck, and knocked into the chairs. Klein and the spectators fled. Schmidt died the following day, and on March 14, 1896, Klein was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to five years."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Paul Siegman;24-Jul;1895;Sparring; ;Julius Siegman;28; ;siegman;Randolph;Wisconsin;USA;ND;(Portage) Wisconsin State Register, July 30, 1898. The men were brothers, and they were sparring with gloves. Julius was not struck hard and there was no visible bruising. Cause of death was cause unknown.; ;Amateur;Unknown;Ring;Misadventure;;
Henry Lewis;15-Sep;1895;KO;18;Arthur Vaughn;18; ;vaughn;Llanwonno Mountain (near Mountain Ash);Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf);Wales;ND;"Birmingham (England) Daily Post, September 17, 1895; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, September 19, 1895. The men tried to fight early in the morning (it was a Sunday), but the police interfered, so the fight took place in the afternoon. The fight took place near Llanwonno Church, with bare knuckles. The prize was a sovereign a side. There were perhaps a hundred people present. There were no ropes or stakes; the crowd made the ring. The fight lasted about 45 minutes. Finally, Vaughn was knocked out, and the victory was awarded to Lewis. Vaughn got up. He shook hands with Lewis, dressed, and began to walk home with his brother. Suddenly, he collapsed. His brother ran for a cab and the doctor. The cab transported Vaughn to his sister's house in Penrhiwceiber. The surgeon arrived between eleven and twelve p.m. Vaughn was unconscious, and vomiting blood. Autopsy found congestion of blood on the brain, especially on the left side. The cause may have been either a blow or the fall. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
John Peterson;2-Nov;1895;KO;;Ralph W. Eldridge;25;;eldridge;Natick;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"San Francisco Chronicle, November 3, 1895; North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, November 4, 1895. Eldridge was knocked down by a blow to the left ear. While falling, he reportedly struck his head on a table. He died before medical assistance arrived. Peterson was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
William Thomas;Oct/;1895;Sparring; ;J. Edkins; ; ;edkins;New Radnor;Poys;Wales;ND;(Devon, England) Western Gazette, October 24, 1895. The men were sparring. Thomas tripped Edkins. This caused him to strike his head on a settle (which is a wooden bench with a high back and storage beneath the seat). He died. The jury ruled manslaughter.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter;;
Francis Collins;Oct/;1895;KO; ;James Toomey; ; ;toomey;Waterford;Hertfordshire;England;ND;Birmingham (England) Daily Post, October 29, 1895. Collins was charged with manslaughter. ; ;Pro; ;Ring ; ;;
John Shagner;3-Jan;1896;KO;10;Henry Rodriguez;20;Y;rodriguez;New York;New York;USA;ND;"Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig and Courier, January 6, 1896; Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times, October 15, 1896; Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig and Courier, October 31, 1896. The fight took place on a canal boat, under Queensberry Rules. The purse was $10. Rodriguez was carried home semi-conscious, bleeding from nose and ears. He died a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture. Shagner, age 16, and several seconds were subsequently convicted of manslaughter. Sentence was suspended."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Henry Pluckfelder;8-Feb;1896;KO;;Frederick Schlechter;40;;schlechter;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, February 10, 1896; Oakland Tribune, February 10, 1896; Titusville (Pennsylvania) Morning Herald, February 11, 1896; Waukesha (Wisconsin) Freeman, February 13, 1896; Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Roll: T9_1176; Family History Film: 1255176; Page: 167.3000; Enumeration District: 302; Image: 0337. A prizefight was staged at Schlechter's mattress factory.  Schlechter walked home after the fight, where he died of injuries on February 10, 1896. Cause of death was attributed to a skull fracture received during a fall. Pluckfelder, an ex-policeman, was arrested."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
William Weston;26-Feb;1896;Sparring; ;Henry Rosen; ; ;rosen ;Springsure;Queensland;Australia;ND;Brisbane Courier, February 26, 1896. The two men were sheep shearers. They were sparing at the gym During the second round, Rosen collapsed. Cause of death was heart disease.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring; ;;
Dick Ambrose;20-Mar;1896;KO; ;Thomas Davies; ; ;davies;Swansea;Glamorgan (Swansea);Wales;ND;"(London, England) Reynolds's Newspaper, March 22, 1896; Leeds (England) Mercury, March 23, 1896; Sheffield (England) Daily Telegraph, March 24, 1896. The fight took place at Billy Samuel's boxing booth, for a prize of œ10. Davies died the morning after the fight. The surgeon ruled cause of death was ""rupture of the brain,"" but could not say whether it was caused by the blow or the fall. The jury ruled manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
William Kemper;31-Mar;1896;KO;1;John Lipke;40;;lipke;Otis;Indiana;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, April 2, 1896; Chicago Daily Tribune, April 3, 1896; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Weekly Sentinel, April 8, 1896; Ancestry.com. Indiana Deaths, 1882-1920 [database on-line]. The men were engaged in a boxing match at a saloon. Kemper struck Lipke below the belt. Lipke collapsed and he died the following day."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;; ;
Charles Turner;1-Apr;1896;KO;17;Jesse Clark (Texas Terror);;;clark;Memphis;Tennessee;USA;ND;Fort Wayne (Indiana) Weekly Sentinel, April 8, 1896. Turner was black. Clark was white. A warrant was issued for Turner's arrest.; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Arthur W. Bradley;4-Apr;1896;KO;;Richard Ingram; ;;ingram;South Lawrence;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1896; St. John (New Brunswick) Daily Sun, April 6, 1896;Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, April 9, 1896; Perry (Iowa) Bulletin, April 16, 1896. Both men were Scottish immigrants who worked in a Haverhill shoe factory. They decided to fight to see who was the better boxer. The prize was $10. The bout took place in a barn on a hard floor. After about 30 minutes, Ingram was struck on the right jaw and collapsed. He lay unconscious for at least fifteen minutes before being carried by wagon to his brother's house, where he died. The coroner ruled death by violence. Bradley was arrested, and charged with manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Harry Maurer;7-Apr;1896;Sparring; ;"Michael ""Chappie"" Moran";27;;moran;Sheffield;South Yorkshire;England;Bantam;"Sheffield (England) Independent, April 3, 1896; London Times, April 8, 1896; (London) Reynolds's Newspaper, April 12, 1896. The bout was an exhibition designed to promote Maurer. It was scheduled for three rounds. Moran slipped and Maurer fell on him. Moran had an internal injury, and was taken to hospital, where he died.";;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
"Patrick ""Patsy"" Nolan";7-May;1896;KO;11;John Houlihan;22;;houlihan;Farmington;Connecticut;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1896; Steubenville (Ohio) Daily Herald, May 8, 1896; New York Times, May 12, 1896; Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Daily Sentinel, May 12, 1896. Death was originally attributed to sunstroke, but after the autopsy, the coroner ruled that death was due to hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;10-Jul;1896;NoDec;3;Arthur Stewart;30; ;stewart;Mansfield;Nottinghamshire;USA;ND;Sheffield (England) Daily Telegraph, July 16, 1896. Stewart went three rounds with the pro at a fairground boxing booth. He dressed, and went home. The following day, he said his head hurt. He went to the doctor, and by Wednesday of the following week, he was dead. Cause of death was hemorrhage and compression of the brain. The jury ruled accidental death caused by a fall.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
Bob Thompson;28-Jul;1896;KO;12;"James ""Tom"" Carter"; ;Y;carter;Salt Lake City;Utah;USA;Welter;"Salt Lake (Utah) Herald, July 30, 1896; Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, July 30, 1896; Salt Lake (Utah) Herald, August 3, 1896; Marble Rock (Iowa) Weekly, August 6, 1896. Thompson knocked out Carter with a blow to the chin. Carter's head hit the floor hard, and he died two days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Although most witnesses attributed death to a hard blow on the chin, Dr. James N. Harrison testified that, in his medical opinion, a blow with an eight-ounce glove could not cause such an injury. The jury ruled accidental death, and Thompson was released from custody. In his book Black Dynamite, Nat Fleischer erroneously identified the deceased as Jim ""Coast Comet"" Carter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Will Clark;25-Aug;1896;KO; ;Emsle Williams; ; ;williams;Van Buren;Arkansas;USA;ND;(Salem, Oregon) Daily Capital Journal, August 25, 1896. Williams was struck in the left chest while sparring, and died almost instantly.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;;;
ND;Dec/;1896;KO; ;William Kelly;24; ;kelly;Shenandoah;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) Inquirer, December 31, 1896. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage of the nose.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
George Justus;2-Jan;1897;Ldec;10;James Duffy;27;Y;duffy;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Bantam;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, January 4, 1897; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 7, 1897; Dallas Morning News, January 5, 1897; National Police Gazette, January 16, 1897. Previously, following a fight with Bob Rooke in 1893, Duffy had been unconscious for about 5 hours. According to testimony given at the coroner's inquest, there were no knockdowns during the fight, which was reportedly a slow one. At the end of the match, the boxers shook hands, and Duffy walked to his corner. He had trouble getting through the ropes, and he collapsed in the dressing room. An ambulance was called, and Duffy was taken to St. Vincent's hospital, where surgery was done to relieve pressure on the brain. Nonetheless, he died the following day. The autopsy determined that the cause of death was meningeal hemorrhage compounded by hyperatrophy of the left ventricle of the heart. The jury attributed cause of death to excitement, and Duffy was acquitted. No physical exam had been done beforehand, so the jury recommended that physicians be employed by fight clubs. NOTE: This is probably the boxing death described in Charles Phelps, Traumatic Injuries of the Brain and Its Membranes (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897), 534-535."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Unfit; ;
William Catskill;2-Jan;1897;KO;9;Daniel Flanagan; ;;flanagan;Low Point;New York;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, January 4, 1897; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, January 5, 1897; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, January 6, 1897. The community of Low Point is today known as Chelsea. The purse in the fight was $40. Both fighters were from Fishkill, but Catskill was ""colored"" and Flanagan was Irish, and there was a history of animosity between what the Fort Wayne paper called ""the white and colored sporting factions of the town."" Catskill was arrested for prizefighting."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
King;11-Jan;1897;Sparring; ;William Lindsay;44; ;king ;Purfleet;Essex;England;ND;Lindsay was the trainer of the Millwall Athletic Football Club, which was a professional soccer team based in the East End of  London. He was in Purfleet, with his team, for a finals match against Woolwich Arsenal. He was sparring with the team captain when he collapsed. He was dead within minutes.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
"William ""Shorty"" Wright";18-Feb;1897;KO;1;Ben Coleman;18;;coleman;Cincinnati;Ohio;USA;Fly;"Los Angeles Times, February 19, 1897; Washington Post, February 19, 1897. Both boxers were ""young colored boys"" put into the ring because no one else was available for a preliminary bout. The blow that knocked Coleman down was not especially hard, so the crowd thought the knockout a fake. Coleman died two hours later. Wright was also known as Rodgers."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
William Goldie;13-Mar;1897;KO;1;Peter O'Shay; ;;o'shay;Cheyenne;Wyoming;USA;ND;"New York Times, March 13, 1897; Marble Rock (Iowa) Weekly, March 18, 1897. Both boxers were privates in the 8th US Infantry assigned to Fort D.A. Russell (modern Warren Air Force Base). Goldie was struck below the temple, and fell to the floor, dead. Cause of death was attributed to a broken neck. Both men had been drinking prior to the boxing."; ;Amateur;Neck fracture;Ring; ; ;
Mark Shaughnessy (Frank Connelly) ;18-Mar;1897;KO;4;Christian Keilnecker ;40;;keilnecker;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 20, 1897; New York Times, March 20, 1897; Boston Daily Globe, March 23, 1897. Syracuse (New York) Herald, May 16, 1923. During the fight, Kielnecker stumbled, and reportedly hit his head. The day after the fight, Keilnecker's mother found him unconscious in his bed. The police were called, and Keilnecker was taken to the hospital. Before dying, he regained consciousness long enough to tell the police that he and Connelly (Shaugnessy) had been sparring in a room over a blacksmith's shop. Connelly (Shaugnessy) was arrested, but released when the cause was attributed to the fall rather than blows.   Shaugnessy was subsequently a manager or second during at least three fatal matches -- Dutch Neal vs. Harry Peppers, Harry Tenny vs. Frank Neil, and Alex Gdovin vs. Chiefy Johnson. Shaugnessy also refereed the Snailham-Crowe fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Samuel C. Perry;19-Mar;1897;TKO;3;Edward J. Gibbons; ;Y;gibbons;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 20, 1897; Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1897; New York Times, March 21, 1897; Boston Daily Globe, March 23, 1897; North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, December 24, 1897. The fight took place at the Tenth Ward Democratic club. Perry weighed about 175 pounds while Gibbons was about 165. Perry's nose was broken in the first two rounds, and in the third, Gibbons took a heavy blow to the heart. Gibbons was clearly stunned, so the referee stopped the fight. Gibbons later collapsed, so he was taken to the hospital, where he died the following morning. Although the principals were charged, they were acquitted in December 1897."; ;Pro;;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Tobin;14-Apr;1897;KO;1;Harrison; ;;harrison;Hampton;Arkansas;USA;ND;Huron (South Dakota) Daily Huronite, April 14, 1897. The bout was a glove match. Cause of death was said to be a broken neck.; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;; ;
Leslie Pearce;20-Apr;1897;KO;14;Billy Vernon (Haverstraw Brickmaker);27;Y;vernon;Athens;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 22, 1897; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 3, 1897; Hornellsville (New York) Weekly Tribune, April 23, 1897. Vernon was struck at least four heavy blows over the heart in the fourteenth.Then he fell over, face first, without being struck, and he died a few hours later. The left side of Vernon's body was swollen and discolored in the region of the heart. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Pearce was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Matthew Semichy;21-Apr;1897;KO;14;"""Kid"" Frank Evans"; ;;evans;San Jose;California;USA;Light;"Frederick (Maryland) News, April 23, 1897; Steubenville (Ohio) Herald, April 23, 1897; Dallas Morning News, April 23, 1897; Reno (Daily Nevada State Journal) April 23, 1897. Evans was hit on the chin, and his head struck the floor hard. He died the following morning without regaining consciousness. Visitors passed through the San Jose morgue all day to see the remains. Death was caused by concussion of the brain. Spelling of Semichy's name from Ancestry.com. 1920 and 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Prizefighting; ;
Peter Langtry;24-Apr;1897;Sparring; ;Rudolph Babst;48;;babst;Brooklyn;New York;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle,  April 25, 1897; New York Times, April 25, 1897. Babst, a recently retired Army recruiting sergeant, was sparring with a 17-year-old man. The two sparred for about 2 minutes, during which time Babst was struck repeatedly in the face and torso. Babst staggered backwards, saying, ""I guess I've got enough."" He sat down in a chair, and died. Babst had been diagnosed earlier with a heart condition."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Frank Shoemaker;27-Apr;1897;Sparring; ;Daniel Thomas;14;;thomas;Lima;Ohio;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, April 28, 1897; Marble Rock (Iowa) Weekly, May 6, 1897.   This does not appear to have been an organized bout. Thomas, a newsboy, was knocked down by a blow over the heart. He staggered home, and died soon after. Shoemaker, who was 21 years old, left town."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
"""Butcher"" John Thomas";16-May;1897;KO;13;Edward Augustus Collard;19; ;collard;Rhondda (Pontypridd) ;Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynonon Taf);Wales;ND;"Bristol (England) Times and Mirror, May 18, 1897; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, May 19, 1897; Bristol (England) Times and Mirror, August 25, 1897; (Glasgow) Scotsman, August 26, 1897. The two men were miners who had an argument and decided to settle it via an early morning prizefight. The purse was œ1 per side. About eighty people were present. The men were not fighting in a ring, but in a big hole. The spectators sat around the embankment. Toward the end of the fight, Collard had to be helped to stand, and was seen shivering, but the seconds would not call the fight, and there was no referee. Finally, Collard was knocked down by a right hand blow. The crowd cheered. Then, when Collard did not get up, the crowd left, silent. After awhile, Collard was carried to a nearby house, where he died. Thomas and the seconds were arrested. Autopsy revealed bruises around the chest and left arm. There was a clot of blood on the brain, weighing about 8 ounces. The ruptured blood vessel was on the right side of the head. Cause of death was blows to the left side of the head, near the ear. The jury ruled manslaughter. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;May/;1897;KO; ;Frank Espenshade;17; ;espenshade;Marietta;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Reading (Pennsylvania) Eagle, July 26, 1897; Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Inquirer, July 27, 1897. Espenshade had been knocked out in a fight on January 28, 1897, and was taken home unconscious following this bout in May 1897. He appeared to recover, then went into a coma. He was hospitalized on June 17, 1897, and died in July 1897.";;Pro;;Ring;;;
Joseph Henry Williams;1-Jul;1897;KO;16;Michael Kerwin;19;;kerwin;Birmingham;West Midlands;England;Fly (6 stone 7);"Liverpool (England) Courier, July 5, 1897; Bristol (England) Times and Mirror, July 30, 1897; Glasgow (Scotland), July 12, 1897; Glasgow (Scotland) Scotsman, July 30, 1897; Glasgow (Scotland), Scotsman July 31, 1897; R.G. Allanson-Winn, Boxing, London: A.D. Innes, 1897, 23-24. Kerwin was struck on the chin. He subsequently died. Cause of death was hemorrhage at the base of the brain. After hearing testimony, the judge ruled that ""sparring matches with gloves, if fairly conducted, were not unlawful, and, consequently, if death occurred from a blow fairly given in a contest, the person delivering the blow could not be convicted of manslaughter."" Williams was aged 16.";English;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Elisha Whittington;16-Jul;1897;KO; ;Carey Townsend; ; ;townsend;Columbia;Louisiana;USA;ND;(St. Joseph, Louisiana) Tensas Gazette, July 23, 1897. Townsend was struck near the heart and died almost at once. Death was ruled accidental.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Frederick Treichler;3-Aug;1897;KO; ;John Flynn;14;;flynn;Newark;New Jersey;USA;ND;"New York Times, August 4, 1897; Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Sentinel, August 4, 1897; New York Times, August 5, 1897. The youths were fighting bare-knuckle. Flynn was struck over the heart and died. Treichler, age 13, was charged with manslaughter, but released."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
"""Butcher"" Ivor Thomas";23-Aug;1897;KO ;12;Samuel Mandry;26;;mandry;Rhondda (Pontypridd) ;Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf);Wales;ND;"(London, England) Pall Mall Gazette, August 24, 1897; Liverpool (England) Daily Post, August 25, 1897; (Glasgow) Scotsman, August 26, 1897; Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, August 26, 1897; Liverpool (England) Daily Post, August 26, 1897; Derby (England) Mercury, September 1, 1897. The bout took place at a boxing booth in the Rhondda Valley.. The prize was five shillings a side. Queensberry's rules were followed and four-ounce gloves were worn. The fight was scheduled for twelve rounds. The referee stopped it in the eighth, but the two men agreed to continue to the end. In the twelfth, Mandry was hit hard in the stomach, but he went the distance. Mandry and Thomas then went to have a beer at a neighboring public house. After that, both men went home. In the morning, Mandry was found unconscious in his bed, and he died a few hours later. At the inquest, it was determined that  Mandry had been drinking before the fight, and had gone bicycling to sober up. The jury exonerated the referee who stopped the fight, but returned manslaughter against the promoters and Thomas."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
"Walter ""Bud"" Griffin";12-Oct;1897;KO;15;"John ""Jack"" Cummings";23;;cummings;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;Fly;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 13, 1897; San Antonio (Texas) Daily Light, October 13, 1897; New York Times, October 14, 1897; Chicago Daily Tribune, October 14, 1897; Melissa Haley, ""A Storm of Blows,"" Common-Place, 3:2 (January 2003), http://www.common-place.org/vol-03/no-02/haley/haley-4.shtml. The bout was held at the Tulane Athletic Club, and was advertised as a benefit show for yellow fever patients. Cummings was leading going into the thirteenth round. Then he started tiring, and during the fifteenth round, he fell to his knees, where he was struck several more times. After the fight was stopped, he said that his head hurt. He was carried to the dressing room. An ambulance was called, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was listed as a ruptured blood vessel on the right side of the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Fred Witman;16-Oct;1897;KO;6;Thomas Hawkins; ;;hawkins;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Feather;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 24, 1897; Washington Post, October 24, 1897. Hawkins was losing the fight on points, but his collapse in the sixth was still unexpected."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Edward Voll;16-Oct;1897;KO;12;Frank Kozewski; ;;kozewski;Lancaster;New York;USA;ND;Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times, October 20, 1897. Death was attributed to a clot of blood on the brain caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the neck.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
James Barry;7-Nov;1897;KO;20;Walter Croot;22;;croot;London;London;England;Bantam;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 7, 1897; London Times, December 7, 1897; London Times, December 8, 1897; London Times, December 13, 1897; Manchester (England) Guardian, December 13, 1897; Arthur Frederick Bettinson and William Outram Tristam, The National Sporting Club Past and Present (London: Sands & Co., 1902), 88-89; Tracy Callis, ""Jimmy Barry... ferocious little tiger,"" http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/W10x-tc.htm; Bob Mee, Bare Fists: The History of Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting (Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2001), 202; ""Walter James Croot,"" http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1189.1 Four-ounce gloves were being worn. Croot fell with about 30 seconds left in the last round. Officially, the cause of death was Croot striking his head on the floor, and this caused the National Sporting Club to subsequently require padded floors. Although the seconds and promoter were arrested, the charges were dropped because the fight had been properly administered. Croot had been unconscious for over an hour following a fight with Pedlar Palmer in 1893. NOTE: For descriptions of the National Sporting Club's Dr. Jackson Lang performing physical exams on boxers, see Robert Machray, The Night Side of London (London: J.B. Lippincott, 1902), Chapter XVII. ";World title;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Willie Glantz;2-Feb;1898;KO;4;Carl Lindback;18;;lindback;West Bend;Wisconsin;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, February 4, 1898; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Reporter, February 5, 1898; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Freeborn County Standard, February 9, 1898; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, February 12, 1898. The two youths were in high school, and decided to settle a quarrel with a gloved boxing match scheduled for ten 2-minute rounds. During the fourth round, Lindback was knocked down by a blow to the face. He did not get up, and he died within minutes. Cause of death was listed as the effects of a blow to the heart. The coroner's jury ruled that death was accidental, but also recommended the suppression of boxing exhibitions in Wisconsin."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
James Dousey;19-Mar;1898;Sparring; ;John George Perryman;24; ;perryman;Haggerston;London;England;ND;"Reynolds's Newspaper, March 27, 1898. After watching some club fights, the two men decided to spar three rounds with gloves. After the third round, Perryman said ""he felt queer,"" so they stopped. Perryman went to the doctor the next day. Soon after, he went into a coma and died. Cause of death was attributed to bleeding on the brain, the result of a blow to the head. The jury ruled accidental death."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure;;
Jack Smith;21-Mar;1898;Ldec;6;Henry Braun (Henry Brown); ;Y;braun;Trenton;New Jersey;USA;ND;"Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 22, 1898; New York Times, March 22, 1898; New York Times, March 23, 1898; Chicago Daily Tribune, March 23, 1898; New York Times, May 25, 1898. Brown was leading on points into the fourth. Then he was knocked down twice in the fifth, and two more times in the sixth. He staggered around the ring until the bell. Brown was carried to his dressing room, and then transported to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Smith was arrested, but charges were dismissed."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Oscar Gardner (Omaha Kid);7-Apr;1898;KO;12;George Stoudt (George Stout); ;Y;stoudt;Columbus;Ohio;USA;Bantam;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 9, 1898; Sandusky (Ohio) Morning Star, April 9, 1898; Naugatuck (Connecticut) Daily News, April 9, 1898; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News and Daily Call, December 8, 1898. Stoudt was hit with a straight right, and according to the Ohio paper, ""He fell as though he were shot, and his head struck the floor with a crack like a pistol shot."" However, the coroner's jury ruled that it was the blow to the jaw that did the damage. Cause of death was a blood clot at the base of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Lockyer;11-Apr;1898;KO; ;James Parsons;25; ;parsons;Southampton;Hampshire;England;ND;Belfast (Ireland) News-Letter, April 14, 1898. Parsons was knocked out while sparring at a boxing booth on Easter Monday. He went home, complaining of pain in his head, and following morning, he was found dead in his bed.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Albert Griffiths (Young Griffo);28-Apr;1898;KO;20;Joe Devitt (Bull McCarthy);;Y;devitt;Sacramento ;California;USA;Feather;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 29, 1898; Sandusky (Ohio) Star, January 5, 1899; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Gazette, May 6, 1898; Placerville (California), May 14, 1898; Mike Casey, ""Young Griffo, boxing's forgotten genius,"" EastSide Boxing, http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=5455&more=1.  Devitt went down for some light punches, so the coroner's jury attributed to his death to his own weak constitution. Griffiths was born in Sydney, Australia, in March 1871. He came to the United States in 1893, and at the time of this fight, he was probably the best featherweight boxer in the world. Afterwards, he became a notorious drunk, with frequent arrests. Griffiths died in New York in December 1927."; ;Pro;Unfit;Ring;Misadventure; ;
James Eagan;19-May;1898;KO ;3;Irving Webster;20;;webster;New Haven;Connecticut;USA;ND;Boston (Massachusetts) Daily Advertiser, May 20, 1898. Webster was knocked down by a blow to the neck. He died three hours later. Eagan was arrested.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;30-May;1898;Sparring; ;William John Watson;28; ;watson;Southgate;London;England;ND;"(London) Reynolds's Newspaper, June 26, 1898; (London) Reynolds's Newspaper, July 2, 1898. Watson and a friend were sparring on Whit Monday. Watson was hit with what looked a light blow to the jaw, but Watson later told his brother it sounded like a cannon going off in his head. He died a few days later. Cause of death was attributed to meninitis compounded by tuberculosis in both lungs. The coroner's jury ruled accidental death."; ;Amateur;Meningitis;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Robert Watkins;12-Aug;1898;Ldec;20;James Rewark (Jack O'Rourke); ;;rewark;Idaho Springs;Colorado;USA;ND;"Denver (Colorado) Post, August 15, 1898; Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, August 15, 1898; North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, August 15, 1898; Bessemer (Michigan) Herald, August 20, 1898. Rewark was knocked down. Cause of death was attributed to skull fracture. Watkins was arrested."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Harley Sanger;12-Aug;1898;KO;6;Fred Stroup;;;stroup;Lacon;Illinois;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, August 14, 1898; Davenport (Iowa) Weekly Leader, August 19, 1898. Stroup was hit hard in the face. He lay on the floor for a few minutes, then got up. He complained of dizziness, and said he could not see. He was carried to a nearby house; by the time he got there, he was unconscious. A doctor was called, and Stroup was sent to hospital. He died the following night without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was listed as a fracture at the base of the skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Thomas Butler;23-Aug;1898;Ldec;10;Alexander Scott;25;;scott;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, August 26, 1898; New York Tribune, August 27, 1898; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 15, 1898; New York Times, September 16, 1898; Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Herald, August 27, 1898. Scott was knocked down four times in the final round. The cause of death was listed as uremic convulsions caused by kidney trouble. Butler was arrested."; ;Pro;Uremia;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Johnny Weston;8-Oct;1898;TKO;5;George Lavery;;;lavery;Gateshead ;Durham;England;ND;"Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, October 10, 1898; (Glasgow) Scotsman, October 12, 1898. The bout was a Durham miners' championship. Lavery died at his father's house, early the following morning. Death was attributed to fractured skull."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring; ; ;
Andrew Dupont;17-Oct;1898;KO; ;"William ""Billy"" Walker";30;;walker;Omaha;Nebraska;USA;ND;"Humeston (Iowa) New Era, October 26, 1898; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, October 20, 1898, http://content.lib.utah.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOPTR=68761&CISOSHOW=68762&CISOSHOW2=68777; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, October 28, 1898; Omaha (Nebraska) Daily Bee, October 28, 1898; Omaha (Nebraska) Daily Bee, February 19, 1899; Mansfield (Ohio) News, February 19, 1899. During a fight about a year earlier, Walker had suffered a serious concussion. Walker died 56 hours after the fight with Dupont. Dupont was charged with manslaughter. According to the Omaha Daily Bee (February 19, 1899), ""Judge Baker defined what prize fighting is. The laws of Nebraska, he says, do not give a definition. The two instructions following cover the whole case: 'Prize fighting is where two persons fight by agreement, with or without gloves, for a reward or compensations for fighting, to which fighting people are generally invited and admitted as spectators, and when the fighting or contest is of such a kind and character that bodily injury to one or both of the contestants is naturally expected and is a natural result.'"" According to the judge's instructions, if Dupont and Walker were doing this, then the jury should rule guilty of manslaughter in the second degree. However, according to the defense attorney, Mr. Macfarland, a ""mere sparring contest under Marquis of Queensbury rules is not of necessity a prize fight; that to constitute a prize fight, there must be expectation of reward and intent to inflict bodily harm."" The jury went to dinner, then came back and found not guilty of the charge of manslaughter as the result of a prize fight. Promoters of the fight included Thomas Ensor, mayor of South Omaha, and J.E. Carroll, chief of police of South Omaha. (South Omaha was then a separate community; it was not annexed by Omaha until 1915.)"; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Edwin McTackett;29-Oct;1898;KO; ;Henry Greenhaigh;20; ;greenhaigh;Lismore;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, October 31, 1898; Inangahua (New Zealand) Times, November 23, 1898. The two men decided to settle a disagreement with a prize fight. They went to the community recreation ground after work, and fought. Greenhaigh was struck above the abdomen. He collapsed and died. Autopsy revealed tuberculosis in the lungs and disease in the heart."; ;Pro;Tuberculosis;Ring;;;
Nathaniel Smith;7-Nov;1898;KO;10;Thomas Walter Turner;23;Y;turner;London;London;England;Light;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, November 11, 1898; London Times, November 18, 1898; (London, England) Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, November 20, 1898; (London, England) Illustrated Police News, November 26, 1898; Arthur Frederick Bettinson and William Outram Tristam, The National Sporting Club Past and Present (London: Sands & Co., 1902), 96-97; Bob Mee, Bare Fists: The History of Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting (Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2001), 202. Five-ounce gloves were worn, and the ring was covered with three layers of felt and one of canvas.Turner never recovered consciousness following the knockout. The ringside physician diagnosed heart failure, and so injected Turner with strychnine. The doctor from the emergency hospital concurred with the house physician's diagnosis, addint that cause of death was due to exertion. Therefore, despite autopsy showing ruptured vessels on the right side of the brain, the official cause of death was listed as heart failure caused by exertion. The day after the fight, London Times reported that ""a better night's sport could not be wished for"" and the National Sporting Club, where the fight had taken place, said that accidents happened. At trial, defense argued that death resulting from manly sports and exercises was generally held free of liability. True, there had been deaths resulting from fights at the National Sporting Club, but there had also been over 2,000 contests fought there in just seven years. Hence, there was no evidence to indicate that boxing was particularly unsafe. The jury acquitted."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion; ;
Jack Root;15-Nov;1898;KO;5;Tom Lansing;25;Y;lansing;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light Heavy;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sunday Gazette, November 27, 1898; San Francisco Chronicle, January 21, 1899; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sunday Gazette, January 22, 1899; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 22, 1899. Lansing, a former sparring partner of Gentleman Jim Corbett, returned home to Louisville, Kentucky, paralyzed, and in January 1899, he died of a blood clot in the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Thomas Foley;6 Jan;1899;KO ;1;George Tyler;21;;tyler;Jersey City;New Jersey;USA;ND;(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) North American, January 6, 1899. Tyler was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He died at the hospital. Cause of death was attributed to broken neck.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Private Butler;6-Feb;1899;KO;6;"""Kaffir George""";;;george;Cape Town;Cape Colony;England;Light;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 9, 1899; Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times, February 8, 1899; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, February 27, 1899. Butler was a soldier in the King's Royal Rifles. George, who was probably Xhosa, was knocked down many times, but kept standing up. Finally, during the sixth, George crawled under the ropes, and Butler was declared the winner. George then lay ringside until eventually someone summoned medical assistance. He died 26 hours later. In Parliament, a member (Hugh C.F. Luttrell, of Tavistock) asked if the solution to such deaths might not be to prohibit soldiers from taking part in boxing matches. Under-Secretary of State for War George Wyndham replied that he was not ""disposed to prohibit their taking part in lawful pastimes"" (Aberdeen [Scotland] Weekly Journal, February 24, 1899)."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
William Carl Comer;25-Mar;1899;KO; ;Charles McCoy;17;;mccoy;Center;Indiana;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, March 27, 1899; Mansfield (Ohio) News, March 27, 1899; Salt Lake (Utah) Herald, March 27, 1899; New York Sun, April 2, 1899; National Police Gazette, April 15, 1899. The youths were boxing bareknuckle in front of McCoy's father's store. McCoy was struck over the heart, and his heart literally burst. Explained the always-colorful Police Gazette, the blow ""caused all the blood from the vital organ to pour out into the abdominal cavity. Death was almost instantaneous."" Autopsy revealed that McCoy had an enlarged heart."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"John ""Kid"" Cavanaugh";21-Apr;1899;KO;12;Tucker Townsend (Kid Lavelle, South African Cyclone);19;;townsend;Homestead;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Massilion (Ohio) Independent, April 24, 1899; Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times, April 25, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, April 25, 1899; National Police Gazette, May 13, 1899; Sandusky (Ohio) Star, June 22, 1899; Chester (Pennsylvania) Times, November 20, 1929. The fighters were wearing 4-ounce gloves. Townsend briefly regained consciousness after the fight, but then relapsed and died. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain.  The promoters, seconds, and Cavanaugh were charged with manslaughter, but the charges were dropped in September 1899."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Frank McHenry;1-May;1899;KO;3;Frank Martin (Young James);;;martin;Albany;New York;USA;ND;"(Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, May 2, 1899; Naugatuck (Connecticut) Daily News, May 3, 1899; National Police Gazette, May 22, 1899. According to the Police Gazette, Martin ate ""a hearty dinner"" before entering the ring, and so that paper attributed his death to indigestion. According to the other newspapers cited, the cause of death was a blow to the heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Harry Peppers;21-Jun;1899;KO;6;Frank Neiwald (Dutch Neal);26;Y;neiwald;Peoria;Illinois;USA;Middle;"Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Herald, June 27, 1899; Los Angeles Times, June 21, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, June 21, 1899; Naugatuck (Connecticut) Daily News, June 26, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, June 28, 1899; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 29, 1899; National Police Gazette, July 15, 1899; Chuck Burroughs, Come Out Fighting: True Fight Tales for Fight Fans (Peoria, Illinois: Chuck Burroughs, 1977), 110-111. Neiwald took the fight on two week's notice, and was noticeably out of shape. Five-ounce gloves were worn.  In the last round of the bout, he was not fighting very enthusiastically. Peppers threw a left jab that appeared to miss, and Neiwald responded by falling on his face. The crowd yelled ""Fake!"" The management agreed, and told the audience that Neiwald would not be paid for the fight. Neiwald then lay ringside for the rest of the card. At the end of the night, someone called a doctor. Neiwald was taken to the hospital, where he died four days later. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage of the brain resulting from over-exertion while in an unfit physical condition."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Gregory Quigley;23-Jun;1899;KO;31;Morris Seeburg; ;;seeburg;Fresno ;California;USA;ND;North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, June 24, 1899. During a clinch, the two men fell, and Quigley landed on Seeburg's head. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
George Wanco (Kid Wanko);28-Jun;1899;KO;4;Felix Carr;23;;carr;Parkersburg;West Virginia;USA;Welter;"Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1899; Pittsubrgh (Pennsylvania) Press, June 29, 1899; National Police Gazette, July 22, 1899, 15; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, October 18, 1899. Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1899. The fight took place at Fries Park, about two miles south of town. The bout started at about 11 p.m. In the fourth round, Carr was struck on the neck. He collapsed, and died the following morning, in Parkersburg, West Virginia. Wanco was convicted of manslaughter in October 1899."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Frank McConnell;16-Aug;1899;KO;14;Jim Franey; ;Y;franey;San Francisco;California;USA;Welter;"San Francisco Chronicle, August 16, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, August 17, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, August 18, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, August 19, 1899; Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1899; Hamilton (Ohio) Butler County Democrat, August 24, 1899; Los Angeles Times, September 14, 1899. Franey had a good first three rounds. Later, he tired, and he was knocked out in the fourteenth round. (He was apparently unconscious on the way to the floor, as he landed face first.) He regained consciousness several hours later, but relapsed into a coma and died the afternoon of August 17. There was a hemorrhage on the left side of his brain and the examination of his lungs showed pleuretic adhesions. Charges were filed, but dismissed in September 1899. McConnell himself was badly injured during a 14-round knockout loss to Joe ""Spider"" Welch on January 15, 1903 (Mansfield, Ohio, News, January 16, 1903, and Atlanta Constitution, January 17, 1903), and subsequently retired from the ring."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
John Murick;22-Aug;1899;TKO;9;Alfred Melina (or Molina);20;;molina;Stockton;California;USA;ND;"Davenport (Iowa) Daily Republican, August 24, 1899; Naugatuck (Connecticut) Daily News, August 24, 1899; Phoenix (Arizona) Republican, August 24, 1899; Los Angeles Times, September 5, 1899. The fight was stopped in the ninth. The boxers shook hands, and went to the dressing room, where Melina collapsed. He died the following morning. Cause of death was attributed to a burst blood vessel in the brain. Charges were filed, but the case was dropped after the witnesses refused to testify on grounds that testifying might incriminate them. (The papers described the boxers as amateurs, but a 9-round fight at the club rooms of a fraternal organization suggests a paid performance."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Thomas Byrne;29-Aug;1899;KO; ;John Ryan; ; ;ryan;Mountbolus;Offaly;Ireland;ND;(London, England) Reynolds's Newspaper, September 1, 1899. During the fight, both men were knocked down. At the end of the fight, Byrne struck Ryan on the left side of the jaw. Ryan fell, and died almost at once. Autopsy showed spinal dislocation. Byrne was arrested. ; ;Pro;Broken neck;Ring;Blows;;
Jim Pendergast;27-Sep;1899;KO;10;Charles Hoskins; ;;hoskins;Grass Valley;California;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, September 28, 1899; Reno Evening Gazette, September 28, 1899. During the third, the referee awarded the fight to Hoskins on a foul. (Groin protectors were not worn by boxers until about 1930.) However, at the prompting of the crowd, Hoskins asked that the fight be allowed to continue. It was. Hoskins was knocked out in the tenth, and he subsequently died. The following day, the coroner's jury exonerated Pendergast."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"Charles M. ""Jack"" Jeffries";Sep/;1899;Exh; ;Guydo; ;;guydo;Paris;;France;Heavy;"Dallas Morning News, March 13, 1900; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, March 15, 1900; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, March 30, 1900. Jack Jeffries was Jim Jeffries' brother and sparring partner, and the two men were in France during August and September 1899. The death was reported in the US newspapers during mid-March 1900, and it was originally attributed to blows from Jim. But, the Daily Northwestern reported on March 30, 1900, it was Jack who fought the Italian, not Jim. Moreover, ""Jack says it is a mistake, as he did not hit [the Italian] hard enough to hurt him, such being the understanding between the two men previous to the bout."" Cause of death was attributed to advanced tuberculosis."; ;Pro;Tuberculosis;Later;Unfit; ;
George Coxey;20-Oct;1899;KO;6;Jim Hall; ;;hall;Covelo;California;USA;Middle;Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1899. Hall was a 10-1 favorite. Police detained Coxey, the seconds, and the promoter, but they were released after the coroner's jury ruled the blow accidental. Coxey later became an insurance salesman for New York Life. (Chester, Pennsylvania, Times, June 27, 1930).; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Charles Chelius;21-Oct;1899;KO;1;William Wilke;39;;wilke;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, October 22, 1899; Chicago Daily Tribune, October 23, 1899; Los Angeles Times, October 22, 1899. Both fighters belonged to boxing clubs. They were fighting for a purse of $5 in a basement. Wilke died about an hour after the fight. Police called the death an accident."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"John ""Jack"" Fox";11-Nov;1899;KO;13;Henry Apfel (Harry Hatfield); ;;apfel;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Welter ;"Los Angeles Herald, November 17, 1899; Los Angeles Times, November 12, 1899; Los Angeles Times, November 16, 1899; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 16, 1899; Brooklyn Daily November 21, 1899; Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig and Courier, November 27, 1899. The bout was staged at the Pelican Club. Apfel reportedly misstepped, fell, and hit his head. A few hours after the fight, he fell unconscious. Autopsy determined cause of death to be cerebral hemorrhage following laceration of the brain. Fox was arrested. The jury ruled death to be due to the fall, and Fox was released."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Fred Bellerson;14-Dec;1899;KO;6;Henry Neise;;;neise;St. Louis;Missouri;USA;Heavy;"Los Angeles Times, December 14, 1899; Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1899; San Francisco Chronicle, December 14, 1899; National Police Gazette, December 12, 1903, 3. The Los Angeles Time described Bellerson as ""hog fat,"" while Neise was tall and lanky. The difference in appearance drew derision from the crowd. The first hard blow in the fight came in the sixth, when Bellerson hit Neise with a right to the jaw. Neise went down. As he struggled to get to his feet, Bellerson hit him again. (The neutral corner rule was still several decades in the future.) Neise's head hit the floor with a thud. He was carried from the ring, and he died shortly afterwards. Cause of death was listed as a concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Matthew Precious;29-Jan;1900;KO;9;Michael Riley;21;Y;riley;London;London;England;Fly;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 3, 1900; London Times, February 22, 1900; News of the World, December 30, 1900; Arthur Frederick Bettinson and William Outram Tristam, The National Sporting Club Past and Present (London: Sands & Co., 1902), 149-152; Matt Precious scrapbook in the City Archive of the Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham, England. At the start of the tenth round in a scheduled 15-round fight, Riley took one step forward and then sat back down, semi-conscious. He was counted out and carried to the dressing room. From there, he was taken to the hospital, where he died the following morning. Cause of death was listed as the rupture, by force, of blood vessels in the brain. The inquest ruled that the death was an accident, and the National Sporting Club secretary later wrote that this fight was the best of the evening.";English;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Bert Whidden;18-Mar;1900;KO;8;Frank Cass;18;;cass;Santa Cruz;California;USA;Middle;"San Francisco Chronicle, March 19, 1900; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, March 19, 1900. The pair fought three rounds at the YMCA in the morning, and then went to Twin Lakes for a finish match. Six-ounce gloves were worn. Cass, the deceased, weighed about 170, while Whidden weighed about 150. Cass was ahead the first three rounds, then Whidden started getting the better of Cass. In the eighth round, Whidden knocked Cass down. When Cass stood up, Whidden knocked him down again, and this time, he did not get up. A physician was called, but Cass died before he arrived. Whidden was arrested, then released on his own recognizance.  "; ;Amateur;;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
ND;Mar/;1900;KO; ;John Grimes;28;;grimes;Rutherford;New Jersey;USA;ND;"(Akron, Ohio) Daily Democrat, March 26, 1900; North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, March 27, 1900. Grimes, ""a colored coachman"" was struck over the heart during a boxing match. He subsequently complained of pain in the chest, and he died a couple days later."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Thomas Nelson;30-Mar;1900;KO;2;Thomas McGregor;16;;mcgregor;New York;New York;USA;ND;"Des Moines (Iowa) Daily News, March 31, 1900; New York Times, April 1, 1900. The bout took place in the basement of a tenement house. There were seconds, bottle holders, and a referee. McGregor took a heavy blow to the face. He fell to the ground, blood streaming from his nose. The bleeding would not stop, so after about an hour, he was taken home and put to bed. A doctor was called, and after about four hours, the bleeding stopped. McGregor died the following morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Isaac English;4-Apr;1900;KO; ;Albert Day;;;day;Jasper;Michigan;USA;ND;"Delphos (Ohio) Daily Herald, April 5, 1900; Naugatuck (Connecticut) Daily News, April 6, 1900.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Felix Scott;11-Apr;1900;KO;2;William Rose;27; ;rose;Westbury;Wiltshire;England;ND;(Somerset, England) Western Gazette, August 16, 1900. The fight was with gloves at a booth, and Scott was an aging welterweight boxer from Barbados. Rose stumbled and fell during the second round, but did not get up. He was carried unconscious to a nearby hospital, where he died. Autopsy showed blood on the back of the brain. Death was attributed to Rose striking his head on the hard-surfaced roadway underneath the boxing booth.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
James Tait;14-May;1900;Sparring; ;Robert Love; ; ;love;Edinburgh;;Scotland;ND;Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, May 15, 1900. The men were sparring at their lodging house. Love was pushed or fell, and he died. Death was attributed to Love's head striking the floor.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
Neil McCallum;15-May;1900;KO; ;Will Stowe;17;;stowe;Batesville;Indiana;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, May 17, 1900;  Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, May 17, 1900. According to the Chicago paper, ""While engaged in a friendly sparring match? Will Stowe, aged 17, received a blow near the heart. He stepped back, and while in the act of raising his hands to strike, fell dead."""; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;17-May;1900;KO; ;Isaac C. Thomas;41;;thomas;Lexington;Kentucky;USA;ND;"(Rockcastle County, Kentucky) Mount Vernon Signal, May 25, 1900, http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ky/ky-footsteps/1999a/v01-497.txt; Ancestry.com. Kentucky Death Records, 1852-1953 [database on-line]. Thomas, a married African American man, was sparring with a friend. He was hit in the jaw, and lay comatose two days before dying. cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
William Forsyth;25-May;1900;KO;13;Eddie Tebault (or Thibault);25;;tebault;Bridgeport ;Connecticut;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, May 28, 1900; San Francisco Chronicle, May 28, 1900. Tebault was being hit hard in the body toward the end of the fight. He was groggy upon answering the bell in the thirteenth, when he began to be hit solidly in the head. He fell backwards, and the back of his head struck the unpadded floor. He was taken to the hospital unconscious, where he died May 27. Forsyth was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Robert Council;27-Jun;1900;Wfoul; ;J.W.  Sansdury; ;;Sansdury;Roanoke Rapids;North Carolina;USA;ND;"Charlotte (North Carolina) Daily Observer, June 28, 1900; Washington Post, June 28, 1900; New York Times, June 28, 1900. The two men were laughing and joking at the beginning of the match. Then Council struck Sansdury below the belt. Sansdury staggered out of the ring, and died thirty minutes later. Death was viewed as accidental."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Victor Baldwin;8-Aug;1900;KO; ;Ralph Miller;19;;miller;Richmond Hill (Queens);New York;USA;Light;"New York World, August 9, 1900; New York Times, August 9, 1900; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, August 10, 1900; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 14, 1900; New York Times, August 15, 1900. The match took place in a barn at about 10 p.m.. Miller took a blow behind the right ear, and was counted out. While removing his gloves after the fight, he collapsed. Water was thrown in his face, but this did not revive him. A doctor was called, and he arrived about an hour later. Miller died soon after. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Baldwin was arrested, but released a few days later, after the coroner's jury attributed the death to over-exertion rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
ND;11-Aug;1900;KO; ;Long; ;;long;Westbury;Wiltshire;England;ND;Worchestershire (England) Chronicle, August 17, 1900. Long was boxing the pro at a boxing booth.  After about three rounds, the local boxer tried to knock out the pro. The pro dodged, and struck Long in the ribes. Long collapsed, and died in the ring.; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Michael Meyers;16-Aug;1900;KO;9;George Kelly;18; ;kelly;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Fly;"(New York) Evening World, August 17, 1900; New York Times, August 18, 1900. The two youths reportedly had an argument over a girl that they decided to settle in the ring. They trained for about a week, and then entered on the undercard of a local fight card. The venue was the Greenwood Athletic Club. By the ninth round, both of them were bloody, and barely standing. Meyers drove Kelly into the ropes, and then pounded him there. Eventually, Kelly slid to the floor. The referee counted slowly, but he still did not get up. Therefore,he was counted out. He was carried to the dressing room unconscious. After about fifteen minutes in the dressing room, he was transported to the hospital, where he remained unconscious two days later. Meyers and ten other principals were arrested. The diagnosis was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Jack Gover;3-Sep;1900;Wdec;15;"J. ""Ponk"" Andrews"; ;;andrews;London;London;England;Light;"Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate, September 4, 1900; London Times, September 5, 1900; Birmingham (England) Daily Post, September 5, 1900; (Cardiff, Wales) Western Mail, September 5, 1900. The fight was with gloves. The purse was œ100.Andrews weighed fourteen pounds less than his opponent. Andrews was knocked down in the fourth, but stood back up and won the fight by decision. Aftterwards, Andrews reported feeling badly, but he stayed to watch the rest of the fights before going home in a cab. Following morning, his mother found him dead in his bed. The coroner said the injuries were consistent with being run over by the wheel of a cab, and the jury returned a verdict of accidental death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
James Devine;4-Oct;1900;KO;5;Steve Flanagan;22;;flanagan;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Bantam;"Frederick (Maryland) News, October 6, 1900; Washington Post, October 6, 1900; Anaconda (Montana) Standard, October 7, 1900; Sandusky (Ohio) Daily Star, October 6, 1900; Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Herald, October 12, 1900. There was no blow immediately preceding Flanagan's collapse in the ring. Indeed, Flanagan was reported to have a look of astonishment on his face. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain, which the jury attributed to over-exertion. Several months earlier, Flanagan had been knocked out by Dan Dougherty, and that time, it took ten hours to revive him."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Bernard Carroll;6-Nov;1900;KO; ;Michael Goldman (Kid O'Brien); ;;goldman;Detroit;Michigan;USA;ND;"Oakland Tribune, November 7, 1900; New York Times, November 8, 1900; New York World, November 8, 1900; New York World, November 13, 1900; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 7, 1900. During a fight at the Cadillac Athletic Club, Goldman was knocked unconscious. He died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain. Carroll was charged with manslaughter, but charges were dropped."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Joseph Kelly (Young Kelly) ;12-Dec;1900;KO;2;Edward Sanford (Frank Barr);19;;sanford;New York;New York;USA;ND;"New York Times, December 24, 1900; New York World, December 24, 1900; Frederick (Maryland) News, December 24, 1900; North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, December 24, 1900. It was a tournament for amateurs, and on the first night of the tournament, Sanford was knocked out. Subsequently, it was determined that his opponent was a professional. Consequently, Sanford advanced to the quarter-finals. Sanford won a 4-round decision, and so advanced to the finals. He was knocked down in the first round, and was so clearly overmatched in the second round that the fight was stopped. Sanford was sent to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture."; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Soon after;; ;
"Patrick ""Paddy"" Donovan";31-Dec;1900;KO;9;Francis W. Grabfelder (Frank Welch);21;;grabfelder;Phillipsburg;New Jersey;USA;Feather;"Trenton (New Jersey) Times, January 8, 1901; New York Times, January 9, 1901; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 9, 1901; Hamilton (Ontario) Spectator, January 8, 1901; Davenport (Iowa) Daily Leader, January 30, 1930. Grabfelder collapsed in the ring, and died January 8, 1901. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain. Donovan was arrested, but acquitted after giving a sparring demonstration for the jurors."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
George James and Charles Greenbach;19-Apr;1900;Sparring; ;Elmer Harris;17;;harrison;Hamilton;Ohio;USA;ND;"New York Times, April 21, 1900; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Journal, April 28, 1900. The youths were sparring in a shed at the Harris home that had been fitted as a boxing ring. Cause of death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Charles Abramowitz;8-Jan;1901;No Dec;10;John Majane (Lewis Malone);26;;majane;Atlantic City;New Jersey;USA;ND;"North Adams (Massachusetts) Transcript, January 9, 1901;  (New York) Evening World, January 9, 1901; New-York World, January 10, 1901; New York Times, January 19, 1901; Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Atlantic City Ward 4, Atlantic, New Jersey; Roll: T623 953; Page: 8A; Enumeration District: 14. Although officially declared a no-contest by the referee, the fight was stopped in the tenth round. Majane collapsed after the match. He was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
George R. Ainsworth;26-Jan;1901;Sparring; ;Curtis L. Crane;20;;crane;Cambridge;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"Boston Daily Globe, January 27, 1901; Davenport (Iowa) Daily Republican, January 27, 1901; Syracuse (New York) Sunday Herald, January 27, 1901; Anaconda (Montana) Standard, January 28, 1901; New York Times, January 28, 1901. The two men were college students, Crane at Harvard University and Ainsworth at Lawrence Scientific School (the latter did not become part of Harvard University until 1906). Ainsworth was acting as boxing instructor. The men had been sparring about three minutes when Crane was struck in the face. Crane collapsed backwards, and within eight minutes, he was dead. Cause of death was said to be heart disease."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
John Kramer;4-Feb;1901;KO; ;Frank Hilson;;;hilson;Reading;Ohio;USA;ND;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News, February 5, 1901; Wellsboro (Pennsylvania) Gazette, February 8, 1901; Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, March 2, 1906. Hilson was described as a colored boxer. The venue was the Olympia Athletic Club."; ;Pro;;Ring;Unfit; ;
ND;30-Mar;1901;KO;14;Bryan Byrne;17; ;byrne;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, April 5, 1901; Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, April 13, 1901. On March 30, 1901 (i.e., four days earlier) Byrne had collapsed during a 14-round fight at the Golden Gate Athletic Club. He was unconscious for about an hour, but then recovered and went home. On April 2, he went to a boxing saloon in Engine Street. He started boxing, and at about a minute into the first round, he collapsed. He got up, and went to his corner, where said he had a nasty headache. He stood up, then fell again, and began jerking uncontrollably. He was taken to hospital, where he died on April 3. Cause of death was attributed to ""concussion hemorrhage"" occasioned by a blow to the jaw or skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Blows: Misadventure;;
Jack Roberts;22-Apr;1901;KO;8;Murray Livingston (Billy Smith);;Y;livingston;London;London;England;Feather ;"New York World, April 24, 1901; Chicago Daily Tribune, April 26, 1901; Hamilton (Ontario) Spectator, April 26, 1901; Hamilton (Ontario) Spectator, April 29, 1901; (Glasgow) Scotsman, April 30, 1901; (Glasgow) Scotsman, May 3, 1901; London Times, May 3, 1901, London Times, May 10, 1901, London Times, June 29, 1901; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, June 30, 1901; Bob Mee, Bare Fists: The History of Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting (Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2001), 202; Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), Jack Roberts (etc.) killing: manslaughter, 24th June, 1901. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t19010624-479. Livingston was ahead during the first three rounds, then, during the fourth, he dislocated his right arm. He was knocked down in the seventh round, and he collapsed about a minute into the eighth. he died two days later, of compression of the brain. It was the fourth fatality in the National Sporting Club in just over three years, and as a result ten people were charged with ""felonious slaying."" On April 25, 1901, Smith's brother Nat told the press that the deceased had been given a laced drink in the seventh round, and that this had poisoned him. Said Nat Smith: ""He had the fight won when he began to stagger about the ring and fell unconscious."" At the inquest, Dr. Dodd of Charing Cross testified that there was no evidence of drugging. Said the Scotsman: ""When he saw the deceased one pupil was contracted and the other dilated, which in itself would negative any suggestion of a narcotic."" The jury was out for all of two minutes before returning a verdict of accidental death caused by ""laceration on the right side of the brain."""; English;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Jerome Wood;Jun/;1901;Sparring;;Charles Varney;18;;varney;Gallipolis;Ohio;USA;ND;"Coshocton (Ohio) Daily Age, June 11, 1901. Varney died ""by being hit over the heart while playfully boxing with a companion."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Mick Dunn;23-Jul;1901;KO;9;Alfred Otto Simpson (Otto Cribb);23;Y;simpson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, July 24, 1901; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, July 25, 1901; Otago (New Zealand) Witness, August 14, 1901; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 15, 1901; Hawarea and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, October 3, 1901; (Wellington) NZ Truth, March 6, 1915; Arnold Thomas Boxing Collection, National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3637931. Simpson, who was from Dunedin, New Zealand, was counted out while resting on one knee. He left the ring unassisted, dressed, and went home. He was found dead in his bed next morning. Cause of death was determined to be hemorrhage of the brain, perhaps secondary to syphilis. Eleven persons were charged with manslaughter, but all were acquitted, after the jury ruled that a death in a licensed boxing contest was not the same as a death in an unlicensed prize fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Charles Armstrong (Charlie Haghey);15-Aug;1901;KO;9;John Dion;27;;dion;Lowell;Massachusetts;USA;Middle;"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, August 16, 1901; New York Times, August 17, 1901; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, August 17, 1901; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, January 14, 1902; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, August 13, 1939. The fight started about 10:20 p.m., and was scheduled for 20 rounds. Armstrong, who weighed about 158 pounds, had the weight advantage. He also dominated the fight, and Dion went down in the ninth. When Dion did not recover, two physicians entered the ring. Their presence made no difference. Shortly after midnight, Dion was transported by horse-drawn ambulance to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 4:25 a.m. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage of the brain. All surviving principals were arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Thomas West;23-Sep;1901;Sparring;;George Johnson;37;;johnson;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Welter;"Brooklyn (New York) Daily Eagle, September 25, 1901; Washington Post, September 26, 1901; (Trenton, New Jersey) Daily True American, October 15, 1901. Johnson was an amateur who enjoyed sparring with professionals in the gym. After being hit hard in the head, Johnson went home saying that he had a headache. He died two days later of a brain injury. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
ND;Oct/;1901;Sparring;;Charles Northeast;;;northeast;Gosport;Hampshire;England;ND;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, October 29, 1901. Northeast was a private in the Royal Marines, and he died in hospital following a boxing match with a fellow Marine.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
James Driscoll;29-Nov;1901;Ldec;6;"August ""Dutch"" Reiniger";;;reiniger;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Middle;"Newark (Ohio) Advocate, December 2, 1901; Baltimore Sun, December 3, 1901; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, December 2, 1901; Chicago Daily Tribune, December 2, 1901; Chicago Daily Tribune, December 3, 1901. Reiniger was hit hard in the fifth round. He stayed upright to the end of the fight. He went home with a broken nose, but then became comatose. He died on December 2. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Jack Slavin;5-Jan;1902;Ldec;6;Ernest F. Padmore;;;padmore;Tokyo;;Japan;Middle;"Winnipeg (Manitobba) Morning Free Press, February 6, 1902; Vancouver Daily Province, February 6, 1902; Boston Globe, February 6, 1902; New York Times, February 6, 1902; Ancestry.com, All U.S. Veterans Gravesites, ca. 1775-2006 [database on-line]. Padmore was an African American hospital corpsman in the US Navy. He was Slavin's sparring partner in a bout in Yokohama, and the audience complained about what a slow fight he gave. A few hours after the fight, he complained his feet were cold and numb, and that his left side was causing him discomfort. A US Navy doctor treated him, but he died of angina pectoris at about 1:30 a.m. the day following the bout."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
John Volence (Young Choynski);1-Mar;1902;WKO;4;Samuel Uphouser (Brighton Slasher);;;uphouser;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, March 2, 1902; Atlanta Constitution, March 7, 1902; Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1902; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 10, 1902.  Uphouser was hit hard during the second and third rounds, and collapsed during the fourth. He was carried home unconscious, and he died next morning. During the same show, Teddy Pepper fought twice, and was knocked out both times. These two events caused significant problems for boxing in Chicago. Explained the Post-Standard, ""These purely boxing clubs are operating in Chicago under a law which permits incorporated athletic clubs to give such exhibitions as are pure sporting events -- no admission fee and only members of the clubs being present. The boxing clubs get around this part of the law by selling their tickets on the quiet and depending upon the sporting columns of the daily papers for their advertising... [The police have taken the position ] that as they were orderly and no ill results ensued from their operations, [the police are] justified in leaving them alone. [However, the police] can close them up at will, for they are operating clearly in violation of the law."" "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Thomas Markey;29-Mar;1902;KO;;Thomas W. Hornketh (Tommy White);;;hornketh;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Davenport (Iowa) Daily Republican, March 30, 1902; Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1902; Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Republican, April 6, 1902. White was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He died on April 3, 1902, without ever regaining consciousness. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage, which the jury attributed to excitement."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Excitement; ;
Hans Hartranft;2-May;1902;KO;7;Frank J. Smith;;;smith ;Allentown;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, May 4, 1902; Des Moines (Iowa) Daily Leader, May 4, 1902. Cause of death was attributed to a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Eddie Dixon;22-May;1902;KO;4;John Cassidy (Tommy Noonan);20; ;cassidy;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, May 23, 1902; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, May 23, 1902; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, May 24, 1902; New York World, May 25, 1902; Sandusky (Ohio) Star Journal, May 23, 1902; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, May 24, 1902; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, May 28, 1902. The venue was the Lenox Athletic Club. Cassidy was doing well going into the fourth, when he was knocked down by a right hook to the jaw. He did not get up, and he died the following day. Death was caused by a ruptured artery in the brain, which the coroner attributed to a thin skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Thin skull; ;
John Beaubien;Jul/;1902;KO;;Charles Gildy;;;gildy;Detroit;Michigan;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, July 2, 1902; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, January 2, 1903. Gildy died August 11, ""as the result of being knocked out by John Beaubien two weeks before."""; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
George Baldwin;27-Jul;1902;KO; ;Frank Carlson;19; ;carlson;Portland;Oregon;USA;ND ;"Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Sentinel, July 28, 1902; (Lancaster, Kentucky) Central Record, November 7, 1902. The youths had a quarrel over a girl, and they decided to settle it with a bare knuckle fight that was watched by friends and relatives. Carlson was knocked down by a blow to the stomach, and died on the spot. Baldwin and his father, who had encouraged the fight, were sent to prison on manslaughter charges."; ;Amateur; ;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter;;
William Stokes;1-Sep;1902;KO;3;Albert Terrell (Kid Albert);17;;terrell;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Coshocton (Ohio) Daily Age, September 3, 1902; Ogden (Utah) Standard Examiner, September 2, 1902, http://content.lib.utah.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/ogden7&CISOPTR=72679&CISOSHOW=72683&CISOSHOW2=72748. After being knocked down, Terrill reportedly struck his head on the floor. He died four hours later."; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;13-Sep;1902;KO;;Edward Davies (or Davis);36;;davies;Rowley Wake;London;England;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, September 26, 1902; (Worchester, England) Worchestershire Chronicle, September 26, 1902. The jury ruled misadventure."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Hugh Murphy;21-Jan;1903;KO;15;Eugene O'Connell (Eugene McCarthy);18;Y;o'connell;Scituate;Rhode Island;USA;Light;"Meriden (Connecticut) Daily Journal, January 23, 1903; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, January 23, 1903; Colorado Springs (Colorado) Gazette, January 24, 1903; Gardner T. Swarts, Fifty-First Annual Report upon the Registration and Return of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, in the State of Rhode Island ... for the Year Ending December 31, 1903 (Providence: E.L. Freeman & Sons, 1904), 192, 279. O'Connell  had been boxing since age 15. In this fight, he was knocked down by a blow to the body. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of the brain, and associated with the fall rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"Martin ""Ducky"" Holmes";31-Mar;1903;KO;6;"Joseph ""Kid"" Stearks"; ;;stearks;Bridgeport ;Connecticut;USA;Bantam;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle, April 1, 1903; Forth Wayne (Indiana) Journal Gazette, April 2, 1903; Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, April 2, 1903; Lowell  (Massachusetts) Sun, April 16, 1903. Going into the sixth, Stearks was ahead on points. Then, in the final seconds, he was hit on the jaw. He fell to the floor and did not get up. He died the following morning. Medical examination revealed cause of death to be cerebral hemorrhage. The jury associated the injury with the fall rather than the blow, so manslaughter charges were dismissed."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"Alonzo ""Harry"" White";8-Apr;1903;KO;2;Harry Taylor; ;;taylor;Butte;Montana;USA;Light;"Butte (Montana) Anacoda Standard, April 10, 1903. Because prizefighting was illegal in Montana, the bout was advertised as ""a 10-round go for 'exercise and points.'"" Consequently, this was described in court as a boxing bout rather than a prizefight. The gloves worn weighed about 5 ounces and the hands were bandaged normally. About a minute into the second round, Taylor, in the words of the referee, ""collapsed and went down in pieces."" He died soon after. When asked at the inquest if he had hit Taylor hard, White replied, ""Why, to tell you the truth, I have hit my kid harder than Taylor was hit at any time last night."" Although the autopsy found great quantities of blood in the brain, the doctors attributed death to a diseased heart. Taylor was listed as a colored bootblack from New Orleans, while White was listed as mulatto. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jim Jeffords;28-May;1903;KO;3;George Feeley; ;;feeley;Savannah;Georgia;USA;ND;"Bisbee (Arizona) Daily Review, May 30, 1903; San Francisco Call, May 30, 1903; Washington Post, May 31, 1903; Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1903. Feely was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He never regained consciousness. Jeffords was arrested, but later exonerated.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
John Cason;15-Aug;1903;KO;8;James McBryde (John Leach);24; ;mcbryde;Newcastle;Durham;England;Welter (10 stone 7 pounds);"Sunderland (England) Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette, August 16, 1903; Manchester (England) Guardian, August 17, 1903; (Glasgow) Scotsman, August 25, 1903. The men were members of the Northumberland Artillery Militia. McBryde was an experienced boxer, but this was Cason's first pro fight. Rounds were two minutes each, and both soldiers were fi. McBride was struck on the chin; he collapsed and died. Cause of death was attributed to heart disease.";;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
William Morgan (Paddy King);24-Aug;1903;KO;16;Charles Best (Charlie Young); ;Y;best;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light (9 stone);"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, August 25, 1903; (Sydney, Australia) The Age, August 26, 1903, Sydney (Australia) Mail, August 26, 1903; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, October 8, 1903; http://www.echoed.com.au/chronicle/1903/jul-aug/general.htm. Best was knocked down. He struggled to his feet, but was quickly knocked down again by a short left to the jaw. Best died the following morning. Cause of death was attributed to skull fracture. Morgan and the officials associated with the match were arrested. Charges were dismissed; according to the Argus, the court's decision was that ""friendly exhibitions of skilful and scientific boxing were lawful, but if the contestants showed an intention to inflict such injury upon their opponents as to preven them from continuing to carry on the contest, that would be unlawful."" "; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"Griffith ""Grif"" Jones";8-Sep;1903;Draw;6;Oliver Knight (Joe Riley) ;23;;knight;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Bantam;"Brantford (Ontario) Expositor, September 10, 1903; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, September 12, 1903; Oakland Tribune, September 12, 1903; National Police Gazette, September 26, 1903, 3. The venue was the Southern Athletic Club in Philadelphia. Apparently in reasonable condition after the fight, Knight collapsed in the dressing room afterwards, and he died on September 9 without ever regaining consciousness. The opponent and the seconds were arrested, but released after the jury ruled natural causes. Cause of death was given as uremia."; ;Pro;Uremia;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Clarence Doolittle;6-Nov;1903;Wdec;3;Willis Kingsley;;;kingsley;Franklin;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1903; New York Times, November 8, 1903. Kingsley walked out of the ring, then collapsed. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Mitchell;28-Nov;1903;Sparring; ;Harry Walton;14; ;walton;Spokane;Washington;USA;ND;San Francisco Call, December 4, 1903. Walton and a friend decided to practice the Fitzsimmons knockout blow. Walton said the blow made him feel funny. He became ill, and a couple days later, he died. The attending physician attributed death to the blow.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Frank A. Solomon (Kid Williams);18-Dec;1903;Ndec;20;Thomas Pendergast;;;pendergast;Sacramento ;California;USA;Welter;"Atlanta Constitution, December 20, 1903; Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Daily Sentinel, December 21, 1903; Oakland Tribune, December 22, 1903; Coshocton (Ohio) Daily Age, December 23, 1903. After going home, Pendergast said his stomach hurt. Then he fell unconscious, and he died about 11:30 a.m. the following day. The coroner's jury ruled that ""deceased came to his death from rupture of a blood vessel in the brain caused by blows received in a boxing match,"" and then released Williams because the blows were delivered without malice (San Francisco Call, December 22, 1903)."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Thomas Johnson;28-Jan;1904;KO;5;Charles Andette;31;;andette;Detroit;Michigan;USA;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 29, 1904; Los Angeles Times, January 28, 1904. Andette died of a burst blood vessel in the head. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
George Wagner;6-Apr;1904;KO;16;Louis Drolet; ;;drolet;Quebec City (Saint-Roch district);Quebec;Canada;ND;"Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1904; San Francisco Call, April 8, 1904; New York Times, April 8, 1904; Chicago Daily Tribune, April 8, 1904; Toronto Globe, April 12, 1904. Wagner was described as a ""champion soldier boxer."" Drolet died the day after the fight. The jury said there was no blame because the blow had not been delivered maliciously. Although cause of death was brain hemorrhage, the mechanism was attributed to a punch to the solar plexus. (""The solar plexus blow causes unconsciousness by deranging the vagal tone of the body,"" thus decreasing blood pressure, and possibly causing cardiac arrest. A reduced oxygen supply to the brain is also possible. E.S. Gurdjian and J.E. Webster, Head Injuries: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management, Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1958, 350.) "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blow: Misadventure; ;
Walter Robinson;11-May;1904;KO;9;Johnny Bryant; ;Y;bryant;Fresno ;California;USA;ND;"San Francisco Call, May 13, 1904; Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1904; Fresno Weekly Republican, May 19, 1904. The overmatched Bryant was practically unconscious on his feet during the ninth round. His corner threw in the towel, but he was still hit one last time. He collapsed to the floor and he died the following morning. A few hours later, the coroner ruled that Bryant died from cerebral hemorrhage, and attributed death to the fall rather than blows. Nonetheless, because Robinson was black and Bryant was white, the writer for the Weekly Republican was aghast at the thought of a ""grinning Negro"" killing a white man. 
";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Frank Heath;15-Jun;1904;Sparring; ;Robert Erskine;47; ;erskine;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 16, 1904; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 17, 1904. Erskine was a retired boxer who worked for the Dunlop Tyre Company, and he coached amateur boxers in a company storeroom after work. He and Heath had been sparring. During a break, Erskine was showing Heath a move when he suddenly fell forward. A man in the office telephoned for a doctor, but by the time the doctor arrived, Erskine was dead. Cause of death was heart disease. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Robert Glenn;11-Sep;1904;KO;;Alexander Tilghman;;;tilghman;Atlantic City;New Jersey;USA;ND;New York Times, September 12, 1904. The two men were waiters. They boxed for a few minutes. Glenn struck Tilghman in the chest with a right. Tilghman fell down, gasped, and died. Autopsy showed a large break in the ventricle of the heart.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blow: Misadventure;;
Patrick Dermitty (or Dornady);2-Oct;1904;KO;4;John C. Peters;22;;peters;North Bergen;New Jersey;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, October 3, 1904; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, October 3, 1904; New York Times, October 3, 1904; Trenton (New Jersey) Times, October 3, 1904; Saint Paul (Minnesota) Globe, October 3, 1904. The venue was Alexander Koehler's roadhouse on Tonnele Avenue. The fight took place in front of 300 people (including 4 policemen) at 1 a.m., and the gate receipts were about $200.  Peters was knocked down several times in the fight, twice in the fourth round. After he lay without moving for about five minutes, some of the spectators decided to call for a doctor. The doctor was not home, so an undertaker was called instead. The undertaker put his ear to Peters' chest, listened, and said, ""This man is dead"" (New York Times). Death was attributed to a blow to the heart. Dermitty was arrested."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Finley McLean;10-Oct;1904;Ldec;6;Albert Vincent Isles;24; ;isles;Broken Hill;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, October 13, 1904; (Broken Hill, Australia) Barrier Miner, October 13, 1914. The fight was a preliminary bout staged at the Crystal Theatre in Broken Hill. Isles was a last-minute replacement for another boxer who had injured his hand. Six-ounce gloves were worn. Rounds were two-minutes in duration. During the bout, Isles fell once and was knocked down once, but went the distance. After the fight, he changed clothes, then watched the rest of the bouts from the audience. On his way home from the fight, Isles collapsed in a doorway. He was taken to hospital, where he died the following afternoon. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blow: Misadventure;;
George Kubasak;15-Jan;1905;KO;;Alexander Nedzinski;19;;nedinzinski;Reading;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Altoona (Pennyslvania) Mirror, January 17, 1905; Washington Post, January 17, 1905; Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Courier, January 17, 1905. The bout took place in a barn on a Sunday.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Herbert Eshleman;17-Feb;1905;TKO;5;Warren Yinger;20;;yinger;Lancaster;Pennsylvania;USA;Welter;"Trenton (New Jersey) Times, February 22, 1905; Washington Post, February 22, 1905; Philadelphia Inquirer, March 5, 1905; Trenton (New Jersey) Times, March 10, 1905; Ancestry.com, 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Yinger left the ring, but soon afterwards collapsed into unconsciousness. He died four days later. A manslaughter warrant was issued March 4, but charges were dropped after Eshelman's attorney, a former Pennsylvania attorney general, argued in court that it was not possible to prove that Yinger died from blows."; ;Pro;;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Dorsey Cranston (Kid Dorsey);23-Mar;1905;KO;6;John Hall ; ;;hall;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, March 28, 1905; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 29, 1905; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, March 29, 1905; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, March 24, 1905; Washington Post, March 29, 1905. The venue was the Broadway Athletic Club. After the knockout, Hall failed to get up. He was eventually taken to hospital, where he died. Death was due to cerebral hemorrhage. Cranston and the promoter were arrested, but discharged after the jury ruled that the injuries were accidental."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jack Donnelly;3-Jul;1905;KO;15;Fred Ross; ;;ross;Aberdeen;Washington;USA;Middle;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News, July 5, 1905; (Salem, Oregon) Daily Capital Journal, July 5, 1905'; Aberdeen (Washington) Herald, July 6, 1905. In the fifteenth round, the two men fell during a clinch, Ross on the bottom. He didn't get up, and died in hospital two days later. Cause of death listed as concussion of the brain, dislocated neck. and blood clot on the brain. Donnelly was arrested. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Charles Johnson;8-Jul;1905;KO;8;Raphael Cohen; ;;cohen;USS Yankee;Off Monte Christi, Dominican Republic;USA (At sea);ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, August 16, 1905; Van Wert (Ohio) Daily Bulletin, August 16, 1905; Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, August 16, 1905; New York Times, August 17, 1905; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, August 19, 1905; Letter dated July 15, 1905, from sailor Frank Hoster of USS Olympia to his mother, advertised on E-bay on October 20, 2005. Cohen was a coal passer from USS Yankee, while Johnson was a coal passer on USS Olympia. Cohen was badly beaten in the fight, and died in sick bay early the next morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage on the left side of the brain. The following passage comes from Hoster's letter: ""We have been holding prize fights aboard this Ship but I don't think we will have any more on account of one of the Yankee's crew getting killed. The fellows name was Cohen and lived near the Bowery in New York City. The fight was for a knock out and winner take all the money. The lad who killed him is a negro and is one of this ship's crew. The fight was about even untill the eighth round when Johnson the negro gave him a left-swing and sent him to the mat and just about the finishing of the count Cohen got on his feet and Johnson caught him another with his right and knocked him to the mat never to rise any more. He was carried to the sick bay and died at 12 O'clock that night. We are making a purse for his Mother and have got about One Thousand Dollars so far. Johnson is getting a General Court Martial but it will not amount to anything."" Hoster was correct about the court-martial, whose verdict was that Cohen died in line of duty. According to the Daily News article, ""There is hardly a ship in the navy with a sufficiently large crew which does not witness two or three of these bouts each week... They are usually held on the forward deck, and the commissioned officers, if they are present, are there more as tacitly invited guests than in any other capacity."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
G. F. Paff and R.M. Nickelson;24-Oct;1905;Sparring; ;Grover Muldoon;19;;muldoon;Indianapolis;Indiana;USA;ND;Fort Wayne (Indiana) Weekly Sentinel, November 1, 1905. After sparring with his roommates for about half an hour, Muldoon, a college student, began vomiting. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was said to be cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Fred Northrup;30-Oct;1905;KO;6;"Charles ""Cap"" O'Regan";22;;o'regan;St. John;New Brunswick;Canada;Feather;"St. John (New Brunswick) Daily Sun, October 31, 1905; St. John (New Brunswick) Daily Sun, November 1, 1905; Boston Daily Globe, November 2, 1905; St. John (New Brunswick) Daily Sun, November 7, 1905;  St. John (New Brunswick) Daily Sun, November 8, 1905. It was O'Regan's first professional match, and he was outweighed by about 20 pounds. About 800 people were in the audience. Eight-ounce gloves were worn. Two minutes into the sixth round, Northrup hit O'Regan with a blow to the heart followed by a left to the jaw. O'Regan went down. He was carried to the dressing room, where he died about an hour later. Northrup was arrested on manslaughter charges. The medical examiners ruled death was caused by compression of the brain, induced by concussion; also, the venus veins were ruptured. The bout had been licensed, so the grand jury's verdict was death by misadventure. Afterwards, His Honor Judge Forbes lectured the jury, saying the verdict should have been manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Manslaughter: Misadventure; ;
Minor Meriweather Jr.;7-Nov;1905;KO; ;James R. Branch;23;;branch;Annapolis;Maryland;USA;ND;"Oakland Tribune, November 7, 1905; Dallas Morning News, November 9, 1905; Washington Post, November 9, 1905; New York Times, November 24, 1905; Phoenix (Arizona) Republican, December 13, 1905. The boxers were midshipmen at the US Naval Academy. They boxed, and Meriwether lost. He returned to his room, where he took ill. He died. Cause of death was blood clots on the brain. Although run by Queensberry Rules, this was not an officially sanctioned bout, so the cadet officers who participated were reduced in grade."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Alf Hardwicke;18-Nov;1905;KO;3;Arthur Murray; ; ;murray;Ravenswood;Queensland;Australia;Heavy;Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, November 22, 1905. Murray was knocked down, and counted out. His seconds went to get him, and found he was dead. Cause of death was attributed to cardiac conditions.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring; ;;
Sid Roberts;6-Dec;1905;KO;9;Jack McDonald; ; ;mcdonald;Yreka;California;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Herald, December 8, 1905. Roberts led throughout the bout, and in the ninth, ""Roberts swung a vicious blow to the back of McDonald's head, dropping him in a heap. Roberts was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Frank Shannon;21-Dec;1905;KO;1;Patrick Reynolds;21;;reynolds;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, December 22, 1905; Marion (Ohio) Daily Star, December 23, 1905. Reynolds was struck on the back of the neck. He went to his knees. He stood up, put up his guard, then fell face first. ""Don't cheer, boys, he's hurt,"" said a second. He was dead by the time the priest and the police arrived. Death was attributed to heart disease."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
George Fis (Kid Sis);18-Jan;1906;KO;2;Nathan Rosenberg (Kid Goog);18;;rosenberg;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, January 19, 1906. Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1906. Fight was a scheduled 3-rounder at George Macfadden's club. Rosenberg was hit hard over the heart, and carried to the dressing room. There, he was discovered to be dead, and the crowd (and Kid Sis) promptly left.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Joseph Rivers;22-Jan;1906;KO;;Lawrence Tighe;16;;tighe;Brooklyn;New York;USA;ND;"Augusta (Maine) Daily Kennebec Journal, January 24, 1906; Oxford Junction (Iowa) Oxford Mirror, February 1, 1906.  Tighe was knocked out and taken to the hospital. He died a week later without regaining consciousness. The surviving principals were arrested."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"""Chiefy"" H. Johnson";5-Feb;1906;KO;3;Alexander Gdovin (Thomas Dover);20; ;gdovin;Colma;California;USA;ND;"San Francisco Call, February 7, 1906; San Francisco Chronicle, February 7, 1906; San Francisco Call, February 8, 1906; Washington Post, February 7, 1906; San Francisco Call, February 10, 1906; San Francisco Call, February 15, 1906; Steve ""Woody"" Barry, ""A Boxer's Death,"" Western Neighborhoods Project, January 2004, http://www.outsidelands.org/sw24.html. The bout took place inside a ring at a local saloon. Johnson struck Gdovin over the heart. Gdovin dropped dead on the spot. Cause of death was attributed to ""paralysis of the pneumogastric nerve."" The estimated 200 spectators were gone before the police arrived -- which is odd, since promoters included the town constable, and the referee was one of his deputies. The owner of the building, James Coffroth (1872-1943), told investigators that he had no idea that boxing was taking place inside the building he owned. This is again interesting, because Coffroth was one of Northern California's leading boxing promoters. At the inquest, it was revealed that Johnson had spent the night  at the home of town constable C.J. Carroll. However, the jury ruled that no one was to blame due to the ""friendliness of the affair."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Frankie Neil;28-Feb;1906;KO;14;Sam Tennebaum (Harry Tenny);21;Y;tennebaum;San Francisco;California;USA;Bantam;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, March 1, 1906; Washington Post, March 4, 1906; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, March 9, 1906; Oakland Tribune, March 31, 1907; Elyria (Ohio) Reporter, March 5, 1906. Tennebaum won only one round in this fight (the seventh), and was knocked down twice in the fourteenth round. He remained unconscious for about an hour after the fight. He then briefly regained consciousness before lapsing back into a coma. He died the following morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The cororner's jury found the promoters of this fight guilty of gross negligence after it was determined that Tennebaum's medical certificates had been signed by a sportswriter (who, by the way, went on to become sports editor of the New York Morning Telegraph). Responsibility was also attributed to referee Billy Roche, who failed to stop the fight after the first knockdown."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Gross negligence; ;
Robert Lander;29-Mar;1906;TKO;2;Shenstone Wyer;20;;wyer;Toronto;Ontario;Canada;Bantam;"Toronto Globe, March 30, 1906; Toronto Globe, April 4, 1906. Wyer had just arrived in Canada from England, and had never boxed in a tournament before. Although he weighed about 105 pounds, he was fighting in the bantamweight division. He collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. An ambulance came to take him to the hospital, but because the injury occurred during the first bout of the night, few people in the audience were aware of it. Wyer died in hospital about four hours later. Autopsy revealed no brain injury, so the coroner's jury ruled cause of death to be apoplexy caused by excitement."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Nick Verra;5-Apr;1906;KO;;Michael Benyo;22;;benyo;Star Junction;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Courier, April 5, 1906; Connellsville (Pennsylvania), Courier, April 13, 1906. The two men  were having ""a playful scuffle"" during a break at the coal tipple at which they both worked. Benyo was knocked down, and he died shortly afterwards. Although Verra was arrested, he was released a week later, after the coroner's jury ruled that the death was accidental."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"""Young"" Harry Asbury";7-May;1906;Ldec;6;Harry McCarthy;18;;mccarthy;Sharon;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Washington Post, May 8, 1906; Chicago Daily Tribune, May 9, 1906; Augusta (Maine) Daily Kennebec Journal, May 9, 1906.  After the decision was announced, McCarthy walked from the ring to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died two hours later. Cause of death was attributed to apoplexy."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Eddie Tancel;4-Jul;1906;KO;10;"""Young"" Charles Greenberg";18;Y;greenberg;La Salle;Illinois;USA;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, July 8, 1906; New York World, July 8, 1906, 10, Chicago Daily Tribune, April 19, 1910. Cause of death was a blood clot at the base of the brain. Greenberg had only recently begun fighting professionally. Tancel and two other men (Thomas E. Jones, better known as Ad Wolgast's manager, and William Farmer) pled guilty to manslaughter, and fined $144.25 each, a sum that is equivalent to about $3,000 today."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Charles Smith;9-Sep;1906;KO;;Con Griffin; ;;griffin;Little Rock;Arkansas;USA;ND;"Washington Post, December 23, 1906; Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times, January 4, 1907.";;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;Aug/;1906;KO; ;Edward Jeffcott; ; ;jeffcott;Fitzroy;Queensland;Australia;ND;(Broken Hill, New South Wales) Barrier Miner, August 29, 1906. Jeffcott died after boxing. Cause of death was given as ruptured appendix.; ;Pro;Ruptured appendix;Soon after; ;;
"Henry ""Phil"" Ryan";17-Sep;1906;KO;8;Harry Strothcamp; ;;strothcamp;Harrison;New York;USA;ND;"Washington (District of Columbia) Evening Star, September 9, 1906; Trenton (New Jersey) Times, September 19, 1906; Washington Post, September 19, 1906. The fight was held in the back room of an Italian saloon called the Bungalow, for a $200 purse. Between 100-250 people were in the crowd. Harrison was knocked down three times in the seventh round, the last time by solar plexus punch. From the floor, he said, ""Good-bye, boys, I guess I'm done for. I guess I've fought my last fight,"" and then he passed out. A doctor was called, but Harrison was dead by the time the physician arrived. Cause of death was attributed to a weak heart.  "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Walter Robinson;22-Sep;1906;KO;;Richard Munson;20;;munson;West Seneca;New York;USA;ND;"Reno Evening Gazette, September 24, 1906; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, September 24, 1906; Chicago Daily Tribune, September 25, 1906; Seattle Times, September 25, 1906. Munson was struck behind the left ear, and he went down. He died September 24, apparently of brain injury. Robinson was arrested. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Martin Martinson (Terry Martin);24-Sep;1906;KO;5;Jack McKenzie; ;Y;mckenzie;Portland;Maine;USA;Welter;"Washington Post, December 23, 1906; Trenton Evening Times, January 4, 1907; Boston Daily Globe, September 25, 1906. Just before the bell, McKenzie was hit above the heart and in the throat. He walked to his corner, where he collapsed. He failed to get up at the start of the sixth, and the crowd yelled, ""Fake!"" Several doctors entered the ring, but he was pronounced dead fifteen minutes later. Cause of death was listed as heart trouble. NOTE: In September 1908, a boxer called Terry Martin, aged 27, was taken to the hospital in New York for treatment of his own serious head injury (New York Times, September 26, 1908). The opponent in this latter bout was Harry Lewis, who was the opponent during the Mike Ward death of November 1906. Martin recovered, however, and he continued boxing until shortly before his death in 1918. Meanwhile, Harry Lewis (Herman Besterman) lived until 1956, but was partially paralyzed secondary to injuries received during a bout in November 1913."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Billy Snailham;28-Sep;1906;KO;13;Johnny Crowe;20;;crowe;Everett;Washington;USA;Bantam;"Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 30, 1906; Seattle Times, September 30, 1906; Washington Post, October 1, 1906. Snailham hit Crowe with a combination to the kidney and heart. Crowe collapsed in the ring and died without regaining consciousness. The autopsy showed that Crowe had an enlarged heart, stomach problems, and a clot in the brain.  Snailham had fought (and beaten) Crowe at least three times in the past year, and Crowe had been knocked out during a fight with Louie Long just two months before. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John McGrath;30-Oct;1906;Sparring; ;John Bergen;18;;bergin;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, October 31, 1906. Bergen was boxing in the gym of Holy Cross Church in New York. It was his first time in the ring. He was struck over the heart, and died. McGrath was arrested, but released after the coroner determined cause of death was cardiac.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Herman Besterman (Harry Lewis);15-Nov;1906;KO;9;"Andrew Michael ""Mike"" Ward";22;Y;ward;Grand Rapids;Michigan;USA;Welter;"Oakland Tribune, November 16, 1906; Reno Evening Gazette, November 16, 1906; Toronto Globe, November 17, 1906; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, December 1, 1906; Kennebec (Maine) Daily Kennebec Journal, January 14, 1907; New York Times, March 8, 1907; correspondence with Mary Burgess, a relative of Ward, on June 7, 2006. Ward was from Sarnia, Ontario, and he and his cousin Michael Andrew Ward were both featherweight boxers. Ward had begun boxing at age 15. He had decided to retire from the ring (he was studying to become a Roman Catholic priest), but was talked into one last contest. During  the ninth round of this fight, he was knocked down. When he started to stand up up, he was knocked down again. (There was no neutral corner in those days.) This time, Ward's head struck the unpadded floor with an audible thump, and that ended the match. Ward stood up, spoke a few words, and then collapsed. He died the following day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Besterman was charged with first-degree murder, but was exonerated after the jury said that it was the fall rather than the blows that killed Ward. Nonetheless, Besterman was still fined $1,000 on charges of prizefighting. In addition, Grand Rapid's laws were changed so that subsequently, only three-round bouts with 8-ounce gloves could be fought inside the city."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Albert Wilmot;19-Dec;1906;KO;;Frank Chambers (Harwood);23; ;chambers;Battersea;London;England;Light (9st 4lb);"Exeter (England) Western Times, December 21, 1906; Manchester (England) Guardian, December 25, 1906. The bout was to scheduled for two rounds of two minutes each and one round of three minutes each. Gloves were 8 ounce. There was no pre-fight physical. The first two rounds were even. Then, during the third round, Chambers began staggering about the ring, and the referee stopped the fight. Chambers was helped to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died soon after in hospital. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. The coroner's jury ruled accidental death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Jim Gains;25-Dec;1906;KO;8;Calvin Good;;;good;Fargo;North Dakota;USA;ND;"Reno Evening Gazette, December 27, 1906; Anaconda (Montana) Standard, December 27, 1906; Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, December 27, 1906. Both Gains and Good were black. The fight took place at the Fargo Elks Lodge. Even though (or perhaps because) people in the audience at this bout included a state attorney, the county sheriff, and the lieutenant-governor of North Dakota, Gains was not present at the hearing. Instead, he reportedly left town. The cororner's jury attributed Good's death to pneumonia."; ;Pro;Pneumonia;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Joseph Silverberg;16-Jan;1907;KO; ;William Freund;18; ;freund;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;Rock Island (Illinois) Argus, January 17, 1907. The youths were boxing at a dance hall. Freund fell, and reportedly hit his head on the floor. He died in hospital later the same day.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
"Adam ""Kid"" Brown";23-Jan;1907;TKO;2;John A. Mason;; ;mason;Indianapolis;Indiana;USA;ND;"New York Times, February 3, 1907; Hammond (Indiana) Lake County Times, February 7, 1907; (Walla Walla, Washington) Evening Statesman, February 12, 1907; San Francisco Call, March 8, 1907; New York Times, May 5, 1907. The venue was St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church. Mason was from a boxing club associated with St. Bartholomew's, while Brown was from a boxing club associated with St. George's Episcopal Church. Mason fought twice on the same card. During the second bout, he was knocked out. He got up, got dressed, and went home. At home, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with paralysis of the brain. He died a few weeks later. Cause of death was attributed to a fall. Because Brown was not actually associated with either church, this death led to restrictions on boxing in church athletic leagues."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;Fall; ;
Samuel Irons;26-Apr;1907;KO;2;Thomas Miller;21; ;miller;Walsenburg;Colorado;USA;ND;"Aspen (Colorado) Democrat, April 28, 1907; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Journal-Gazette, April 28, 1907; Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1907. The fight was scheduled for twenty rounds. In the second, Miller was knocked down by a blow to the solar plexus, but was saved by the bell. He came back strong in the third, but then was knocked out of the ring, into the crowd. He was unconscious for several minutes. He said, ""I am all right now."" He stood up, went to the dressing room, and died. Irons was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;14-Jul;1907;Sparring; ;Alfred Johnston;17;;johnston;San Francisco;California;USA;ND;San Francisco Call, July 14, 1907. Johnston was on a rooftop, sparring. He stepped back, and fell down an open elevator shaft. He was taken to hospital, where he died.; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;Fall;;
Moore;Aug/;1907;Sparring; ;Sims; ; ;sims ;Dodson;Louisiana;USA;ND;(Opelousas, Louisiana) St. Landry Clarion, August 31, 1907. The men were sparring. Sims was struck near the heart. He collapsed and died.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Benito Valdez;16. Sep;1907;Sparring; ;Melano Valdez;8;;valdez;Las Vegas;New Mexico;USA;ND;Chris Cozzone and Jim Boggio. Boxing in New Mexico: A History, 1868-1940. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2013, p. 74. The youths were brothers. They were sparring. Melano was struck by a blow to the heart. He collapsed, and then died the following day.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Neil Dover;21-Sep;1907;KO;2;John Mees (Young Mees);22;;mees;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Middletown (New York) Daily Times-Press, September 23, 1907; New York Times, September 23, 1907; Los Angeles Times, September 24, 1907;  Oakland Tribune, September 24, 1907. Mees collapsed after being struck over the heart. He died in hospital the following day. Dover was arrested."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
B.M. Manning;14-Jan;1908;KO;8;H. A. Harnett (or Hartnet);23;;harnett;Naval Station Newport;Rhode Island;USA;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 19, 1908; New York Times, January 19, 1908; New York Times, January 20, 1908; Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, January 20, 1908; Hamilton (Ohio) Daily Republican-News, February 14, 1908. The men were apprentice seamen assigned to the training ship, USS Cumberland (IX-8). They had a grudge, and agreed to fight it out under supervision. Gloves were worn, a referee was in the ring, and the surgeon sat ringside. Both boxers were visibly tired by the seventh, and in the eighth, Harnett was knocked down. He did not get up, and he died in hospital on January 18. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. The commanding officer of the USS Cumberland received an official reprimand for allowing apprentice seamen to settle a dispute with boxing gloves."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Harry Fransart ;26-Feb;1908;KO;4;Emmet Brown; ;;brown;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, February 28, 1908; Oakland Tribune, February 28, 1908; (New York) Sun, February 28, 1908. According to the New York Times, ""As a side line to his trade as a barber, Emmet Brown, a negro, of 71 West Ninety-ninth Street, fought 'for the white folks.'"" The bout took place at the bacj of a concert saloon on 1841 Avenue A; the entertainment included vaudeville shows, boxing, and the like. During the fourth round, Brown was struck on the jaw. He fell down, and reportedly struck his head on the floor. He was carried outside and thrown on the sidewalk. Later, some men started carrying him to the hospital. A policeman stopped the men, ascertained their purpose, and called an ambulance. Brown died the following day. Death was attributed to skull fracture."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Fritz Futzenberger (Young Billy Rhodes);17-Mar;1908;KO;5;Leck Allen;25;;allen;St. Joseph;Missouri;USA;ND;"Des Moines (Iowa) Daily News, March 18, 1908; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, March 18, 1908; Warren (Pennsylvania) Evening Mirror, March 19, 1908; 1900 Federal Census Cooper County, Missouri, ED 142, page 1 of 2, http://www.rootsweb.com/~cenfiles/mo/cooper/1900/ed142/ed142p01.txt. The fight took place at the Eagles lodge. Allen, who had only recently been released from prison, collapsed in the fifth. He died two days later without regaining consciousness. Futzenberger was arrested."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Charles Wolf (Young Nelson);17-Mar;1908;KO;1;Willis Robinson;19;;robinson;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Feather;"Oakland Tribune, March 18, 1908; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, March 18, 1908; Van Wert (Ohio) Daily Bulletin, March 18, 1908. Less than a minute into the match, Robinson was struck over the heart. He collapsed in the ring, and he died in the police vehicle transporting him to the hospital."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Oscar Geary;17-Mar;1908;KO;6;Samuel Bradbury;;;bradbury;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, March 23, 1908. Bradbury was knocked down. He went home, but did not feel well, so went o the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Death was attributed to the fall rather than blows.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Fall;;
Joe Cienfuegos;01. Apr;1908;Sparring; ;Joseph T. Lacome;20; ;lacome;Santa Fe;New Mexico;USA;ND;"Chris Cozzone and Jim Boggio. Boxing in New Mexico: A History, 1868-1940. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2013, p. 75. The conditions were not stated except that this was a ""friendly"" fight. Lacome was struck on the nose. Lacome's nose did not stop bleeding, he got weaker, and he died at his parents' house on April 4."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later; ;;
Johnny Hogan;17-Jun;1908;KO;3;Peter George Hage;27;;hage;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Journal Gazette, June 18, 1908; Chicago Daily Tribune, June 18, 1908; Chicago Daily Tribune, June 19, 1908; Washington Post, June 19, 1908; New York Times, June 21, 1908; Ancestry.com. U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls, 1798-1940 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2007. Hage was a Marine private stationed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Hogan was a professional from the city. The bout took place on board the USS Mississippi. Hage was hit hard, and died within a few minutes of being counted out. Death was attributed to heart failure."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Exhaustion; ;
James Linskey;18-Jul;1908;KO;1;"Richard ""Dick"" Stockdale";25;;stockdale;Newcastle;Durham;England;ND;"Devon (England) Western Times, July 20, 1908; Manchester (England) Guardian, July 20, 1908; (Glasgow) Scotsman, July 28, 1908. Six-ounce gloves were worn. Stockdale was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He got up at the count of five, then collapsed. He was dead in the ring.  Cause of death was cardiac. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Robert Moore;17-Sep;1908;Sparring; ;Adolph Bach;;;bach;Milwaukee;Wisconsin;USA;ND;Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Evening Gazette, September 19, 1908. The two men were sparring, using one-minute rounds. After the round, Bach asked for water, then fell unconscious to the floor. Cause of death was attributed to a fractured skull.; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Soon after;; ;
Edward Lynch;9-Nov;1908;Sparring; ;John Vandebeck;20; ;vandebeck;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, November 10, 1908. The two men were sparring at a friend's house. They were sparring lightly, with coats on, as well as gloves. Lynch hit Vandebeck on the jaw. Vandebeck staggered back, then collapsed. Death was attributed to heart disease. ; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring; ;;
ND;Dec/;1908;KO; ;Anonymous soldier; ; ;nd;Fort St. Michael;Alaska;USA;ND;Omaha (Nebraska) Daily Bee, July 20, 1909.  The unnamed soldier of the 22nd Infantry was knocked down in a bout sanctioned by his regiment. He got back up and was knocked down again. He apparently struck his head during the fall, and he died two hours later. Death was ruled to be the result of skull fracture. This raised the question of whether a death during a boxing match constituted death in the line of duty. The Army ruled that it was. (Note: Companies B and E, 22nd Infantry, were at Fort St. Michael during that time. All soldiers were white.); ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;;;
Benjamin Barnett (Fred Stewart);18-Dec;1908;KO;2;James Curran (Mickey Henry);18;Y;curran;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Frederick (Maryland) News, December 19, 1908; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, December 19, 1908; New York Times, December 19, 1908; Washington Post, December 19, 1908; Titusville (Pennsylvania) Morning Herald, December 22, 1908. The pair were even in the first round. Barnett dominated the second round, and in the third, Curran was knocked down by a right to the chin. Curran stood up, then collapsed, and he died en route to the hospital. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. Initially, the promoters said that doctors had checked both fighters, and declared them in perfect shape, but later it was revealed that no examination had been done."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Charles Cornell;8-Jan;1909;Ldec;5;W. Dudley Drummond; ; ;drummond;Wagga Wagga ;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 12, 1909; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, January 14, 1909; Tuapeka (New Zealand) Times, February 3, 1909. The two men quarreled over a wheat shipment. They agreed to settle it with a fight. They boxed four or five rounds. Af the end of the fight, Drummond said to Cornell, ""I find I am out of condition. I'll have to give you best, I suppose."" The men then shook hands. Drummond, exhausted, sat down, and then collapsed. He was taken to hospital. The doctor found his abdomen full of blood from a ruptured hydatid cyst (that is, a tapeworm). Despite surgery, Drummond died. The coroner ruled death was from muscular exertion, and the jury ruled natural causes."; ;Amateur;Hydatid cyst (tapeworm);Ring;Muscular exertion;;
"Theodore W. ""Teddy"" Fick";23-Jan;1909;KO;4;"Michael ""Mickey"" Wilson";33;;wilson;Boise Barracks;Idaho;USA;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 25, 1909; San Francisco Call, January 25, 1909; Chicago Tribune, January 26, 1909. Wilson died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as a fracture at the base of the brain. Both men were soldiers of Troop L, Fourteenth US Cavalry, and military inquiry was done to forestall action by civil authorities."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Bud Class;7-Feb;1909;Sparring;  ;Ernest Free;18;;free;Edge (Brazos County);Texas;USA;ND;Galveston (Texas) Daily News, February 9, 1909. Free was hit over the heart. He collapsed, and died two hours later.;;Amateur;;Ring;;;
John Scanlon;13-Feb;1909;Sparring;;Frank Crossland;15;;crossland;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"Washington Post, February 19, 1909. The youths were boxing after school. The school principal said it was not a fight, but a sparring match. During this period, boxing was being emphasized as a good bodybuilder, and boxing was recommended for inclusion in public school physical fitness programs. Proponents included Dr. Philip O'Hanlon of the New York Coroner's office. ""Post-mortem examinations on bodies of small boys has impressed upon Dr. O'Hanlon... the great lack of chest development these lads must have had in life. As the best means of safely attaining lung development in the physically formative years, he urges the effectiveness of boxing, properly conducted. He mentions President [Theodore] Roosevelt as an example of the efficacy of the 'manly sport' in chest building"" (Syracuse, New York, Herald, January 25, 1909). Anyway, Crossland was knocked down, and he died fifteen minutes later. "; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Athol Hollier;13-Mar;1909;KO;5;Frederick C. Fowler;18; ;fowler;Penrith;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, March 15, 1909; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 16, 1909. The bout took place at the Manchester Unity Hall for a prize. Fowler was knocked down several times in the fourth round, and he collapsed in the fifth. When carried outside, he was dead. Cause of death was given as heart failure, the result of exhaustion."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exhaustion;;
Percy Ryan;27-Apr;1909;KO ;7;J. Francis;23; ;francis ;Wattamondara;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, April 27, 1909; Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, May 1, 1909. Francis collapsed in the seventh round, and he died while being transported to hospital. "; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
ND;May/;1909;Sparring;;W.W. Luper;;;luper;Dallas;Texas;USA;ND;"Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, May 20, 1909. ""W.W. Luper, mayor of Nevada, Tex., died as the result of injuries received in a friendly boxing match several weeks ago. His antagonist has not been arrested."""; ;Amateur;;Ring; ;;
"""Young Peter"" Evans";28-May;1909;KO;15;John Pappakeriazes (James Kueriazes, Greek Jimmy Ryan);25;;Pappakeriazes;Savannah;Georgia;USA;Light;"Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1909; Atlanta Constitution, May 29, 1909; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, May 29, 1909; New York Times, May 30, 1909; Coshocton (Ohio) Daily Times, June 1, 1909; Terre Haute (Indiana) Tribune Star, TribStar.com, May 30, 2009, http://www.tribstar.com/history/local_story_150210927.html; http://obituaries.vigo.lib.in.us/obits/320/p_1page5.html. Pappakeriazes was knocked down by a blow and did not get up. He was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done. He died in hospital the following morning. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Death was attributed to the fall rather than the blow. Ryany had been knocked out less than a month before this fight. Pappakeriazes' manager was Charles ""Tex"" Johnson, who later managed Terre Haute boxer Bud Taylor."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
George Keppe (Milwaukee Kid);4-Jun;1909;KO;11;"Victor ""Ed"" Lyons";31;;lyons;Austin;Texas;USA;Heavy;"Galveston (Texas) Daily News, June 6, 1909; New York Times, June 6, 1909; Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1909; Atlanta Constitution, June 6, 1909. The promoter was Dan Stuart, who tried to arrange a fight between Bob Fitzsimmons and Peter Maher in 1895. To circumvent anti-prizefighting laws, Stuart sold no tickets to the fight. Instead, he sold membership to Albert Raatz's athletic club. By joining Raatz's club, one received 12 lessons in physical culture, plus free attendance at a 20-round ""sparring match"" that would not end by draw. Although prizefighting was illegal in Texas, this bout was witnessed by a judge, the chief of police, the county sheriff, and Texas Rangers. In addition, the county clerk kept the collection. Five-ounce gloves were worn, and the two men were active throughout; according to the Atlanta paper, ""By the end of the fifth round both men were covered with blood, even the referee was sprinkled with the blood of the fighters."" In the eleventh round, Lyons rushed Keppe, and for his efforts, was knocked through the ropes. He crawled or was pushed back into the ring, but was knocked down again, and the fight was stopped. Lyons sat dazed in his corner for about twenty mintues. His seconds then helped him down the street to a barber shop, where he was bathed. After that, he was taken to one of the seconds' homes, and put to bed. He did not waken in the morning, so a doctor was called about 6:00 a.m., and he was pronounced dead about 9:15 a.m. Death was attributed to a rupture of the left middle meningeal artery, and attributed to a right-sided blow. When notified of the death, the police chief told reporters he did not stop the bout because everyone ""seemed to like it."" In the sheriff's opinion, no laws had been broken and Lyons' death was due merely to an accident."" Added the gym owner, Albert Raatz: ""It was a nice, friendly bout."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Britton Stacey;15-Jul;1909;KO;;Earl Terry;20;;terry;Hillsboro;Texas;USA;ND;Galveston (Texas) Daily News, July 16, 1909. The two men were boxing in a neighbor's yard. Terry was struck on the left side of the body. He collapsed, and died.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Thompson;16-Jul;1909;Sparring; ;Thomas Armstrong;26; ;armstrong;Eccles ;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, July 20, 1909. Armstrong, who had been drinking, came home with some friends, who had also been drinking, to do some boxing. They went upstairs, put on gloves, and commenced to spar. Armstrong said he felt ill, so went to bed. His wife thought it was the drink, but soon after, she found him dead. Medical opinion was that cause of death was over-exertion on a full stomach, combined with a weak heart. The coroner ruled death by natural causes.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Natural causes;;
David W. Williams;31-Jul;1909;KO;6;Harrison H. Foster;;;foster;Provincetown;Massachusetts;USA;ND;"New York Times, August 2, 1909; Boston Daily Globe, August 2, 1909; Racine (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, August 19, 1909; Washington Post, August 22, 1909; Washington Post, August 26, 1909. The boxers were African American messmen serving aboard USS Vermont. The two men had a grudge, so upon reaching port, they were allowed to box one another during a scheduled shipboard smoker.  The morning after the bout, Foster complained of pain, so he was taken to sick bay, where he died. After a court-martial cleared Williams of manslaughter charges, he was turned over to Georgia civil authorities, who wanted him on charges of aggravated assault pre-existing his enlistment in the Navy."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Burrows;21-Aug;1909;KO;7;Clarke; ; ;clarke;Wingham;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, August 24, 1909; Wanganui (New Zealand) Herald, September 10, 1909. Clarke was knocked down. He did not recover. A doctor was called, and he ordered Clarke transported to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Harry Haber;30-Oct;1909;KO;;Michael Murray;25;;murray;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Boston Daily Globe, October 31, 1909; Decatur (Illinois) Daily Review, October 31, 1909. Murray was knocked down in the semi-finals of the tournament. He recovered somewhat, then collapsed again. He died in hosptial Cause of death was listed as skull fracture. Haber was arrested, but released after death was attributed to the fall rather than blows. New York Times of October 31, 1909, listed Haber as John Taylor. "; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Happy Brown;16-Jan;1910;KO;;Joseph Myers;;;myers;Chillicothe;Ohio;USA;ND;"Van Wert (Ohio) Daily Bulletin, January 17, 1910; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 3, 1911. The two men were soldiers in the Ohio National Guard, sparring at the Armory. Cause of death was attributed to improper physical condition."; ;Amateur;;Ring;Unfit; ;
Charles W. Turner;26-Feb;1910;KO;11;W. Jenkins; ; ;jenkins;Jandowae;Queensland;Australia;ND;Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, March 4, 1910. Jenkins was knocked down twice in the eleventh round. He never regained consciosuness, and died. Turner was arrested. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Joseph McCarthy;9-Feb;1910;Ndec;10;Albert (or Aloise) Wilkowski (Jack Coburn);21;;wilkowski;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;"Decatur (Illinois) Daily Review, February 10, 1910; Racine (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, February 10, 1910; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, March 12, 1910. The fight took place at Harry Gilmore's academy, and the boxers wore 2-ounce gloves. Shortly after the fight, Wilkowski collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Manslaughter charges were filed, but the jury ruled accidental death; cause of death was said to be fractured skull."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
"""Kid Kenneth"" Harmon";22-Feb;1910;KO;3;"Charles Edward ""Ginger"" Williams";23;Y;williams;Coalinga;California;USA;Heavy;"Oakland (California) Tribune, February 23, 1910; Fresno (California) Morning Republican, February 24, 1910; Washington Post, February 24, 1910. Williams fell through the ropes, thereby breaking his neck and fracturing his skull. Williams was generally known as ""Eddie."""; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Robert Morris;26-Feb;1910;KO; ;Mannie Williams; ; ;williams;Jackson;Mississippi;USA;ND;Washington (District of Columbia) Times, February 27, 1910. The men were boxing with light gloves.  Morris was arrested.; ;; ;Ring;;;
"Francis ""Frank"" Inglis";5-Mar;1910;KO;10;"Robert Bertram ""Curly"" Watson";26;Y;watson;Stepney;London;England;Welter;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, March 7, 1910; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 9, 1910; Manchester (England) Guardian, March 9, 1910; London Times, March 10, 1910; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 11, 1910. Watson had lost nine fights in the past six months. On the other hand, he was a former Royal Navy boxing champion, with over 116 wins to his credit. The fight was scheduled for ten 2-minute rounds. Gloves were six ounce. Into the ninth round of this fight, he appeared to be leading on points. Then, during the tenth round, he was knocked down three times, and he was counted out. Cause of death was given as heart failure, ""caused by compression of the brain, resulting from an infusion of blood from a lacerated artery."" His ""coloured opponent"" (Inglis was from the West Indies) was arrested, but acquitted after the coroner opined that death was caused by the fall rather than a blow."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Willis Elder;10-Mar;1910;KO;2;John V. Heflin;22;;heflin;Fort Baker ;California;USA;ND;San Francisco Call, March 19, 1910. Both men were privates in the Coast Artillery. According to the ringside physician, Heflin was knocked to his knees in the second round. He tried to stand, but then fell over unconscious. He stayed unconscious, so he was taken first to the post infirmary, and then to the Presidio hospital, where he died on March 21. Cause of death was given as hemorrhage of the brain. Heflin was from Kansas City, Missouri, and this was said to have been his 21st bout.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Private Weston;Mar/;1910;Sparring;;Private A. Tindall;;;tindall;Aldershot Barracks;Hampshire;England;ND;"London Times, March 11, 1910; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 11, 1910. During sparring at the Army base, Tindall was struck on the jaw. He collapsed, and did not get up. Cause of death was originally attributed to heart failure, but the autopsy showed a ruptured artery in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Frank Keizer;5-Apr;1910;KO;7;Gilbert Trehou;18;Y;trehou;Passaic;New Jersey;USA;ND;"Washington Post, April 9, 1910; Boston Globe, April 9, 1910; New York Times, May 1, 1910. The bout was a grudge match supervised by the high school principal. Ropes were strung and a referee and timekeeper were used. Trehou was struck in solar plexus but died of brain injuries."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Stanley Rodgers;18-Apr;1910;KO;6;Frank L. Pierce Jr. (Frank Cole);21;Y;cole;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Gazette, April 22, 1910. This was Pierce's fourth pro fight. Pierce was knocked down, but got up at nine. Rodgers knocked Pierce down again, using a solid right to the left side of the head. This time, Pierce did not get up. The announcer told the audience that Pierce was not seriously injured. He died about a few hours later. Rodgers, the referee (George Decker), and promoters Philadelphia Jack O'Brien and Jim Johnson were arrested. O'Brien posted bail.; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"James ""Joe"" O'Brien";22-Apr;1910;Draw;6;Max Landy;21;Y;landy;Brockton;Massachusetts;USA;Bantam;"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, April 25, 1910; Washington Post, April 26, 1910; New York Times, May 1, 1910. Landy had been the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) national bantamweight champion in 1908. He was found dead in his bed. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Owen Moran;29-Apr;1910;KO;16;Tommy McCarthy;20;Y;mccarthy;San Francisco;California;USA;Feather;"New York Times, May 1, 1910; Seattle Times, December 18, 1910. McCarthy was the younger brother of the well-regarded Johnny McCarthy, but was rushed into this bout with the more skilful Moran. Death was attributed to skull fracture."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Clarence Robertson;10-May;1910;TKO;3;Edward Sloane Clebourne (J. Sloane);19; ;clebourne;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, May 11, 1910; Hawarea and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, May 11, 1910; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, May 12, 1910; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, May 17, 1910. It was Robinson's second pro fight. Cliburne was knocked down four times in the second round, and then knocked down a fifth time at the bell. He was carried to his corner, and when the minute rest was up, he was unable to stand. The fight was stopped, and he was transported to the hospital, where he died an hour later. At first, death was attributed to a broken neck, but the autopsy determined that the cause was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. The verdict was accidental death, and attributed to the fall rather than blows.";New South Wales Championships ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
William G. King;May/;1910;KO;;A.D. Russell;;;russell;Fresno ;California;USA;ND;Waterloo (Iowa) Reporter, June 1, 1910. Russell was knocked out of the ring, and cause of death was attributed to the fall rather than blows. Nonetheless, the jury subsequently found King guilty of manslaughter.; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall: Manslaughter; ;
George Dunlap, Lewis Sands, and Ralph Hawley;7-Jun;1910;Ldec; ;Ernest Campbell;22; ;campbell;Pittsburgh;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New York Times, June 27, 1910; Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1910. Campbell boxed three men, all about his age, one after another at a local club. Following the third bout, Campbell complained of headaches and stopped. He fell in the street. He was taken to his parents' home, where he died on June 26, 1910. Cause of death was clots on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
Charles Parnell;4-Jul;1910;KO;;John Shippee;;;shippee;La Porte;Indiana;USA;ND;"Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, July 10, 1910; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Journal, July 16, 1910."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;4-Jul;1910;Sparring; ;Michael Haley;20; ;haley;Quincy;Illinois;USA;ND;(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 3, 1911.  ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Tommy Welch;11-Jul;1910;KO;4;Hugh Brant (Kid Burns);19;;brant;Mineola;New York;USA;Bantam;"San Francisco Chronicle, July 11, 1910; Middletown (New York) Daily Times-Press, July 12, 1910; New York Times, July 13, 1910. Brant collapsed suddenly in the fourth and died. Cause of death was listed as exhaustion. The venue was a back room of a hotel's bar."; ;Pro;Exhaustion;Ring;; ;
Roy Gard;19-Jul;1910;Ldec;;Russell Miller;20;;miller;Elston;Indiana;USA;ND;Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, July 20, 1910. After the match, Miller said he didn't feel well. He went to his brother's home, and the following morning he was found dead in the outhouse.; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Walter Simmons;22-Jul;1910;TKO;13;George Johnson;24;;johnson;Leicester;Leicestershire;England;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, July 23, 1910; (Glasgow) Scotsman, July 26, 1910; Poverty Bay (New Zealand) Herald, July 27, 1910. The referee stopped the fight in the thirteenth. Johnson collapsed afterwards, and subsequently died in hospital. Death was due to brain injury, and attributed to the fall rather than blows. The jury recommended ring floors be padded in future."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Walter Thompson;29-Jul;1910;KO;1;Richard Reed;;;reed;Lynchburg;Virginia;USA;ND;Washington Post, July 31, 1910. Reed was struck hard in the solar plexus. In his corner between rounds, Reed collapsed, and he died within minutes. ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Frank ""Spike"" Sullivan";20-Aug;1910;KO;6;Frederick K. Castor;22; ;castor;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, August 20, 1910; Elyria (Ohio) Evening Telegram, August 22, 1910; Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania 1910 Miracode Index [database on-line].  Going into the sixth round, Castor was ahead on points. Suddenly, he fell unconscious. He died in hospital. He left a 17-year-old wife and an unborn daughter."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Samuel Katcher;31-Aug;1910;KO;6;William H. Brinkmeyer;26;;brinkmeyer;Bluefields;Nicaragua;USA;ND;"Lincoln (Nebraska) State Journal, September 2, 1910; New York Times, September 2, 1910; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 3, 1911; Ancestry.com. U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls, 1798-1940 [database on-line]; US Census. [database on-line]. Year: 1910; Census Place: Camp Elliott, Canal Zone, Panama, Military and Naval Forces; Roll: T624_1784; Page: 1A; Enumeration District: 27; Image: 536. Corporal Brinkmeyer was assigned to Company G, 3rd Battalion, First Regiment, US Marine Corps. Private Katcher was assigned to Company A of the Marine Barracks, Camp Elliott, Canal Zone. "; ;Pro; ;Ring; ; ;
"Alfred ""Alf"" Copperwaite";4-Sep;1910;KO;19;"Edward ""Soldier"" Rogers";23;;rogers;Ballarat;Victoria;Australia;Feather;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, September 5, 1910; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, September 6, 1910; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, September 6, 1910; Northern Territory (Australia) Times and Gazette, September 9, 1910; Poverty Bay (New Zealand) September 15, 1910; Grey River (New Zealand) Argus, September 22, 1910. The bout was a good one, with the fighters evenly matched. At the start of the 19th round, Rogers was knocked down by a right hand to the head. He did not get up, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain, causing paralysis of respiration. During the autopsy, damaged lungs were noted, but Rogers had never shown any shortness of breath during the fight. The seconds said Rogers must have struck his head during the fall, but the coroner ruled that the mechanism was actually blows. Because the fight was properly administered, manslaughter was not charged."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Frederick Mumm (Tommy Callahan);9-Oct;1910;KO;7;Frederick Gitters (Kid Hyland);26;;gitters;Buffalo ;New York;USA;ND;"Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, October 10, 1910; Seattle Times, December 18, 1910. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Philip Big Dog (Frank Hall);13-Oct;1910;KO;9;Kid Fisher; ; ;fisher;Longdale;Oklahoma;USA;ND;"(Oklahoma City)  Oklahoman, October 14, 1910; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Morning Free Press, October 17, 1910; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 3, 1911. This was a bareknuckle fight for a purse of $20. The police were present. ""The fight was a bloody one and won by Fisher."" Cause of death was listed as broken neck."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring; ; ;
Edward Martin Walsh;12-Nov;1910;KO;13;Oliver Roach; ;;roach;Attunga;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Hawarea and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, November 22, 1910; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 22, 1910; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 24, 1910. Roach was hit hard. He sagged into the ropes, and then collapsed. He died in hospital. Death was attributed to congestion of the brain and an abnormally thin skull. Walsh was arrested."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Thin skull;;
Harold Walsh;14-Nov;1910;TKO;9;Thomas James Fogarty;19;;fogarty;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Light;"Hawarea and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, November 16, 1910; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, November 16, 1910; Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, November 23, 1910;  Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 23, 1910; Hawarea and Normanby (New Zealand) Star, November 24, 1910. In the ninth round, Fogarty was hit in the face three times in succession. He staggered back, and then collapsed. He was taken to hospital unconscious, and he died next day. Cause of death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage following a blow. The coroner ruled that the contest had been fairly conducted, so the jury ruled death by misadventure. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Jack Leon (Russian Lion);24-Nov;1910;KO;5;Billy Dunning;;;dunning;Presque Isle;Maine;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, November 26, 1910; Middletown (New York) Daily Times-Press, November 26, 1910; Washington (DC) Herald, November 26, 1910; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, November 30, 1910; Seattle Times, December 18, 1910. Leon was a professional wrestler who had recently turned to boxing, and Dunning was an aging heavyweight. Dunning was knocked out in the fifth round of the scheduled six round fight. His head reportedly hit the floor hard, and he did not recover. Cause of death was listed as a blood clot on the brain and an enlarged heart, and attributed to Dunning being in poor condition."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Unfit; ;
Jack McHenry;28-Nov;1910;No Dec;10;"Leo ""Curly"" Gerhardt";24;;gerhardt;Lima;Ohio;USA;Light;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, November 29, 1910; Lima (Ohio) Daily News, November 30, 1910; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening News, November 29, 1910; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Weekly Sentinel, November 30, 1910; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, December 2, 1910; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 3, 1911. The bout was advertised as a ten-round exhibition, for which no decision would be announced. The newspaper decision, however, went to McHenry. After shaking hands at the end of the bout, Gerhardt sank to the floor. He was taken to the hospital, where he died without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. At the inquest, Gerhardt's father said that his son had been hospitalized in Detroit following an earlier knockout. The coroner's jury ruled that the death was accidental, and the result of over-exertion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
ND;6-Dec;1910;KO; ;Ernest Saunders;;;saunders;Lowestoft;Suffolk;England;ND;(Dublin) Irish Times, December 7, 1910. Saunders collapsed in the ring and died in hospital.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
John Kalme (Johnny Kain);16-Dec;1910;KO;5;John Emhoff (Kid Gardner);21;;emhoff;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Washington Post, December 18, 1910; New York Times, December 21, 1910; (Corning, Iowa) Adams County Free Press, December 31, 1910; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 3, 1911;John Henry Wigmore, Select Cases on the Law of Torts: With Notes, and a Summary of Principles, Vol. II (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1912), 936. According to the Times, ""Emhoff fell like a log and his head struck the floor."" He died. Cause of death was attributed to fractured skull. ""We don't hold a football team responsible for a death and I see no reason to hold a prize fighter,"" said the coroner. (Wigmore) "; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
"Richard ""Dick"" Knock";22-Dec;1910;KO;16;Albert Davies (Jim Holland); ;Y;davies;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;Light;"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, December 24, 1910; Boxing, December 31, 1910, 234; Boxing, February 7, 1911, 258; London Times, January 18, 1911; (Glasgow) Scotsman, February 28, 1911; Manchester (England) Guardian, February 28, 1911. Davies worked as steward on the White Star liner Arabic, which was then in port at Liverpool. The bout between Knock and Davies was notably hard and dirty, which resulted in frequent warnings from the referee. Davies took several unanswered lefts to the face in round fifteen, and in round sixteen, he took a straight right to the face. Davies went down hard, and did not get up. An ambulance took Davies to the hospital, where he died the following morning. The principals were arrested but acquitted. Death was determined to be due to concussion and hemorrhage of brain. Causation was attributed to Davies striking his head on the floor during the fall."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Andy Lom (Andrew Kerr);26-Dec;1910;TKO;5;John J. Parmentier;17;;parmentier;Green Bay;Wisconsin;USA;Light;"Indianapolis (Indiana) Star, December 27, 1910; Washington Post, December 28, 1910; Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1910; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, June 17, 1914. Toward the end of the fourth, Parmentier was struck hard in the throat, and between the fifth and sixth rounds, he collapsed in his corner.  He died twenty minutes later. Cause of death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain. His father took the case to court, and the resulting case (Parmentier v. McGinnie, et al.) ended up in the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 1914. In this case, the Wisconsin court ruled that the boxing match was not the proximate cause of Parmentier's death; consequently, Parmentier's father was not entitled to recover damages from McGinnie, et al. This was not, however, a unanimous decision. Wrote the dissenting justice: ""It seems to me that the deceased was killed in a fight, and that no other conclusion is warranted by the credible evidence."" In any event, the case law is 157 Wis. 596, 147 N.W. 1007."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
ND;24-Jan;1911;Sparring;;George Cartwright;27; ;cartwright;Cooma;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"(Broken Hill, Australia) Barrier Miner, January 24, 1911. Cartwright went to Cooma for a boxing match. He reported ""an internal complaint"" during sparring, and he died in hospital."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;;;
Jake Abel;7-Feb;1911;KO;4;George B. Denlea Jr. (Jack Dunlea);26;Y;denlea;Chattanooga;Tennessee;USA;ND;"Galveston (Texas) Daily News, February 12, 1911; Colorado Springs (Colorado) Gazette, February 12, 1911; Indianapolis (Indiana) Star, February 13, 1911. Denlea was counted out. He then collapsed, and he did two days later. Cause of death was attributed to an overindulgence in ice water rather than anything associated with the fight."; ;Pro;Ice water;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;9-Feb;1911;KO;;Edward Joseph Scully; ;;scully;USS New Hampshire;Off Guantanamo, Cuba;USA (at sea);ND;"Indianapolis (Indiana) Star, February 21, 1911; New York Times, February 21, 1911; John Henry Wigmore, Select Cases of the Law of Torts, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1912), 941. The death was attributed to a fall rather than blows. Nonetheless, by late 1912, the Navy's  Bureau of Medicine and Surgery began recommending that, ""to obviate the harmful effects of overathletic indulgence,"" naval boxing be restricted to class instruction, championships be prohibited, and that contests be limited in number and duration. (T.W. Richards and J.L. Nielson, United States Naval Medical Bulletin, January 1913), 26. "; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Arthur Palfrazman;13-Feb;1911;KO;1;Ernest Lough;21;Y;lough;Kingston upon Hull;Yorkshire;England;ND;(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 15, 1911. Lough was a substitute for a boxer who did not show up. A few blows were exchanged, and then Lough collapsed. Cause of death listed as brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
William Kennedy;3-Mar;1911;KO;4;Angelo Venizona (Young Foster); ;;venizona;Harrison;New Jersey;USA;ND;"San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 1911; New York Times, March 5, 1911. Kennedy and two others were arrested. Cause of death was announced as broken skull."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Albert Glouser;13-Mar;1911;KO; ;Dewey Hewitt;16; ;hewitt;Mount Carmel;Illinois;USA;ND;"Indianapolis (Indiana) Star, March 13, 1911; Centralia (Washington) Daily Chronicle, March 18, 1911. Hewitt was struck over heart, and died instantly. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring; ;;
Jack Whittaker;15-Mar;1911;#NULL!;13;John Leslie Victor Jacobson (Vic Gleeson); ;;Jacobson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Middle;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, March 17, 1911; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, March 23, 1911; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, April 8, 1911. Although the direct cause of death was attributed to the fall, the jury  noted that ""the deceased was in an unhealthy condition, and totally unfit to take part in a boxing contest."" Consequently, this death led to Sydney Stadium requiring pre-fight medical exams. As an aside, Whittaker's second told the press that before the fight, it had been prearranged that Whittaker should take the fight the distance, thereby losing the fight. (The agreement was that he could stop Jacobson with fifteen rounds.)"; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
William Smith (Bill Cooper);16-Mar;1911;KO;3;"Albert Henry ""Tom"" Dovey";20; ;dovey;London;London;England;Middle;"London Times, March 17, 1911; London Times, March 21, 1911; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 21, 1911; (Dublin) Irish Times, March 21, 1911; Manchester (England) Guardian, March 21, 1911. The National Sporting Club had advertised for a novice's contest in which there were three 2-minute rounds. Eight-ounce gloves were worn.  Dovey replied. During the third round, Dovey suddenly grabbed on the ropes while his opponent was on the other side of the ring. Dovey smiled, then collapsed. Death was almost instantaneous. Cause of death was attributed to ""fibroid disease of the heart."" The jury returned a verdict of death by natural causes, and exonerated the club of all blame."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"Robert ""Bob"" Whitelaw";26-Mar;1911;TKO;20;James Robert Boland (Bob Bryant); ;Y;boland;Newcastle;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, March 27, 1911; Poverty Bay (New Zealand) Herald, March 28, 1911; (Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, April 4, 1911; Kalgoorlie (Australia) Western Argus, April 4, 111.. Although Boland was never knocked down in the fight, he was hit hard and often, and the referee stopped the fight in the twentieth round. Boland left the ring unassisted. He got dressed, told his father that he was going to give up boxing, and then collapsed on his way to his hotel. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Autopsy revealed e rupture of a small blood vessel at the base of the brain. Boland also had kidney problems. The opponent, the referee, both seconds, and four other men were arrested. Inquest found that Boland had been complaining of head pains for several weeks prior to the bout. The death led to calls for increased medical examination of fighters."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Joseph Clancy;17-Apr;1911;TKO;4;William F. Luke;30;;luke;Waterbury;Connecticut;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, April 18, 1911; Chicago Daily Tribune, April 19, 1911; New York Times, April 20, 1911. Luke appeared out of shape, so the fight was stopped. Luke went to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died the following morning. Due to this death, an ordinance was introduced in New Haven, Connecticut, that required all persons taking part in boxing exhibitions to undergo pre-fight physicals. "; ;Pro;;Soon after;Unfit; ;
Frank Burke;11-Jun;1911;KO;;James Smith;16;;smith ;New York;New York;USA;ND;(Reno) Nevada State Journal, June 12, 1911. This was a grudge match, but it was set up formally, with a referee. Smith was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He did not get up.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"William ""Jumbo"" Edge";7-Jul;1911;KO;6;Harold Wooding;22; ;wooding;Fremantle;Western Australia;Australia;Welter (10 st);"(Adelaide, Australia) Register, July 10, 11; (Perth, Australia) West Australian, July 18, 1911;  (Perth, Australia) West Australian, July 19, 1911, (Perth, Australia) Sunday Times, July 23, 1911. The fight was scheduled for eight 2-minute rounds. The score card was about even through the first four rounds. In the fifth, Wooding began to tire, and in the sixth, he collapsed after being hit several times in the head. Instead of standing up, he rolled over on his right side and his seconds stopped the match. When he still did not get up, a doctor was called. When the doctor arrived, Wooding was still unconscious, and he was ordered  transported to the hospital, where he died shortly after midnight. At the inquest, it was revealed that on June 30, 1911, Wooding had been hit hard during one of the preliminary events leading to this fight. After the earlier fight, Wooding had complained of head pain, but insisted on fighting in this bout, as the prize for first place was œ10. Preliminary reports indicated death was due to concussion of the brain, but autopsy showed acute heart failure and edema of the lungs. Consequently, the coroner's jury ruled death due to heart failure, and recommended medical examination prior to fights. The jury also ruled manslaughter, but the state attorney general did not prosecute."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion;;
Edward J. Boats;27-Jul;1911;Draw;;C. Murzer;  ;;murzer;Helena;Montana;USA;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, July 28, 1911; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Journal-Gazette, July 29, 1911; Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Livingston Ward 1, Park, Montana; Roll: T624_834; Page: 11A; Enumeration District: 196; Image: 298. Ten minutes after the end of the fight, Murzer collapsed. He died a few minutes later."; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
William Daly;11-Sep;1911;KO;12;Adolfo Morales; ;Y;morales;Santiago;;Chile;Heavy;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, September 13, 1911; Manchester (England) Guardian, September 13, 1911. Morales was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. Daly was held on manslaughter charges. Daly, who was from Jamaica, was also known as Oso. His subsequent opponents included Angel Luis Firpo. Boxing was introduced into Chile during the 1890s. Pioneers included Frank Jones, an African American boxer living in Valparaiso, and opponents were usually sailors from visiting US or British ships. Promoters included Juan Bundinich and Joe Daly. See, for example, Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, December 12, 1933."; ;Pro; ;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Leslie Ferrier;1-Jan;1912;KO; ;Carl Anderson; ; ;anderson;Spooner;Minnesota;USA;ND;Bemidji (Minnesota) Daily Pioneer, January 10, 1912. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage of the brain.; ;Amate;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;6-Jan;1912;KO; ;Harold Burdett; ; ;burdett;Hinckley;Leicestershire;England;ND;(Devon, England) Western Times, January 14, 1912. Burdett died in hospital a week after the fight.; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Joseph Amato (Joe Motto);20-Feb;1912;KO;6;Charles Ellis; ;;ellis;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Welter;"Indianapolis (Indiana) Star, February 23, 1912; New York Times, February 23, 1912; Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Evening Gazette, February 23, 1912. Ellis fell down at the start of the sixth. The last significant blow was over the heart. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Willard W. Walters (Billy Walters);23-Feb;1912;NoDec;5;Joseph Kanarowski (Joe Ketchel);22;Y;kanarowski;Great Lakes Naval Training Station;Illinois;USA;Welter;"Chicago Daily Tribune, February 19, 1912; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 20, 1912; Elyria (Ohio) Evening Telegram, February 24, 1912; (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, February 23, 1912; Oakland Tribune, February 23, 1912; Racine (Wisconsin) Journal-News, February 24, 1912; Boston Daily Globe, February 25, 1912; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, February 28, 1912; Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Marion, Juneau, Wisconsin; Roll: T624_1714; Page: 7A; Enumeration District: 72; Image: 894. The two men boxed five rounds while wearing eight-ounce gloves. Walters, a Navy baker, was a former champion of the Asiatic Squadron, while Kanarowski was a  professional boxer. The audience included at least 50 officers; civilians also may have been present. (The naval station commander denied this.) After the bout, Kanarowski said he didn't feel well, and he collapsed in the shower room. Cause of death was blood clots in the brain, which the naval inquiry attributed to Kanarowski's fight with Young Mike Mahoney in Appleton, Wisconsin, about six weeks earlier rather than this bout. Kanarowski's brother replied that the Navy was doing a cover-up, and threatened civil action."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Arthur Evernden;8-Mar;1912;KO;12;Raphael Belli;;Y;belli;Paris;;France;Light;"Manchester (England) Guardian, March 10, 1912; Washington Post, March 10, 1912; New York Times, March 10, 1912; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 11, 1912; (Dublin) Irish Times, March 12, 1912; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, March 15, 1912; Boxing, March 16, 1912, 483-484, 487, 489; Boxing, March 23, 1912, 509, 512-513. Evernden was knocked down in the third round, but he recovered well. During the next seven rounds, Evernden used his left to good effect. During the twelfth round, Belli turned to complain about something to the referee, and Evernden hit him with a straight right to the jaw. Belli was left on the floor for about half an hour. Evernden told the referee something should be done. The referee kicked Evernden in the stomach, and the spectators began swarming over the referee. The police cleared the hall. Eventually, Belli was taken to the hospital, where he died. Death was due to cerebral hemorrhage, and the mechanism of injury was attributed to excessive arterial tension caused by fatigue. Following this death, the Paris police established some rules for boxing. Finish fights were prohibited. Physicians had to examine fighters before the fight and be present ringside. Professional boxers had to be aged at least 21 years. Floors had to be padded, and gloves had to weigh at least four ounces. Thus, this  death essentially codified professional boxing in France."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"""Chicago Jack""";10-Apr;1912;KO;;John Goldberg;21;Y;goldberg;New York;New York;USA;Light;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, April 11, 1912; Indiana Evening Gazette, April 12, 1912; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, April 12, 1912. The bout took place at the Sharkey Athletic Club. Goldberg's opponent fled the city, so his identity was not known. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
ND;15-Jun;1912;KO; ;Kennedy; ; ;kennedy;Cowra;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, June 18, 1912; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, June 18, 1912.  Kennedy was an aborignal boxer. He died while being transported to hospital. Cause of death was concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall rather than blows. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
Joseph Dragon (Jim McDragen) ;5-Jul;1912;KO;2;George Newson;18;;newson;Yonkers;New York;USA;Welter;"Colorado Springs (Colorado) Gazette, July 6, 1912; (New York) Evening World, July 6, 1912; Dallas (Texas) Morning News, July 7, 1912; Lewiston (Maine) Evening Journal, July 9, 1912; (New York) The Sun, July 31, 1912. The bout took place in an unlicensed athletic club. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull. Dragon, a deaf-mute, was arrested. In jail, he nearly died after a prisoner in an adjoining cell broke a gas pipe during a suicide attempt. "; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
John Masel;9-Jul;1912;KO;;Lee O'Boyle;;;o'boyle;Wilkes-Barre;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, March 27, 1917. O'Boyle had internal injuries after the fight, and subsequently died. In 1917, his parents filed a civil suit against Masel, saying the death was the result of blows. Masel said the death must have been due to other causes.;;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;;;
R.E. Fanning;17-Jul;1912;Sparring; ;Jack McGowan;38; ;mcgowan;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, July 19, 1912; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, July 19, 1912. McGowan was the former lightweight champion of Victoria, and boxing instructor at the Melbourne Athletic Club. He was giving a boxing lesson when he suddenly collapsed. He died in hospital a few hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. About two weeks earlier, McGowan had been advised to rest, due to a recent concussion, but he did not, because he had a wife and children to support."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury;;
ND;4-Aug;1912;Sparring;;W. Furness;18;;furness;Greymouth;;New Zealand;ND;Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, August 5, 1912. While training for a tournament, Furness complained of being tired, then died. ; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Roca;12-Aug;1912;KO;;Scala;;;scala;Ostend;;Belgium;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 14, 1912. Scala was knocked down three times. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and subsequently died.; ;Pro; ;Ring;; ;
Corporal Smallman;21-Sep;1912;KO;14;Gunner Rippie; ; ;rippie;Colombo;;British Ceylon;ND;(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, October 12, 1912. Rippie was clearly tired, and in the fourteenth, he was knocked down. He did not get up. The doctor examined him in the dressing room, and ordered him taken to hospital, where he died three days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel on the right side of the brain.;Championship of Ceylon;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Reno Tyson;16-Oct;1912;TKO;4;Clyde L. Lincoln;17;;lincoln;Sunbury;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New York Times, October 17, 1912; Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, October 17, 1912. Middletown (New York) Daily Times-Press, October 18, 1912. Lincoln was struck in the jaw as the round ended. He was carried unconscious from the ring, and he died in hospital several hours later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
George Taylor;4-Nov;1912;KO;15;David Robert McCartney (Bob McCarthy);22;;mccartney;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Bantam;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, November 6, 1912; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, November 13, 1912. The fight was scheduled for twenty rounds. Taylor was ahead early, but was knocked down twice in the twelfth round. In the fifteenth, Taylor began dominating the fight. At the end of the final round, McCartney was knocked down, and did not get up. After about 45 minutes, an ambulance wagon arrived, and he died in hospital an hour later. Cause of death was extravasation of blood on the brain. Taylor was arrested, but released."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Thomas Holmes;19-Nov;1912;KO;1;Frederick Merten;16;;merten;New York;New York;USA;Light;"Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, November 21, 1912; Oakland Tribune, November 21, 1912; New York Times, November 21, 1912. Merten's age is often given as 18, probably because 18 was the lowest legal age. The boxers were walking to the center of the ring to shake hands (an innovation formally introduced around 1908), when Merten collapsed. An ambulance was summoned, but he was pronounced dead at the scene. Cause of death was listed as heart failure induced by excitement."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
B. Estirao;21-Nov;1912;KO;  ;Benezac; ; ;benezac;Toulouse; ;France; ;"(Exeter, England) Western Times, November 22, 1912; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, November 25, 1912; Cairns (Australia) Post, November 27, 1912. Benezac was knocked out by a blow beneath the ear, and he died while being transported to hospital. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
John North Collins;29-Nov;1912;KO;;Thomas Hanley;17;;hanley;Charters Towers;Queensland;Australia;Feather;"Townesville (Australia) Daily Bulletin, November 29, 1912; Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, November 30, 1912; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, December 5, 1912.  The bout was a military championship. Hanley was hit hard in the first round, and he collapsed. He died about fifteen minutes later. Death was attributed to concussion of the brain. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
Andy Hagan;23-Dec;1912;TKO;2;Buck O'Neill;;Y;o'neill;Sandusky;Ohio;USA;Heavy;Elyria (Ohio) Evening Telegram, December 26, 1912. It was the first pro fight for both men.  O'Neill barely made it to his corner at the end of the second, and the fight was stopped. O'Neill died the following day.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
John Smith (Sailor Jack Smith);27-Jan;1913;KO;6;Pasquale Devellanna (Chick Rose);;Y;devellanna;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Middle;"Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News, January 28, 1913; Indianapolis Star,  January 29, 1913; Dallas Morning News, January 30, 1913; Washington Post, February 6, 1913; New York Times, February 6, 1913. Devellanna died without regaining consciousness. Smith was a bugler assigned to USS Hancock, which was then at the New York Navy Yard. On February 5, 1913, the New York Athletic Commission exonerated everyone involved in this death. The same day, the New York Athletic Commission also prohibited ""mixed bouts,"" meaning boxing matches between whites and blacks. Although the prohibition against mixed bouts went away with the repeal of the Frawley Act in 1917, similar laws in Southern states were not struck down until the 1950s."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Young Latzo (probably Steve Latzo);10-Feb;1913;WFoul;1;Johnny Durkin;21;Y;durkin;Hazleton;Pennsylvania;USA;Welter;"Oakland Tribune, February 13, 1913; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, February 15, 1913. Durkin quit at the end of the first round, and three days later, he died in hospital of peritonitis. He had been complaining of stomach pain since his fight with Jim Tighe on February 3, 1913."; ;Pro;Peritonitis;Ring;; ;
Young Ritchie;10-Feb;1913;KO;7;Albert J. Yelle (Jack McGuignan);;Y;yelle;Thornton;Rhode Island;USA;Light;"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, February 21, 1913; New York Times, February 22, 1913. Cause of death given as a blood clot on the brain. Yelle died 11 days later in Taunton, Massachusetts."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Monico Dimalivat;8-Mar;1913;TKO;;Jacinto Francisco;;;francisco;Manila;Philippines;USA;ND;"Luckett Davis collection (Cablenews American); http://www.boxrec.com";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"George ""Swats"" Adamson";20-Mar;1913;KO;4;Tommy Lavelle;;Y;lavelle;Pittsburgh;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, March 21, 1913; New York Times, March 22, 1913; Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Weekly Courier, March 27, 1913. The venue was the Young Men's Republican Tariff Club. The promoter substituted Lavelle for another boxer who did not show up. Lavelle was leading on points going into the fourth round, when he was hit hard in the face and knocked to the floor. He died in hospital a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as basal skull fracture, attributed to Lavelle striking his head on the floor."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Charles Bartole (Knockout Kid);29-Mar;1913;KO;3;Jack Martin;33;;martin;Bakersfield;California;USA;ND;"San Francisco (California) Call, March 30, 1930; Oakland Tribune, April 2, 1913; Salt Lake (Utah) Tribune, November 25,1 913. Martin was hit hard in the stomach and collapsed. He died on the scene. According to the Salt Lake paper, ""What happened in Bakersfiled last March when Jack Martin received the blow that killed him? A Los Angeles newspaper describes the scene: 'After the death of the pugilist his body was carried out of the hall and the entertainment proceeded with a whoop, much as a Mexican bullfight goes on after the fall of a bull."" Cause of death was attributed to a heart condition.";;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Thurman L. Brady;17-Apr;1913;KO;3;Billy Allen;;Y;allen;Hastings;Michigan;USA;Light;"Oakland Tribune, April 18, 1913; New York Times, April 19, 1913; Anaconda (Montana) Standard, April 22, 1913. Allen was knocked down in the second, and in the third, he collapsed in the ring. He died soon after. Cause of death was attributed to a rupture of the heart valve secondary to over-exertion. Manslaughter charges were not pressed, but charges of prize fighting were, and Michigan's governor subsequently ordered sheriffs and prosecuting attorneys to enforce statutes prohibiting professional boxing. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;20-May;1913;Sparring;;Frank Carbone;18;;carbone;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Heavy;"Boston Daily Globe, May 26, 1913; New York Times, May 26, 1913; Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, May 26, 1913. Cause of death was attributed to shock caused by a blow to the abdomen."; ;Pro;Shock;Ring;; ;
Constant;24-May;1913;KO;;Leon Truffier;25;Y;truffier;Marseilles;;France;Feather;Journal de GenŠva (Switzerland), May 25, 1913. During a fall, Truffier was head-butted in the abdomen, and he died two days later of peritonitis. Truffier had boxed in Australia during late 1912 and early 1913.; ;Pro;Peritonitis;Soon after;; ;
Andrew Peletier (Arthur Pelkey);24-May;1913;KO;1;"Luther ""Luck"" McCarty";21;Y;mccarty;Calgary;Alberta;Canada;Heavy;"Murray Greig, Goin' the Distance: Canada's Boxing Heritage (Toronto: Macmillan, 1996), 40-50; Barney Nagler, ""Ten seconds of sunlight,"" in W.C. Heinz, editor, The Fireside Book of Boxing (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), 302; Kevin B. Wamsley and David Whitson, ""Celebrating violent masculinities: The boxing death of Luther McCarty,"" Journal of Sport History, Fall 1998, http://www.aafla.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH1998/JSH2503/jsh2503e.pdf; Glenbow Museum photo, file number NA-5560-2; J.R. Plant and J.C. Butt, ""Laceration of vertebral artery. An historic boxing death,"" American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, March 1993, 14:1, 61-64. The contest lasted 1 minute, 46 seconds. Hit by a jab, McCarty clinched. When they broke, McCarty stepped back, stiff but smiling. At that moment, a beam of sunlight struck McCarty, and a photographer snapped the image. Then McCarty collapsed in a heap. The crowd shouted ""Fake!"" while the referee counted to ten. Seven physicians in the audience went to McCarty, but after an hour, they pronounced him dead. The coroner listed the cause of death as a broken neck, and attributed it to a fall from a horse that had occurred several days earlier. Nonetheless, eighty years later, researchers from the Chief Medical Examiners' Office in Calgary reviewed the reports, and hypothesized that the cause of death was actually traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Meanwhile, the subsequent court case established that under Canadian law, a gloved bout fought for a prize was not a prizefight, as defined by statute. See R. v. Pelkey (1913), 4 W.R.R. at 1057, 21. Can. Cr. Cas. 387, 24 W.L.R. 804."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall, prior injury; ;
Edward Beatty (Kid Batty);20-Jun;1913;KO;7;"Patrick ""Patsy"" Grant";20;Y;grant;Dayton;Ohio;USA;ND;"Indianapolis (Indiana) Star, June 22, 1913; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, June 23, 1913. It was Grant's second fight, and he died shortly after it. Medical opinion was undecided whether the cause of death was blows or heat stroke."; ;Pro;Heat stroke;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Walsh;28-Jun;1913;Wdec;10;Ad Zotte;18;;zotte;Salt Lake City;Utah;USA;Bantam;Reno (Nevada) State Journal, August 18, 1913. Zotte, who had been boxing professionally for two years, went to the hospital two days after this fight. Following three separate operations, he died of peritonitis on August 18, 1913. ; ;Pro;Peritonitis;Soon after;; ;
Holmes (O'Brien);23-Jul;1913;KO;3;James Bulgin ;24; ;bulgin;Toowoomba;Queensland;Australia;ND;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, July 25, 1913; (Ipswich, Australia) Queensland Times, July 26, 1913. Bulgin was knocked out. He was taken to hospital, where he died within hours. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
George Peckham;29-Jul;1913;Sparring; ;James Peckham;17; ;peckham;Dalston;Cumbria;England;ND;Manchester (England) Observer, August 3, 1913. After eating a meal, James went outside to do some sparring with his older brother George, who was a professional boxer. James went three rounds of one-and-a-half minutes with George, and then went in the house. When James did not return, another brother, Arthru, went in the house to get him. Arthur found James in his bedroom, kneeling with his head and arms on the bed, unconscious. Arthur called George, who carried James to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead. There was no obvious injury, and there had been no hard blows so the coroner said that death must have been due to exertion following a heavy meal.; ;Pro;Over-exertion;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Johnny Basham;21-Aug;1913;KO;11;Isadore (Harry Price);20;Y;isadore;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;Welter;"London Times, August 23, 1913; (Glasgow) Scotsman, August 23, 1913; Manchester (England) Guardian, August 26, 1913; Glasgow (Scotsman), September 5, 1913; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, September 5, 1913; University of Notre Dame, Weston Collection, Box 4, ?Basham, Johnny.? Isadore was from Durban, South Africa. In this fight, he was knocked down in the ninth, and again in the eleventh. When he got up, shakily, at the count of nine, he was promptly knocked down again. (There was no neutral corner rule in those days.) This time, Price did not get up, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was laceration of the brain. Meanwhile, Basham was arrested. He was held in jail while the jury deliberated. Eventually, he was acquitted, but the jury suggested that knockouts should not be counted as wins. Basham (1890-1947) went on to become English welterweight champion in 1915."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jess Willard;22-Aug;1913;KO;11;"John William ""Bull"" Young Jr.";29;;young;Vernon ;California;USA;Heavy;"Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1913; Los Angeles Times, August 24, 1913; Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1913; Oakland Tribune, January 13, 1914. Young, who had been a sparring partner for luckless Luther McCarty, had six fights preceding this one, and he lost to Willard in two of them. During the eleventh round of this otherwise slow and uninteresting bout, Young was hit a solid right uppercut to the chin. ""Bull doubled up like a rag, fell back on his haunches, and then on his back, completely out,"" De Witt Van Court wrote in the Los Angeles Times. Despite a trephining operation designed to reduce pressure on the brain, Young never regained consciousness. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. In January 1914, a jury acquitted Willard of the charge of prizefighting, as defined by California statute, and this decision effectively legalized professional boxing in California. The statute (412) and revisions can be read in The Penal Code of the State of California by California and Charles Howard Fairall (Bancroft-Whitney, 1909), 204-206. The exception that acquitted Willard was that the statute authorized ""sparring exhibitions not to exceed a limited number of rounds with gloves of not less than five ounces each in weight"" when they were organized by incorporated athletic clubs that had paid county license fees and had a physician in attendance."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Williams;27-Aug;1913;KO;12;"William White ""Ruenalf""";;;white;Bombala;New South Wales;Australia;Light heavy;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, September 13, 1913; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, September 13, 1913; (Broken Hill, Australia) Barrier Miner, September 16, 1913; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, September 16, 1913. White collapsed in the twelfth, and the fight was stopped. About a minute later, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. The seconds were charged with manslaughter. The coroner attributed death to meningitis, and all charges were dropped. The deceased was no relation of the old-time pugilist George Ruenalf."; ;Pro;Meningitis;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Ernest Jones;21-Sep;1913;Sparring; ;James Lyons ;23; ;lyons;Kunioon;Queensland;Australia;ND;"Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, September 22, 1913; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, September 22, 1913; Brisbane (Queensland) Courier, September 22, 1913.  Lyons was in training for a match, and sparring with a friend at his mother's house.  At the start of their second round, Lyons collapsed, and died. Cause of death was cardiac, and attributed to exertion. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
George Freeman;21-Dec;1913;TKO;6;James William Burrows (Jimmy Borrows);20;;burrows;London;London;England;Light;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, December 22, 1913; Lethbridge (Alberta) Daily Herald, December 23, 1913; (Dublin) Irish Times, December 24, 1913; London Times, December 24, 1913; Manchester ( The bout took place at the Judean Athletic Club. The prize was 18 shillings a side, a sum equivalent to about œ100 today. Burrows was moving forward, when he collapsed without being struck. He died in hospital. Death was due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The jury said no blame was attached to anyone involved. This is probably Taylor's case, cited in Ernst Jokl,  Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria, South Africa: J. L. Van Schaik, Ltd., 1941), 157."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Charles Kirby ;16-Jan;1914;KO;16;Philip Schindler (Sailor Sharkey, Young Sharkey); ;;schindler;Santa Rosa;California;USA;Middle;"Los Angeles Times, January 17, 1914;  Anaconda (Montana) Standard, January 18, 1914; Colorado Springs Gazette, January 18, 1914; New York Times, January 18, 1914; Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 19, 1914. Schindler was hit by an uppercut, then a clubbing blow to the base of the neck. He went down hard, and was carried unconscious to his corner. Schindler was arrested and put in jail, but released after the coroner's jury cleared him of responsibility in the death. Cause of death was listed as a spinal cord injury."; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Jesse Lasseter;15-Feb;1914;KO; ;Patt Scroggins;16; ;scroggins;Daingerfield;Texas;USA;ND;Wichita (Texas) Daily Times, February 16, 1914. Scroggins was struck below the heart, and died almost at once.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Arthur Alexander Lippell (Young Lippo);6-Mar;1914;KO;12;Private W.J. Sampson;26;Y;sampson;Plymouth;Devon;England;Feather;"(Devon, England) Western Times, March 9, 1914; Boxing, March 14, 1914, 517-518; Boxing, March 21, 1914, 549-550. Lippell was an up-and-coming local pro. Sampson was a private in the Royal Marines, and he came into this fight as a last-minute replacement. He did well in the early rounds, even knocking Lippell down during the third round. However, as the fight went on, he began tiring visibly. Finally, during the twelfth round, he collapsed during a clinch. He slid down the ropes to the floor. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and he died in hospital the following morning. Death was atributed to hemorrhage and laceration of the brain at the base of the spinal cord. The jury ruled misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jim Hall;Mar/;1914;KO; ;"""Tiny"" Williams"; ; ;williams;Wallandra;New South Wales;Australia;Heavy;"(Broken Hill, Australia) Barrier Miner, March 21, 1914; (Wellington) NZ Truth, May 16, 1914. Hall was a middleweight (6 feet, 11 stone 4), while Williams was a heavyweight (6 feet, 2 inches, 17 stone). Hall had beaten Williams before, so Williams' backers insisted on a rematch. Hall was winning the fight when he was struck unexpectedly hard over the left eye. With blood pouring down his face, Hall walked in and smashed Williams down. Williams did not get up. Cause of death was attributed to a weak heart. Hall (born Montague James Furlong) was born in 1868, and died in March 1913; his last known bout was in 1900.";;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
"John ""Knockout"" Eggers";31-Mar;1914;Ldec;10;James Grant;21;;grant;Atlanta;Georgia;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, April 2, 1914, 9; San Antonio (Texas) Light, April 3, 1914; New York Times, April 4, 1914, 16; Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily Times, April 4, 1914. Grant collapsed in his corner after the fight, and was taken to the hospital unconscious. Eggers was arrested on a charge of disorderly conduct, but was released after the cause of death was listed as pneumonia."; ;Pro;Pneumonia;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Roy Coughill;14-Apr;1914;KO;7;"Charles A. ""Kid"" Fortney";19;;fortney;Billings;Montana;USA;Welter;"Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1914; New York Times, April 16, 1914; Indianapolis Star, April 17, 1914; Montana State Genealogical Society and Ancestry.com. Montana Death Index, 1907-2002 [database on-line]. Fortney reportedly slipped and fell while dodging a blow. He died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The coroner's jury ruled no blame."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Private Morrison;16-May;1914;KO;2;Private Rumble; ; ;rumble;Rangoon;Burma;British India;Welter;"(Mumbai) Times of India, May 19, 1914; (Singapore) Straits Times, May 27, 1914. Rumble was a soldier of the Border Regiment while Morrison belonged to the Munsters. The gloves were eight ounce. Rumble  won his first fight of the night in the second round. After the fight, Rumble told another boxer that his head hurt. In his second fight of the night (this one), Rumble was hit several times, but none of the blows appeared to be unusually hard.. At the bell, he went to his corner. He stood up for the second round, then left the ring complaining of severe head pain. He was helped to the dressing room. He said, '""I can't see,"" and hen collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died two days later. Cause of death given as a hemorrhage on the right side of the brain.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Charles Eggleton;22-Jul;1914;TKO;6;William Walter England;22;;england;Maidenhead;Berkshire;England;Light;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, July 24, 1914; London Times, July 25, 1914; Manchester (England) Guardian, July 25, 1914. Both men were recently discharged soldiers. It is not clear how close the fight was; the referee said it was very close, but people in the audience testified at the inquest that it should have been stopped by the fourth. The round the fight ended is also in dispute -- Eggleton testified that the fight was stopped at the start of the fifth, but the referee said it was stopped at the start of the sixth. In any event, England collapsed at the start of the round, without being hit. He left the ring on his own feet, but 20 minutes later, he was discovered unconscious in the dressing room. He was taken to hospital, where he died the following morning. Cause of death was listed as a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain caused either by blows or a fall. At the inquest, the coroner officially censured the referee, and in future, the London Metropolitan police were directed to stop boxing matches at which no physician was present ringside."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Ray Neville;4-Aug;1914;Sparring;;Robert Adams; ; ;adams;College Park;Georgia;USA;ND;"Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, August 4, 1914; Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, August 8, 1914. The youths were members of a Boy Scout troop. They were boxing, and Adams collapsed. Cause of death was given as heart failure following violent exercise."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
"Arthur ""Knockout"" Carroll";30-Sep;1914;Ldec;6;Emerl Sexton (Young Bill Huddie); ;;sexton;San Francisco;California;USA;Welter;"Chicago Daily Tribune, October 2, 1914; Dallas Morning News, October 2, 1914; New York Times, October 2, 1914; Williamsport (Pennsylvania) Gazette and Bulletin, October 2, 1914; Fresno (California) Morning Republican, October 14, 1914. Sexton was knocked down in the first and sixth rounds, but he got up and stayed the distance. He collapsed in the dressing room after the fight, and he died without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was listed as cerebral  hemorrhage. The jury attributed the death to the fall in the dressing room rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall: Misadventure;Promoter: James W. Coffroth;
John Lundgren;21-Oct;1914;KO;2;"John ""Kid"" Levindowski";19;;levindowski;Tolleston;Indiana;USA;Middle;"Indianapolis Star, October 22, 1914; Chicago Daily Tribune, October 22, 1914; New York Times, October 23, 1914, 12; New York Times, October 24, 1914, 14, Newark (Ohio) Advocate, October 21, 1914; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, November 7, 1914. There was a clinch, and Levindowski was pummeled around the head and neck during the break. Then he was hit hard in the stomach and he fell through the ropes. People sitting ringside pushed him back in, and he was counted out. He died a few minutes later. Cause of death was listed as internal injuries. Lundgren was arrested, but acquitted."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
ND;24-Dec;1914;Training;;Morris Blaw;48;;blaw;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, January 3, 1915. Blaw, a theater ticket broker, was sparring bare-knuckle with a friend. He suffered a cut on his right hand. The wound festered, and Blaw went to the doctor. Unfortunately, the infection was uncontrollable, and he died.;;Pro;Blood poisoning;Later;Misadventure;;
Fernandez;24-Dec;1914;KO;19;John Facey; ; ;facey;Hughenden;Queensland;Australia;Welter;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, December 28, 1914; (Wellington) NZ Truth, January 9, 1915; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 6, 1915. The fight was scheduled for thirty rounds, and the prize was œ20. Going into the nineteenth, Facey was ahead on points. Then, in the nineteenth, he was knocked out. Reportedly, he struck his head on the floor. He died in hospital next day at noon. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Patrick Walsh;2-Jan;1915;KO;1;Edward C. Ott;20;;ott;Brooklyn Navy Yard;New York;USA;ND;"New York Times, January 6, 1915; Chicago Tribune, January 10, 1915. The men were boxing aboard USS Florida, then based at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Walsh had beaten three opponents. He said he was tired, but decided to fight a fourth. He was knocked down. He reportedly struck his head on the deck. The surgeon pronounced him dead. The Navy attributed the death to Ott being in poor physical condition."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion;;
Ike Cohen (Fighting Jew);8-Jan;1915;KO;3;Ludwig A. Anderson (Jack Newton);;Y;anderson;Seattle ;Washington;USA;Light Heavy;"Tacoma Daily Tribune, January 9, 1915, 6; New York Times, January 16, 1915. Although prizefighting was illegal in Washington, this bout was part of ""an exhibition"" for a police benefit. Following a knockdown, Anderson stood up and was knocked down again, so the referee stopped the fight. The two fighters said ringside that they'd have to have a rematch because their record stood at one win each. About ten minutes later, Anderson collapsed in the dressing room. He died in hospital fifteen hours later. Death was caused by bursting blood vessel on the right side of the brain. The promoters were arrested, and new restrictions were placed on the practice of persons buying memberships to athletic clubs featuring boxing bouts."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Leo Jugla;14-Jan;1915;KO;;John Zajaczkowski;18;;zajaczkowski;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;"Winnipeg (Manitoba) Morning Free Press, January 22, 1915; Racine (Wisconsin) Journal-News, January 23, 1915; The bout took place at the White Dove Athletic Club. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. It was Jagla's first time in the ring."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
R. N. Lewis;12-Feb;1915;TKO;1;Archibald Leonard Forman;16;;forman;Gisborne;;New Zealand;Middle;"Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, February 13, 1915; Wellington (New Zealand) Evening Post, February 16, 1915; Poverty Bay (New Zealand) Herald, February 17, 1915; Poverty Bay (New Zealand) Herald, February 18, 1915. According to promoters, Forman quit in the first round. However, according to the inquest, he fell to his knees without being struck. He got up, and took a standing eight count. Lewis then hit Foreman twice in the head. At the bell, Forman walked to his corner. He said his leg was numb. The fight was stopped. While he was being assisted to the dressing room, he collapsed. In the dressing room, he went into convulsions. He was taken by ambulance to the hospital, where he died the following morning. Earlier in the tournament, Forman had won the middleweight contest, and now he was fighting in the heavyweight division. Death was attributed to respiratory failure occasioned by rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The jury found that the deceased died from natural causes."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Clarence Salmon;12-Feb;1915;KO; ;A. V. Brown;19;;brown;Navy Yard Puget Sound, Bremerton;Washington;USA;ND;"Reno Evening Gazette, February 13, 1915; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, February 16, 1915; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, February 16, 1915; Syracuse (New ork) Herald, February 16, 1915. Brown, a sailor assigned to USS North Dakota, collapsed after being struck on the left ear.  Both boxers were sailors, and the match took place aboard the armored cruiser USS West Virginia (ACR-5)."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"Clyde ""Banty"" Sharp";29-Mar;1915;KO;1;"John Howard ""Special Delivery"" Tully";19;Y;tully;Steubenville;Ohio;USA;Welter;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, March 30, 1915; Charleroi (Pennsylvania) Mail, March 30, 1915; Monessen (Pennsylvania) Daily Independent, March 30, 1915; Boston Daily Globe, March 30, 1915. The venue was the Steubenville Athletic Club. The boxers clinched. As they broke, Tully punched Sharp in the head while Sharp hit Tully hard in the left side. Tully went down. He was carried from the ring, and he died in hospital soon after. Cause of death was attributed to heart disease."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Arthur Stebbins;13-Apr;1915;KO;;George Brogan;22;;brogan;Brooklyn;New York;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinal, April 16, 1915; Newark (Ohio) April 16, 1915; New York Times, April 17, 1915. The match took place at St. Cecelia's church in Brooklyn. Brogan was knocked down by a blow to the heart. He did not get up, and he died in hospital two days later. Cause of death listed as hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
M. Bennett;4-May;1915;KO;19;Ralph Smith;23; ;smith ;Morecambe;Lancashire;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, May 27, 1915. The men were soldiers in 23rd Service Battalion Manchester Regiment, in training at Morecambe. The event was a unit smoker held on Whitmonday. Smith was knocked out, and died next day. The jury ruled death by misadventure.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
Edward Kern;10-May;1915;NoContest;3;Natali Lafauci;30;;lafauci;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;Bantam;"Reno (Nevada) State Journal, May 11, 1915; New York Times, May 12, 1915. La Fauci was knocked down twice during the second round, and collapsed in the ring between the third and fourth rounds. Cause of death was listed as acute heart dilation, superinduced by pleurisy. The promoter was Tommy Burns, former heavyweight champion of the world."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
John Neu;24-May;1915;KO;7;"Leo ""John"" Simmer (Kid Simmers)";;;simmer;St. Paul;Minnesota;USA;Feather;"Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, May 25, 1915; Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily Star, June 3, 1915; Paul Gold, ""St. Paul boxers in 1915,"" http://www.twincityswedes.org/boxers/rounds/1915/round1.htm; Calumet, Indiana Lake County Times, May 5, 1915, at http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/histpoly/bigott/CALUMETMUSEUMWEB/May1915.htm; Ancestry.com. Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002 [database on-line]. Simmer had been badly beaten in a Minneapolis ring less than 48 hours earlier, and at the end of this bout, he fell unconscious to the floor. He was left unconscious on the floor for about an hour until an ambulance arrived. He died following morning. Death was attributed to the fall rather than a blow. Consequently, Neu was exonerated."; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
John Harvey;5-Jul;1915;KO;6;Sylvester Elgin;;;elgin;Mount Carmel;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New York Times, July 6, 1915; Atlanta Constitution, July 6, 1915; Hartford Courant, July 6, 1915. Elgin collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. To revive him, seconds dumped a pail of water on him. Physicians said this caused his blood to congeal, and thereby caused his death."; ;Pro;Ice water;Soon after;; ;
Walter Gilbert;6-Jul;1915;KO;;Anthony Condie;21;;condie;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;ND;"Dallas Morning News, July 10, 1915; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Journal-Gazette, July 10, 1915; Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: New Orleans Ward 3, Orleans, Louisiana; Roll: T624_520; Page: 25A; Enumeration District: 31; Image: 222; Ancestry.com. New Orleans, Louisiana Death Records Index, 1804-1949 [database on-line]. Date of death was July 9, 1915."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;; ;
Lance Corporal Fry ;Jul;1915;KO; ;James Stranges; ; ;stranges;Brompton Chatham;Kent ;England;ND;"(Devon, England) Western Times, July 25, 1915; Grey River (New Zealand) Argus, September 28, 1915. During an Army boxing match, Stranges was knocked down, and did not get up. Cause of death was attributed to the rupture of a vein in the brain. Brompton Barracks was a Royal Engineers base."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;Dec/;1915;Sparring; ;Private Bridges; ; ;bridges;Ship at sea;At sea;Australia (at sea);ND;(Kalgoorlie, Australia) Western Argus, February 29, 1916. In a published letter to his mother, Private Angus McDonald, D Company, 32nd Battalion, reported that on a ship carrying the unit from Australia to serve in Europe, Private Bridges of Kalgoorlie died at sea, the day after a boxing match. ; ;Amateur;;Soon after;;;
ND;Feb/;1916;Training;;Arthur Cote;38;;cote;Augusta;Maine;USA;Light;"New York Times, February 11, 1916; Augusta (Maine) Daily Kennebec Journal, May 1, 1916. Cote was a former lightweight champion. He fell while training for a fight, and death was formally attributed to this fall. However, the family maintained the cause of death was injuries received during a fist fight near Government Reservation. In any event, cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Fall; ;
Arthur Olsen;11-Mar;1916;KO;7;John Babcock; ; ;babcock;Myton;Utah;USA;ND;(Cedar City, Utah) Iron County Record, March 24, 1916. Babcock was knocked down and did not get up. He died a few hours later. Cause of death was attributed to a blow to the jaw.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blow: Misadventure;;
ND;13-Mar;1916;KO;;Donald McMellin Addenbrooke;17;;addenbrooke;Royal Naval College, Devonport;Devon;England;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, March 18, 1916; London Times, March 22, 1916. He was taken to the hospital shortly after the fight, and on March 17, 1916, he died of head injuries. Cause of death was officially ""result of accident."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Michael Malone;17-Mar;1916;KO;3;Andrew Crowley;23;Y;crowley;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Feather;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily Star, March 18, 1916; Van Wert (Ohio) Daily Bulletin, March 18, 1916; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, March 18, 1916; Washington Post, March 18, 1916; Decatur (Illinois) Daily Review, March 22, 1916; Logansport (Indiana) Pharos-Reporter, March 22, 1916. Crowley was struck in the neck and throat, and he died a few minutes later. Death was attributed first to asphyxiation, then to acute dilation of the heart caused by over-exertion."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
John Underwood;12-Apr;1916;KO; ;George Hopkins;27; ;hopkins;Wee Waa;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald April 13, 1916; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, April 17, 1916. The two men boxed with gloves. About an hour after the fight, Hopkins asked for a drink and then collapsed. He died about half an hour later.  Cause of death was given as degeneration of the heart and liver injury. Death was attributed to heart failure."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Gordon Vaughn;3-May;1916;KO;4;Ewalt Hankner;29;;hankner;Waterloo;Iowa;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, May 4, 1916; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, May 4, 1916. In the fourth, Hankner either fell or was knocked down. This reportedly caused him to strike his head on the unpadded floor of the ring. He died in hospital. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Charles Hardcastle;20-Jun;1916;KO;14;Louis Valentine Hood;18;Y;hood;London;London;England;Light;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, June 21, 1916; Boxing, June 21, 1916, 135; Manchester (England) Guardian, June 21, 1916; New York Times, June 21, 1916; (Glasgow) Scotsman, June 24, 1916; London Times, June 24, 1916; Manchester (England) Guardian, June 24, 1916; (Glasgow) Scotsman, June 28, 1916. Weight is approximate, as the weigh-in was waived. Throughout the bout, Hood was forcing the pace, and according to the testimony of his father at the inquest, ""Up to the fourteenth round I thought my boy was going to win. In that round he was hit on the jaw and fell. He got up at the eighth count, but fell again, pitching on his face, and was counted out."" The doctor worked on Hood in the ring for 35 minutes before having him carried to the dressing room, where he died. Cause of death was a ruptured cerebral vein. Hardcastle and the seconds were acquitted, because, as the coroner's inquest put it, the bout had been ""a proper and lawful and a clean competition."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Frankie Dolan;4-Jul;1916;KO;4;Joe Peoples (Bert Coffey);21;Y;peoples;Vernon ;California;USA;Heavy;"Iowa City Citizen, July 5, 1916; Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1916; Kokomo (Indiana) Daily Tribune, July 7, 1916; Des Moines (Indiana) Daily News, July 7, 1916. Peoples was struck on the jaw and he immediately clinched. Following the break, he collapsed to the floor. He died a few minutes later. Cause of death was attributed first to concussion of the brain, but once that was changed to acute dilation of the heart brought on by over-exertion,  Dolan was released from jail."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Doxsee;14-Jul;1916;KO; ;John Grant; ; ;grant;State Military Reservation, Concord;New Hampshire;USA;ND;Fitchburg Daily Sentinel, July 14, 1916. The two men were privates in the New Hampshire National Guard. They were attending a militia encampment. Grant was knocked down by a blow to the stomach and he died almost immediately. Doxsee is probably Arthur Doxsee of Coos, New Hampshire, whom the 1910 US census listed as born about 1896 in Canada.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;1-Sep;1916;KO; ;William Alfred Shadbolt;21; ;shadbolt;RMS Mootan;At sea;England (at sea);ND;(Colombo, Sri Lanka) Ceylon Observer, September 8, 1916. Shadbolt was from Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. During the bout, a blood vessel in his head burst and he died. He was buried at sea.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Jack Bratton;18-Dec;1916;TKO;5;Perfecto L. Romero (Albuquerque Joe Rivers);20;Y;romero;Denver;Colorado;USA;Bantam;Syracuse (New York) Herald, December 12, 1916. Romero was knocked down in the fifth, and his cornermen threw in the sponge in the sixth. He died two hours later.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Frank White;26-Dec;1916;KO;3;Allan Littlewood;22; ;littlewood;Wakefield;West Yorkshire;England;Feather;Although a featherweight, Littlewood was matched against a lightweight. The fight was scheduled for twenty rounds of two minutes each. Littlewood was knocked down in both the second and thrid rounds. During one of the falls, his head reportedly struck a floorboard. A doctor was summoned, and he sent Littlewood to the hospital. Next day, he died. Cause of death was concussion of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
"William ""Toddy"" Hicks";30-Jan;1917;KO;1;"Stephen T. ""Young"" McDonald";22;;mcdonald;Albany;New York;USA;Middle;"New York Times, January 31, 1917; Washington Post, January 31, 1917; Plattsburgh (New York) Daily Press, January 14, 1924, cited at Vermont Boxing History & International Pugilist Review, http://esf.uvm.edu/vtbox/Historical.html. From the Plattsburgh paper: ""During the winter of 1917, Toddy Hicks, of Albany, struck Young McDonald, also of Albany, a right over the heart. McDonald dropped, was carried from the ring, and was found to be dead.""  Cause of death was said to be ""shock occasioned by a blow over the solar plexus."" The bout was one of the preliminaries on a full card (this was McDonald's first professional fight), and the promoters continued the program despite McDonald's death. This in turn caused Governor Charles E. Whitman to call for a repeal of the Malone Boxing Law. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Shock; ;
Thomas Rawlston ;18-Apr;1917;KO;7;Giilbert Alexander (Sid Lorraine);19;Y;alexander;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Bantam;"Adelaide (Australia) Advertiser, April 20, 1917; (Hobart, Tasmania) Mercury, April 20, 1917; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel, June 6, 1917; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, June 8, 1917; Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, June 20, 1917. Alexander was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He did not get up, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was hemorrhage on the left side of the brain. Death was attributed to an abnormally thin skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;"Thin skull; misadventure";;
Dido Angelo (Jimmy Berry);19-Apr;1917;KO;8;Luke Ginley;17;;ginley;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Feather;"New York Times, April 20, 1917; Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily Star, April 20, 1917, Fort Wayne (Indiana) News, April 20, 1917; Sandusky (Ohio) Star Journal, April 20, 1917; Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Cleveland Ward 8, Cuyahoga, Ohio; Roll: T624_1168; Page: 1A; Enumeration District: 152; Image: 543. Until the eighth round, Ginley appeared to be leading on points. After the fight, he collapsed, and was taken to the hospital. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull. This appears to have been Ginley's first fight since December 21, 1916, when he was unconscious for almost five minutes. The opponent in the December 1916 fight was Roger O'Malley."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Soon after;; ;
T. Wakefield;28-May;1917;KO;2;Hugh Barrie; ;;barrie;Southampton;Hampshire;England;ND;"London Times, May 30, 1917; (Glasgow) Scotsman, June 1, 1917. The bout took place during a Bank Holiday military tournament (Barrie was a private in the Royal Engineers while Wakefield was a civilian workman). Barrie was knocked down, and the back of his head reportedly hit the flooring. Death was due to a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Eddie Revoire;31-May;1917;KO;9;Michael Seubachal (Young Ketchel);21;;seubachal;Shenandoah;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"Philadelphia Public Ledger, June 2, 1917; Hammond (Indiana) Lake County Times, June 4, 1917. Seubachal was being beaten badly, but still rushed forward in the ninth. Caught with a flurry, his corner threw in the towel, but it was too late. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
George Brown;14-Aug;1917;KO;4;Paul Marchese (Dummy Evans);21;Y;marchese;New York;New York;USA;Light;"New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, August 15, 1917; New York Times, August 16, 1917. The bout was arranged at the last minute, because another boxer failed to appear. The two men knew each other and, except for a flurry during the second round, they stalled throughout the fight. Afterwards, Marchese collapsed in the dressing room. Cause of death was listed as basal skull fracture. Spelling of family name from Ron Boeri, a descendent; the name ""Dummy"" referred to Marchese being a deaf-mute."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
"Samuel ""Battling"" Hess";29-Oct;1917;KO;10;Earnest Epsteiner (Young Epstein);19;;epsteiner;Dayton;Ohio;USA;Welter;"Lima (Ohio) Daily News, October 30, 1917; Chicago Daily Tribune, October 31, 1917; Van Wert (Ohio) Daily Bulletin, October 31, 1917; Racine (Wisconsin) Journal-News, October 31, 1917; Warren (Pennsylvania) Evening Mirror, November 1, 1917; Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Pasadena Precinct 4, Los Angeles, California; Roll: T623 91; Page: 5B; Enumeration District: 116. During the last minute of the fight, Epstein fell from the ring. He may have struck his head on the edge of the platform. He died the following morning. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;6-Nov;1917;KO;;Neal Deaton;19;;deaton;Submarine Base San Pedro;California;USA;ND;"Pueblo (Colorado) Chieftain, November 7, 1917; U.S. Navy, Officers and Enlisted Men of the United States Navy Who Lost Their Lives during the World War, from April 6, 1917 to November 11, 1918 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1920), 222. ""Died after having engaged in bout of boxing."""; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
"Otto ""Whitey"" Wenzell";28-Nov;1917;KO;7;"""El Paso"" Jimmy Wilson";;Y;wilson;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Middle;"Sandusky (Ohio) Star Journal, November 29, 1917; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, December 1, 1917; Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News-Chronicle, December 6, 1917; Warren (Pennsylvania) Evening Mirror, December 7, 1917. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. Cause of death was attributed to the fall rather than blows, and in his report, the coroner suggested padded flooring to reduce the risk of injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Willie Gould;ND;1917;Training;;Federico Lefrancois;;Y;lefrancois;ND;;Argentina;Feather;"Manuel Velazquez collection. This was a sparring session in the gym; Gould's last known bout took place in March 1915.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Charles F. Swann;7-Mar;1918;KO;1;Victor J. DeWees;35;;dewees;Camp Meade;Maryland;USA;Heavy;"Washington (District of Columbia) Times, March 7, 1918; Van Wert (Ohio) Daily Bulletin, March 7, 1918; Big Piney (Wyoming) Examiner, March 14, 1918; Ancestry.com. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 [database on-line]. Registration Location: Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; Roll: 1907617; Draft Board: 14. The men were assigned to the 26th Company of the 154th Brigade, which was training at Camp Meade. Both men had been in camp just a few days. DeWees was knocked down by a blow to the jaw, and died within minutes. Death was attributed to heart trouble."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Neil Mackinnon;16-Mar;1918;KO;;Frank Ward;19;;ward;Minneapolis;Minnesota;USA;ND;Racine (Wisconsin) Journal-News, March 18, 1918. The venue was a Knights of Columbus hall. Cause of death was attributed to dilation of the heart.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Unfit; ;
Phil O'Dowd;22-Apr;1918;NoDec;10;Patrick Cronin (Paddy or Patsy Cronin);20;;cronin;Zanesville;Ohio;USA;Feather;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News and Sentinel, April 25, 1918; (Hammond, Indiana) Lake County Times, April 26, 1918; BoxRec.com. Cronin died two days after the fight. His family alleged doping, but the coroner ruled that cause of death was a burst blood vessel in the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Alvin Schinger;26-Apr;1918;Sparring; ;Henry Farnum; ; ;farnum;New York;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, April 27, 1918. Farnum, a marine insurance broker, was sparring for exercise in the gym. He collapsed, and died.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
ND;3-Aug;1918;KO;1;Gerald Yewdall;;;yewdall;Sandhurst College;London;England;ND;"Daily News, August 8, 1918, 2; News of the World, August 8, 1918, http://www.uk.olivesoftware.com/archive/skins/bl/navigator.asp. Yowdall, of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, received a blow on the mouth. He collapsed and subsequently died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Exertion; ;
Victor Ritchie;6-Aug;1918;KO; ;Nelson Paperman;18; ;paperman;Jersey City;New Jersey;USA;Light;"(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) Evening Public Ledger, August 6, 1918; Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, August 7, 1918. Paperman lost consciousness in the dressing room and died in hospital two hours later. Cause of death was thought to be cardiac."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring; ;;
Madison Crewese;15-Sep;1918;KO;;Delphos Clement Crall;37;;crall;Camp Taylor;Kentucky;USA;ND;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News and Sentinel, September 17, 1918; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News and Sentinel, October 5, 1918. The two men were sergeants assigned to the 319th U.S. Remount Depot at Camp Zachary Taylor, which is today part of the city of Louisville. They decided to settle an argument with a boxing match. They went outside about 9:15 p.m., followed by barracks mates. Crall swung at Crewese, but missed, then fell over dead. Cause of death was attributed to a cardiac condition."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Unfit; ;
Private Garland;4-Nov;1918;KO;;Gunner Hennessey; ;;hennessey;London;London;England;ND;Daily News, November 4, 1918, http://www.uk.olivesoftware.com/archive/skins/bl/navigator.asp. Following the knockout, Hennesy never regained consciousness, and he died the following day in hospital. ; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Frank Pacheco (Young Frankie Britt);30-Dec;1918;KO;6;Frank DiLeo (Young Terry McGovern);21;Y;dileo;Boston ;Massachusetts;USA;Light;"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News and Sentinel, December 31, 1918; Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Daily Sentinel, December 31, 1918; New York Times, January 1, 1919; Warren (Pennsylvania) Evening Times, January 4, 1919. According to the medical examiner, death was due to a hemorrhage of the brain, but there were no indications of a fractured skull or bruises on the head. Pacheco was arrested on charges of felonious assault, but was soon released. According to the Fitchburg paper, Pacheco, aged 23, came to the USA in 1909, had been boxing professionally since 1912, and this was his 28th bout in 1918 alone."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Alex Puebles;21-Mar;1919;KO;2;"Jose ""Soldado"" Marroquin"; ;Y;marroquin;Havana;;Cuba;Fly;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. This was said to be the first Cuban fatality.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Frank Everett;11-Apr;1919;KO;3;"Arthur S. ""Joe"" Baker";18;;baker;Marysville;California;USA;ND;"Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, April 12, 1919; Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1919; Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, April 17, 1919. It was Baker's first boxing contest. He was knocked down by a blow and did not get up. He was taken unconscious to his uncle's house unconscious, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Credeville;27-May;1919;KO;;John Drabek;;;drabek;Military carnival, Lemans;;France;ND;"Ogden (Utah) Standard, May 28, 1919; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening State Journal and Lincoln Daily, May 30, 1919; Marble Rock (Iowa) Journal, June 5, 1919; Stars and Stripes (Paris, France), June 13, 1919. The match was one of the tournaments leading up to a major Allied military boxing tournament to be held in Paris later in the week. Sponsors included the YMCA and Knights of Columbus. US Army Captain Alex MacLean was in charge of the boxing program, and he and his staff he put on 61 boxing shows in 119 days. Credeville was French, while Drabek (or Drabeck) was an American, from Chicago. Death was attributed to a blow over the heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
James Aloysius Patrick MacDonald;4-Aug;1919;KO;6;James Keay;21; ;keay;Dunedin;;New Zealand;Light heavy (12-stone);"Poverty Bay (New Zealand) Herald, August 11, 1919; Grey River (New Zealand) Argus August 12, 1919; (Wellington) NZ Truth, August 16, 1919. The bout was properly regulated, and eight-ounce gloves were worn. Although advertised as an amateur match, the contest was scheduled for six rounds. The pair started fast, and by the third round, both men were visibly tiring. During the fourth round, MacDonald was knocked down twice. During the fifth, MacDonald hit Keay hard with a left, and during the final round, Keay clinched rather than fought. Near the end of the sixth round, MacDonald landed a hard left hook to the jaw, and Keay dropped. He died in hospital about four hours later. Death was caused by concussion of the brain, and attributed to falling rather than blows. The newspapers said the death was unfortunate; otherwise, this had been the most exciting bout of the evening."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Michele La Duca (K.O. Circus);27-Aug;1919;KO;8;Fred Haefling (Frank Heifling) ;23;;haefling;Atlantic City;New Jersey;USA;Bantam;"Kansas City (Missouri) Star, August 29, 1919; Marion (Ohio) Daily Star, August 29, 1919; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Standard Telegram, August 30, 1919; Syracuse (New York) Herald, August 30, 1919; Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News-Chronicle, September 2, 1919; Syracuse (New York) Herald, September 6, 1919; Wilkes-Barre Almanac 1919, http://www.lowerluzernecounty.com/articles/almanacs/wilkes-barre-almanac-1919.htm; Ancestry.com. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 [database on-line]. Luzerne County, Pennsylvania; Roll: 1927076; Draft Board: 1. Haefling began his professional boxing career while in high school. He then served with the American Expeditionary Force in France. Upon discharge, he resumed his boxing career. During his final bout, he was hit by a right short hook to the jaw, and he collapsed to the floor. He died in hospital on August 28. The initial cause of death was given as exhaustion, but the coroner's inquest ruled that cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ray Doyle;7-Oct;1919;KO;4;Meyer Ellis;20;;ellis;Bayonne ;New Jersey;USA;Feather;"New-York Tribune, October 8, 1919; New York Times, October 8, 1919; Lima (Ohio) Times Democrat, October 9, 1919; New York Times, October 15, 1919. Ellis was struck in the left temple. He went down. The referee stopped the fight. Ellis told the referee that he was okay, even protesting the stoppage, and then collapsed. He died in a Jersey City hospital the following day. Cause of death was attributed to Ellis striking his head on the floor. In April 1921, Doyle was himself seriously injured during a fight at Paterson, New Jersey. See New York Times, May 1, 1921."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Sammy Marino (Young Marino);31-Oct;1919;TKO;10;Thomas Perry;;;perry;Milwaukee;Wisconsin;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, November 4, 1919; Boston Globe, November 5, 1919. Perry was leading on points when he went down in the tenth. The knockdown blow was reportedly light. He lost consciousness a second time while being helped to the dressing room, and he died in hospital on November 3. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
George S. Lewis;25-Nov;1919;KO;3;Alfred Jerome Katz;17;;katz;Boonville ;Missouri;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, November 26, 1919; (Lincoln, Nebraska) Evening State Journal and Lincoln Daily News, November 28, 1919. The youths were students at Kemper Military School (closed 2002). The match was sanctioned (and supervised) by school officials, for the purpose of resolving a grudge; evidently, Lewis, aged 16, had called the older youth ""Pussy"" Katz. Katz was larger, and did well enough during the first two rounds that Lewis wanted to stop at the end of the second. However, Katz wanted to continue, so the match was allowed to continue into the third round specified for amateur bouts. At the start of the third, before any blows were struck, Katz suddenly fell to the ground. He was pronounced dead 12 minutes later. Cause of death was attributed to acute dilation of the right ventricle of the heart."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
"John ""Jack"" Cleary";26-Nov;1919;KO;6;"Montague ""Monty"" Bellenger";20; ;bellenger;Queenstown;Tasmania;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 29, 1919; Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, December 1, 1919. The fights were scheduled for five rounds of two minutes each, and eight-ounce gloves were worn. The prize was a trophy. This was a quarterfinal bout; both men had fought earlier in the tournament. The result at the end of five rounds was a draw, so a sixth round was ordered as a tie-breaker. Both men were clearly tired, and at the end of the round, Bellenger was struck in the face while stepping in. He fell backwards, and may have struck his head while falling. He did not get up, so the fight was stopped. Seconds carried Bellenger to his corner, and then transported him to the hospital. He briefly regained consciousness about three hours later, but then went into a coma. He died next day, about two hours after an unsuccessful trepanning operation. Cause of death was basal skull fracture and brain hemorrhage, and attributed to the fall rather than blows. Jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
Steven Stitzel;2-Dec;1919;KO;4;Ollie Ben Cooper ;18; ;cooper;Cincinnati ;Ohio;USA;Middle;"Lima (Ohio) Times-Democrat, December 2, 1919; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News and Sentinel, December 2,  1919; New York Times, December 3, 1919; Source Citation: Registration Location: Campbell County, Kentucky; Roll: 1644035; Draft Board: 0. Ancestry.com. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. Original data: United States, Selective Service System. World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. M1509, 4,582 rolls.The bout took place at the Cincinnati Gymnasium and Athletic Club. During the fourth round, Cooper was knocked down. He stood up, staggered to his corner, and collapsed. He died the same night. According to his grand-niece Ali Cooper (e-mail, December 8, 2008), ""The story that my grandpa told was that he had gone to the fight to see his brother fight.  He had to go home alone and tell his parents that Ollie Ben had died. Ollie was a very popular kid in Dayton, grandpa said that over 3000 people came by the house to see Ollie Ben before they buried him."""; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;Ali Cooper: trashqueen@earthlink.net;
Able Seaman Merrilees;3-Dec;1919;KO;1;Sergeant Major Charles Willcox;27;;willcox;London;London;England;Heavy;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, December 8, 1919; Manchester (England) Guardian, June 16, 1921. Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury, December 9, 1919. The bout took place during a novice's competition at the National Sporting Club. Merilees was said to be from a fisheries protection vessel named HMS Hearty, but he was not on the roster after the fight.  Eight-ounce gloves were worn. For the past month, Willcox had been a sparring partner for the British heavyweight champion Joe Beckett, and before the fight, he had complained that he had been hit hard about the head during sparring. During this fight, Willcox was knocked down. He stood up, and promptly took a hard blow to the body followed by a hard blow to the jaw. He went down. He was transported to the hospital unconscious. Surgery was done, and a large clot was removed from the left side of the brain. Nonetheless, he died later that day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage and concussion. The jury attributed to the fall rather than blows, and the death was ruled misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Frank Ferris (Frankie Conway);11-Dec;1919;KO;6;Louis Roski (Lew Russell);22;;roski;Perth Amboy;New Jersey;USA;ND;"New York Times, December 15, 1919;  New York Times, December 16, 1919; Modesto (California) Evening News, December 16, 1919; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, December 17, 1919. Roski, who was from Chicago, was knocked down twice in the final round. He collapsed in the dressing room afterwards. The coroner said death was caused by ""softening of the brain,"" and he said it could have been a fall, a blow, or Roski's general unfitness. (Roski was 6' tall, but very thin.)"; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Henry Tate (Texas Tate);Jan/;1920;Wdec;;R. J. Dewey (Bob York, Colorado Demon); ;Y;dewey;Fort Worth;Texas;USA;Light Heavy;Dallas Morning News, January 25, 1920. York had been knocked out by Jack Dempsey in May 1916. He had been knocked out several more times during the past few months. Meanwhile, Tate, who despite his moniker was from Oklahoma, was known mostly for a string of losses interrupted by the occasional win by foul.; ;Pro; ;Later;Prior injury; ;
Andrew Lockett;11-Mar;1920;Sparring;;Milton Hymes Sternfeld;23;;sternfeld;New York;New York;USA;ND;"New York Times, March 13, 1920; Syracuse (New York) Herald, March 12, 1920; Kansas City (Missouri) Star, March 12, 1920; New York Times, March 20, 1920. The boxers were students at Columbia University, and the university treasurer posted Lockett's $2,000 bail. Sternfeld was a former Army lieutenant and current post-graduate student, while Lockett was a sophomore. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. The injury was ruled accidental."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Dave Powers;30-Apr;1920;KO;10;"John R. ""Jimmy"" Murray";26;;murray;Malden;Massachusetts;USA;Light;"Dunkirk (New York) Evening Observer, May 1, 1920; Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, May 1, 1920; Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gazette, May 1, 1920; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, May 1, 1920; Fort Wayne (Indiana) News and Sentinel, May 4, 1920. Murray was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He did not get up, so he was taken to the hospital, where he died. In 1917, Murray had been the New England amateur boxing champion at 142 pounds. During the World War, he served in the US Army, and at the time of his death, he had been boxing professionally for about three months."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Anthony Retartha (Young Saxon);3-May;1920;Sparring; ;Louis Sulle;19;;sulle;Bridgeport;Connecticut;USA;ND;Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, May 4, 1920. Sulle was Retartha's sparring partner in the gym. They had been sparring for about 45 seconds, when Sulle collapsed. An ambulance was called, but he was pronounced dead on arrival. Death was attributed to over-exertion.;;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Over-exertion;;
"Robert ""Battling Bob"" Holmes";18-May;1920;KO;5;Major T. Lee;25;;lee;Wheeling;West Virginia;USA;ND;"Sandusky (Ohio) Star Journal, May 19, 1920; Washington (District of Columbia) Herald, May 20, 1910. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. US Army General Leonard Wood was in the audience."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Raymond Champaigne;16-Jul;1920;Sparring; ;Edward Gunther;12; ;gunther;Brooklyn;New York;USA;ND;New-York Tribune, July 17, 1920. The youth was sparring with gloves with a younger boy (aged 9), when he suddenly collapsed. Death was attributed to heart disease.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
John Madden;20-Jul;1920;Sparring; ;Frank Russo;21; ;russo;Lawrence;Massachusetts;USA;ND;Lawrence (Massachusetts) Telegram, July 21, 1920. Madden, who had met Russo in at least one previous professional boxing match, was training at the river. After about two minutes of sparring, Russo asked to stop because he didn't feel well, then collapsed and died. Cause of death was listed as ruputure of an artery on the right side of the heart.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blow: Misadventure;;
Willie Davis;23-Jul;1920;KO;5;Francis Monahan (Frankie Mahone);;Y;monahan;Elizabeth;New Jersey;USA;Feather;"New York Times, July 25, 1920; Syracuse (New York) Herald, July 25, 1920. Monahan was knocked down in the fifth round, but refused to quit. He was subsequently hit hard in the temple. He collapsed in the ring and later died in hospital. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Jul;1920;KO;;"John ""Jack"" Foltine ";23;;foltine;Detroit;Michigan;USA;ND;"Reno (Nevada) Evening Gazette, July 28, 1920; Washington Post, July 29, 1920. Foltine was from Chicago. Cause of death was attributed to Foltine striking his head on the floor as he fell."; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall; ;
Frank Quigley;14-Sep;1920;Sparring; ;Al Alvarez;20; ;alvarez;Los Angeles;California;USA;ND;Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, September 15, 1920. The men were sparring at the Los Angeles YMCA. Alvarez was struck on the chin. He collapsed and died the following day in hospital.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Thomas Purcell;20-Nov;1920;KO;1;Donald R. Hendrick;23;;hendrick;Burlington;Vermont;USA;ND;"Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, November 22, 1920; Daily Kennebec (Maine) Jounral, November 22, 1920; New York Times, November 22, 1920. Hendrick was a freshman at the University of Vermont. He was boxing in a University-sponsored smoker that pitted freshmen against sophomores. He was knocked down by a blow to the jaw, and his head hit the floor beyond the mat. He died of injuries the following morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Death was attributed to the fall rather than blows."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Al Roberts;7-Dec;1920;KO;6;Raymond McMillan (Mickey Shannon);25;Y;mcmillan;Jersey City;New Jersey;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, December 8, 1920; Sandusky (Ohio) Star Journal, December 8, 1920; Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, December 8, 1920; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, December 9, 1920;  New York Times, December 22, 1920; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 22, 1921. After taking a beating from Harry Greb in October, McMillan began complaining of headaches. Nonetheless, his manager, James Kolb, refused to cancel the fight. In this fight, McMillan was leading on points into the fourth round, then he took some heavy blows and he collapsed in the sixth. He died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage. In February 1921, Kolb was arraigned on charges of withholding McMillan's share of the purse ($128) from the fighter's mother. Audience members at this fight included New Jersey governor (and future US senator) Edward Edwards."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;31-Jan;1921;Sparring;;Irving Gray Anderson;18;;anderson;Annapolis;Maryland;USA;ND;"New York Times, February 6, 1921; 1920; Washington Post, February 7, 1921/ Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Annapolis Ward 1, Anne Arundel, Maryland; Roll: T625_654; Page: 2A; Enumeration District: 6; Image: 53. Anderson, a midshipman at the Naval Academy, had been sparring with his roommate for several weeks. He knew he had been hit hard in the nose, but it was several days before he decided to go on sick call. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Frankie Dean;15-Feb;1921;KO;8;Larry Hamilton;;;hamilton;Brookfield;Missouri;USA;Light;"Chillicothe (Missouri) Constitution, February 16, 1921; Lawrence (Missouri) Journal-World, February 16, 1921; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, February 16, 1921; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 17, 1921;  The fight was reasonably even through the sixth round. In the sevent, Dean began dominating, and during the eighth, Hamilton was knocked over the ropes. He got back in the ring, but the referee stopped the fight. Hamilton was carried home unconscious, and he died there early the next morning. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. Death was attributed to overexertion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Overexertion; ;
Charles Blanda (Young Griffo);23-Feb;1921;KO;4;John Shank (Young Corbett);17; ;shank;Pueblo;Colorado;USA;Bantam;"Bisbee (Arizona) Daily Review, February 24, 1921; (Cheyenne) Wyoming State Tribune, February 24, 1921; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 24, 1921. Wells was knocked down by blows to the jaw and neck, and died half an hour later. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Death was attributed to the fall rather than the blow."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"Thomas Henry ""Harry"" Moody";14-Mar;1921;KO;15;"Wallace Peter ""Joe"" Macfarland";22;;macfarland;Kingston upon Hull;Yorkshire;England;Light Heavy;"(Dover, England) Western Times, March 16, 1921; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 17, 1921; Nottingham (England) Evening Post, March 17, 1921; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 18, 1921. During the final round of the fight, Macfarland was hit hard on the left side of the chin. He died March 16 without regaining consciousness.""It's a bad job,"" Moody said upon being notified of his opponent's death. Cause of death was concussion of the brain.The jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;19-Mar;1921;KO; ;John Mason; ; ;mason;Hobart;Tasmania;Australia;ND;(Launceton, Tasmania) Examiner, March 21, 1921. On Sunday morning, Mason went to the hospital with a broken jaw. He died a few hours later. ; ;Pro; ;Later;;;
Joe Marcus;3-May;1921;TKO;6;George Greenberg (George Robbins);18;Y;greenberg;New York;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, May 4, 1921, 12; New York Times, May 5, 1921, 9: New York Times, May 6, 1921, 14; New York Times, May 7, 1921. The bout was a fund-raiser for St. Lucy's Catholic Church, and before it began, the rector gave a speech extolling boxing as a character-builder. Greenberg was ahead on points, having won the first four rounds. Then, in the middle of the sixth, the fight was stopped because he appeared exhausted. Greenberg walked to his corner, sat on his stool, and collapsed. He was carried to the dressing room and then taken to hospital, where he died.  Cause of death was listed as brain hemorrhage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;3-May;1921;KO;5;Leonard Sanduchi;18;;sanduchi;Hazleton;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, May 4, 1921; New York Times, May 4, 1921. Sanduchi dropped following a blow to the neck, and cause of death was listed as a blow to the windpipe."; ;Pro;Asphyxiation;Ring;Fall; ;
"Albert ""Bert"" McCarthy";2-Jul;1921;TKO;14;Dencio Cabanela;21;Y;cabanela;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Bantam;"Oakland Tribune, September 13, 1921. Cabenela had reported headaches for the week prior to this fight, but would not call it off because of the money. He was winning the match until the thirteenth, when he stopped fighting and started putting his hands to his head. He quit in the fourteenth, saying, ""My head no good."" The crowd booed, calling him a quitter. He died three hours later. The autopsy revealed a pre-existing brain tumor. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage and a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury;Referee: Val Quirk. ;
Reno Lorenzo;4-Jul;1921;KO;;Frank Lee;;;lee;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times, July 5, 1921. Lee was struck over the heart and died. Lorenzo was aged 15 years.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;14-Jul;1921;Sparring; ;Johann Schmidt;23;;schmidt;Berlin;;Germany;ND;New York Times, July 15, 1921. Schmidt was a sergeant in the Security Police. He died of heart failure while boxing.  This was said to be the first death in German boxing. This may be  Sury's case,  cited in Ernst Jokl,  The Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria, South Africa, J. L. Van Schaik, Ltd, 1941), 139-140.;;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
"Irvey ""Sailor"" Owens";20-Jul;1921;KO;6;"Henry ""Harry"" H. Estes (Frisco Kid)";30;;estes;Galveston;Texas;USA;Feather;"Decatur (Illinois) Daily Review, July 22, 1921; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, July 22, 1921; Ancestry.com. Texas Death Index, 1903-2000 [database on-line]. 21 Jul 1921. Galveston. Certificate 19476; Ancestry.com. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 [database on-line]. Registration Location: McDonough County, Illinois; Roll: 1614209; Draft Board: 0.
 Estes was knocked through the ropes, and his head reportedly struck bare planking outside the ring. He died the following morning. The autopsy showed that Estes's skull had been trephined at some earlier date.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall, prior injury; ;
Harold Myers;4-Aug;1921;KO;;Earl Welch;20;Y;welch;Columbus ;Ohio;USA;ND;"Indianapolis Star, August 6, 1921; Lima (Ohio) News, August 6, 1921; Portsmouth (Ohio) Daily Times, August 8, 1921. Welsh was knocked down. His head struck the floor. He died two days later. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull."; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Sven Steiner;5-Aug;1921;Ldec ;6;Erik Hultberg;26;Y;hultberg;Ingentingskogen;Stockholm;Sweden;Bantam;boxrec.com.  Hultsberg was the Swedish champion, and his book, Snabb-kurs i Boxning (Stockholm: Ahlen & Akerlund), was published in 1921. The death led to a ban on professional boxing in Stockholm that lasted until after World War II. Amateur boxing was unaffected, and Swedish pro boxing promoters circumvented the law by selling memberships to clubs where fights were conveniently staged.;Swedish bantam;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
ND;13-Aug;1921;KO;4;Nelson Fielder;22;;fielder;Eastbourne;East Sussex;England;ND;"(Dublin) Irish Times, August 15, 1921; Exeter (England) Western Times, August 16, 1921. Fielder was a professional fighting as part of a booth show at a travelling fair. His opponent was a private in the 5th Beds and Herts Regiment (Territorials) attending annual training near Beachy Head. In the fourth round of a scheduled 15-round fight, Fielder was hit hard in the body, and he was counted out. His manager asked him if he was all right. He replied, ""Yes,"" and then passed out. He died in hospital."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kid Mack;25-Aug;1921;Ndec;4;William Woodford Gray;18; ;gray;Singapore; ;British Straits Settlements;ND;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, September 24, 1921; (Singapore) Straits Times, August 26, 1921. After the fight, Gray said he felt faint. He started walking home. At his lodgings, he said he did not feel well. A doctor was summoned, but by the time he arrived, Gray was dead. The coroner ruled cause of death as syncope due to delayed shock."; ;Pro;Syncope;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;27-Aug;1921;Ldec;3;William Bruce Hayes Jr.;17;;hayes;Annapolis;Maryland;USA;Feather ;"New York Times, August 31, 1921; Washington Post, August 31, 1921; Titusville (Pennsylvania) Herald, August 31, 1921. Hayes was a member of the incoming class at the US Naval Academy. He was hit hard in the head, but he did not stop until the bout ended. Afterwards, he said he didn't feel well. He died in hospital on August 31, 1921. Cause of death was attributed to cranial injury. The Navy did not consider an investigation necessary."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
"""Battling"" Joe Woolf";5-Sep;1921;KO;6;"Harold ""Tiger"" Gaulding";21;;gaulding;Kansas City;Kansas;USA;Heavy;"Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, September 7, 1921; (Chillicothe, Missouri) Chillico Constitution, September 8, 1921. Gaulding died September 7, 1921. Cause of death was said to be a fractured skull.  The bout was staged on Labor Day by the local American Legion, and it caused Kansas legislators to review the practice of allowing boxing matches to be staged as exhibitions so long as admission was not charged at the gate."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring; ; ;
Frank Langley;20-Sep;1921;KO;4;Edward Francis Prout;26;;prout;Bangor;Maine;USA;Light Heavy (166 lbs);"Fort Wayne (Indiana) News-Sentinel, September 20, 1921; Olean (New York) Evening Times, September 20, 1921; Augusta (Maine) Daily Kennebec Journal, September 21, 1921; Syracuse (New York) Herald, September 24, 1921. Portland (Maine) Press Herald, March 27, 1949. Prout fell through the ropes and died. Cause of death was originally listed as acute dilation of a diseased heart, but the diagnosis was subsequently changed to concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Sep/;1921;KO;;James McDonald;21;;mcdonald;Binghamton;New York;USA;ND;"Oneonta (New York) Daily Star, September 17, 1921; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, September 17, 1921. McDonald collapsed in the ring. He was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done to release pressure on the brain. Nonetheless, he died on September 15, 1921. Autopsy revealed a rupture of a small blood vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Al Roberts;9-Nov;1921;Draw;12;Herbert Crossley;20;;crossley;New York;New York;USA;Heavy;New York Times, November 21, 1921, 22. Crossley died on November 20, 1921. Cause of death was septicemia (blood poisoning). Les Darcy and Frank Gotch died of similar causes.; ;Pro;Blood poisoning;Later; ; ;
S. Miller;11-Nov;1921;TKO;2;Thomas Sukovich (Siberian Tom Skikovich);25;;sukovich;Deer Lodge;Montana;USA;ND;"Galveston (Texas) Daily News, November 12, 1921; Oakland (California) Tribune, November 12, 1921; Ancestry.com. Border Crossings: From Canada to U.S., 1895-1956 [database on-line]. The venue was the United War Veterans' Association lodge. Sukovich collapsed during the second round. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain. Mechanism of injury was said to be the fall."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Jeronimo Alvarez;24-Dec;1921;KO;3;Pedro Terry; ;Y;terry;Cienfuegos;;Cuba;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Dec;1922;Ndec; ;Charles Walter Suckling;13; ;suckling;Balham;London;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, January 4, 1922. The youths were participating in organized athletics at the Haselrigge Road School. Suckling swung, missed, and fell forward, striking his shoulder on a hot water heater. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to pneumonia. The coroner ruled misadventure.; ;Amateur;Pneumonia;Ring;Misadventure;;
Manny Stosh;ND;1921;KO;;Karl Rayle; ;Y;rayle;ND;;New Zealand;ND;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Willie Devanney;4-Jan;1922;KO;8;Tom Simonetti; ; ;simonetti;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 5, 1922. Simonetti was knocked out by a blow hard enough to drive his teeth through his tongue. He died in hospital.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Joe Ritchie;5-Jan;1922;Ndec;3;George Bliss;24;;bliss;Wilkes-Barre;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New London (Connecticut) The Day, January 7, 1922; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 7, 1922; Fort Wayne (Indiana) Journal-Gazette, January 13, 1922; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 13, 1922; Titusville (Pennsylvania) Herald, January 13, 1922. Rounds were two minutes each. Following the fight, Bliss walked out of the ring on his own. Next morning, he went to the emergency room.  He was admitted to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was rib fracture and kidney injury. The ringside physician apparently did not give a thorough examination before the fight, and the coroner's jury, which included two women, recommended that physicians carefully examine all boxers before they entered the ring."; ;Amateur ;Uremia;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Joseph St. Hillaire;23-Jan;1922;KO;4;"Ambrose J. ""Joe"" Melanson";25;;melanson;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Light;"Boston Daily Globe, January 24, 1922; Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Daily Sentinel, January 24, 1922;  New York Times, January 25, 1922; Boston Daily Globe, January 25, 1922; Year: 1920;Census Place: Boston Ward 2, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: T625_728; Page: 1A; Enumeration District: 24; Image: 649. Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.  Melanson, who came to the USA from Canada in 1908, was a former US national amateur champion at 135 pounds. He entered the contest after another boxer failed to qualify. He was knocked down twice, and the second time, he did not get up. He died at a nearby hospital. Death was attributed to the falls rather than the right hand blows to the head."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
"Edward ""Spike"" Boyer";2-Feb;1922;KO;1;Alfonso Hewlett (Sailor Miller);22;;hewlett;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, February 3, 1922; New York Times, February 8, 1922; Davenport (Iowa) Democrat and Leader, February 3, 1922. Cause of death was listed as heart disease.";;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Willie Devanney;2-Feb;1922;KO;8;Tommy Simmonette;;;simmonette;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;ND;(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 23, 1928. Cause of death was listed as blow on the chin.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Eddie Mullen;11-Feb;1922;KO;;Roy Mudd;19;;mudd;Elwood;Indiana;USA;Welter;"(Reno) Nevada State Journal, February 14, 1922; Indianapolis Star, November 18, 1922; Lincoln (Nebraska) State Journal, February 15, 1922; Indianapolis Star, May 20, 1922. Cause of death was brain injury. Mullen was charged with manslaughter, but was acquitted in May 1922."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Ray Carter;17-Mar;1922;KO ;4;Charles Havlicek (Terry O'Mallary); ;Y;havilicek;Omaha;Nebraska;USA;Welter;"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, March 18, 1922; New York Times, March 18, 1922; San Francisco Chronicle, March 18, 1922; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, March 18, 1922; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, March 18, 1922; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, March 20, 1922. Havilicek was struck in the jaw, and when he collapsed to the floor, he struck the back of his head. His breathing stopped, and 20 minutes later, he was pronounced dead. Meanwhile, the main event went on. Later, the coroner attributed death to paralysis of the respiratory center, and said that the cause was the fall. Carter was released."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Bert Lear;18-Mar;1922;KO;12;Jim Dawson; ;Y;dawson;Collie;Western Australia;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 21, 1922. Dawson sagged against the ropes, and his corner threw in the towel. Dawson was taken to the hospital, where he died early next morning. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;24-Mar;1922;KO;;Albert Sidney Groves; ;;groves;Gorefield;Cambridgeshire;England;ND;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, April 25, 1922. Groves fell without being hit. Cause of death was attributed to heart disease.;;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Unfit; ;
Carl Miller;31-Mar;1922;TKO;7;George Tetzie;24;;tetzie;Eugene;Oregon;USA;Light Heavy;"Portland Oregonian, April 1, 1922, 17; Portland Oregonian, April 2, 1922, 18. About 15 minutes after the fight, Tetzie collapsed. He died soon after. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Frankie Pitcher;24-Apr;1922;KO;9;Lew Brody;21;Y;brody;Brooklyn ;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, April 25, 1922; Clearfield (Pennsylvania) Progress, April 25, 1922; New York Times, April 26, 1922. Brody was knocked down three times in the fight, twice in the ninth round.  The referee stopped the fight. But it was too late: Brody died the following day without regaining consciousness. The attending doctor said cause of death was either skull fracture or concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
William Hickman (Al McCoy);10-May;1922;KO;4;Robert Turney;21;;turney;San Francisco ;California;USA;Middle;"Lima (Ohio) News, May 11, 1922; San Francisco Chronicle, May 11, 1922; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun,  May 23, 1922; Lima (Ohio) News, May 23, 1922. Turney was knocked down three times in the first three rounds, and was knocked out by a right uppercut in the fourth. He was carried from the ring, still unconscious, and taken to the hospital. Death was attributed to basal skull fracture. The referee (Billy Snailham), the promoter, the manager, and the surviving fighter were all charged with manslaughter. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
William Steed;15-Jul;1922;Ldec;10;Joseph Johnson;18; ;johnson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;(Echua, Australia) Riverine Herald, July 17, 1922. Following the bout, Steed shook hands, then collapsed. He died on the way to the hospital.; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Sam McVea;19-Jun;1922;Sparring;;"Donald ""Kid"" Kelly"; ;;kelly;Kingston;;Jamaica;Light;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, June 21, 1922. Kelly had a major contest scheduled for July 5, 1922, and McVea was his sparring partner. After three rounds of sparring, Kelly complained of not feeling well, so he was taken to the hospital, where he died.; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Tommy Gerrard (also Gerard);21-Jul;1922;Ldec;8;"Leslie W. ""Jackie"" Crawford";19;;crawford;Newark;New Jersey;USA;Feather;"New York Times, July 24, 1922, 13; San Antonio (Texas) Evening News, July 24, 1922. It was Crawford's second fight in a week. Crawford collapsed in his dressing room after the fight, and he died a few days later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Louis Barale;8-Aug;1922;Draw;6;Young Labadie ;24;;labadie;Trenton ;New Jersey;USA;ND;"New York Times, August 13, 1922; Chicago Daily Tribune, August 13, 1922. After the fight, Labadie, a soldier stationed at Camp Dix, collapsed in the dressing room and died. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain, but the surgeon said that it was not caused by any blows during the bout."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Curly Parkes;19-Aug;1922;WKO;16;Frank Griffin;24;;griffin;Wollongong;New South Wales;Australia;Middle;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 22, 1922; (Wellington) NZ Truth, September 2, 1922; (Wellington) NZ Truth, September 9, 1922. Griffin was the former middleweight champion of New Zealand. He moved to Australia in 1920, where he had eighteen more fights. At the end of this fight, both men were clearly exhausted, and the blow that knocked Parkes out was considered a lucky one. Griffin collapsed next day, and on August 21, he died of injuries."; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Elmer Cross;4-Sep;1922;Sparring;;Louis Barrese;18;;barrese;Easton;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New York Times, September 22, 1922; Oakland Tribune, September 4, 1922. Five minutes after being knocked down, Barrese died. Cause of death was given as over-exertion."; ;Pro;Over-exertion;Soon after;; ;
"Lester ""Lett"" Philbin";4-Sep;1922;KO;1;John Esses;27;Y;esses;Toledo;Ohio;USA;Welter;"Lima (Ohio) News, September 6, 1922; Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health. Ohio Deaths, 1908-1932, 1938-1944, and 1958-2002 [database on-line]. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Dummy Maxson;4-Sep;1922;KO;8;"Sam ""Kid"" Johnson";26;Y;johnson;Roscommon;Michigan;USA;Heavy;"Olean (New York) Evening Times, September 5, 1922; Indiana (Pennsylvania) Evening Gazette, September 5, 1922. Johnson had been an amateur boxing champion in the US Army during WWI. In this fight, during the eighth round, Johnson stopped, grasped the ropes, and then fell over dead. Cause of death was attributed to blows to the heart. Maxson was a deaf-mute from Brooklyn."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Sammy Ciminella;28-Sep;1922;KO;6;Billy Light;;Y;light;McKeesport;Pennsylvania;USA;Welter;"New York Times, September 30, 1922; New York Times, October 3, 1922; Honolulu Advertiser, January 8, 1923. Light's head reportedly hit the floor hard. He died of brain injuries the following day. This was not Albert Wegleitner, a St. Paul welterweight of the late 1920s who also boxed as Billy Light."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Maurice ""Morris"" Meola";14-Oct;1922;KO;4;Walter Welsh;23;;welsh;New York;New York;USA;Welter;"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, October 19, 1922; www.boxrec.com. Welsh was knocked to the floor during this fight, which took place at the 9th Regiment Armory on 14th Street. The following day, Welsh complained of feeling dizzy. Subsequently, he was admitted to Bellevue Hospital, where he died on October 18, 1922. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Johnny Hughes;23-Nov;1922;Ldec;6;Charles Parsons;;;parsons;Carthage;Missouri;USA;Light;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening State Journal, November 24, 1922; Port Arthur (Texas) Daily News, November 24, 1922; Decatur (Illinois) Review, November 25, 1922; Jasper (Missouri) News, December 7, 1922. The venue was a National Guard function, so this may have been the Charles Parsons who served in the Missouri National Guard during 1916. Anyway, cause of death was listed as a blow over the heart and over-exertion. During the autopsy, Parson's+N804 lungs were noted to be affected by tuberculosis and pleurisy."; ;Pro;Pleurisy;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Johnny Hannison;7-Dec;1922;TKO;4;Mike Vemity;18;;vemity;Akron;Ohio;USA;Bantam;"Newark (Ohio) Advocate, December 8, 1922; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, December 8, 1922; Mansfield (Ohio) News, December 8, 1922; Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health. Ohio Deaths, 1908-1932, 1938-1944, and 1958-2002 [database on-line]. The bout took place at the Akron Armory. Vemity was carried from the ring, and died about two hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Whitten Windham;ND;1922;KO;;William Curtis McAdams;35;;mcadams;Jasper;Alabama;USA;ND;"Ancestry.com. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 [database on-line]; McAdams v. Windham, 208. Ala. 492, 94 So. 2d 742, 30 A.L.R. 194, Nov. 30, 1922. The two men were sparring bare-knuckle, as they had often done in the past. McAdams was struck hard over the heart. He staggered back,into the arms of a spectator, a man named Waltrop. He was then laid on the floor, where he died within minutes. Cause of death was ruled to have been the blow over the heart. The widow charged the survivor with assault, and the case ended up in the state supreme court. In its finding on behalf of Windham, the Alabama Supreme Court noted that ""it is a general rule of law that a blow thus inflicted in a friendly, mutual combat -- a mere sporting contest -- is not unlawfully inflicted."" Instead, as long as no one was guilty of reckless or negligent conduct, ""participants in a violent game have assumed the risk ordinarily incident to their sport."""; ;Amateur ;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Grant Clark (Kid Grant);8-Jan;1923;KO;8;"Lloyd ""Patsy"" White";22;Y;white;Columbus ;Ohio;USA;Middle;"Bellingham (Washington) Herald, January 12, 1923; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 12, 1923; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, January 12, 1923; New York Times, January 12, 1923. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Mechanism of injury was attributed to White's head striking the floor as he fell. White was the son of the swimming coach at the University of Chicago, and the death caused the cancellation of a University of Chicago swim meet."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
ND;26-Jan;1923;KO; ;Eldridge C. Day;23;;day;New Haven;Connecticut;USA;ND;"New York Times, February 14, 1923; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, February 15, 1923. Day was a senior at Yale University. He complained of head pain following a boxing match in the university gym. He went to the hospital on February 1, 1923, and died there February 13. Cause of death was attributed to sleeping sickness.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Sleeping sickness;;
H.B. Fetzer;30-Jan;1923;KO;3;Billy C. Zelley;18;;zelley;Montgomery;Alabama;USA;ND;Bellingham (Washington) Herald, January 31, 1923. Cause of death listed as acute dilation of heart.;;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Johnny Clinton;5-Feb;1923;KO;12;Antonio Petriano (Andy Thomas, Anthony Perino); ;Y;petriano;Brooklyn ;New York;USA;Welter;"Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, February 6, 1923; Olean (New York) Evening Times, February 6, 1923; New York Times, February 6, 1923; New York Times, February 7, 1923. Petriano was staggering in the eleventh, but his seconds let him fight. Then, at the start of the twelfth, he collapsed in the ring without a blow being struck. He was taken to hospital, where he subsequently died. Cause of death listed as concussion of the brain, and attributed to rapid weight loss."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight loss; ;
ND;6-Feb;1923;KO;;Wilfred Philibert; ;;philibert;St. Paul;Minnesota;USA;ND;"Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, February 10, 1923; Ancestry.com. Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002 [database on-line]. The venue was the Rose Room. Cause of death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Fred Archer;26-Feb;1923;Ldec;13;"Alfred George ""Alf"" Humphreys";27;;humphreys;London;London;England;Welter;"London Times, February 26, 1923; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 2, 1923; Boxing, March 7, 1923, 468; Manchester (England) Guardian, May 9, 1923. Archer was an experienced professional, whereas Humphreys had two prior fights, and he took this one on three days notice. He had not been training. Seven-ounce gloves were worn. Throughout the fight, Humphreys was hit hard, and by the eleventh round, he was visibly weak. During the twelfth, he was knocked down, and during the thirteenth, the referee stopped the fight. Humphreys then collapsed. He died February 27 without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. At the inquest, it was determined that the ringside physician was a porter at the London Jewish Hospital who had assisted surgeons in the field during World War I. The jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Herbert Robinson;2-Mar;1923;KO;11;"William ""Billy"" Tapp"; ;Y;tapp;Nelson;;New Zealand;Light;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 5, 1923. Tapp was knocked down. His head hit the floor. He was taken to the hospital, still unconscious, and he died.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"J. ""Young"" Taylor";3-Mar;1923;Ldec;6;Joseph Hornsby Rodden; ;;rodden;North Seaton;Northumberland;England;ND;"(Dublin) Irish Times, March 6, 1923; Manchester (England) Guardian, March 6, 1923. After the bout, Rodden stepped out of the ring. He told the doctor he did not feel well, so the doctor had him taken to the hospital, where he died. Death was attributed to blood pressure on the brain, associated with chronic meningitis. A doctor had been present at the fight and there was nothing improper in the bout, so no charges were filed."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Natural causes; ;
Frank Dory;6-Mar;1923;KO;4;Elder E. Marotz (Eddie Mozart );22;;marotz;Marinette;Wisconsin;USA;Light;"(Oshkosh, Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, March 7, 1923; Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, March 7, 1923. The venue was the American Legion. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
James Smith;12-Mar;1923;KO;;Fred Powers (Freddie McCue);26;;powers;Tacoma ;Washington;USA;Feather;"Modesto (California) Evening News, March 13, 1923; New York Times, March 13, 1923; Lethbridge (Alberta) Daily Herald, March 14, 1923. The venue was the Sound Social Club. After the fight, Powers complained his head hurt. He died on March 13. Cause of death was listed as brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Harry Twist (Kid Runcorn, Young Harry Runcorn);16-Mar;1923;KO;;Weldon Howard (Handsome Happy); ;;howard;Moose Jaw;Saskatchewan;Canada;Welter;"Wayne Wilson collection; Portsmouth Daily Times, July 22, 1924; (Winnipeg) Manitoba Free Press, July 22, 1924. Howard, ""a negro fighter,"" was hit with an uppercut, and crashed to the floor. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull. "; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Mar;1923;KO;10;Henry Charles Kingsley (Robert Skingsley); ; ;kingsley;Wokingham;Berkshire;England;ND;"Exeter (England) Western Times, March 28, 1923; Manchester (England) Guardian, March 31, 1923. Kingsley was a Territorial Army soldier participating in a boxing match at the local drill hall. He collapsed after the fight. He was taken home, where he died. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. The jury ruled misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Romolo Parboni;20-May;1923;KO;12;Pietro Mascena; ;;mascena;Genoa;;Italy;Light;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com ";Italian;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Tom Heeney;4-Jun;1923;TKO;15;Cyril Whittaker;22;Y;whittaker;Auckland;;New Zealand;Heavy;"Townsville (Australia) Daily Bulletin, June 7, 1923; (Wellington, New Zealand) NZ Truth, June 19, 1923. The contest was for œ150 a side. Whittaker was knocked down in the third. He generally held his own, but was hit hard in the fourteenth round, and halfway through the fifteenth roundt, the referee stopped the fight. After leaving the ring, Whittaker collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where emergency surgery was done. He died next morning."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Andre Giezes;13-Jun;1923;Ldec; ;Rampignon; ; ;rampignon;Paris; ;France;Light;Bisbane (Australia) Courier, June 18, 1923. Rampignon lost the fight, but apparently looked okay afterwards. A few hours later, he became ill. A doctor was called. He was dead by the time the doctor arrived. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Conrad Becklund;19-Sep;1923;KO;2;Walter A. Groechel (Walter Gretchel);18;;groechel;Minneapolis;Minnesota;USA;ND;"Daily Illini (University of Illinois), September 21, 1923; Wisconsin Rapids (Wisconsin) Daily Tribune, September 20, 1923; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, September 21, 1923; Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gazette, September 21, 1923; Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2001. Original data: State of Minnesota. Minnesota Death Index, 1908-1002. Minneapolis, MN, USA: Minnesota Department of Health. The bout was part of a fundraising event for a football team. Groechel collapsed to the floor during the second round, and he died soon after. Cause of death was attributed to a solar plexus blow."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Sep;1923;KO;;John T. Holly;48; ;holly;Newport;Rhode Island;USA;ND;"Boston Post, September 24, 1923; 1920; Newport (Rhode Island) Mercury, September 29, 1923. Holly, a Marine sergeant stationed at the Naval Torpedo Station, died after being punched above the heart. Cause of death was cardiac."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Max Gornick;27-Oct;1923;KO;18;John Dunstan (Seaman Jack Dunstan); ; ;dunstan;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Heavy;"(Dublin) Irish Times, October 29, 1923; Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News-Chronicle, October 29, 1923; Northern Territory Times and Gazette, October 30, 1923; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 2, 1923. Dunstan was knocked down by a blow to the head. He reportedly hit his head on the floor. He tried to stand up, then collapsed. He was counted out. Cause of death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage. Dunstan had been heavyweight boxing champion of Britain's Grand Fleet before World War I, whereas Gornick was a middleweight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;"Referee: Val Quirk. Quirk was the referee for Melbourne Stadium from 1915-1931. He was also boxing referee for the Victorian Amateur Athletic Association from at least July 1913 to ? He retired May 1931, after twelve years at Melbourne, citing health reasons, but he had been trying to get a replacement for at least two years. He reportedly refereed at least 10,000 contests, pro and amateur, in his 16 years at Melbourne. First pro referee job was Hughie Mehegan v. Herb McCoy, Feb 27, 1915. Does not appear to be the Edward Valentine Quirk who served in the Australian Army during WWI and WWII, unless he never went overseas, because he refereed bouts at Melbourne Stadium during 1916 and 1917. Manager at the West Melbourne stadium was R.L. ""Dick"" Lean, who claimed to have promoted 13,000 boxing and wrestling matches between 1912 and 1939, and continued to promote at the West Melbourne Stadium. The structure was destroyed  by fire in 1955, but rebuilt for the 1956 Olympics. The new hall was renamed Festival Hall during the 1960s.";
Harald Nielsen;2-Nov;1923;TKO;3;W. V. Evans;;;evans;Copenhagen;;Denmark;Light;"London Times, November 5, 1923; Manchester (England) Guardian, Novemer 5, 1923; (Glasgow) Scotsman, November 7, 1923. This was an international competition. During the crossing to Denmark, Evans complained of headaches. During the fight, Evans, a police constable, was knocked down three times, so the fight was stopped. Evans then collapsed in the ring. He was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Eddie Lynagh;3-Nov;1923;KO;16;Frank Soady;;Y;soady;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Light;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 7, 1923; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 14, 1923; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 9, 1924. About five seconds before the bell for the seventeenth round, Soady said he felt dizzy. Then he collapsed. He died nine days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.";Queensland lightweight;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Thomas Reed;28-Nov;1923;Draw;6;John Thomas Madden;25;;madden;New York;New York;USA;Light;"Bellingham (Washington) Herald, December 5, 1923; Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News-Chronicle, December 6, 1923; New York Times, December 6, 1923; National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Gravesites, ca.1775-2006 [database on-line]. Reed was a New York National Guardsman while Madden was a Marine private assigned to USS Wyoming. Madden collapsed in the ring after shaking hands at the end of the bout, and he died in in hospital on December 5. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Harold Perrau;3-Nov;1923;Ldec; ;Abdul Rahman bin Abbas; ;;rahman;Singapore; ;British Straits Settlements; ;"(Singapore) Straits Times, November 5, 1923; (Singapore) Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, November 14, 1923. Rahman was getting the worst of the fight, and after the third round, the referee asked him if he wanted to stop. He did not. The fight went on. Afterwards, Rahman was found unconscious in the dressing room. He was carried by jinriiksha to his father's home, where he died the following morning. The coroner ruled cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
ND;Nov/;1923;Medical ;;"William John ""Mick"" Rutherford";30;Y;rutherford;Flinders Naval Base (today, HMAS Cerebus);Victoria;Australia;Light;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 9, 1923. Rutherford, a boxing instructor at the Flinders Naval Base (it did not become a Flinders Naval Depot until 1925) twisted his right ankle during a bout. The injury became infected, and doctors amputated the foot. On November 7, 1923, he died of surgical complications.; ;Pro;Surgical complications;Later; ; ;
Eloy Boyguro;ND;1923;KO;;Rafael Delgado;;;delgado;Parana;;Argentina;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection. Delgado's head reportedly struck the floor.;;Pro;;Ring;Fall; ;
"Charles ""Bud"" Taylor";11-Jan;1924;KO;12;Frank Doherty (Frankie Jerome);24;Y;doherty;New York;New York;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, January 14, 1924; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 14, 1924; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 15, 1924; Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, January 16, 1924; Harold Barnes, ""Let's abolish boxing,"" Saturday Evening Post, October 25, 1958, 132. Doherty was knocked down at the end of the eleventh round, but was saved by the bell. At the start of the twelfth (and final scheduled) round, Taylor pinned Doherty in a corner and hit him at least seven times. Doherty went down, but got up at the count of seven. Taylor came in to hit him again, and the referee stopped the fight. Doherty's cornermen took him straight to Bellevue Hospital, where he died two days later. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Immediately following the announcement of this death, legislation was introduced into the New York assembly that called for the repeal of the Walker boxing law and the abolition of the boxing portion of the state athletic commission. The story published after the death was that Doherty had been badly beaten during a bout with Johnny Curtin just two weeks earlier, but he needed the money to pay bills associated with a new child. Consequently, he signed the contract for the fight with Taylor."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Indalecio Ore;20-Jan;1924;KO;9;Felipe Perez; ;Y;perez;Chincha;;Peru;ND;(Lima, Peru) Diario La Chronica), January 26, 1924. Perez was from Spain, and he died a day after the fight.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Frank Sweeney;1-Feb;1924;KO; ;John Luby;23;;luby;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Middle;"Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Sentinel, June 24, 1930; Kingston (New York) Daily Freeman, February 5, 1924. Death was due to hemorrhage and laceration of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Jesse ""Pep"" Webster";5-Feb;1924;TKO;3;Edgar Hollingsworth (Ed Holly);;;hollingsworth;Stockton;California;USA;Welter;"San Francisco Chronicle, February 5, 1924; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, February 7, 1924; Oakland (California) Tribune, February 7, 1924; Oakland (California) Tribune, February 8, 1924; Fresno (California) Bee, February 9, 1924. The last blow in the fight was to the left side of the jaw that knocked Hollingsworth down. Hollingsworth died the following day. The medical examiner said the cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage, probably secondary to the fall. The promoter, Tommy Simpson, was arrested for staging a fight without a permit."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;16-Feb;1924;KO;;Juan Morales;;;morales;Mendoza;;Argentina;ND;"New York Times, February 18, 1924; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, February 18, 1924: Washington Post, February 18, 1924. Morales died a few hours after the contest."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Soldier Underwood;22-Feb;1924;KO;2;Larry Murray;;;murray;Canal Zone;Panama;USA;Welter;"New York Times, February 23, 1924; Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, February 23, 1924. Murray was knocked down by a blow to the chin, and death occurred within the hour. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Boxing was legalized in the Canal Zone in 1923, and ""Two stadiums have been erected, one on the East and one on the West Coast, each with a seating capacity of 4,500. Terry Richards, matchmaker, is now in New York rounding up talent and expects to return shortly with a score of prominent maulers who will show their wares to the Panama hat contingent."" Plattsburgh (New York) Daily Republican, December 27, 1923, cited at http://esf.uvm.edu/vtbox/Historical.html"; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"""Big Joe"" Harnick";3-Apr;1924;Sparring;;"Earnest ""Count"" Loske";32;;loske;Kansas City;Missouri;USA;Middle;"Port Arthur (Texas) News, April 4, 1924; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, April 5, 1924. Loske was sparring with his trainer."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Ralph Varn;12-Apr;1924;Ldec;3;Pal Moore;21;;moore;Wilmington;North Carolina;USA;Feather;"Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, April 13, 1924; Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News-Chronicle, April 14, 1924. Moore went the distance, but collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. Cause of death was listed cerebral hemorrhage caused by over-exertion.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Jimmy Picardi;22-Apr;1924;KO;1;Michael Molinari;21;;molinar;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, April 21, 1924; Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, April 24, 1924; Port Arthur (Ontario) Daily News-Chronicle, April 23, 1924; Syracuse (New York) Herald, April 24, 1924; New York Times, April 24, 1924. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain. The State Boxing Commission ruled cause of death to be ""unavoidable accident.""";AAU championships;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Harry Gordon;3-May;1924;KO;15;George Mendies;26;Y;mendies;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Fly;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, May 7, 1924; New York Times, May 7, 1924. Mendies was flyweight champion of Australia. His head struck the floor, and he died on May 6 without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was listed as brain concussion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Namen ""Dixie"" LaHood";8-May;1924;KO;10;Olin Porter (Eddie Neil);21;Y;porter;Butte;Montana;USA;Bantam;"Tacoma News Tribune, June 4, 1924, 16; New York Times, June 5, 1924, 17. The fight had been postponed a week because Porter had a cold. During the tenth round, Porter went down hard, and he died at home on June 4, 1924. The cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. There is information about LaHood, a Butte constable, in Bell, 1985, 63-66, but nothing on this fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Leo Stokes (Sailor Bosco);16-May;1924;KO;7;Alexander Michaluk;;;michaluk;Fernie;British Columbia;Canada;Middle;Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, May 20, 1924. Michaluk died two days later. Cause of death was attributed to the rupture of small blood vessels in the head.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;May/;1924;Sparring;;Joe Minehan;19;;minehan;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;New York Times, June 26, 1924. Minehan was from Boston College, and he was expected to make the 1924 Olympics team. However, he collapsed during a training bout, and he died June 25, 1924. Cause of death was listed as anemia.; ;Amateur;Anemia;Ring;; ;
Harry Twist (Kid Runcorn);21-Jul;1924;KO;;William James Plaine (Joe Mehan); ;;plaine;Assiniboi;Saskatchewan;Canada;ND;"Prince Rupert (British Columbia) Daily News, July 22, 1924; Portsmouth (Ohio) Daily Times, July 22, 1924; (Winnepeg) Manitoba Free Press, July 22, 1924; Ottawa Citizen, July 22, 1924. Death was attributed to a basal skull fracture causing an internal cranial hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
William Duff;2-Sep;1924;KO;;Raymond Morris;16; ;morris ;Hartford City;Indiana;USA;ND;"New York Times, September 4, 1924; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, September 4, 1924; Chicago Daily Tribune, September 4, 1924. Morris and Duff decided to settle a dispute over the hazing of Morris's younger brother with a formal boxing match. Morris died. ";;Amateur;;Ring;Misadventure;;
Lew Mayrs;3-Sep;1924;KO;12;Charles Holman (The Fighting Parson);24;Y;holman;Baltimore;Maryland;USA;Feather;"Dallas Morning Tribune, September 5, 1924; New York Times, September 5, 1924. According to the Times, Holman's ""wife was at ringside. When he sank down in the twelfth round she seized a towel and threw it into the ring to save him from further punishment."" Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;21-Sep;1924;KO; ;Ronald McCallum; ; ;mccallum;Palmerston South; ;New Zealand;ND;(Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, September 22, 1924. McCallum was knocked down. He reportedly sturck the back of his head on the floor, and he died soon afterwards.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;Oct/;1924;Sparring; ;Richard Holmes;37; ;holmes;Cootamundra;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Victoria) Argus, October 24, 1924. After boxing, Holmes complained of a headache. Then he died.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
Alberto Icochea (or Ycochea);27-Oct;1924;KO;2;Ralph Tomasa (Ralph Thomas);30;Y;tomasa;Yonkers;New York;USA;Middle;"New York Times, October 28, 1924, 19; New York Times, October 29, 1924; e-mail from Ralph Thomas (the deceased's nephew), November 24, 2006; http://boxrec.com. From 1921-1923, Thomas, an Italian immigrant who changed his name in America, played semi-pro football for a Cleveland, Ohio, team called the Favorite Knits. Following the 1923 football season, he moved to New York, where he took up boxing. In New York, he had at least one prior pro fight (against Mickey Crusco, in March 1924). His day job was as a plumber, and he worked the day of the fatal fight. He was not scheduled to fight that night; instead, he volunteered to fill in for a boxer who did not show up. During the first round of the fight, the match was relatively even, but during the second round, Thomas was hit hard under the heart. Thomas backed up, and then suddenly collapsed. He was counted out and failed to revive. He was pronounced dead at the hospital. Cause of death was listed as acute dilation of the heart. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;Ralph Thomas (a nephew born the following year), bjt034@cox.net; 
ND;Nov/;1924;KO;;"Alfred ""Young"" Tanguay";19;;tanguay;Portland;Maine;USA;Bantam;"San Antonio (Texas) Express, December 8, 1924; Portsmouth (Maine) Herald, December 8, 1924. At least two Maine boxers fought as Young Tanguay during the mid-1920s, to include one who was boxing as late as September 1925. Anyway, Alfred Tanguay was hit hard over the heart. He collapsed, and he died in hospital in Lewiston, Maine, on December 6, 1924. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Lawrence Smith (Young Jack Farley);17-Dec;1924;KO;2;Patsy Ciaccio (Kid Ryan); ;;ciaccio;Seattle;Washington;USA;Welter;"New York Times, December 18, 1924; Oakland Tribune, December 18, 1924. Ciaccio was knocked down, and died almost instantly. Additional detail from http://boxrec.com: ""When Ciaccio fell to the canvas, the crowd jeered and yelled 'Fake!' He died shortly after being knocked-out. It soon was determined he actually had died of double pneumonia. His widow informed the press that he had agreed to enter the ring when offered $2.50 to fight, because they were destitute. The 'promoter' tried to convince authorities this had been only an exhibition, as he had not obtained a proper license for this show. Farley [a lightweight] was with Co. K, 4th Infantry, U.S. Army,"" which was then at Fort Lawton. "; ;Pro;Pneumonia;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Carl Coltrin (Kentucky Coke);18-Dec;1924;KO;1;"John B. ""Jack"" Tait ";19;Y;tait;Miles City;Montana;USA;ND;"Lincoln (Nebraska) State Journal, December 19, 1924; Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, December 19, 1924; Helena (Montana) Independent, December 20, 1924; Los Angeles Times, December 20, 1924; Montana State Genealogical Society and Ancestry.com. Montana Death Index, 1907-2002 [database on-line]. This was Tait's first pro fight, and it lasted about thirty seconds. There was a flurry. Tait stepped back, and then fell over backward. Cause of death given as paralysis of the heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Tibby Watson;30-Dec;1924;KO;2;Reginald Anderson;21;Y;anderson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Bantam;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 1, 1925. Anderson had been boxing for about two years. Six ounce gloves were worn, and there was a medical exam before the fight. Anderson was knocked down, and struck his head on the floor. He did not get up. He was taken to the hospital, where he died two days later. Autopsy revealed that Anderson's blood vessels were in poor condition. Cause of death was listed as apoplexy.; ;Pro;Apoplexy;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Joe Falks;ND;1924;KO;;Joe Stevenson;;Y;stevenson;ND;;New Zealand;ND;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
"Francis ""Mickey"" McVeigh";25-Jan;1925;TKO;4;D.T. Cyzowski (Gunboat Skee);25;Y;cyzowski;Newburgh;New York;USA;Welter;"Middletown (New York) Daily Times-Press, January 24, 1925; Middletown (New York) Daily Herald, January 24, 1925; New York Times, January 25, 1925; Kingston (New York) Daily Freeman, January 26, 1925. Cyzowski was a sailor aboard USS Rochester, and the match was sponsored by the New York National Guard. In the third round, Cyzowski was saved by the bell, and in the fourth, he was counted out. He did not get up, so he was carried to the dressing room. The doctor could not revive him, either, so an ambulance was called. He died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;28-Jan;1925;Sparring; ;George Perry;25; ;perry;Bristol;Connecticut;USA;ND;Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, January 29, 1925. Following a bout at the Wooster Athletic Club, Perry took a drink of cold water and then collapsed. Club manager Henry Combe began telephoning doctors, but all said told Combe that they would see the patient tomorrow. By the time the city medical examiner arrived, Perry was dead. Cause of death was attributed to a weak heart. ; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Carl Hansen;5-Feb;1925;KO;2;Stanton Stever;19;;stever;Syracuse;New York;USA;Welter;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 6, 1925; Olean (New York) Evening Herald, February 6, 1925; New York Times, February 6, 1925. Stever, a sophomore, was participating in a match at the Syracuse University gym to determine who would represent Syracuse during a forthcoming varsity contest with US Naval Academy. Twelve-ounce gloves were being worn. During the second round, Stever appeared winded, and Hansen knocked him down with a solid blow to the head. Stever did not get up, and he did not regain consciousness. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage on the surface of the brain imposed upon an abcess of the sinus. Stever had a history of surgeries for sinus conditions, and it was the second time in two weeks that Hansen had knocked him out."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
"William George ""Pop"" Humphreys";8-Feb;1925;TKO;6;"Charles Edward ""Teddy"" Sheppard";21;;sheppard;London;London;England;Welter;"(Dublin) Irish Times, February 9, 1925; Middletown (New York) Daily Herald, February 9, 1925; London Times, February 13, 1925; Manchester Guardian, February 13, 1925; ""Boxing: On the ropes?"" MEPO 2/2215, http://www.pro.gov.uk/inthenews/boxing/Boxing4.htm. Sheppard wanted a job at the boxing booth. So, the booth owner gave him the opportunity to show his mettle. The rounds were two minutes in length, and the match was scheduled for 10 rounds. However, the bout was stopped in the sixth after Sheppard started hanging all over Humphreys. The boxers shook hands with each other and then the referee. Sheppard then collapsed to the floor. He was pronounced dead on the scene. Cause of death was said to have been a blow near the heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Charles Purdy;8-Feb;1925;Sparring; ;Hans Stehr;22; ;stehr;Auckland; ;New Zealand;ND;(Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, February 9, 1925. Purdy was a professional boxer, and the men were sparring in the gym when Stehr collapsed. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Sabino Mola;23-Mar;1925;KO;9;Angel Barreras;;Y;barreras;Camaguey;;Cuba;Light Heavy;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com ";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Robert Lovell (Gypsy Williams);3-Apr;1925;KO;10;"Harold ""Kid"" Ryle";16;Y;ryle;Toledo;Ohio;USA;Feather;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 9, 1925; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, April 10, 1925. This was the sixth time the two had met, and Ryle had won the previous five matches. Nonetheless, following surgery to remove a blood clot in the brain, Ryle died in hospital on April 8. The coroner attributed death to a fractured skull. The promoter said Ryle had lied about his age."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
William Bonsor;6-Apr;1925;KO;3;Richard William Spooner;27;;spooner;Coventry;West Midlands;England;ND;(Glasgow) Scotsman, April 9, 1925. Spooner was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He did not get up, and died in hospital. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Roland Todd;Apr/;1925;Sparring; ;James Bennett;21; ;bennett;Barnsley;South Yorkshire;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, April 30, 1925. Bennett was a sparring partner for middleweight champion Roland Todd. Five days after taking a solid blow on the left side of the chin, Bennett died. Cause of death was hemorrhage following concussion of the brain. The jury ruled misadventure. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Bobby Allen;16-Apr;1925;Ldec;10;Harry Simone;24;Y;simone;San Bernardino ;California;USA;Welter;"New York Times, April 20, 1925; Oakland Tribune, April 20, 1925; New York Times, April 21, 1925. About five hours after the fight, Simone fell unconscious. He died in hospital following an operation. Death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Nina Roundtree;Jun/;1925;Sparring;;George Schofield;50;;schofield;Heaven City ;Illinois;USA;ND;"Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1925; Olean (New York) Times, June 16, 1925; Syracuse (New York) Herald, July 26, 1925. Heaven City was a commune outside Harvard, Illinois, and Roundtree was Schofield's 15-year-old girlfriend. Schofield boasted that he was a boxer, and to prove it, he sparred a male member of the commune. However, he fared badly against the man. Roundtree was not impressed, so she put on the gloves herself. She then proceeded to box, while Schofield proceeded to have a heart attack."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Jimmy McLarnin;4-Jul;1925;Ldec;10;Francisco Guilledo (Pancho Villa) ;24;Y;guilledo;Oakland;California;USA;Fly;"Honolulu Advertiser, July 15, 1925; Kingston (New York) Daily Freeman, July 15, 1925; Lester Bromberg, Boxing's Unforgettable Fights (New York: Ronald Press, 1962), 132-133; Murray Greig, Goin' the Distance: Canada's Boxing Heritage (Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1996).  Guilledo went into the fight knowing he had impacted teeth. He could have postponed the fight, but according to his handlers, he didn't want to cause them to lose any money. Afterwards, he went to the dentist to have the teeth removed and he died; cause of death was toxemia resulting from spread of infection."; ;Pro;Toxemia;Later;Misadventure; ;
Harry Fay;21-Jul;1925;KO;4;Howard Palmer (Irish Mickey Shannon, Patsy Flannigan);25;Y;palmer;Louisville;Kentucky;USA;Light Heavy;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, July 22, 1925; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, July 22, 1925. Knocked out of the ring, Palmer's head hit the floor and he suffered a concussion. He died the next day. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Manuel Cota;8-Aug;1925;Draw;4;Isaac Jose (Frank Lewis, Indian Mike);37;;jose;Jerome;Arizona;USA;Light;"New York Times, August 12, 1925; New York Times, August 13, 1925; Oakland Tribune, August 13, 1925; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, August 13, 1925; (Augusta, Maine) Daily Kennebec Journal, August 13, 1925. Jose was fouled to the groin in the fourth, but the fight continued, and at the end, it was declared a draw. Afterwards, Jose was taken to the government hospital at Fort Whipple, where he died. Cause of death was described as ""internal hemorrhage."""; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Soon after; ; ;
Billy Defoe;7-Sep;1925;Ldec;12;Don Tippero;21;Y;tippero;Great Falls;Montana;USA;Feather;"New York Times, September 10, 1925; New York Times, September 12, 1925. Although clearly in pain, Tippero refused to let his seconds stop the fight. After the fight, he collapsed in the dressing room, and he died four days later. The autopsy diagnosed both concussion and Bright's disease, which is a form of chronic kidney disease. Billy Miske is the most prominent boxer known to have died from complications of Bright's disease."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Tom Buxton;5-Oct;1925;KO;18;Arthur Davis (Arthur Smith);18;;davis;Newcastle;New South Wales;Australia; ;(Darwin, Australia) Northern Standard. Davis was carried out of the ring unconscious, and he died several hours later. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;25-Oct;1925;Ldec;3;Matthew Hatchford (Royton Wonder Boy);17;;Hatchford;Royton;Lancashire;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, October 29, 1925; Manchester (England) Guardian, October 30, 1925. Hatchford was not knocked down, and he left the ring without assistance. Afterwards, he complained he did not feel well. His father did not worry unduly, because Hatchford had complained of headaches for years. Next day, he went to the hospital, where he died two days laer. Autopsy revealed cause of death to be cerebral hemorrhage. The coroner's jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury;;
Tony Escalante;13-Nov;1925;KO;5;"""Babe"" Monroy";;Y;monroy;El Centro;California;USA;Feather;"San Mateo (California) Times, November 16, 1925; Oxnard (California) Daily Courier, November 16, 1925; Fresno (California) Bee, November 17, 1925. During the fourth round, Monroy was knocked down by a punch to the heart. He was knocked down again in the fifth, and the fight was stopped. After the fight, he said he didn't feel well. He went home, went to bed, and was found dead next day. Death was attributed to influenza."; ;Pro;Influenza;Soon after;; ;
"Gilbert ""Kid"" Brooks";8-Dec;1925;KO;7;"Joseph ""Kid"" Holmes";;Y;holmes;Atlantic City;New Jersey;USA;Middle;"San Francisco Chronicle, December 9, 1925; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, December 8, 1925. Holmes died the following day. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Oren Piotin;ND;1925;KO;;Kid;;Y;kid;Lisbon;;Portugal;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Clayton ""Big Boy"" Peterson";11-Jan;1926;Sparring;;"Preston ""Prince"" Brown";28;;brown;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;Feather;"Olean (New York) Evening Times, January 12, 1926; Chicago Defender, January 23, 1926. Cause of death was listed as skull fradture and concussion of the brain. Death was attributed to the fall rather than blows.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
B.D. Chatterjee;15-Jan;1926;KO; ;Sgt. R. Day; ; ;day;Howrah;West Bengal;British India;ND;"(Mumbai) Times of India, March 31, 1926; (Mumbai) Times of India, May 8, 1936. Day was a sergeant in the Howrah police. At the end of the fight, he was taken unconscious to the British Station Hospital, where he died. Cause of death was determined to be a ruptured spleen, and the doctor who declared him fit to fight was charged with negligence. At trial, the doctor testified that he had never examined Day, the counter-testimony of the Indian fighter was ruled inadmissable. and charges were dropped."; ;Amateur;Ruptured spleen;Ring;;;
Walter Broderick (Kid Broad);8-Feb;1926;Ndec;4;"Joshua ""Tiger"" Smith"; ;;smith;Stamford;Connecticut;USA;ND;"Iowa City (Iowa) Press-Citizen, February 9, 1926; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 9, 1926; Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, February 10, 1926; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, February 16, 1926. Smith died three hours after the fight. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain ""which might have been brought about by a blow to the head."" Mechanism of death was ""misadventure."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Irving Selder;14-Feb;1926;Sparring;;Walter Jones;19;;jones;Tacoma ;Washington;USA;Welter;"Fresno (California) Bee, February 15, 1926; Seattle Times, February 15, 1926; New York Times, February 16, 1926; Helena (Montana) Independent, February 15, 1926; Merle A. Reinikka, ""Death certificates of Finns in Pierce County, Washington,"" http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/emi3d20p3e.htm. During training, Jones sparred two rounds with Selder, who was a middleweight. After time was called, he slumped to the floor, where he died before medical aid could be obtained. Death certificate reads ""acute dilatation of right auricle from over-exercise while training as a boxer. Single. Boxer-pugilist."" "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Charles W. Belanger;5-Mar;1926;TKO;;Harry Black;;;black;San Diego ;California;USA;Light heavy;Fresno (California) Bee, March 20, 1926. Black died in a Los Angeles hospital on March 19, 1926. Cause of death was listed as subdural hematoma, probably the result of a blow to the head. The medical examiner was unable to tell if the injury occurred during the bout or training. As a side note, Belanger, a Metis, boxed for Canada during the 1924 Olympics. He turned pro in July 1925, and went on to fight another another 170 or so pro bouts before his retirement from boxing in 1939. See Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, April 26, 1969.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Ted Ferry;10-Mar;1926;TKO;7;William James Gadson (Billy Gibbins);27;;gadson;Hackney;London;England;ND;"London Times, March 12, 1926; Nottingham (England) Evening Post, March 14, 1926; (Glasgow) Scotsman, March 16, 1926. Gadson walked to his corner, then collapsed. He died in hospital. Death was due to cerebral hemorrhage. The pathologist said cause of death was probably striking Gadson striking his head on the floor during the fall. The jury ruled accidental."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Joel Brooksbank;26-Mar;1926;Sparring; ;Walter Mitchell ;56; ;mitchell;Bramley;Leeds;England;ND;Mitchell was a retired army sergeant major. He had just boxed four two-minute rounds with the boxing trainer at a local athletic club, when he suddenly collapsed and died. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
"Charles ""Bud"" Taylor";19-Apr;1926;Ndec;10;Inocencio Moldes (Clever Sencio);18;Y;moldes;Milwaukee;Wisconsin;USA;Bantam;"Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, April 20, 1926; Honolulu Advertiser, April 21, 1926; Honolulu Advertiser, April 27, 1926; Pete Ehrmen, ""'One of the fastest and most thrilling' fights in Milwaukee boxing history,"" OnMilwaukee.com, March 14, 2010, http://onmilwaukee.com/sports/articles/boxingsencio.html?22008. Although Moldes was just 18 years old, his age was usually given as 22, because he had to be over 21 years of age to fight professionally in most US states. During the final round, he was hammered hard and he had to be helped from the ring, but in the dressing room, he seemed to recover. He went back to his hotel, where he went to bed with cold towels around his head. Next morning, a hotel worker found him unconscious in his bed, blood coming out of his mouth. He was transported to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Autopsy revealed evidence of a previous brain injury, probably received during Moldes' 10-round loss to Fidel LaBarba three weeks earlier. Moldes had fought at least thirteen times between September 7, 1925 and April 19, 1926. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
ND;20-Apr;1926;Sparring; ;William Chambers;27; ;chambers;Hull;East Yorkshire;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, April 22, 1926. Chambers was sparring in a shed on Tuesday. Afterwards, he told his wife he didn't feel well. He went outside for a walk. He was found dead in the street in the morning.; ;Pro; ;Soon after;;;
Pat Patrick;8-Jul;1926;KO;4;"Clarence ""Rosey"" Johnson";19;;johnson;Whittier;California;USA;Welter;"Oakland Tribune, July 9, 1926; Modesto (California) News-Herald, July 10, 1926; New York Times, July 10, 1926. Johnson failed to revive after a knockout, and he died 35 minutes later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Johnny Reisler;28-Jul;1926;KO;7;Jackie Jones; ;Y;jones;San Bernardino ;California;USA;Light;"Oakland (California) Tribune, July 30, 1926; Reno Evening Gazette, July 30, 1926; Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, July 31, 1926; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, August 1, 1926; Los Angeles Times, August 1, 1926; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, August 1, 1926. The fight ws scheduled for eight rounds, and going into the seventh round, Jones was leading on points. Then he was knocked down. When he did not regain consciousness, he was taken to the hospital, where he died twelve hours later. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure: Over-exertion; ;
Frank Crouse;26-Aug;1926;KO;1;"Leo ""Bill"" Landis";22;Y;landis;Muncie;Indiana;USA;Light;"Oakland Tribune, August 31, 1926; New York Times, September 1, 1926. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Dave Atler;06. Sep;1926;Draw;10;"""Tiger"" Joe Herman";21;;herman;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Bantam;"Chicago Daily Tribune, September 7, 1926; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, October 2, 1926; Huntingdon (Pennsylvania) Daily News, October 4, 1926. Herman died in a Cleveland, Ohio, hospital on September 30, 1926. Cause of death was attributed to a bout in Chicago. His last known bout in Chicago was this one, which the Chicago sportswriter Walter Eckersall called ""an interesting draw in the opener."""; ;Pro; ;Later; ;;
ND;Sep/;1926;KO;3;Lotter; ; ;lotter;Augsburg; ;Germany;Welter;Journal de GenŠva, September 14, 1926. Lotter, who was advertised as the boxing champion of southern Bavaria, was knocked into the ropes, and broke his neck.; ;Pro;Broken neck;Ring;Fall;;
Leslie A. Anthony;27-Sep;1926;KO; ;Reginald Murphy;18; ;murphy;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, October 15, 1926. Murphy was knocked down. As he fell, he reportedly struck his head. He got up, but in the dressing room, he complained of a headache and then collapsed. He died on October 1, 1926. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. Cause was attributed to the fall.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall;;
Frank Leiberman;29-Sep;1926;KO;4;Joseph Gerrity;18;;gerrity;New York;New York;USA;Feather;"Coxhocton (Ohio) Tribune, September 30, 1926. New York Times, September 30, 1926; Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, September 30, 1926; New York Times, October 1, 1926; New York Times, October 6, 1926. The papers said the fight was amateur, but Gerrity had been fighting professionally since at least 1923, and Leiberman continued boxing in the professional ranks until at least 1929. Anyway, in this bout, Gerrity was knocked down by a left to the jaw, and the fight was stopped. Leiberman went home, and next morning discovered that the police wanted him for murder. Cause of death was listed as basal skull fracture."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Les Anthony;29-Sep;1926;KO;15;Reginald Murphy; ;Y;murphy;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Bantam;"(Broken Hill, Australia) Barrier Miner, September 30, 1926; (Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, October 4, 1926. Murphy was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. His head reportedly struck the floor, and he was taken to hospital unconscious. He died in hospital two days later."; ;Pro;Brian injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;1-Oct;1926;Sparring;;Oriello Goncalez;22; ;goncalez;Brooklyn;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, October 2, 1926. Goncalez and his cousin were sparring with gloves.;;Pro;;Ring;;;
Cresent Lomos;3-Nov;1926;KO; ;Joseph Layola;17; ;layola;Bandra;Mumbai;British India;ND;"(Munbai) Times of India, November 8, 1926; (Mumbai) Times of India, November 13, 1926. The youths decided to settle an argument with a bare-knuckle match. Before the fight, they shook hands, and the viewers made sure everything was fair.  Layola was knocked down by a blow to the neck, and the fight was stopped. Later, he walked to a local clinic, where the medical officer and his assistants applied ice to bruises and iodine to cuts. Later, Layola fell unconscious. He was taken to hospital by taxi, a`nd two days later, he died. Cause of death was given as dislocation of cerebral vertebrae."; ;Amateur;Broken neck;Ring;Misadventure;;
Carlo Johnston;23-Nov;1926;KO;1;Jens Sorensen;33;;sorensen;New York;New York;USA;Welter;New York Times, November 24, 1926. Sorenson collapsed in the ring while shaking hands at the start of the bout. Cause of death was listed as heart attack.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Thomas Wilson;24-Nov;1926;KO; ;George Alfred Hart;17; ;hart;Hull;East Yorkshire;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, November 25, 1926; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 26, 1926; Manchester (England) Guardian, November 27, 1926. Hart had been English schoolboy amateur champion during 1922-1923, while Wilson had been Welsh schoolboy amateur champion the same year. During this fight, Wilson struck Hart a right to the jaw. Hart went down, and during the fall, his head reportedly struck the floor hard. He was carried out the ring unconscious, and died within half an hour. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
ND;29-Nov;1926;Sparring;;Emrys Bishop;20;;bishop;Caerphilly;Glamorgan (Caerphilly);Wales;ND;(Dublin) Irish Times, November 30, 1926. Bishop and his friend were sparring. Bishop was hit near the heart. He stepped back, and fell down. He died at the scene.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Ernest Taylor;10-Dec;1926;Sparring;;Fred Canady;29;;canady;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;Chicago Daily Tribune, December 16, 1926. Canady was knocked out during a sparring match at Ferrell's gym. He was taken home unconscious, and he died there five days later. His sparring partner may have been the Toronto flyweight Ernie Taylor.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Elmer ""Al"" Friedman";13-Dec;1926;KO;8;Charles Pegulihan;21;Y;pegulihan;Hartford;Connecticut;USA;Light Heavy;New York Times, December 15, 1926. Pegulihan was winning the fight on points, but had taken some heavy blows, to include some head butts. Following the knockdown, he stood back up, then collapsed. He died the following day. It was his sixth professional fight, and his first in the USA. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Carl Augustine;14-Dec;1926;KO;6;Harry Berglund (Harry Berg);21;;berglund;Minneapolis;Minnesota;USA;Light Heavy;"New York Times, December 16, 1926; Danville (Virginia) Bee, December 15, 1926; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, December 16, 1926. Berglund was hit with a hard left just before the scheduled end of the fight. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. It was Berglund's first professional fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Michael Spergel;3-Jan;1927;KO;3;Robert Schleiger (Bobby Kenwood);23;Y;schleiger;New York;New York;USA;Light;New York Times, January 4, 1927. Schlieger died in hospital fifteen minutes after the fight. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. Spergel was released on the charge of homicide, but Schleiger's death was the proximate cause of the New York State Athletic Commission subsequently authorizing ringside physicians to stop boxing matches in which a participant appeared to be in danger of serious injury. (Previously, only referees could stop fights in New York.); ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Clarence ""Young"" Doucette";07. Jan;1927;KO; ;Louis Brady;24; ;Brady;Attleboro;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;"Clearfield (Pennsylvania) Progress, January 13, 1927; Decatur (Illinois) Evening Herald, January 13, 1927. La Culture physique (Paris), February 1927, 34. Brady was knocked out in the fight and died within half an hour. Doucette was arrested."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
"Angelo ""Joe"" Iovino";24-Jan;1927;KO;3;Leo Mahan;16;;mahan;Braddock;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Oakland Tribune, January 25, 1927; New York Times, January 26, 1927; Lima (Ohio) News, January 29, 1927; Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, January 29, 1927. Mahan was knocked down by a blow to the stomach, and he died early the following morning without regaining consciousness. Although the floor was found to be well padded, cause of death was listed as fractured skull, probably sustained during the fall.";AAU championships;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;Jan/;1927;KO;3;Sladar Kovacs; ; ;kovacs;Budapest; ;Hungary;Light Heavy;"La Culture physique, February 1927, 34; Ernst Jokl, The Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria, South Africa: J.L.Van Schaik, Ltd), 1941, 55. Kovacs had trained via long-distance running. During the third round, he was struck near the heart. He collapsed, and died. Cause of death was attributed to paralysis of the heart muscle. "; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Underdeveloped aorta;;
"Alphonse ""Young"" Benedetto";10-Feb;1927;KO;2;"Leo ""Kid"" Porta";18;;porta;Dennison;Ohio;USA;ND;"Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, February 11, 1927; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, February 12, 1927. The venue was the Pan Handle Athletic Club. Porta was knocked out, and died about eight hours later, without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Max Rosenbloom;12-Feb;1927;Ndec;10;Jimmy Delaney;25;Y;delaney;Cincinnati;Ohio;USA;Light Heavy;Mansfield (Ohio) News, March 4, 1927. This is an odd case, as it started with a cut received during a fight with Maxie Rosenbloom becoming infected. The injury was further aggravated during a 6-round loss to Tony Ross on February 21, 1927. Delaney died of blood poisoning on March 4, 1927.; ;Pro;Blood poisoning;Later;Prior injury; ;
Michael Connors;24-Feb;1927;KO;;Leon Escala;;;escala;Los Angeles;California;USA;ND;Oakland Tribune, March 1, 1927. Cause of death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage. The hemorrhage was attributed to high blood pressure and exertions rather than blows.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;High blood pressure; ;
ND;5-Mar;1927;KO; ;Malcolm McLeod; ; ;mcleod;Edinburgh;Edinburgh;Scotland;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, March 7, 1927. McLeod was a company sergeant major in the 9th Highland Light Infantry. He collapsed while participating in a regimental boxing tournament, and died following day in hospital. ; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Jack Gross;17-Mar;1927;KO;4;"Charley ""Kid"" Hill";26;;hill;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, March 18, 1927; Syracuse (New York) Herald, March 18, 1927; Chester (Pennsylvania) Times, March 18, 1927; Oil City (Pennsylvania) Derrick, March 19, 1927. Hill was knocked out by a right uppercut to the chin. He failed to get up. He died in hospital two hours later. Cause of death was concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Byron Boyer;5-Apr;1927;KO;1;Lewis Frost;19;;frost;Oklahoma City;Oklahoma;USA;Light;"Teeters v. Frost et. ux., 1930 OK 467, 145 Okla. 273, 292 P. 356, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=44704. Because Oklahoma had laws prohibiting professional boxing, the promoter, Tol Teeters, organized what he called ""fights between amateurs,"" meaning fights between young men willing to fight three rounds for a dollar, a sum that would be equivalent to about $13 today. Six-ounce gloves were worn. About midway through the first round, Boyer hit Frost in the stomach and head, then gave him a left hook to the jaw. Frost went down on his knees, then fell on his face. The referee, Johnny Ryan, immediately stopped the fight and called an ambulance. Frost was dead before he got to the hospital. Although he didn't do any examination, the doctor gave cause of death as acute dilation of the heart caused by excitement and exertion. The Oklahoma judges ruled for the parents and against Teeters, saying that a boxing contest for money was a prizefight, no matter what euphemism you used to describe it, and adding that describing any prizefight as a ""friendly sparring match"" was akin to ""describing a wild poker game and then terming it Sunday School."" The Oklahoma court also ruled that, in Oklahoma, ""each person injured in mutual combat may recover from other all damages caused by injuries, assumption of risk rule not applying."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion; ;
Daniel Williams;10-Apr;1927;TKO;4;Harold John Reid;24;;reid;Sangudo;Alberta;Canada;ND;"Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, April 11, 1927; Toronto Globe, April 12, 1927. In the fourth, Reid was knocked down twice, and the fight was stopped. Outside the ring, Reid collapsed again,and this time his head struck the floor outside the ring. In the dressing room, he went into a coma, and then he died."; ;Pro;;Soon after;Fall; ;
Lazaro Ramos (Battling Siki);16-Apr;1927;KO;4;Candido Delgado; ;Y;delgado;Havana;;Cuba;Light Heavy;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com.";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kenneth O'Ben;27-Apr;1927;TKO;;Donald Hallenbeck;19;;hallenbeck;Lansing;Michigan;USA;Feather;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, April 28, 1927; New York Times, April 29, 1927. Hallenbeck had won a semi-final match earlier that night. During the finals, he was hit hard, and the referee stopped the fight. Hallenbeck died in hospital a few hours later."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
ND;4-May;1927;Sparring;;Frankie Ray Hamm ;22;;hamm;San Antonio;Texas;USA;Light;Dallas Morning News, May 6, 1927. Cause of death was attributed to a broken artery in the head. Rea had fought professionally in California and Arizona, but had only sparred in Texas.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Earl Dunlap;9-May;1927;KO;;John Wilson;17;;wilson;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;New York Times, May 10, 1927. Wilson was knocked down by a blow to the chin and failed to get up.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Tommy Griffiths;18-May;1927;KO;10;Roy Overend;25;Y;overend;Napier;;New Zealand;Feather;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, May 21, 1927; (Wellington, New Zealand) NZ Truth, May 26, 1927. Griffiths dominated throughout the fight, and Overend was carried unconscious to his corner. Next day, he died in hospital. Cause of death was said to be an abnormally thin skull. Mechanism of injury was said to be the fall rather than the blows."; ;Pro;Thin skull;Ring;Fall; ;
Martin Nord;18-May;1927;KO;;Carsten Andersen;30; ;andersen;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Fly;"New York Times, May 24, 1927; Lima (Ohio) News, May 24, 1927; Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. Andersen was knocked out during the championship bout. He got back up, congratulated Nord, and then collapsed. Cause of death was attributed to brain hemorrhage.";Scandinavian-American League;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
Samuel Mandela (Sammy Mandell, the Rockford Sheik);1-Jun;1927;KO;2;Stephen Adamczyn (Steve Adams);22;Y;adamczyn;Kansas City;Missouri;USA;Light;"Davenport (Iowa) Democrat and Leader, June 2, 1927; New York Times, June 2, 1927; Kansas City (Kansas) Star, June 2, 1927. Adamczyn was struck in the stomach. He fell, and he died. Cause of death was alternatively listed as broken neck or acute dilation of the heart. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
John Derogatis;21-Jul;1927;Sparring; ;Thomas Cellouchi;27; ;cellouchi;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, July 22, 1927. The men had been listening to the radio broadcast of the fight between Jack Dempsey and Jack Sharkey. They disagreed about whether the blows described could knock someone out. They decided to try it out. Derogatis sturck Cellouchi with a left to the stomach and a right to the head. Cellouchi fell and struck his head. He died six hours later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
ND;27-Jul;1927;Sparring;;Antone Corriera (Kid Peters);33;;corriera;Fall River;Massachusetts;USA;Light;New York Times, July 30, 1927. Corriera, a former professional, was teaching a boxing class. A student struck him hard, and he died two days later of intestinal perforation.; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Later; ; ;
Arthur Beard;28-Jul;1927;Sparring; ;Frederick Elkington Beard;14; ;beard;Cheetham;Manchester;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, August 6, 1927. Frederick was boxing, with gloves, with his brother in their yard. The boys had boxed for about 20 minutes when their mother called them in. Frederick said, ""He has winded me, and I am going to have another ten minutes with him."" So, he boxed ten more minutes, and then went in. Next day, he complained of pain, and on July 30, a doctor was called. He was then sent to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was listed as a blow to the chest."; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Later;Blows: Misadventure;;
ND;5-Aug;1927;Ldec; ;Willard W. Reese;19; ;reese;Mt. Gretna Military Encampment;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;Warren (Pennsylvania) Morning Mirror, August 5, 1927. Reese was a private in Company B, 112th Infantry, Pennsylvania National Guard, and Mt. Gretna was a training site that the Pennsylvania National Guard used from 1885 until 1933. After participating in a unit boxing match, Reese complained of chest pains, and back at his tent, he died of a heart attack.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Soon after;;;
"Clarence ""Shot"" Nunn";12-Aug;1927;KO;9;William Masden (Jack Madden);24;Y;masden;Denver;Colorado;USA;Middle;"New York Times, August 14, 1927; Syracuse (New York) Herald, August 14, 1927. Masden was carried unconscious from the ring. He died the following day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
James Campbell (Jimmy Blake);14-Sep;1927;KO;1;Charles Harold Williams;17; ;williams;Bell;California;USA;Light;"Havre (Montana) September 15, 1927; Los Angeles Times, September 16, 1927; New York Times, September 16, 1927;  San Francisco Chronicle, September 16, 1927; Modesto (California) News-Herald, September 16, 1927; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, September 17, 1927; Washington Post, September 23, 1927. It was Williams' first pro bout, and the purse was $2 (which would be about $25 today). During the bout, Williams took a left to the head soon after the opening , followed by a right to the jaw. As he fell, his head hit the ropes. He was counted out, but did not get up. He died in hospital. Death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage. There was no weigh-in or medical exam before the fight, and the promoter did not have a state boxing permit. Nonetheless, the court declined to prosecute the promoter on charges of manslaughter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Earl Bullock;15-Sep;1927;KO; ;George Vores;20; ;vores;Coast Guard Academy New London;Connecticut;USA;ND;"Warren (Pennsylvania) Tribune, September 16, 1927; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, September 16, 1927.  Vores died next day."; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Anisio Orbeta;26-Sep;1927;TKO;4;Lazaro Souval; ;Y;souval;Havana;;Cuba;Light;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Souval died of injuries several days later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Charles McDonald;12-Nov;1927;TKO;15;"Richard ""Dick"" Roughley";20;;roughley;Leeds;West Yorkshire;England;Heavy;"(Dublin) Irish Times, November 17, 1927; Manchester (England) Guardian, November 17, 1927; New York Times, November 17, 1927; (Glasgow) Scotsman, November 18, 1927. The fight was scheduled for fifteen rounds. In the last round, Roughley was knocked down twice. As he fell the first time, his head struck the ropes. When he stood up, he was knocked down again. The referee stopped the fight. Roughley went to his corner, and sat down. MacDonald walked across the ring to shake hands. Then Roughley collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he the following night. Cause of death was concussion and hemorrhage of the brain. The death was ruled misadventure. Despite the name, Roughley's opponent, McDonald, was ""a coloured boxer."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Frank Dwyer;22-Nov;1927;KO;5;Bertram Evans;22; ;evans;Wagin;Western Australia;Australia;ND;"(Perth, Australia) West Australian, November 25, 1927;  Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 23, 1928. The two youths quarreld, and decided to settle it with a boxing match. Rounds were three minutes each, with one minute betwee. Evans was doing fine for the first four rounds, but in the fifth round, he slipped and fell backwards. He struck his head, and died in hospital about midnight. Death was caused by concussion of the brain. In March 1928, the jury ruled not guilty."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
John Mansfield;12-Dec;1927;KO;2;"Thomas Henry ""Tommy"" Angus";;;angus;Edmonton;London;England;Heavy;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, December 13, 1927; New York Times, December 14, 1927; Manchester (England) Guardian, December 18, 1927; London Times, December 19, 1927; (Glasgow) Scotsman, December 19, 1927. Angus had lost his job as a chef, and had taken up boxing about six weeks previously. It was his second fight, his first having been about three weeks previously. The fight was scheduled to go six rounds. The first round was slow. Then, in the second, Angus hit Mansfield hard. Mansfield countered with a straight right to the jaw, and Angus went down. The fight was called at the count of six, and the doctor was called to the ring. Cause of death listed as concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall. The coroner's jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Edward Nixon (Tiger Payne);7-Jan;1928;KO;14;Emmett Ambrose Murphy;20;Y;murphy;Bathurst;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 9, 1928; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 10, 1928; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, January 20, 1928. Murphy had surgery for appendicitis two months earlier. He was knocked down twice during the fight. In the fourteenth, he was down for a count of nine. He stood up, said he felt sick, and his seconds threw in the towel. He then collapsed. He died next day in hospital. Cause of death was a ruptured vein on the right side of the brain. Death was ruled accidental. Although the crowd had been told otherwise, Payne was not the African American heavyweight of the same name who had recently boxed in Australia; instead, he was an Indigenous boxer. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Carl Rich;14-Jan;1928;TKO;3;Raymond McNamara;20;;mcnamara;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 17, 1928; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, January 17, 1928. The fight was four rounds of two minutes each. The two men were friends. Toward the end of the second round, McNamara was knocked down by a blow to the left side of the head. However, he was saved by the bell, and he resumed fighting in the third round. He was knocked down again during the third round, and the fight was stopped. McNamara died in hospital next day. Cause of death was severe concussion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Charlie Boissell;13-Feb;1928;KO;;Bill Blake;;;blake;Southhampton;Hampshire;England;Light;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 23, 1928; New York Times, February 23, 1928; Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, February 23, 1928; Japan Times, March 16, 1928; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, April 15, 1928. When Blake was buried in Eastleigh, England, his gloves were buried with him."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
J. M'Quade;20-Feb;1928;TKO;5;"George ""Chick"" Cairney";;;cairney;Edinburgh;Edinburgh;Scotland;Feather;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 23, 1928; Manchester (England) Guardian, February 23, 1928. The fight was fairly even through the fourth. Cairney tired during the fifth, and he collapsed in his corner at the end of the fifth. He did not answer the bell for the sixth round, and died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Philip Bromley;20-Mar;1928;Sparring; ;Michael Carnakis;20;;carnakis;Los Angeles;California;USA;Welter;"Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, March 21, 1928; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, March 21, 1928; Los Angeles Times, March 22, 1928. Both men were students sparring at the university gym, and both fell during an exchange of blows. Bromley, age 19, was unconscious for 1 hour, 45 minutes, and Carnakis died. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage.Carnakis had a history of basal skull fracture and the death was ruled accidental"; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Tommy Carroll;21-Mar;1928;Ldec;4;Horace Aliff Ferguson;17; ;ferguson;Bridgeport;Connecticut;USA;ND;"New York Times, March 25, 1928; New York Times, March 26, 1928; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, March 29, 1928. Between the third and fourth rounds, Ferguson complained of feeling stiff on one side. He did not do well in the fourth, and right after the fight, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he soon died. The fight took place at a Redmen's hall. An investigation revealed that ""amateur"" boxers were usually paid about a dollar per round, and the resulting notoriety meant that the American Legion, Elks, Redmen, and similar fraternal organizations started losing AAU sanctions for their bouts."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Charles Lawhead;2-Apr;1928;KO;;Otto Bryant;26;;bryant;Dodge City;Kansas;USA;Welter;"Washington Post, April 7, 1928; New York Times, April 7, 1928.  Cause of death was concussion of the brain, and the local examiner of the state boxing commission attributed it to Bryant's head striking a plank supporting the ring as he fell."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;6-Apr;1928;Training;;Jess Stringham;25;;stringham;Salt Lake City;Utah;USA;Middle;"San Francisco Chronicle, April 6, 1928; Danville (Virginia) Bee, April 7, 1928. At the gym, Stringer complained that he did not feel well. Then he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to internal hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring; ; ;
Joseph Michallick;11-Apr;1928;KO;3;Julius Rubin (Julius Yale);19;Y;rubin;Brooklyn;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, April 13, 1928, 16. Rubin, a former Golden Gloves champion, was ahead on points when he was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He was carried to the dressing room. He did not recover, so he was taken to hospital, where he died the following morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Les Marriner;14-Apr;1928;Sparring; ;Fred Bobzin;21;Y;bobzin;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Heavy;"Daily Illini (University of Illinois), April 15, 1928; Dallas Morning News, April 15, 1928; Chicago Daily Tribune, April 15, 1928; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, April 16, 1928; Daily Illini (University of Illinois), April 17, 1928. Bobzin, a sophomore at the University of Illinois, was sparring with Marriner, who was a professional boxer. Sixteen-ounce gloves were being worn, and the sparring was supervised by Paul Prehn, chairman of the state boxing commission. After a few minutes, Bobzin said he didn't feel well, so the sparring was stopped. ""I hope you don't think I'm yellow,"" he said. The coach said no, and then advised him to go wash his face, and he'd feel better. Bobzin then went to the dressing room, where, ten minutes later, he was found unconscious. He was sent to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Frankie Jarr;18-Apr;1928;KO;5;"Howard ""Buck"" Lain";19;Y;lain;Fort Wayne;Indiana;USA;Bantam;"New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, April 20, 1928; Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, April 20, 1928; New York TImes, April 21, 1928. Lain was knocked down. He reportedly struck his head on the edge of the ring platform while falling, and he died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Billy Housego;1-Jun;1928;TKO;15;"""Tosh"" Powell";20;;powell;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;Bantam;"(Dublin) Irish Times, June 6, 1928; Manchester (England) Guardian, June 6, 1928. Powell was the Welsh bantamweight champion. The fight was even going into the final round. Then, with a minute to go, Powell was knocked down. He stood up at the count of seven, but fell back down, and the fight was stopped. Powell was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain. At the inquest, Richard Powell (Powell's father, and chief second) testified that his son had not been training before the bout. He tried to cancel, but the Liverpool promoter told him that if he did, they would have young Powell's license suspended. The promoter, Albert Taylor denied this. Finally, the doctor who performed the autopsy testified that a rupture of the brain ""might happen to anybody."" Charges were dismissed, but the promoter was censured."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Art Green;9-Jun;1928;TKO;6;"Robert ""Bob"" Miller";24;Y;miller;Newcastle;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, June 11, 1928. The fight was scheduled for 20 rounds. Between the sixth and seventh rounds, Miller's second asked him how he was feeling. ""I'm all right,"" he said. Then he collapsed on his stool. Up to that point, he had been leading the fight, having knocked Green down three times during the fight. Miller died in hospital the following morning. Cause of death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage, caused by excitement."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Exertion; ;
Raymond Pourtesis;Jun/;1928;KO; ;Pierre Verdier;20; ;verdier;Longjumeau; ;France;ND;La Culture physique (Paris), August 1928, 226. Verdier was knocked out. He died in hospital.  Pourtesis was charged with manslaughter.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Arthur Turner;3-Jul;1928;Sparring; ;George May; ; ;may ;Darwin ;Northern Territory;Australia;ND;"(Darwin, Australia) Northern Standard, June 26, 1928; (Darwin, Australia) Northern Standard, July 6, 1928. Turner and May were sparring, in preparation for a fight May had accepted the week before, for a prize of œ20. Before they started, May told Turner to go easy on the head, because he had a headache, so most of the punching was to the body.  About a minute and a half into the 2-minute round, May stopped, put his forearm to his head, and said, ""My head."" He then went upstairs to rest. Fifteen minutes later, he was found unconscious. A doctor was called. He was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel near the base of the brain. The posterior stomach wall was also torn, and there was a tear in the diaphragm and bruising around the liver. At the inquest, it was reported that May had taken several head injuries several years before while playing professional football."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury;;
John Trochie;4-Jul;1928;TKO;7;Louis Alberts;26;;alberts;Chester;Montana;USA;Welter;"Helena (Montana) Independent, July 6, 1928; Montana State Genealogical Society and Ancestry.com. Montana Death Index, 1907-2002 [database on-line]. Alberts failed to respond to the bell starting the seventh round, and Trochie was declared the winner. Alberts died next day in the Havre hospital, about 80 miles away. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Rossenrode;16-Aug;1928;TKO;2;Raffin; ; ;raffin;Lahore;Pakistan;British India;ND;(Mumbai) Times of India, August 18, 1928. The event was the Inter-Divisional tournament of the railways. Raffin was knocked down at the end of the first round. He was saved by the bell, but in the second round, the referee stopped the fight. Raffin walked out of the ring unaided, but after no one saw him, a search was started, and he was found dead in the lavatory. Cause of death was a punctured kidney.; ;Pro;Ruptured kidney;Ring;Soon after;;
Johnny Dwyer;20-Aug;1928;TKO;6;Edwin Wunsch (Eddie Fitzsimmons);24;;wunsch;Springfield;Massachusetts;USA;Heavy;New York Times, August 26, 1928. Wunsch was a preliminary boxer, and is not to be confused with a lightweight contender named Eddie Fitzsimmons. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Ernest ""Jack"" Campbell";3-Sep;1928;KO;10;Percival Morrison (Jamaica Kid);24;;morrison;Montego Bay;;Jamaica;Middle;Manuel Velazquez collection. Morrison had been warned for hitting low. Campbell responded by landing a hard left to Morrison's head. Morrison went down, and Campbell was declared the winner. Morrison tried to stand up, using the ropes to help him, but he fell again. The doctor ordered Morrison to the hospital, where he died about 3-1/2 hours later. Cause of death was attributed to the rupture of an artery on the right side of the skull.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Giovanni Silli (Johnny Sili);6-Oct;1928;KO;14;Enzo Cecchi;21; ;cecchi;Florence;;Italy;Fly;"San Francisco Chronicle, October 7, 1928; Dallas Morning News, October 8, 1928; New York Times, October 8, 1928; ""Muerte de pugil Italiano exhibe al control medico,"" El Informador, November 1996, http://148.245.26.68/Lastest/nov96/19nov96/DEPOR.HTM. Cause of  death was attributed to skull fracture."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
James Lumb;12-Oct;1928;KO;2;Roy Henry Smith;26;;smith;Goole;North Humberside;England;Light;"(Dublin) Irish Times, October 15, 1928; Manchester (England) Guardian, October 15, 1928; (Glasgow) Scotsman, October 17, 1928. Smith, a professional rugger as well as boxer, was hit on the side of the head, and he went down face first. When he did not get up, he was taken to the hospital, where he died the following day. According to the Scotsman, ""Death was due to a rupture of a blood vessel on the left side of the head, which caused cerebral hemorrhage."" The contestants had not been examined prior to entering the ring, and Smith had been knocked out just four days before, while boxing Young Shakespeare at York."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Second impact; ;
Albert Lucas;Oct/;1928;KO;;J.B. Baker;;;baker;Huntington;West Virginia;USA;ND;New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, October 28, 1922. Lucas died in a bout, and Baker was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
ND;2-Nov;1928;KO; ;Chester O'Connell;21; ;oconnell;Rossdale;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, November 3, 1928. O'Connell, a railroad worker, failed to recover consciousness after the fight, and he died the next day.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Joseph O'Brien;3-Nov;1928;TKO;3;"Albert ""Alby"" Joyce";20; ;joyce;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Feather;"Canberra (Australia) Times, November 5, 1928; (Melbourne) Argus, November 5, 1928; (Melbourne) Argus, November 15, 1928; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, November 5, 1928; (Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, November 15, 1928. Joyce was knocked down for a nine-count during the second round and was knocked down two more times in the third round. Finally, Joyce fell face first on the floor, and the fight was stopped.  Joyce was then dragged to his corner. He staggered to his feet, walked across the ring, and at the ropes, he collapsed again. About an hour later, he was taken to the hospital, where he died about half an hour after admission.  Although Joyce had influenza at the time of the fight, and had been complaining of headaches before the fight, cause of death was given as hemorrhage of the brain, and attributed to chronic inflammation of the cerebral arteries."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Brain disease;Referee: Val Quirk. Stadium dr: T.F. Hanley;
Francisco Ortiz;17-Nov;1928;DQ;2;Kid Sotolongo;;;sotolongo;Madrid;;Spain;Feather;"(Dublin) Irish Times, November 20, 1928; (Barcelona, Spain) Mundo Deportivo, November 21, 1928; (Glasgow) Scotsman, November 20, 1928; Nuevo Mondo (Madrid, Spain), November 23, 1928; La Culture physique (Paris), January 1929, 2. Sotolongo collapsed after just one blow. The crowd booed, thinking the Cuban boxer had taken a dive, and the referree disqualified him..Sotolongo died in hospital. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Emil Bartsch (Chuck Mangin);28-Nov;1928;KO;6;"Donald ""Tiger"" Huff";19;;huff;Crystal Rock;Ohio;USA;Feather;"Fort William (Ontario) Daily Times-Journal, November 29, 1928; Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, November 29, 1928; New York Times, November 29, 1928; Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, November 29, 1928. During the fifth, Huff was hit repeatedly in the head. Between the fifth and sixth rounds, he fell to the floor. The fight was stopped, and Huff was taken to hospital in nearby Sandusky, Ohio, where he died about an hour later. Cause of death was listed as acute dilation of the heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;Nov/;1928;KO; ;Riehl Marco;22; ;marco;Orleans; ;France;ND;La Culture physique (Paris), January 1929, 2. Marco fought a match on Saturday night. Afterwards, he told his manager that he had severe pain in his neck. An hour later, it hurt worse. Then he collapsed into a coma. He died in hospital the following day. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
David Echeverria;ND;1928;Wdec;6;Eduardo Ramos; ;Y;ramos;ND;;Cuba;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;ND;1928;KO; ;Anonymous soldier; ;Y;nd;Pretoria;;South Africa;ND;Ernst Jokl, Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria, South Africa: J. L. Van Schaik, Ltd.) 1941, 144. The bout took place at the barracks at Roberts Heights (later Voortrekkerhoogte, today Thaba-Tswane). Cause of death was dislocation between the second and third cervical vertebrae. ; ;Amateur;Cervical fracture.;Ring;; ;
"""Wild Bill"" Marks";1-Jan;1929;KO;3;Dick Williams; ;Y;williams;Craig;Colorado;USA;Light;"New York Times, January 3, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 2, 1929. The venue was an American Legion post. Struck a blow above the heart, Williams was dead by the time the count was finished. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Mauro Galluzo;12-Jan;1929;KO;8;Clemente Sanchez; ;Y;sanchez;Montevideo;;Uruguay;Light Heavy;"San Francisco Chronicle, January 16, 1929; New York Times, January 16, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 16, 1929. Sanchez, a Cuban fighter, believed that he had an iron chin and often allowed opponents to hit him there. He collapsed in the ring during this bout. The crowd booed, thinking he had quit. He died in hospital on January 15, 1929. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Steve Salina;14-Jan;1929;KO;2;Frank Civella;22;Y;civella;Pittsburg ;Kansas;USA;Bantam;"Waterloo (Iowa) Evening Courier, January 15, 1929; New York Times, January 16, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, January 17, 1929; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, January 17, 1929. Civella was knocked down three times in the second round, and the third time, he fell through the ropes to the floor. He died the following day. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall rather than the blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Chuck Agnew;19-Jan;1929;KO; ;William Paul;;Y;paul;Ottawa;Ontario;Canada;ND;Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, January 21, 1929. The bout took place at the Ottawa YMCA. Paul was knocked down, and struck his head. He was taken to hospital, where he died. ; ;Amateur;;Ring;Fall; ;
"Caesar van Geysel (Cecil ""Fat"" Geysel)";5-Feb;1929;KO;3;"Hamilton I. ""Eddie"" Cartwright";32;Y;cartwright;Seattle;Washington;USA;Light;"Centralia (Washington) Daily Chronicle, February 6, 1929; Seattle Times, February 7, 1929; Williamsport (Pennsylvania) Gazette and Bulletin, February 9, 1929. Cartwright had lost three fights by knockout since November 1928, and was unconscious for thirty minutes following a knockout in Oregon on February 1, 1929. Meanwhile, Geysel was in his fifth pro fight. During this fight, Cartwright with a couple moderate blows to the face. These caused Cartwright to fall straight backwards. Cartwright was counted out and carried to the dressing room, where he died twenty minutes later. Cause of death was listed as arterial bleeding at the base of the brain, and attributed to the fall rather than the blows. The coroner's jury blamed Cartwright, a black man from Portland, for not telling the ringside physician his true age or that he had recent brain injuries. Everyone else with the fight was acquitted. Nonetheless, Cartwright's family sued the survivor. The case law is Hart v. Geysel, 159 Wash. 632, 294 P. 570, 1930. The question asked here was, inasmuch as prizefighting was illegal in Washington, could a case for wrongful death be brought when both parties had consented to participate in an unlawful fight? The Washington Supreme Court's answer was no. The promoters were also charged in a separate civil action, and that led to a delay in the legalization of professional boxing in Washington State."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Lou Denny;15-Feb;1929;KO;9;Eddie Chandler;19;Y;chandler;Kewanee;Illinois;USA;Feather;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, February 18, 1929; Lancaster (Ohio) Daily Gazette, February 18, 1929. Cause of death was listed as hemorrhage, due to concussion of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
"Harry ""Tuffy"" Morris";19-Feb;1929;KO;1;"Edward T. ""Skip"" Hammond (Eddie Hommart)";25;Y;hammond;Cortland;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, February 20, 1929; New York Times, February 28, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 20, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 21, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 23, 1929; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 14, 1933. Hammond had been an amateur champion while stationed at Camp Benning, Georgia, during the early 1920s, but this was his first bout since leaving the Army in 1922. After breaking from a clinch, Hammond was struck in the solar plexus. He stepped back two steps, then fell backwards, clutching his chest. The referee stopped the fight without a count, and seconds carried Hammond to his corner. He failed to revive. An ambulance was called, but it took half an hour to arrive. Hammond was pronounced dead at the hospital. Hammond's widow, Margaret, subsequently sued the owners of the club and the City of Cortland for $50,000, which in turn led to a thorough investigation. Although the fight was advertised as an amateur match, Morris testified that the matchmaker was supposed to pay both men $10 each after the fight was over. The six-ounce gloves Morris wore during the fight were old and worn. There was no weigh-in, and no doctor was present. As an aside, Hammond's older brother Edward, aged 32, died in June 1932 of a brain aneurysm. (Syracuse, New York, Herald, June 3, 1929)"; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Walter Early;1-Mar;1929;TKO;3;Marvin D. Eutsler;20;;eutsler;Oxford;Ohio;USA;Light (135-lb);Zanesville (Ohio) Times Signal, March 3, 1929. Eutsler was a sophomore at Miami University. He was hit hard in the second, and the referee stopped the fight at the start of the third. Eutsler then collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
Lonnie McCale;23-Mar;1929;Ldec;4;John Securro;24;;securro;Fairmont;West Virginia;USA;ND;"Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, March 25, 1929; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, March 26, 1929; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, November 19, 1929. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Because prizefighting was illegal in West Virginia, McCale and the referee were subsequently convicted of unlawful assault. The sentence for both men was three months in the county jail and a fine of $100."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
"""Young"" Earl Sweeney";26-Mar;1929;Ndec; ;Anthony Azzara (Tony Azzera);24;;azzara;Steubenville;Ohio;USA;Light;"Lima (Ohio) News, March 29, 1929; Newark (Ohio) Advocate, March 30, 1930; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, March 30, 1929; Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health. Ohio Deaths, 1908-1932, 1938-1944, and 1958-2002 [database on-line]. Azzara collapsed in the dressing room an hour after the fight, and he died three days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The death caused Ohio officials to consider banning professional boxing. The boxing community responded by saying that Azzara's death was not due to this match, but to a concussion he suffered during an accident several weeks earlier. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Francisco Ros;26-Mar;1929;KO;10;Louis Perazzio; ;Y;perazzio;Barcelona;;Spain;Welter;"(Barcelona, Spain) El Mundo Deportivo, March 25, 1929; (Madrid) El Herald de Madrid, March 27, 1929; (Madrid) El Heraldo de Madrid, March 28, 1929; (Madrid) El Heraldo de Madrid, March 29, 1929. At the start of the tenth round, Perazzio stood up, advanced, and then collapsed. He collapsed again in the showers, and he died. Cause of death was given as a combination of cerebral hemorrhage and cardiac arrest. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Marvin Williams;Apr/;1929;Sparring; ;Willie Rizutto;23;;rizutto;La Junta;Colorado;USA;ND;"New York Times, April 18, 1929; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, April 17, 1929; Danville (Virginia) Bee, April 17, 1929. The fatal sparring match occurred about a week before. Rizutto died without regaining consciousness on April 16, 1929. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;; ;
"""Young"" Manuel Quintero";12-Apr;1929;Ldec;10;William Podraza;24;Y;podraza;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;Welter;Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, April 26, 1929. After the fight, Podrazza began driving to New York for his next match. He collapsed in a hotel lobby in Zanesville, Ohio, and died. Podrazza had lost a separate fight in Mobile, Alabama, on March 20, 1929, and it was believed that his injuries may have stemmed from this bout, where he was hit harder.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Prior injury; ;
Robert Robertson;22-Apr;1929;KO;4;Robert Mackie; ;;mackie;Kirkcaldy;Fife;Scotland;ND;(Glasgow) Scotsman, April 23, 1929. Mackie was carried from the ring semi-conscious. He went into a coma and died.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Mirko Anderschitz;10-May;1929;KO;1;Kalman Hudra;23;Y;hudra;Vienna;;Austria;Heavy;"Manchester (England) Guardian, May 11, 1929; New York Times, May 11, 1929; Dansville (Virginia) Bee, May 11, 1929; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, May 11, 1929; Vienna (Austria) Sport-Tagblatt, May 11, 1929. Boxing had only recently been legalized in Vienna, and this was the first round of the first professional boxing contest staged in the city for five years. Hudra was struck with a right over the heart. He fell down, and was counted out. He was carried unconscious from the ring and died in the dressing room. The audience was not informed of this until after the other fights of the night had ended. Anderschitz was a police boxing instructor.  "; ;Pro; ;Ring;; ;
William Lyle;17-May;1929;KO;3;Lionel Sydney Barnes (Jim Smith);20;Y;barnes;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light Heavy;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, May 20, 1929; Canberra  (Australia) Times, May 30, 1929; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, May 20, 1929. The bout was four two-munte rounds. Barnes was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. As he fell, he reportedly struck his head on the floor. After about fifteen minutes of lying unconscious, the decision was made to transport him to the hospital, where he died early next morning. Death was attributed to subdural hematoma. The cororner's jury said that the contests at Leichardt Stadium were not properly administered because the floors were not covered correctly."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;May/;1929;KO; ;Herbert T. Smith;24;;smith;El Dorado;Arkansas;USA;ND;Chicago Daily Tribune, May 13, 1929. Smith was from Bonita, Louisiana, and his wife told the county sheriff that he had been knocked out during a boxing match in Arkansas the previous week.; ;Pro;;Later;Prior injury; ;
ND;6-Jul;1929;Sparring; ;Alexander David Miller;17; ;miller;Castlemaine;Victoria;Australia;ND;(Melbourne, Australia) Argus, July 9, 1928. Miller was in jail. He and some other men decided to box, using gloves made from blankets. Afterward, Miller sat on his bunk, saying he was winded. He then fell off the bunk on the floor, where he died. Cause of death was given as broken neck.; ;Pro;Broken neck;Ring; ;;
Salvator Freni dit Roggero;14-Aug;1929;TKO;6;Louis Ventericci;15;;ventericci;Juan le Pins; ;France;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, August 19, 1929; La Culture physique (Paris), October 1929 (volume 33), 310; La Culture physique (Paris), September 1935 (volume 35), 277. Both boxers were aged 15 years. Ventericci was reportedly leading on points through the fifth round. Then, in the sixth, Ventericci suddenly announced he was quitting. The referee and seconds were understandably upset. After the decision was announced, Ventericci walked out of the ring, and then collapsed, unconscious. He was transported to the hospital, where he died. Autopsy revealed cause of death to be cerebral hemorrhage consistent with traumatic blows. In July 1931, the promoter and referee were convicted, fined, and given suspended jail sentences. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Herman Follins;19-Aug;1929;TKO;9;"John R. Crosby (John B. Bleraslyn, Johnny ""Kid"" Sullivan)";21;Y;crosby;Jersey City;New Jersey;USA;Feather;"Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, August 20, 1929; Kingsport (Tennessee) Times, August 20, 1929; Miami (Florida) News, August 20, 1929; New York Times, August 21, 1929; Atlanta Constitution, August 21, 1929; New York Times, August 23, 1929. Crosby led this fight for the first seven rounds, but after that, he tired, and began taking some hard hits. The referee stopped the fight in the ninth. Crosby was carried to the dressing room. He did not recover, so he was taken to the hospital, where he died early the next morning. Death was attributed to heart conditions."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Young Snyder;2-Sep;1929;KO;;Ray Alatorre;;;alatorre;New Iberia;Louisiana;USA;Welter;"San Antonio (Texas) Light, September 9, 1929; Amarillo (Texas) Globe, September 12, 1929; http://www.boxrec.com. Alatorre was knocked through the ropes, and onto a concrete floor. This was not a slip, but a knockout; Alatorre's nose was broken, the skin around his lips peeled open, and one eyebrow was totally torn away. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture ."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Manuel Pineda;22-Sep;1929;KO;4;Armando Vega; ;Y;vega;Havana;;Cuba;Fly;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Sep;1929;Training;;Johnny Hill;23;Y;hill;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;Fly;"""Johnny Hill, Scotland's first boxing world champion 1928,"" bbc.co.uk, http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0082/print.shtml. Hill died of a broken blood vessel in his lung. The origin of this condition was attributed to a chill caught while training.";British;Pro;Pulmonary injury;Later; ; ;
Charles William Redman;5-Oct;1929;KO;8;Walter Edwards;21; ;edwards;Blaenavon;Monmouthshire (Gwent);Wales;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, October 7, 1929; Manchester (England) Guardian, October 9, 1929.; (Mumbai) Times of India, November 2, 1929. The men reportedly had a disagreement they decided to settle via a gloved fight at a local gymnasium. The rounds were two minutes each. The rules were those of the Welsh Board of Boxing Control, and the referee was licensed. Edwards was knocked down, and carried unconscious to the dressing room. He died the following morning. The coroner ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Dominic Anthony Galento (Two-Ton Tony);14-Oct;1929;Ldec;10;"""Cuban Bobby"" Brown";27;Y;brown;Newark;New Jersey;USA;Heavy;"Chester (Pennsylvania)  Times, October 30, 1929. At the time of this fight, Brown was suffering from influenza. He died a month later; cause of death was given as pneumonia."; ;Pro;Pneumonia;Later;; ;
Fred Fraser;21-Oct;1929;KO;1;Raymond Miller;20;;miller;Newark;New Jersey;USA;Light;"New York Times, October 23, 1929; Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, October 23, 1929. Following the knockout, Miller stood up and then went home. He fell unconscious the next day. He died in hospital."; ;Pro;;Later;; ;
ND;12-Nov;1929;Sparring; ;Johnny O'Keefe;25;;o'keefe;Columbus;Ohio;USA;Light;Lima (Ohio) News, November 12, 1929. In May 1929, O'Keefe had retired from the ring following four straight losses, but he subsequently decided to try a comeback. His first comeback bout was scheduled for the next Friday night.; ;Pro;;Later;; ;
Peter McDonald;23-Nov;1929;TKO;3;Albert Lack (Alf Sullivan);20;;lack;Salford;Manchester;England;Middle;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, November 27, 1929; Manchester (England) Guardian, November 27, 1929. Although just 20 years old, Lack was trying a comeback; he had boxed professionally from 1923-1928. He quit in the third. He went to the dressing room, and collapsed. He died in hospital afterwards. The autopsy revealed subdural hematoma. Cause of death was attributed to an unusally thin skull. The jury ruled death by misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Thin skull; ;
ND;30-Nov;1929;Sparring; ;Carl Howell;19;;howell;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, December 4, 1929; Oakland Tribune, December 4, 1929. Howell sparred several rounds with different opponents at the South Chicago YMCA. He reported no ill effects at the time, but the next day, he reported severe headaches. Death was attributed to concussion of the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Santos Mur;7-Dec;1929;Draw;10;Jose Ubeda (Kid Uber);20;Y;ubeda;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Fly;(Dublin) Irish Times, December 9, 1929. Ubeda died December 8.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
August Carlson;13-Jan;1930;TKO;2;Evan Eugene Gustafson;22;;gustafson;Olean;New York;USA;Light Heavy;"Olean (New York) Herald, January 14, 1930; Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, January 15, 1930; Plattsburgh (New York) Sentinel, January 17, 1930; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, January 19, 1930; Olean (New York) Herald, January 20, 1930. This match took place at St. Bonaventure College. Although it was originally reported that the match was not sanctioned by the State Athletic Commission, the coroner's jury was told that the match had been approved by a member of the State boxing commission. Moreover, the referee was the Olean chief of police. The coroner's verdict was excusable homicide without negligence. Cause of death was listed in the newspapers as brain concussion and in subsequent court documents as a broken neck at C2. Anyway, after this hearing, Gustafson's mother, Helma C.Gustafson, went to New York Life Insurance Company to collect on her son's policy. The insurer paid face value of the policy without question, but balked at paying double indemnity for accidental death. So, it was back to court. In this case, the court (District Court, Western District Pennsylvania) ruled in favor of Mrs. Gustafson. First, there was no specific clause in the insurance contract stating specifically that boxing was a prohibited activity. Second, ""no man has ordinarily any cause or reasonable ground to anticipate that when he engages in any of these games, death will result."" Thus, the death was accidental, and Mrs. Gustafson was entitled to double indemnity. The case law is Gustafson v. New York Life Ins. Co., 55 F.2d 235."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Walter Cappel;21-Jan;1930;Ldec;3;William Schramski (Freddie Schrantz);21;;schramski;Sheboygan;Wisconsin;USA;Heavy;"Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, January 20, 1930; Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, January 22, 1923; Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, January 23, 1930.  The venue was the Eagles Hall. Eight-ounce gloves were worn. Although Cappel had boxed from 1925-1927, this was his first fight in 18 months due to a shoulder injury received while playing football. The fight was reasonably even for the first two rounds. Then, in the third round, Schramski was hit hard in the head and chest. By the closing bell, he was dazed, and needed to be directed to his corner. Soon after leaving the ring, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died the following morning. Cause of death was concussion of the brain and cerebral hemorrhage. Mechanism of death was blows to the head."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Edward Kopydlowsky (Eddie Koppy);24-Jan;1930;KO;5;"Nicholas ""Mickey"" Darmond ";20;Y;darmond;Detroit;Michigan;USA;Light;"Abilene (Texas) Morning Reporter-News, January 26, 1930; Fresno Bee, January 27, 1930; Detroit News, January 28, 1930. Darmond collapsed in the ring. He remained in a coma until his death seven hours after the fight. Cause of death was given as fractured skull, concussion of the brain, and cerebral hemorrhage. The matchmaker for the fight attributed the death to the fall, saying no blame should attach to Koppy."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Duane Duncan;24-Jan;1930;Sparring; ;"John ""Red"" Wilford";21;Y;wilford;Kalamazoo;Michigan;USA;Light Heavy;"Helena (Montana) Independent, January 25, 1930; Port Arthur (Texas) News, January 26, 1930; (University of Illinois) Daily Illini, January 26, 1930. Knocked down during sparring, Wilford's head struck an unpadded turn-buckle. He died next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;29-Jan;1930;KO; ;Henry Arthur Timothy Cull;23; ;cull;Walworth;London;England;ND;Nottingham (England) Evening Post, January 30, 1930. After the fight, Cull went home and went to bed. Next morning, he was dead. Death was attributed to heart failure.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Later; ;;
Myron Chenburg;3-Feb;1930;KO; ;Parnell Ballinger;19;;ballinger;Denver;Colorado;USA;ND;Decatur (Illinois) Herald, February 6, 1930.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
William Struble;22-Mar;1930;KO;3;Oliver Horne;22;;horne;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"New York Times, March 30, 1930; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, March 31, 1930; Dallas Morning News, April 1, 1930; Chicago Daily Tribune, April 3, 1930; Pete Ehrmann, ""Boxing's Knute Rockne,"" The Sweet Science, October 26, 2005, http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/2787/boxing-knute-rockne.  While falling, Horne's head struck Struble's knee. Horne died five days later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage complicated by pneumonia. Horne was the former captain of the University of Pennsylvania boxing team."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Woodward Tending (Spark Plug Boyd);24-Mar;1930;KO;5;Frank Farmer;39;Y;farmer;Tacoma ;Washington;USA;Light Heavy;"Seattle Times, March 25, 1930; Helena (Montana) Independent, March 26, 1930. After taking several blows to the chest and abdomen, Farmer slumped to the floor. He stood up and retreated to the ropes, where he tried to clinch. He collapsed instead, and he died later that night. Farmer had not boxed much for the past six years, and after just ten minute's deliberation, the coroner's jury attributed death to over-exertion, and exonerated everyone involved. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
George Tomasky;27-Mar;1930;Ldec;;Billy Hatch;19;Y;hatch;McKeesport;Pennsylvania;USA;Fly;"Clearfield (Pennsylvania) Progress, March 28, 1930; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, March 29, 1930; Chicago Defender, April 5, 1930. This was Hatch's second pro fight. He was knocked down several times in the bout, but was not knocked out. After hearing the decision, he walked to the dressing room, where he complained of head pain. The ring doctor sent Hatch to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was listed as brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;7-Apr;1930;Sparring; ;Gordon L. Saunders;23;;saunders;Ballston Spa;New York;USA;ND;New York Times, April 9, 1930. Saunders collapsed in the gym while working out. He died in hospital. Cause of death was listed as enlargement of the thymus gland in the throat.;;Pro;Enlarged thymus;Ring; ; ;
Jack Williams;10-Apr;1930;KO;3;David Norway;18;;norway;Everett;Washington;USA;Middle (165-lb);"San Francisco Chronicle, April 11, 1930; Ames (Iowa) Daily Tribune-Times, April 11, 1930; Wisconsin Rapids (Wisconsin) Daily Tribune, April 11, 1930; Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Everett, Snohomish, Washington; Roll: T625_1938; Page: 4B; Enumeration District: 159; Image: 1049. The venue was the National Guard armory. Both boxers were high school students, and rounds were two minutes in duration. While sitting in his corner between the second and third rounds, Norway slid off his stool unto the floor, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to heart attack."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Herb Thompson;30-Apr;1930;KO;8;Henry Ramsey;21; ;ramsey;Enterprise;Oregon;USA;ND;"""Henry Ramsey's Fatal Fight,"" Wallowa.com, http://wallowa.com/free/henry-ramsey-s-fatal-fight/article_36a0e45a-fa9e-11e0-adc2-001cc4c002e0.html, October 19, 2011. The bout took place at the OK theatre. Ramsey was outweighed by 12 pounds. Ramsey was bent along the ropes. A blow to the head broke his jaw and knocked him out. He died. No autopsy was done. "; ;;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;8-May;1930;KO;2;George Fitzmaurice;18;;fitzmaurice;Windsor;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, May 10, 1930. The youths had a dispute that they decided to settle with a gloved bout at the Invincible Club. There was a referee, a professional boxer from the club. Two rounds had been fought when Fitzmaurice collapsed. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. No charges were filed.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Manuel;31-May;1930;KO;7;Albert Chave;19; ;chave;Marseilles; ;France;ND;La Culture physique (Paris), July 1930, 6. Cause of death was a heart attack.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Dave Gordon;6-Jun;1930;KO;4;George Lisson;24;Y;lisson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 9, 1930. Going into the fourth round of a scheduled four-round fight, Lisson was leading on points. Gordon rallied, and knocked him down. Lisson was counted out. According to the newspaper report, he was then ""dragged to his corner, but efforts to revive him proved fruitless."" Following morning, he died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral concussion. The newspaper report indicated that it was the fall rather than the blow that caused the death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
George Pauli;7-Jun;1930;KO; ;Victor Kling;17; ;kling;Wheatland;Wyoming;USA;ND;"Casper (Wyoming) Tribune, June 15, 2005, http://trib.com/news/local/article_7b4cefed-931b-536d-9a13-e8e436388686.html; http://wheatlandtown.com/docs/cemetary/obit/k/KLING-VICTOR.pdf. SThe youths were participating in a boxing match sponsored by the American Legion. He died ringside. Cause of death was given as acute dilation of the heart. The American Legion paid for the funeral."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Earl Bridges (Cole Brown) ;23-Jun;1930;Wdec;6;"""Young"" Bruno Moraski";23;Y;moraski;Moundsville;West Virginia;USA;ND;"Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Sentinel, June 24, 1930; Titusville (Pennsylvania) Herald, June 25, 1930; New York Times, June 25, 1930; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, June 28, 1930; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, October 8, 1930.  Moraski was winning the bout on points. Then, after having been knocked down twice in the sixth (and last secheduled) round, Brown stood up and, with one punch, flattened Moraski. When the bell rang, the referee had just reached ""four"" in the count, so this bout ended as a win for Moraski rather than a knockout for Brown. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The injury was attributed to the fall rather than blows. Consequently, the coroner's jury exonerated Moraski in June 1930, as did the grand jury in October 1930."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Jimmy Neal;14-Jul;1930;KO;7;Sammy Buchanan;21;Y;buchanan;Dayton ;Kentucky;USA;Welter;"Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, July 16, 1930; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, July 16, 1930; St. Petersburg (Florida) Evening Independent, July 19, 1930. Buchanan was knocked down by blows to the stomach and chin, and died two days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage, attributed to overexertion or apoplexy."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jimmy Sloan;2-Aug;1930;KO;;Percy Rush;;;rush;Palmerston North;;New Zealand;Heavy;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 25, 1930; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, August 25, 1930. Rush collapsed in his corner between rounds. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and he died in hospital on August 23, 1930. Cause of death given as extreme pressure on the brain.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Victor Fitzgerald;11-Aug;1930;KO;10;Frank Kennedy;24; ;kennedy;Cohuna;Victoria;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, August 13, 1930. Kennedy died the morning following the fight without regaining consciousness. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
"Reinhart ""Red"" Kuehl";20-Aug;1930;Ldec;4;John Anderson;18;Y;anderson;San Francisco ;California;USA;Light;"Dallas Morning News, August 22, 1930; Greeley (Colorado) Daily Tribune, August 22, 1930; San Francisco Chronicle, August 22, 1930. After the fight, Anderson was examined by the state athletic association doctor. He then changed clothes and started walking toward a waiting car. On the way, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died the following morning. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. This was Anderson's second professional fight. He had lost his first fight two weeks earlier, and had been complaining of headaches since."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
"Gene ""Wedge"" O'Leary";24-Aug;1930;KO;10;Emil Sencio;21;;sencio;Butte;Montana;USA;Bantam;"Port Arthur (Texas) News, August 25, 1930; Oakland Tribune, August 25, 1930; Billings (Montana) Gazette, August 26, 1930; Havre (Montana) Daily News, October 18, 1930. Sencio was knocked down four times in the final round. He was counted out after the fourth fall, and he never regained consciousness. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage, attributed to Sencio striking his head on the floor when he fell."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall, prior injury; ;
Max Baer;25-Aug;1930;TKO;5;Francisco Camilli (Frankie Campbell);26;Y;camilli;San Francisco ;California;USA;Heavy;"Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, August 8, 1930; Jesse L. Carr and A.M. Moody, ""Boxer's hemorrhage,"" California and Western Medicine, 51:4 (October 1939), 228. Baer fell down in the second. Campbell headed for the neutral corner to await the count. The unhurt (but angry and embarrassed) Baer jumped up, and began hitting Campbell with everything he had. Campbell hung on for two more rounds, then collapsed in the fifth. It took half an hour for the ambulance to arrive, and Campbell died the following day in an Oakland hospital. Cause of death was listed as a massive subdural hematoma; basically, Campbell's entire brain was hemorrhaging."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Luis Puig Balmori (Luis Logan);28-Aug;1930;Ldec;10;Antonio Gabiola y Gogenola (Uzcudun Vizcaino);24;Y;gabiola;Valencia;;Spain;Light Heavy;"(Madrid) El Imparcial, October 3, 1930; (Glasgow) Scotsman, October 6, 1930; Stampa (Madrid) October 14, 1930. Gabiola was knocked out with about seven seconds left in the last round, and was saved by the bell. He remained unconscious, and was taken to hospital. Medical treatment included a spinal tap. He died several days after the bout. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Bobby Wills;29-Aug;1930;TKO;9;Nobuo Kobayashi;20; ;kobayashi;Osaka; ;Japan;Feather;(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, October 28, 1930. Kobayashi was ethnically Korean. The referee stopped the fight in the eighth round. The Japanese media minimized reports of the death.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
David Maier;29-Aug;1930;Sparring;;Dean Spaulding;28;;spaulding;Oconomowoc;Wisconsin;USA;Middle;"Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel, August 29, 1930; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, August 30, 1930; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, August 30, 1930; Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, August 30, 1930; Lima (Ohio) News, August 31, 1930. Spaulding was training for a bout with Ben Danske, a Milwaukee middleweight. Maier was a light heavyweight. While sparring, Spaulding was knocked down by a blow to the jaw. He stood up, took off his gloves, walked to his corner, and collapsed. Cause of death was attributed to skull fracture secondary to the fall."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;Aug/;1930;KO; ;M. Shade;15; ;shade;Berlin; ;Germany;ND;La Culture physique (Paris), November 1930, 323. Shade was struck on the chin and died.; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Frederick Coats;Aug/;1930;Sparring; ;Charles Thomas Cutts;24; ;cutts;Stockwell;London;England;ND;"Manchester (England) August 20, 1930. Cutts was sparring with a co-worker in the basement of the employer's establishment. He stopped, and said, ""Just a minute, I cannot go on any more."" He started to sit on a table, then collapsed into Coats' arms. Death was attributed to heart disase.";;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;2-Sep;1930;TKO;3;Trooper White; ; ;white;Mussoorie;Uttarakhand;British India;Feather;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, September 25, 1930.  Trooper White was a member of the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers. Cause of death was listed as ""physical abnormality.""";Indian Army team tournament;Amateur; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
Roland Smith;15-Sep;1930;Sparring; ;Jack Easley;22; ;easley;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;Lincoln (Nebraska) Star, September 16, 1931. The men were sparring. Easley was struck over the liver, and died in hospital. ; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure;;
Leonard Van der Walle (Kid Leonard);3-Oct;1930;KO;5;Hildreth C. Nelson;27;Y;nelson;Cedar Rapids;Iowa;USA;Welter;"Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, October 3, 1930; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, October 3, 1930; Mason City (Iowa) Globe-Gazette, October 4, 1930; (Dublin) Irish Times, October 4, 1930. Nelson was visibly wobbling in the fifth, so his corner threw in the towel. He was carried out with his gloves on. Although he died within minutes, the crowd was not told that he had died until after the 10-round main event was over. Van der Walle was arrested, but released after the coroner's jury attributed death to paralysis of the heart. According to Nelson's nephew, Joe Faucher, in e-mail received August 8, 2002: ""He had over 200 professional fights when he died at 27. He worked on the railroad during the day. My mother was 3 when he died."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Robert Paulhus;7-Oct;1930;Wdec;6;Charles Ernst;;Y;ernst;Montreal;Quebec;Canada;Feather;La Culture physique (Paris), December 1931, 355-356. A quarter hour after winning the match, Ernst collapsed. He was transported to the hospital, where he died next day. Cause of death was attributed to kidney disease of long-standing duration.; ;Pro;Kidney disease;Soon after;; ;
Eddie Foy;16-Oct;1930;KO;7;Nick J. Pozega;19;;pozega;Missoula;Montana;USA;Middle;"Havre (Montana) Daily News, October 18, 1930; Helena (Montana) Independent, October 21, 1930. Going into the eighth, Pozega was ahead on points. Then, in the eighth, after stepping away from a series of punches, Pozega fell flat on his face, and the fight was stopped. The coroner ruled cause of death was unknown."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Warren ""Larry"" Hogan";21-Oct;1930;KO;3;Carl Baldus;25;Y;baldus;New York ;New York;USA;Light Heavy;"Helena (Montana) Independent, October 21, 1930; Kalispell (Montana) Daily Inter Lake, October 21, 1930; New York Times, October 22, 1930; (Dublin) Irish Times, October 22, 1930; New York Times, October 22, 1930. This was Baldus' first professional bout, and going into the third, Baldus was leading on points. Reports conflict about whether blows were hard, but at any rate, Baldus was hit in the chest and then collapsed. He lay in the ring without moving. Eventually, he was carried to the dressing room, where he died about 30 minutes later. Manslaughter charges were dropped after cause of death was attributed to a weak heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Chuck Patterson;30-Oct;1930;KO;3;Sammy DiSalvo;25;Y;disalvo;Omaha ;Nebraska;USA;Middle;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Star, November 1, 1930; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, November 1, 1930; Havre (Montana) Daily News, November 1, 1930. Between the third and fourth rounds, DiSalvo was clearly tired. In the fourth, his cornerman threw in a towel, to signal defeat, but the referee kicked it aside and let the fight continue to the knockout.  Another boxer on the same card, Joe Parizek, was also carried unconscious from the ring, also with brain concussion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Walter Thomas;7-Nov;1930;KO;3;George Nelson Bizzard (Billy Nelson);20;;bizzard;Brockton;Massachusetts;USA;Welter (147-lb);"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, November 8, 1930; Olean (New York) Evening Times, November 8, 1930; Syracuse (New York) Herald, November 9, 1930. Although Bizzard had won his two previous bouts by knockout, he was losing this one on points when he collapsed in the ring. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Norman Richard Gibson;14-Nov;1930;Sparring; ;Victor George Gibson;16;;gibson;Bunbury;Western Australia;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, November 29, 1930. The youths were brothers. They were sparring in their yard at home, while their mother watched. Victor said he had enough, then collapsed. He died at the scene.; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Charles Evans;26-Nov;1930;Ldec;6;"Charles ""Kid"" Watson";29;;watson;Sault Ste. Marie;Ontario;Canada;ND;"Reno (Nevada) Evening Gazette, November 27, 1930; New York Times, December 2, 1930. Watson collapsed at the end of the fight, and died 90 hours later. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Charlie Green;5-Dec;1930;KO;9;Jack Isaacs (Kid Jacks);23;;issacs;Camden;London;England;Light;"Manchester (England) Guardian, December 7, 1930; New York Times, December 7, 1930. The fight was scheduled for twelve rounds. During the ninth round, Isaacs was knocked out of the ring. He was taken to the dressing room unconscious, and he died in hospital."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;27-Dec;1930;KO;3;Roland Dujardin;22;;dujardin;Lille;;Belgium;ND;"Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, December 30, 1930; (Dublin) Irish Times, December 30, 1930; (Melbourne, Australia) Argus, December 31, 1930. Dujardin was knocked down during the fight. He got up, but fell again while walking to the dressing room. This time, he did not get up, and he died in hospital. He reportedly fractured his skull during the second fall."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall;;
ND;11-Jan;1931;Sparring; ;Alfred Houston;23; ;houston;Ventura;California;USA;ND;Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1931. Houston and his some friends were sparring in the yard of their rooming house. Houston was struck in the stomach. He collapsed in the yard. He did not get up. The fire department responded with a rescuscitation machine, but to no avail: he was pronounced dead on the scene.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Ward Phelps;30-Jan;1931;KO;2;Robert Louthian;21;;louthian;Phoenix;Arizona;USA;Middle;"San Francisco Chronicle, January 30, 1931; Port Arthur (Texas) News, February 1, 1931. Louthian was hit solidly in the second. He was counted out, and carried from the ring. He died in hospital twelve hours later. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Louthian had reportedly collapsed in the ring following a bout in Texarkana several weeks earlier."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Marty Gornick;30-Jan;1931;Ldec;6;Robert Cranshaw;20; ;cranshaw;Pittsburgh;Pennsylvania;USA;Welter;Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, February 19, 1931. Cranshaw received a broken jaw during the fight. He was taken to the hospital, where he died a week later. Cause of death was attributed to pneumonia.;;Pro;Pneumonia;Soon after;Misadventure;;
John Henry Lewis;11-Mar;1931;KO;3;Sam J. Terrin;21;Y;terrin;Prescott;Arizona;USA;Light heavy;"Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, March 12, 1931; Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, March 13, 1931; Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, March 14, 1931; Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, March 18, 1931; Prescott (Arizona) Courier, April 21, 1977. Although Terrin had boxed regularly between July 1927 and September 1930, this was his first pro fight since September 1930, and he had only been in training for about a week. So, while Terrin outweighed Lewis by at least ten pounds, some of the weight was fat. Throughout the first two rounds, Lewis, a 16-year-old hot prospect out of Phoenix, was leading on points. During the third, Lewis hit Terrin with a blow to the heart followed by another to the jaw. Terrin went down on all fours. During the count, he began shaking. The referee stopped the fight and sheriff's deputies cleared the hall. After about half an hour, the fire department rescue squad arrived. Oxygen was administered, but after about an hour, the physician said it was no use. Next day, the coroner ruled death due to ""abnormal heart condition and violent physical exercise."" At the inquest, Lewis told the coroner that he would never box again. Lewis's next fight took place two months later in Phoenix, and his future managers included Ernesto Lira, who had promoted this fight."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Mickey Duris;23-Mar;1931;KO;10;Sammy Harris;20;Y;harris;Johnstown;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, March 24, 1931. During the ninth round, Harris was hit hard over the heart. As he came out to touch gloves at the start of the tenth round, he collapsed in the ring. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
William Singleton;2-Apr;1931;TKO;9;Robert Coffey;19;Y;coffey;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Cairns (Australia) Post, April 6, 1931; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, April 6, 1931.  Over the protests of both Coffey and his trainer, the referee stopped the fight in the ninth. After showering, Coffey went home, where he collapsed the following day. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later; ;;
Regina Luna;3-Apr;1931;Sparring; ;Hilario Sierra Garcia; ; ;sierra;Mexico City; ;Mexico;ND;New York Times, April 3, 1931. Luna was losing the fight. In his corner, he took off his gloves, picked up a knife, and stabbed his opponent in the chest. Luna was arrested.; ;Pro;Chest injury;Ring;Homicide;;
N. H. Jones (Kid Lobo);10-Apr;1931;KO;2;Jesse Mayberry;21;;mayberry;Houston;Texas;USA;ND;Dallas Morning News, April 12, 1931. Mayberry fell from the ring. Cause of death was attributed to a fractured skull.;;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Al Stillman;21-Apr;1931;Sparring; ;William Kardinski;19; ;kardinski;Belleville;Illinois;USA;Heavy;"Edwardsville (Illinois) Intelligencer, April 24, 1931; New York Times, May 16, 1931; Zanesville (Ohio) Signal, April 24, 1931. The men were training for a charity program when Kardinski collapsed. He died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jack Richards;14-May;1931;Wdec;4;Johnny Paladin;17;;paladin;St. Louis;Missouri;USA;Light;"New York Times, May 16, 1931; Syracuse (New York) Herald, May 16, 1931. The bout was part of a benefit for Kardinski. On the way home, Paladin complained of a headache. During the night, his mother woke to hear him moaning, so she called an ambulance. He died before the ambulance arrived."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Pete Meyers;9-Jun;1931;KO;5;"Stanley ""Popeye"" Sargent";20;Y;sargent;Portland ;Oregon;USA;Middle;Portland Oregonian, June 11, 1931. During the fifth round, Sargent was struck by a left hook that knocked him down. He stood up, and was knocked down again by a short right to the chin that made him fall backward. On the way down, he struck his head on the floor. He remained unconscious until he died about fifteen hours later. Cause of death listed as subarachnoid hemorrhage of the brain. Sargent was reportedly in excellent health, but the survivor, Meyers, was barred from fighting in California due to his having been badly beaten during recent bouts.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;16-Jun;1931;Sparring; ;Frederick Musson;22; ;musson;Christchurch; ;New Zealand;ND;(Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia) Morning Bulletin, June 17, 1931. Musson was sparring in the gym when he suddenly collapsed and died.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
"Alby ""Kid"" Roberts";4-Jul;1931;KO;13;"Albert Edward ""Bert"" McCarthy";39;Y;mccarthy;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Feather;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, July 7, 1931; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, May 24, 1932; National Library of Australia, Arnold Thomas boxing collection, http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3672417. McCarthy had retired following a fight in December 1926, and was trying a comeback. He was knocked out, and remained in a coma until his death the following day. Cause of death was a cerebral hemorrhage and fractured skull. McCarthy's widow sued the promoter and the venue for damages, on the grounds that her husband was not given adequate medical examination before the fight. In addition, she alleged that Roberts had been told not to hit McCarthy very hard. The case was dismissed."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Bert Lane;27-Jul;1931;TKO;6;"Wilfred ""Speed"" Hudspeth";24;;hudspeth;Council Bluffs;Iowa;USA;ND;Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Journal, July 31, 1931. Hudspeth collapsed several minutes after the fight ended. He died in hospital a few hours later. Cause of death was basal skull fracture.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after; ;Referee: Val Quirk;
Jonathan Lee Walker (Tiger Kid Walker);19-Aug;1931;WKO;4;Battling Griffin;20;;griffin;Alliance;Ohio;USA;Light;Newark (Ohio) Advocate, August 21, 1931. After the fight, Griffin complained that he didn't feel well. Cause of death was peritonitis.; ;Pro;Peritonitis;Later;; ;
Kid Langford;14-Sep;1931;KO;;K.O. Pacheco;;;pacheco;Guyaquil;;Ecuador;Light;"Dunkirk (New York) Evening Observer, September 15, 1931; Syracuse (New York) Herald, September 17, 1931. Cause of death was concussion. Langford was from Chile. Pacheco was reportedly the survivor of a prior ring fatality in Ecuador; in that fight, the deceased opponent was Tito Simon."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Walter Stanford;28-Sep;1931;Sparring; ;Edward Arthur Wright;18; ;wright;Parkes;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, September 29, 1931. The youths were sparring. Afterwards, Wright complained of a headache. Soon after, he collapsed. He was dead 20 minutes later. ;;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;29-Sep;1931;KO; ;Mousli Tahar;21; ;tahar;Saint-Denis; ;France;ND;La Culture physique (Paris), November 1931, volume 35, 1. The day after a boxing match, Tahar was found dead in his bed. Although the body showed no visible bruising, cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. ;;Pro;Brain injury;Later;;;
Jerry White;30-Sep;1931;WTKO;3;Clyde Kaufman;20;;kaufman;Hollister;California;USA;ND;Oakland Tribune, October 3, 1931. Kaufman was easily winning the bout, so the referee stopped it in the third. In the dressing room, Kaufman complained of feeling faint, so he went outside to get some air. Ten minutes later, he was found unconscious, next to his car. He was taken home, and then to the hospital. He was diagnosed with concussion of the brain, and he died the following morning.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Alfred Crummack;4-Oct;1931;KO;1;Edward Walmsley;15;Y;walmsley;Barnsley;Yorkshire;England;Feather;"(Dublin) Irish Times, October 5, 1931; Manchester (England) Gazette, October 5, 1931; Manchester (England) Guardian, October 7, 1931. During the first round, Walmsley pitched forward on his face. After being counted out, he was carried to his corner. He did not revive, so he was taken to the hospital. He was pronounced dead on arrival. The surgeon attributed death to a thyroid problem and the jury ruled death by misadventure. However, this appears to be Kappis's case, cited in Ernst Jokl, The Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria: South Africa: J.L. Van Schaik, Ltd, 1941),  in which case cause of death was attributed to extensive subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Nov;1931;Sparring;;Harry Schwartz;19;Y;schwartz;Milwaukee;Wisconsin;USA;Middle;"Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, November 13, 1930; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern), November 15, 1930. Schwartz was an amateur boxer, and cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage. However, investigation was stopped after it was found that Schwartz's last official bout had been the previous February."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Aneurysm; ;
"Wally ""Wal"" Toovey";4-Dec;1931;KO;4;"Harold ""Hal"" Roach";31;Y;roach;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"(Kalgoorlie, Australia) Western Argus, December 15, 1931; Canberra (Australia) Times, December 15, 1931. Before the fight, Roach told his uncle, ""After this fight, I am going to have a long spell"" without any boxing. He was knocked out by a hard blow to the head, and he died in hospital the following morning. Cause of death was attributed to concussion and hemorrhage of the brain. The coroner said that ""young men who entered the boxing ring took a certain amount of risk, but the few fatalities showed that the risk was not very great."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Blackie Stevens;21-Dec;1931;TKO;2;Hugh Bigelow;40;;bigelow;Raymond;Washington;USA;ND;"Newark (Ohio) Advocate, December 23, 1931; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, December 23, 1931. Bigelow was the promoter of a charity show intended to raise money for the unemployed. One of his fighters did not show. So, although he had not gotten into the ring for 21 years, Bigelow said he would fight. He was knocked down. He apparently struck his head on the plank floor. He was knocked out, and did not get up. He died two hours later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Oscar Mears;2-Jan;1932;KO;4;Leonard Killingback;31;Y;killingback;Katherine;Northern Territory;Australia;ND;"(Darwin, Australia) Northern Territory Times, January 5, 1932; (Darwin, Australia) Northern Territory Times, January 19, 1932; (Darwin, Australia) Northern Territory Times, September 16, 1932. Killingback was knocked down at least seven times during the fight. At the inquest, the referee testified that the falls were due to slips rather than knockdowns.The referee also said that Killingback's head hit the floor during the final fall. Killingback was counted out. He stood up, and walked to his corner. He said he was okay, and then collapsed. He remained unconscious until his death during the morning of January 4, 1932. Death was attributed to hemorrhage inside the skull following a fracture at the base of the skull. The jury ruled death was due to natural causes."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"Louis ""Bull"" Seda";8-Jan;1932;KO;4;James L. Purdy;25;Y;purdy;Honolulu;Hawaii;USA;Welter;Honolulu Advertiser, January 10, 1932. Purdy crawled through the ropes, sat down, and collapsed, bleeding profusely from the nose and mouth. He was taken to the hospital, where he died.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Rutkowski;9-Jan;1932;KO; ;Kaul; ; ;kaul;Berlin; ;Germany;Middle;(Singapore) Straits Times, February 20, 1932. Kaul was knocked down by a blow to the chin. He fell backwards, striking his head on both the ropes and the floor as he went down. He was carried out of the ring unconscious. He was pronounced dead in the dressing room.Cause of death was given as a broken neck.; ;Amateur;Broken neck;Ring; ;;
Paul Byrne;18-Jan;1932;Ldec;3;Casey Millsaps;18;;millsaps;Chico;California;USA;Heavy (181-lb);"Washington Post, January 21, 1932; Modesto (California) News-Herald, January 21, 1932; Chico State Teacher's College Wildcat, January 22, 1932. After the fight, during which there were no knockdowns or visibly hard blows, Millsaps walked to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died the following morning without ever regaining consciousness. Cause of death was a ruptured artery on the left side of his brain. Millsaps had a history of basal skull fracture, in 1921. Said the student paper: ""According to Dr. [D.H.] Moulton it would take considerable time for the blood from this small artery to ooze out enough blood to press against the brain and cause death. He stated that there was little or no chance that the artery was ruptured in football but stated that there was a chance of such a thing happening in almost any sport activity."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Richard Howard;20-Jan;1932;TKO;2;George Bell;20;;bell;Bellingham;Washington;USA;Welter;"San Francisco Chronicle, January 21, 1932; Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, January 21, 1932; Centralia (Washington) Daily Chronicle, January 21, 1932. Following a clinch, Bell was hit twice. He then collapsed. He was carried to the dressing room, where firemen tried to revive him, but without success. Cause of death was listed as a blow to the heart. It was Bell's first pro fight. His opponent was aged 16."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Jan;1932;Sparring; ;William Henry Eaves;24; ;eaves;Hobart;Tasmania;Australia;Welter;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 29, 1932; (Launceton, Tasmania) Examiner, February 13, 1932.  Eaves, a member of the Tasmanian state amateur boxing team, sparred twelve rounds with teammates, then skipped rope, and finally did two rounds on the heavy bag. The sparring was light, because a tournament was only a few days away. He sat down, and said his head hurt.  He got up, got dressed, and went to his hotel. Near his hotel, he fell over, unable to walk.  He was taken to the hospital semi-conscious, but reporting paralysis on the right side of his body. Surgery was done, but two days later, he became unconscious. A trephining operation was done on the left side of the head, but next day, he died. Cause of death was edema of the brain, but the doctors did not know what caused it."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
ND;29-Jan;1932;KO;3;Innis R. Calman;21;;calman;Atlanta;Georgia;USA;ND;"Dothan (Alabama) Eagle, January 29, 1932; Salt Lake City (Utah) Tribune, January 30, 1932; New York Times, January 30, 1932. Calman was a sophomore at Emory University. He was taking part in a university-sponsored boxing match. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Death was attributed to over-exertion."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Gordon Thomas;29-Jan;1932;WDec;6;Laurence Chute;18;;chute;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, February 1, 1932; (Kalgoorlie, Australia) Western Argus, February 9, 1932.  After winning his match, Chute went to the dressing room, changed into street clothes, and went to watch the other matches. In the seats, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he  died two hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
Davey White;Jan/;1932;KO;4;"William D. ""Kid"" Elton";24;Y;elton;Lake Worth;Florida;USA;Light;"Galveston (Texas) Daily News, February 11, 1932; Dallas Morning News, February 11, 1932. The venue was the American Legion arena, whose financial patrons included financier E.F. Hutton. Elton reportedly collapsed in the ring without being hit. He was carried out, and he died on February 10, 1932, without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Albian Holden;2-Feb;1932;KO;2;John Fagg;23;Y;fagg;Indianapolis;Indiana;USA;Welter;"Valparaiso (Indiana) Vidette-Messenger, February 5, 1932; Lowell (Massachusetts) February 6, 1932; Fresno Bee, February 9, 1932. During the second round, Fagg collapsed without being hit. He died two days later. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Fagg had been hospitalized following a loss by knockout in September 1931. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ernest Anderson;2-Feb;1932;KO;1;"Cyril ""Bud"" Hughes";17;Y;hughes;Evansville;Indiana;USA;Fly;"Chicago Daily Tribune, February 3, 1932; Fresno Bee, February 9, 1932; Reno Evening Gazette, February 3, 1932. The bout was sponsored by the local newsapers. At the end of the first round, Hughes was knocked down. He was saved by the bell. He got up, walked to his corner, and then collapsed. He died several hours later. Cause of death given as heart failure caused by exertion.";Evansville Golden Gloves;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
George Scott;3-Feb;1932;TKO;2;Wilbur Russell;29;Y;russell;Kokomo;Indiana;USA;ND;"Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune, February 5, 1932; Fresno Bee, February 9, 1932; Modesto (California) News-Herald, February 9, 1932; Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, February 9, 1932; Logansport (Indiana) Press, February 9, 1932. Russell fell just before the end of the first round. He walked to his corner, but the fight was stopped when he did not answer the bell. He died five days later. Cause of death was cerebral edema."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;6-Feb;1932;KO;5;William Duthie;21; ;duthie;Arbroath;Angus;Scotland;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, February 8, 1932. This was Duthie's first professional fight. He looked tired, toward the end, and suddenly collapsed in the sixth. He died soon afterwards.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;10-Feb;1932;Sparring;;Arthur Vincent;19;;vincent;Hollywood;California;USA;ND;"Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, February 10, 1932; Los Angeles Times, February 10, 1932. Vincent was trying out for a junior college boxing team. He collapsed while sparring another student, and he was pronounced dead an hour later. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure. Vincent's mother filed a suit against the school, claiming damages of $80,000."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Jackie Austin;11-Feb;1932;Wdec;3;Gail Christian Ulrich;20;Y;ulrich;New Haven;Connecticut;USA;Light;"Portsmouth (New Hampshire) Herald, February 18, 1932; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 18, 1932; New York Times, February 18, 1932. Ulrich was the great-grandson of Gail Borden, founder of the New York dairy company. He was hit hard during an amateur bout, which he won. He entered the hospital two days later, and died February 17, 1932. Cause of death was a brain injury, which the coroner attributed to meningitis or pneumonia rather than a blow. "; ;Amateur;Pulmonary injury;Later;; ;
Joseph Sanifuvero (Joe Pagano);20-Feb;1932;KO;2;"Robert ""Irish Bobby"" Brown";25;Y;brown;Brooklyn ;New York;USA;Welter (Lt Welter);"Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 21, 1932; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 22, 1932. The venue was the 14th Regiment Armory in Brooklyn. Brown was carried from the ring, and pronounced dead in the dressing room. Cause of death was a ruptured heart vessel. Out front, the fights continued."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Mickey Biss;25-Feb;1932;TKO;4;Frank Turiano (Frankie Turrano);24;;turiano;Paterson;New Jersey;USA;Middle;"New York Times, February 27, 1932; Chester (Pennsylvania) Times, February 29, 1932; Kingston (New York) Daily Freeman, February 27, 1932. Turrano was knocked down three times in the first round, and four times in the fourth. However, the referee did not stop the fight until Turrano was hanging over the ropes."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Walter Sabottke;26-Feb;1932;KO;3;Paul Voelkner;20; ;voelkner;Berlin; ;Germany;Light heavy;"(Madrid) Luz, February 27, 1932; (Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, March 21, 1932; (Darwin, Australia) Northern Territory Times, April 19, 1932. Voelkner was knocked down several times before the seventh round, then knocked down finally by blow to the chin. He did not regain consciousness, and died enroute to the hospital. Cause of death was concussion-induced heart attack. This is probably Werkgartner's case, cited in Ernst Jokl, The Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria: South Africa: J. L. Schaik, 1941), 137."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Robert E. Crockett;29-Feb;1932;KO;3;Emil Dawson;21;;dawson;Bangor;Maine;USA;ND;"Chester (Pennsylvania) Times, March 1, 1932; Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, March 2, 1932; Portsmouth (Maine) Herald, March 2, 1932. Dawson was participating in an intramural boxing match at the University of Maine. After being hit, he fell face first. He died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as fractured skull."; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
William Laurence;11-Mar;1932;Ndec;3;David C. May;21;;mayberry;Portland ;Oregon;USA;ND;Portland Oregonian, March 12, 1932. May received several heavy blows during the course of the fight, but it was not realized that he was hurt until after the fight, when he collapsed in his chair. He was taken to hospital, where he pronounced dead on arrival. Cause of death listed as ruptured artery in brain. The survivor was 15 years of age.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Jim Docherty;Mar/;1932;TKO;5;"Oscar ""Kid"" Watson";18;;watson;West Hartlepool;Durham;England;Bantam;(Glasgow) Scotsman, March 11, 1932.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Guy Powell;22-Mar;1932;Sparring; ;Oscar Norman Pommer;23;;pommer;Ispswich;Queensland;Australia;ND;Brisbane (Australia) Courier, April 19, 1932. Pommer and some friends were sparring at the gym. Following a blow to the head, Pommer started vomiting, and then collapsed. He was taken by ambulance to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was given fracture at the base of the skull, brain hemorrhage, and heart failure. The basal skull fracture was said to be preexisting, and possibly related to a recent motorcycle accident.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Preexisting;;
Young Hassan;27-Mar;1932;KO;4;Mohamed Kassim;30; ;kassim;Singapore; ;British Straits Settlements; ;"(Singapore) Straits Times, April 9, 1932; (Singapore) Straits Times, April 21, 1932). The bout was part of a fundraiser for the China Relief Fund. Kassim was from British India. Rounds were two minutes each and sixteen ounce gloves were worn. Kassim had boxed several times in the preceding days. The boxers were paid five dollars per fight. There were no knockdowns in the fight. Kassim collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. He was taken to hospital, where he died next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.The coroner ruled death by misadventure. This death contributed to the establishment of a Boxing Board of Control in Singapore."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Rye Hougaard;29-Mar;1932;KO ;;Waekewae; ; ;waekewae;Aalborg; ;Denmark;Light;(Singapore) Straits Times, March 30, 1932. The obut was between Danish and Finnish teams. Waekewae collapsed following a blow to the chin, and died an hour later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Dablitchef;8-Apr;1932;Draw;;Bokody; ; ;bokody;Vienna; ;Austria;Heavy;"(Vienna, Austria) Sport-Tagblatt, April 8, 1932; La Culture physique, January 1933, 20; (Singapore) Straits Times, April 20, 1932. The contest was between a Hungarian team and an Austrian  team. Bokody subsequently died in Budapest of injuries received during this bout. Caise of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;;;
NA;14-Apr;1932;KO;1;"""Digger"" Chapman";35; ;chapman;Renmark;South Australia;Australia;Light;"(Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, April 18, 1932; (Adelaide, Australia) Advertiser, April 20, 1932; (Kalgoorlie, Australia) Western Argus, April 26, 1932.  A blow to the jaw drove Chapman into the ropes, where he was hit hard in the body. He was treated ringside, and then went back via motorcar to the unemployed camp where he was living. There, he collapsed. He was taken unconscious to the hospital, where he died following surgery. Chapman served in the Australian Army during World War I, and reportedly had about 300 fights, mostly under the name Billy Martin."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;;;
George Burnett Christie;11-Jun;1932;KO;1;Richard George Jeffrey;26;Y;jeffrey;Port Campbell;Victoria;Australia;ND;"Canberra (Australia) Times, June 14, 1932; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, July 30, 1932. Jeffrey was knocked out 28 seconds into the round. He was transported to the hospital, which was two hours away, and died en route. Injuries included a broken nose and cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Sammy Santos;7-Jul;1932;Sparring; ;Justo Daligdig ;33; ;daligdig;Long Beach;California;USA;ND;Modesto (California) Bee, July 8, 1932. The two men were sparring at a club. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Cullen Williams;25-Jul;1932;Ldec;10;Ruby Johnson (Roughhouse Rube);23;;johnson;Tulsa;Oklahoma;USA;Light;Dallas Morning News, August 7, 1932. Cause of death was pneumonia and blood poisoning. The blood poisoning was due to a carbuncle under his left arm that got infected during the fight.; ;Pro;Blood poisoning;Later; ; ;
Justin Pascus;5-Aug;1932;Ldec;6;"""Wildcat"" Julio Romero";24;;romero;Bakersfield;California;USA;Welter;"Fresno (California) Bee Republican, August 10, 1932; Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1932; Fresno (California) Bee Republican, August 9, 1957. Before this fight, Romero had been hit hard in the temple, and had been told not to box for a month. He insisted on taking this fight. A couple days later, he collapsed at home, and he died in hospital."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Prior injury; ;
Kid Roberts;22-Aug;1932;ND; ;Ramon Juan Vargas;25;;vargas;Agua Prieta;;Mexico;ND;Fresno (California) Bee Republican, August 23, 1932. Cause of death was concussion of the brain. Vargas fell in the dressing room after the bout, and his death was attributed to the fall rather than to blows in the ring.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall; ;
ND;23-Aug;1932;Sparring; ;Wilson R. Adams;21; ;adams;Lagrange;Indiana;USA;ND;Tuscaloose (Alabama) News, August 24, 1932. Adams was sparring with a friend at his home. He died a few hours afterwards. The family refused to give details. ; ;Amateur;;Soon after;;;
ND;29-Aug;1932;Sparring; ;Thomas Swan;24;;swan;Invercargill;;New Zealand;ND;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Al Carey;4-Sep;1932;KO;3;Albert M. Potter; ;;potter;Folsom Prison;California;USA;ND;"Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, September 5, 1932; Salt Lake City (Utah) Tribune, September 6, 1932. The boxers were convicts participating in a Labor Day boxing show. Rounds were two minutes in length. Potter was knocked out by a blow to the chin. He died two hours later."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Thomas McGillivary;10-Sep;1932;Sparring; ;Gilbert Ernest Ellery; ;Y;ellery;Oamaru;;New Zealand;ND;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm. This was a high school bout.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Sep;1932;Ldec;6;Jack Doyle;19; ;doyle;Walsall;West Midlands;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, September 23, 1932. Doyle left the ring without assistance. After reaching home, he said he did not feel well, and he went to bed. Next morning, he was unresponsive. He was taken to hospital, where he died. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Frankie Lavagnilo;12-Sep;1932;TKO;3;Eugene Clark;14;;clark;Elkhart;Indiana;USA;ND;"Winnepeg (Manitoba) Free Press, September 15, 1932; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, September 15, 1932; Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune, September 16, 1932. The referee stopped the bout in the third. Clark left the ring, but collapsed in the dressing room, and subsequently died. The investigation into this death coincided with a separate investigation that revealed that many Indiana amateur boxers were paid."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Archie Hughes;2-Oct;1932;KO;14;Harry Johns;20;Y;johns ;Auckland;;New Zealand;Light;"Canberra (Australia) Times, October 5, 1932; Canberra (Australia) Times, January 13, 1933. The fight was scheduled for fifteen rounds. In the fourteenth, Johns was knocked down. He never got up, and died the following day. Cause of death was concussion of the brain, and attributed to the fall.";New Zealand lightweight;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Toby Allen;11-Oct;1932;KO; ;Gen Wilson; ;Y;wilson;Wellington;;New Zealand;ND;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Joseph Robert;4-Dec;1932;Training; ;William Lafroy;43;;lafroy;Sturgeon Falls;Ontario;Canada;ND;"Canandaigua (New York) Daily Messenger, December 5, 1932. The men were sparring.  Lefroy said, ""Wait a minute,"" then collapsed."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Lionel Gibbs;22-Dec;1932;TKO;9;Alberto Ortega; ;;ortega;Port-of-Spain; ;Trinidad and Tobago;Welter;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, January 30, 1933. In the ninth, Ortega stumbled and fell. He landed on his left side. He got up, and continued to fight for another minute. Then he dropped his hands to his side. The referee stopped the fight. Ortega died on December 24, 1933. Cause of death was cerebral compression and hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Howie James;ND;1932;KO; ;Miguel Raule; ;Y;raule;Panama City;;Panama;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection  ;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Harry Lister;10-Jan;1933;KO;8;"Charles Oliver Johnson (Clem Johns; Frederick Johnson)";21;Y;johnson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Middle (11st 6lb);"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, January 11, 1933; Canberra (Australia) Times, January 24, 1933. Both fighters were staggering about the ring in the seventh round, and in the eighth, Johnson was knocked down. His head hit the canvas hard, and his second threw in the towel. The referee ignored the towel, and continued the count. Johnson was carried out of the ring, still unconscious, and he died in hospital early the next morning. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. The coroner ruled death to be accidental."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;24-Jan;1933;KO; ;Guy Ream;17;;ream;Lafayette;Indiana;USA;ND;"Hammond (Indiana) Times, May 9, 1933; Tippecanoe County Historical Society, ""A Day in the Life of Tippecanoe County,"" http://tcha.ecn.purdue.edu:8080/?q=1933. The venue was the local Golden Gloves tournament. Ream was winning when he dropped dead in the ring. Cause of death was a heart attack."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Alexander Hazel;2-Feb;1933;TKO;3;Tony Dragon;25;;dragon;Kingsville;Ontario;Canada;Light;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 3, 1933; Toronto Globe, February 6, 1933; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, February 6, 1933. The bout was not licensed; instead, it was advertised as a benefit. The coroner attributed death to asphyxiation -- Dragon had swallowed a piece of rubber he was using to protect his teeth. (Although dentists had been making mouth guards for boxers to use during training since at least 1902, affordable commercial mouth guards had only recently come into use. See, for example, J. L. Shapiro's US Patent Office application for a tooth guard, application 1,644,284, dated October 4, 1927.)"; ;Pro;Asphyxiation;Ring;; ;
Primo Carnera;10-Feb;1933;KO;13;Ernie Schaaf;24;Y;schaaf;New York;New York;USA;Heavy;"Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, February 14, 1933; ""Death among the heavyweights: Carnera-Schaaf prize fight,"" Literary Digest, 115 (February 25, 1933), 26-29; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects, edited by Julia Taylor Unterharnscheidt (London and San Diego: Academic Press, 2003), 554. Schaaf had recently recovered from influenza, and had only trained about ten days for the bout. Throughout the fight, Schaaf put up little defense. Indeed, sometimes he was seen walking into punches with his hands down. Consequently, the fans were booing and yelling ""Fake!"" as he went down, and subsequently, most sportswriters attributed the outcome of the fight to Carnera's handlers' Mob connections, and Schaaf's death to a savage beating that he received at the hands of Max Baer in August 1932. "; ;Pro;Influenza;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Al Berg;13-Feb;1933;TKO;2;Henry Zuziak;21;;zuziak;Chicago ;Illinois;USA;Light (135-lb);Chicago Daily Tribune, February 14, 1933. After the fight, a friend took Zuziak home. Zuziak told his father that he had lost, and went to bed. Soon after, his father found him dead.; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Hugo Monterrubio;14-Feb;1933;KO;;Felix Barron; ;Y;barron;Oaxaca;;Mexico;Middle;Reno Evening Gazette, February 16, 1933. Barron died two days later. Cause of death was listed as congestion of the brain. Both men were railroad employees and semi-professional boxers. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Apr;1933;Sparring; ;Edwin James Edwards;23; ;edwards;Cunnamulla;Queensland;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, April 25, 1933. Edwards was in training for a fight. He sparred two 2-minute rounds, then said he didn't feel well. He sat down, pitched forward, and died. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure brought on by exertion.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Exertion;;
Wilfred Worker;28-Apr;1933;Ldec;7;Albert Cotton;19; ;cotton;Ashby-de-la-Zouch;Leichestershire;England;ND;Tamsworth (England) Herald, May 5, 1933. The fight went seven rounds because the decision was even at the end of the sixth. Ten minutes after the fight, Cotton said he didn't feel well. He collapsed, and died. Cause of death was given as hemorrhage on the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Rolando Banos;3-May;1933;KO;;Miguel Acevedo Reina; ;Y;acevedo;Havana;;Cuba;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Tony ""Young"" Marullo";3-May;1933;Ldec;6;Rhule Jack Holland;24;Y;holland;New Orleans ;Louisiana;USA;Light Heavy;"New York Times, May 10, 1933; Statesville (North Carolina) Landmark, May 12, 1933; Dunkirk (New York) Evening Observer, October 25, 1933. Holland took a nine-count but finished standing up. He collapsed after the fight and he died in hospital the following morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Holland had won a Southern AAU boxing championship in 1932, but it was only his fourth pro fight. Before boxing, he had been a star football player at Tulane, so the university retired his old number, 21, for five years to honor his memory."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
John Scherer;25-May;1933;KO;1;Floyd Warner;19;;warner;Portsmouth;Ohio;USA;Feather (118-lbs);"Lima (Ohio) News, May 26, 1933; Portsmouth (Ohio) Times, May 26, 1933; Mansfield (Ohio) News, May 26, 1933. The venue was the American Legion hall. Warner was hit several times, not especially hard, and then collapsed. He was carried to the dressing room, where he died. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jackie King;5-Jun;1933;Ldec;6;David Kane; ;Y;kane;Canal Zone;Panama;USA;Feather;Manuel Velazquez collection. Kane was in the U.S. Army. He died four days after this bout.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Johnny Kunich;28-Jun;1933;KO;3;Benny Duran;18;Y;duran;Reno ;Nevada;USA;Feather;"Seattle Times, July 3, 1933. ""Duran returned to San Francisco Friday and according to Ted Martinas, an associate, complained of feeling queer. He went through his usual daily workouts. Early Sunday he became seriously ill and lapsed into unconsciousness."" The autopsy results appear in Jesse L. Carr and A.M. Moody, ""Boxer's Hemorrhage,"" California and Western Medicine, 51:4 (October 1939), 228. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Arthur Lund;14-Jul;1933;Ldec;3;Donald Wingaire;17;;wingaire;Woodworth;North Dakota;USA;ND;Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, July 15, 1933. Wingaire fell dead as he stepped from the ring at the end of the match. Cause of death was attributed to dilation of the heart.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Johnny Blanchard;2-Aug;1933;KO;1;Nick Klimovich (Abie Muller, Speedy Sparks);18;Y;klimovich;Reno ;Nevada;USA;Middle;"Wisconsin Rapids (Wisconsin) Daily Tribune, August 3, 1933; Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, August 3, 1933; Oakland Tribune, August 4, 1933. This was the first pro fight for both boxers. Klimlovich was knocked down in 22 seconds in the first round. As he fell, Klimovich struck his head on the ring ropes, and he died in the ring. Death was attributed to a broken neck. "; ;Pro;Neck fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Joe De Lavera;24-Aug;1933;KO;2;"Ralph ""Augie"" Sanchez";17;;sanchez;Los Angeles;California;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, August 26, 1933; San Mateo (California) Times and Daily News Leader, August 26, 1933; Los Angeles Times, August 28, 1933; Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1933. Cause of death was subdural hematoma.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
James DeGroat;3-Sep;1933;Sparring; ;John C. DeGroat;42;;degroat;White Sulphur Springs;Montana;USA;ND;"Helena (Montana) Independent, September 6, 1933; Montana State Genealogical Society and Ancestry.com. Montana Death Index, 1907-2002 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. DeGroat, a forest ranger, was in his yard, sparring with his 16-year-old son, when he had a heart attack and died."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Peter Butterworth;5-Sep;1933;Sparring;;Andrew Reeves Charlesworth;20;;charlesworth;Wallasey;Merseyside;England;ND;"(Dublin) Irish Times, September 6, 1933; Manchester (England) Guardian, September 7, 1933. The youths were boxing, with gloves, in a field, with friends. They had boxed for about twenty minutes, with rests. Then he collapsed, and fell to one knee. He stood up, said he was fine, then collapsed again. A policeman provided artificial respiration all the way to the hospital, where Charlesworth was pronounced dead. Death was attributed to over-exertion of a weak heart."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Les Funk;5-Sep;1933;KO;5;Harold Schrader;22;Y;schrader;Aberdeen;Washington;USA;Middle;Seattle Times, September 14, 1933. Schrader was leading on the scorecards when he was knocked through the ropes. In the process, he apparently struck his head on the floor. He stood up semi-conscious and the fight was stopped. He went first to a hospital in Aberdeen, and then to a better equipped hospital in Seattle, where he died nine days later.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Bud Lymer;9-Sep;1933;KO;4;Whitlow Birdsall;27;;birdsall;Sioux City;Iowa;USA;Welter;"Syracuse (New York) Herald, September 9, 1933; Hagerstown (Maryland) Daily Mail, September 19, 1933. While falling, Birdsall reportedly hit his head on the wooden floor boards. Cause of death was basal skull fracture."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Hal Glymph;12-Oct;1933;KO;;James McDonald (Battling Bozo);27;;mcdonald;Atlanta;Georgia;USA;Welter;Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, October 14, 1933. Cause of death was brain injury. McDonald was not the same person as the earlier Battling Bozo of Birmingham.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Harry Lister;21-Oct;1933;KO;12;Albert Lowe;22;Y;lowe;Greymouth;;New Zealand;Middle;(Melbourne, Australia) Argus, October 24, 1933.  Lowe had represented New Zealand in the 1932 Olympics. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Sydney Ernest Stone;2-Nov;1933;Sparring; ;Victor Cromberg;24; ;cromberg;Broken Hill;New South Wales;Australia;Middle;"(Broken Hill, Australia) Barrier Miner, November 8, 1933. The men were sparring in the gym, in preparation for a prize fight later that week. During the spar, Sloane was not wearing headgear, but Cromberg was. Cromberg was heavier than Sloane by about a dozen pounds. The pair had trained together in the past. About halfway through the first round, Cromberg slipped while backstepping. He landed hard, and after lying on the floor for about twenty seconds, he asked for the gloves to be removed, saying that he had a headache. Soon after, he went into a coma. A doctor was called; the doctor said go to the hospital. Cromberg died in hospital. The coroner ruled cause of death was subdural hemorrhage on the right side of the brain attributed to a fall received through misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
Jose Torres (KO Mendiva);4-Nov;1933;KO;5;Carlos Aleman; ;Y;aleman;Guantanamo; ;Cuba;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Joe Dalby;26-Dec;1933;KO; ;"Jabez ""Jack"" Johnson";24; ;johnson;Blackpool;Lancashire;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, December 30, 1933; Manchester (England) Guardian, January 6, 1934. Following the knockout, Johnson was transported to hospital, where he died sixty hours later. Cause of death was compression of the brain and cerebral hemorrhage, and attributed to the fall rather than blows. The jury ruled misadventure. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
C. Williams;8-Feb;1934;TKO;4;Isaac Williams; ;;williams;Rhyl;Flintshire (Clywd);Wales;ND;Miles Templeton collection. Williams died at home the following day.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Gilbert Fare (Young Fear);12-Feb;1934;KO;2;Jimmy Cooper;14;;cooper;Bristol;Bristol;England;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, February 21, 1934; ""Fighters of the West Country: Young Jimmy Cooper,""  http://weldgen.tripod.com/fighters-of-the-west-country/id21.html. Although underage, this was Cooper's sixth professional fight. His opponent was aged 22. The first round was nothing in special. In the second, Cooper took the lead. Then he backed up, and fell face first. At the count of three, he began to rise, then collapsed again. The fight was stopped, and before the ambulance could arrive, Cooper was dead. Cause of death was listed as ""paralysis of the respiratory centre due to compression of a displaced vertebra of the spinal cord."" "; ;Pro;Asphyxiation;Ring;; ;
ND;19-Feb;1934;KO ; ;ND; ; ;nd;Padang;Sumatra;Indonesia;ND;(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, February 23, 1934. Two schoolboys were boxing. One collapsed and died.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Ben Melzer;8-Mar;1934;KO; ;Martin Vajdich Jr.;19;;vajdich;Rensselaer;Indiana;USA;Light;"Hammond (Indiana) Times, March 8, 1934; Port Arthur (Texas) News, March 9, 1934. While breaking from a clinch, Melzer landed an uppercut that lifted Valdich off his feet. The back of Valdich's head was the first part of his body to hit the floor. He was taken to the hospital, still unconscious, and he died 45 minutes later. Cause of death was skull fracture."; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Eddie Sweet;24-Mar;1934;KO; ;Yates Stroupe;22; ;stroupe;Asheville;North Carolina;USA;ND;Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, March 26, 1934. Stroupe was a member of a Mars Hill College boxing team. He had boxed four years. In this bout, he was knocked down, and apparently his head struck the wooden post. Cause of death was said to be a broken neck. ; ;Amateur;Broken neck;Ring;Fall: Misadventure;;
ND;27-Mar;1934;KO; ;Henry Elder;17; ;elder;Ionia;Michigan;USA;ND;Owosso (Michigan) Argus-Press, March 28, 1934. Elder was an inmate at the Michigan State Reformatory. He was boxing in a supervised match in the gym. He suffered a brain hemorrhage and died.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;30-Mar;1934;KO; ;Robert Lockwood; ;;lockwood;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;ND;(Glasgow) Scotsman, April 4, 1934.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;4-May;1934;ND; ;Ambrose Aposto; ; ;aposto;Rangoon ; ;Burma;Fly;Canberra (Australia) Times, May 5, 1934. Following the referee's decision, the spectators began throwing debris into the ring. Four people -- two women, Aposto, and another man were injured, and Aposto died.; ;Pro; ;Ring;Crowd;;
Baby Zacatecano;6-May;1934;KO; ;"Aurelio ""La Tripa"" Ruiz";23;;ruiz;Juarez;;Mexico;Bantam;"El Paso (Texas) Herald Post, May 8, 1934; Dallas Morning News, May 9, 1934; Fresno (California) Bee Republican, May 9, 1934. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Cabo Verde;6-May;1934;KO; ;Belmiro Alves; ; ;alves;Rio de Janeiro; ;Brazil;ND;"Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1934. Date of bout approximate; Alves died on May 7, as the result of injuries received during this fight."; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Miguel Blay;13-Jun;1934;KO;4;Julian Martin;;Y;martin ;Barcelona;;Spain;Feather;(Madrid) El Heraldo de Madrid, June 14, 1934. (Madrid) Luz, June 14, 1934. Martin had been an amateur champion in 1932. In 1933, he performed military service. This was his first pro bout upon returning from Africa. He was fighting near the ropes when he took a direct blow to the jaw. He fell backwards. During the fall, his head or neck may have hit against one of the ring ropes. In any event, after being counted out, he continued to lay on the floor, twitching. The referee called the doctor. The doctor arrived and attempted artificial respiration, but by then, Martin had died. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;21-Jun;1934;ND; ;Vicente Hinosa (Battling Frid); ;;hinosa;ND;;Mexico;ND;The Ring/Carlos Vera. Hinosa had appendicitis at the time of the fight and he died of peritonitis a week later.;;Pro;Peritonitis;Later;; ;
"Victor ""Vickey"" Vidales";6-Jul;1934;TKO;4;"James Patrick ""Jimmy"" Costello";21;;costello;El Monte;California;USA;Middle;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Star, July 8, 1934; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, July 8, 1934; Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1934. Costello walked to his corner, shook hands with his trainer, and then collapsed. He died the following day. Death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain, but other injuries included a punctured lung. The Los Angeles Times headline read, ""Boxer's Life Lost for $9."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
"""Seaman"" Tommy  Taylor";31-Jul;1934;KO;2;Joseph Ernest Morgan (Kid Lennox);22;;morgan;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;Middle;"Manchester (England) Guardian, August 2, 1934; London Times, August 4, 1934; (Glasgow) Scotsman, August 4, 1934; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, August 20, 1934. At the start of the second round, Morgan complained of pain in his leg, and then he collapsed. Cause of death was hemorrhage on the right side of the head. Death was attributed to a pre-existing skull fracture, the result of a motor vehicle accident at about age 4."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;14-Aug;1934;KO; ;George John Nienan;19; ;nienan;Liverpool;Merseyside;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, September 4, 1934.  Nienan was engaged in a match at the Central Boxing Club, Great George Street. He struck his head on an unpadded wall while dodging a blow. He said he was fine, and the match was continued, but he died soon after. Autopsy showed a thin skull. The jury ruled accidental death, but the club owner was cautioned to pad his walls.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
"Arcade ""Windmill"" Pierce";3-Sep;1934;KO;5;Seth Edmonton;22;;edmonton;Payson;Utah;USA;Heavy;"Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, September 4, 1934; Fresno (California) Bee Republican, September 4, 1934; Los Angeles Times, September 5, 1934. Edmonton knocked Pierce down eleven times in four rounds. He called for the fight to be stopped, to which Pierce responded by knocking Edmonton down. Edmonton died a day later in hospital. Cause of death was attributed to skull fracture. This was Pierce's first known professional bout, and he continued boxing until at least 1952."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
ND;15-Sep;1934;KO; ;Roy Carpenter;21;Y;carpenter;Adelaide;South Australia;Australia;ND;Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, September 22, 1934. During the contest, Houghton's spleen was ruptured. He died in hospital a week later. ; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Frank Weber;21-Sep;1934;KO;12;Joe Thunderface;21;Y;thunderface;Singapore;;Singapore;Middle;"(Singapore) Straits Times, September 22, 1934; Dunkirk (New York) Evening Observer, September 22, 1934; (Singapore) Straits Times, September 23, 1934; ""Singapore firsts: Sports,"" January 5, 2003, http://www.sg/flavour/fact_sports.asp; The Shaw Organization, ""The Shaw story,"" January 5, 2003, http://www.shaw.com.sg/shawstory/shawstory2d.htm. Thunderface took a hard right to the jaw in the final round. He got up at the count of seven. He got back up, and was knocked down a second time. He got to his knees, but could not stand up. The referee counted him out. He stood up, then collapsed. His head struck the floor with an audible thud. He died in hospital the day after the fight. The cause of death was listed as fractured skull. Thunderface was from California, and he and his father were part of a touring rodeo. The promoters of the fight were the Shaws, who after World War II became the kings of Hong Kong kung-fu movies."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Soldier Hicks;19-Oct;1934;KO;1;Robert Smith;25;;smith;Kirbyville;Texas;USA;Middle;"Port Arthur (Texas) News, October 20, 1934; Greeley (Colorado) Daily Tribune, October 20, 1934. The fight was a booth bout staged at the Jasper county fair. Hicks, an Arizona man who boxed in Texas from 1930-1939, was the touring pro. Meanwhile, Smith was a local man who was promised a few dollars for every round he could stay. Hicks promptly hit Smith with a blow to the heart. Smith said, ""I'm passing out,"" then fell down. He was pronounced dead at the scene."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Populo;19-Oct;1934;KO;10;Ferrari; ; ;ferrari;Zurich; ;Switzerland;ND;Journal de GenŠve, October 22, 1934. Ferrari was knocked down in the tenth round, and did not regain consciousness. He was transported to the hospital, where he died during the night of October 21-October 22.  The local boxing inspector said that the gloves, bandages, and ring had all been in order.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Jim O'Neill;19-Oct;1934;Ldec;6;Peter Henderson;22; ;henderson;Jarrow;Durham;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, October 20, 1934. While his gloves were being removed, Henderson collapsed. He was pronounced dead on the scene. ; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Jim Richardson;2-Jan;1935;Wdec;15;"Edward Lytton ""Lett"" Shepherd";24;Y;sheppard;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Middle;"Canberra (Australia) Times, January 4, 1935; Sydney Morning Herald, January 7, 1935; Townsville (Australia) Daily Bulletin, February 7, 1935. On his way to the dressing room after the fight, Shepherd stumbled and then collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died several days later. Although he had severe hemorrhage of the brain, cause of death was attributed to dilation of the heart due to exertion. Annual physical examination of boxers was recommended."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Over-exertion; ;
Julio Villagran;13-Jan;1935;KO;2;Juan Arizmendi;12;Y;arizmendi;Tampico;;Mexico;ND;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Star, January 14, 1934; Edwardsville (Illinois) Intelligencer, January 15, 1934; Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, January 16, 1934. Arizmendi, younger brother of professional boxer Babe Arizmendi, was knocked down during the second round and did not get up. The police investigation revealed that Arizmendi had suffered head and eye injuries during an automobile accident the day before the fight, and the autopsy reported blood clots on the brain that had formed at least 12 hours prior to the fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Eddie Deweese;28-Jan;1935;TKO;1;Frank De Young;21;;de young;Jackson;Michigan;USA;Welter;New York Times, January 30, 1935. The morning after the fight, De Young complained of a headache. That afternoon, he fell unconscious, and he died in the hospital.; ;Amateur;;Later;; ;
ND;2-Feb;1935;KO; ;Bertie Gibbs; ; ;gibbs;London;London;England;ND;Nottingham (England) Evening Post, February 3, 1935. Gibbs died in the ambulance transporting him to the hospital. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;11-Feb;1935;KO; ;Joseph D. Edwards;;;edwards;Alexandria;Louisiana;USA;ND;Hagerstown (Maryland) Daily Mail, February 14, 1936. Edwards died following a boxing match at Bolton High School. The youth's father filed a civil suit against the school's director of athletics, Guy Nesom.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Eddie Kimm;13-Feb;1935;Sparring; ;"Lorenzo ""Pete"" Pedro";20;Y;Pedro;San Francisco ;California;USA;Light Heavy;Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, Feburary 14, 1935. Cause of death was intracranial hemorrhage. This was Dr. Werkgartner's 1935 case described in Jokl's book.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Feb;1935;Sparring;;Adolf Wolfson;19;;wolfson;College Park;Maryland;USA;ND;"New York Times, February 21, 1935; Frederick (Maryland) Post, February 22, 1935. Wolfson collapsed following a sparring match at the University of Maryland. He died the following day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Jimmy Nelson;19-Mar;1935;KO ; ;Tan Teng Kee (Battling Key);32; ;kee;Serembam; ;British Malaya;Feather;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, March 21, 1935; (Singapore) Straits Times, April 13, 1935; (Singapore) Straits Times, December 18, 1938. Kee died in hospital following this fight.  The coroner ruled misadventure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;21-Apr;1935;TKO;6;Sidney Elliott Dickson;18; ;dickson;Pontefract;West Yorkshire;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, April 24, 1935; Manchester (England) Guardian, May 11, 1935. The referee stopped the fight in the sixth round. Dickson left the ring and went to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The coroner's jury ruled death by misadventure, but added that promoters should schedule medical examination before fights."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;6-May;1935;TKO;;Charles L. Papagiane;20;;papagiane;Urbana;Illinois;USA;ND;(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Urbana Daily Courier, May 7, 1935. Papagiane was a sophomore. He was taking part in a class tournament. The referee, a school official, stopped the match when it was clear that Papagiane was groggy. Papagiane went to the shower room. He complained of feeling faint, and then he collapsed. He died in hospital about two hours later. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Young Audet;14-Jun;1935;TKO;3;"Jimmy ""Cyclone"" Sawyer";23;Y;sawyer;Bath;Maine;USA;Light;Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1935. Sawyer had been warned to quit boxing, but he did not heed the advice. However, during this bout, he stopped fighting in the third round, mumbled something to the referee, and collapsed. He died soon after in hospital. Cause of death was originally attributed to acute indigestion, a diagnosis that was subsequently changed to heart failure.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Mark Schafer;20-Jun;1935;KO;3;Leon Quesnell;30;;quesnell;Langdon;North Dakota;USA;ND;Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, June 21, 1935. Death was attributed to heart attack.;;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Walter Usoski;6-Aug;1935;KO; ;Anthony Manunowich;16; ;manunowich;South River;New Jersey;USA;ND;New York Times, August 12, 1935. The two youths decided to fight for the neighborhood championship. The fight was scheduled for 15 rounds. At the start of the sixth round, Manunowich said he didn't feel well, and the fight was stopped. He walked about a hundred feet then collapsed. An adult spectator carried him to a nearby doctor's office. An ambulance was called, and he was taken to the hospital, where he died, still unconscious. The medical examiner listed cause of death as cerebral hemorrhage caused by a blow or a fall.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
Jackie Sharpe;9-Oct;1935;KO;2;Frederick Baird Harwood;21; ;harwood;Leeton;New South Wales;Australia;Light;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, October 10, 1935. Both men were part of Harry John's traveling boxing and wrestling show. Harwood collapsed in the second round. He was taken to hospital, where he died. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Al Romero;22-Nov;1935;Ldec;6;Ralph Mano;22;Y;mano;San Diego ;California;USA;Bantam;"San Mateo (California) Times, November 23, 1935; San Jose (California) News, November 27, 1935. Mano collapsed in the dressing room after the fight, and died in hospital the next day. Cause of death was listed as brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;23-Nov;1935;KO;1;John Halifax;32; ;halifax;Manchester;Manchester;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, November 25, 1935. Halifax was unemployed, so he took up boxing. He collapsed in the first round, and died en route to the hospital. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Billy Koerlin;26-Nov;1935;KO;4;John Wolinsky;19;;wolinsky;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Light Heavy;"Helena (Montana) Independent, November 27, 1935; Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, November 27, 1935; Oakland Tribune, November 27, 1935; New York Times, November 28, 1935. This was a five-round bout, so was probably an under-the-table professional fight rather than an AAU-sanctioned bout. Anyway, during the fourth, Wolinsky was knocked down by a left hook to the head. He never regained consciousness. Cause of death was listed as accidental death from cerebral hemorrhage. Koerlin himself died in Cleveland, Ohio, on November 5, 1938, after swallowing his dental plate. See Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, November 7, 1938 and Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, November 11, 1938."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John Fitzgerald;3-Dec;1935;Sparring; ;"John ""Curly"" Sheridan";19;Y;sheridan;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;ND;"(Sydney, Australia) The Age, December 4, 1935; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, December 5, 1935. The men were sparring. During the second round, Sheridan was struck in solar plexus. He collapsed. An ambulance was called, but he was pronounced dead on the scene.  Cause of death was attributed to reflex espiratory failure."; ;Pro;Repiratory failure;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Louis Petro (Lou Pettro);23-Dec;1935;KO;;John Homer Coomes;17;;coomes;Springville;Utah;USA;Welter;"Chicago Daily Tribune, December 24, 1935; Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, December 24, 1935; New York Times, December 25, 1935. Coomes was knocked down by a blow to the chin. When he failed to revive, he was taken to a hospital in Provo, and he died there the following day. Cause of death was basal skull fracture. Death was attributed to the fall rather than the blow."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;23-Jan;1936;Sparring;;"James ""Slaughterhouse"" Sallus";24;;sallus;Peoria;Illinois;USA;ND;"Chicago Daily Tribune, January 24, 1936; Hammond (Indiana) Times, January 25, 1936. Sallus collapsed after a workout. The coroner was not sure if death was due to a blow or a heart condition. Sallus was known as ""Slaughterhouse,"" because his training methods included punching on steer carcasses hanging in the Peoria stockyards."; ;Amateur;;Later;; ;
Steve Dempko;3-Feb;1936;Wdec;3;John Kours Jr.;22;;korus;Gary;Indiana;USA;ND;"Hammond (Indiana) Times, February 4, 1936; Hammond (Indiana) Times, February 5, 1936; Hammond (Indiana) Times, February 12, 1936. After winning the bout, Kours fell off a bench in the dressing room. He died about 20 minutes after arriving at the hospital. The coroner's verdict failed to determine whether the brain injury was owed to the fall from the bench or blows during the bout.";Gary Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Patrick Flanagan;19-Feb;1936;KO;1;Fred Matieshin (Fred Matthews);24;Y;matieshin;Toronto;Ontario;Canada;Heavy;"Toronto Globe, February 24, 1936; Syracuse (New York) Herald, February 25, 1936; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, February 26, 1936; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, March 5, 1936. Matieshin was one of 32 boxers in Jack Dempsey's White Hope boxing tournament. This was his third bout of the tournament, and after the second bout, Matieshin had told his sister and his handlers that he had severe head and jaw pain. However, there was no quitting if he wanted to get the prize of $500 and a trip to New York. In addition, there was no medical examination between bouts, just the one examination before the tournament began. Consequently, Matieshin entered the ring with Flanagan, was hit hard in the head, and dropped to the canvas in about 50 seconds. Cause of death was a rupture of a blood vessel on the right side of the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Wilson James Colzie (Gunboat Jack);21-Feb;1936;KO;7;Len Barrow; ; ;barrow;Jubbulpore;Madras Pradesh;British India;Welter;"(Mumbai) Times of India, February 24, 1936. Gunboat Jack was an African American boxer from Georgia who moved to India around 1923; he normally lived and worked in Allahabad. Barrow was knocked down twice in the sixth round, and knocked out in the seventh.";;;;;;;
Red Reynolds;28-Feb;1936;Ldec;3;William J. Radford;21;;radford;Lake Charles;Louisiana;USA;ND;San Antonio (Texas) Light, March 1, 1936. Radford was knocked down in the second, but finished the fight. He collapsed in the shower room, and died. The coroner attributed the death to the fall in the shower on the grounds that Radford had not been hit hard enough to be hurt by the blows.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall; ;
ND;Feb/;1936;TKO;;Cecil Lewis Willing Mole;13;;mole;Rochester;Medway;England;ND;(Dublin) Irish Times, February 27, 1936. The bout was taking place as part of a varsity meet between schools. The doctor who did the autopsy said that cause of death was injury to the intestines, due to congenital abnormality of the spine. The jury censured the school for not having a physician present during the tournament.; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;Unfit; ;
Rex Smith;11-Mar;1936;KO;2;Walter Herts;19;Y;herts;Punxsutawney;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Clearfield (Pennsylvania) Progress, March 13, 1936; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, March 14, 1936; San Antonio (Texas) Light, March 14, 1936; Uniontown (Pennsylvania) Morning Herald, March 14, 1936; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, April 3, 1936.  The venue was the Elks club. It was Herts' second fight and Smith's first; Smith had been brought in as a substitute. Herts was knocked down two times in the first round and once in the second. The referee did not stop the fight, so Smith hit Herts with a left hook, and this time, Herts stayed down. Cause of death was subdural hemorrhage and fracture at the base of the skull on the right side, near the ear. The death was attributed to the fall rather than the blow."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Luigi D'Ambrosio (Lou Ambers);17-Mar;1936;TKO;8;Tony Scarpati;22;Y;scarpati;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, March 18, 1936; Syracuse (New York) Herald, March 20, 1936. A blow to the jaw knocked Scarpati to the floor just before the bell ending the seventh round, and he was unconscious when he was carried to his corner. The referee stopped the fight. Scarpati revived a bit in the dressing room, but he soon fell back into a coma, and he died a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture. Scarpati was the National AAU featherweight champion in 1931, and he had won his last nineteen fights."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Robert Bates;21-Mar;1936;KO;;Judson M. Hobart;19;Y;hobart;Sacramento;California;USA;Welter;"Woodland (California) Daily Democrat, March 23, 1936; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, March 23, 1936; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, June 30, 1936. Hobart was in his fourth fight of a varsity boxing tournament. (He was the only boxer in this tournament to fight four times in two days.) He was knocked down. He stood up, and was knocked down again. This time, he did not get up. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Mechanism of injury was attributed to the fall rather than blows.";Pacific Coast intercollegiate;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Tiger Donnelly;29-Mar;1936;KO;11;Bobby Clements;23;Y;clements;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Bantam;"Canberra (Australia) Times, March 30, 1936; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 30, 1936; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, March 30, 1936. Clements, a former flyweight and bantamweight champion of Australia, complained of head pain following a fight on March 7, 1936, but took the fight anyway. He was knocked out, and died in hospital an hour later. Cause of death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Bill Tate;26-Apr;1936;KO;7;Felix Fernandez;35;;fernandez;Montego Bay;;Jamaica;Middle;"Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, April 28, 1936; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, May 26, 1936. Fernandez was knocked down in the sixth, but saved by the bell. He was knocked down two more times in the seventh. The fight was stopped. He was helped to his corner, but he died two days later. Cause of death was a ruptured artery  at the base of the skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
"Jesus ""Chucho"" Najera";6-Jun;1936;KO;10;Francisco Botelo (Paco Sotelo);19;;botelo;Mexico City;;Mexico;Feather;"Dallas Morning News, June 8, 1936; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, June 8, 1936; New York Times, June 8, 1936. Botelo died four hours after this fight. Cause of death was attributed to fractured skull."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Pete De Ruzza;6-Jun;1936;Ldec;6;William Peartree (Willie Pal);25;Y;peartree;New York;New York;USA;Light;"Kingston (New York) Daily Freeman, June 11, 1936; New York Times, June 12, 1936. Peartree was the former New York Colored lightweight champion. He was knocked down twice during the bout. He collapsed after the fight and was taken to the hospital unconscious. He died two days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Ernie Duarte;18-Jun;1936;KO;3;Domingo Lopez; ; ;lopez;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Welter;"Kevin Iole, ""Committee examining ways to make boxing safer,"" Las Vegas Review Journal, October 28, 2005, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Oct-28-Fri-2005/sports/4038861.html;  Bruce Trampler. Lopez was taken to a hospital in Los Angeles, where he died of injuries on July 5, 1936. "; ;Pro; ;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Aug;1936;Medical;;Nicolai Brecchet;;;brecchet;Berlin;;Germany;Featherweight;Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, August 21, 1936. Brecchet, a member of the Romanian Olympic boxing team, got a carbuncle while participating in the 1936 Olympics. The carbuncle became infected, and this led to Brechett dying of blood poisoning.;1936 Olympics;Amateur;Blood poisoning;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Woodrow Chancey;25-Sep;1936;KO;8;Sammy Lucas;23;;lucas;Atmore;Alabama;USA;ND;Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner, September 27, 1936. Lucas was knocked down and never regained consciousness.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;9-Oct;1936;Sparring; ;Joseph Wesley Green;9; ;green;St. Louis;Missouri;USA;ND;(Cape Girardeau, Missouri) Southeast Missourian, November 4, 1936. Green was boxing with an older boy. He was butted in the head, and suffered abdominal injuries. He was taken to hospital, where he died a month later. Cause of death was given as ruptured bowel.; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure;;
Dick Morgan;16-Oct;1936;KO;;Eron Jackson;18;;jackson;Mobile;Alabama;USA;ND;Anniston (Alabama) Star, October 18, 1936. Jackson was knocked down, and died in hospital the following morning without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain. The venue was the Oakdale Amateur Athletic Club, but the fight was probably paid, because Morgan was from out of state and the AAU suspended the club shortly afterwards.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Harry Spivey;21-Dec;1936;KO;2;Cyril George Webber;24;;webber;Torquay;Devon;England;ND;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, December 24, 1936; Manchester (England) Guardian, December 24, 1936. Spivey testified that the two men were in a clinch. ""We broke into the centre of the ring, and Weber came forward. I hit him once to the heart. He closed his eyes for a moment, and after I hit again he collapsed."" Cause of death was attributed to ""a persistent thymus gland, and a heavy meal which he ate a few hours before the fight."""; ;Pro;Enlarged thymus;Ring; ; ;
ND;29-Jan;1937;Sparring; ;Albert William Bretherton;44; ;bretherton;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;ND;(Melbourne, Australia) Argus, February 3, 1937. Bretherton was a physician who was also an enthusiastic amateur boxer. Following a hrard sparring practice on Friday, he began complaining of head pain, and on Monday, he collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died following a surgery. Cause of death was internatl hemorrhage of the brain. ; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;Misadventure;;
Mike Lombardo;30-Jan;1937;TKO;2;William Judson Eastman;18;Y;eastman;College Park;Maryland;USA;Middle (155-lb);"New York Times, February 1, 1937; Washington Post, February 1, 1937. Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, February 1, 1937; Frederick (Maryland) Post, February 2, 1937. Eastman was knocked down once in the first round. After being floored again in the second, his corner threw in the towel. Eastham walked out of the ring. He sat down, visibly disappointed, and then collapsed in his chair. He was taken to hospital, where he died the following day without regaining consciousness. Cause of death listed as broken neck."; ;Amateur;Neck fracture;Soon after;; ;
"Carlos ""Indian"" Quintana";30-Jan;1937;Ldec;8;Tony Marino;24;Y;marino;Long Island City ;New York;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, February 2, 1937; Winnepeg (Manitoba) Free Press, February 3, 1937; New York Times, February 4, 1937; Michael Sanserino, ""PG South: Champion Duquesne boxer died from injuries in fight 73 years ago,"" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 28, 2010. During the summer of 1936, Marino was fighting for the bantamweight title. He briefly won the bantamweight title in California, but after going to New York, he was beaten badly by Sixto Escobar. Marino's private doctor advised him to quit, but Marino would not. Before the fight, the ringside physician claimed Marino was ""in perfect physical condition."" Nonetheless, Marino was knocked down five times in eight rounds, three times in one round. The referee stopped the fight in the eighth round. Subsequently, Marino collapsed, and he died in hospital two days later. Cause of death listed as sudural hemorrhage, caused by blows to the head.This death was the proximate cause of the New York Athletic Commission introducing a rule that empowered referees to stop a fight in which a boxer was knocked down three times in a single round."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Louis Riplinger;7-Feb;1937;Sparring;;Donald W. Riplinger;38;;riplinger;Alton;Illinois;USA;ND;Edwardsville (Illinois) Intelligencer, February 8, 1937. Riplinger was sparring with his brother (aged 25). The men had a ring in the attic of their mother's home. At the end of the second round, the two men went to their corners to rest, and the elder Riplinger collapsed. Riplinger was carried downstairs to his bed, where he died. Death was attributed to cardiac conditions.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Frank Guerino;27-Feb;1937;KO; ;Walter G. Johnson;22;Y;johnson;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;ND;Lewiston (Maine) Evening Journal, March 1, 1937.  Johnson was knocked out of ring. He got back into the ring, and then collapsed. He died two hours later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. The judge at district court dismissed the police application for manslaughter charges.;;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
ND;Mar/;1937;Sparring;;"John A. ""Spider"" Kelly";65;Y;kelly;Princeton;New Jersey;USA;Light;New York Times, May 18, 1937. Kelly, a former professional featherweight, was boxing coach at Princeton University for 35 years. Thus, he was mentioned in Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises as instructor of Robert Cohn. In March 1937, Kelly was sparring with a student when he collapsed. He was hospitalized, and he died two months later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Ralph;8-May;1937;Sparring;;Frank Ralph ;20;;ralph;Zanesville;Ohio;USA;ND;Newark (Ohio) Advocate, May 8, 1937. Ralph was sparring with his brother at local recreation center. He was struck in the chest, and died. Death was attributed to a cardiac condition.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Gerard Fook (Jerry Wang);5-Jun;1937;KO;3;Joseph Kehoe;24; ;kehoe;Bootle;Merseyside;England;ND;"London Times, July 16, 1937; Manchester (England) Guardian, July 16, 1937. Fook was a middleweight booth boxer. Kehoe, who was drunk, told Fook, who was then refereeing a fight, to get out of his line of sight. Kehoe also reached through the ropes, and grabbed Fook. Fook and Kehoe had words, and Fook challenged Kehoe to a match. If Fook was on his feet in three, he would get 10 shillings (a sum equal to about œ35 today), but if he was not, then he got nothing. Fook knocked him out in one. Kehoe was assisted by the ambulance men employed by the booth, and sent home with his brothers. Next day, Kehoe went to hospital, where brain surgery was done. He died a week later. Death was attributed to hemorrhage of the brain and a basal skull fracture. Judge and jury agreed to dismiss manslaughter charges."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Donald Ross;11-Jun;1937;TKO;10;John Thomas Glendon;22; ;glendon;Freshwater;Queensland;Australia;ND;"(Brisbane, Australia) Queenslander, June 24, 1937; Townsville (Queensland, Australia) Daily Bulletin, July 26, 1937. In the ninth round, Glendon was knocked down. He got up at the count of three. He was knocked down again, this time for a count of eight. The round ended. He staggered to his corner, where he collapsed. He was taken from the ring unconscious, and died in hospital on June 21. Cause of death was given as basal skull fracture."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure;;
Nai Boon Mah;10-Jul;1937;KO ;10;Jose Trimaniz (Jose Grande);27; ;trimaniz;Singapore; ;British Straits Settlements;Light;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, July 12, 1937; Filemon G. Salaysay, ""Ring Reaper visits S'pore,"" Singapore Free Press, January 23, 1954. Grande was beaten severely in the fight, and died in hospital soon after."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;Jul/;1937;KO;;Theodore Thomas;24;;thomas;Clarksville;Iowa;USA;ND;(Greene) Iowa Recorder, July 7, 1937. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. The age suggests this was Theodore Thomas Jr., of Dayton, Iowa.;;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Eddie Zivic;2-Aug;1937;TKO;9;"""Irish"" Johnny Page";22;Y;page;Pittsburgh;Pennsylvania;USA;Light;"Hammond (Indiana) Times, August 4, 1937; New York Times, August 4, 1937; New York Times, August 5, 1937. Page was hit with a hard right and collapsed in his corner. He was carried from the ring and died in hospital. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. Because Page had been injured in an auto accident before the bout, the coroner ruled the death was accidental. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Jackie Sharpe;2-Oct;1937;KO;3;Stan Smith;26;Y;smith;Wellington;;New Zealand;Light;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, October 4, 1937. Smith was knocked out by a blow to the jaw. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and he died the following morning. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Joe Poxon;5-Oct;1937;Ldec;8;Richard Smallman;22; ;smallman;West Bromwich;West Midlands;England;ND;"Manchester (England) Guardian, October 8, 1937; Nottingham (England) Evening Post, October 11, 1937. Smallman collapsed after leaving the ring. He died in hospital several days later. Cause of death was listed as brain hemorrhage following a blow. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure;;
Bob King;1-Jan;1938;KO;3;Percival Pettit (Peter Jackson);23; ;pettit;Shepparton;Victoria;Australia; ;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, January 3, 1938. King was an Indigenous boxer who boxed at welterweight from circa 1936 to circa 1946. During 1938, he was a member of Harry John's traveling boxing show. Pettit had fought a bout earlier in the day, and had told a friend that he was not feeling well, but decided to have another go. He was knocked out, and died in hospital two hours later. The boxing show offered to pay burial expenses.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Probable second impact;;
Daniel Sheehan;6-Jan;1938;Sparring; ;Tim Sheehan;21;Y;sheehan;Merthyr Tydfil;Glamorgan (Merthyr Tydfil);Wales;Welter;"""Merthyr boxers,"" http://www.merthyrhistory.150m.com/boxers.htm; (Kingston, Jamaica) Gleaner, February 2, 1938. The deceased, a welterweight, was training for a fight for the middleweight championship of Wales. He was in the gym, sparring with his brother. ""I'm beat,"" he said, just before collapsing."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;7-Jan;1938;KO; ;Anthony A. Pope;23; ;pope;USS Utah;At sea;USA;ND;Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, January 8, 1938. Cause of death was head injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
"Raymond ""Buddy"" Paul";11-Mar;1938;KO;1;"Herman ""Hank"" Gowdy";23;Y;gowdy;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;Light Heavy;"Hammond (Indiana) Times, March 15, 1938; Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, March 15, 1938; (Baltimore, Maryland) Afro-American, March 19, 1938. Chicago Defender, April 9, 1938. This was Paul's sixth and Gowdy's fourth pro fight. Gowdy was knocked down by a blow to the stomach. He got up, and was knocked down again by a blow to the jaw. He was counted out. He did not get up. After fifteen minutes, he was taken to the hospital, where he remained unconscious until his death two days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Paul was arrested, but released. After the fight, it was revealed that Gowdy had been hospitalized following an earlier fight. At the inquest, the medical examiner attributed death to Gowdy's hard rubber mouthpiece; according to the doctor, the mouthpiece allowed the force of the blow to the chin to be transmitted to the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mouthguard; ;
ND;14-Mar;1938;KO;;George L. Senser;22; ;senser;Stephenville;Texas;USA;ND;Port Arthur (Texas) News, March 17, 1938. Senser, who was from El Paso, was a student at John Tarleton College. He was boxing in the gym. He was knocked down, and his head reportedly struck the cement floor. He died of injuries.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Bud Hilger;31-Mar;1938;TKO;3;Keith Blakeman;18;;blakeman;Columbus;Nebraska;USA;ND;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening State Journal, March 31, 1938; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, March 31, 1938; Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening State Journal, April 1, 1938. The venue was the Knights of Columbus hall. Blakeman was knocked or fell from the ring. On the way down, he apparently struck his head on the edge of the platform. He stood up, and then collapsed. He died in hospital two hours later. Cause of death was acute brain injury. Death was attributed to the fall."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Henry D. Pavelka;1-May;1938;Sparring;;Harry Thomas Pavelka;14; ;pavelka;Norfolk;Nebraska;USA;ND;(Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, May 5, 1938. The Pavelkas were brothers, and they made public appearances as the Norfolk boxing twins. Cause of death was uremic poisoning.; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Later;Uremic poisoning;;
ND;10-Jun;1938;KO;3;Phillip Meagher;18;;meagher;Cincinnati;Ohio;USA;Light;"New York Times, June 12, 1938; Zanesville (Ohio) Signal, June 11, 1938; Portsmouth (Ohio) Times, June 12, 1938. Meagher was knocked down and did not get up. Cause of death was attributed to a fractured skull. It was Meagher's second pro fight."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Ray Maher;27-Jun;1938;KO;3;Peter Cribari;17;;cribari;Chicago;Illinois;USA;ND;"Freeport (Illinois) Journal-Standard, June 28, 1938; Chicago Daily Tribune, June 29, 1938; Chicago Southtown Economist, June 30, 1938; Chicago Tribune, July 20, 1938. The bout took place at a city recreation center. Cribari was ahead on points going into the third round, when he was hit hard. He collapsed into the arms of the referee, and the fight was stopped. City firemen were on the scene within 15 minutes, but he still died. Death was attributed to heart failure brought on by exertion."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
"""Bearcat"" Obie Walker";13-Jul;1938;KO;10;"Oscar ""King Kong"" Jenkins"; ; ;jenkins;Fort Benning;Georgia;USA;Heavy;Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, July 19, 1938. Jenkins was brought in at the last minute as a subsitute. He collapsed at the end of the fight, and died in hospital five days later without regaining consciousness. ;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
"Stafford ""Buzz"" Barton";12-Aug;1938;TKO;10;"William ""Willie"" Eley";23;Y;eley;Kingston;;Jamaica;Welter;"Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, August 13, 1938; (Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, August 14, 1938; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, August 15, 1938; Chicago Defender, August 20, 1938. Eley was ahead on points until late in the fight. Then he was knocked down twice in the tenth round, and after the second time, the referee stopped the fight. Eley was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Roy P. Worcester;19-Oct;1938;KO;10;Henry L. King;21;Y;king;Rockland;Maine;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, October 20, 1938; Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, October 20, 1938; Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, October 20, 1938; Worchester (Massachusetts) Telegram & Gazette, December 23, 1997. King, a former New England amateur champion, collapsed in the ring just before the bell. It was the day before his 22nd birthday."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;30-Nov;1938;Sparring;;Robert Gurney Hutchens;20;;hutchens;Greensboro;North Carolina;USA;ND;Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, December 1, 1938. Hutchens died almost instantly after receiving a blow in a boxing class at the YMCA.;;Amateur;;Ring;Misadventure;;
George Salvadore;12-Dec;1938;Ldec;6;Andre Shelaeff;18;Y;shelaeff;San Francisco ;California;USA;Welter;"Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, December 13, 1938; Kansas City (Missouri) Star, December 13, 1938; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, December 14, 1938; Dallas Morning News, December 31, 1938. Shelaeff, who had boxed professionally in Harbin, Manchukuo, walked from the ring. Then he collapsed in the dressing room, and he died the next day. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage, perhaps secondary to earlier trauma; Shelaeff also had lobar pneumonia at the time of his death. Because there was no medical exam before the fight, Shelaeff's father subsequently brought suit against the state athletic commission and the Disabled American Veterans, who organized the card (Fresno Bee, February 3, 1939). The court case is Shelaeff v. Groves, 27 F. Supp. 1018 - US: Dist. Court, ND California 1939. The decision in this case was to dismiss the complaint: for public officers to be liable for tort, the officers must owe a statutory duty to the injured person. There was no statutory rule about this in the California code. In addition, there was nothing in the complaint indicating that anyone had done anything that was clearly wrong. Consequently, the court ruled that the state boxing commissioner and inspector ""owed no duty to boxer to enforce requirement of physical examination, neglect of which would make them liable for boxer's death."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Alvin Johnson;21-Nov;1938;KO;;Victor Morgheim;32;;morgheim;Fort Francis E. Warren;Wyoming;USA;ND;"(Lincoln) Nebraska State Journal, November 23, 1938; ""Morgheim Victor 1906-1938,"" http://genealogy.margheim.us/getperson.php?personID=I04675&tree=GOTTLIEB. Johnson was a private in Company F, 8th US Infantry, while Morgheim was a sergeant in the 1st US Infantry. Both men were assigned to Fort Warren (now Warren Air Force Base)."; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ; ;
Willie Tapp;9-Mar;1939;Ldec;3;James C. Lofflin (Orville Lyons);19;Y;lofflin;Washington ;District of Columbia;USA;Feather;"Washington Post, March 10, 1939; Washington Post, March 12, 1939; Washington Post, December 22, 1950. Lofflin was a soldier at Fort Belvoir. At the end of the fight, he had a bloody nose that wouldn't stop. He went to the dressing room and took a shower. He sat down on a bench, and then collapsed. He was taken to the hospital. Cause of death was intercranial bleeding. The bout was part of the District of Columbia Golden Glove tournament, and Tapp went on to become the 1939 National Golden Glove champion.";DC Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
ND;11-Mar;1939;Ldec;6;Leslie Moore;17; ;moore;Gladstone;Queensland;Australia;ND;Melbourne (Australia) Argus, March 13, 1939. Moore lost an amateur bout. He collapsed after the bout, and was diagnosed with hemorrhage of the brain. He died the following day. ; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Hut Thompson;2-Jun;1939;KO;2;Lou Gomez;20;Y;gomez;San Diego;California;USA;Middle;"Dallas Morning News, June 4, 1939; Syracuse (New York) Herald, June 3, 1939; Fresno Bee, June 3, 1939; Fresno Bee, June 3, 1939. Thompson hit Gomez in the body, and Gomez pitched forward on his face. The fire department aid squad worked on him, but he died. Cause of death was listed as contusion of the solar plexus and paralysis of the respiratory system."; ;Pro;Asphyxiation;Ring;; ;
Babe Richie;31-Jul;1939;Sparring; ;Herman Tankersley;20;;tankersley;Dallas;Texas;USA;ND;El Paso (Texas) Herald Post, August 1, 1939. After sparring, Tankersley said he didn't feel well. He went to the showers, where he collapsed. Cause of death was attributed to a blood clot on the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Gene Fowler;3-Aug;1939;Sparring; ;Nethro Hendson;28;;henderson;Pleasantville;New Jersey;USA;ND;New York Times, August 4, 1939. Cause of death was attributed to a heart condition.;;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
George Henry Wilson;11-Sep;1939;KO;6;"Robert Harvey ""Bob"" Pattison";22;Y;patterson;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Middle;"Canberra (Australia) Times, September 13, 1939; Canberra (Australia) Times, October 5, 1939. Pattison was leading until the sixth. Then he was knocked down. He went into coma, and died next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The coroner said cause of death was Pattison striking the floor with his head as he fell. Death was ruled accidental."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Young Herbert;1-Nov;1939;TKO; ;Bob Troman (Charles Hall) ; ;Y;troman;Castries; ;Saint Lucia;ND;"New York Times, November 3, 1939; Ottawa Citizen, November 3, 1939. Troman, from Jamaica, died in hospital a few hours after the fight ended."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Donald Fraser Smith;14-Nov;1939;Wdec;3;Rex Eric Carter (Young Ellem);19;Y;carter;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Fly;"Canberra (Australia) Times, November 15, 1939; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, November 15, 1939; (Perth, Australia) West Australian, November 30, 1939.  It was reportedly Carter's first  contest. During the bout, Smith was knocked down several times, so Carter won the fight on points. On his way back to the dressing room, Carter collapsed, and blood began flowing from his nostrils. His friends began looking for a doctor. A physician arrived in about 45 minutes. The doctor ordered Carter taken to hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
James Welsch;21-Feb;1940;Ldec;3;Noble Hannon;20; ;hannon;Lafayette;Indiana;USA;Heavy;"Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune, February 22, 1940; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 23, 1940. Both men were students at Purdue University. They met in the finals of the local Golden Gloves tournament. There were no knockdowns in the fight. At the end of the fight, Hannon collapsed, and within the hour, he was dead. Cause of death was listed as acute dilation of the heart.";Lafayette Golden Gloves;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Vic Caltaux;4-Mar;1940;KO;15;Stan Jenkin;22;Y;jenkin;Petrone;;New Zealand;Welter;Ernst Jokl, The Medical Aspect of Boxing (Pretoria, South Africa: J. L. Van Schaik, Ltd, 1941), 151-155. Jenkin had trained down to 147 pounds and was very weak.  Jenkin was ahead on points, but was knocked down repeatedly in the fifteenth (and final scheduled) round, and the referee stopped the fight with just ten seconds remaining. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. At the inquest, it was revealed that Jenkin had failed to report at least five previous knockouts. As a result, New Zealand introduced new regulations requiring professional boxers to provide more complete medical histories with their applications for licenses. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;"Weight; previous injuries"; ;
ND;14-Mar;1940;KO;2;Dennis Edgall;19; ;edgall;Nottingham;Nottinghamshire;England;ND;Nottingham (England) Evening Post, March 15, 1940. Edgall had gone to a bout with his parents to watch his younger brother box. There was a hole on the card, and Edgall asked to fill it.  Rounds were 1-1/2 minutes in length. During the second round, he fell out of the ring, and he died.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
Donald Rodda;21-Mar;1940;Sparring; ;Joseph Ludwig;13; ;ludwig;Denver;Colorado;USA;ND;"Berkeley (California) Daily Gazette, March 21, 1940. The boys were sparring for the entertainment of some visiting relatives. Rodda, age 12, swung; Ludwig tripped, fell, and fractured his skull. He died several hours later. The coroner ruled accidental death."; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure;;
Claver;10-Apr;1940;KO; ;Antonio Blay; ; ;blay;Barcelona; ;Spain;ND;(Seville, Spain) ABC de Sevilla, April 12, 1940. Blay collapsed after the fight. He was taken to the hospital. Surgery was done, but he died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Pete Muscarnera;16-Jul;1940;TKO;4;Peter Asero;20;Y;asero;Long Island City ;New York;USA;Welter;"New York Times, July 17, 1940; New York Times, August 3, 1940. Asero had been winning the fight until the fourth, when, without being hit, he collapsed backwards into the ring ropes and slid to the ring floor. He died 45 minutes later, without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was said to be a heart condition not detectible by stethoscope."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Clever Paco;11-Aug;1940;KO;7;"Leonard George ""Young"" Gauder";24; ;gauder;Singapore;;British Straits Settlements;Light;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, August 13, 1940; (Singapore) Straits Times, August 19, 1940; (Singapore) Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, August 21, 1940.  Following the knockout, Gauder went to his corner, where he complained of dizziness. Later, in the dressing room, he collapsed. A doctor was summoned, but did not arrive for some time. Later, Gauder was transported to hospital, where surgery was done. He died following morning without regaining consciousness.";;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Hoichi Kanazawa;13-Nov;1940;KO; ;Kiei Ryu; ;;ryu;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;(Tokyo) Japan Times, November 16, 1940.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Samuel Fox;29-Nov;1940;Sparring; ;William J. Armstrong;20;;armstrong;Enniskillen;Fermanagh;Northern Ireland;ND;(Dublin) Irish Times, November 30, 1940. The two men were constables in the Royal Ulster Constabulary, and they were sparring under supervision with 16-ounce gloves. Fox struck Armstrong in the face with a straight left, and Armstrong fell straight back into the arms of the referee, Sergeant Ashfield. Armstrong was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was extensive hemorrhage of the brain. The jury returned a verdict of accident. ; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Leo Tanel;17-Dec;1940;KO;2;Richard Henry;20;Y;henry;Denver ;Colorado;USA;Heavy;"Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, December 18, 1940; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, December 18, 1940. After knocking Taney down, Henry staggered to his corner and collapsed. Cause of death was listed as heart attack."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Jim Foust;8-Feb;1941;KO;2;Henry Marshall Long;25;Y;long;Amarillo;Texas;USA;Light Heavy;"Amarillo (Texas) Daily News, February 8, 1941; Amarillo (Texas) News-Globe, February 9, 1941; Amarillo (Texas) News-Globe, February 16, 1941; Dallas Morning News, February 16, 1941. Long was knocked down by a right to the jaw and never regained consciousness. Cause of death was brain contusion compounded by pneumonia. The family subsequently reported that he had once been unconscious for several hours after being thrown from a horse, and another time following a football injury. Long's brother Loyd was also knocked out during the same tournament.";Amarillo Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Lou Thomas;24-Feb;1941;KO;7;Arne Anderson;22;Y;anderson;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Heavy;"Chicago Daily Tribune, February 25, 1941; New York Times, February 25, 1941; Van Wert (Ohio) Times-Bulletin, February 25, 1941; Montreal Gazette, February 26, 1941. Anderson fell backwards after a short right hook to the chin, and he was pronounced dead six minutes later. Cause of death was listed as myocardic disturbance of the heart."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
George M. Verenka;23-May;1941;KO;8;"Fred ""Cyclone"" Taylor";21;;taylor;Two Hills;Alberta;Canada;Heavy;"Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, June 6, 1941; Toronto Globe, July 31, 1942. When Taylor, whom the Toronto Globe described as a ""negro scrapper,"" went down, the referee noticed that he went down stiffly, as if frozen, rather than limply, as boxers usually do. Taylor died eleven hours later in an Edmonton hospital. Cause of death was listed as intercranial hemorrhage. Worn-out gloves were listed as contributing factors to the death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure: Old gloves; ;
Dock Clark (possibly Dick Clarke);26-Jun;1941;KO;1;Setareki Beranaivalu (Setareki Bera, Sam Cerutti);21;Y;Beranaivalu;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 28, 1941; Canberra (Australia) Times, June 28, 1941; email correspondence with relative (Jackson Jang) February 8, 2010. The fight took place at Leichhardt Stadium. Bera fought at welterweight. He had reportedly won his last 25 fights, mostly in Fiji. He was in Sydney because he worked on a ship, and his ship was in port. Clark, meanwhile, was a middleweight who did most of his fighting in Sydney. Beranaivalu was knocked out during the first round. He got up, and then collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died the following morning. Autopsy found that his brain had been injured before the fight. Medical opinion was mixed on whether it was the heavy right to the jaw or the fall that caused the fatal injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Pre-existing condition exacerbated by fall;Jackson Jang @ jljang@tpg.com.au;
Frank Lindsay (Bill McNair);28-Jun;1941;KO;6;Daniel Timmins;22;Y;timmins;Newcastle;New South Wales;Australia;Middle;"Canberra (Australia) Times, June 30, 1942; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, June 30, 1942. The fight was scheduled for ten rounds. Reportedly, Timmins had been injured before this fight. In any event, he was hit hard in the fifth, and he collapsed in the sixth. He died the following day. Cause of death was intra-cranial hemorrhage. The referee was Joe Wallis."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Pre-existing condition; ;
Gregorio Gonzalez (Jack Chase, Young Joe Louis);30-Jun;1941;TKO;6;Roy Jack Gillespie;25;Y;gillespie;Denver ;Colorado;USA;Middle;(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, July 3, 1941. This was reportedly Gillespie's 78th professional fight. The purse was $40. The referee stopped the fight one minute into the sixth round. Gillespie went to his corner, where he collapsed. Cause of death was brain injury.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
ND;19-Jul;1941;KO; ;Chester E. Kaniuk;23; ;kuniuk;Camp Grant;Illinois;USA;Welter;Chicago Tribune, July 20, 1941. Kaniuk had enlisted on June 17, 1941, and the match took place at an Army recruit reception center in Chicago. According to his World War II enlistment records, he weighed 143 pounds. ; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Jack Young;21-Jul;1941;KO;11;Bren Parkinson; ;Y;parkinson;Adelaide;South Australia;Australia;Light Heavy;"Canberra (Australia) Times, July 28, 1941; Melbourne (Australia) Argus, July 28, 1941. Parkinson was a preliminary boxer in Melbourne, and this was his first main event. He was knocked out in the eleventh round, and was carried from the ring. He died in hospital a week later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
"""Irish"" Al Dunbar";14-Aug;1941;KO;3;Ray Bonti;24;Y;bonti;Brooklyn;New York;USA;Welter;"Oakland Tribune, August 16, 1941; New York Times, August 17, 1941; New York Times, August 20, 1941. Bonti was dropped with a right to the jaw. He died two days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was subdural hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Fred North;6-Feb;1942;KO;1;Frank Jennings Buroughs Jr.;20;Y;buroughs;Chattanooga;Tennessee;USA;Welter;"New York Times, February 8, 1942; Anniston (Alabama) Star, February 8, 1942. Although this was the finals, the fight ended in 15 seconds. Boroughs died the following day. Cause of death listed as brain concussion."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;19-Feb;1942;KO; ;James N. Finch;18; ;finch;Fort Sill;Oklahoma;USA;Welter (136-lb);"(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, February 21, 1943; National Archives and Records Administration. U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records, 1938-1946 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. Original data: Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, 1938-1946 [Archival Database]; World War II Army Enlistment Records; Records of the National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 64; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. Finch  enlisted in Lubbock, Texas, on February 18, 1943. He was sent to Fort Sill, and two days later, he participated in a boxing match at the Fort Sill reception center. He collapsed and died. According to the Oklahoman, Army doctors subsequently ""said there was no evidence to support the theory that Finch died of injuries suffered in the boxing match."""; ;Amateur; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
Angelo Pantellas;5-Mar;1942;TKO;3;Herbert Black;23;Y;black;Philadelphia ;Pennsylvania;USA;Feather;Pittsburgh (Pennyslvania) Post-Gazette, March 6, 1942. Black substituted at the last minute. He went down twice in the third round. Cause of death given as cerebral concussion.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Otto Dutton;26-Mar;1942;KO;4;"John Franklin ""Frank"" Barringer";21;Y;barringer;Salinas;California;USA;Heavy;"Oakland Tribune, March 27, 1942; Huron (South Dakota) Evening Huronite, March 26, 1942; Port Arthur (Texas) News, March 27, 1942. During the semi-finals, Barringer was knocked down by two blows to the jaw. He was carried unconscious to the dressing room, where he died. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. Both boxers were in the service, Barringer in the Air Corps and Dutton in the Army. The bout was part of a Catholic Youth Organization charity card."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Alfred David ""Al"" Globe";15-May;1942;KO;8;"John M. ""Johnny"" Marquez";26;Y;marquez;San Francisco ;California;USA;Middle;"Berkeley (California) Daily Gazette, May 16, 1942; Lima (Ohio) News, May 17, 1942; Oakland Tribune, May 18, 1942.  Marquez was the 1937 National AAU champion, but was also a last-minute substitution who been knocked out just two weeks earlier. He collapsed after being struck by an uppercut to the chin, and he died without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was listed as brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Herb Cuke;30-May;1942;Ldec;8;Ronald Walter Lofts (Ron Norton);26;Y;norton;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"Canberra (Australia) Times, June 1, 1942; Canberra (Australia) Times, June 25, 1942. The two men were from the same gym. Norton collapsed in the dressing room. He died in hospital. Death was said to be accidental."; ;Pro; ;Soon after;Accidental;;
Lew Hanbury;15-Jun;1942;Ldec;6;Preston Drew;24;Y;drew;Washington ;District of Columbia;USA;Light;"Washington Post, June 17, 1942; Washington Post, June 18, 1942; Washington Post, December 22, 1950; Washington Post, August 16, 2001. After the fight, Drew collapsed in the dressing room. He was taken to the hospital, where he died the next day. Cause of death was cerebral concussion and hemorrhage. Drew had seven years of amateur experience, but it was only his second pro fight. In his pro debut, three weeks earlier in Baltimore, the fight had been stopped by technical knockout in the sixth. It was Hanbury's pro debut."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
ND;16-Jun;1942;KO;;Thomas F. Smith Jr.;24;;smith;Sheppard Field;Kansas;USA;Light Heavy;"San Antonio (Texas) Light, June 17, 1942; National Archives and Records Administration. U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records, 1938-1946 [database on-line].  Smith was a private from Oklahoma who was stationed at Sheppard Field (near Wichita Falls). He collapsed after the bout, and he died soon after in hospital."; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Francisco Eusebit (Young Frisco);1-Aug;1942;KO;15;Cecil Guy Overall;25;Y;overall;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Middle;"Sydney Morning Herald, August 4, 1942; Canberra (Australia) Times, August 5, 1942; Canberra (Australia) Times, August 22, 1942; ?Kraal's tragic end,? Australian Ring, December 1961, 9. Overall was a former amateur champion. He collapsed in the ring during the last minute of the final round, and he died three days later. Cause of death was attributed to a fractured skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Feb;1943;Ldec;3;"James R. ""Tex"" Webster Jr.";22;Y;webster;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Feather;"(Pittsfield, Massachusetts) Berkshire Evening Herald, February 25, 1943; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 26, 1943. Webster, the Indiana Golden Gloves champion lost in the nationals. He went back to his hotel, and was found dead next morning, fully clothed and face up in his  bathtub. Cause of death was attributed to epilepsy."; ;Amateur;Epilepsy;Later;; ;
Albert Vickers;21-May;1943;KO;4;William Patrick Kennedy;38; ;kennedy;Crest Hill;Illinois;USA;ND;Chicago Daily Tribune, May 22, 1943. The bout was a supervised match with gloves that took place between convicts serving sentences at Stateville Correctional Center, near Joliet. The two men had a quarrel that they decided to settle with a glove fight. The first three rounds were judged even. In the fourth, Kennedy was knocked down. His head hit the floor. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture.; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure;;
Gene Fortney;20-Jun;1943;KO; ;"Bobby ""Hoppy"" Crane";26;Y;crane;Cairns;Queensland;Australia;Light;"Cairns (Australia) Post, June 21, 1943; (Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia) Morning Bulletin, June 22, 1943; Townsville (Australia) Daily Bulletin, June 22, 1943.  The fight was part of an Australian Comforts Fund fundraiser, and most of the opponents (including Fortney) were Americans. Crane had been badly injured in Brisbane in June 1942, but returned to boxing in war relief charity matches. He was knocked out in the fiight, and died in hospital the following day."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury;;
ND;9-Aug;1943;KO;3;Chester Cusano;16;;cusano;Stowe Township;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"Charleroi (Pennsylvania) Mail, August 10, 1943; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, August 10, 1943. The venue was the local high school, and the audience was high school boys registering for the draft. At the start of the third, Cusano stood to answer the bell and then collapsed. He died just over an hour later."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
"Nathaniel R. ""Nat"" Lamanuzzi";5-Oct;1943;KO;4;"Irving ""Chick"" Rogers";19;Y;rogers;Fresno;California;USA;Feather;"Reno Evening Gazette, October 6, 1943; Fresno Bee Republican, October 9, 1943; Fresno Bee Republican, February 1, 1956. Rogers was backing out of a clinch. He was not visibly hurt. Suddenly, he convulsed, collapsed, and died. Cause of death was originally thought to be cardiac, but later determined to be cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Joy;19-Nov;1943;TKO;3;Tommy Hearst;21;Y;hearst;San Diego;California;USA;Heavy;"Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, November 4, 1943; Long Beach (California) Independent, November 22, 1943; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, November 23, 1943. Hearst collapsed at the start of the third round, and died two days later. Cause of death was a basal skull fracture and brain hemorrhage. The jury ruled accidental death."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Freddie Dawson;20-Dec;1943;TKO;10;Al Reasoner;23;Y;reasoner;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light;"New York Times, December 22, 1943, 28; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, December 22, 1943; Chicago Defender, January 1, 1944. Reasoner was behind on points in the ninth, and in the tenth, he was dropped by a left hook. He stood up at the count of one, but was then knocked down again. This time, he got up at the count of two. He was then knocked down a third time. With this, the fight was stopped. He walked to his corner, where he collapsed. He was carried to the dressing room, and then taken to the hospital, where he died five hours later. The cause of death was listed as traumatic cerebral hemorrhage and hemorrhage of the right kidney; he also had a fractured rib on the right side. Cause of death was ruled accidental. Six weeks earlier, Reasoner had suffered concussion following a knockout, and this death contributed to the Illinois Boxing Commission's subsequent ruling that boxers who had been knocked out had to wait at least 60 days before fighting again (Madison, Wisconsin State Journal, June 28, 1947). "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Accidental; ;
ND;4-Mar;1944;KO; ;ND; ; ;ND;Great Lakes Naval Training Station;Illinois;USA;ND;"Drew Pearson, ""Washington Merry-Go-Round,"" Troy (New York) Record, April 3, 1944.The bout was between recruits from Company 153 and Company 154. The men were put into the ring without any instructions, other than to start fighting. They did. One died. Subsequently, boxing without prior instruction was stopped at the training base."; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Francis Kaopua;5-Mar;1944;KO;2;Tamio Ikeda;24;Y;ikeda;Honolulu;Hawaii;USA;ND;Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1944. During the first round, Ikeda was knocked down, but got up quickly. Then, in the second round, he fell to the floor without being touched. He was carried to the dressing room, where he was pronounced dead.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Elmer Lundy;26-Mar;1944;Sparring;;John Claude Lundy;16;;lundy;Joplin;Missouri;USA;ND;"Joplin (Missouri) Globe, March 28, 1944; Joplin (Missouri) Globe, March 29, 1944. Lundy was sparring with an older brother (aged 20). The younger Lundy said, ""Let's quit,"" and then went to get a drink of water. Moments later, he collapsed. An ambulance was called, but he died a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage and gastric perforation."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;29-Mar;1944;KO;;Kiyoshi Imai;;;imai;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000).;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
John Hartman;7-Jul;1944;KO; ;Edward Scott;64;  ;scott;London;Ohio;USA;ND;"Zanesville (Ohio) Signal, July 14, 1944; Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, July 28, 1944; Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health. Ohio Deaths, 1908-1932, 1938-1944, and 1958-2002 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2006. Scott and Hartman were inmates at the state prison farm in London, Ohio. The superintendent of the prison decided to let the men settle a dispute with a supervised boxing match. Scott fell, striking his head, and died in hospital five days later. Cause of death was attributed to a fractured skull. The prison superintendent was forced to resign."; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;8-Jul;1944;KO;1;John Fitzroy Hill;17; ;hill;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Canberra (Australia) Times, July 10, 1944. Hill was participating in an Air Training Corps tournament. He said he felt ill so the bout was stopped. He died.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Larry Lane;24-Jul;1944;KO;9;Lem Franklin;28;Y;franklin;Newark;New Jersey;USA;Heavy;"Chicago Daily Tribune, August 4, 1944; Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, August 4, 1945; New York Times, August 4, 1944; Wisconsin Rapids (Wisconsin) Daily Tribune, August 4, 1944; Chicago Defender, August 20, 1938. Franklin had a series of pre-existing head injuries, but he boxed anyway. (This was his fourth comeback.) During this bout, he collapsed in the ring, and he died in hospital ten days later. Cause of death was attributed to multiple concussion hemorrhages. The medical examiner, Harrison S. Martland, could not say whether blows or the fall caused the death. Franklin's death was the proximate cause of the development of rubber-padded ring floors. The first reported usage of rubber-padded mats in a professional contest took place in Newark, New Jersey, on July 7, 1947.  According to the New York Times (July 8, 1947), inventor Thomas ""Babe"" Culnan ""said he was unable to find material suitable for the protective layer until he saw a television show in which eggs were dropped on a rubberoid mat from a tall building and bounced without breaking."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Leroy ""Tiger"" Smith";23-Aug;1944;Sparring; ;Thomas Schenck;34;Y;schenck;ND;New Jersey;USA;Heavy;"Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, August 28, 1944. Cause of death was brain injury. Schenck had been a sparring partner for Joe Louis and Two-Ton Tony Galento, and the death was remarked in the press mostly because it was the second professional boxing death in a month. Otherwise, said New York sportswriter Lawton Carver, Schenck's death ""was more of an erasure than an obituary; he was wiped off the slate, and few in the boxing game mourn his loss. He was, you see, unknown."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Percy Dudas;ND;1944;KO;3;Len Richards;;Y;richards;ND;;British Guiana (Guyana);ND;The Ring, April 1944. Richards remained unconscious from the time of the knockout until his death six hours later.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Bob Lee;10-Jan;1945;KO;1;William Krutzig;20;;krutzig;Minneapolis;Minnesota;USA;ND;"Bismarck (North Dakota) Tribune, January 12, 1945; Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, January 12, 1945; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, January 12, 1945. Krutzig was knocked down, and his head reportedly struck the unpadded floor."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Louis Devynck;1-Feb;1945;KO;10;Gaston Galfione;29; ;galfione;Paris; ;France;Light;"(Paris, France) Le Comtois, February 5, 1945; (Paris, France) Le Comtois, February 12, 1945. Galfione was knocked out during a match staged at Salle Wagram. He was taken to hospital, where he died the following morning. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrahage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Armand Correnti;16-Mar;1945;KO;3;Forrey Jones Jr.;15;;jones;Newark;New Jersey;USA;ND;New York Times, March 18, 1945.;State AAU;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Eugene Ciunnrhini;26-Apr;1945;TKO;;George Adams ;15;Y;adams;San Jose;California;USA;Feather;Fresno Bee Republican, April 28, 1945. The contest was between two high school teams. Adams was knocked down. He struck his head on the ring ropes as he fell. The referee stopped the fight over Adams' protests, and sent him to his corner. Soon afterwards, Adams collapsed. He died the next day. Cause of death was attributed to coronary conditions.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Benny Ona;16-Jun;1945;KO;;Manuel Acev do Sergio-Rivera; ;Y;acev;Havana;;Cuba;Feather;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Vasco Angelini;14-Aug;1945;TKO;4;Eugene Mastrey;17;;mastrey;Erie;Pennsylvania;USA;ND;"New York Times, August 16, 1945; Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, August 16, 1945. Between the third and fourth rounds, Mastrey said his back hurt, so he did not answer the bell for the fourth. He was taken to the hospital, where he went into a coma. He died the following day."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Austin Moore (Young Austin);3-Sep;1945;KO; ;Elmer Barber Jr. (Kid Jean);17;Y;Barber;Tampa ;Florida;USA;ND;"St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, September 12, 1945; St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, September 17, 1945; St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, September 18, 1945; Ancestry.com. Florida Death Index, 1877-1998 [database on-line]. There was no pre-fight physical. It was Barber's first professional bout. He was knocked down several times during the bout. He collapsed as he walked to the dressing room. He died a week later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. The death contributed to the introduction of a boxing commission in Florida."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Andy Hetlin;1-Oct;1945;KO;4;John Bezinski;32;Y;bezinski;Scranton;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, October, 2, 1945; Dixon (Illinois) Evening Telegraph, October 2, 1945; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, October 3, 1945; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 3, 1945; New York Times, October 3, 1945. Bezinski was a last-minute replacement. He was knocked out about halfway through the final round of the match. He was taken to the hospital unconscious. He died next day. Cause of death was a brain injury. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Felix Miramontes;9-Oct;1945;TKO;4;Alberto M. Silva;21;Y;silva;Ocean Park;California;USA;Feather;"Fresno Bee, October 10, 1945; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, October 19, 1945;  Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1945; Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. The referee stopped the fight in the fourth. Silva walked out of the arena, but died in hospital less than 24 hours later. This was the first professional fight for both fighters, but Miramontes had been the 1945 Los Angeles Golden Gloves champion while Silva was a contract laborer who had first arrived in Los Angeles in May 1945."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
"Lloyd ""Silent"" Escobar";24-Oct;1945;KO;5;Booker Washington;23;Y;washington;Oakland;California;USA;Middle;"Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, October 29, 1945; ""The Indian history of Lorraine 'Rain Cloud' Escobar,"" Inam Mec Tanotc, http://hometown.aol.com/Inammec/RainCloud.html. Washington had lost last his three fights by knockout. Escobar had 44 wins, and only three losses. As expected, Washington was knocked down. His head hit the ring floor. Washington lay on the canvas for ten minutes before an ambulance was called. He was taken to the hospital, where he died 53 hours later. The diagnosis was skull fracture, and the mechanism was attributed to the fall rather than the blows."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Leroy Norton;5-Nov;1945;KO;2;Arthur Walker;18;Y;walker;Jamaica;New York;USA;ND;"Port Arthur (Texas) News, November 6, 1945; Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, November 7, 1945. It was Walker's first ever bout. He collapsed in the ring. A police first aid squad responded. He was pronounced dead about 90 minutes later. Cause of death was attributed to ""natural causes."""; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Howard Schwan;19-Feb;1946;KO;2;Willie Lee Perry;21;Y;perry;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light Heavy;"Waukesha (Wisconsin) Daily Freeman, February 19, 1946; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 19, 1946; Oelwein (Iowa) Daily Register, February 19, 1946. Knocked down in the first round, Perry was saved by the bell. He was knocked down again in the second. He did not get up. An aid car was summoned. When it arrived, the responders pronounced him dead on the scene."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Bob Ford;20-Feb;1946;TKO;5;Jack Von;22;Y;von;Salem;Oregon;USA;Heavy;" Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 21, 1946;  Portland Oregonian, February 23, 1946. Ford knocked Von through the ropes. Von was staggering when he got back in the ring, so the fight was stopped. Cause of death listed as subdural hemorrhage on the left side of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Billy Eck;2-Mar;1946;KO;6;Nat Hines;24;Y;hines;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Light Heavy;"San Antonio (Texas) Light, March 3, 1946; New York Times, March 5, 1946; Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, March 5, 1946; Indiana (Pennsylvania) Evening Gazette, April 2, 1946. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of the brain. The athletic commission said the death was unfortunate, but unavoidable because a thorough medical exam had been given. Nonetheless, the athletic commission still suspended Eck and his manager, Edward Fluck (Prince Henry). This suspension had nothing to do with the fact that Hines had lost 22 of his 23 career fights, 10 by knockout, and had been called in as a last minute substitute. Instead, it was because Eck and Fluck publicly protested the athletic commission having prohibited Eck from fighting while the athletic commission conducted its investigation."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Gus Gerson;3-Mar;1946;KO;1;Dixon Walker;20;Y;walker;Washington ;District of Columbia;USA;Light Heavy (165-lb);"Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, March 5, 1946; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 4, 1946; Washington Post, December 22, 1950; Anne Cassidy, ""Eddie's boys remembering the heyday of collegiate boxing,"" CUA Magazine, March 2005, http://publicaffairs.cua.edu/cuamag/spr05/features/eddiesboys.htm. Walker, a University of Maryland boxer, was in his third amateur fight. He was knocked out in 50 seconds. He got up, and walked out of the ring. He collapsed in the dressing room and was taken to the hospital. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Jim Mitchell;11-Mar;1946;TKO;2;Rodney Earlywine;18;;earlywine;Logan;Iowa;USA;Welter (147-lb);"Mount Pleasant (Iowa) News, March 12, 1946; Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, March 12, 1946; Oelwein (Iowa) Daily Register, April 20, 1946. The match took place during a varsity meet between Logan High School and Boys Town. Loganwine was not doing well throughout the fight, and he was hit hard in the abdomen at the end of the second round. Consequently, the Logan coach and the referee decided to stop the fight. At that point, the Boys Town coach started helping Loganwine from the ring. Loganwine said he could walk, so the coach let go. Loganwine collapsed, and he died in the dressing room. Cause of death was a ruptured spleen. Because of this death, in May 1946, the Iowa High School Athletic Association prohibited boxing as a sport in state high schools."; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring; ; ;
Joe Matisi;2-Apr;1946;TKO;3;Dave Mason;24;Y;mason;Buffalo;New York;USA;Heavy;"Reno Evening Gazette, April 4, 1946; Clearfield (Pennsylvania) Progress, April 6, 1946; New York Times, April 6, 1946. Matisi floored Mason four times during the fight before it was stopped. Mason died the following day. Cause of death was attributed to subdural and pontine hemorrhages. A three-knockdown rule was in effect, but the referee said that he viewed some of those falls as slips. All parties involved were absolved."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Clement Ritchies (Clem Sands);5-Apr;1945;KO;12;Roy Thurgar Sr.;27;Y;thurgar;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Welter;"Adelaide (Australia) Mail, April 7, 1945; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, April 9, 1945; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, May 12, 1945. Thurgar was knocked out 12 seconds before the final bell, and died two days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was given as pneumonia following upon an injury to the brain. Ritchies was one of the six brothers who boxed professionally under the Sands name. Thurgar's son Roy Jr. also boxed professionally; the latter was shot to death in 1991."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Phil Pearce;20-Apr;1946;KO;6;Alan James Alcorn;17;Y;alcorn;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Canberra (Australia) Times, June 5, 1946. Alcorn had been leading until he was knocked out. Cause of death was attributed to a thin skull. ""Dr. T.A. Daley said that Alcorn's skull in the right temporal region was the thinnest he had ever seen, but this could not be detected by an external examination."""; ;Amateur;Thin skull;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Patsy Gall;24-Apr;1946;Ldec;8;"Harvey ""Twin"" Weiss";22;Y;weiss;Wilkes-Barre;Pennsylvania;USA;Welter;"New York Times, April 26, 1946; Pittsfield (Massachusetts) Berkshire Evening Eagle, April 26, 1946. Before the fight, Weiss had been complaining of headaches. After the end of the fight, he fell off his stool. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. A photo of Weiss appears at http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/v-web/gallery/album05/Harvey_Weiss."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Sammy Medina;12-Jul;1946;KO;9;"Jaime ""Baby"" Uribe";;;uribe;Colon;;Panama;Feather;"Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, July 14, 1946; Ring Record Book 1947. Uribe was knocked down four times, then collapsed in the ring. He died a few hours later. Death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Remo Polidori;5-Aug;1946;KO;9;Del Seziger (Del Hardy);21;;seziger;Salt Lake City;Utah;USA;Middle;"Walla Walla (Washington) Union Bulletin, August 7, 1946; Fresno Bee, August 7, 1946. Hardy had boxed on Army teams at Fort Richardson, Alaska. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Al ""Kid"" Point";14-Aug;1946;Wdec;10;Roland Prairie;18;Y;prairie;Quebec City;Quebec;Canada;Feather;"Oakland Tribune, August 15, 1946; Ottawa Citizen, August 16, 1946; Troy (New York) Record, November 20, 1946; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 556. Although he won the match on points, Prairie was knocked down in the final round and he collapsed in the dressing room afterward. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Prairie's mother subsequently filed suit against the promoter, Lucien Aldette, on the grounds that Prairie had been allowed to fight too soon following a knockout in Montreal."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Art Swider;17-Aug;1946;KO;3;Don George;21;;george;Ebensburg;Pennsylvania;USA;Light Heavy;"Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, August 19, 1946; Philadelphia Inquirer, August 17, 1946; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, August 21, 1946; Indiana (Pennsylvania) Evening Gazette, August 21, 1946. George had seven previous bouts. He was apparently doing fine during the first two rounds. Then, in the third, he was hit with two blows to the temples, one on each side, and he collapsed. He died. The coroner's jury was headed by the sports editor of a local newspaper, and the verdict was ""the death was unfortunate."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Red McGrath;23-Sep;1946;KO;3;Raymond A. Vidal;18;Y;vidal;Holyoke;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;"New York Times, September 24, 1946; Dixon (Illinois) Evening Telegraph, September 24, 1946; Prescott (Arizona) Evening Courier, November 4, 1947. This was Vidal's second pro fight. While being carried from the arena, he apparently rolled off the stretcher, striking his head a second time. Cause of death listed as basal skull fracture. Mechanism of injury was said to have been a fell. In 1947, Vidal's mother filed a death by negligence suit against the promoter."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Bob Burton;30-Oct;1946;KO;6;Bobby Burton;24;Y;burton;Providence;Rhode Island;USA;Welter;Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, October 31, 1946. Same name boxers, but the deceased was black, and the survivor was white. Deceased was barred in New York and Pennsylvania due to heart murmur. Nonetheless, he boxed in Manchester, New Hampshire, on October 29 and he died in the ring the following day. He had produced a cardiograph showing no heart condition.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Mickey Logan;7-Nov;1946;KO;3;Billy Brown;21;Y;brown;Highland Park;New Jersey;USA;Middle;"New York Times, November 8, 1946; Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, November 8, 1946; Walla Walla (Washington) Union-Bulletin, November 8, 1946. The venue was the Masonic Hall. Logan and Brown had boxed two weeks before. In the third, Brown was hit hard, and he collapsed into the ropes. The fight was stopped. Officials spent 15 minutes in the ring trying to revive him. After that, he was taken to the officials' room. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Oiva Purho;9-Dec;1946;KO;8;Jacques Beneto; ;Y;beneto;Malmo;;Sweden;Light Heavy;"Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, December 10, 1946; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, December 12, 1946; http://www.boxrec.com. Beneto, who was from Martinique, had boxed in France and Czechoslovakia during 1938 and 1939. He resumed boxing in Europe in the spring of 1945, but is not known to have won any these postwar bouts."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Emile Famechon;9-Dec;1946;TKO;9;Alec Murphy;24;Y;murphy;Nottingham;Nottinghamshire;England;Fly;"(Glasgow) Scotsman, December 11, 1946; Manchester (England) Guardian, December 11, 1946; ""The sport of boxing,"" http://www.portglasgow4u.co.uk/socialhis/boxing.html. Murphy was knocked down at the end of the eighth round, and staggering in the ninth, so the fight was stopped. He was sent to the hospital, where he died the next day of cerebral hemorrhage. Murphy turned pro in 1943, after having been a Scottish amateur boxing champion from 1940-1943."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Sherwood Townsend;3-Jan;1947;TKO;2;Travis Hudson;17;Y;hudson;Shreveport;Louisiana;USA;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, January 30, 1947; Albert Lea (Minnesota) Evening Tribune, January 4, 1947. Hudson's corner threw in the towel. Hudson and his handlers then walked to dressing room, where Hudson collapsed. Autopsy revealed a heart that was three times the normal size."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
ND;29-Jan;1947;KO;;Anthony Sconzo;16;Y;sconzo;Brooklyn ;New York;USA;ND;Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, January 30, 1947. Cause of death was subdural hematoma.;;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Hogg (Fighting Milkman);30-Jan;1947;TKO;12;"Reginald ""Rip"" Bunker"; ;Y;bunker;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Fly;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, January 31, 1947; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, March 5, 1947. Bunker did well during the first eight rounds, but by the twelfth, he was visibly tired. In the final round of the fight, he was knocked down by a left hook. He got up, and stood against the ropes, arms down. The referee stopped the fight just seconds before the bell. Bunker died two days later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Georges Vignes;21-Feb;1947;Ldec;8;Federico Cortonesi;31;;cortonesi;Geneva;;Switzerland;Light;"Journal de GenŠva, February 22, 1947; Journal de GenŠve, February 24, 1947; (Dublin) Irish Times, February 24, 1947; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, February 26, 1947; Muerte de pugil Italiano exhibe al control medico, El Informador, November 1996, http://148.245.26.68/Lastest/nov96/19nov96/DEPOR.HTM. Cortonesi, the Italian featherweight champion, was fighting at lightweight. Although knocked unconsious at the end of the eighth round, he was saved by the bell. The following day, he died in hospital. The Swiss boxing federation told the press that the cause of death must have been meningitis. Autopsy said it was cerebral hemorrhage caused by blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
ND;23-Mar;1947;Sparring; ;John Kirkland;50; ;kirkland;Lodi;California;USA;ND;Fresno (California) Bee, March 28, 1947. Kirkland said he had been sparring with a friend when he fell and struck his head. This led to paralysis, then coma, then death.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;Fall;;
Robert De Bouchelle;26-Mar;1947;KO;;J T Horton;23;Y;horton;Long Beach;California;USA;Heavy;"Los Angeles Times, March 27, 1947; Walla Walla (Washington) Union Bulletin, March 27, 1947; Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Ryans Cross Roads, Morgan, Alabama; Roll: 45; Page: 8A; Enumeration District: 33; Image: 505.0. Horton died within an hour of the knockout.";;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;15-Apr;1947;KO;;Gunnar Melkie;19;;melkie;Helsinki; ;Finland;ND;New York Times, April 17, 1947.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Walker Smith (Sugar Ray Robinson);24-Jun;1947;KO;8;James Delaney (Jimmy Doyle);22;Y;delaney;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Welter;"New York Times, June 25, 1947; Nashua (New Hampshire) Telegraph, June 26, 1947;  ""Jimmy's Last Fight,"" TIME, July 7, 1947, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,934648,00.html; Lima (Ohio) News, March 7, 1948; San Antonio (Texas) Light, November 2, 1947; Ralph Wiley, Serenity: A Boxing Memoir (New York: Henry Holt, 1989). Robinson was the world champion, and he hadn't wanted to fight Doyle, a club fighter, from fear that something bad would happen. It did: Doyle died of cerebral hemorrhage. Doyle had been knocked out a year before, and was barred from fighting in California due to previous head injuries. At the inquest, the coroner asked Robinson if he thought Doyle had been in trouble during the fight. Robinson replied: ""Getting him in trouble is my business as a boxer and a champion."" During the match, Robinson and Doyle had been wearing 6-ounce gloves, and after this death, 8-ounce gloves were required in Ohio.";World;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
"Luis ""Baby"" Adame";11-Jul;1947;Ldec;4;Benny Cleveland;21;Y;cleveland;Hollywood;California;USA;Bantam;Los Angeles Times, July 13, 1947. Cleveland was a former Marine Corps boxer and winner of the 1946 Los Angeles Golden Gloves competition. Although knocked down twice in the first round, Cleveland won the second and drew the third. He appeared tired in the fourth round, and was definitely struck by several solid body punches in that round. Consequently, he needed assistance leaving the ring. After complaining of feeling nauseous, Cleveland collapsed into a coma, and he died the following morning in hospital. Cause of death listed as hemorrhage of the mid-brain. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Edward Keith Furner;18-Jul;1947;KO;8;"John Rowan ""Mick"" Lewis";20;Y;lewis;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Light Heavy;"(Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia) Morning Bulletin, July 19, 1947; (Brisbane, Australia) Courier-Mail, September 10, 1947.  Lewis had recently married, and he planned this to be his last fight. Going into the final round, Lewis's trainer asked him if he should stop the fight. ""Don't be silly -- this is one fight I'm going to win,"" he said. He was promptly knocked down, and he was carried out unconscious. He died next day. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Samuel A. Crandall (Sam Baroudi);15-Aug;1947;KO;9;"Glenn Newton ""Newt"" Smith";23;Y;smith;North Adams;Massachusetts;USA;Middle;"Annapolis (Maryland) Capital, August 16, 1947; (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) Berkshire Evening Eagle, August 18, 1947. Smith was unconscious from the time he collapsed to the time he died. Cause of death was attributed to cerebral hemorrhage at the base of the skull."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Robert Harris;29-Oct;1947;KO;4;James M. Wilander;27;Y;wilander;Pasadena;California;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, October 30, 1947; San Antonio (Texas) Light, October 30, 1947. Wilander, who was in the Navy, was knocked down in the first round. However, he stood back up and continued normally until the fourth, when he suddenly collapsed without being struck. Cause of death was attributed to heart attack."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;13-Nov;1947;KO; ;Maxwell Henry Povey;25; ;povey;Devonport;Tasmania;Australia;ND;"(Hobart, Tasmania) Mercury, November 14, 1947; (Launceton, Tasmania) Examiner, December 13, 1947.  Povey was boxing for a prize in a boxing tent run by the Paulson show. He collapsed and died. The boxers donated all proceeds to the family. The coroner ruled cause of death was due to heart disease."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
ND;30-Nov;1947;KO; ;Nobuo Komiya; ;;komiya;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Art Rabonza;13-Feb;1948;KO;;Joe Nunez;17;;nunez;Santa Ana;California;USA;Middle;(Reno) Nevada State Journal, February 14, 1948. Nunez was knocked down several times. He collapsed in the ring, and died later that day. ; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Ezzard Charles;20-Feb;1948;KO;10;Samuel A. Crandall (Sam Baroudi);20;Y;baroudi;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light Heavy;"Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1948; Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1948; Chicago Daily Tribune, February 22, 1948; New York Times, February 24, 1948; Lima (Ohio) News, March 7, 1948; New York Times, March 9, 1948. At age 20, Crandall was too young to be legally fighting 10-round fights in Illinois. Moreover, he had suffered severe head injuries during two previous bouts. Nonetheless, his manager, Mike Spinelli, matched him against the current world champion. Crandall died in hospital six hours after being knocked out; cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage. According to press reports, Spinelli's chief concern as his fighter lay dying was that he (Spinelli) got his share of the purse. Afterwards, Spinelli and Crandall's trainer were barred from promoting boxing in Illinois. The coroner's jury also recommended that athletic commission physicians be allowed to stop fights for medical reasons, and that boxers be required to carry cards listing their previous injuries."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
"Fidencio ""Freddie"" Herrera";27-Feb;1948;KO;4;Leroy Decatur;20;Y;decatur;Hollywood;California;USA;Feather;"New York Times, February 28, 1948; Herrin (Illinois) Daily Journal, February 28, 1948; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 29, 1948; Los Angeles Times, March 11, 1948; Los Angeles Times, March 13, 1948. Going into the fourth, Decatur was clearly leading on points. Then, at 2:50 in the fourth (and final) round, Decatur was hit with a left to the jaw and a right to the body. He stood still for a moment, then collapsed as the crowd booed and jeered.  Cause of death was listed as ""an acute dilation of the heart due to overexertion."" However, in 1946, Decatur had fallen off a horse and subsequently suffered headaches and double vision; he had also been hospitalized five weeks in 1947 for heart problems. Nonetheless, he was licensed in January 1948, and this was his first pro bout. The purse was $75, which after management fees, meant $49.50 (about $450 in today's dollars) for Decatur's estate."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Fernando Jannilli;12-Mar;1948;KO;8;Francesco Loi; ;Y;loi;Rome;;Italy;Welter;New York Times, March 13, 1948. Loi died eight hours after this bout.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;16-Mar;1948;KO; ;Shogo Koyama; ;;koyama;Tokyo;;Japan;Middle;Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000). Koyama had lost at least two bouts (both against Hachiro Tatsumi) since November 1947.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Gilbert Acevedo;18-Mar;1948;KO;2;Christoper Iacona;13;Y;iacona;Brooklyn ;New York;USA;Fly (70-lb);"New York Times, March 19, 1948; New York Times, March 20, 1948. The bout took place in the gym of Public School 29 in Brooklyn. The contests were informal, and consisted of three two-minute rounds, with 1-1/2 minute rest periods. Sixteen ounce gloves were worn. Iacona collapsed in the ring, and died in hospital. Cause of death was attributed to meningitis and thymico-lymphaticus. (The latter is medical jargon that is no longer used, but in those days, it referred to an unexplained death in a youth with an enlarged thymus.) Iacona's parents took the case to court, arguing that the city was negligent because no physical examinations were required and that no training had been provided. At superior court, the jury found for the parents, but in 1955, when the case finally reached the appeals court, the court ruled that the city was not ""under a duty to examine physically every participant in an athletic activity."" The case law is Iacona v. Board of Education of City of New York, 285 A.D. 1168, 140 N.Y.S. 2d 539."; ;Amateur;Enlarged thymus;Soon after;Unfitness; ;
Manuel Perez Parrado;29-Mar;1948;Wdec;3;Gerardo Hernandez Loyola;23;Y;hernandez;Caibarien;;Cuba;ND;"New York Times, March 30, 1948; Chicago Daily Tribune, March 30, 1948. At the end of the bout, Hernandez walked to his corner, where he collapsed. Reportedly, he was barely touched during the match; instead, he had dominated. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jim Stimpson;13-Apr;1948;KO;6;Mickey Markey;18;Y;markey;Wolverhampton;West Midlands;England;Feather;"Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, April 14, 1948; New York Times, April 15, 1948. This was Markey's second pro fight. He had lost the first one, on March 10, 1948, by knockout. In this bout, Markey was knocked down in the sixth, and never recovered consciousness. The coroner's jury ruled death by misadventure. Stimpson, who had just turned 17, continued boxing professionally for another eight years."; ;Pro;;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Calvin Coolidge Lytell (Bert Lytell, the Chocolate Kid);21-Apr;1948;TKO;6;"Johnny L. ""Jackie"" Darthard";18;Y;darthard;Milwaukee;Wisconsin;USA;Middle;"Fresno (California) Bee Republican, January 25, 1948; New York Times, April 22, 1948; Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, April 22, 1948; Moberly (Missouri) Monitor-Index, April 22, 1948; La Cross (Wisconsin) Tribune, April 23, 1948; Oelwein (Iowa) Daily Register, April 24, 1948; Edwardsville (Illinois) Intelligencer, April 24, 1948; TIME, May 3, 1948; Pete Ehrmann, ""The Jackie Darthard Story,"" CBZ Journal March 1999, http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/box3-99.htm; Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Census Place: Precinct 3, Panola, Texas; Roll: 2382; Page: 14B; Enumeration District: 10; Image: 786.0; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 573; Tracy Allen, ""Special Tribute PlannedThis Weekend,"" Kansas City (Kansas) Call, May 19, 2008, http://www.kccall.com/article.cfm?articleid=2386.  Darthard, a former national amateur flyweight champion, had fought 33 times in the past two years, and before the fight, he complained of headaches. Nonetheless, he took the fight because he was sure that it would be his lucky break. It was not. Instead, he was knocked down twice during the third round, but the referee refused to stop the fight. Consequently, Lytell went back out, and hammered Darthard some more. Darthard was knocked down again in the sixth. After the sixth round ended, Darthard walked to his corner. He sat down, told his manager that all he knew was that he was fighting in Milwaukee, and then fell off his stool. He was carried out of the ring on a stretcher, and he died next morning. Cause of death was an aneurysm on the left side of the brain. In 1951, Darthard's trainer, Arrington ""Bubble"" Klice, quit training pros, and subsequently only trained Golden Gloves boxers."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
ND;30-Apr;1948;TKO;;Alan Ralph Burke;16; ;burke;Watsonia;Victoria;Australia;ND;"(Perth, Australia) Daily News, May 1, 1948; (Bournie, Tasmania) Advocate, May 28, 1948. The youth was participating in a boxing carnival intended to raise funds for families affected by a recent fire. Between rounds, he groaned and collapsed. He died on the scene.Cause of death was heart failure. The coroner noted the outh had a history of infantile paralysis and rheumatic fever."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Tommy Downes;10-May;1948;KO;2;John David Windrop (Joe Burns);27;Y;burns;Auckland;;New Zealand;Light Heavy;"Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, May 27, 1948; San Mateo (California) Times and Daily News Leader, May 27, 1948; Canberra (Australia) Times, May 27, 1948. It was probably Windrop's first pro fight. During the bout, he was knocked down. His head reportedly struck the floor. He was hospitalized, and he died on May 25. Cause of death was attributed to skull fracture. At the inquest, it was reported that Windrop was wanted for crimes in Fiji."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;Fall; ;
Lupe Quintana;8-Jun;1948;KO;3;Lloyd Martinez;19;Y;martinez;Salida;Colorado;USA;Light;"Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, June 9, 1948; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, June 9, 1948; Long Beach (California) Press-Telegram, June 9, 1948. Martinez had been knocked down earlier in the fight, but as he came out for the start of the third round, he did not appear to be in bad shape. Then he spun around and fell unconscious to the floor. He died in hospital an hour later. Cause of death was listed as concussion of the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
J. Erasmus;4-Jul;1948;KO;3;Elias Karasellos;27;Y;karasellos;Salisbury;;Rhodesia;Light Heavy;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Roy Higa;8-Jul;1948;KO;8;Jose Poticor Berje (Black Joe, Little Joe);29;Y;berje;Stockton;California;USA;Feather;"Bradford (Pennsylvania) Era, July 10, 1948; Fayetteville (Arkansas) Northwest Arkansas Times, July 9, 1948; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, July 14, 1948; (Salt Lake City) Pacific Citizen, July 17, 1948; Pacific Citizen, July 24, 1948;  Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line].  Berje was knocked down three times during the eighth round, and he was carried from the ring unconscious. Cause of death was brain contusion. Following this death, the California State Athletic Commission began requiring a standing 8-count following all knockdowns, and asked promoters to use eight-ounce gloves instead of six-ounce gloves."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;2-Aug;1948;KO; ;George Pawson (John Delaney);52; ;pawson;Leeds;West Yorkshire;England;ND;Manchester (England) Guardian, August 3, 1948. Pawson was a booth boxer. The occasion was Leed's Hunslet Feast. He boxed on Friday, and suffered a concussion that was treated at the local infirmary. On Monday, he returned to the booth. This time, he collapsed in the ring, and he was dead by the time the ambulance arrived. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Second injury;;
Johnny Haynes;16-Sep;1948;KO;8;"Bill ""Chicken"" Thompson";21;Y;thompson;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Light Heavy;"Philadelphia Inquirer, September 22, 1948; New York Times, September 22, 1948. Thompson was knocked out with three seconds left in the eighth. He failed to regain consciousness, and died in hospital following an operation for the removal of a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Bobby McQuillar;29-Sep;1948;TKO;8;Felix Gomez (Kid Dinamita);22;Y;gomez;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Welter;"New York Times, October 1, 1948; Oakland Tribune, October 1, 1948. During the seventh round, Gomez was knocked down. He took a nine-count, but stood back up. Then, three seconds before the bell ended the eighth round, he was knocked down again. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and he died about four hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. It was Gomez's 22nd birthday."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Basil Tsendze;28-Oct;1948;KO; ;Moses Poto;23;Y;poto;Port Elizabeth;;South Africa;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;4-Jun;1948;Training; ;"Leon ""Ken"" Kennedy";25;Y;kennedy;New York ;New York;USA;Middle;"Canberra (Australia) Times, June 5, 1948; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, June 8, 1948, http://www.boxrec.com. Kennedy, a middleweight, was training in preparation for a job as a sparring partner for Joe Louis, who was then preparing for his defense against Jersey Joe Walcott. Several days before reporting to Louis's camp, Kennedy collapsed and died while jogging around Prospect Park in Brooklyn. Cause of death was listed as heart attack. Kennedy's last known match was in November 1946. During his career, he lost 25 out of 32 fights, 5 by knockout, and one of his wins was due his opponent being penalized for low blows."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Later;; ;
Meyer;ND;1948;KO;;Jimmy Koko; ;;koko;Surabaya;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
William Holmes;27-Jan;1949;TKO;3;Charles Byas;20;Y;byas;Moberly;Missouri;USA;Light Heavy (175-lb);"Jefferson City (Missouri) Post-Tribune, January 28, 1949; New York Times, January 28, 1949; Chicago Defender, February 12, 1949. The competition was in the novice division of the tournament. Byas was a student at Lincoln University.  Byas was knocked down, and the referee stopped the fight. He did not get up, and he was carried from the ring unconscious. The roads were icy, and he died enroute to the hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Cause of death was ruled accidental, and no inquest was performed."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Auguste Caulet;12-Feb;1949;KO;10;Ali Mekoui; ;Y;mekoui;Algiers;Algeria;France;Light;Joplin (Missouri) Globe, April 21, 1949. The Ring, May 1949, said the fight took place in Paris.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Peter Brander;10-Mar;1949;TKO;3;Andre Le Floch;19;Y;le floch;Walworth;London;England;Feather;"Manchester (England) Guardian, March 13, 1949; Manuel Velazquez collection. Le Floch walked out of the ring. He collapsed, and he died in hospital 32 hours later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. He had previously complained of headaches."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Charles Cotton;20-Mar;1949;Exh;3;Art Jackson;18;Y;jackson;Toledo;Ohio;USA;Light heavy;"New York Times, March 21, 1949; Kingsport (Tennessee) Times, March 21, 1949; Lima (Ohio) News, March 21, 1949; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, March 24, 1949. During the sparring, Jackson was hit at least three times in the head. During the inquest, Cotton testified that Jackson had told him before the match that he had fallen in the dressing room before the match. The coroner attributed death to subdural hemorrhage, and ruled the cause ""accidental."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Tote Martinez;29-Mar;1949;KO;9;"William Gerald ""Billy"" Cornwell";25;Y;cornwell;San Jose;California;USA;Light;"Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, March 30, 1949; Mount Pleasant (Iowa) News, March 30, 1949; Billings (Montana) Gazette, March 31, 1949; New York Times, March 31, 1949; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, March 31, 1949; Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. Both boxers were 3 pounds overweight for this bout. Cornwell, who had a concussion following a fight on October 18, 1947, and who had been advised to retire from the ring, took a straight right to the chin. His head bounced on the floor, which had less padding than was required by state law. He was carried to the dressing room, and then to the hospital. He died the following morning. Cause of death was concussion and blood clot. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
Carlos Ramirez;1-Apr;1949;KO; ;Alfred John Cavanaugh;19;Y;cavanaugh;Memphis Naval Air Station;Tennessee;USA;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 2, 1949. Cavanaugh, a US Marine private, died of injuries received while participating in a boxing tournament at the naval station; reportedly, his head struck the ring floor during a fall."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Johnny Efhan;19-Apr;1949;KO;5;Frederick Bungat (Freddy Sylvano);32;Y;bungat;Honolulu;Hawaii;USA;Feather;Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, April 21, 1949. Cause of death was massive subdural hemorrhage.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Hocine Rabah;7-May;1949;Ldec;10;Mustapha Rafai; ;Y;rafai;Algiers;Algeria;France;Fly;Indiana (Pennsylvania) Evening Gazette, March 31, 1949; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Joseph Malone;8-Jun;1949;Sparring;;Evangelist Ramos;28;Y;ramos;New York;New York;USA;Feather;New York Times, June 9, 1949. Ramos fell during a sparring session. He stood up, said he was all right, and then collapsed.; ;Pro;;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
ND;26-Jul;1949;KO;;Herman Fleissner;29;Y;fleissner;Frankfurt;;Germany;ND;New York Times, July 28, 1949. Fleissner was knocked down by a blow to the left side of the head. He died soon after the bout. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Mok Khai Khoon;6-Aug;1949;KO;4;Nai Tom Chai;26;Y;Tom Chai;Singapore;;Singapore;Feather;"(Singapore) Straits Times, August 17, 1949; (Singapore) Singapore Free Press, January 23, 1954. Tom Chai was knocked down. He stood up, and was knocked down again. This time, he did not get up. He was taken to hospital, where he died two hours later. Cause of death was a fractured skull with subdural hematoma. The inquest noted that Tom Chai had been hospitalized for brain injury during October and November 1948, and also sought treatment in May 1949."; ;Pro;;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Angel Casano;9-Sep;1949;KO; ;Urbano Rodriguez;;Y;rodriguez;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Heavy;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Jack Friday (Jack Hassen);19-Sep;1949;KO;11;Archie Kemp;24;Y;kemp;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"New York Times, September 21, 1949;  ?Joe Wallis passes on,? Australian Ring Digest, December 1952, 22-23; Sydney Morning Herald, December 10, 2002; Richard Broome, ""Wallis, Joseph John (1888-1952),"" Australian Dictionary of Biography, http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A160567b.htm; Arnold Thomas Boxing Collection, National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3790762; Geoff Moore, ""Fact Sheet: Aborigines and Sport,"" http://www.aaa.com.au/hrh/aboriginal/factsht55.shtml; Tony Nobbs, ""Jack Hassen: 1925-2002,"" Eastside Boxing, http://www.eastsideboxing.com/boxing-news/nobbs1212.php. Going into the tenth round, Kemp was ahead on the judges' scorecards. Then, during the tenth, Hassen began to score some heavy blows, and by the eleventh round, he had Kemp helpless on the ropes. Hassen begged the referee to stop the fight, but referee Joe Wallis (born Joseph Joseph Newton; Wallis was a name he took back when he boxed welterweight) ordered, ""Box on!"" Hassen did as he was told, and Kemp was carried from the ring on a stretcher. Cause of death was a combination of a torn left lung and cerebral hemorrhage.";Australian;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Carlos Ramirez;3-Oct;1949;KO;;Salvador Ramos; ;Y;ramos;Cuernevaca;;Mexico;Feather;"Ring Magazine; Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, February 24, 1950. ";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Frank Czjewski (Lee Oma);4-Oct;1949;Ldec;10;Enrico Bertola;27;Y;bertola;Buffalo;New York;USA;Heavy;"Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 5, 1949; New York Times, October 6, 1947. Bertola, the former Italian heavyweight champion, collapsed shortly after the fight and died. He had been suspended in Illinois nine months earlier, following a second-round knockout by Bob Foxworth that left him unconscious for six hours. Nonetheless, he still fought three times in California. Cause of death was given as concussion and intercranial hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Luther Rawlings (Luther Minor Jr.);10-Oct;1949;KO;9;Talmadge Bussey;26;Y;bussey;Detroit;Michigan;USA;Light;"New York Times, October 12, 1949; Chicago Daily Tribune, October 12, 1949; Maureen O'Donnell, ""Boxer mentored hundreds of fighters,"" Chicago Sun-Times, March 13, 2012, http://www.suntimes.com/news/obituaries/11252169-418/boxer-mentoredhundreds-of-fighters.html.  Saved by the bell at the end of the eighth round, Bussey was visibly groggy as he answered the bell for the ninth. He had been hospitalized for concussion in December 1945. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ramon Garcia;17-Oct;1949;Ldec;;Jesus Barrientos;;Y;barrientos;Guanajuato;;Mexico;Welter;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Cause of death was listed as internal hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Internal injuries;Ring;; ;
ND;29-Oct;1949;KO;;Rino Bettolo;20;Y;bettolo;Milan;;Italy;Fly;Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia), November 2, 1949. Bettolo died in hospital following the fight. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Harold Marlette;13-Nov;1949;Sparring;;Eugene Potter;23;Y;potter;Ann Arbor;Michigan;USA;ND;Traverse City (Michigan) Record Eagle, November 15, 1949. The two men were sparring in the University of Michigan gym, where Marlette was the boxing instructor. Potter fell as he left the ring, and did not get up. He had sparred less than one round.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;28-Nov;1949;Sparring;;Donald F. Eberhardt;22;Y;eberhardt;Tucson;Arizona;USA;ND;"Pittsfield (Massachusetts) Berkshire Evening Eagle, December 1, 1949; New York Times, December 1, 1949.  Eberhardt was sparring at the University of Arizona's gym. Twelve-ounce gloves were being worn. He was knocked down, and reportedly hit his head on the ring floor. He failed to regain consciousness, and he died in hospital on December 1, 1949."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"Bob ""Bud"" Goldstein";30-Dec;1949;Sparring;;Arthur Almeida;23;Y;almeida;Providence;Rhode Island;USA;Feather;Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, December 31, 1949. Almeida was knocked unconscious during sparring, and remained in a coma until he died eight days later. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
George Small;22-Feb;1950;KO;10;Lavern Roach;24;Y;roach;New York;New York;USA;Middle;"New York Times, February 23, 1950; New York Times, February 24, 1950; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, February 23, 1950; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, February 24, 1950; Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, February 24, 1954. Ring's rookie of the year in 1947, Roach was severely beaten by Marcel Cerdan on March 12, 1948. He fought three more times and retired. In 1950, he decided to try a comeback. He won three fights. Before this fight, he had complained of a sore nose but nothing was found wrong; consequently, he was cleared to fight. During this fight, he was leading on points going into the eighth round. Then he took a solid right to the jaw. After that, he began to be battered. He was knocked down in the tenth but got up at the count of seven. He was knocked down a second time, and the referee stopped the fight without a count. Roach returned to his corner, and said, ""Damn it, this would happen."" Then he collapsed. The ringside doctor ordered a stretcher, and after a long wait for an ambulance, Roach was taken to the hospital, where he died 14 hours later. Cause of death was listed as subdural hematoma. Although few people saw the fight live (the weather was bad that night in New York), the fight was televised by the CBS network. Fights were shown live in those days, and for the last few minutes of the allotted time, the cameras focused on the medical activity in the unconscious boxer's corner."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;10-Mar;1950;KO;4;Francisco Nunez;19;;nunez;Mexico City;;Mexico;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Rudy Glen Paders;21-May;1950;KO;1;William Humphries;25;Y;humphries;Pontypridd;Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf);Wales;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, May 22, 1950; Chicago Daily Tribune, May 22, 1950; personal communication with Kim Paders-Ball, August 2, 2006. Humphries was a Royal Air Force boxer who came out of the crowd as a last minute substitute. He was knocked down at about 30 seconds into the first round, and his head hit the canvas with a thump. He was carried unconscious from the ring, and died soon after."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;kim21497@aol.com;
Jack Trimble;5-Jun;1950;KO;3;Aubrey Bell;18;;bell;Belfast;Antrim;Northern Ireland;ND;(Dublin) Irish Times, June 6, 1950. Bell entered the tournament because another boxer was ill. He was knocked to the ground in the third. He did not get up. A doctor was brought to the outdoor stadium, but Bell was dead by the time the doctor arrived. Death was attributed to the fall rather than the blow.; ;Amateur;;Ring;Fall; ;
Max Haynes;25-Jun;1950;KO;;Raymond L. Grandy Jr.;19;Y;grandy;Aboard SS Brazil, in the Atlantic; ;USA (At sea);ND;New York Times, June 27, 1950. SS Brazil was a Moore-McCormack liner, originally known as SS Virginia. Both boxers were members of the ship's company.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Jan Nicolaas;25-Jun;1950;KO;7;Jean Remie;26;Y;remie;Rotterdam; ;Holland;Light;"Long Beach (California) Independent, June 27, 1950; New York Times, June 27, 1950. Remie had boxed for The Netherlands during the 1948 Olympics. During this bout, he was knocked down, and did not get up. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Remie had been hospitalized following a knockout in Paris. This was reportedly Holland's first ring death in 25 years, and its third overall."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Diego Orsaez;died;1950;KO;4;Manuel Alvarez;23;Y;alvarez;Madrid; ;Spain;ND;"Kaplan collection, Brooklyn CUNY,http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf; New York Times, December 22, 1950. ";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Juan Venegas;21-Aug;1950;Wdec;10;Angel Miguel Morales (Max Morales);33;Y;morales;San Juan;Puerto Rico;USA;Feather;Long Beach (California) Independent, December 22, 1950. Morales was Puerto Rico's 1948 Golden Gloves champion. He was trying a comeback, and he died the night after an easy victory over Venegas. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Noel Trigg;25-Oct;1950;KO;;Gordon Avery;18;Y;avery;Newport;Monmouthshire;Wales;ND;Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, November 11, 1950. Avery was knocked out, and died of injuries a week later.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;19-Nov;1950;Sparring; ;Abdul Karim Djinjis;28;Y;djinis;Paris; ;France;ND;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press, November 24, 1950; Sydney (Australia) Herald, November 26, 1950. Djinis was sparring in the gym when he was hit hard to the jaw. Three days later, he died in hospital. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Roy ""Kid"" Sutherland";3-Nov;1950;KO;2;Alex Chisholm;23;;chisholm;South River;Nova Scotia;Canada;Middle;"New York Times, November 5, 1950; Len Solomon and Jerry Doiron, ""A history of boxing in Canada,"" http://www.canadianboxing.com/profiles_content.htm. Chisholm had been in an auto accident not long before this bout, during which he injured his head. However, he didn't want to call off the bout, for fear of being called a quitter."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Gene Pilcher;3-Dec;1950;KO;1;Alex Karell;;Y;karell;ND;Baden;Germany;Heavy;The Ring, April 1951.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Joseph ""Joe"" Madrid";7-Dec;1950;KO;2;"Samuel J. ""Johnny"" Lopez";26;Y;lopez;Merced;California;USA;Feather;"Pasco (Washington) Tri-City Herald, December 8, 1950; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, December 9, 1950; Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1950. During the second round, Lopez was knocked down. He stayed down to the count of eight. He got up, took one swing, and was then knocked out by a right to the face. Cause of death was a torn blood vessel in the cavernous sinus on the left side of the head. The medical examiner attributed this to the fall rather than blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Doug Hardy;15-Dec;1950;Wdec;4;"Terence Michael ""Terry"" Lynch";22;Y;lynch;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Canberra (Australia) Times, December 16, 1950; Canberra (Australia) Times, February 9, 1951. Lynch won the fight easily. He went home, then became violently ill. He was taken to the hospital, where he died following morning. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Percy Bassett;20-Dec;1950;KO;7;"Alfred ""Sonny Boy"" West";21;Y;west;New York;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, December 21, 1950; New York Times, December 22, 1950; New York Times, December 23, 1950; Syracuse (New York) Post Standard, December 23, 1950. West stepped into a straight right and his head hit the canvas with a thump. Before the fight, and again between the sixth and seventh rounds, he had complained of double vision. Cause of death was listed as subdural hemorrhage. The fight was televised, and the media response was savage. Sample newspaper headlines included ""Youngster has birthday unaware that her boxer-daddy has died of ring injuries,"" Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, December 22, 1950."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Vic Suatman;ND;1950;KO;;Rocky Wang (or Ricky Huang);;;wang;Surabaya;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;3-Jan;1951;KO;;Mario Storti;;Y;storti;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Hans Heidinger;7-Jan;1951;KO;3;Franz Mayr;17;Y;mayr;Linz;;Austria;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection. Mayr died on the way to the hospital.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
D.J. Mobedji;9-Jan;1951;KO;1;Krishnakumar Satgare;18;Y;satgare;Bombay;;India;Fly;Manuel Velazquez collection. The name is also shown as S. Kumar and K.V. Satghare. Anyway, he was boxing for Khalsa College. It was a varsity match. He collapsed in the ring. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Wesley Morgan;22-Jan;1951;Sparring;;Neleigh Walker;27;Y;walker;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light;"Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, January 23, 1951; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 23, 1951; (Madison) Wisconsin State Journal, January 23, 1951. Walker was sparring with Morgan, who was aged 16. Afterwards, Walker walked to his corner, where he collapsed. A doctor was called, but Walker as pronounced dead at the scene. Walker's last bout had been as an amateur in Kansas City in 1942."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Dale Colland;8-Feb;1951;TKO;1;John Shoddy;16;Y;shoddy;Fort Wayne;Indiana;USA;Light;"Monessen (Pennsylvania) Daily Independent, February 9, 1951; Harrisburg (Illinois) Daily Register, February 9, 1951. After the referee stopped fight, Shoddy walked to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died several hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;12-Feb;1951;Ndec;3;David Duane Zimmerman;13;Y;zimmerman;Kent;Minnesota;USA;ND;"Ames (Iowa) Daily Tribune, February 16, 1951; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, February 17, 1951; Ancestry.com. Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002 [database on-line]. The match took place during an unsupervised tournament. Zimmerman boxed three one minute rounds, then complained of a headache. Within 20 minutes, he showed signs of paralysis. He was taken to the hospital. Surgery was done two days later, but he died the day after the surgery. Cause of death was brain concussion. Mechanism was attributed to blows."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure;;
ND;5-Mar;1951;Sparring;;Richard Sinclair;23;Y;sinclair;San Francisco;California;USA;Middle;"Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News, March 6, 1951; Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, March 6, 1951; San Mateo (California) Times, March 6, 1951; Hayward (California) Daily Review, March 9, 1951. Sinclair had lost two fights in the past month to an opponent named Benito Rodriguez. Several days after his second fight with Rodriguez, Sinclair was in the gym, sparring. He stopped, saying that he didn't feel well, and then he collapsed. He was taken to St. Luke's Hospital, where he died the next day. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;Prior injury; ;
ND;26-Mar;1951;KO;3;Kurt Kosell;19;Y;kosell;Bamberg;;Germany;Welter;Chicago Daily Tribune, March 27, 1951. Kosell collapsed in the ring and died. Cause of death was head injury.;;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Mar/;1951;TKO;3;Gaston Mann;18;;mann;ND;;Trinidad and Tobago;Feather;Manuel Velazquez collection. Mann stood up, collapsed in the ring, and died in hospital.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Wal Dugan;29-Jun;1951;KO;12;"Laurie ""Snowy"" Peters";21;Y;peters;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Welter;"Canberra (Australia) Times, June 30, 1951; (Darwin, Australia) Northern Standard, July 6, 1951); Australian Ring Digest, August 1951, 26. Peters had a bad cold going into the bout, but apparently refused to withdraw on this basis. Going into the twelfth (and final scheduled) round, the score was even, with Peters perhaps ahead a little on the judges' scorecards. Peters was knocked down by rights to the head. His head did not hit the ring canvas. He stood up, then collapsed. The fight was stopped. A doctor was called, but it took at least eleven minutes before the doctor arrived. Peters, still unconscious, was taken to the hospital, where he died next morning. Cause of death was attributed to brain concussion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Ray Terrell;4-Jul;1951;KO;3;Michael L. Chandler;17;Y;chandler;Charlotte;North Carolina;USA;Light (133 lb.);"New York Times, July 5, 1951; Zanesville (Ohio) Signal, July 5, 1951; Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, July 5, 1951; Statesville (North Carolina) Landmark, July 5, 1951. It was Chandler's first bout. Physical examinations had not been given to the fighters prior to the matches, which were sponsored by the Disabled American Veterans and sanctioned by the Amateur Athletic Union. During the third round, Chandler turned glassy-eyed, then collapsed backwards without being hit. His head struck the ring ropes, then the floor. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Roger Donoghue;29-Aug;1951;KO;8;George Flores;20;Y;flores;New York;New York;USA;Welter;"Chicago Daily Tribune, September 3, 1951; Newport (Rhode Island) News, September 4, 1951; Joe Williams, TV Boxing Book (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1954); Oakland Tribune, December 13, 1955; Frederick (Maryland) Post, December 16, 1955; New York Times, December 20, 1951; Fergus Falls (Minnesota) Daily Journal, September 23, 1957; Frank Graham, Jr., A Farewell to Heroes (New York: Viking Press, 1981). The bout was on the undercard of the welterweight title fight between Kid Gavilan and Billy Graham. Although Donoghue was leading on points, the contest was fairly even for seven rounds. Then, in the eighth, Flores took a straight right to the mouth followed by a left hook to the chin. Flores hit the floor with an audible thud and the fight was stopped. Flores, visibly dazed, was rushed to the dressing room so that the ring could be prepared for the televised main event, and there he fell into a coma. Despite three surgeries in five days, he died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage, but some of the cerebral edema pre-existed the fatal bout. This is not surprising -- Flores had averaged two fights per month for the past 21 months, and he had lost two fights in the past five weeks by technical knockout. Following the autopsy, Flores's wife's family sued the International Boxing Corporation for negligence. In 1957, with the case going to trial, the International Boxing Corporation settled out of court for $30,500 (about $250,000, in today's dollars). In addition, investigations started as the result of this suit directly contributed to the demise of the company itself, as the investigations revealed that the company's practices were monopolistic and represented restraint of trade. The Flores family also sued the State Athletic Commission. In 1955, a New York superior court ruled that the Commission was responsible for the decisions of Commission-approved physicians, and awarded Mrs. Flores $80,000. The Commission appealed this determination, and, in a split decision, the appellate court reversed the lower court's ruling. Taken together, these two suits greatly accelerated the use of foam-padded rings, ropes, and buckles in New York. In addition, the furor caused the State Athletic Commission to rule that boxers take a mandatory 30-day break following knockouts. Of note, however, is the fact that the medical opinion in this case actually said that a boxer should take a 60-90 day break following a knockout. As an aside, Marlon Brando's famous line, ""I could have been a contender,"" is attributed to a post-fight conversation between Donogue and author Budd Schulberg. See Westchester (New York) Journal News, August 26, 2006, http://www.thejournalnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060826/NEWS02/608260308/1018/NEWS02. The published case law is Rosensweig v. State, 5 N.Y.2d 404, 158 N.E.2d 229, 185 N.Y.S.2d 521 (N.Y. Apr 09, 1959) (NO. 31049)."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;16-Nov;1951;KO;;Orvaldo Ricci;17;;ricci;Genoa;;Italy;ND;New York Times, November 22, 1951.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Nov;1951;KO;3;David John Redmond;22;Y;redmond;Aberystwyth;Dyfed;Wales;ND;(Dublin) Irish Times, November 28, 1951. Redmond, who was from Northern Ireland, fought a booth fighter at a fairground. He was knocked down, and did not get up. He died in hospital the following day. Death was attributed to the fall rather than the blows.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Peter Prinsloo;1-Dec;1951;KO;2;Jesse F. (Dotsei) Velleman;20;Y;velleman;Harrismith;;South Africa;Heavy;"Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, December 4, 1951; Washington Post, December 4, 1951. Velleman remained unconscious until his death two days later."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;30-Dec;1951;KO; ;Charles Taylor;17;Y;taylor;Chillicothe;Ohio;USA;ND;Zanesville (Ohio) Signal, December 31, 1951. Taylor was an inmate at the reformatory at Chillicothe, participating in a supervised match. He was knocked out and died. The warden attributed the death to Taylor striking his head on the floor.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Pierre Gress-Gyde (Pierre Greef);21-Jan;1952;KO;9;Mustapha Mustaphaoui;29;Y;mustaphaoui;Roubaix;;France;Fly;"Pittsfield (Massachusetts) Berkshire Evening Eagle, January 22, 1952; Canberra (Australia) Times, January 23, 1952. Mustaphaoui boxed from 1939 to 1952, and was a former flyweight champion of France. However, he had reportedly lost 17 of his last 22 fights. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
ND;7-Mar;1952;TKO;2;Jack Engleman;15;Y;engleman;LaCrosse;Washington;USA;ND;"Walla Walla (Washington) Union-Bulletin, March 9, 1952; Walla Walla (Washington) Union-Bulletin, March 12, 1953. This was a supervised match in a high school. The bouts were being staged to raise money for a new motion picture projector. During the fight, there were no knockdowns or seemingly hard blows. However, Engleman seemed to be getting very tired, so the referee (a school physical education teacher) stopped the match. Engleman went to the dressing room, where he collapsed and then died. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Tenejeros Boy;7-Apr;1952;KO;7;Young Canuto; ;Y;canuto;Davao City;;Philippines;Bantam;New York Times, April 8, 1952. Death occurred eight hours after the fight.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Pablo Aniello;9-Apr;1952;KO;;Manuel Torres; ;Y;torres;Cordoba;;Argentina;Middle;"New York Times, April 11, 1952; Hagerstown (Maryland) Daily Mail, April 12, 1952. Torres was knocked down by a blow to the solar plexus. He hit his head as he fell. Cause of death was brain injury. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;24-Apr;1952;KO;;Tamotsu Terada; ;;terada;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000).;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;17-May;1952;KO;;A. R. Naidoo; ;Y;naidoo;Durban;;South Africa;Feather;(Singapore) Singapore Free Press. Naidoo collapsed after leaving the ring. It was his third bout of the evening. Cause of death was head injury.;Natal (South Africa) non-white championship;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
C. Burns;24-May;1952;WKO;3;Billy Wilkins;19;Y;wilkins;Newbridge;Monmouthshire (Gwent);Wales;ND;Salisbury (Maryland) Times, May 27, 1952. Twenty minutes after the fight, Wilkins complained of dizziness and then collapsed. He died the following day. Cause of death was given as hemorrhage of the brain. A coal miner, Wilkins had been hit in the head by a large stone three weeks earlier.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Peter Schmidt;30-Jul;1952;KO;2;"John ""Jack"" McLean";22;Y;mclean;Rotorua;;New Zealand;Heavy;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Lucien Galleres (Star Matnog);2-Aug;1952;Ldec;10;Kid Liberty;;Y;liberty;Tacloban;;Philippines;Light;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com ";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Tommy Barnabas;27-Aug;1952;Ldec;8;Momaduo Nyang (Mickey Johnson);20;Y;nyang;Lancaster;Lancashire;England;Welter;Manchester (England) Guardian, September 10, 1952. In the seventh round, Nyang was knocked down but saved by the bell. In the eighth, he was hit repeatedly in the head, and he collapsed. The doctor examined him, and he began walking to the dressing room. He collapsed again, and was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was listed as subdural hematoma.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Josip Pavelich;27-Aug;1952;KO;;Nicholas Vamvakas;22;Y;vamvakas;Athens;;Greece;ND;"(Singapore) Singapore Free Press, August 30, 1952; Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, August 31, 1952. Vamvakas collapsed after being struck on the head. He regained consciousness briefly, then fell into a coma. He died next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jesus Ponce de Leon;20-Sep;1952;KO;2;Salvador Cerda;;Y;cerda;Mexico City;;Mexico;Bantam;Manuel Velazquez collection. Cerda collapsed in the ring and died. Cause of death was said to be heart attack.;;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Charley Joseph;3-Oct;1952;KO;6;"Jimmy ""Bud"" Taylor";21;Y;taylor;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;Welter;"New York Times, October 6, 1952; Austin (Minnesota) Daily Herald, October 6, 1952. After the fight, Taylor underwent a six-hour operation but died two days later. Cause of death was listed as brain concussion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jacob N'tuli (Jake Tuli);4-Nov;1952;Ldec;10;Honore Pratesi;31;Y;pratesi;London;London;England;Fly;"New York Times, November 7, 1952; New York Times, November 12, 1952; London Times, November 13, 1952; (Johannesburg, South Africa) Sun Times, Clinton Van der Berg, ""A gutsy little boxer who punched above his weight,"" November 29, 1998, http://www.suntimes.co.za/1998/11/29/insight/in09.htm. Pratesi was the former flyweight champion of France. After the knockout, he was taken to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. Cause of death was asphyxia following rupture of vein between brain and skull. The coroner's verdict was death by misadventure. As an aside, N'tuli was never offered a chance at a world championship -- the reigning champion, Japan's Yoshio Shirai, was unwilling to risk losing his title to a black man. Nonetheless, he was the first black South African to win an Empire championship (against Teddy Gardner, on September 8, 1952). "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Jose Pons;8-Nov;1952;KO;9;Emilio Nestor Jackson;23;;jackson;Temperley;;Argentina;Middle;"Dallas Morning News, November 24, 1952; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, November 10, 1952. Jackson, who was from Venezuela, had lost his last three fights, but he had just gotten married and needed money. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Nov;1952;KO;2;Stephen B. Flerchinger;21;Y;flerchinger;Colorado Springs;Colorado;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, November 22, 1952; Syracuse (New York) Post Standard, November 22, 1952. After taking several punches to the body, Flerchinger gasped and fell backwards into the ropes. The fight was stopped and he was taken to the base hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival.The autopsy did not reveal cause of death. It was Flerchinger's third fight in three weeks; he had lost the first two by decision, but had never previously been knocked down."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Casildo Montero;22-Nov;1952;KO;2;Remo Anibal Charra;23;Y;charra;Bolivar;;Argentina;Middle;"New York Times, November 24, 1952; Williamsport (Pennsylvania) Gazette and Bulletin, November 25, 1952. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;4-Dec;1952;KO;;Leonard Davidson;30;Y;davidson;London;London;England;Feather;Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, December 9, 1952. Davidson died four days after the match.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Lionel Wickard;10-Dec;1952;Ldec;3;Donald A. Millard;22;Y;millard;Golden;Colorado;USA;ND;New York Times, December 12, 1952. Lionell was boxing in an intramural tournament at the Colorado School of Mines. Headgear and 12-ounce gloves were being worn. Lionell collapsed soon after the bout, and he died the following morning. Cause of death was subdural hematoma.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jonny Veron;23-Jan;1953;KO;1;Len Lorier;30;Y;lorier;Guernsey;;Channel Islands;Light Heavy;"Rob Batiste, ""Coming in all sizes, they were simply the finest,"" Guernsey Press and Star, November 3, 2007, http://www.thisisguernsey.com/code/showsportarticle.pl?ArticleID=017122; Ring Record Book 1953. The venue was St. George's Hall. Lorier fell, and his head reportedly hit either (or both) the ropes and the floor. He died next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage caused by a double fracture of base of skull. At the time, an eccentric New Zealander ran the local boxing club, which turned out a number of good boxers during the 1950s. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/walks/05.shtml)"; ;Amateur;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Joe Ortiz;24-Jan;1953;TKO;1;James W. Nelson;20;Y;nelson;Brooks Air Force Base;Texas;USA;Middle;Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel, January 28, 1953. The fight was between a boxer from Brooks Air Force Base (near San Antonio) and a sailor from Corpus Christi Naval Air Station. The referee stopped the fight in the first round. Nelson protested the referee's decision to stop the fight. He then left the ring. Soon after, he collapsed. He died in hospital on January 27. Death was attributed to a blood clot on the brain.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Nagle;29-Jan;1953;Ldec;3;John Lanham;24;Y;lanham;Honiton;Devon;England;Light;"New York Times, January 30, 1953; Oakland Tribune, January 30, 1953. Both boxers were soldiers in the British Army. After the bout, Lanham collapsed in the dressing room and he died in hospital.";British Army;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Billy Taylor Jr.;29-Jan;1953;KO;3;Eugene Zajcew;18;Y;zajcew;Westerly;Rhode Island;USA;Light;Bedford (Pennsylvania) Gazette, January 31, 1953. Zajcew collapsed in the ring and he died the following day.;;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Chucho Jimenez;31-Jan;1953;KO;5;Nicholas Acosta Flores;24;Y;acosta;Mexicali;;Mexico;Welter;Oakland Tribune, February 6, 1953. Flores died in a San Diego hospital. Cause of death was brain injury.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Salvador Mares;21-Feb;1953;KO;8;George Cox;21;Y;cox;Durango;;Mexico;Light;Ring Record Book 1953. ;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;25-Feb;1953;KO;1;Harold Tony Adams;19;Y;adams;Royal Air Force Station Coningsby;Lincolnshire;England;ND;"New York Times, February 27, 1953; ""Boxing: On the ropes?"" http://www.pro.gov.uk/inthenews/boxing/1965RAFreport3500.jpg. It was Adams' second fight of the tournament. The fight was stopped in the first round, after Adams had taken an eight-count and then fallen. The autopsy reported cause of death as cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and cardiac failure. Both boxers were members of the Royal Air Force. Thus, they were included in the study by T.N.N. Brennan and P.J. O'Connor, ""Incidence of Boxing Injuries in the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom 1953-66,"" British Journal of Industrial Medicine 25:4, October 1968, 326-329. According to this study, during the period 1953-1966, ""240 Royal Air Force amateur boxers sustained injuries in the ring which resulted in the loss of 2,627 working days... These accidents included 142 injuries of the head and neck; 139 of these men returned to duty after a mean period off work of nine days. There were 39 injuries to the upper limbs which resulted in a mean period off duty of 12 days. All other injuries due to boxing totalled 59. These men returned to work after an average stay in hospital of 16 days. In the period 153-66 there were two fatal injuries due to boxing and one injury which resulted in invaliding."" (327) Thus, from a statistical standpoint, of every 1,000 airmen ""entering the ring, 6.2 sustained an injury which made them unfit for work for some days... The figure of about 300 minor head injuries in 11,820 man-bouts may be the most important statistic in measuring the dangers of boxing as a sport."" (328)"; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Fernando Silva;7-Mar;1953;KO;7;Pedro Javier Hernandez; ;Y;hernandez;Guantanamo;;Cuba;Light;Manuel Velazquez collection;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Clifford Williams;10-Mar;1953;Sparring;;James Jones;22;Y;jones;Chicago;Illinois;USA;Light;Ring Record Book 1953. Jones was sparring with a professional. He was knocked down, and he died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was a brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;17-Mar;1953;TKO;3;Cloyd Hughes Jr.;16;Y;hughes;Hotchkiss;Colorado;USA;Welter (147-lbs);Fresno (California) Bee Republican, May 20, 1953. Hughes attended school for two days after the bout, then became unconscious. He was transported to a hospital in Denver, where he died. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. ; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Charles Cator;24-Mar;1953;KO;3;Clifton Johnson;17;Y;johnson;Lancaster;Pennsylvania;USA;Welter (147-lbs);"New York Times, March 24, 1953; Chicago Daily Tribune, March 24, 1953; Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, March 24, 1953; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, March 25, 1953. It was Johnson's fourth fight. He took a nine-count in the first round, and was counted out in the third. He left the ring, then collapsed (or was dropped) at least two times before reaching the dressing room. He died a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as cerebral concussion and intracranial hemorrhage. The coroner ruled death accidental.";Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Andrew Moody;25-Mar;1953;KO;1;Merrill Silverstein;18;Y;silverstein;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Welter (147-lbs);"Oakland Tribune, March 25, 1953; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, March 27, 1953; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 30, 1953; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, March 30, 1953. Silverstein was a junior at Western Reserve University. The venue was an intramural contest in which boxers were fighting for their fraternities. Mouthguards and headgear were worn. After winning one bout, Silverstein complained of headaches, but after examination by the doctor, he was allowed to participate in the finals. About fifteen seconds into the bout, he was struck in the face three times, and he collapsed. He died in hospital without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was massive intracranial hemorrhage. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Brown;21-Apr;1953;TKO;5;Dick Miller;22;Y;miller;Worcester;Massachusetts;USA;Welter;"Brainerd (Minnesota) Daily Dispatch, April 22, 1953; Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, April 22, 1953; New York Times, April 22, 1953; Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News, April 22, 1953; Lowell (Maine) Sun, April 22, 1953. Miller, reportedly undefeated in 10 fights, was struck hard in the solar plexus during the fourth round. He collapsed in his corner between the fifth and sixth rounds, and he died in the dressing room. According to the autopsy report, cause of death was ""cerebral edema, swelling of the brain probably caused by consistent blows to the head."""; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Dick Lowe;11-May;1953;TKO;12;Johnnie Slockie;22;Y;slockie;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, May 13, 1953; ?John Slockie dies,? Australian Ring Digest, June 1953, 8; Canberra (Australia) Times, July 4, 1953. Although Slockie was brought in as a last-minute substitute, he viewed this as an important fight, because if he did well, then he anticipated being promoted to main events. Slockie was leading on the judges' scorecards until the eighth round. Then he began to be hit repeatedly, and he was knocked down in the eleventh round. After the fight, Slockie was taken to the hospital, where he lost consciousness and died the following day. Cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage, accidentally received."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Maurice Hautois;16-May;1953;KO;5;Lucien Innocenti; ;Y;innocenti;Rheims;;France;Bantam;Toledo (Ohio) Blade, May 17, 1953. ;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Lawrence Abayomi (Eddie) Phillips;29-Jun;1953;KO;8;Homicide Illori;21;Y;illori;Lagos;;Nigeria;Welter;New York Times, July 2, 1953.  Illori was knocked down in the third round. He was taken to hospital, where he died. This was reportedly the third boxing fatality in Lagos in 18 months.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Guajiro de Nivas (Candido Gonzalez);11-Jul;1953;Draw;8;Julian Varona;27;Y;varona;Havana;;Cuba;Light;"Bradford (Pennsylvania) Era, Tuesday, July 14, 1953; Kansas City (Missouri) Times, July 14, 1953. Varona was hit hard during the seventh. He finished the fight, walked to the dressing room, and then collapsed. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Kenny Yates;18-Jul;1953;KO;1;Robert L. Lee (Bobby Leonard);24;Y;lee;Miami Beach;Florida;USA;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1953; Troy (New York) Record, August 20, 1953; Kenny Yates as told to W.C. Heinz, ""I killed a man in the ring,"" Argosy, July 1954, 23, 54-57. Lee, a US Marine sergeant, was struck a light right hand blow below the heart. He fell backwards through the ropes, went into convulsions, and was pronounced dead in the dressing room. Death was originally attributed to cardiac arrest, and later to brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Roy Hernandez;2-Sep;1953;TKO;10;Jesus Morales Ortiz (Chucho Morales);24;Y;morales;Mexico City;;Mexico;Feather;New York Times, September 5, 1953. Morales lost consciousness in the dressing room and died two days later.;;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Mayan Kid;12-Sep;1953;KO;;Frankie Carpi;20;;carpi;Zamboanga;;Philippines;Bantam;Ring Record Book 1953.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Abie Farrell;19-Sep;1953;KO;5;Johnny Johnson;22;Y;johnson;Laurenco Marques;Mozampique;South Africa;Light;"Modesto (California) Bee, September 23, 1953; Ottawa Citizen, September 23, 1953; (Singapore) Straits Times, September 23, 1953.  Cause of death was said to have been a blow over the heart.";South African Navy;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Sep;1953;Sparring;;Johnson Hicks;21;Y;hicks;Pendleton;Indiana;USA;ND;"Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune, September 29, 1953; Anderson (Indiana) Herald, September 30, 1953. This was a supervised match in a prison. Cause of death was ruptured spleen."; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring; ; ;
Kid Frisco;17-Oct;1953;Ldec;8;Boy Nardo; ;N;nardo;Puerto Princessa;;Philippines;ND;(Singapore) Straits Times, October 19, 1953. Nardo collapsed after the fight and died in hospital the following morning. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Tony Fisher;13-Nov;1953;Ldec;12;Roy Chapman;22;Y;chapman;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Light;"(Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia) Morning Bulletin, November 17, 1953; Australian Ring Digest, Special Edition No. 4, March 1954, 8-9. Both boxers were club fighters, and neither was a heavy puncher. Nonetheless, Chapman collapsed after the bout. He died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as massive brain trauma, and attributed to preexisting injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Mohammed Chickaoui;6-Dec;1953;TKO;9;Raymond Grassi;23;Y;grassi;Marseilles;;France;Feather;"Dallas Morning News, December 9, 1953; Bedford (Pennsylvania) Gazette, December 9, 1953; Gazetted de Lausanne, December 15, 1953. Grassi was the featherweight champion of France, and he had won his last thirty fights. He was knocked down twice in the fight, and collapsed in the ring in the ninth. Therefore, his manager would not let him go out for the tenth round.Grassi died two days later of brain injury. Autopsy revealed that he had been taking drugs to keep his weight down.";French;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight, amphetamines; ;
ND;8-Dec;1953;Sparring; ;Thomas McKenzie;16; ;mckenzie;Toowoomba;Queensland;Australia;ND;Cairns (Australia) Post,  December 10, 1953. McKenize was sparring when he collapsed and died. Cause of death was cerebral compression and intracranial hemorrhage, and attributed to a previous bout at the State championships in Brisbane.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury;;
ND;ND;1953;KO; ;ND; ; ;nd;Tianjin (Tientsin); ;China;ND;"Los Angeles  Times, February 5, 1989; New York Times, December 20, 1979; Even Osnos, ""We told the world with our fists that China is strong,"" The Observer, May 4, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/may/04/boxing.china.This death caused boxing to be dropped from subsequent Chinese National Games; it was not reestablished in the People's Republic until the 1970s, when Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping decided that China should begin actively pursuing Olympic medals."; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Afioga Polataivao (Fosi Schmidt);18-Feb;1954;Sparring;;Vaipou Ainu'u;35;Y;ainu'u;Apia;American Samoa;USA;Heavy;"Austin (Minnesota) Daily Herald, December 27, 1954; ""Fosi Schmidt,"" BoxRec.com, Wiki, June 3, 2007, http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Fosi_Schmidt. Schmidt was a well-regarded professional boxer. His sparring partner was a local policeman. The two men were sparring in a ring at the local police station. Ainu'u was knocked down, and he suffered head injuries when his head hit the ring floor. He died on the way to the hospital."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Robert Blanton;26-Feb;1954;KO;3;Jesse James Hylton;22;Y;hylton;Parks Air Force Base;California;USA;Light Heavy;"Bedford (Pennsylvania) Gazette, March 2, 1954; Reno Evening Gazette, December 15, 1954; Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. Hylton was in the Air Force, and Blanton was in the Army. During the third round, Hylton's headgear became dislodged and while trying to straighten it, he was hit about twenty times. He collapsed, and died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Although advertised as safety devices, headgear mostly reduces cuts and bruises. The modern foam-and-cloth headgear dates to the early 1930s. See, for example, W.D. Hamby's US Patent No. 1,887,636, ""Boxing Mask,"" which was filed August 6, 1931."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Headgear; ;
ND;14-Mar;1954;ND; ;Alfred Klein;20; ;klein;Bonn; ;Germany;Fly;(Melbourne, Australia) Argus, April 6, 1954. Klein collapsed after leaving the ring, and died in hospital about three weeks later. Cause of death was listed as internal injuries.; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Soon after;;;
ND;2-Apr;1954;Training;;Lawrence Marshall Crump Jr.;19;;crump;Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island;South Carolina;USA;ND;Reno Evening Gazette, December 15, 1954. Crump complained of a headache after a boxing match at the Marine recruit training depot.; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Joe Gregioni;30-Aug;1954;KO;3;M.G. Byrd;22;Y;byrd;Naval Auxiliary Air Station Saufley Field;Florida;USA;ND;"Reno Evening Gazette, December 15, 1954; Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, September 10, 1954. Byrd was knocked down and died in hospital eight days later. Cause of death was attributed to skull fracture."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Michel Lombardet;7-Oct;1954;Ldec;3;Marc Bilaut;24;Y;bilaut;Paris;;France;Welter;"New York Times, April 8, 1955; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, April 7, 1955. The fighters bumped heads during the fight, and Bilaut died of the injury six months later. The official cause of death was listed as meningitis."; ;Pro;Meningitis;Later;; ;
Don Sleet;29-Nov;1954;Draw;6;"Bobby ""Cannonball"" Callaghan";22;Y;callaghan;Leyton;London;England;Welter;"Reno Evening Gazette, December 15, 1954; Dallas Morning News, December 2, 1954; Dallas Morning News, December 23, 1954. Callaghan, who had fought more than a hundred amateur bouts before turning pro, collapsed on his way to the dressing room. Two days later, he died. Cause of death was a ruptured vein on the right side of the head, which led to hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure; ;
Teddy Hall;10-Dec;1954;KO;9;Ralph Weiser;26;Y;weiser;Klamath Falls;Oregon;USA;Welter;"Portland Oregonian, December 12, 1954; Reno Evening Gazette, December 15, 1954. Weiser knocked out Hall in the first. However, he insisted that the fight be allowed to continue so that the fans would get their money's worth. In the ningth, Weiser stepped back, groggy. He took another blow to the head, dropped his hands, and fell forward. He tried to stand up, but fell forward again and was counted out. He failed to revive and he died in hospital several hours later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Willie James;11-Dec;1954;KO;11;"Hayes ""Ed"" Sanders";24;Y;sanders;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Heavy;"Fitchburg (Massachusetts) Sentinel, December 13, 1954; New York Times, December 13, 1954; ""The manly art of murder,"" TIME, January 24, 1955, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861164,00.html; Arik Hesseldahl, ""They called him 'Big Ed,'"" Idaho State Journal, July 24, 1996, http://www.arik.org/olympics2.html; James A. Merolla, ""Cry Uncle,"" WAIL! The CBZ Journal, May 2001, http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/w52x-jm.htm. This was a slow match that Sanders, the 1952 Olympic gold medalist, was leading on points. There had already been two knockouts on the card, and it was getting late, so the crowd was thinning. Then, in the eleventh, James connected with several blows to the head. Sanders, who had been visibly tiring, collapsed, and rolled over on his side. Sanders died in hospital sixteen hours later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The inquest found no one legally responsible for the death, but Justice Elijah Adlow of the Boston Municipal Court was nonetheless critical, stating in his decision, ""It is a sad commentary on our sporting world that as Hayes Sanders sank to the floor, there were boos from the crowd.""";New England ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Enrique Ferreyra;ND;1954;KO;;Manuel Lopez; ;Y;lopez;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection. ;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Akiyoshi Akanuma;19-Mar;1955;Wdec;10;Yoshiharu Yokoi;22;Y;yokoi;Nagoya;;Japan;Feather;"Japan Times, March 21, 1955; San Antonio (Texas) Light, March 23, 1955; Japan Times, March 24, 1955. Yokoi collapsed following the fight and died three days later. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain complicated by pneumonia."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Jerry Luedee;29-Mar;1955;KO;2;Bryan Thompson;23;Y;thompson;Trenton;New Jersey;USA;Middle;"New York Times, April 18, 1955; Monessen (Pennsylvania) Daily Independent, April 18, 1955; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, April 23, 1955. Thompson was the 1954 AAU national champion and he had won 104 of his 115 amateur fights. However, this was his first professional bout. (He was a last minute substitute, the scheduled fighter having had car trouble.) Following the knockout, Thompson drifted in and out of consciousness, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage compounded by lobar pneumonia."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Armstrong Janny;31-Mar;1955;KO;13;"Cassino ""Blue Tornado"" Sawyer";24;Y;sawyer;Kumasi;;Ghana;Welter;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com; I.K. Gyasi, ""Joshua Clottey, Gas, and boxing in Ghana,"" Ghanaian Chronicle, August 18, 2008, http://www.ghanaian-chronicle.com. Sawyer died in hospital 13 hours after the knockout. ";Gold Coast;Pro; ;Ring;; ;
ND;3-Apr;1955;KO;2;Werner Bopp;17;Y;bopp;Obernburg;;Germany;Light Heavy;"Long Beach (California) Independent, April 4, 1955; New York Times, April 4, 1955; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, April 4, 1955. Bopp was not struck before he collapsed, so the ring physician said the cause of death was probably cardiac. LIKELY SOURCE: F. Pampus and N. Muller, ""A Case of Death after Boxing Match,"" (in German), Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd. 1956; 174(2): 177-88."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Americo Villarreal;3-Apr;1955;KO;2;Julio Lucero;21;Y;lucero;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Welter;Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, April 7, 1955. Lucero fell backward without being hit, and he died half an hour later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Gustav Engleman;18-Apr;1955;Ex;;Josef Janoch;24;Y;janoch;Vienna;;Austria;Feather;Manuel Velazquez collection. A former national champion, Janoch had been warned not to box due to a diagnosed brain hemorrhage. Nonetheless, he chose to box in an exhibition against Engleman, who was a bantamweight. He was knocked down. He complained of a headache, and he died two days later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Robert Lee Holston (Bob Bolton);2-May;1955;TKO;8;Jose Contreras;28;;contreras;Providence ;Rhode Island;USA;Middle;"New York Times, May 10, 1955; Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, May 10, 1955; Edwardsville (Illinois) Intelligencer, May 10, 1955; Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News, May 24, 1955. Contreras walked out of the ring, and collapsed in the dressing room. He died seven days later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Manny Delgado;1-Oct;1955;KO;;Pelon Silva; ;Y;silva;Irapuato;;Mexico;Light;Manuel Velazquez collection. Silva was reportedly punchy, but his manager said he had no knowledge of that. Anyway, Silva died a week after this bout, without ever regaining consciousness.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Arman Peck;29-Nov;1955;KO;9;Ferman King;25;Y;king;Tampa;Florida;USA;Welter;New York Times, December 2, 1955. King had boxed 11 times during 1950 and 1951 and then retured. In 1955, he decided to make a comeback. He was knocked out, and remained unconscious until his death 32 hours later. Although the family refused to allow an autopsy, the ring physician listed the cause of death as brain hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Hamia Mekholbia;17-Dec;1955;KO;8;Francisco Boleda;28;Y;boleda;Mayenne;;France;Light;"Dallas Morning News, December 20, 1955; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, December 19, 1955. Boleda was knocked out, and he died the next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Johnny Summerlin;21-Jan;1956;Sparring;;Eddie Lee Walker;24;Y;walker;Detroit;Michigan;USA;Heavy;"Philadelphia Inquirer, January 26, 1956; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, January 26, 1956; Troy (New York) Record, January 26, 1956; Chicago Defender, February 4, 1956. At the end of three rounds of sparring, Walker went to his corner. He complained of pain in his arm, and then he collapsed. He died four days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. Walker had been knocked out in his most recent fight, on November 29, 1955."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John Spence;26-Jan;1956;KO;5;Willie McStay;19;Y;mcstay;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;Middle (Light Middle);"(Dublin) Irish Times, January 30, 1956; New York Times, January 30, 1956. McStay was knocked down and did not get up. He was taken to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. He died on January 29.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Rudy ""Ray"" Watkins";26-Jan;1956;TKO;6;Robert Perry;20;Y;perry;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"New York Times, January 30, 1956; Traverse City (Michigan) Record-Eagle, February 2, 1956; Kingsport (Tennessee) News, February 4, 1956. The main event ended early, so Perry went into the ring as a standby, to fulfill the promoter's television commitments. During the sixth, Perry was knocked through the ropes and the fight was stopped. Afterwards, Perry complained of severe headache, so he went to hospital, where he died two days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Willie Toweel;19-Mar;1956;KO;11;Hubert Essakow;21;Y;essakow;Johannesburg;;South Africa;Feather;"New York Times, March 22, 1956; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 22, 1956; Gary Gordon, ""A date with death,"" SA Boxing World, April 1979, 22; David Isaacson, ""Willie's gloves still doing the talking,"" Johannesburg Sunday Times, July 21, 2002, http://www.suntimes.co.za/2002/07/21/sport/boxing/box05.asp; Ron Jackson, ""The famous Fighting Toweels,"" Supersportzone.com, http://www.superboxing.co.za/history/sportsTalk.asp?tId=400; Deon Potgieter, ""In the company of a legend,"" The Sweet Science, http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/3253/company-legend/, January 24, 2006. Essakow had been suffering blackouts before fight; these were attributed to blows received during sparring. He was also overweight, so he sweated it off. He died 52 hours after his eleventh round collapse. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. ";South African;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight; ;
Eduardo Perez;26-Mar;1956;Wdec;3;Alejo Tucares;24;Y;tucares;Valparaiso;;Chile;ND;New York Times, March 28, 1956. Tucares died next day. Cause of death was brain concussion.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Oswaldo Sciffert;30-Apr;1956;KO;;Aurelino Fournier;20;Y;fournier;Sao Paulo;;Brazil;Welter;"New York Times, May 1, 1956; Pasadena (California) Independent, May 1, 1956. Cause of death was concussion of the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;21-Jun;1956;KO;1;Raymond Perera;20;;perera;Colombo;;Sri Lanka;Bantam;"Milroy Paul, ""A fatal injury at boxing (traumatic decerebrate rigidity),"" British Medical Journal, February 16, 1957, 364-366, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1974392.  Perera was knocked down by a right cross to the left side of the chin. He went down slowly, then rolled over on his side. The fight was stopped, and Perera was helped to his corner. He was then transported to the hospital, where he arrived about half an hour later. He was unconscious. Brain trephination was done at the hospital, but Perera still died early next morning. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;21-Jul;1956;KO; ;Juan Perez Diaz;18;Y;perez;Valencia;;Spain;ND;Pacific Stars and Stripes, July 27, 1956. Perez, who had been boxing for about a year, had fought five bouts during the preceding two months. He was fighting at the bull ring in Valencia on the weekend of July 21-22, 1956. Old facial injuries were opened, and he died on July 24, 1956, following surgery to repair the damage.; ;Amateur;Surgical complications;Ring;; ;
Oris Tenorio;10-Oct;1956;KO;2;Clinton Thompson;24;Y;thompson;Pueblo;Colorado;USA;Fly (111-lb);"New York Times, October 13, 1956; Lincoln (Nebraska) Star, October 13, 1956; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, October 13, 1956. Thompson, an Army boxer from Fort Carson, was struck in the stomach. As he stumbled forward, he was hit again. He slid down to the ring floor. He was taken to the hospital, where he died.  He was not wearing headgear."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
"Oliver L. ""Ollie"" Wilson";26-Oct;1956;Sparring;;Larry Branham;22;Y;branham;Hartford;Connecticut;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, October 28, 1956; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, November 30, 1956. Branham was a soldier stationed at the Army's Nike missile site HA-36, which was located near Portland, Connecticut.  After sparring with Wilson, Branham complained of feeling dizzy. He died the next day. Sixteen-ounce gloves and headgear had been worn. Autopsy showed blood in the brain and lungs. Wilson, who was 23 at the time of Branham's death, was a professional boxer whose eventual career record of 20-43-0 suggests that during the rest of his boxing career, he was brought in mostly to build younger fighters' knockout records. This is almost certainly the case at the end of his career, because his last two fights, in 1971 and 1972, were against George Foreman and Jimmy Ellis."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Oct;1956;KO; ;Ephraim Mokheseng;25;Y;mokheseng;ND;;South Africa;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;Oct/;1956;KO;;Frederick Lucas;;Y;lucas;Johannesburg;;South Africa;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Edward Chekovsky (Kid Chick);26-Nov;1956;Ldec;4;Michael E. Conner (Gene Foster);18;;conner;Holyoke;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;Holland (Michigan) Evening Sentinel, November 27, 1956. Conner was an airman at Westover Air Force Base. He collapsed in the dressing room. In August 1961, another Michael E. Connor, who fought under the name Baby Watusi, also suffered serious brain injury. See Kansas City (Missouri) Times, August 24, 1961.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Andy Rodenas;21-Dec;1956;KO;6;Pete Espera;29;Y;espera;Sorsogon;;Philippines;Bantam;"New York Times, December 24, 1956; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, December 31, 1956. Espera died in hospital the day after the bout. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;1-Jan;1957;KO;;Eduardo de la Cruz; ;;de la cruz;Baguio;;Philippines;ND;"Philippine Jurisprudence, G.R. No. L-21574, June 30, 1966, SIMON DE LA CRUZ vs. CAPITAL INSURANCE and SURETY CO., INC., http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1966/jun1966/gr_l-21574_1966.html. ""On January 1, 1957, in connection with the celebration of the New Year, the Itogon-Suyoc Mines, Inc. sponsored a boxing contest for general entertainment wherein the insured Eduardo de la Cruz, a non-professional boxer participated. In the course of his bout with another person, likewise a non-professional, of the same height, weight, and size, Eduardo slipped and was hit by his opponent on the left part of the back of the head, causing Eduardo to fall, with his head hitting the rope of the ring. He was brought to the Baguio General Hospital the following day. The cause of death was reported as hemorrhage, intracranial, left."" The Philippines court ruled that unless boxing was specifically excluded from coverage, survivors of deceased boxers were entitled to life insurance benefits. Consequently, some Philippines insurers began specifically excluding death due to boxing injuries. Thus, Alex Aroy's mother, Martea, was not entitled to life insurance benefits following Aroy's boxing-related death in February 2008. (Manolo Inigo, ""An award long overdue,"" Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 19, 2008, http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080219-119775/An-award-long-overdue.)"; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Florencio Olguin;9-Feb;1957;TKO;3;James Anthony Lopez;19;Y;lopez;Roswell;New Mexico;USA;Feather;"New York Times, February 11, 1957; Oakland Tribune, February 11, 1957; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, February 11, 1957. Lopez was fighting in the novice division of the New Meixco Golden Gloves tournament.  The fight was stopped by the referee, but there was no knockdown and Lopez walked out of the ring unaided. He collapsed in the dressing room. He died the next day. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Arlington Stillwell;22-Feb;1957;KO;2;William H. Carter;23;Y;carter;Bindlich;;Germany;Middle;"New York Times, February 24, 1957. Cause of death was given as ""asphyxiation of the stomach."""; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;22-Feb;1957;Sparring;;Al-Yunes Elalfi; ;Y;elalfi;Alexandria; ;Egypt;Middle;"New York Times, February 24, 1957; Panama City (Florida) News-Herald, February 24, 1957."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Ewart Potgeiter;2-Mar;1957;KO;6;Bruce Olson;24;;olson;Portland;Oregon;USA;Heavy;Portland Oregonian, March 3, 1957. Olson was the former Oregon Golden Gloves heavyweight champion. Struck by a right uppercut to the chin, Olson was counted out. He stood up shakily, and walked to his corner, where he collapsed. He underwent surgery, but died.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Marcel Arabi;13-Apr;1957;Ldec;;Hocine Aissaoui;19;Y;aissaoui;Vierzon;;France;ND;"Panama City (Florida) News, December 28, 1957; The Ring. Aissaoui collapsed in the ring after the fight and remained in a coma until he died. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Pat McAteer;4-May;1957;KO;6;Jimmy Elliott;26;Y;elliott;Johannesburg;;South Africa;Middle;"Manchester (England) Guardian, May 6, 1957; Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, May 6, 1957; New York Times, May 6, 1957; SA Boxing World, April 1978. Elliott was knocked down by a left to the head. He was taken to hospital, where surgery was done to remove blood clots on the brain. He died next day.Before the bout, Elliott had fallen and hit his head on the floor. However, because he badly wanted the Empire title, he insisted that no one be told. In 1955, Elliott also had surgical repair of detached retinas, and due to this, he had been refused a license in Britain because he lacked peripheral vision. In addition, in July 1956, he had been hospitalized for a week following a fight with Mike Holt.";British Empire;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Eric Brett;28-May;1957;KO;8;"John Samuel ""Jackie"" Tiller";22;Y;tiller;Doncaster;South Yorkshire;England;Bantam;" Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, October 29, 1957; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, April 16, 1958; Manchester (England) Guardian, April 18, 1958. Tiller was knocked down twice during the last round of the fight, and the referee stopped the fight. Afterwards, Tiller collapsed in his dressing room. He died the following April, after being in a coma for 293 days. Cause of death was accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid on the brain. At the inquest, it was revealed that Tiller had injured his head while in the army, and been advised not to box, advice that he ignored."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Manfred Nauke;15-Jun;1957;TKO;10;Karl-Heinz Bick;23;;bick;Dortmund;;Germany;Light;"Dallas Morning News, June 17, 1957; Long Beach (California) Independent, June 17, 1957; Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, June 17, 1957; Manchester (England) Guardian, June 17, 1957; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, July 22, 1957; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 557. During the final scheduled round of the fight, Bick was hit hard in the head and began staggering in the ring. He signaled to the referee to stop the fight. Then he collapsed. He was carried to the dressing room, and then transported to the hospital, where he died a few hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Reportedly, he had not fully recovered from a recent tonsillectomy.";German;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jose Rojas;21-Jun;1957;KO;;Neiber Odin Fuente Alba; ;Y;fuente;Ramos Mejia; ;Argentina;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Fuentes died five days after this bout. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Heinz Amrain;21-Jul;1957;Draw;3;Ferdinand May;26;Y;may ;Constanz;;Germany;Bantam;Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, July 22, 1957. After the fight, May complained of a headache. A half hour later, he fell unconscious. He died in the hospital. Cause of death listed as brain hemorrhage. A few months previously, May had received a concussion during a motorcycle accident.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Joe Lorette;23-Aug;1957;KO; ;Salvador R. Cangelosi Jr;16;Y;cangelosi;New Orleans;Louisiana;USA;ND;"Fresno (California) Bee Republican, August 28, 1957; New York Times, August 29, 1957. Cangelosi was hit hard during a flurry, and he fell down. He died in hospital after surgery. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Filio Perez;19-Oct;1957;KO;3;Ramon Zuniga; ;;zuniga;Tampico;;Mexico;Feather;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Zuniga collapsed in the ring after the fight and he remained in a coma until he died. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Ildelmaro Farias;26-Dec;1957;Sparring;;Andres Dominguez; ; ;dominguez;Havana;;Cuba;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;7-Jan;1958;Training;;Walter Sanders;23;;sanders;Cleveland;Ohio;USA;Heavy;Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, January 8, 1958. Several years earlier, Sanders had boxed in Golden Gloves competition. He then went into the Army. Following his discharge, he resumed training. He had been working out for about 45 minutes when he suddenly collapsed and died.; ;Amateur;;Later;; ;
Toshio Yamamoto;4-Feb;1958;KO;4;Shisei Kunimoto;20;;kunimoto;Osaka;;Japan;Feather;Japan Times, February 7, 1958. Cause of death was a brain hemorrhage.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Joe Becerra;12-Feb;1958;KO;1;Melvin Young;17;Y;young;Springfield;Illinois;USA;Feather (126-lb);"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 13, 1958; Troy (New York) Times Record, February 14, 1958; Chicago Defender, February 19, 1958. Young was an inmate at the State Training School at Sheridan, Illinois, nd this was his second bout of the evening; he had won the first by knockout. The autopsy found a severed artery in the brain, which was attributed to his hitting his head on a rope on the way down. The opponent was not the eponymous world champion Jose Becerra. ";Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
"William ""Willie"" Payne";15-Mar;1958;TKO;3;James Poirer;21;Y;poirer;Glens Falls;New York;USA;ND;"New York Times, March 18, 1958; Bennington (Vermont) Evening Banner, March 21, 1958; Lewiston (Maine) Evening Journal, March 21, 1958; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, April 30, 1958. Poirer, who had been boxing since 1954, was knocked down by a blow to the chin that came as he extended his glove at the start of the third round. He died two days later in hospital. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
R. Jones;08. Apr;1958;KO; ;Leevan Washington; ;Y;washington;Jackson;Michigan;USA;ND;(Benton Harbor, Michigan) News-Palladium, April 17, 1958. This was a supervised match at the Southern Michigan Prison.The cause of death was peritonitis caused by a series of low blows to the abdomen and groin.; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Ring;;;
Guillermo Lazaga;19-Apr;1958;KO;;Juan Oro;25;Y;oro;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Welter;(Reno) Nevada State Journal, May 7, 1958. Oro died of injuries on May 6, 1958.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Farid Salim;4-Jun;1958;TKO;1;Santos Galvan;19;Y;galvan;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Welter;Odessa (Texas) American, June 18, 1958. This was the first pro fight for both boxers. After protesting the stoppage, Galvan collapsed in the ring. He was taken to hospital, where he died ten days later. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Manuel Alcala;14-Jun;1958;KO;7;Miguel Aguilar; ;Y;aguilar;Merida;;Mexico;Light;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com";;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Ultiminio ""Sugar"" Ramos";8-Nov;1958;KO;8;"Jose ""Tigre"" Blanco";22;Y;blanco;Havana;;Cuba;Feather;Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, November 11, 1958. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. Blanco had reportedly lost 9 of his last 11 fights, 6 by knockout.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Danny Davis;18-Nov;1958;KO;9;"Nathaniel ""Nate"" Simon";25;Y;simon;Sioux City;Iowa;USA;Light;"(Reno) Nevada State Journal, November 23, 1958; Huron (South Dakota) Huronite and The Daily Plainsman, November 23, 1958. Davis had fought over 40 times, whereas this was Simon's fifth bout. The boxers bumped heads in the first round, and between rounds, Simon complained of head pain. He was knocked down in the ninth, and he died four days later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Ray Pryor;6-Dec;1958;KO;2;Eshmon Thomas;22;;thomas;Akron;Ohio;USA;Heavy;Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, December 8, 1958. The card was sponsored by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company for its employees, and it was Thomas' first fight. He won the first round, but quit in the middle of the second round, saying he was too tired to continue. He went to the dressing room to lay down, but after laying down, he rolled off the bench. The doctor was called, and Thomas died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital. Cause of death was attributed to a cardiac condition.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Billy Strothers;17-Jan;1959;TKO;2;Lynn Davis;22;Y;davis;Houston ;Texas;USA;Welter;"Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening Journal, January 19, 1959; Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram, January 19, 1959; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, January 24, 1959. After the fight, Davis went to the dressing room, telling his wife, ""I feel great."" He showered, got dressed, and then went to watch the final bouts. He said he didn't feel well, and then he collapsed. An ambulance was called and artificial respiration was begun, but he was dead on arrival."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Ben Ferrer;12-Feb;1959;KO;9;Horacio Salatan; ;Y;salatan;Manila;;Philippines;ND;Pasadena (California) Star-News, February 19, 1959.;;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Daryl Leard;27-Feb;1959;TKO;3;Ronald Robert Mulcahy;18;Y;mulcahy;Alpha;Queensland;Australia;ND;(Sydney, Australia) The Age, March 2, 1959. This was Mucahy's first fight. He took a mandatory count in both the first and second rounds, and the fight was stopped in the third. He left the ring groggy, but appeared to recover. Then he collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died two days later, without regaining consciousness.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
George Ford;21-Mar;1959;KO;2;Laymor M. Graveley;17;Y;graveley;Roanoke;Virginia;USA;Middle (160-lb);"Fredericksburg (Virginia) Free Lance-Star, March 23, 1959; Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, March 23, 1959. Graveley was fighting in the finals of the novice division. He was knocked down by a left to the head. He died less than an hour after the bout. Cause of death was subdural hemorrhage. The city medical examiner said he could not determine if death was from the blow or the fall. The doctor added that death was ""an unfortunate accident.""";Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Fred White;16-Apr;1959;KO;;Raymond Curtis Lyons;19;Y;lyons;Houston ;Texas;USA;ND;"Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, April 29, 1960; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, May 6, 1959. Sam Houston State University, ""The Caballero years, 1958-1959,"" http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_wpf/history/1958-59.html. Lyons was a Texas A&M sophomore. According to the Sam Houston student paper, Recall, Spring 1959, ""After all attempts to revive him had failed just after the bout, he was rushed to a Houston hospital where the doctors said it was only a mild brain concussion. After he died an examination was performed to determine 'whether or not the fatality was a direct result of the fight.' It was not."" "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall; ;
Keith Ross;10-May;1959;KO;2;Leslie High;19;Y;high;Bracknell;Berkshire;England;Welter;"New York Times, May 10, 1959; Manchester (England) Guardian, May 10, 1959; Lethbridge (Alberta), May 12, 1959. This was High's third career boxing match. During this fight, High knocked down Ross. Ross stood up, and knocked High down. However, High did not get up. He died following day in hospital."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Jose Becerra Covarrubias (Jose Becerra);24-Oct;1959;TKO;9;Walter Ingram;25;Y;ingram;Guadalajara;;Mexico;Bantam;"(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, October 26, 1959; New York Times, October 27, 1959; Dallas Morning News, October 27, 1959; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, October 28, 1959; Marty Mulcahey, ""Forgotten champs,"" BritishBoxing.com, May 22, 2001, http://216.87.30.172/max/May01/mulcahey052201.asp. Becerra had won 66 of 70 fights while Ingram had lost 6 of 20. Nonetheless, Ingram stayed standing through nine rounds. The referee would not stop the fight, so Ingram's seconds finally threw in the towel. Ingram walked to his corner, and then collapsed. He lay unconscious for about ten minutes before being taken to the hospital. The first hospital to which he was taken refused to accept him. Eventually, a hospital was found and surgery was done to treat a subdural hemorrhage. Ingram died next day. The attending doctor attributed death to heart failure."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
ND;Oct/;1959;KO;;Mohamad Ali bin Bakar;23;;ali;Singapore;;Singapore;ND;(Singapore) Straits Times, November 24, 1959. Ali was participating in novice boxing championship. He died a few days after the fight.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
James Noelthe;21-Nov;1959;KO;3;John Stickel;20;Y;stickel;Wahpeton;North Dakota;USA;Feather (120-lb);Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier, November 23, 1959. Stickel was a member of the North Dakota College of Science boxing team. Toward the end of the third round, he was caught with his feet crossed and knocked down. Although the blow did not look especially hard, he did not get up, and he died in hospital without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was not listed.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;; ;
Pepe Montes;6-Dec;1959;KO;8;Manuel Palomares;;Y;palomares;Arcelia;;Mexico;Welter;"La Aficion; http://www.boxrec.com. Palomares died two days after the bout."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;7-Dec;1959;Wdec;3;John Jardine Kean;18;Y;kean;Royal Air Force Station Martlesham Heath;Suffolk;England;Welter;"(Dublin) Irish Times, December 8, 1959; London Times, December 8, 1959; Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, December 8, 1959; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, December 8, 1959; ""Boxing: On the ropes?"" http://www.pro.gov.uk/inthenews/boxing/1965RAFreport3500.jpg; see also T.N.N. Brennan and P.J. O'Connor, ""Incidence of Boxing Injuries in the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom 1953-66,"" British Journal of Industrial Medicine 25:4, October 1968, 326-329. The bout took place during tryouts for a Royal Air Force Fighter Command team. Kean took a straight left between the eyes. He got back up, and then the final bell rang. Kean was awarded the fight on points. About an hour later, he complained of a headache. He was taken to hospital, where he dided. Cause of death was listed as ""laceration of the brain."" "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Max Smith;12-Dec;1959;KO;5;Dennis Okerigwe (Dennis Patrick);22;Y;okerigwe;Wolverhampton;Staffordshire;England;Middle;"London Times, December 14, 1959; (Dublin) Irish Times, January 1, 1960. The first four rounds were fairly even, but in the fifth, Smith began hitting Okirigwe hard in the head. Okirigwe was carried out of the ring and he died in hospital on December 11. Cause of death was bruising of a membrane over the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Mohamad Yali;ND;1959;KO;;Robby Pav (or Paff); ;;pav;Surabaya;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Bruno Spartaro;6-Jan;1960;Sparring;;Mohamed Beziane;20;;beziane;Oran;Algeria;France;Light;(Dublin) Irish Times, January 8, 1960. Beziane was training for the French amateur championships, the quarterfinals of which were scheduled for later that week in Tolouse. He was knocked down during some sparring. He got up, sparred one more round, and then collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. Nonetheless, he died the following day. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Kid Relampago;16-Jan;1960;Wdec;10;"Jesus ""Chucho"" Zarate";21;Y;zarate;Cosamaloapan;;Mexico;Light;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Zarate was ahead on points, with just six seconds to go in the fight, when he collapsed. He died the next morning."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Stuart Bartell;9-Apr;1960;KO;2;Charles Mohr;22;Y;mohr;Madison;Wisconsin;USA;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, April 18, 1960; Jim Doherty, ""Requiem for a middleweight,"" Smithsonian, April 2000, 122-141; see also http://www.thecapitaltimes.com/2001/03/16/opinion/lit_moe.php. The bout took place during the NCAA championship finals. Mohr collapsed in the dressing room a few minutes after the bout. He was immediately taken to the hospital, where he died eight days later. Cause of death was massive hemorrhage of the brain. Mohr had been NCAA champion in his weight in 1959, and his death led to the NCAA banning boxing as a varsity sport. ";NCAA ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Ramiro Garces;20-Apr;1960;KO;2;Santiago Perez;19;Y;perez;Saltillo; ;Mexico;Bantam;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Perez died two days after the bout. Cause of death was a brain concussion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Rodolfo Santamaria;23-Apr;1960;KO;6;Carlos Arana Guerrero;21;Y;arana;Mexico City;;Mexico;Fly;"Cocshocton (Ohio) Tribune, April 28, 1960; Holland (Michigan) Evening Sentinel, April 28, 1960. It was Arana's fourth professional fight, and he died five days later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Apr;1960;TKO;2;Michael Golubiff;18;Y;golubiff;Green Bay ;Wisconsin;USA;Welter;"Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, April 28, 1960. Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, April 29, 1960.This was a supervised fight in a prison. After Golubiff was knocked down, the fight was stopped. After protesting the stoppage, he went to the shower room, where he collapsed. He died a few minutes later. Cause of death was listed as congenital cerebral aneurysm. For more on cerebral aneurysms, see ""Cerebral Aneurysm Fact Sheet,"" http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_aneurysm/detail_cerebral_aneurysm.htm. Aneurysms are weak spots on blood vessels in the brain, and they affect about 10 people per 100,000 per year. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol abuse, and hypertension. Symptoms include headaches, nausea, dizziness, and altered consciousness, so closely mimic symptoms associated with both boxing knockouts and post-concussive disorders."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Aneurysm; ;
"William ""Buzzsaw"" Crosby";30-May;1960;KO;8;"Lewis ""Ernie"" Tubbs";20;Y;tubbs;Pensacola;Florida;USA;Welter;"Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, June 1, 1960; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, June 1, 1960; Dallas Morning News, September 15, 1960. It was the last round, and Tubbs was behind on points. Crosby hit Tubbs with a hard right to the jaw, and Tubbs fell down. While falling, Tubbs may have hit his head on the ring apron. In any case, he did not stand up. He was taken to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. Just over three months later, he died without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was subdural hemorrhage and severe swelling of the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Benny Gordon;6-Jun;1960;KO;10;Tommy Pacheco;18;Y;pacheco;New York ;New York;USA;Light;New York Times, June 10, 1960. Pacheco had been a Golden Gloves semi-finalist in 1959. collapsed over the ring ropes and then fell on his back. He could not be revived. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. According to the information Pachecho (or his handlers) had provided to the State athletic commission, Pacheco was born on July 1, 1938, meaning that he was aged 21 years. However, according to his birth certificate, he was born on July 15, 1941 (meaning that he was aged 18 years). At age 18, he was legally ineligible to box in 10-round matches in New York.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Gaby Sanchez;27-Jun;1960;KO;5;Rafael Rodriguez Ramirez;19;Y;rodriguez;Mexico City;;Mexico;Light;Dallas Morning News, June 28, 1960. Rodriguez, a 1959 Golden Gloves champion, was leading the fight until the fifth. Then he was knocked down by a blow to the liver. He never regained consciousness. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Andres Marin;6-Aug;1960;KO;;Enrique Canete;;Y;canete;ND;;Chile;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Canete was brought in as a last minute substitute. He died the day after the bout. Although he suffered a brain hemorrhage, cause of death was given as cardiac."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Albino Gonzalez;19-Sep;1960;KO;6;Trinidad Hernandez Bolanos;19;Y;hernandez;ND;;Mexico;Light;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;Feb/;1960;Sparring;;Terence Francis Sanders;17;;sanders;Barnstaple;Devon;England;ND;London Times, February 20, 1960. Sanders had never participated in a tournament, only in sparring. Headgear and gloves had always been worn. He collapsed, and was taken to hospital. He died. Cause of death was swelling of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
John Carmichaels;11-Jan;1961;TKO;2;Sherman Walker;18;Y;walker;Wheeling;West Virginia;USA;Middle;"Great Bend (Kansas) Daily Tribune, June 4, 1961; Galveston (Texas) Daily News, January 12, 1961. Walker was knocked down twice, so the referee stopped the fight. Cause of death listed as pulmonary edema with blow to head contributing."; ;Amateur;Pulmonary injury;Ring; ; ;
Amilcare Martinelli;30-Jan;1961;TKO;1;Oride Matteuzzi;22;Y;matteuzzi;Bologna;;Italy;Heavy;"(Dublin) Irish Times, January 31, 1961; New York Times, January 31, 1961; Bettman/Corbis Archive, image 42-15854754, http://pro.corbis.com/search/searchFrame.aspx. Matteuzzi was the former Italian amateur boxing champion, and this was his first pro fight. He stopped fighting in the first round, so the match was stopped. Matteuzzi then collapsed in the ring. He died on the way to hospital."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Al Medrano;15-May;1961;Ldec;10;Harry Campbell;23;Y;campbell;San Francisco;California;USA;Light;"Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, May 17, 1961; New York Times, May 17, 1961; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, May 17, 1961; Dallas Morning News, May 18, 1961; Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel, May 20, 1961; Ron Miller, ""Half a century of bad news still hasn't stopped the habit,"" July 26, 2002, http://www.thecolumnists.com/miller/miller177.html. Campbell was knocked down twice in the tenth round, but was saved by the bell. Immediately following the fight, Campbell, a former member of the US Olympic team, collapsed in his corner. He was carried to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. The following day, he died in hospital. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. Despite the two knockdowns, Medrano said he never hit Campbell very hard, and the second knockdown was said to be due to a fall rather than blows. At the inquest, it was suggested that the injury that led to Campbell's death may have occurred during training, but the coroner ruled otherwise. Death was formally attributed to a blow or blows that ruptured a vessel in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Anselmo Castillo;29-May;1961;KO;6;Jose Rigores;25;Y;rigores;New York;New York;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, May 31, 1961; New York Times, June 4, 1961; Great Bend (Kansas) Daily Tribune, June 4, 1961. Rigores collapsed in the dressing room and died five days later in hospital. Cause of death was intercranial hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Antonio Aguilar;9-Sep;1961;KO;7;"Luis ""Pajarito"" Mata"; ;Y;mata;Fresnillo;;Mexico;Fly;"Ring Magazine;  Danville (Virginia) Regiser, December 28, 1961; http://www.boxrec.com. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Emiliano Gomez;16-Oct;1961;TKO;6;Miguel Angel Fernandez;;Y;fernandez;Caracas;;Venezuela;Feather;"Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, October 19, 1961; Troy (New York) Record, October 19, 1961; Washington Post, October 21, 1961. Fernandez was a former amateur champion. This was his second professional fight. He died in hospital two days later. Death was attributed to cardiac failure. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Keith Lewis;3-Nov;1961;TKO;10;George Kerekes (George Kraal);22;Y;kerekes;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Welter;"Troy (New York) Times Record, November 4, 1961; ?Kraal's tragic end,? Australian Ring, December 1961, 19. Kerekes was leading on points going into the ninth round, but was not in the best condition, and was visibly tiring after the sixth round. He was knocked down in the tenth. He got up, and took an 8-count.  He was hit more, and the referee stopped the fight. Kerekes walked to his corner, and collapsed. He died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ben Hurst;16-Nov;1961;KO;;Cookie Ronan;19;Y;ronan;New York;New York;USA;Bantam;New York Times, April 3, 1962. After winning four earlier bouts in this tournament, Ronan was knocked down in the semi-finals. He remained unconscious until his death three days later. Cause of death was listed as subdural hematoma.;Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Mariano Arido (Kid Mar);22-Nov;1961;KO;5;Virgilio Ybanez (Vic Herero);;Y;ybanez;Tanjay;;Philippines;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;16-Dec;1961;TKO;8;Elino Esguerra;18;Y;esguerra;Manila;;Philippines;Bantam;"Oakland Tribune, January 5, 1962; Austin (Minnesota) Daily Herald, January 6, 1962; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, January 6, 1962.  After the fight was stopped, Esguerra went to his corner, where he collapsed. He died in hospital three weeks later. Death was attributed to brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Albert Sewell;31-Dec;1961;KO;10;Jai-Koo Song;23;Y;song;Seoul;;South Korea;Feather;"Dallas Morning News, January 4, 1962; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard,  January 4, 1962. The contest pitted a US Army middleweight boxer against the Korean featherweight champion, and was an exhibition for charity. Song died the next day. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Tan Hwa Soei;ND;1961;KO; ;Sarono;;;sarono;Surabaya;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Alfie Charles ""Easy Boy"" Fraser";ND;1961;KO;1;Kid St. Rose;;;st. rose;ND;;Martinique;Middle;"""Did you know that?"" St. Lucia Mirror, January 30, 2004, http://www.stluciamirroronline.com/2004/jan30/sports9.htm. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Feb;1962;Sparring;;David Ross Buzzell;22;Y;buzzell;Arlington;Texas;USA;Welter;"Dallas Morning News, February 24, 1962; Stroudsburg (Pennsyvlania) Daily Record, February 27, 1962. Although a former amateur champion, Buzzell had not boxed for several years. He decided to resume training. He was knocked down during a sparring match. He died three days later, without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Emile Griffith;24-Mar;1962;KO;12;"Benny ""Kid"" Paret";25;Y;paret;New York;New York;USA;Welter;"Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, March 27, 1962; Gary Smith, ""The shadow boxer,"" Sports Illustrated, April 18, 2005, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2005/magazine/04/12/griffith0418/; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, ""About boxing: Review of historical and medical aspects,"" Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine, 28:4 (Winter 1979); ""Griffith kills Paret in the ring,"" SportsJones.com, http://www.sportsjones.com/sj/397.shtml. This was the first known death of a reigning world champion (Paret) in the ring. Midway through the twelfth round, Griffith hit a flatfooted Paret eighteen times in just six seconds. Paret unsurprisingly slumped unconscious over the ropes, and he died in hospital ten days later. Cause of death was brain injury. The fight was a championship bout broadcast live over national television, so the images of the death were rerun frequently on news shows. In literature, the death resulted in a famous English-language essay, namely Norman Cousins, ""Who killed Benny Paret?"" Saturday Review, 45:14 (May 5, 1962), 14, in which Cousins argued that the bloodlust of the audience was primarily responsible for boxers' deaths. In Spanish, the death also inspired Nicomedes Santa Cruz's equally sardonic ""Muerte en el ring"" (April 12, 1962), in which the poet said, ""Here the only ones who never lose are our managers and the promoter."" Subsequent court cases included Alfaro v. Joint Legislative Com. on Prof. Boxing, 36 Misc. 2d 1018, 234 N.Y.S. 2d 164, in which Paret's former manager, Manuel Alfaro, unsuccessfully tried to quash a subpoena issued by a state legislative inquiry into the ""possibility that many boxers, managers and promoters might be under control of racketeers.""";World;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
ND;26-Mar;1962;Sparring; ;Lion King;;Y;lion king;Frankfurt;;Germany;Middle;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com; Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel, March 31, 1962.  King was battered severely during a match in February 1962. He collapsed in the gym on March 26, 1962. He was taken to the hospital, where he died three days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;29-Apr;1962;Sparring;;Douglas Klosterhuber;22;Y;klosterhuber;Green Bay ;Wisconsin;USA;Light Heavy;"Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, April 30, 1962; Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, April 30, 1962. Klosterhuber was participating in supervised boxing at the Wisconsin State Reformatory, which had organized formal boxing tournaments. Headgear and 16-ounce gloves were worn. After sparring, Klosterhuber said he did not feel well, so he was sent to the infirmary. He was dead within half an hour. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage, perhaps associated with congenital aneurysm. This was the second boxing fatality at the Wisconsin State Reformatory  (Golubiff being the first), and it led to Wisconsin prison officials discontinuing boxing tournaments."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Aneurysm; ;
Nikola Kankaras;12-Jun;1962;KO;;Elija Plackic;26;Y;plackic;Novi Sad;;Yugoslavia (Serbia);ND;Oakland Tribune, June 21, 1962. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Jerry Aquino;16-Jun;1962;Ldec;6;Sammy Romero; ;;romero;San Miguel;;Philippines;Fly;Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, July 19, 1962. Cause of death was head injuries.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Wolfgang Giessman;22-Jul;1962;KO;;Emil Braun;18;Y;braun;Allendorf;;Germany;Middle;"New York Times, July 23, 1962; Chicago Daily Tribune, July 23, 1962; Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, July 23, 1962. Braun died the day after the bout; it was his 19th birthday. Cause of death was listed as brain concussion. During this same tournament, a welterweight boxer named Friedrich Neutzel was hospitalized for concussion."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Rodrigo Contreras;26-Jul;1962;KO;4;Sonny Nunez;19;;nunez;Phoenix;Arizona;USA;Feather;"Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune, July 26, 1962; Brainerd (Minnesota) Daily Dispatch, July 26, 1962. Both boxers had experience as amateurs, but this was the first pro fight for either of them. Nunez had suffered a neck injury in training but apparently didn't tell anyone. He was knocked down in the final round of a scheduled four-round fight. He was counted out. He stood up, told his seconds that he was disappointed by the knockout, and then collapsed. He died a few hours later, in surgery. Cause of death was brain damage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
John Riggins;21-Sep;1962;KO;6;"Alejandro ""Alex"" Lavorante";25;Y;lavorante;Los Angeles ;California;USA;Heavy;"(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, September 23, 1962; New York Times, September 27, 1962; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 4, 1963; New York Times, April 2, 1964; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 574. Lavorante's two fights preceding this bout had been losses to Archie Moore (KO-10 on March 30, 1962) and Cassius Clay (KO-5 on July 20, 1962). During this fight, Lavorante was ahead on points, but was also visibly tiring. Riggins hit him hard just before the end of the fifth round, and knocked him down about two minutes into the sixth round. The referee stopped the fight. Lavorante went to his corner and sat down. Then he fell off the stool, legs quivering. He was carried from the ring on a stretcher. Following two separate brain surgeries in Los Angeles, the still-comatose Lavorante was flown back to Argentina, where he died on April 1, 1964. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Francisco Bolivar;29-Sep;1962;KO;10;Virgilio Acosta;21;Y;acosta;Caracas;;Venezuela;Welter;"New York Times, October 6, 1962; Kansas City (Missouri) Times, October 6, 1962; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, October 6, 1962. Cause of death was listed as skull fracture."; ;Pro;Skull fracture;Ring;; ;
Linton John;30-Sep;1962;Wdec;6;Henry Alvin Brown;27;;brown;Georgetown;;British Guiana (Guyana);Welter;Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, October 2, 1962. This was Brown's first pro fight. He was leading going into the final round. He was knocked down as the final round ended, but was saved by the bell. He was carried from the ring, and he died about 10 minutes later. Cause of death was concussion of the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;5-Nov;1962;TKO;;Alexander Lesniak;18;Y;lesniak;Warsaw;;Poland;Welter;Chicago Daily Tribune, November 7, 1962. Lesniak walked out of the ring. He collapsed in the dressing room. He died six hours later. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Rocky De La Rosa;24-Nov;1962;Draw;10;Rod Ladeca;19;Y;ladeca;Cagayan de Oro;;Philippines;ND;Oakland Tribune, November 26, 1962. Ladeca died the day after this bout. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Gil Flores;24-Nov;1962;KO;;"David ""Baby"" Valle";18;Y;valle;Angeles;;Philippines;Feather;Oakland Tribune, November 26, 1962. Valle died nine hours after the bout ended. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Dec;1962;ND;;Delson Marin; ;Y;marin;ND;;Chile;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Dean Clark;24-Jan;1963;KO;1;"Emedino ""Nino"" Nunez";26;Y;nunez;Odessa;Ohio;USA;ND;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, February 7, 1964. Nunez was hit hard in the face as he broke from a clinch, and he dropped to the floor. He stopped breathing three times during the 20-mile trip to the hospital, and he remained unconscious until his death on September 19, 1965. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Tim Fish;6-Feb;1963;Sparring;;Omar Olive;18;Y;olive;Toledo;Ohio;USA;ND;"New York Times, April 8, 1963; Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, February 8, 1963. Cause of death was brain injury. He was practicing for the Golden Gloves."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Ultiminio ""Sugar"" Ramos";21-Mar;1963;KO;10;Davey Moore;29;Y;moore;Los Angeles ;California;USA;Feather;"Cyril B. Courville, ""The mechanism of boxing fatalities,"" Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society, 2:29 (June 1964), 59-69; David Jablonsky, ""Remembering Davey Moore,"" Springfield News-Sun, February 23, 2003, http://www.springfieldnewssun.com/sports/newsfd/auto/feed/sports/2003/02/23/1046062483.16698.0036.4180.html. Moore was the 1952 Olympics champion and current world champion, but he had starved himself to make weight. About 45 minutes after the end of the fight, he lapsed into unconsciousness, and he died three days later. Cause of death was attributed to his head striking the ring ropes as he fell. The fight had been televised, and the death quickly became a political football and a media circus. For instance, Bob Dylan's song ""Who Killed Davey Moore?"" premiered on April 12, 1963; lyrics appear at http://www.bobdylan.com/songs/daveymoore.html. Consequently, within a week of this death, the New York State Athletic Commission prohibited 6-ounce gloves and instituted a 3-knockdown rule. See New York Times, April 3, 1963, 54. California also introduced similar legislation. See Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, March 26, 1963.";World;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall, weight; ;
ND;2-Apr;1963;WTKO;;Enzio Barelli;18;Y;barelli;Ayr;Queensland;Australia;ND;"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, April 7, 1963; (Dublin) Irish Times, April 6, 1963; New York Times, April 8, 1963. The referee stopped the bout because Barelli was overpowering his opponent. After the fight, Barelli complained of headaches and began vomiting. He was unconscious by the time he got to the hospital. Surgery was done, but he died the next day. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Cliff Hanson;6-Apr;1963;TKO;2;Norman Smith;26;Y;smith;Gympie;Queensland;Australia;Fly (7st 8-1/2lb);"Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, April 7, 1963; New York Times, April 8, 1963; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, April 8, 1963; Ray Mitchell, ?Four ways to make boxing safer,? Australian Ring, April-May 1963, pp. 4-5, 22; see also ?Away from the big cities,? Australian Ring, April-May 1963, 21. . The bout was part of the first professional boxing promotion in Gympie in 25 years. Smith, who was Aboriginal, had been knocked out in another professional boxing match just eight days earlier. He also had a history of heart problems. However, the promoter needed a subsitute, so out Smith went, to fight a man who outweighed him by about a dozen pounds.He was knocked down in the second round, and died in hospital about an hour later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Earl Johnson;6-Apr;1963;TKO;2;Francisco Velasquez;20;Y;velasquez;Carbondale;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"(Dublin) Irish Times, April 8, 1963; New York Times, April 7, 1963; New York Times, April 8, 1963; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 557. Ten-ounce gloves were being worn, and Velasquez was the only boxer in the tournament who was wearing headgear. The bout was staged as a charity event for the Kiwanis Club. Velasquez was knocked down, and his head hit the ring floor. He died fifteen minutes later. Cause of death was listed as ""massive intra-cranial hemorrhage."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Salustiano Suarez;19-Apr;1963;KO; ;Domingo Castro;22;Y;castro;San Luis;;Argentina;Feather;Journal de GenŠve, April 30, 1963. The bout was reportedly a mismatch. In any event, Castro was knocked out, and did not recover. Despite surgery to remove blood clots from his brain, Castro died five days after the bout.;Provincial ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Johnny Lozaga;12-May;1963;KO;8;"Sabino ""Rocky"" Mangubat";22;Y;mangubat;Manila;;Philippines;Bantam;"New York Times, May 15, 1963; Pacific Stars and Stripes, May 17, 1963. Mangubat died three days after the bout. Cause of death was listed as brain injuries."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Antun Novakovic;16-Jun;1963;KO;1;Josip Madjar;23;Y;madjar;Slavonski Brod;;Yugoslavia (Croatia);Welter;Kansas City (Missouri) Star, June 17, 1963. Madjar was knocked down by a blow to the solar plexus, and he died in hospital without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was attributed to brain injuries. ; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Norberto Aguirre;21-Jul;1963;KO;;Renato Aguila; ;Y;aguila ;Tierra del Fuego;;Argentina;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;6-Oct;1963;KO;;Ganija Munadzerija;25;Y;munadzrija;Sarajevo;;Yugoslavia (Bosnia);Fly;"New York Times, October 7, 1963; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, October 7, 1963. The boxer died about half an hour after the fight."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Oct;1963;Sparring;;Carroll J. Belt;23;Y;belt;Camp Sukiran;Okinawa;USA;Welter (Lt Welter);"Pacific Stars and Stripes, October 13, 1963; Pacific Stars and Stripes, October 18, 1963; Frederick (Maryland) Post, October 18, 1963; Washington Post, October 18, 1963.  In early October 1963, Bill Champion and Emanuel Rivera organized a 19-member Marine Corps boxing team at Camp Sukiran, Okinawa. The idea was to start holding weekly contests with the Army. ""Many of our fighters are fairly short on experience,"" Champion was quoted in Pacific Stars and Stripes as saying. ""But where they lack experience they conceal it with willingness and guts."" On October 11, 1963, Corporal Belt was knocked unconscious, and soon after, he died in hospital. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Wayne Bethea;14-Oct;1963;KO;9;"Ernie ""Rainbow"" Knox";26;Y;knox;Baltimore;Maryland;USA;Heavy;"Frederick (Maryland) Post, January 8, 1964; Unterharnscheidt, 574; http://www.macklewis.com/mack_lewis_story.htm; Thomas Scharf, Baltimore's Boxing Legacy, 1893-2003 (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing), 108; Alan Goldstein, ""The Ring Master,""  Pressbox, 1:25, October 12, 2006, http://www.pressboxonline.com/story.cfm?id=921. Knox was knocked out and remained unconscious until his death 30 hours later. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain. Scandal followed this death. Although Knox officially weighed 178 at the pre-fight exam, at the autopsy,  his actual weight was found to be 152. Meanwhile, Bethea weighed 205. In addition, he  had been hospitalized following auto accidents in 1961 and 1963. However, he was on unemployment at the time, which suggests that he needed the $243 purse. Knox was managed by Mack Lewis. Another of Lewis's boxers, John Hurtt, was fighting on the same card as Knox. At the time of this fight, Hurtt had two detached retinas, and he later went blind on the left side."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Adan Mesa;22-Nov;1963;KO; ;Roberto Hernandez;19;Y;hernandez;Montevideo;;Uruguay;ND;Manuel Velazqeuz collection. Hernandez had won three bouts earlier in the tournament, but he was knocked out in the finals. He underwent brain surgery and died the next day.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Louis Pulliam;18-Jan;1964;KO;3;Forrest Wright;17;Y;wright;Flint;Michigan;USA;Light (133 lb.);"(Pasco, Washington) Tri-City Herald, January 20, 1964; New York Times, January 21, 1964; Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Press, January 21, 1964. Wright was carried unconscious from the ring and died in hospital 61 hours later. Cause of death was massive brain hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Victor Arguellas;19-Jan;1964;KO;3;Jose Godoy Lopez; ;Y;godoy;Oruro;;Bolivia;Fly;"Holland (Michigan) Evening Sentinel, January 21, 1964; Bettman/Corbis Archive, image 42-15854751, http://pro.corbis.com/search/searchFrame.aspx. Cause of death given as pneumonia while unconscious."; ;Amateur;Pneumonia;Ring;; ;
Martin Hermida;25-Apr;1964;WTKO;4;Kolawole (Kofi) Mustapha;21;;mustapha ;Barcelona;;Spain;Bantam;(Dublin) Irish Times, June 19, 1964. Mustapha was a bantamweight, while Hermida was a flyweight. Hermida's record going into this fight was 3-5-0, and it ended exactly as the promoters expected, with Hermida's knockout. Nonetheless, in the middle of June 1964, Mustapha suddenly collapsed while walking, and he died of complications on June 18, 1964..; ;Pro;;Later;; ;
Marika Naivalu;6-May;1964;Sparring;;Anare Baisagale;24;Y;baisagale;Suva;Fiji;Australia;Heavy;"Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, May 7, 1964; Fresno (California) Bee Republican, May 7, 1964. The two boxers were cousins. Baisagale was knocked down by a right to the head. The death is attributed to Australia because Fiji did not become independent until 1970."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Jun;1964;TKO;2;Henry Stephens;18;Y;stephens;Parramatta;New South Wales;Australia;ND;"Modesto (California) Bee and News Herald, June 17, 1964; (Dublin) Irish Times, June 18, 1964; Pacific Stars and Stripes, June 19, 1964; ?Death of amateur,? Australian Ring, May-June 1964, 25. Stephens, whose family had recently moved to Australia from Fiji, was participating in his second amateur boxing tournament. He entered because his younger brother Fred was four pounds too light to participate. During the second round, Stephens was hit twice in the head. He fell down, and did not get up. He was taken to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. He died three days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Roger Aganan;13-Jun;1964;KO;4;Rey Romero;21;Y;romero;Quezon City;;Philippines;Welter;"(Reno) Nevada State Journal, June 17, 1964; Dallas Morning News, June 17, 1964; Pacific Stars and Stripes, June 19, 1964; Yuma (Arizona) Daily Sun, June 21, 1964. It was Aganan's second pro fight and Romero's third. There was only the one knockdown in the fight. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. The Games and Amusement Board in Manila subsequently revoked the license of referee Sandalio Del Corro, apparently because he had ignored the advice of the ringside physician to stop the fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Colin Lake;16-Jun;1964;KO;6;Lyndon Rees James;21;Y;james;Shoreditch;London;England;Feather;"New York Times, June 17, 1964; Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, June 17, 1964; (Dublin) Irish Times, January 14, 1965; Manchester (England) Guardian, January 14, 1965; Mike Lewis, ""Ernie Fossey, the man who made boxing ring,"" The Guardian, October 1, 2003, http://sport.guardian.co.uk/boxing/theobserver/story/0,10541,1053202,00.html. Before the fight, a doctor had noted low blood pressure and abnormal pupil dilation. James did not mention this diagnosis to anyone involved with the fight. During the fight, he was knocked down just before the final bell, but got up before fight ended. After the fight ended, he collapsed, and was transported to the hospital. There, he lost consciousness, and he died six hours later. He reportedly had not recovered from injuries received in an auto accident shortly before the bout. Cause of death was intercerebral hemorrhage, and attributed either to James striking his head against a rope or being post-concussional from some previous injury. There had been several other boxing deaths during the past few days, and this led to renewed calls for the abolition of boxing in the United Kingdom."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall; ;
War Tagalogin;16-Jul;1964;KO;;Sammy Parker;18;Y;parker;Ozamiz City;;Philippines;ND;Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, July 18, 1964. Oakland Tribune, July 18, 1964. Parker was knocked down twice during the bout. Cause of death was brain injury. This was reportedly the sixth Philippines fatality in past three years.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Shigeru Suzuki;16-Aug;1964;Ldec;6;Minoru Hasegawa;22;Y;hasegawa;Tokyo;;Japan;Feather;"Los Angeles Times, August 20, 1964; New York Times, August 21, 1964; Japan Times, August 21, 1964, 7; Japan Times, August 22, 1964. It was Hasegawa's fourth pro fight, and he was hit hard throughout the fight. He collapsed shortly after the bell ending the fight. He died in hospital 82 hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage; the clot was said to be the size of a baby's fist."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Kwanchai Kityountra;18-Aug;1964;Ldec;6;Kamolsing Singchaophya; ;Y;singchaophya;Nakorn Sawan;;Thailand;ND;"New York Times, August 21, 1964, 22; (Pasco, Washington) Tri-City Herald, August 20, 1964.  After the fight, Singchaophya reported feeling sleepy. He was sent home. He died within 24 hours. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Paul Jacobs;12-Sep;1964;TKO;3;Nicky Erasmus;22;Y;erasmus;Germiston;;South Africa;Bantam;"El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post, September 18, 1964; (Madison) Wisconsin State Journal, September 19, 1964; Peter Bernard Harris, Interest Groups in South African Politics (Salisbury: University College of Rhodesia, 1968), 85. Erasmus collapsed at the end of the second round. He got up, walked to the corner, hung on to the ropes, and collapsed. He died in hospital five days later.";Transvaal;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Enrique Jana;24-Sep;1964;TKO;9;Adrian Servin;29;Y;servin;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Light (Super Feather);"Manchester (England) Guardian, September 29, 1964; Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, September 29, 1964. This was a televised match. Servin collapsed in his corner at the start of the 10th round. He was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done. He remained in a coma until his death six days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. Servin had not won a fight since 1960. On the other hand, Jana had lost two fights in his career. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
ND;28-Sep;1964;KO;2;Antonio Pepe;19;Y;Pepe;Naples; ;Italy;Welter;Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, September 29, 1964. Pepe was hospitalized for ten days after this match, and about four months later, he died of complications related to the injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Fix Njelamenda;25-Oct;1964;KO;4;Boniface Mau Mau ;;Y;mau mau;Kitwe;;Zambia;Feather;Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern, October 27, 1964. Mau Mau was knocked down and did not get up. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;ND;1964;ND;;Leopoldo Guajardo;;Y;guajardo;ND;;Chile;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;10-Jan;1965;KO;;Said Brahimi;18;Y;brahimi;Algiers;;Algeria;Light;"New York Times, January 13, 1965; Pacific Stars and Stripes, January 15, 1965; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, January 17, 1965. Brahmini was knocked out and died two days later. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Harvey Christian;14-Jan;1965;TKO;2;Jerry Como Jr.;17;Y;como;Youngstown;Ohio;USA;Light;"New York Times, January 15, 1965; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, January 15, 1965; Appleton (Wisconsin) Post Crescent, January 15, 1965. While crouching, Como was hit by a left to the side and he went down. He did not get up. The crowd booed. Como died two days later, without regaining consciousness. Death was attributed to a pre-existing but previously undiagnosed heart condition."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Leotis Martin;10-May;1965;KO;9;"Lucien ""Sonny"" Banks";24;Y;banks;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Heavy;"Philadelphia Inquirer, May 11, 1965, 1; Philadelphia Inquirer, May 14, 1965, 36. Struck with a right fist to the left temple, Banks toppled over but was not counted out because there was just one second left in the round. He remained partially conscious for about fifteen minutes, then lapsed into a coma. He died three days later in hospital. Cause of death was listed as subdural hematoma. Banks had been knocked out only once before, on July 21, 1964. The attending doctor, Robert Andre, said he did not know what caused the death, only that it was not Martin's punch that did it."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
ND;8-Jun;1965;KO; ;Harold Kenneth Stevens Jr.;22; ;stevens ;Da Nang;Vietnam;USA;ND;"Board of Veterans' Appeals, Citation Nr: 0312002 Decision Date: 06/09/03 Archive Date: 06/16/03, Docket No. 96-28 407, http://www.va.gov/vetapp03/Files/0312002.txt; National Archives and Records Administration, The Coffelt Database, December 2005 Update in the Series: Records with Unit Information on Military Personnel Who Died During the Vietnam War, created ca. 1983 - 12/18/2005, documenting the period 6/8/1956 - 10/10/2003. - Collection COFF.  Stevens was a Marine lance corporal assigned to A Company, 3rd Engineer Battalion, 3rd Marine Division, at Da Nang. According to Veterans Administration records, he died during a service-related boxing match. To wit: ""It has been confirmed that Harold K. Stevens was in Vietnam during the specified time period and that he died due to injuries sustained during a boxing match. However, the record contains no verification that the veteran caused the injuries and contains no investigative reports."" Cause of death was listed as accidental homicide."; ;Amateur; ;Ring;Accidental homicide;;
ND;9-Aug;1965;KO;4;Jairo de Jesus Gutierrez;19;Y;de jesus;Medellin;;Colombia;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, August 12, 1965; Pacific Stars and Stripes, August 15, 1965. Gutierrez was knocked down. He stood up, and congratulated his opponent. He walked unassisted from the ring, but collapsed in the dressing room. He died three days later."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
ND;14-Aug;1965;KO;;Arturo Avila;18;Y;avila;Puerto Montt;;Chile;ND;(Sydney, Australia) The Age, August 18, 1965. Following the fight, Avila complained of severe headaches. He was hospitalized, and he died two days later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
John O'Brien;7-Sep;1965;KO;4;"Jesus ""Chucho"" Saucedo";23;Y;saucedo;London;London;England;Bantam;"Morgantown (West Virginia) Post, September 8, 1965; Lima (Ohio) News, September 15, 1965; (Dublin) Irish Times, October 11, 1965. A left hook knocked Saucedo from the ring. During the fall, he struck his head on the ring apron. He was taken to the hospital, where he drifted in and out of consciousness for the next week. He was flown back to Mexico on October 9, 1965, and he died there the following week."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Roscoe Gergory;11-Sep;1965;TKO;6;"Willie ""Pineapple"" Stevenson";29;Y;stevenson;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Welter;"New York Times, September 20, 1965; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, September 21, 1965. Knocked down three times in the fight, Stevenson subsequently complained of headache and dizziness. He was hospitalized. He died in hospital. Cause of death was subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stevenson had lost 9 of his last 12 matches, and this was his first known fight in over three years."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Mismatch; ;
Joseph Batello;2-Nov;1965;KO;1;Ronald E. Alexander;25;Y;alexander;Fort Madison;Iowa;USA;ND;Kansas City (Missouri) Times, November 5, 1965. This was a supervised grudge match between two inmates at the state prison, with eight-ounce gloves and three-minute rounds. Cause of death was hemorrhage of the brain.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;5-Nov;1965;Ldec;3;Clive Buckton;33;Y;buckton;Cape Town;;South Africa;Heavy;"Oakland Tribune, November 6, 1965; Pasadena (California) Independent, November 6, 1965. Upon arriving home after the fight, Buckton complained of chest pains. He then died. Cause of death was listed as heart attack."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
ND;5-Nov;1965;Ldec;3;Stanislav Patocka;25;Y;patocka;Brattislava;;Czechoslovakia (Slovakia);Light Heavy;"Frederick (Maryland) Post, November 17, 1965; Pacific Stars and Stripes, November 18, 1965. After the bout, the former national champion complained of severe headaches and dizziness. He became unconscious the following morning, and he died that afternoon.";National amateur;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
ND;14-Dec;1965;KO;;Romeo Hayohoywo;24; ;hayohoywo;Cebu City; ;Philippines;ND;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, December 14, 1965.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;17-Dec;1965;KO;3;Louis E. Hand;25;Y;hand;Bad Kreuznach;;Germany;Light;"Manchester (England) Guardian, December 19, 1965; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, December 19, 1965. Hand was a US Army sergeant participating in a US Army tournament. It was his first tournament. He was knocked down twice during the match, and collapsed at the end of the fight. He died the next day. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Anibal Martinez;10-Jan;1966;KO;1;Carlos Bazan Martinez;21;Y;bazan;Fatucen; ;Chile;Welter;"New York Times, January 11, 1966; Manchester (England) Guardian January 12, 1966; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, January 12, 1966; Charleston (West Virginia) Sunday Gazette-Mail, January 16, 1966; (Sydney, Australia) The Age, January 17, 1966. Cause of death was listed as brain damage. The death caused the temporary suspension of all boxing in Chile."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Nadenicek;13-Feb;1966;KO;2;Frantisek Marecek;18;Y;maracek;Karlovy;;Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic);ND;New York Times, February 20, 1966. Following the knockout, Maracek remained unconscious until his death four days later. As this was the second death in Czechoslovakia in three months, the Czechoslovak Boxing Organization announced a temporary ban on boxing while safety measures were reviewed.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Neville Kennedy;16-Mar;1966;Ldec;4;Patrick Casey;21;Y;casey;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light;"New York Times, March 22, 1966; Bristol (Pennsylvania) Bucks County Courier, March 22, 1966; Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, March 22, 1966. After the fight, Casey collapsed in his corner. He was taken to the hospital, where he died five days later. Cause of death was blood clots in the brain. It was Casey's third professional fight, and he had taken severe beatings in his two previous fights. His share of the purse was US $16."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Mar;1966;Sparring;;Dolphin Candelario;30;;candelario;Wailuku;Hawaii;USA;ND;Honolulu Advertiser, March 21, 1966. After sparring with some young amateurs, Candelario felt dizzy, so he went home and went to bed.  The next morning, he was admitted to the hospital, where he subsequently died.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Julio Guerrero;14-May;1966;TKO;5;Fernando Blanco; ; ;blanco;Oaxaca;;Mexico;Fly;"Long Beach (California) Press-Telegram, May 16, 1966; Washington Post, May 17, 1966. Blanco was knocked down. His head reportedly hit the rope during the fall. He stood up, went to his corner, and collapsed. He was carried from the ring. He died in hospital. Cause of death listed as subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;26-May;1966;Training; ;"Alejandro ""Chico"" Torres+F1669"; ;Y;torres;Maracaibo;;Venezuela;ND;"New York Times, May 29, 1966; Oakland Tribune, May 29, 1966. Cause of death listed as concussion."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Alberto Mino;Jul/;1966;TKO;10;Belindo Leyba;28;Y;leyba;Corrientes;;Argentina;Feather;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Leyba died after undergoing brain surgery."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Shigo Hirashi;18-Aug;1966;KO;8;Yoshimitsu Kubo;22;Y;kubo;Tokyo;;Japan;Bantam;"Japan Times, August 19, 1966, 3; New York Times, August 19, 1966. Kubo was knocked out. He was taken to the hospital, where he died three days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Kloesges;4-Sep;1966;KO;3;Willi Lampert;36;Y;lampert;Neuwied;;Germany;Light Heavy;"New York Times, September 5, 1966; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, September 5, 1966; Ring Record Book, 1966, 734. Lampert collapsed in the ring and died."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;6-Oct;1966;Wdec;3;Felics Kierula;21;Y;kierula;Warsaw;;Poland;ND;"New York Times, October 12, 1966; Long Beach (California) Independent, October 12, 1966; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, October 12, 1966. Kierula won the fight, but collapsed in the dressing room and died in hospital. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;29-Oct;1966;KO;;Stephen Aremu;15;Y;aremu;Kampala;;Uganda;ND;Oakland Tribune, November 1, 1966.;Uganda Junior championships;Amateur;;Ring;;;
Marion Conner;16-Nov;1966;KO;9;"Ed ""Greatest"" Crawford";28;Y;crawford;Canton;Ohio;USA;Light Heavy;"New York Times, November 19, 1966; Valparaiso (Indiana) Vidette-Messenger, November 19, 1966; Bettman/Corbis Archive, image 42-15854739, http://pro.corbis.com/search/searchFrame.aspx. Crawford, who had won just three of his past eleven fights, was carried from the ring unconscious. Surgery was done, but he died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. Conner was a promising light heavyweight who would start a downward spiral after a loss to Joe Frazier in December 1967,"; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;6-Dec;1966;TKO;3;Fritz Regber;16;;regber;Repelen;;Germany;Light (Jr Light);(Dublin) Irish Times, December 7, 1966. It was Regber's first tournament. Midway through the third round, Regber signaled he wanted to stop, so the fight was stopped. On his way back to his corner, he collapsed. After CPR failed to revive him, a ringside doctor cut open Regber's chest with a pocketknife, and began direct massage. Regber died on the way to the hospital.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
John Farrell;19-Jan;1967;KO;3;Gerard O'Brien;19;Y;o'brien;Dublin; ;Ireland;ND;"New York Times, January 22, 1967; (Dublin) Irish Times, January 23, 1967; (Dublin) Irish Times, April 29, 1967. O'Brien had entered the novice division of a county league tournament; although he was an athlete, this was only his second contest. In the first round, O'Brien took a standing eight count, and in the third, about ten seconds before the round ended, he took a right to the jaw. He went down, hard, and this time, he did not get up. He was taken to hospital, where he died four days later. Cause of death was brain injury. The coroner attributed the death entirely to the fall, saying that Farrell was ""completely blameless."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall: Misadventure; ;
John Roberts;21-Jan;1967;Ldec;3;Stanley Mervyn Bell;18;Y;bell;Dapto;New South Wales;Australia;ND;Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier, January 23, 1964. Bell came out of the crowd to accept the booth boxer's challenge.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
"Qashe ""Anthony"" Sithole (Kid Snowball)";11-Mar;1967;KO;6;Lumkile Wiseman Dunjana (Young Clay);21;Y;dunjana;Port Elizabeth;;South Africa;Bantam;"""Deaths in the ring preyed on my mind,"" News24, November 16, 2002, http://www.news24.com/City_Press/City_Press_Sport/0,1885,186-245_1285991,00.html; Jimmy Matuyu, ""About Town,"" Port Elizabeth (South Africa) Herald Online, http://www.theherald.co.za/colarc/town/mj20062007.htm. The venue was the Great Centenary Hall (now Nangoza Jebe Hall). The fight was scheduled for eight rounds, but lasted six. Dunjana died March 15, 1967. His trainer was Nyami Pemba."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Antonio Matassio;29-Jun;1967;KO;;Tomas Misson;19;Y;misson;Udine;;Italy;Welter;"New York Times, July 3, 1967; Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald, July 3, 1967. Misson had never been knocked out before. However, he was carried from the ring unconscious, and he died in hospital on July 2."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Su Si Watanabe;27-Aug;1967;Ldec;3;Isamu Nakatasuchi;18;Y;nakatasuchi;Tokyo;;Japan;Light;Appleton (Wisconsin) Post Crescent, August 24, 1967. Nakatasuchi took an eight count in the third round, but got up and lasted to the bell. After the referee declared the winner, he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he underwent surgery. He died anyway. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.;All-Japan Amateur;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;19-Sep;1967;Wdec;3;Otto Dhlamini;31;Y;dhlamini;ND;;South Africa;Welter;Manuel Velazquez collection. Dhlamini collapsed after winning. He was taken to the hospital. Brain surgery was done, but he died several days later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Edgar Joseph Goodwin;4-Nov;1967;Sparring; ;Ernest Albert Pachico;30; ;pachico;Chino;California;USA;ND;Los Angeles Times, November 5, 1967. The men were inmates at the California Institute for Men. They were sparring in a supervised match in the prison gymnasium. In the fourth round, Pachico was knocked down twice, and the match was stopped. Pachico walked to his corner, then collapsed. He died in the prison hospital four hours later.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
ND;1-Jan;1968;Ldec;3;John Humphrey;21;Y;humphrey;London;London;England;Light Heavy;Pacific Stars and Stripes, February 8, 1968. Humphrey went to the hospital with a broken jaw. He died.; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Luis Altamirano;19-Jan;1968;Ldec;10;Marcial Jimenez;20;Y;jimenez;Acapulco;;Mexico;Welter;European Stars and Stripes, January 24, 1968. Jimenez was knocked down by a blow to the chin. He went down for a count of eight, and stood up just as the fight ended. He remained standing until the decision was announced, then collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Juan Carlos Duran;12-Jun;1968;TKO;15;Jupp Elze;28;Y;elze;Cologne;;Germany;Middle;"New York Times, June 13, 1968; (Dublin) Irish Times, June 21, 1968; Pacific Stars and Stripes, June 28, 1968. Elze had been advised to take a rest from the ring following a bout in April 1968. Eight-ounce gloves were worn. During the fifteenth round of this fight, Elze was hit at least twenty times in the head and neck. Unsurprisingly, he fell down. He stood up, then collapsed in the ring. He died in hospital eight days. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The autopsy also revealed methamphatamines in Elze's system. The injuries are described in H.J. Colmant and G. Dotzauer, ""Analysis of a boxing match with fatal outcome from unusually severe brain damage,"" a German-language article published in Zeitschrift f�r Rechtsmedizin (Journal of Legal Medicine), 1980: 84 (4), 263-278.";European;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight, amphetamines; ;
Jose Izquierdo;3-Jul;1968;KO;3;Jose Lojan Diaz;21;Y;lojan;Loja;;Ecuador;ND;Pacific Stars and Stripes, July 6, 1968. Diaz collapsed in the ring, bleading from the mouth and nose. Cause of death was given as ruptured lungs. This was said to be the first boxing fatality in Ecuador.; ;Amateur;Pulmonary injury;Ring; ; ;
ND;26-Jul;1968;KO;4;Kamolchai Sitnoppaku;22;Y;sitnoppaku;Bangkok;;Thailand;Feather;Pacific Stars and Stripes, July 29, 1968. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Giancarlo Ballisai;17-Aug;1968;KO;3;Raimondo Gaviano;19;Y;gaviano;Seui;;Italy;Bantam;"Dallas Morning News, August 19, 1968; Pacific Stars and Stripes, August 20, 1968. Gaviano took a stiff right to the jaw. He stiffened, then fell. He failed to regain consciousness following the knockout and died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. It was Gaviano's first professional fight."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Rod Sario;21-Aug;1968;Ldec;6;Amado Pineda;20;Y;pineda;Manila;;Philippines;ND;Pacific Stars and Stripes, August 25, 1968. Pineda collapsed in the dressing room. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Raphael Miya;23-Feb;1969;KO;5;Nicholas Cele (Lucky Boy);26;Y;cele;Durban;;South Africa;Feather;"New York Times, February 23, 1969; Appleton (Wisconsin) Post Crescent, February 24, 1969. Cele died shortly after arrival at the hospital. His corner said that his death was due to black magic."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Joe Bugner;11-Mar;1969;Ldec;8;Ulric Regis;27;Y;regis;London;London;England;Heavy;"New York Times, March 16, 1969; London Times, March 17, 1969. Regis collapsed the morning after the fight and died three days later. Cause of death was attributed to a pre-existing blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Prior injury; ;
ND;22-Apr;1969;Sparring;;Mitsuya Oshiro;17;;oshiro;Naha;Okinawa;USA;ND;Pacific Stars and Stripes, April 24, 1969. Headgear was not worn, and the coach was not present.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Omar Gottifredi;31-Jul;1969;KO;10;Mario Hector Paladino;27;Y;paladino;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Welter (Jr Welter);"Pacific Stars and Stripes, August 2, 1969; New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, August 1, 1969; Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press, August 1, 1969; Bettman/Corbis archive, image 42-15854750, http://pro.corbis.com/search/searchFrame.aspx. Paladino had not lost in 26 bouts, and this was a televised bout. Nonetheless, Paladino was knocked out just before the end of the tenth round. Cause of death was attributed to heart failure."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;4-Aug;1969;Training; ;T. Joseph;50;N;joseph;Singapore;;Singapore;ND;(Singapore) Straits Times, August 5, 1969. Joseph was a boxing instructor for the police. He collapsed and died during training at the police academy.; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Filo Guzman;20-Sep;1969;KO;;"Juan ""Chiquito"" Garcia";23;Y;garcia;San Pedro de Macoris;;Dominican Republic;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection. Garcia suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died 24 hours later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;6-Nov;1969;Sparring; ;Seiichi Ninomiya;20;Y;ninomiya;Osaka;;Japan;Middle;Manuel Velazquez collection. Ninomiya's last known bout took place in Sapporo on March 30, 1969. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Carlos San Jose II;30-Dec;1969;KO;8;"Agbakhume ""Bernard"" Daudu "; ;Y;daudu;Barcelona;;Spain;Middle (Super Welter);"(Seville, Spain) ABC Sevilla, January 1, 1970; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, January 2, 1970; Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, January 4, 1970; Carlos Francisco San Jose, ""Our Pursuit of Fame in the Boxing Ring,"" Awake!, September 22, 1980, 17-21. During the final scheduled round of the fight, Daudu was hit hard with a right. He sagged against the ropes and the fight was stopped. He never recovered consciousness, and died in hospital. Cause of death was listed as brain concussion. This was an intentional mismatch. San Jose was the Spanish champion, whereas Daudu had lost at least four fights (two by knockout) since July 1969, and the prefight exam suggested that his previous head injuries were still a problem.  "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
ND;22-Feb;1970;KO ; ;Clemente Rodriguez Martinez; ; ;martinez;Salamanca; ;Mexico; ;(Seville, Spain) ABC de Sevilla, February 24, 1979. Rodriguez collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
ND;5-Mar;1970;Sparring;;Osamu Oyama;17;Y;oyama;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;"Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, March 9, 1970; Dallas Morning News, March 10, 1970. Oyama was applying for a professional boxing license, and this process involved a test bout. During the test bout, Oyama was knocked down by a right hook to the jaw, and he did not get up. He underwent brain surgery, and died the next day. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Cliff Nguwo;4-Apr;1970;KO;;Muleya Mugwarai; ;;mugwarai;Blantyre;;Malawi;Feather;(Dublin) Irish Times, April 9, 1970. Mugwarai died in hospital.; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
ND;20-May;1970;KO;;Waldemar Robak;17;Y;robak;Warsaw;;Poland;Welter;Oxnard (California) Press-Courier, May 22, 1970. Cause of death was attributed to a blow to the temple.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Pierre Fourie;1-Jun;1970;Sparring;;Winston Nkoyane;21;Y;nkoyane;Johannesburg;;South Africa;Middle;New York Times, July 3, 1970. Fourie was the South African middleweight champion. Nkoyane was a Fourie's sparring partner. One evening, after two hard rounds, Nkoyane went home, looking fine. Next morning, he was dead. In 1973, Fourie became the first white South African to fight a black (Bob Foster) in front of a mixed race South African audience.; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Hector Cabrera;19-Aug;1970;KO;;Jose Morales; ;Y;morales;San Salvador;;El Salvador;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Hector Thompson;6-Oct;1970;KO;10;Roko Spanja;21;Y;spanja;Newcastle;New South Wales;Australia;Welter (Jr Welter);"Harlingen (Texas) Valley Morning Star, October 8, 1970; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, December 18, 1970; Butte (Montana) Standard, April 3, 1976. Spanja was hit with a right uppercut to the jaw, and he went down. He never regained consciousness. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. The coroner ruled accidental death."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Vincenzo Pone;24-Nov;1970;KO;3;Umberto Torcolacci;20;Y;torcolacci;Piombino;;Italy;Middle;"Chicago Daily Tribune, November 26, 1970; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, November 26, 1970. Torcolacci was knocked down in the third. As he fell, his head hit the ring canvas. He died the next morning. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Gil King;19-Jan;1971;Sparring;;Eddie L. Pace;30;Y;pace;Los Angeles;California;USA;Welter;"Oakland (California) Tribune, January 24, 1971; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, January 27, 1971. Pace, the former California welterweight champion, was sparring with the current state champion. He stepped back, looked at his manager in the corner, and then collapsed in the ring. Cause of death was thought to be cardiac. "; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;27-Mar;1971;ND;;Zbigniew Kopanski;17;Y;kopanski;Warsaw; ;Poland;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;31-Mar;1971;Sparring;;George Kennedy;45;;kennedy;Fresno;California;USA;Heavy;Fresno (California) Bee Republican, April 1, 1971. Kennedy had boxed professionally from 1946-1961, and after retiring from the ring, he had continued training for exercise. On this night, after sparring five rounds at the gym, he collapsed. He said he did not want to go to the hospital, so he was taken home. His wife promptly called an ambulance, and he was taken to the hospital, where he was dead on arrival. Cause of death was a heart attack.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
ND;30-Apr;1971;Sparring;;Al Robinson;23;Y;robinson;Oakland;California;USA;Light;"Oakland (California) Tribune, May 4, 1971; Lima (Ohio) News, January 27, 1974; Oakland (California) Tribune, May 6, 1971; Oakland (California) Tribune, February 18, 1974. Robinson, an Olympic silver medalist in 1968, turned pro in June 1969. One day, after a 6-round sparring session, he said, ""My head hurts,"" and then he collapsed. He remained in a coma until his death 33 months later. Surgery revealed an old blood clot that had recently resumed bleeding."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Jose Juan Ortiz;16-May;1971;Wdec;10;Francisco Valenzuela;23;Y;valenzuela;Acapulco;;Mexico;Feather;Long Beach (California) Press-Telegram, May 20, 1971. Valenzuela collapsed in the dressing room and died the following day. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Dave Packer;4-Jun;1971;Wdec;4;Nicholas Spruitt;22;;spruitt;Grand Rapids;Michigan;USA;ND;"""High profile Southeastern MMA fighters to meet in kickboxing match,"" IKF Ringside News, February 2002, http://www.ikfkickboxing.com/News02Feb.htm. After the bout, Spruitt complained of a broken nose. He first sought medical attention six days later. He was hospitalized. He lapsed into a coma, and he died June 22, 1971. Cause of death was listed as a sinus cavity blood clot."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Reynald Cantin;26-Jun;1971;KO;10;Danny Tucker;21;;tucker;Montreal;Quebec;Canada;Welter (Jr Welter);"New York Times, July 28, 1971; Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, July 29, 1971; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, July 30, 1971; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, August 25, 1971. The referee stopped the fight with 12 seconds left in the tenth. Tucker shook hands, then collapsed in the ring. He was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done to remove blood clots on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;5-Aug;1971;Sparring;;William Markley;18;Y;markley;Portland;Maine;USA;ND;"Oakland Tribune, August 6, 1971; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, August 10, 1971. Markley had turned pro just two months before. During sparring, he took a hard shot to the left ear. His right side began to shake. He sat down, and began having convulsions. He lost consciousness, and he died in hospital two days later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Qashe ""Anthony"" Sithole (Kid Snowball)";1-Oct;1971;KO;8;Albert Jangalay;28;Y;jangalay;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Bantam;"Holland (Michigan) Evening Sentinel, October 2, 1971; Dallas Morning News, December 22, 1971; Salt Lake City (Utah) Tribune, June 1, 1972. Jangalay was knocked down in the eighth, and he was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital. Jangalay had not won a fight since February 1969, and two weeks earlier, he had been badly beaten during a bout in Melbourne. Cause of death was first attributed to a broken neck, but the inquest changed that diagnosis to subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Hugo Melgarejo;12-Nov;1971;Ldec;8;Walter Larrea; ;;larrea;Montevideo;;Uruguay;Feather;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Larrea had lost 5 of his last 8 fights by knockout, and three of those fights had taken place within the past six months. But it was not a mismatch, because Melgarea was just 4-2, and his last two fights were losses. Larrea died three days after this bout. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Mismatch; ;
Louis Lebas;11-Dec;1971;TKO;2;Antoine Gramatico;29;Y;gramatico;Caen;;France;Feather;"New York Times, March 10, 1972; Oakland Tribune, March 10, 1972. Gramatico collapsed in the dressing room after the fight, and he died in March 1972, after three months in a coma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Miguel Ramos;18-Dec;1971;KO;;Eduardo Oscar Carrica;20;Y;carrica;Maipu;;Argentina;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Carrica became ill after the fight. He was hospitalized, and he died four days later."; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
ND;18-Dec;1971;KO;3;Peter Parker;24;Y;parker;Kleve;;Germany;Light Heavy;London Times, December 1971. Parker, from the Channel Islands, had been boxing since age 12, and was a member of a British international team. During this tournament, he was fighting an opponent from East Germany when he collapsed. He died in a Dutch hospital on December 23. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Mickey Doherty;8-Jan;1972;TKO;3;Martin Harkin;20;;harkin;Ballymena;Antrim;Northern Ireland;Welter;"(Dublin) Irish Times, January 12, 1972; Manchester (England) Guardian, January 12, 1972. The referee stopped the bout in the third because it was thought Harkin had a broken jaw. Harkin was taken to the hospital, where he died.";Ulster Junior;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Jimmy Moore;3-Feb;1972;KO;5;"Michael John ""Mickey"" Pinkney";22;Y;pinkney;Bradford;Yorkshire;England;Light;"Lima (Ohio) News, February 3, 1972; London Times, February 3, 1972; London Times, February 12, 1972; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, February 13, 1972. It was Pinkney's third pro fight; he had been brought in as a substitute. He was knocked down three times in the first round, and twice in the fourth. During the fifth round, he collapsed without being struck, and he was pronounced dead in the ring. Pinkney had a history of heart murmur, but had been cleared for the fight. Cause of death listed as vagal inhibition due to hemorrhage into the air passages of the lungs, and attributed to the aspirin Pinkney had been taking on a chronic basis."; ;Pro;Pulmonary injury;Ring;Misadventure; ;
Al Sparks;22-Feb;1972;KO;4;Stewart Gray;27;Y;gray;Winnipeg;Manitoba;Canada;Light Heavy;"New York Times, February 23, 1972; Panama City (Florida) News-Herald, February 27, 1972; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, April 8, 1972; Steven Brown, ""Ex-champ turns trainer,"" http://www.canadianproboxingscene.com/Clyde-Interview.htm. Gray had suffered a concussion in a car accident two weeks earlier, but the promoters apparently didn't bother telling anyone. Another fighter on the same card alleged he took a dive because the promoters threatened to kill him if he didn't."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Ely Exinte;9-May;1972;Wdec;8;Porfirio Cruz Perez;26;Y;cruz;Honolulu;Hawaii;USA;Feather;Honolulu Advertiser, July 20, 1980. Cruz complained of headaches after the fight, so he went to the hospital, where he died. However, this death was subsequently discounted as a ring death because Cruz got into a street fight after the bout, and could have received the fatal brain injury then.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Prior injury; ;
Antonio Puebla;19-May;1972;Wdec;12;Javier Reyes Valdez;19;Y;reyes;San Pedro;;Mexico;Middle;Dallas Morning News, May 21, 1972. Reyes suffered no apparent injuries during the bout, but he woke up at home complaining of headache, and he died the following morning. Death listed as cardiac failure.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Javier Hernandes;25-May;1972;Ldec;3;Graciano Bautista;25;Y;bautista;Tijuana;;Mexico;ND;Dallas Morning News, May 28, 1972. Bautista complained of headache following the fight. He underwent brain surgery, but still died two days later. ;Mexican National;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Julio Meterano;12-Jun;1972;KO;1;Carlos Alberto Perez;19;Y;perez;Valera;;Venezuela;ND;Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Courier Times, June 14, 1972. Perez died two days after the knockout.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Aug;1972;KO;;Bujang Mohamad Nor;26;Y;Nor;Sibu;;Malaysia;Light;"New York Times, August 13, 1972; Billings (Montana) Gazette, August 13, 1972. Nor was representing the police force in the tournament. He died the day after the bout. Cause of death listed as subdural hematoma.";Sarawak ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Silvino Cornago;20-Aug;1972;KO;;Rinaldo Cozzani; ;Y;cozzani;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;Bantam;The Ring. The bout was the semi-finals of an amateur tournament. Cozzani suffered a cerebral concussion and died several hours later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Guillermo Perez;3-Sep;1972;Ndec;8;"Aquilino ""Guaridos"" San Jose";23;Y;san jose;Salamanca;;Spain;Light (Jr Light);Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, September 4, 1972. San Jose felt ill after the fight, so he was taken to the hospital, where he died of cranial trauma. Perez had won 2 and lost 9 prior to this fight, so the cause of San Jose's death was probably not related to the power of Perez's punching. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Oct/;1972;Training;;Frank Barry;20;Y;barry;Syracuse ;New York;USA;Heavy;Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, January 29, 1973. Barry collapsed at the gym during the middle of October 1972, and he died four months later without regaining consciousnees. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain. His amateur record was 14 wins, 11 losses. His most recent match had been against Tom Stewart on October 7, 1972.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Nov;1972;KO;1;Humberto Quiros;22;Y;quiros;Calama;;Chile;ND;Ring Record Book 1972. Quiros had been knocked out three times in the past 12 days, but was brought in as last-minute substitute. He was knocked out in the first round, and he vomited upon leaving the ring. Then he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died six days later.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Regino Corral;ND;1972;Wdec;10;Raul Bravo;;;bravo;Agua Prieta;;Mexico;Welter;Historia Boxeo Sonorense; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Fred Zayas;26-Jan;1973;KO;8;Noboru Oyokawa;22;Y;oyokawa;Agana;Guam;USA;Light (Super Feather);"Oxnard (California) Press-Courier, January 28, 1973; Los Angeles Times, January 28, 1973; New York Times, January 28, 1973. Oyakawa collapsed at the end of the eighth round, and the fight was stopped. He was taken to the hospital, where he died 18 hours later. Cause of death was undetermined."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;4-May;1973;KO;1;Antonio Jose Colina; ;;colna;Caracas; ;Venezuela;ND;The Ring; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Alberto Sandoval;11-May;1973;TKO;1;Mike Britton;15;Y;britton;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Fly (Jr Fly);"New York Times, June 22, 1973; Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1973. Britton was participating in the US National AAU championships. The fight was stopped in the first round. Afterwards, he was hospitalized for five days in Boston and then another two weeks in Texas. Forty days after the match, he fell unconscious while sitting on a park bench with his girlfriend and he died the next morning. Cause of death was given as a blood clot on the brain.";US AAU;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;; ;
ND;ND;1973;KO;;Lizarraga;;;lizarraga;Caborca;;Mexico;ND;Historia Boxeo Sonorense; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Roque Roldan;13-Feb;1974;KO;8;Ruben Loyola;19;Y;loyola;Pergamino;;Argentina;Middle (Jr Middle);"New York Times, February 17, 1974; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, February 17, 1974; (Reno) Nevada State Journal, February 18, 1974; Vallejo (California) Times-Herald, February 17, 1974. Although Loyola had an extensive amateur career, this was just his third pro bout. He collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. He died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;12-Mar;1974;KO; ;Fabrizio Avincola;20;Y;avincola;Rome;;Italy;Middle;New York Times, March 16, 1974. This was Avincola's first amateur bout. He was knocked down, and his head reportedly struck the ring floor. He remained in a coma for two days, then died.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Don McMillan;2-Apr;1974;TKO;5;Hugo Chasa; ;Y;chasa;Kitwe;;Zambia;Middle;Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, April 4, 1974. Chasa tired early in the fight. After getting knocked out, he got up, and then he collapsed again. Six hours later, he died in hospital. There had been no pre-fight examination, and the inquest revealed that Chasa's medical certificate was issued falsely.; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
ND;4-May;1974;KO;1;Antonio Jose Colina; ;Y;colina;Caracas;;Venezuela;ND;Ring Record Book 1974; ;Pro;;Ring;;;
Jose Nemesio;7-Jun;1974;KO;7;Manuel Bastidas; ;;bastidas;Ciudad Obregon;;Mexico;Feather;"Mexicano/ Sergio Manuel Bastidas Jaramillo de Mazatlan/Historia Boxeo Soronese; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;25. Jul;1974;KO;2;Kenneth Paul;16;Y;paul;Tampa;Florida;USA;ND;"Daytona Beach (Florida) Morning Journal, July 28, 1974; Ancestry.com. Florida Death Index, 1877-1998 [database on-line]. Paul was an inmate of the Lake Magdalene Juvenile Home, and this was a supervised bout. He collapsed after about thirty seconds in the first round, and was pronounced dead at the hospital about half an hour later. Cause of death given as cardiac arrhythmia."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Zorrita Yepes;14-Jun;1974;KO;10;"David ""Babe"" Palomo";19;Y;palomo;Tapachula;;Mexico;Feather;"Mexicano; http://www.boxrec.com. Palomo died seven days after the fight. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Francesco Piccanelli;1-Sep;1974;KO;5;"Charles ""Big Boy"" Cutajar";32;;cutajar;Paola;;Malta;Heavy;"New York Times, September 3, 1974; Modesto (California) Bee and News-Herald, September 3, 1974; Fresno Bee Republican, September 3, 1974. Cutajar was taken to the hospital, bleeding from the nose. He died three days later. Cause of death was hemorrhage due to a burst vein in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Peter David O'Brien;1-Nov;1974;Ndec;3;"Philip ""Gus"" Maher";18;Y;maher;Geelong;Victoria;Australia;ND;"(Sydney) The Age, February 25, 1975; (Sydney) The Age, March 4, 1975; (Sydney) The Age, May 27, 1975; (Sydney) The Age, June 11, 1975. The bout took place in a tent show that was part of a hospital fund raiser. The prize was worth A$4.00. Each man had drunk at least 15-16 beers before the fight, but the tent show owner and fight referee, William Leach, told the inquest that he did not know that either man had been drinking. O'Brien had previously fought two professional bouts; Maher had fought none. This was O'Brien's fifth fight in an hour and a half; his goal was to fight one of the show fighters, but the owner was not having that. During their fight, O'Brien knocked Maher down three times in the first round and two times in the second round. At the end of the second round, O'Brien asked Leach stop the fight. Leach replied, ""Fight on, he needs knocking down."" After the fight, Maher walked out of the ring. Outside, in the street, he said he was sleepy, and then he collapsed. His friends carried him home, but they had been drinking, too, and they reportedly dropped him several times. Next morning, Maher was still unconscious, so he was taken to the hospital. Following seven separate surgeries, he died on November 30, 1975. Cause of death was left side brain hemorrhage and bronco-pneumonia, compounded by preexisting rheumatic heart and asthma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall, unfit, mismatch; ;
ND;7-Dec;1974;KO;;Paolo Garioni;19;Y;garioni;Pavia;;Italy;Middle;Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder, December 9, 1974. Garioni collapsed in ring and died. He had 80 prior fights.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;8-Jan;1975;WTKO;;Juan Torres Suarez;;Y;torres;Durango;;Mexico;ND;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf. Torres collapsed after winning the fight, and died soon afterwards. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Jo Vicago;12-Apr;1975;KO;;Waisea Tavusa;23;Y;tavusa;Suva;;Fiji;Welter;(Seville, Spain) ABC de Sevilla,April 22, 1975. Tavusa collapsed. He was taken to hospital. He underwent brain surgery and died nine days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Chris ""Kid"" Dlamini";31-May;1975;KO;12;"Simon ""Razor"" Monamodi";;;monamodi;Port Elizabeth;;South Africa;Bantam;"""Death in the Ring? Monamodi Gone!"" Knockout, June 1975. Monamodi died eight days after the fight from brain injuries.";South African non-white;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Abraham Saucedo;11-Jul;1975;Wdec;10;Alfonso Diaz Garcia (Jose Luis Garcia);22;Y;garcia;Monterrey;;Mexico;Middle;Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, July 15, 1975. Diaz Garcia's boxing license was revoked at the time of the fight, so he fought this fight under a pseudonym. He collapsed after the fight, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Ramon Ybanez;18-Sep;1975;KO;1;ND;15;;nd;Metan;;Argentina;ND;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf.  Although Argentina's legal age for boxing is 16, the deceased was only 15.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Norman Hlalele;1-Nov;1975;KO;;"Petrus ""Trizza"" Mkhwanazi"; ;;mkhwanazi;Johannesburg;;South Africa;Fly;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf.  This was reportedly South Africa's seventh fatality since 1950.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Nov;1975;Wdec;3;Nader Haghighi;18;Y;haghighi;Tehran; ;Iran;ND;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf. Haghighi collapsed after leaving the ring. He remained unconscious until his death 26 hours later.; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
"Miguel ""Mike"" Mayan";26-Nov;1975;TKO;10;Roy Holloway;23;Y;holloway;North Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Welter (Jr Welter);"New York Times, November 30, 1975; Connellsville (Pennsylvania) Daily Courier November 28, 1975; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, November 29, 1975; Burlington (North Carolina) Daily Times-News, November 30, 1975. Holloway was knocked out of the ring and struck his head on a press table. He had lost six of his last nine fights, two of them within the preceding three months by knockout. In addition, after his most recent fight, in August 1975, he had been hospitalized for hepatitis. Death was due to severe swelling of brain stem. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall, mismatch; ;
"""El Mulato"" Cruz";ND;1975;KO;;Juan Carlos Garcia;17;Y;garcia;ND; ;Mexico;ND;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf.  Garcia died after his head hit an unpadded floor. There was no medical help ringside.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
O. Davalos;ND;1975;Ldec;8;"Hugo ""Toby"" Munoz";29;Y;munoz;Quito;;Ecuador;Light (Jr Light);Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf. ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Jose Cerda;ND;1975;Wdec;4;Juan Nunez;18;Y;nunez;Cojiaco;;Chile;Middle;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf. After winning the bout, Nunez said he didn't feel well. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Kok Huat Kwang;2-Mar;1976;TKO;2;Hang Guan Goh;21; ;goh;Singapore; ;Singapore;ND;"(Singapore) Straits Times, March 16, 1976. The match was at an army base; both boxers were soldiers. Goh was wobbly in the first round, and the referee stopped the fight in the second.He collapsed, and was taken to hospital, where he died the following day."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;9-Mar;1976;Sparring;;Johnnie Harp;32;Y;harp;Syracuse ;New York;USA;Welter;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, March 10, 1976; Social Security Death Index. Harp left the gym about 5 p.m. About 7:30 p.m., he began to complain of pain, and an ambulance was called. Harp was taken to the hospital, where he died about an hour later. Cause of death was a heart problem. Harp was reportedly aware of the problem, but told his friends ""not to tell anyone, because maybe they won't let me fight."""; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
ND;17-Mar;1976;Sparring;;Willie Ray Booker;28;;booker;Tucson;Arizona;USA;ND;Flagstaff (Arizona) Daily Sun, March 17, 1976. Booker had boxed under supervision during 1973 and 1974, and had recently returned to it. He collapsed at the start of the second round of a sparring session. He was pronounced dead at the hospital. ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Mar;1976;KO;;Fernando Arcellas;;Y;arcellas;Bago;;Philippines;Bantam;(Singapore) Straits Times, April 1, 1976. Arcellas was knocked out and died three days later.; ;Amateur;;Ring;;;
Hector Thompson;1-Apr;1976;TKO;10;Chuck Wilburn;22;Y;wilburn;Blacktown;New South Wales;Australia;Welter (Jr Welter);"New York Times, April 6, 1976; Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, June 25, 1976. The fight was considered even into the tenth round, when Thompson began pounding Wilburn in the head. Wilburn's knees buckled, and the referee stopped the fight. Wilburn staggered to his corner, where he collapsed. He was carried from the ring on a stretcher, and he died in hospital. Cause of death was brain injury. Wilburn, who had been brought to Australia from the United States specifically for this match, had lost 4 of his last 5 fights, whereas Thompson's record was 56-5-2."; ;Pro;;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Robert Colley;10-Jul;1976;KO;2;Peter Gilbert;25;Y;gilbert;Noumea;;New Zealand;Welter;http://www.geocities.com/kiwiboxing/ringdeaths.htm. Gilbert died four days after this fight. He had been knocked out twice in recent fights, and his official book said he was not to fight. However, the annotation was ignored.; ;Amateur;;Ring; ; ;
Eugenio Salazar;12-Jul;1976;TKO;6;Gregorio Martinez;;Y;martinez;Nouquen;;Argentina;ND;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Following the knockout, Martinez remained unconscious until his death a week later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ciro Cayetano;29-Aug;1976;KO;5;Miguel Angel Gomar;17;Y;gomar;Acapulco;;Mexico;Bantam;"Mexicano; Boxeo Mexicano en Records; http://www.boxrec.com. Gomar entered the bout as a last minute substitute. He was knocked out, and was unconscious when taken from the ring. However, instead of being hospitalized, he was put in a car and driven to Mexico City, 400 kilometers away. He died two days later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kazuhiro Matsuzawa;19-Dec;1976;KO;1;Takahito Kimura;24;;kimura;Tokyo;;Japan;Light;Japan Times, January 4, 1977, 7. Kimura took a straight right to his jaw, and hit the canvas headfirst. He started to rise, then collapsed. He had brain surgery, but never regained consciousness. It was his first professional match.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;28-Jan;1977;KO;;"Toshifumi ""Musashi"" Goto";22;;goto;Yamaguchi;;Japan;ND;Syracuse (New York) Herald-Journal, February 8, 1977. Goto was unconscious from the knockout to the time of his death. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Norberto Fiori;1-Feb;1977;KO;8;Carlos Jesus Sosa; ;;sosa;Tandil;;Argentina;Heavy;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
William LeCesse;14-Mar;1977;KO;1;Patrick Melendez;21;;melendez;Lowell;Massachusetts;USA;Light Heavy;"Washington Star, April 7, 1977; Annapolis (Maryland) Capital, March 25, 1977; Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News, March 25, 1977. Melendez struck his head on the floor. He died in a Boston hospital on March 22 without regaining consciousness. Melendez was a senior at Harvard, and the university's Patrick C. Melendez Award was established in his honor."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;17-May;1977;Sparring;;Richard C. Mull;19;;mull;US Military Academy West Point;New York;USA;Welter (145-lbs);"Lima (Ohio) News, May 20, 1977; New York Times, May 21, 1977; ""Taps,"" http://www.west-point.org/class/usma1980/taps.htm; R.W. Enzenauer, J.S. Montrey, R.J. Enzenauer, and W.M. Mauldin, ""Boxing-related injuries in the US Army, 1980 through 1985,"" Journal of American Medical Association, March 10, 1989, 261:10, 1463-1466. Headgear was used, and 16-ounce gloves were being worn. Mull was knocked down twice in two rounds, so the intramural match was stopped. Fifteen minutes later, Mull collapsed and went into convulsions. He died three days later. Cause of death was acute subdural hematoma The Army's defense was cited in Military Medical Ethics, vol. 1, ed. by Thomas E. Beam, et al. (Falls Church, Virginia: Office of The Surgeon General, 2003), 253:  ""Before cadets get to the Academy, they know that they must take boxing. Because they are free to leave without penalty in their first year, they implicitly risk whatever physical injury may result. Thus, though boxers frequently hurt each others, such activities need not be stopped according to the harm principle"" (as espoused by John Stuart Mill). "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;19-Jul;1977;KO;2;Toshihiko Narita;20;;narita;Tokyo;;Japan;Fly;"Corpus Christi (Texas) Times, July 21, 1977; Modesto (California) Bee, July 22, 1977; Japan Times, July 22, 1977, 11. Narita remained unconscious until his death in a Yokohama hospital two days later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. According to the wire services, this was Narita's pro debut, but BoxRec.com shows a match with Hideyoshi Horinaga on July 9, 1975. The papers also said that this was Japan's seventh pro fatality, with seven other deaths during training."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Aug;1977;KO;;Masayuki Mizuno;;;mizuno;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000). Mizuno went into a coma and did not recover consciousness prior to death on June 18, 1990.;  ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Aug;1977;KO;;Katsunori Osachi (Daiko);;;osachi;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000).; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Tapsoba Tiga;ND;1977;KO;;Mamadou Kone;;;kone;Abdijan;;Ivory Coast;Light;Manuel Velazquez collection;Ivory Coast;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Arturo Galvan;29-Jan;1978;WKO;;Jose Medina Lara;22;;medina;Monterrey;;Mexico;ND;"Journal de GenŠva, July 22, 1978; Manuel Velazquez collection. Medina had been banned from boxing and his license was suspended. His manager left town without talking to the police."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Francisco Rodriguez;17-Feb;1978;KO;7;Juan Jesus Rubio Melero;23;;melero;Madrid;;Spain;Middle;"(Seville, Spain) ABC Sevilla, February 22, 1978; (Levittown, Pennsylvania) Bucks County Courier Times, February 22, 1978; Manchester (England) Guardian, February 23, 1978; New York Times, February 23, 1978; David Frisancho Pineda, ""El Box: Camion a la Muerte,"" Acta Medica Peruana, 13:3 (Sep-Dec 2001); http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BVRevistas/acta_medica/VOLXVIII_N3_2001_SET_DIC/box_cami_muerte.htm; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 576.  Rodriguez was Spanish national champion at light heavyweight, whereas Melero was a middleweight having his ninth professional fight. Melero was knocked down three times before the fight was stopped. He died in hospital five days later. Cause of death was listed as lung and brain injuries. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Joe Rivers;23-Feb;1978;KO;3;Michael Flynn;16;;flynn;Memphis;Tennessee;USA;Welter (139-lb);"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 24, 1978; Oakland Tribune, February 24, 1978; Marysville (Ohio) Journal-Tribune, February 24, 1978; Pacific Stars and Stripes, February 26, 1978. Flynn was ahead on points whe suddenly he dropped his arms to his side and fell backwards. Rivers was across the ring at the time. Flynn was pronounced dead at the hospital. Cause of death was said to be cardiac."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Curtis Parker;21-Mar;1978;TKO;4;"Clarence ""Jodie"" White";28;;white;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Middle;"Philadelphia Inquirer, March 21, 1978. The fight was stopped in the fourth. White collapsed in his dressing room and was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital thirty minutes later. The cause of death was listed as ""sudden death syndrome."""; ;Pro;Sudden Death Syndrome;Soon after; ; ;
Ric Ramos;1-Apr;1978;KO;10;Jaime Tancio; ; ;tancio;Oro City; ;Philippines;Fly;Gazette de Lausanne, April 19, 1978. Tancio was knocked out in the tenth round of a scheduled fifteen round fight. He did not recover, so was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was not determined because his parents refused autopsy.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
Miharu Muto;2-May;1978;KO;2;Katsuya Yamato;;;yamato;Tokyo;;Japan;Light;"Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000); http://boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Juan Torres;14-Jul;1978;TKO;3;Salvador Pons Tormo;19;;pons;Alcira;;Spain;Light Heavy;"(Dublin) Irish Times, July 21, 1978; Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1978; David Frisancho Pineda, ""El Box: Camion a la Muerte,"" Acta Medica Peruana, 13:3 (Sep-Dec 2001); http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BVRevistas/acta_medica/VOLXVIII_N3_2001_SET_DIC/box_cami_muerte.htm. Pons was knocked down twice, and the fight was stopped in the third round. Pos died in hospital six days later. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Jose ""Cookie"" Valencia";14-Jul;1978;TKO;6;Jesse Trujillo;26;;trujillo;Ogden;Utah;USA;Bantam;"Charleston (West Virginia) Gazette, July 17, 1978; (Salt Lake City, Utah) Deseret News, July 18, 1978. Trujillo's speech was slurred as he left the ring, so he was sent to the hospital. He was unconscious by the time he got there, and he died two days later. Cause of death was attributed to subdural hematoma. Trujillo had fought four times in the previous three months, and there was indication of previous brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after; ; ;
Alan Minter;19-Jul;1978;KO;12;Angelo Jacopucci;29;;jacopucci;Belarria;;Italy;Middle;"Columbia Missourian, July 22, 1978,  6; Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1978; New York Times, June 17, 1983. The fight was televised. Minter was champion of Europe, with a record of 30-6-0, and, as expected, Jacopucci, with a record of 7-3-0 and a reported history of prior brain injuries, was pummeled. A few hours after the fight, Jacopucci collapsed and went into a coma. Following two brain surgeries, he died in hospital two days later. In June 1983, the ringside doctor, Ezio Pimpinelli, was convicted of manslaughter.  This death was the stated reason for subsequent European championships being scheduled for no more than 12 rounds. Television, though, is the more likely explanation for the change -- 12 rounds fit into an hour, but 15 require 90 minutes.";European;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;"Mismatch; Blows: Manslaughter"; ;
Adolfo Sanjeado;ND;1978;KO;7;Rafael Contreras; ;;contreras;ND;;Mexico;Welter;"Mexicano; Boxeo Mexicano en Records/R.Valero"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kai Siong;ND;1978;KO;;Atjeng Jim; ;;jim ;Bandung;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;11-Jan;1979;Wdec;;Jacob Seiersen;28;;seiersen;Varde; ;Denmark;Light Heavy;"(Dublin) Irish Times, January 13, 1979; Chicago Daily Tribune, January 15, 1979. Seiersen, who was also a Division One soccer player, had a career record of 16-4 going into this bout, which he won. Afterwards, he complained of a leg cramp, which then spread. He was taken to the hospital, where he died of brain injury the following day. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Francis Ricotilli;30-Jan;1979;TKO;2;Francisco Rodriguez;25;;rodriguez;New York;New York;USA;Heavy;"New York Times, February 1, 1979; New York Times, February 2, 1979; New York Times, April 22, 1979; New York Times, April 22, 1979.  It was Rodriguez's first fight. Cause of death was attributed to cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) and sickle cell disease. More stringent physical exams were recommended."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Adolfo Cardenas;9-Feb;1979;KO;;Alberto Sanchez Flores; ;;sanchez;Veracruz;;Mexico;Light (Super Feather);Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Johnny Bumphus;15-Mar;1979;TKO;3;Arnaldo Maura;19;;maura;Knoxville;Kentucky;USA;Light (132-lb);"Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, March 24, 1979; Pacific Stars and Stripes, March 24, 1979. The referee stopped the fight in the third round. Maura, a soldier assigned to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, went to the dressing room, showered, and then collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was given as brain injury. Bumphus went on to become a member of the 1980 USA Olympic team and a professional junior welterweight champion. ";Regional Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Balakrishnan;20-Jul;1979;TKO;3;Choong Hong Ng;20; ;ng;Singapore; ;Singapore;Welter (Light welter);(Singapore) Straits Times, July 21, 1979. Ng was a private in the army, particpating in an armed forces boxing championship.The referee stopped the bout in the third round. Ng went to his corner, said he was dizzy, and then collapsed.;Armed Forces championship;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Simon Motake;18-Aug;1979;TKO;8;Samuel Tshabalala; ; ;tshabalala;Welkom;;South Africa;Welter;"Los Angeles Times, August 20, 1979; Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press, August 20, 1979. Tshabalala collapsed after the referee stopped the fight. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and died in hospital.";Free State;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;5-Oct;1979;KO; ;Manuel Salazar; ;;salazar;Puquio;;Peru;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;;;
ND;7-Oct;1979;KO; ;Shuichi Utsumi;;;utsumi;Tokyo;;Japan;ND;Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000).; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Tadao Ishido;13-Oct;1979;KO;4;Toshiaki Kuroi;;;kuroi;Tokyo;;Japan;Light;"Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000); http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Patrick Ford;19-Oct;1979;KO;10;Cecil Fernandez;34;;fernandez;Georgetown;;Guyana;Feather;"Robert Ecksel, ""Ford Foundation: A trainer named Patrick Ford studies beautiful annhilation,"" New York Sports Express, April 8, 2004, http://www.nysportsexpress.com/2/13/departments/boxing.cfm; http://boxrec.com. Fernandez was hit hard in the ninth. Then, following a clinch in the tenth, he collapsed. He died five days later in a Miami hospital. Fernandez had boxed over 200 bouts while in prison, 1966-1979."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Wilford Scypion;23-Nov;1979;KO;10;Willie Classen;29;;classen;New York;New York;USA;Middle;"New York Times, December 12, 1979; New York Times, December 16, 1979; Columbia Missourian, November 29, 1979; Joseph Bruno, ""A judge's eye view of the Classen fight,"" The Ring, February 1980, 14-18; CyberBoxingZone.com, http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/box5-97.htm. Classen was hit hard in the head during the ninth. The ringside doctor checked him, and said he could continue. However, early in the tenth round, Classen was hit hard once again, and this time he was knocked out. Classen was then taken to the hospital, where he died five days later. Cause of death was listed as cardiac arrest secondary to acute subdural hematoma. The widow filed suit for $500 million, and the trials led to two published decisions, namely Classen v. State of New York, 131 Misc. 2d 346 (1985)/500 N.Y.S. 2d 460 (Ct. Cl. 1985) and Classen v. Izquierdo, 137 Misc. 2d 489 (1987)/ 520 N.Y.S. 2d 999 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1987). In the first case, the higher court ruled that there was no malpractice liability for the doctors (one was a pediatrician and the other was a urologist) who had cleared Claasen to fight because the doctors had followed accepted procedures. In the second, the higher court ruled that the ringside physician's duty to an athlete was the same inside the ring as it was inside a hospital or clinic. That is, the doctor needed to follow accepted medical practice. Consequently, a failure to stop a fight on medical grounds could constitute malpractice if it was determined that the decision was contrary to accepted medical practice. The courts' emphasis on accepted procedures and standards was part of the reason for a subsequent New York State Athletic Commission requirement for promoters to have ambulances on site during boxing matches. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Sammy Horne;22-Dec;1979;TKO;4;Tony Thomas;20;;thomas;Spartanburg;South Carolina;USA;Middle;"New York Post, January 2, 1980; New York Times, January 2, 1980; Pacific Stars and Stripes, January 4, 1980; Sumter (South Carolina) Daily Item, January 4, 1980. A standing 8-count had been given in the third, and the fight was stopped in the fourth. Thomas collapsed in the dressing room, and died in hospital eleven days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Marlon Starling;9-Jan;1980;KO;7;Charles Newell;26;;newell;Hartford;Connecticut;USA;Welter;"New York Times, January 11, 1980; New York Times, January 19, 1980; Hartford Courant, January 20, 1980; John Reinosa, ""When is a boxing death not a boxing death?"" The Ring, June 1980, 34-36. Newell had lost three of his seven pro fights, and was giving so little action in this fight that the fans were booing. Finally, during the seventh round, he fell down and never got up. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. Newll had collapsed in training several times in the previous few years, and he had failed to provide required physical information. Newell was a prison boxer, and bureaucratic bungling was involved."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
ND;12-Jan;1980;Wdec;3;Harlan Hoosier;13;;hoosier;Lenore;West Virginia;USA;ND;"Washington Post, January 21, 1980; New York Times, January 22, 1980. The tournament was sanctioned by the West Virginia Boxing Commission rather than the AAU, so Hoosier was not required to wear protective headgear during his bouts. Hoosier had three bouts over  three days. He won all three without so much as a nosebleed, but after his third victory, he complained of headaches. He was taken to a local emergency room, and then transported to a hospital with neurological facilities. He underwent brain surgery, but died."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Manuel Garcia Requena;2-Feb;1980;KO;;Santiago Gonzales Monzon;25;;gonzales;Santa Cruz de Tenerife;;Spain;Light;"New York Times, June 11, 1981; David Frisancho Pineda, ""El Box: Camion a la Muerte,"" Acta Medica Peruana, 13:3 (Sep-Dec 2001); http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BVRevistas/acta_medica/VOLXVIII_N3_2001_SET_DIC/box_cami_muerte.htm. Gonzales went into a coma after the fight. He died of his injuries in June 1981."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Gaetano Hart;20-Jun;1980;KO;10;Cleveland Denny;24;;denny;Montreal;Quebec;Canada;Light;"New York Times, July 8, 1980; Murray Greig, Goin' the Distance: Canada's Boxing Heritage (Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1996); Mark Cardwell, ""Ringside seat,"" Medical Post, April 17, 2001, 37:15, http://www.medicalpost.com/mpcontent/article.jsp?content=/content/EXTRACT/RAWART/3715/36A.html. The fight was part of the undercard to the first Ray Leonard-Roberto Duran contest, and many fans had not arrived at the stadium. Hart was leading throughout the match, and late in the tenth round, he hit Denny at least four times in rapid succession. Denny collapsed and the referee stopped the fight. Denny lay on the mat, convulsing, but commission doctors failed to respond. Upon realizing that medical aid was not forthcoming, two physicians seated ringside, a family practitioner named Pierre Meunier and a television boxing analyst named Ferdie Pacheco, went through the ropes. ""'It was pretty obvious that Denny had suffered a serious cerebral injury,' says Dr. Meunier, who watched as the boxer was bundled onto a stretcher for transport to nearby Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital. Just how serious became infinitely clear the next day, when Denny died without regaining consciousness"" (Cardwell, 2001). The investigations into Denny's death led to the resignation of two doctors from the Montreal Athletic Commission, and to Canadian ring physicians being given the authority to stop a match. The first time that Dr. Meunier, himself a ringside physician, used this power to stop a fight was during a pro contest held in 1984, and the riot that broke out in the stands after the stoppage was announced led to arrests."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Jul/;1980;KO; ;Fredy Hernan Prince;17; ;prince;Armenia ; ;Colombia;Light;Victoria (British Columbia) Advocate, September 17, 1980. Prince suffered a brain injury during regional bouts two months before. He died  of injuries on September 16, 1980.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Gerald Herrera;18-Aug;1980;Sparring;;"Victor ""Vito"" Romero";20;;romero;Albuquerque ;New Mexico;USA;Feather;"Monessen (Pennsylvania) Valley Independent, August 22, 1980; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, August 22, 1980; Pacific Stars and Stripes, August 24, 1980; Frank Deford, ""An encounter to last an eternity,"" Sports Illustrated, 58:15 (April 11, 1983), 70. Romero had a pro record of 9-1 and an amateur record of 68-12. He was training for a pro bout scheduled for for September 1980. Romero went into convulsions shortly after finishing sparring with Herrera, who was an amateur boxer. Romero was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done to remove a blood clot on the brain. Mechanism of death was attributed to a previous injury. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
"Jose Guadalupe ""Lupe"" Pintor";19-Sep;1980;KO;12;Johnny Owen;24;;owen;Los Angeles ;California;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, November 5, 1980; New York Post, November 4, 1980, 36;  ""Johnny Owen,"" http://www.geocities.com/johnnyowenboxer/history.html; ""The Matchstick Man,"" http://www.johnnyowen.com/history.html; Brian Doogan, ""Boxing: Owen's Remembrance Day,"" October 27, 2002, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article818086.ece; http://pro.corbis.com/search/searchFrame.aspx, photo BX001967. Following the knockout, Owen lay flat on his back for five minutes. When he was finally carried out of the ring, people in the crowd urinated on him. Owen died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was brain injury. The promoters' insurance paid about $94,000 in medical costs, but did not pay any death benefits to survivors. ";WBC title;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;ND;1980;KO; ;Syamsul Bachri;;;bachri;ND;;Indonesia;ND;http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.htm; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;31-Jan;1981;Ldec;3;Kenneth L. Meylan;41; ;meylan;Lansing;Michigan;USA;Heavy (182-lbs);"Chicago Daily Tribune, February 21, 1962; New York Times, May 18, 1981; Associated Press Archive, February 20, 1998; Social Security Death Index. Meylan had boxed in the Chicago Golden gloves in 1962. In this Toughman fight he fought once on Friday night and three times on Saturday. Following his third Saturday fight, he said he felt ""awfully tired,"" and then he collapsed. He had just suffered a brain aneurysm that left him partially paralyzed on the left side, and unable to see, walk, or talk. He was spoonfed to the end of his life on February 17, 1998. Following this injury, Michigan's Athletic Board of Control temporarily suspended Toughman competition, but later allowed it to resume with some modifications. No cause for the aneurysm was ever officially announced."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Ring;No determination;;
"Isidro ""Gino"" Perez";28-Feb;1981;KO;6;"""Tiger"" Fred Bowman";25;;bowman;Atlantic City;New Jersey;USA;Light;"(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, March 14, 1981; New York Times, May 8, 1981; New York Times, April 17, 1982; Robert Mladinich, ""Al Certo has seen it all,"" The Sweet Science, June 24, 2005, http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/2298/certo-seen-all/. The fighters butted heads in the fifth round. Afterwards, Bowman complained of headache. The referee stopped the fight in the sixth round. Bowman walked out of the ring, but collapsed in the dressing room. He was taken to the hospital. Following brain surgery, Bowman was transferred to a nursing home, where he died 13 months later without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
J.C. Johnson;1-Mar;1981;KO;2;Bruce Fitzgerald;24;;fitzgerald;Easton ;Pennsylvania;USA;Light Heavy (178-lb);"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 3, 1981; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, March 3, 1981. It was Fitzgerald's second fight of the day. After the fight was stopped in the second round, Fitzgerald, the Pennsylvania Golden Gloves champion in 1979, walked from the ring unassisted. An hour later, he collapsed into a coma. He was taken to the hospital, where he died a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as massive contusion of the brain. Francis Walker, executive secretary of the Pennsylvania Athletic Commission, told reporters this was the first time a Pennsylvania amateur had died of ring injuries. Actually, there had been at least nine previous amateur boxing deaths in Pennsylvania. These included Bliss (1922), Maham (1927), Wilson (1927), Horne (1930), Cusano (1943), Mastrey (1945), George (1946),  Johnson (1953), and Velazquez (1963).";Regional Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
"""J.J.""";10-Mar;1981;TKO;2;"Viken ""Vic"" Ayvazian";21;Y;ayvazian;La Verne;California;USA;Middle (150-lb);"Los Angeles Times, March 14, 1981; Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1981; Los Angeles Times, March 18, 1981; Los Angeles Times, March 19, 1981; Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1981; CBS Evening News, May 8, 1981. Ayvazian fought in an unregulated ""Tough Guy"" contest. His opponent was about 40 pounds heavier. Ayvazian complained of a headache after the fight. He was admitted to the hospital, where surgery was done to try to repair a blood clot on the brain. He died on April 26, 1981. NOTE: Tough Guy was based on Original Toughman. Men's Original Toughman, promoted by Art Dore, dates to 1979; women's events were added in 1996. See Greg Fagan, ""Stupid Fun,"" Maxim Online, June 1998, http://www.maximonline.com/stupid_fun/articles/article_584.html"; ;Toughman (not Original Toughman);Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;22-Mar;1981;TKO;2;Ronald David Miller;23;;miller;Johnstown;Pennsylvania;USA;Heavy;"(Penn State University) Daily Collegian, March 23, 1981; Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, March 23, 1981; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 25, 1981; Tyrone (Pennsylvania) April 24, 1981; CBS Evening News, May 8, 1981. The event was the First Annual Central Pennsylvania Tough Man Contest. Despite weighing just 169 pounds, Miller fought in the heavyweight division. He knocked out his first opponent on Friday, but afterwards, told his uncle that he was having headaches and was seeing double. He decided to continue fighting, however, because he was unemployed, and desperately wanted the $500 prize money. In the second fight, the fight was stopped in the second after Miller began throwing up in the ring. He collapsed in the dressing room, so his family took him to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. Early Toughman bouts were two minutes in length, with no headgear, but due to calls from Pennsylvania congressman John Murtha to ban Toughman, promoter Art Dore began to require participants to wear headgear. As noted above, Original Toughman dates to 1979, and this is its first known fatality. Its next serious injury appears to have been 35-year-old Jesse Cortez, who needed emergency brain surgery following a bout in Des Moines, Iowa, in April 1981."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;4-Apr;1981;Wdec;3;"Houssam ""Mick"" El-Jerban";21; ;el-jerban;Sydney;New South Wales;Australia;Light (60 kg);Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald, April 10, 1981. Fifteen minutes after winning the fight, El-Jerban collapsed in the dressing room. He died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after; ;;
Manase Potse;2-May;1981;TKO;8;Motsi Diala; ;;diala;Bethlehem;;South Africa;Light;"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, May 5, 1981; Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1981."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Enrique Duran;31-May;1981;KO;1;Enrique Quintero; ;;quintero;ND;;Venezuela;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection. Quintero fell down after being hit in the face and he didn't get back up.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Rafael Arteaga;6-Jun;1981;KO;;Carlos Lopez Arocha; ;;lopez;ND;;Venezuela;ND;Kaplan Collection, Brooklyn CUNY, http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf . ; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Ivan Matamba;26-Jun;1981;KO;7;"Domingo ""Mingo"" Gonzalez Arredondo";27;;gonzalez;Lima;;Peru;Light (Super Feather);"David Frisancho Pineda, ""El Box: Camion a la Muerte,"" Acta Medica Peruana, 13:3 (Sep-Dec 2001); BoxRec.com; http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BVRevistas/acta_medica/VOLXVIII_N3_2001_SET_DIC/box_cami_muerte.htm. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Masakatsu Sakuma;4-Aug;1981;KO;1;Sumito Urayama; ; ;urayama;Tokyo;;Japan;Fly;"Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000); http://www.boxrec.com. This was Urayama's pro debut. He died six days later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Aug;1981;Sparring;;Rick Craney; ;;craney;Portland;Maine;USA;Welter;Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, August 21, 1981 Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, August 28, 1981. Craney collapsed on a bench after sparring three rounds each with two separate training partners.The medical examiner attributed death to severe stenosing coronary artery artheroschlerosis.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
ND;21-Oct;1981;KO; ;John Norman; ; ;norman;Lympstone;Devon;England;Middle (Light Middle);"Manchester (England) Guardian, October 26, 1981. Norman, a Royal Marine private, was participating in the Royal Marine boxing championships. He was struck on the jaw, and he died three days later, when his parents took him off life support. Cause of death was brain injury, and officially attributed to ""an awkward fall."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall;;
Lewis Wade;12-Feb;1982;KO;2;Benjamin Davis; ;;davis;Albuquerque ;New Mexico;USA;Light (132-lb);"New York Times, February 18, 1982; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 18, 1982, B-6; Frank Deford, ""An encounter to last an eternity,"" Sports Illustrated, 58:15 (April 11, 1983), 68-72.  Davis was a Navajo, and this was his first boxing tournament. During his second fight in the tournament, he collapsed, and he died in hospital five days later. Cause of death was a head injury. The case law arising from this death is Martinez v. U.S. Olympic Committee C.A. 10 (N.M.), 1986, 802 F. 2d 1275, 55 USLW 2216, 5 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 1253. The court's decision in this case was that the court lacked jurisdiction. Nonetheless, their lack of jurisdiction did not stop the court from opining that the personal representative of an amateur boxer who died from injuries received in a properly sanctioned tournament probably had no legal claim against the sanctioning body. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Hi-Sup Shin;7-May;1982;TKO;10;Andy Balaba; ;;balaba;Seoul;;South Korea;Fly;"Frederick (Maryland) Post, November 19, 1982; Joey Gonzalez, ""Ring deaths, who is to blame?"" January 20, 2002, http://thesweetscienceboxing.net/PillartoPost.html. Following the knockout, Balaba never regained consciousness. Shin was a former IBF flyweight champion, while Balaba took the fight at short notice. In addition, just two months earlier, Balaba had been seen vomiting in the dressing room after a fight. Gloves in Korea at the time were 6-ounce, and hand wraps were minimal. Shin went on to become world champion."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
ND;29-May;1982;KO;6;Nestor Lepiten;22; ;lepiten;Cebu City;;Philippines;Feather;(Singapore) Straits Times, June 3, 1982. Lepitan was knocked out, and died in hospital without regaining consciousness.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Barry McGuigan;14-Jun;1982;KO;6;Alimi Mustafa (Young Ali); ;;mustafa;Mayfair;London;England;Feather;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, February 19, 1984; (Dublin) Irish Times, December 14, 1982; London Times, December 14, 1982; (Dublin) Irish Times, January 13, 1983; ""Barry McGuigan,"" Irish-Boxing.com, http://www.irish-boxing.com/mcguigan.htm. It was Mustafa's first fight in Britain, and he was pounded to the canvas in the sixth. Alimi walked to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died in Lagos on December 11, 1982, following two operations and five months in a coma. Death was attributed to a thin skull. In response the British Boxing Board of Control introduced a rule requiring professional boxers to get brain scans before matches, and another rule reducing title fights to 12 rounds."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Thin skull; ;
Juan Cordero;23-Jul;1982;Ldec;10;Ubaldo Rivas; ;;rivas;Guadalajara;;Mexico;Feather;Gazette de Lausanne, July 26, 1982. There were apparently irregularities, because there were subsequently announcements that injuries happened when the rules of the boxing federation were ignored.; ;Pro; ;Ring;; ;
Darryl Stitch;9-Oct;1982;TKO;2;Charles Love; ;;love;Louisville;Kentucky;USA;Welter;"Frederick (Maryland) Post, November 19, 1982; New York Times, October 17, 1982; Frank Deford, ""An encounter to last an eternity,"" Sports Illustrated, 58:15 (April 11, 1983), 68-72. The fight was stopped when Love was given his third standing 8-count. Love walked to his corner, sat down, and then fell over unconscious. Brain surgery was done. Love died a week later without regaining consciousness."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Yoshisimu Oyama;18-Oct;1982;KO;9;Naoki Kobayashi;24;;kobayashi;Tokyo;;Japan;Feather (Super Bantam);(Singapore) Straits Times, October 23, 1982. Kobayashi collapsed in the ring, and died in hospital.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Chris Naidoo;11-Nov;1982;TKO;3;Maxwell Myaica; ;;myaica;Umlazi;;South Africa;Light (62 kg);South Africa Daily News Reporter, November 11, 1982; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
"Ray ""Boom Boom"" Mancini";13-Nov;1982;KO;14;Duk-koo Kim; ;;kim ;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Light;"Washington Post, November 15, 1982; New York Times, November 18, 1982; Dick Young, ""Fall champs, no autopsy,"" Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, December 6, 1982; Ralph Wiley, Serenity: A Boxing Memoir (New York: Henry Holt, 1989). In Wiley's words, ""Kim was off-center, exhausted and facing Mancini's corner. He never saw the punch. Mancini drove off his right foot and delivered the first of the final pair of rights on the point of the Korean's chin. A glancing left hook followed, then a crushing right which sent Kim to the canvas. Kim landed heavily on his back and head, rolled over in slow motion, grabbed a middle strand of the ropes, and stared blankly at the timekeeper."" Kim died three days later, and both his mother and the referee subsequently committed suicide. As was (and is) usual in boxing-related fatalities, no autopsy was done. Nonetheless, Kim's death was the proximate cause of Nevada adopting a standing 8-count and a 45-day layoff for boxers knocked out. It was also the reason the World Boxing Council gave for reducing the length of championship fights from 15 rounds to 12 (though again, the hour-long limits of TV sports shows is more likely the true reason). A Korean film, Champion, was subsequently made of Kim's life and, unsurprisingly, it focused on Kim's courage rather than his death. Korea Times, June 28, 2002, http://korealink.co.kr/kt_culture/200206/t2002062820341146110.htm. For his part, Mancini just kept boxing. As Warren Zevon wrote in, ""Boom Boom Mancini,"" a song about a working man racing home to catch Mancini's fight with Bobby Chacon on January 14, 1984, ""They made hypocrite judgements after the fact/But the name of the game is be hit and hit back.""";World;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure; ;
Glen Morris;6-Feb;1983;TKO;2;Michael Pitzer; ;;pitzer;Charleston;South Carolina;USA;Feather;"New York Times, February 9, 1983; New York Times, February 17, 1983; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, February 17, 1983. Pitzer struck his head against a windshield during a car accident before the tournament, and before the match, he reported headaches and vomiting. Nonetheless, because there were no signs of external injury, he was allowed to box. He quit during the second match of the day, and ten minutes later, he went into convulsions and collapsed. Surgery was done to remove blood clots on the brain, but he still died ten days later.";Golden Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Boy Roxiso;26-Mar;1983;TKO;3;Nceba Gobozi; ;;gobozi;East London;;South Africa;Bantam;"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Jun Resma;7-Mar;1983;KO;7;Antonio Guevara;20;;guevara;Caracas;;Venezuela;Bantam;"Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, March 28, 1983; (Miami, Florida) El Nuevo Herald, March 28, 1983. Guevara died in hospital 18 days later. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Mar;1983;KO;1;Deon Minnaar; ;;minaar;Phalaborwa;;South Africa;ND;Manuel Velazquez collection; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Pongpan Sorphayahtai;25-May;1983;KO;5;Jairo Anton; ;;anton;Bangkok;;Thailand;Feather (Junior Feather);"Manuel Velazquez collection; http://www.boxrec.com. Anton suffered a nose injury during the fight, underwent surgery, and died of complications."; ;Pro;Surgical complications;Later; ; ;
Alberto Davila;1-Sep;1983;KO;12;"Francisco ""Kiko"" Bejines"; ;;bejines;Los Angeles ;California;USA;Bantam;"New York Times, September 5, 1983; Los Angeles Times, September 2, 1983; Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1983; California State Athletic Commission Final Statement of Reasons, February 9, 2002, http://www.dca.ca.gov/csac/rules/294fsr.pdf. Bejines was ahead on points, but tiring. Then Davila caught Bejines with four punches that knocked him down. Bejines tried to stand up, but couldn't. He slipped down the ropes, and never got up. There was no ambulance on site, so transport to the hospital. Then he was transported to the nearest hospital, but that hospital was not equipped for such serious injuries. He was then flown by helicopter to the university medical center, where part of the right frontal lobe was removed. Bejines died.";WBC bantamweight;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ramon Negron;23-Sep;1983;TKO;3;Jeremiah Richardson; ;;richardson;Miami ;Florida;USA;Middle (Jr Middle);"Syracuse (New York) Herald-Journal, September 30, 1983; Miami (Florida) News-Reporter, September 30, 1983. The injury was a clot on the right side of the brain.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Juan Ramon Cruz;6-Oct;1983;KO;7;"Isidro ""Gino"" Perez"; ;;perez;New York;New York;USA;Light;"New York Times, October 7, 1983; Washington Post, October 7, 1983. After the knockout, Perez got up. He said he felt dizzy, so a stool was brought. He sat down, then collapsed. Cause of death was a contusion of the brain stem. It later turned out that a cornerman for Cruz had removed padding from Cruz's gloves. Manslaughter charges were filed."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Maurizio Lupino;10-Dec;1983;Wdec;8;Salvatore La Serra;25;;la serra;Rozzano;;Italy;Bantam;"New York Times, January 3, 1984; London Times, January 4, 1984; Washington Post, January 6, 1984; ""Muerte de pugil Italiano exhibe al control medico,"" El Informador, November 1996, http://148.245.26.68/Lastest/nov96/19nov96/DEPOR.HTM. La Serra collapsed in the ring at the end of the fight. He was transported unconscious to the hospital, where he died three weeks later, without ever regaining consciousness. Cause of death was brain damage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Mutsuo Watanabe;9-Jan;1984;KO;6;Isao Kimura;28;;kimura;Akita;;Japan;Fly (Jr Fly);Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, January 10, 1984. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jojo Cayson;21-Mar;1984;KO;10;Zaldy Ovillo; ; ;ovillo;Paranaque;Manila;Philippines;Feather ;Boxrec.;;;;;;;
Sor Somboon;15-May;1984;KO;8;Wittaya Watchara (Saensak Osoisapha); ; ;watchara;Bangkok;;Thailand;Feather;"New York Times, May 17, 1984; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, May 20, 1984. It was a one-sided contest, but the referee refused to stop the fight because Watchara was still defending himself. Watchara went down in the eighth. He was carried from the ring unconscious, and he died in hospital following brain surgery. Cause of death was blood clots on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
Hector Rosa;29-Jul;1984;KO;;Segundo Ancinas; ;;Ancinas;ND;;Bolivia;ND;Kaplan collection, Brooklyn CUNY,http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/Kaplan/pdf/XV%20Fistic%20Arcana%20Container%20List.pdf; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Sep;1984;Sparring;;John Kevin Gordon; ;;gordon;Prince George ;Maryland;USA;ND;"Washington Post, September 25, 1984; Washington Post, October 1, 1984; Washington Post, October 18, 1984; Washington Post, December 27, 1985. Gordon had a pre-existing heart murmur, but had received medical approval to box. Cause of death was cardiac."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
Dadang Krinsa;ND;1984;KO;;Domo Hutabarat;;;hutabarat;Jakarta;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Hank Williams;28-Feb;1985;KO;3;Howard Brooks;24;;brooks;Miami ;Florida;USA;Heavy (Super Heavy);"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, March 2, 1985; Miami (Florida) Herald, March 3, 1985; Miami (Florida) News, March 4, 1985; Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Times, March 7, 1985. Brooks, in his fourteenth fight as an amateur, won the first round. He was knocked down in the second, but got up. He was knocked down again in the third round. He stood up for the mandatory standing 8-count, and then fell forward on his face. Cause of death was believed to be a burst blood vessel in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"Chris ""Southern Rebel"" Calvin";29-May;1985;TKO;7;Shawn Thomas;26;;thomas;Merrillville;Indiana;USA;Light (Jr Light);"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, June 2, 1985; Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Daily News, June 3, 1985; Lexington (Kentucky) Herald-Leader, July 5, 1985. The bout was televised by ESPN. After the referee stopped the fight, Thomas went to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He was taken to the hospital. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Miguel Urriola;17-Aug;1985;KO;7;Bernardino Moreno;23;;moreno;Panama City;;Panama;Light (Jr Light);"El Nuevo Herald (Miami, Florida), August 22, 1985; El Nuevo Herald (Miami, Florida), December 23, 1985."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kenny Styles;29-Sep;1985;Sparring;;"David ""The Hammer"" Harris";25;;harris;New York;New York;USA;Light heavy;Frederick (Maryland) Post, October 2, 1985. While sparring, Harris stepped backwards out of a clinch, fell through the ropes, and slid down the wall to the floor. An ambulance was called, and he was taken to the hospital, but he was pronounced dead in the emergency room. His most recent bout had been on April 25, 1985, and he was scheduled for another match later that week.; ;Pro;;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Brian Mitchell;2-Nov;1985;TKO;12;"Jacob ""Dancing Shoes"" Morake";30;;morake;Sun City;;South Africa;Light (Jr Light);"London Times, November 4, 1985; Ocala (Florida) Star Banner, November 10, 1985; ""Brian Mitchell: The Road Warrior marches on,"" http://members.tripod.com/boxingbob/int15.html; http://www.boxrec.com. Morake was knocked out in the final round of the fight, and he died in hospital about nine hours later.Cause of death was brain injury, perhaps caused by dehydration. His funeral was held at the Regina Mundi Roman Catholic church, a poltically sensitive site in Soweto township. It was also one of Soweto's few important black funerals of the weekend that was not marked by any significant anti-apartheid demonstrations: ""Go in Peace, Morake"" said the local Zulu-language newspaper beforehand.";South African;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Dehydration; ;
ND;29-Nov;1985;KO; ;Wade Bisher;18;;bisher;Billings;Montana;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, December 1, 1985; Washington Post, December 1, 1985; European Stars and Stripes, December 2, 1985. Bisher fell through the ropes, and struck his head on the timer's table. He died the following morning in hospital. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Jorge Vaca;29-Nov;1985;KO;6;"Gerard ""Dracula"" Derbez"; ;;derbez;Guadalajara;;Mexico;Welter;"Philadephia (Pennsylvania) Inquirer, December 4, 1985; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, December 5, 1985. Derbez was knocked down twice. Then, during the sixth, he was hit square in the face. He went into a coma, and he died December 2.";Mexican;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;23-Dec;1985;Sparring;;Hayes Singletary Jr.;19;;singletary;Prince George ;Maryland;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, December 27, 1985; Ottawa Citizen, December 27, 1985; Silver Springs (Maryland) Journal, December 27, 1985; Washington Post, December 27, 1985. Singletary stepped from the ring after five rounds of sparring, talked with his trainer, and then collapsed. For about two weeks prior to his death, Singletary had been complaining of headaches. In addition, his employer reported that Singletary had been vomiting. His coaches, however, said that Singletary never told them about this -- his goal was to become a professional boxer, and he knew that his coaches wouldn't let him spar if they knew about his headaches. Cause of death was acute subdural hematoma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
"Paul ""Rocky"" Kelly";17-Mar;1986;Ldec;10;Steve Watt;27;;watt;London;London;England;Welter;"(Dublin) Irish Times, March 18, 1986; Washington Post, March 18, 1986; (Dublin) Irish Times, March 20, 1986; Simon Gardiner, Sports Law (London: Routledge Cavendish, 2005), 110. Watt collapsed as he walked back to corner and went into coma. He was sent to the hospital. Although he was essentially brain dead on arrival, doctors did surgery anyway.This kept his body alive for several days, at which point his liver was transplanted into a woman from Liverpool. The coroner ruled cause of of death to have been an acute bleed from a severed vein at the base of the skull. During the autopsy, the medical examiner remarked hundreds of scars from previous brain bleeds."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Aquiles Guzman;21-Mar;1986;Ldec;4;"Jose Gregorio ""Goyo"" Padrino";20;;padrino;Ciudad Ojeda;;Venezuela;Fly;"New York Times, March 25, 1986; (Miami, Florida) El Nuevo Herald, March 25,1986; Miami Herald, April 13, 1986.  This was Padrino's pro debut. He collapsed 10 minutes after leaving the ring and never regained consciousness. Cause of death was blows."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows; ;
ND;9-May;1986;KO;4;Kenji Kobayashi;22;;kobyashi;Nagoya;;Japan;Fly;"Santa Fe (New Mexico) New Mexican, May 12, 1986; Washington Post, May 12, 1986; Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1986. It was Kobayashi's first professional fight. He was knocked down toward the end of the fourth (last scheduled) round, and died in hospital 2 days later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows; ;
Gary Ballard;30-Jun;1986;Ldec;4;Eppie Pohl;18; ;pohl;Pretoria; ;South Africa;Middle;"(Parktown, South Africa) Sunday Independent, ""Comatose boxer's mom fights on after 19 years,"" October 16, 2005, http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/comatose-boxer-s-mom-fights-on-after-19-years-1.256123; Los Angeles Times, August 9, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-09/sports/sp-33073_1_south-african; ""SA boxer dies 24 years after falling into a coma,"" Johannesburg Sunday Times, November 5, 2010, http://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/other/article747113.ece/SA-boxer-dies-24-years-after-falling-into-coma; Arletta Otto, ""Bokser sterf na 24 jaar in 'n koma,"" Nuus24, November 5, 2010, http://www.nuus24.com/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Bokser-sterf-na-24-jaar-in-n-koma-20101104-2. Pohl was outmatched but the referee refused to stop the fight. After the decision was announced, Pohl collapsed in his corner. He was transported to hospital, where he went into the coma from which he never recovered. His family visited him regularly and his mother visited several times a day. ""I once spoke to a doctor about euthanasia,"" his mother told a journalist in 1985 (Sunday Independent), ""but I was told it would be murder."" On October 31, 2010, he died in an assisted living facility in Middleburg, South Africa.";South African Defense Force;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Misadventure;;
Lionel Jean;2-Feb;1987;Ldec;6;Jean-Claude Vinci;24;;vinci;Evreaux;;France;Bantam;"Le Monde Interactive, March 28, 1987; Gazette de Lausanne, May 3, 1987. Vinci was given a standing eight-count in the first round and was knocked down in the fourth round. About a quarter hour after leaving the ring, he went into a coma, and he died in hospital without regaining consciousness. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;28-Mar;1987;KO;1;Joseph Sticklen;15;;sticklen;Saddleworth;Manchester;England;Junior lightweight;"(Dublin) Irish Times, April 1, 1987; Glasgow (Scotland) Herald, June 8, 1987; Lexington (Kentucky) Herald Leader, June 9, 1987. It was Sticklen's second fight, and the bout was just 52 seconds old when the referee stopped it. The referee asked the doctor to look at Sticklen. Sticklen collapsed within about a minute, and he died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on his brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Raymond Calderon;3-Apr;1987;Sparring; ;Roger V. Lopez;24; ;lopez;El Toro;California;USA;ND;Los Angeles Times (Orange County Edition), April 4, 1987. The two men were sparring. Calderon hit Lopez in the head. Lopez collapsed. He died. ; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
ND;24-Jun;1987;KO;3;Masanao Ozawa;21; ;ozawa;Tokyo; ;Japan;Welter (Jr Welter);Manila Standard, August 10, 1987. Ozawa was knocked out in the match, and he died in hospital following several surgeries. Cause of death was a hematoma in the temporal dura.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
ND;11-Jul;1987;Wdec;3;Robert Rollins;33;;rollins;Montgomery;Alabama;USA;Heavy;"Miami (Florida) Herald, July 12, 1987; Detroit News, March 5, 2003, ""Toughman bouts with danger,"" www.jameshoyer.com/news_toughman_din.pdf. According to the Miami Herald, the ringside announcer encouraged participants to ""beat and batter each other from rope to rope."" Immediately after the fight, Rollins, a Montgomery police officer, complained of being dizzy. Soon after, he died. Death was attributed to cardiac arrest. Rollins, who stood 6 feet tall and weighed 280 pounds, had been taking medicine for high blood pressure for months before the fight."; ;Toughman (not Original Toughman);Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Sean Schoonmaker;2-Aug;1987;TKO;3;Paul Resce Jr.;18;;resce;Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego;California;USA;ND;"Los Angeles Times, August 6, 1987; Los Angeles Times, August 8, 1987; Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1987; Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1988; Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1989. Despite a history of previous concussions, Resce, a Marine recruit, was allowed to participate in inter-platoon boxing bouts. He was hit hard in the third round. He stumbled backwards into the arms of the referee, and the fight was stopped. He was taken to the hospital unconscious, and he died there five days later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. This death is not attributed to the USMC Combat Hitting Skills Program (see Michael J. Cecil, below), because Combat Hitting Skills Program did not begin until 1989. Nonetheless, the death did lead to the commanding general at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego issuing a ban on recruit boxing smokers."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury;;
Michael Arthur;18-Sep;1987;KO;8;Agus Souissa;26;;souissa;Jayapura;;Indonesia;Fly;"Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, September 22, 1987; Biro Surabaya, ""Benturan yang Membawa Maut,"" MBM Tempo, September 26, 1987, http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1987/09/26/KSH/mbm.19870926.KSH32353.id.html. Souissa had been the national amateur champion before turning pro in 1985. It was a scheduled eight round fight. Souissa was knocked out in the third round, but got back up. He was battered hard from the sixth to the eithgh round, and finally he was knocked out. He went into a coma, and died without regaining consciousness 12 hours later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage, and attributed to the fall rather than the blows. Agus had reportedly had flu-like symptoms prior to this match."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
ND;21-Oct;1987;Sparring;;Patricia E. Quinn;25;;quinn;Sea Girt;New Jersey;USA;ND;"Philadelphia Daily News, December 7, 1987; Philadelphia Daily News, December 8, 1987; Philadelphia Inquirer, December 19, 1987; Philadelphia Inquirer, December 20, 1987; William Wilbanks, True Heroines: Police Women Killed in the Line of Duty Throughout the United States, 1916-1999 (Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Co., 2000), 107. Quinn was a police recruit participating in boxing at the police academy. She was hit in the head during her two bouts, and subsequently went into a coma. She died on November 4, 1987. The family donated her organs, and then sued the academy for $5 million."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Charles Libondo;22-Dec;1987;KO;5;Antony Ndaki;21; ;ndaki;Dar es Salaam; ;Tanzania;Middle;Gazette de Lausanne, December 28, 1987. Ndaki was knocked out in the second round. He was transported to the hospital, where he died.; ;Pro; ;Ring;;;
ND;ND;1987;KO;;Lupe Valdez; ;;valdez;Apatzingan; ;Mexico;ND;Boxeo Mexicano en Records. The match must have been in late 1987, as Valdez had a fight with Miguel Martinez in Tijuana on November 16, 1987. The result of that fight was Martinez by knockout in the first.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kediri;ND;1987;KO;;Suryanto; ;;suryanto;Malang;;Indonesia;Light;"Biro Surabaya, ""Benturan yang Membawa Maut,"" MBM Tempo, September 26, 1987, http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1987/09/26/KSH/mbm.19870926.KSH32353.id.html. Suryanto died three days after the fight."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;ND;1987;KO;;Pontas Situmorang; ; ;situmorang;Medan; ;Indonesia;ND;"Biro Surabaya, ""Benturan yang Membawa Maut,"" MBM Tempo, September 26, 1987, http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1987/09/26/KSH/mbm.19870926.KSH32353.id.html. ";;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
ND;ND;1987;KO;;Parded Hasoloan; ; ;hasolan;Medan; ;Indonesia;ND;"Biro Surabaya, ""Benturan yang Membawa Maut,"" MBM Tempo, September 26, 1987, http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1987/09/26/KSH/mbm.19870926.KSH32353.id.html. "; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Kenny Vice;13-Jun;1988;KO;10;Brian Baronet;27;;baronet;Durban;;South Africa;Welter (Jr Welter);"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, June 20, 1988; Paddy Harper, ""Homeless men honour boxer who died too young,"" Johannesburg Sunday Times, August 29, 2004, http://allafrica.com/stories/200408300503.html; Deon Potgieter, ""From Baronet to Sanchez: Who's to blame?""Sweet Science, July 11, 2005, http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/2355/from-baronet-sanchez-blame. Baronet was trying a comeback. He was not hit hard in the fight, but afterward, he went into a coma and he died in hospital several days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. Baronet had apparently taken some hard blows to the head during training. In addition, he was involved in a motor vehicle accident while on the way to the weigh-in. His boxing license was suspended in the United States."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Prior injury; ;
Jeff Franklin;7-Jul;1988;Sparring;;Harold Watts;24;;watts;Reno;Nevada;USA;ND;"Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, July 11, 1988; Steve Kanigher, ""Can boxing be made safer,"" Las Vegas Sun, October 23, 2005, http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/sports/2005/oct/23/519549564.html. Watts, an amateur, was sparring with Franklin, a professional featherweight. During the second round, Watts took a sharp hit to the chin. He was asked if he was okay. He said he was, so the sparring continued. At the end of the third round, Watts walked toward his corner, turned around, and collapsed. He died in hospital. Cause of death was a ruptured blood vessel in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Aaron Williams;13-Aug;1988;TKO;5;Daniel Thetele; ;;thetele;Odendalruus;;South Africa;Feather;Sydney Morning Herald, August 16, 1988. Thetele collapsed after leaving the ring, and he died on the way to the hospital.; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
David Gonzalez;19-Aug;1988;TKO;8;"Ricardo ""Rico"" Velazquez";22;;velazquez;San Jose;California;USA;Light;"New York Times, August 21, 1988; Washington Post, August 21, 1988; ""Gonzalez fights on despite killing two opponents in the ring,"" Nando.net, September 15, 1995, http://archive.sportserver.com/newsroom/sports/oth/1995/oth/box/feat/archive/091595/box23069.html;  California State Athletic Commission Final Statement of Reasons, February 9, 2002, http://www.dca.ca.gov/csac/rules/294fsr.pdf; Pedro Fernandez, ""Most have never experienced a boxing death!"" Ring Talk, March 14, 2009, http://ringtalk.com/most-have-never-experienced-a-boxing-death. About 18 months earlier, Gonzalez had knocked out Velazquez in the gym, but Velazquez's manager (his father) took the fight anyway, saying the purse ($5,000) was a lot of money. He went into the fight with a broken nose. He was being beaten in this fight, but in his corner, his father said, ""Show him some balls, son."" Velazquez went back out. The fight was stopped. He collapsed shortly after the fight was stopped. After about a thirty minute delay, he was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was subdural hematoma.";California;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Mismatch; ;
ND;13-Dec;1988;KO;3;Roy Hodgson;21;;hodgson;Lemgo;;Germany;Heavy;(Dublin) Irish Times, December 17, 1988. Hodgson was a soldier in the Second Royal Irish Rangers, stationed in West Germany, and he was participating in a regimental boxing tournament. He was knocked down by a blow to the head, and he died within the hour.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Hudi;ND;1988;KO;;Wahab Bahari; ;;bahari;Blitar;;Indonesia;ND;Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Terrence Alli;4-Mar;1989;KO;9;David Thio;22;;thio;Lyon;;France;Welter (Super Light);"Journal de GenŠve, March 7, 1989; Chicago Daily Herald, March 15, 1989. Thio was knocked down by an uppercut. He went into a coma, and died several days later.  Cause of death was brain injury. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Mar;1989;TKO;3;Guydell Williams;18;;williams;Myrtle Beach;South Carolina;USA;Welter (139-lb);"Aiken (South Carolina) Standard, March 27, 1989; Doylestown (Pennsylvania) Intelligencer, March 27, 1989; Washington Post, March 27, 1989; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 29, 1989. Williams boxed two bouts in the same day. He lost the first one, then took the second as a last minute substitute. In the second bout, he took two standing eight-counts before the referee stopped the contest. While the result was being announced, Williams collapsed in his corner. He died in hospital three days later. Cause of death was a stroke, which in turn was attributed to an abnormality in a major artery. NOTE: This is a possible PFO death, as patent foramen ovale, or PFO, is the cause of 25-50% of all strokes in people aged under 50 years. PFO specifically refers to a small hole in the heart that everyone has at birth, and that usually closes up within a few years. If it does not close up, it usually causes no problems. However, in rare instances, PFO can allow small clots to pass through, and these clots can in turn lead to strokes. Symptoms of PFO include blurred vision and flashes of light, and the condition cannot be diagnosed without special tests."; ;Amateur;Stroke;Soon after;Pre-existing condition; ;
Per Malmsten;22-Apr;1989;KO;1;Arthur Hendler;19; ;hendler;Landskrona;;Sweden;Welter;"Toronto Star, May 2, 1989; ""Boxning har sk”rdat ”ver 500 d”dsoffer,"" Aftonbladet, December 7, 1999, http://www.aftonbladet.se/sport/9912/07/boxning.html; http://teddystenmark.com. Hendler was knocked out about halfway through the first round. He died in hospital nine days later, without ever regaining consciousness."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Cecilio (Torito) Espino;22-May;1989;KO;6;Hector Ruiz Coello;20; ;ruiz;Tijuana; ;Mexico;Fly;Los Angeles Times, May 25, 1989. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. Ruiz had lost two fights in the past four months, one by knockout on April 28, 1989, meaning less than a month before this match. Espino on the other hand had won his eight previous bouts, seven by knockout.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch;;
Mike Caminiti;29-May;1989;Wdec;8;John Gross;23;;gross;Phoenix ;New York;USA;Light Heavy (Super Middle);"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, January 29, 1990; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 16, 1990; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, April 27, 1990, Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, March 7, 1991; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, September 27, 1993;  Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, December 25, 1997; CBS SportsLine, December 1997, http://www.sportsline.com/u/page/covers/others/dec97/workers122497.htm. After the fight, Gross spoke with reporters, and then, about 90 minutes later, he collapsed in the dressing room. He lapsed into a coma, and he died of injuries on January 28, 1990. Cause of death was subdural hematoma on the left side of the brain. In the interim, Gross's family applied for workers' compensation. In 1990, an administrative law judge ruled that Gross had a valid claim and that the family was eligible for survivors' benefits. The State Insurance Fund appealed this decision, and in 1997, the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court reversed the lower courts. That is, the appeals court ruled that professional boxers were ineligible for workers' compensation through the State Fund. The court's reasoning was that the plain language of the Workers' Compensation Law specifically excluded ""compensation for any injury occasioned 'by wilful intention of the injured employee to bring about the injury or death of himself or another,'' and that ""it would be absurd to suggest that he [Gross] participated in that match without willfully intending to bring about the injury of his opponent."" The justices ruled 2-1 on this, and in his dissenting opinion, the dissenting justice wrote, in part, that ""denying compensation to an entire class of athletes... is not, we think, what the Legislature contemplated."" The case law is Estate of Gross v. Three Rivers Inn Inc., 238 A.D. 2d 12, 667 N.Y.S. 2d 71, 1997 N.Y. Slip Op. 11247. The split decision promptly led to another court case, namely 92 N.Y. 2d 970, 706 N.E. 2d 741, 683 N.Y.S. 2d 753, 1998, N.Y. Slip Op. 10243, which in turn remanded the case to the Workers' Compensation Board for further proceedings on the employer-employee relationship at time of injury. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;22-Feb;1990;Training;;Tyrone Smith;23;;smith;Fort Carson;Colorado;USA;Welter (147-lb);"(Colorado Springs, Colorado) Gazette, February 23, 1990; (Colorado Springs, Colorado) Gazette, February 24, 1990; Pacific Stars and Stripes, February 25, 1990; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 26, 1990; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, February 27, 1990; Washington Post, February 27, 1990.  Smith was preparing for the USA National amateur boxing championships to be held in Colorado Springs later in the week. He was sitting on the ring surface getting his left glove removed, when he suddenly fell over unto the ring apron. He was taken to the hospital, where a large blood clot was removed from his brain. He died a day later. Cause of death was attributed to the fall rather than blows. ""I cannot emphasize enough that [this incident] is not related to boxing,"" said Dr. Robert Voy, director of sports medicine for USA Boxing.";USA-ABF;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Fall; ;
ND;24-Feb;1990;Training;;Sean Lee;18;;lee;Colorado Springs;Colorado;USA;Welter (139-lb);"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, February 26, 1990; Waterloo (Iowa) Courier, February 26, 1990; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, February 27, 1990; Baton Rouge (Louisana) Advocate, February 27, 1991. Baton Rouge (Louisiana) Advocate, March 4, 1990. The venue was the USA National amateur boxing championships. The actual bouts did not begin until that evening. After attending (and passing) the pre-fight physical, Lee went to run some slow laps with another Louisiana boxer, Kenneth Pratt. During the run, Lee complained of chest pain, and then he collapsed. Cause of death was listed as congenital coronary insufficiency, whcih is a comparatively common but difficult to detect cause of sudden death in young athletes."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Later;; ;
ND;3-Mar;1990;KO;;Aro Kitoki; ;;kitoki;Angeles City;;Philippines;Feather;http://boxrec.com; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Jun Aviles;17-Mar;1990;Ldec;10;Jun Tinoy; ;;tinoy;Calinian;;Philippines;Feather;http://boxrec.com. Tinoy had five known fights, and had lost all of them.; ;Pro;;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Edgar Maghanoy;5-May;1990;KO;7;Joefer Pahayahay; ;;pahayahay;ND;;Philippines;Bantam;http://www.boxrec.com.  Pahayahay's brother Jerry also boxed professionally.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Armando Andales;20-May;1990;Ldec;10;Darry Kabales;;;kabales;ND;;Philippines;Light;http://boxrec.com; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Yasuei Yakushiji;14-Jun;1990;KO;10;"Atsushi ""Jun"" Yonesaka";23;;yonesaka;Sapporo;;Japan;Bantam;Japan Economic Newswire, June 19, 1990. Yonesaka was knocked down in the tenth round. He collapsed in the dressing room after the fight, and died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Mlamili Magwaza;24-Jun;1990;KO;6;Dean Sawuti;26;;sawuti;Port Elizabeth;;South Africa;Welter;http://boxrec.com; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Gary Wills;1-Aug;1990;Wdec;10;Patrick Stone;24;;stone;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Heavy (Cruiser);Doylestown (Pennsylvania) Intelligencer, August 19, 1990. Stone collapsed in his corner before the decision was announced, and died in hospital. Cause of death was a blood clot on the right side of his brain.;Queensland;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Greco Gonzalez;21-Sep;1990;TKO;3;Jesus Ortiz;16;;ortiz;Apatzingan;;Mexico;Fly;El Nuevo Herald (Miami, Florida), September 28, 1990. ; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Bisenti Santoso;23-Dec;1990;KO;;Bongguk Kendy; ;;kendy;Bontang;;Indonesia;Welter (Lt Welter);"Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.htm; http://www.fightnews.com/pamungkas17.htm"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;ND;1990;KO;;Dako Cabella; ;;cabella;ND;;Philippines;ND;R. Yalen; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;3-Jan;1991;Sparring; ;Daniel Dennis Coughlin;32; ;coughlin;Austin;Texas;USA;ND;Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, January 6, 1991. Following the sparring, Coughlin complained of severe headaches. Less than two days later, he was found dead in his apartment. ; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later; ;;
Richie Smith;8-Apr;1991;Ldec;4;Alan Lonnie Goldstein;26;;goldstein;Ocala;Florida;USA;Middle;"Frederick (Maryland) News, April 10, 1991; Chicago Daily Herald, April 10, 1991; Miami (Florida) Herald, July 7, 1991; Ocala (Florida) Star-Banner, April 7, 1992. It was Goldstein's first professional fight, and there were just 300 spectators in the audience at the Ocala Hilton. Goldstein was knocked down in the fourth round, and he collapsed in his corner afterwards. Goldstein died in hospital next day. His manager had already left town. Cause of death was listed as brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Bimbo Projo;1-May;1991;KO;7;"Priscilo ""Loloy"" Togonon";28;;togonon;Isabel;;Philippines;Fly;"Manila Standard, May 13, 1991; Manila Standard, May 14, 1991. Togonon was knocked out in the seventh round of a scheduled eight round fight. Following the knockout, Togonon was taken to the local hospital, but it lacked adequate facilities. Therefore, he was transferred to another hospital, located 45 minutes away, where he died. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Tirso Ranque;4-May;1991;TKO;6;Tata Cabanes; ; ;cabanes;Guindulman;;Philippines;Bantam;"Manila Standard, May 13, 1991; Manila Standard, May 14, 1991. The referee stopped the fight in the sixth round. Cabanes was taken to hospital, where he died three days later. Cause of death was listed as cardiorespiratory failure and internal hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;May/;1991;KO;;Patrick Mdiniso;22;;mdiniso;Queenstown;;South Africa;Feather;New York Times, November 27, 1991; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;3-Sep;1991;Sparring;;Anthony O. McWilliams;20;;mcwilliams;Fort Huachuca;Arizona;USA;Fly;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, September 24, 1991; Annapolis (Maryland) Capital, September 24, 1991. McWilliams, a member of an Army boxing team, was sparring with a lighter boxer. Both men were wearing headgear.  McWilliams was in a coma 17 days before dying. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Kelvin Onwudiwe;27-Sep;1991;KO;6;Nojim Gbadegesin;27;;gbadegesin;Lagos;;Nigeria;Fly;"Los Angeles Times, October 1, 1991; Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Inquirer, October 1, 1991. Following the knockout, Gbadegesin went into a coma, and he died in hospital three days later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Sibusiso Phakathi;3-Nov;1991;TKO;6;Phiwenkosi Xaba; ;;xaba;Empangeni;;South Africa;Light;http://boxrec.com. On November 15, 1991, Xaba died of injuries.; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Ndoda Mayende;17-Nov;1991;KO;8;Clive Skwebu;20;;skwebu;East London;;South Africa;Fly;"New York Times, November 27, 1991; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, November 27, 1991; Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, November 27, 1991. Despite two surgeries, Skwebu died of brain injuries."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Artemio Ramos;28-Nov;1991;KO;3;Julio Malca;18;;malca;Ilo; ;Peru;Feather;El Nuevo Herald (Miami, Florida), November 29, 1991. Malca was knocked out on the first day of a national level amateur tournament, and died in hospital.; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Takao Murata (Takashi Harada) ;1-Dec;1991;TKO;10;Minoru Katsumata;20;;katsumata;Nagoya;;Japan;Feather (Jr Feather);"London (England) Independent, December 3, 1991; St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, December 3, 1991; Los Angeles Times, December 3, 1991. With less than a minute to go in the fight, Katsumata's corner threw in the towel. Katsumata walked out of the ring, then collapsed in the dressing room. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Abdenago Jofre;20-Dec;1991;TKO;11;David Ellis Venegas (La Furia);29;;ellis;Coyhaique;;Chile;Middle (Jr Middle);"(Miami, Florida) El Neuvo Herald, December 28, 1991; David Frisancho Pineda, ""El Box: Camion a la Muerte,"" Acta Medica Peruana, 13:3 (Sep-Dec 2001); http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BVRevistas/acta_medica/VOLXVIII_N3_2001_SET_DIC/box_cami_muerte.htm. Following the knockout, Ellis stood up, then collapsed and went into a coma. He was flown to hospital in Santiago, a thousand miles away, but died after life support was removed ten days later. Cause of death was severe brain damage. Although the bout was billed as the Chilean light middleweight championship, Ellis's pro record going into this fight was 2 wins, 12 losses, 4 draws."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Jose Longoria;18-Jan;1992;TKO;3;Roman Gomez;19;;gomez;Phoenix ;Arizona;USA;ND;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, January 20, 1992; Prescott (Arizona) Courier, January 21, 1992; personal communication with Karl Gruse, March 9, 2005. This was Gomez's first contest. Headgear, mouthpieces, and 12-ounce gloves were used. There were no obviously hard blows in the fight. The fight was stopped toward the end of the third round. Gomez was laid down in his corner, then transported to hospital, where he died about 18 hours later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The name is often reported in the media as ""Ramon."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Terry George;15-Mar;1992;KO;2;"Richard ""Ricky"" Sanders";27;;sanders;Scottsboro;Alabama;USA;"""Light"" (under 180 lbs)";(Florence, Alabama) Times Daily, March 17, 1992. Sanders had won earlier contests, to advance to the finals of the Great American Brawler's Association Bad Man Contest. He was knocked down twice in the second round, and he finally collapsed after being pushed. Paramedics were called after it was noted that Sanders was having trouble breathing. The promoter, who was also the announcer, told the audience that Sanders had fainted. Meanwhile, Sanders was transported to a local hospital, and then flown to a regional hospital, where he died; ;Toughman (not Original Toughman);Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Hector Patri;16-May;1992;TKO;10;"Wilfredo ""Pitufo"" Andrade";28;;andrade;Rio Grande;;Argentina;Fly (110-lb);"El Nuevo Herald (Miami, Florida), May 21, 1992; El Nuevo Herald (Miami, Florida), May 23, 1992. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;16-May;1992;KO;2;Kenzo Kawamoto;16;;kawamoto;Yokohama;;Japan;Fly (Mosquito);USA Today, June 3, 1992. Kawamoto was participating in a high school varsity tournament. He collapsed in his corner at the end of the round. He died of brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Juan Rodriguez;5-Jun;1992;KO;7;Guido Trivino;23;;trivino;Cartagena;;Colombia;Feather (Jr Feather);"(Dublin) Irish Times, June 8, 1992; (Singapore) New Straits Times, June 9, 1992.  Trivino died in hospital on June 7, following brain surgery. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Nov/;1992;KO;;Sergio Luis Brito; ;;brito;ND;;Mexico;ND;R. Yalen; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Akihiro Kaetsu;19-Dec;1992;KO;7;Yasuharu Hamakawa;23; ;hamakawa;Osaka;;Japan;Light;"Le Noveau Quotidien (Lausanne, Switzerland), January 12, 1993; Kansas City (Missouri) Star, January 13, 1993. Hamakawa was knocked out on December 19, 1992 and died on January 7, 1993 without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was cerebral hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;21-Jan;1993;Sparring;;Michael Joe Butler;20;;butler;Kelly Air Force Base ;Texas;USA;ND;"Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, January 25, 1993; Chicago Daily Herald, January 26, 1993; Annapolis (Maryland) Capital, January 26, 1993. Kelly was a member of an Eglin Air Force Base boxing team visiting Kelly Air Force Base for a tournament. Following a sparring match, Kelly complained of dizziness and then he collapsed. He died at an Air Force hospital in Florida two days later. Cause of death was acute subdural hematoma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;25-Apr;1993;KO;2;Alexander Kostadinov;18;;kostadinov;Sliven;;Bulgaria;Light (54 kg);"Miami (Florida) Herald), April 27, 1993; (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) New Straits Times, April 27, 1993; Kingston (Jamaica) Gleaner, April 28, 1993; Gazette de Lausanne, April 28, 1983. Kostadinov was knocked out during the second round of a semi-finals match, and he died a few hours later in hospital. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.";Bulgarian national junior;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ernesto Alesna;29-May;1993;TKO;7;Macalino Silvano;25;;silvano;Cebu City; ;Philippines;Light;(Singapore) Straits Times, May 31, 1993. Cause of death was attributed to a heart attack following brain injury.;Philippines ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;20-Jun;1993;KO; ;Chih Yong Soo;23; ;soo;Singapore; ;Singapore;ND;"(Singapore) Straits Times, June 29, 1993; (Singapore) Straits Times, February 20, 1994. Soo was an army officer cadet. He collapsed at the end of the match, and died four days later. Cause of death was brain injury."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Mahmud;15-Jul;1993;Ldec;;Yance Samangun; ;;samangun;Jakarta;;Indonesia;ND;"Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html; http://www.fightnews.com/pamungkas17.htm."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;1-Oct;1993;Sparring; ;Nunu Puafisi;19;;puafisi;Reno;Nevada;USA;ND;Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, October 7, 1993.  Puafisi went into a coma after sparring, and died October 2, 1993.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Tom McLeod;16-Feb;1994;KO;3;Donnell Lindsey;28;;lindsey;St. Paul;Minnesota;USA;Middle (156-lb);"St Paul (Minnesota) Pioneer Press, February 16, 1994; Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, February 16, 1994. During a  tournament, Lindsey took a glancing blow off his headgear. He collapsed, and died. It was his second fight of the tournament, and his eleventh career bout.";Regional AAU ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Richie Wenton;26-Apr;1994;KO;10;Bradley Stone;23;;stone;Bethnal Green;London;England;Feather (Super Bantam);"Manchester Guardian, June 16, 1994. The fight was stopped in the tenth round. Stone left the ring unaided. Afterwards, on his way home, he complained of feeling sick. Once home, he went into the bathroom and did not come out. His mother called an ambulance. Before the ambulance arrived, his heart stopped. Friends and relatives gave heart massage. His heart resumed beating, and the ambulance took him to the hospital, where surgery was done. Nonetheless, he died two days later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The death led to calls for the use of MRI scans of all boxers who were knocked out, for weigh-ins to be held at least 24 hours in advance, so fighters would not be dehydrated. The coroner's jury ruled death by misadventure. This is probably the boxing brain injury described in J.F. Geddes, G.H. Vowles, S.F. Robinson, and J.C. Sutcliffe, ""Neurofibrillary tangles, but not Alzheimer-type pathology, in a young boxer,"" Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol., February 1996, 22 (1), 12-16. ";British;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Hernan Acosta;3-Jun;1994;KO;4;Felix Ocegueda;25;;ocegueda;Mexicali;;Mexico;Bantam;(Miami, Florida) El Nuevo Herald, June 9, 1994. ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Terry Vermaelen;10-Jun;1994;TKO;2;Bobby Troy DePue;26;;depue;Lafayette;Louisiana;USA;Heavy;"(Baton Rouge, Louisiana) Advocate, October 6, 1994; Keith O'Brien, ""Ultimate fighting,"" New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 23, 2003, http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/index.ssf?/base/news-0/106689292994050.xml; Detroit News, March 5, 2003, ""Toughman bouts with danger,"" www.jameshoyer.com/news_toughman_din.pdf; Terry Vermaelen, ""Toughman Contest,"" http://www.defend.net/deluxeforums/showthread.php?t=8885.  DePue quit in the second round, and the crowd booed. He collapsed soon after, saying he couldn't breathe, and he died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was listed as blunt force trauma exacerbating a pre-existing heart condition. Because the state had not properly regulated the bout (there was no doctor ringside), the State of Louisiana eventually paid $270,000 to the estate. (State of Arizona Office of the Auditor General, Performance Audit, Arizona State Boxing Commission, September 2000, Report No. 00-18, http://www.auditorgen.state.az.us/Reports/State_Agencies/Agencies/Boxing%20Commission/Performance/00-18/00-18.pdf) "; ;Original Toughman;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Antonio Valseca;16-Sep;1994;KO;7;Pablo Ocana; ;;ocana;Puebla;;Mexico;ND;R. Yalen; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Marco Picariello;5-Nov;1994;KO;3;Tzvetan Todorov;28;;todorov;St. Gallen; ;Switzerland;Middle (Jr Middle);Washington Post, November 11, 1994. Todorov lost consciousness near the end of the third round. He was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Dec/;1994;Sparring;;Jimmy N. Rodriguez;16;;rodriguez;Waco;Texas;USA;ND;"Dallas (Texas) Morning News, December 22, 1994; Fort Worth (Texas) Star-Telegram, December 22, 1994; ""Good Morning,"" KWTX.com, Waco (Texas), December 18, 2006, http://www.kwtx.com/breakingnews/4939987.html. Rodriguez was training for Golden Gloves competition. During the second round of a sparring match, he said he felt dizzy. The round was stopped. He subsequently collapsed, and he died in hospital on December 18, 1994. Cause of death was ruled accidental, but attributed to repeated head trauma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Chris King and Patrick Harris;19-Jan;1995;Sparring;;Nathan Wigfall;21;;wigfall;Washington;District of Columbia;USA;Heavy (180-lbs);"Washington Post, January 24, 1995; Washington Times, February 2, 1995; Washington Post, February 17, 1995. Wigfall sat down after doing some 3-round sparring sessions with different opponents. He rolled over unconscious. He died the following day. Cause of death was a burst blood vessel in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Henryk Galant;1-Mar;1995;Sparring;;Marek Michalczuk;19;;michalczuk;Varsovia;;Poland;ND;"http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=391601; http://szukaj.gazetawyborcza.pl/archiwum/1,0,283832.html "; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
Anthony Pagan;30-Mar;1995;Sparring;;Jeffrey Foronda;25;;foronda;Hilo;Hawaii;USA;ND;"Foronda v. Hawaii International Boxing Club, Supreme Court of the State of Hawai'i, Civil No. 96-5123, http://www.hawaii.gov/jud/ica21703.htm; 96 Hawai'i, 25 P.3d 826. According to the court records, ""Decedent was hit, sat temporarily on the second rope from the bottom, some 27 inches from the padded mat, sagged toward the floor, and leaned sideways, hitting his head, while wearing regulation protective headgear, on the padded apron just outside the rope."" The court ruled that the risk of falling was an inherent risk of sport. Although the gym did not have all the latest safety equipment, there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate defective equipment, supervision, or coaching. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Eric Jackson;8-Apr;1995;KO;;"Zinious ""Junior"" Haynes";38;;haynes;Fayetteville;North Carolina;USA;Heavy;"Fayetteville (North Carolina) Observer, April 14, 1995; Fayetteville (North Carolina) Observer, April 19, 1995; Detroit News, March 5, 2003, ""Toughman bouts with danger,"" www.jameshoyer.com/news_toughman_din.pdf. Haynes fought twice in this tournament. He won the first contest, and was knocked out in the second. The morning after the fight, Haynes woke his mother to say his head hurt. An ambulance took him to the hospital, where he died three hours later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Later;; ;
Gabriel Ruelas;6-May;1995;KO;11;Jimmy Garcia;21;;garcia;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Light (Jr Light);"New York Times, May 19, 1995; Associated Press, June 3, 1995, http://archive.sportserver.com/newsroom/ap/box/feat/06039530208.html; Nando.net, ""Garcia wants to win world title, then become local cop,"" March 23, 1996; http://archive.sportserver.com/newsroom/sports/oth/1996/oth/box/feat/archive/032396/box8269.html; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 586. Garcia had rapidly lost between 15 and 30 pounds in preparation for the fight. Following the knockout, Garcia was taken by ambulance to the hospital, where surgery was done. He died twelve days later. The attending doctor had a lengthy history of malpractice cases settled out of court. See, for example, Carrie Greer, ""Insurance company sues doctor,"" Las Vegas Review-Journal, October 18, 1997, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/1997/Oct-18-Sat-1997/news/6236583.html and ""1995-2002 Nevada Medical Malpractice Filings and State Demographics,"" April 7, 2003, http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/72nd2003/Exhibits/Assembly/JUD/AJUD4071F.pdf .";World;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight; ;
Bugiarso;11-May;1995;KO;;Akbar Maulana; ;;maulana;Jakarta;;Indonesia;Feather (Super Bantam);"Jeff Pamungkas, ""The Year of Living Dangerously!"" Fightnews.com, March 12, 2004, http://www.fightnews.com/pamungkas17.htm. In 2001, the survivor, Bugiarso, was also hospitalized for brain injuries."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ali Matumla;24-Jun;1995;KO;5;Singini Ackim; ;;ackim;Lusaka;;Zambia;Welter;Washington (District of Columbia) Times, June 26, 1995. ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
David Gonzalez;26-Jul;1995;KO;9;Robert Wangila Nyapunyi ;27;;wangila;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Welter;"Syracuse (New York) Herald Journal, October 4, 1994; ""Gonzalez fights on despite killing two opponents in the ring,"" Nando.net, September 15, 1995, http://archive.sportserver.com/newsroom/sports/oth/1995/oth/box/feat/archive/091595/box23069.html. Wangila collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain. Wangila was a 1988 Olympic gold medalist and a Kenyan national hero, and  arranging his burial took months of legal wrangling."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Setsuo Kawamasu;5-Sep;1995;KO;10;Lee Tong-chun (Great Kaneyama);32;;lee;Tokyo;;Japan;Bantam;"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, September 11, 1995; (Seoul) Korea Times, September 15, 1995; Pacific Stars and Stripes, September 12, 1995.  Lee, a Korean, was the former Japanese national champion. After the bout, Lee complained that he felt ill. He then passed out in the dressing room. He died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was acute subdural hematoma.";Japanese;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Drew Docherty;13-Oct;1995;KO;12;James Murray;25;;murray;Glasgow;Glasgow;Scotland;Bantam;"(Dublin) Irish Times, October 16, 1995; New York Times, October 16, 1995; ""Boxer said to be 'clinically dead' after losing bout,"" Nando.net, October 14, 1995, http://archive.sportserver.com/newsroom/sports/oth/1995/oth/box/feat/archive/101495/box11342.html; Steve Bunce, ""October 13, 1995,"" (Glasgow, Scotland) Sunday Herald, October 9, 2005, http://www.sundayherald.com/52170. In the ninth, a left hook caught Murray hard. He stayed on his feet, but went down in the twelfth. Members of the standing-room only crowd threw bottles in the ring and started fighting among themselves; some even rushed into the ring, to daub themselves in blood. Docherty stood crying in the corner, paramedics were too busy dodging bottles and chairs to safely administer first aid, and five fans were later treated for injuries. Eventually, Murray was taken to the hospital, where he died on October 15, 1995. Rapid weight loss was reportedly a factor in this death, which was commemorated by a 1997 song, ""James Murray,"" by Mr Jones; for the lyrics, see http://www.mrjones.net/lyrics2.htm#james. ";British;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight; ;
Marlon Carillo;15-Oct;1995;Ldec;10;Restituto Espineli;19;;espineli;Paranaque;;Philippines;Fly;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, October 16, 1995; (Dublin) Irish Times, October 17, 1995; Salt Lake (Utah) Tribune, October 17, 1995. Although never knocked down in the fight, Espinelli was battered during it, and collapsed in the dressing room about 20 minutes after the fight ended. He died in hospital three days later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Allan Llaneta;22-Oct;1995;KO;10;Marvin Corpuz;19;;corpuz;General Santos;;Philippines;Fly (MiniFly);"(Singapore) Straits Times, October 23, 1995; (Dublin) Irish Times, October 24, 1995; USA Today, October 24, 1995. Corpuz wanted to quit after the eighth round, but didn't because the crowd was screaming, ""No surrender!"" Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Dec/;1995;TKO;;Mitsuyuki Ito;26;;ito;Tokyo;;Japan;Welter (Jr Welter);Agence France Press, December 12, 1995. Ito died December 12, 1995, and the fight took place the previous week. The death led to the Japanese requiring boxers to get annual CAT scans and taking longer rest periods following knockouts.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;8-Dec;1995;KO;2;Eric Crow;23;;crow;Kansas City;Kansas;USA;Heavy (180-lbs);"Kansas City Star, December 15, 1995; Kansas City Star, December 16, 1995; Santa Fe (New Mexico) New Mexican, October 25, 1996; James A. Fussell, ""The mom who got tough on a deadly sport,"" Good Housekeeping, July 1997; Detroit News, March 5, 2003, ""Toughman bouts with danger,"" www.jameshoyer.com/news_toughman_din.pdf; http://cctr.umkc.edu/~tjthompson/pap1.htm. After the fight, Crow was dazed, and the next day, his mother found him crawling on the floor, moaning. She took him to the hospital, where he died four days later. Cause of death was heavy bleeding inside the brain. The mother began a crusade to get Toughman banned. Promoter Art Dore said her anger was unfair. First, Dore couldn't recall any previous Toughman deaths, and second, ""We don't know that this [death] happened in the Toughman contest."" State legislatures in both Kansas and Missouri responded with bans against both Toughman and mixed martial art contests. In May 1996, Crow's widow also filed a separate lawsuit against the promoter (Dore) and the ringside physician (chiropractor Elmer Sharp)."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Later;Blows; ;
Randy Andagan;12-Dec;1995;KO;8;Eugene Barutag;19; ;barutag;Sampaloc; ;Philippines;Feather;"Chino Trinidad, ""The dangers of boxing,"" GMA Network, http://www.gmanews.tv/story/182472/the-dangers-of-boxing, January 26, 2010. Barutag was ahead during the first four rounds, but in the second half of the fight, Andagan came back strong to win. Barutag collapsed in his corner at the end of the fight. There was inadequate ringside medical care, and no ambulance. Thus, journalist Trinidad ended up driving the unconscious fighter to the hospital, where he died. Future champion Manny Pacquiao was on the same card, and was reportedly the only fighter to attend Barutag's wake in Malabon."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Blows;;
James Lewis;9-Mar;1996;KO;2;Shannon Cassidy Sizemore;18; ;sizemore;Altus;Oklahoma;USA;Middle ;"(Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, March 12, 1996; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, April 6, 1996; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, April 9, 1996; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, November 26, 1996; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, December 23, 1996; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, January 16, 1997; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, August 20, 2003. The bout was promoted by an organization called Rough Guy Inc. The venue was the old National Guard Armory. The audience consisted of about 300 people. Sizemore, a high school senior, hoped to win enough money to fix up his car. This was his second fight of the night. According to the Oklahoman (April 6, 1997), ""the Sizemore-Lewis bout was void of boxing skills. No gloves in front of the face. Just two tired guys mustering the occasional strength to punch at each other."" Between the second and third rounds, Sizemore leaned on the ropes, spit out his mouthguard, and vomited. He said his head hurt. The referee stopped the fight, and his friends took Sizemore to the dressing room. From there, he was transported to the hospital, where he died on March 9. The state boxing administrator, Jim Hall, stated publicly that Sizemore's death might have been due to cocaine. However, the autopsy revealed no cocaine. Instead, the medical examiner said death was due to blows to the head. There had been no physician ringside; at the time of this fight, the doctor was in the dressing room, examining other fighters. The subsequent public uproar contributed to Hall's termination as state boxing administrator and to the closing of Rough Guy Inc. (A participant dying ""takes the fun out of it,"" explained Rough Guy head Keith Lavender.) It also led to the Oklahoma legislature prohibiting Toughman-style contests in the state from 1997 through 2000."; ;Toughman (not Original Toughman);Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Unintentional homicide;;
Liu Gang;29-Apr;1996;KO;6;Lance Hobson;23;;hobson;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Feather;http://en.rsport.ru/fights/20130118/640547856.html; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Robert Adams;21-Jun;1996;TKO;3;Dale Foreman;24;;foreman;Richmond;Kentucky;USA;Heavy;"Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, July 2, 1996; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, July 2, 1996; Washington Post, July 2, 1996. Going into the third round, Foreman was leading on points. Then, in the third, he dropped his hands and looked dazed, so the referee stopped the fight. Foreman went to his corner and said that he felt dizzy and that he couldn't hear. An ambulance was called, and he died in hospital several hours later. Cause of death was given as head injuries."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Harold Brashear;19-Jul;1996;KO;3;Donald L. Lewis;23;;lewis;Hazard;Kentucky;USA;ND;"Lexington (Kentucky) Herald Leader, July 29, 1996; Warrendale (Pennsylvania) North Hills News Record, July 30, 1996; Syracuse (New York ) Post-Standard, July 30, 1996. The event was called Iron Man. After the fight, Lewis rested, talked to the doctor, and walked down the road to a convenience store to get Gatorade. He collapsed at the counter. An ambulance was called. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital. Death was attributed to cardiac conditions."; ;Toughman (not Original Toughman);Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Carlos ;28-Jul;1996;Sparring; ;Reginaldo Tavares da Silva;18;;da silva;San Goncalo;;Brazil;ND;"New Bedford (Massachusetts) Standard Times, July 1996, http://www.standardtimes.com/daily/07-96/07-30-96/d05sp147.htm; Warrendale (Pennsylvania) North Hills News Record, July 30, 1996; Miami (Florida) Herald, July 30, 1996. Following an exhibition bout, da Silva said his stomach hurt. He went to the hospital, where he died during surgery. Cause of death was severe internal bleeding."; ;Amateur;Internal injuries;Soon after; ; ;
"Mike ""Night Train"" Trejo";13-Nov;1996;KO;7;"Rey ""Conejito"" Hernandez";28;;hernandez;San Marcos;Texas;USA;Fly;"Phoenix New-Times, April 10, 1997,  http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/issues/1997-04-10/feature2.html; Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, July 12; 1997; ""Athletes at risk: Second Impact Syndrome in sports,"" http://www.firmani.com/SIS-case/incidents.htm. Cause of death suspected as Second Impact Syndrome. Hernandez's application said his record was 20-12, with no defeats by knockouts, whereas he had actually lost half his last 24 fights, 3 by knockout. His manager, German Barrientos, was profiled by Newsweek on December 6, 1999: Alan Zarembo, ""Taking a Real Beating,"" http://discuss.washingtonpost.com/nw-srv/printed/us/so/a47822-1999nov28.htm. "; ;Pro;Second Impact Syndrome;Ring;; ;
Vincenzo Imperato;16-Nov;1996;KO;12;Fabrizio de Chiara;25;;de chiara;Massa;;Italy;Bantam;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, October 19, 1996; (Southern Illinois University) Daily Egyptian, November 19, 1996, http://www.dailyegyptian.com/fall96/111996/sbeat.html; ""Muerte de pugil Italiano exhibe al control medico,"" El Informador, November 1996, http://148.245.26.68/Lastest/nov96/19nov96/DEPOR.HTM. Di Chiara collapsed in his corner after the fight was stopped, and he was pronounced brain dead two days later. The family approved organ donation.";Italian;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Hugo Ortiz;4-Jan;1997;KO;3;Jacob Greenwalt;15;;greenwalt;Little Rock;Arkansas;USA;Superfly (somewhere between 108 and 120 pounds);"George Schroeder, ""Greenwalts make way to ring again,"" Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, January 17, 1998, http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/arena/boxingfoloa.asp; George Schroeder, ""Fighting spirit endures,"" Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, January 18, 1998, http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/arena/boxingfolob.asp; Jason A. Stuart, Arkansas State Athletic Commission, ""Final Report: Investigation into Death of Anthony Jones,"" September 12,2011. Greenwalt collapsed inside the ring, either at the end of the second round or the beginning of the third. No ambulance was on-site, so one had to be called. Greenwalt was in the hospital about twenty minutes after the knockout. He died the next morning. Cause of death was acute left subdural hematoma, attributed to a re-injury to a pre-existing brain injury. The family approved organ donation. The prior brain injury occurred several months earlier, and Greenwalt had apparently been unconscious for several minutes. He was also groggy after a sparring match just a few weeks before this fight. There was not medical treatment for either of these injuries, and the prefight medical documentation was minimal.";Silver Gloves;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
ND;7-Feb;1997;Training;;Michael J. Cecil;19;;cecil;Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island;South Carolina;USA;ND;"New York Daily News, March 9, 1997; Myrtle Beach (South Carolina) Sun, May 21, 1997; Augusta (Georgia) Chronicle, May 31, 1997; (Oklahoma City) Oklahoman, June 4, 1997;  St. Paul (Minnesota) Pioneer Press, January 11, 1998; R. T. Ross and M.G. Ochsner, Jr., ""Acute intracranial boxing-related injuries in U.S. Marine Corps recruits: report of two cases,"" Military Medicine, January 1999, 164:1, 68-70. Cecil was taking part in the Marine Corps Combat Hitting Skills Program at Parris Island. This program consisted of recruits wearing headgear and 16-ounce gloves, and then boxing each other for three 15-second rounds. Cecil was knocked down by the first punch to the head, and was then hit after he fell to one knee. He went into a coma, and four days later, he died. At first, the Marine Corps announced that it would not change its program. Then, in May 1997, Private Eugene J. Kennedy III, age 27, was seriously injured in a similar bout at Parris Island, and in June 1997, the Marine Corps announced the end of Combat Hitting Program. (Its replacement was Marine Corps Martial Art Program, which became doctrinal in 2001). According to James G. Jolissant, Sean A. Swiatkowski, Sandep S. Mangalmuri, and Gregory D. Gutke (2006, History of Recruit Medicine in the United States Military Service, http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/recruit_medicine/RM-ch01.pdf, p. 17),  ""The discontinued Combat Hitting Skills Program, a rudimentary form of boxing in which recruits were matched against each other for 15-second rounds, caused more injuries than any other type of training conducted at Parris Island between 1990 and 1995. During that time the program accounted for more than one third of all recruit injuries at Parris Island, with more than 200 recruits sustaining injuries from shoulder separations to concussions. A handful of recruits have had more severe injuries, including skull fractures, comas, and neurological damage. The Combat Hitting Skills Program ended after one fatality."""; ;Amateur ;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Makoto Uematsu;24-Feb;1997;Draw;8;Hiroyuki Hiranuma;24;;hiranuma;Tokyo;;Japan;Welter (Jr Welter);"""Deportes,"" February 11, 1997, http://www.unam.mx/nacional/1997/feb97/11feb97/11de383.html; Reforma (Mexico), February 28, 1997. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Victor Mendoza;1-Mar;1997;KO;3;Dylan Baker;19;;baker;San Antonio;Texas;USA;Middle;"Abilene Reporter-News, March 2, 1997, http://www.texnews.com/texsports97/boxer030497.html; Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, March 4, 1997; San Antonio (Texas) Express-News, March 4, 1997; Dallas (Texas) Morning News,  May 2, 1997, http://www.texnews.com/texsports97/boxer050297.html; ""Athletes at risk: Second Impact Syndrome in sports,"" http://www.firmani.com/SIS-case/incidents.htm; John Whisler, ""Fighting for safety,"" San Antonio Express-News, February 27, 2004, http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/stories/MYSA27.01C.BOXimpact27a.104207aa.html.  Baker, a college freshman, took a punch to the left temple and fell over dead. Death was first blamed on diabetes or heart failure, but autopsy revealed bilateral subdural hematoma. Death was later attributed to Second Impact Syndrome, and the subsequent lawsuit was the reason USA Boxing subsequently added warnings about the risk of Second Impact Syndrome to US amateur boxers' passbooks."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Second Impact Syndrome; ;
ND;24-May;1997;KO; ;Joseph E. Bolger;17;;bolger;Redmond;Washington;USA;ND;"Seattle Times, May 26, 1997; Pacific Stars and Stripes, May 29, 1997; Social Security Death Index. Bolger was participating in a backyard smoker that was meant to raise money for high school activities. He had a history of heart problems, and during the fight he complained of not feeling well. Adults were present, and headgear was being worn."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Prior injury; ;
James Crayton;26-Sep;1997;KO;5;Johnny Montantes;28;;montantes;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Welter (Jr Welter);"Las Vegas Review-Journal, September 29, 1997, http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/1997/Sep-29-Mon-1997/sports/6145957.html; Las Vegas Review-Journal, September 30, 1997, http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/1997/Sep-30-Tue-1997/sports/6152875.html; West Texas Daily University Star, March 4, 1999, http://www.star.so.swt.edu/99/03/04/s1.html. As Montantes went down from a punch to the jaw, he hit the back of his head on the floor. He was clearly unconscious, and was in surgery within the hour. However, two days later, his family agreed to donate his organs. ""It was such a massive bleed (blood clot) to the brain, there wasn't much that could be done,"" explained Dr. Robert Voy, ringside physician."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Yoshiaki Matsukura;13-Oct;1997;KO;7;Akira Omasa (Akira Taiga);23;;omasa;Tokyo;;Japan;Welter (Jr Welter);"Buffalo (New York) News, October 21, 1997; ""Japanese boxer Taiga dies from injuries,"" Nando.com,  October 20, 1997, http://archive.sportserver.com/newsroom/ap/oth/1997/oth/box/feat/archive/102097/box662.html; Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000).";Japanese;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Paul Burke;12-Dec;1997;Wdec;12;Felix Bwalya;26;;bwalya;Lusaka;;Zambia;Welter (Jr Welter);"New York Times, December 24, 1997; Washington Times, December 26, 1997; Illawarra (Australia) Mercury, December 27, 1997; Indian Express Online, December 25, 1997, http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971225/35950503.html.  Bwalya was the hometown hero. He was knocked down in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth round, and the fight was reportedly stopped early so that Bwalya could be given the win on points. Afterwards, Bwalya complained of severe headache, and then fell into a coma. He died nine days later. Cause of death was attributed to alcohol abuse.";Commonwealth;Pro;Brain injury;Later;Alcohol abuse; ;
Khulile Makeba;4-May;1998;KO;7;Sithembele Booi ;22;;booi;Mdantsane;;South Africa;Fly (MiniFly);"""Boxer dies after Mdantsane fight,"" Dispatch Online, May 5, 1998, http://www.dispatch.co.za/1998/05/05/easterncape/BOXER.HTM; ""250 pay tribute to M'sane boxer,"" Dispatch Online, May 13, 1998, http://www.dispatch.co.za/1998/05/13/easterncape/MSANE.HTM; ""Deaths in the ring preyed on my mind,"" News24, November 16, 2002, http://www.news24.com/City_Press/City_Press_Sport/0,1885,186-245_1285991,00.html "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Fusaaki Takenaga;12-Oct;1998;KO;5;"Takashi ""Ken"" Katagiri";28;;katagiri;Tokyo; ;Japan;Feather (Super Bantam);"New York Times, October 28, 1998; Japan Boxing Year Book (Tokyo: Baseball Magazine, 2000); Sun Dispatch, October 29, 1998, http://www.dispatch.co.za/1998/10/29/sport/JAPAN.HTM; Friedrich Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (London: Academic Press, 2003), 586. Katagiri died December 27, 1998."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ; ;
ND;20-Feb;1999;Wdec;;Todd Max Baxter;28; ;baxter;Salt Lake City;Utah;USA;Middle (165-lb);"Salt Lake (Salt Lake City, Utah) Tribune, February 23, 1999; (Salt Lake City, Utah) Deseret News, February 24, 1999. Baxter won a state title, which advanced him to the regionals. Following his win at regionals, he left the ring holding his trophy. He sat down ringside, then collapsed. Seven days later, he died in hospital. Cause of death was an aneurysm. Organs were donated.";USA Four Corners Regional;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Aneurysm;;
ND;20-Feb;1999;Training;;K. Karunakaran; ;;karunakaran;Imphal; ;India;ND;Tribune of India, February 21, 1999, http://www.tribuneindia.com/99feb21/sports.htm#12. Karanukaran died of cardiac arrest while jogging. He was scheduled for a bout that afternoon.;Indian National Games;Amateur;Cardiac;Later;; ;
ND;8-Apr;1999;Sparring; ;Juan Carlos Diaz;19; ;diaz;Charlotte;North Carolina;USA;ND;"Charlotte (North Carolina) Observer, April 10, 1999; Charlotte (North Carolina) Observer, May 20, 1999. Diaz was sparring with a 13-year-old. During the third round, he stopped, saying his head hurt. Then he collapsed. He died in hospital two days later.";;Pro;;Ring;;;
ND;21-May;1999;KO;;Gjokica Nedelkovski;19;;nedelkovski;Patras; ;Greece;Light;http://www.b-info.com/tools/miva/newsview.mv?url=places/Bulgaria/news/99-05/may22a.mia. Cause of death was attributed to myocardial infarction. ; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;; ;
ND;21-Jun;1999;Training; ;Al Williams;30; ;williams;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Heavy;Las Vegas Review-Journal, June 24, 1999. After working out, Williams said his chest was sore. He thought it was from working out. He then collapsed. Cause of death was a heart attack.; ;Pro;Cardiac;Later; ;;
"Fabio ""Killer"" Marfa";24-Jul;1999;TKO;7;Mateo Baring;31;;baring;Cebu City;;Philippines;Fly (MiniFly) ;"Leticia Suarez-Orendain, ""Life as one 'lord' of the ring,"" SunStar Cebu, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2006/01/23/news/life.as.one.lord.of.the.ring.html, January 23, 2006. Baring was hit solidly and the referee stopped the fight. During the subsequent investigation, it was determined that Baring had a history of head injuries. According to http://www.boxrec.com, Baring's record was 1-12-4."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Prior injury; ;
Kabary Salem;12-Sep;1999;KO;10;Randie Carver;24;;carver;North Kansas City;Missouri;USA;Light Heavy (Super Middle);"Pacific Stars and Stripes, September 16, 1999; Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, September 16, 1999; Kansas City (Missouri) Star, April 1, 2003; Kansas City (Missouri) Star, May 29, 2010. Carver lost13 pounds in two weeks to make weight for this fight. He was head-butted several times in early rounds, and by the eighth, he was clearly tiring. Then, in the tenth, he was knocked down by punches. He tried four times to get up, but could not even get to his knees. He was taken to the hospital, where he died two days later. The insurance company for the ringside physician, Michael Poppa, was eventually ordered to pay a million dollars in settlement. Carver meanwhile was buried in an unmarked grave in Kansas City's Calvary Cemetery; the family decided no marker should be erected until after his mother eventually died, too."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;"Blows; weight loss"; ;
Jose Luis Valbuena;9-Oct;1999;TKO;10;Carlos Barreto;23;;barreto;Caracas;;Venezuela;Feather (Super Bantam);"Joe Koizumi, ""Mourning the death of Venezuelan boxer Carlos Barreto,"" October 9, 1999, http://www.ring-japan.com/ori99/ori991009.htm; Lakeland (Florida) Ledger, October 14, 1999; Barreto was pulled to the canvas by an arm around the neck. He got back up, and was pummeled for his efforts. Dazed, he staggered to his corner, where he collapsed. He was subsequently refused admission at two hospitals, apparently because his family couldn't show proof of insurance."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Paul Vaden;20-Nov;1999;KO;10;Stephan Johnson;31;;johnson;Atlantic City;New Jersey;USA;Middle (Jr Middle);"Marquette Tribune Online, December 7, 1999, http://www.marquette.edu/tribune/archive/99-12-07-Tribune/content/s-boxer.html; Online Athens, December 8, 1999, http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/120899/spo_1208990054.shtml; State of New Jersey, Department of Law and Public Safety, Division of Gaming Enforcement, Report to the Attorney General on the State Athletic Control Board, October 5, 2000, http://www.state.nj.us/lps/ge/docs/sacbrpt.pdf.  Johnson was under medical suspension by the Ontario Athletic Commission due to a knockout. He also wore an artificial lens in one eye. Nonetheless, he continued to box in the USA. The way he got around questions on medical history forms was by leaving the forms blank. He planned on using the money he was to get from this televised fight in Atlantic City to move his mother from her tenement in Queens. In this fight, Johnson was ahead on points going into the tenth round. Then he was hit hard and knocked to the canvas. The fight was immediately stopped, and Johnson was taken to hospital, where he died fifteen days later. Cause of death was closed head injury and left subdural hematoma.";JSBA Jr Middle;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;28-May;2000;KO;2;Juan Silva III;16;;silva ;El Paso;Texas;USA;Welter (139-lb);"Syracuse (New York) Post-Standard, May 31, 2000; CNN/Sports Illustrated, May 30, 2000, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/boxing/news/2000/05/30/teenboxer_dies_ap/. Silva was representing the Warriors for Christ boxing club. After the match, ""he started acting strangely and then he just collapsed,"" said an El Paso police spokesman afterwards. From  http://www.dearlydeparted.net/1384.htm on April 5, 2005: ""Brother, I wish I could get just one last chance to hold you again. You were taken from this family so suddenly. We told you goodbye thinking you were just going away on your boxing tournament and coming back a champion. Not once did the thought of a permanent goodbye cross our minds."""; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Emiliano Valdez;11-Jan;2000;Sparring; ;Elijah Fenwick;18;;fenwick;Pahokee;Florida;USA;Welter;"""Fighting to the death,"" Palm Beach Post, April 16, 2000, http://www.coxnews.com/boc/metro/sports.html#. Fenwick was an amateur sparring with a pro (Valdez) and another fighter. Twelve days later, Valdez was knocked unconscious and subsequently died of injuries. Neither Valdez nor Fenwick had life or medical insurance, because under Florida boxing law, boxers were not required to have insurance."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;16-Jan;2000;KO; ;ND;17;;nd;Niigata;;Japan;ND;"""Parents refused damages over schoolboy boxer's death,"" Mainichi Daily News, March 12, 2004, http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/news/archive/200403/12/20040312p2a00m0dm004000c.html. Despite being knocked down twice during a school boxing competition, the deceased was told to continue. He died of brain injuries eight days later. A local court ruled that the referee and cornermen had provided adequate supervision."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Teddy Reid;23-Jan;2000;KO;10;Emiliano Valdez;26;;valdez;Miami ;Florida;USA;Welter;"""Valdez still in critical condition,"" January 26, 2000, AP, http://espn.go.com/boxing/news/2000/0125/312787.html; ""Valdez succumbs to injuries two years after bout with Reid,"" MaxBoxing.com, March 25, 2002,   http://www.maxboxing.com/Gerbasi/gerbasi032502.asp. Valdez fell into a coma after the fight and he died without ever regaining consciousness. Valdez had been visibly wobbly during the eighth and tenth rounds, but his trainer, Nelson Lopez, refused to throw in the towel. Said Lopez later: ""How could I stop the fight? They would have said, 'It's ridiculous, a trainer bringing a fighter and not letting him fight.' I don't want anyone to get hurt, but that's the sport we choose."" The proximate cause of death was ruptured blood vessels in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;1-May;2000;Sparring; ;Kevin Sutcliffe;25;;sutcliffe;Cheltenham;Gloucestershire;England;ND;Birmingham Post, October 13, 2000. During sparring, Sutcliffe started foaming at the mouth and convulsing. He died in hospital the same night. Cause of death was brain injury.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Robert Alaniz;9-May;2000;Sparring; ;Sergio Ariel Soto;26;;soto;Buenos Aires;;Argentina;ND;"""Murio el Pugilista Sergio Soto,"" La Nacionline, October 19, 2000, http://www.lanacion.com.ar/00/10/19/d32.htm"; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Thembinkosi Tywantsi;4-Jun;2000;KO;3;Mzwandile Mathole;23;;mathole;Dimbaza;;South Africa;Fly;"Johannesburg Sunday Times, August 20, 2000, http://www.suntimes.co.za/2000/08/20/sport/boxing/box03.htm; Dispatch Online, July 8, 2000, http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/07/08/sport/BOX.HTM; Mesuli Zifo, ""Commission demands report on boxer's death,"" Dispatch Online, August 11, 2000, http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/08/11/sport/AINJURIE.HTM.  Mathole collapsed in ring, and he lay there, jerking convulsively, for about ten minutes while an ambulance was sought. When none arrived, he was put on a folding table, and carried to a private vehicle for transport. He remained in a coma for two months, then died in hospital."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Roy Saragih;16-Jun;2000;KO;7;Dipo Saloko;30;;saloko;Jakarta;;Indonesia;Fly (MiniFly);"Washington Post, July 4, 2000; Bob Mee, ""Talking Boxing: Safety issues step forward into real world,"" Telegraph.co.uk, December 6, 2001, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3018245/Talking-Boxing-Safety-issues-step-forward-into-real-world.html. Saloko died sixteen days after the fight. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. The following year, the World Boxing Council began sending families of deceased Indonesian boxers a donation of $1,000. ""It's a modest sum, but a symbol of our concern,"" WBC President Jose Sulaiman was quoted as saying."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Tassos Berdesis;Sep/;2000;KO;;Thanasis Giorgos Miliordos;18;;miliordos;Patras;;Greece;Middle;"C. Constantoyannis and M. Partheni, ""Fatal head injury from boxing,"" British Journal of Sports Medicine, February 2004, 38 (1) 78-9, doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2002.001123; ""Boxer convicted,"" Athens, Greece, Kathimarini, May 8, 2003, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100018_08/05/2003_29384. Miliordos was transported to hospital within 40 minutes of his collapse. He had a CT scan of his brain 25 minutes after that. Imagery showed parenchymal brain injury and cerebral edema. The doctors prepared for surgery, but before it could be done, Miliordos died of cardiac arrest. The death was attributed to an illegal blow. In 2003, both the opponent and the referee were both sentenced to three years imprisonment, suspended."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Blows: Manslaughter; ;
Steve Dotse;20-Oct;2000;Draw;10;Robert Benson (Bobby Tomasello);24;;benson;Boston;Massachusetts;USA;Feather;"Annapolis (Maryland) Capital, October 26, 2000; Jay Miller, ""Bobby Tomasello dies after fight,"" October 26, 2000, http://www.boxingranks.com/Articles/Article115.htm; Michael Katz, ""Life after death,"" HouseofBoxing.com, http://www.houseofboxing.com/Katz/katz_06-13-01.asp. The fight was televised by ESPN's ""Friday Night Fights."" In the dressing room after the fight, Benson collapsed, and he died in hospital several days later. Cause of death was brain injury. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Herianto Kalam;18-Nov;2000;KO;6;Bayu Young Iray; ;;iray;Belawan;;Indonesia;ND;"Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html; Bob Mee, ""Talking Boxing: Safety issues step forward into real world,"" Telegraph.co.uk, December 6, 2001, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3018245/Talking-Boxing-Safety-issues-step-forward-into-real-world.html."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
ND;26-Jan;2001;Training; ;Apollo Igusquiza;16; ;Igusquiza;Kalibo; ;Philippines;ND;Filipino Reporter, February 8, 2001. Igusquiza was jogging with teammates when he suddenly collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead. Cause of death was cardiac.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Jesse Shoemaker;16-Feb;2001;Wdec;4;Quinton Grier;31;;grier;Joplin;Missouri;USA;Heavy;Joplin Globe, February 18, 2001. After the bout ended, Grier went across the ring to shake hands. He turned around, started back to his corner, and pitched forward on his face. Cause of death was listed as a heart condition.; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Soon after;; ;
Hasan Purba;11-Mar;2001;KO;4;John Namtilu;19;;namtilu;Bekasi;;Indonesia;Fly (MiniFly);Tinju Online Indonesia, http://www.tinju.4t.com/tewas.html ; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Kongtawat Ora Sorkitti;30-Mar;2001;KO;8;"Muhammad ""Alfa"" al-Faridzhi";23;;al-Faridzhi;Cibinong;;Indonesia;Feather (57 kg);"""Alfa's last message,"" Jakarta Post, http://laksamana.net/vnews.cfm?news_id=766; ""BoxingInsider.com,"" http://www.boxinginsider.com/pressreleases/posts/1103.html. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Elias Phiri;6-Apr;2001;Wdec;4;Coleman Cidar; ;;cidar;Chegutu;;Zimbabwe;ND;"""Boxer dies after match,"" Panafrican News Agency, April 6, 2001, http://allafrica.com/stories/200104060045.html. ""'Soon after being pronounced winner, the boxer staggered for a few metres, breathing heavily before he collapsed. The boxer clearly looked confused at the end of the third round and was breathing with a lot of difficulty,' an eyewitness said."""; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
Tony Pappa;6-Apr;2001;KO;6;Ahmad Popal;29;;popal;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Bantam;"Illawarra (Australia) Mercury, April 10, 2001; (Sydney) The Age, May 2, 2003; BoxingCentral.com, April 10, 2001, http://www.boxing-central.com/print.php?sid=390; Adam Cooper, ""Injured boxer dies,"" (Syndey) The Age, April 9, 2001, http://www.theage.com.au/frontpage/2001/04/09/FFXBFWU3BLC.html. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage, and attributed to Popal striking his head on the ring ropes."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Fall; ;
Oscar Molina;14-Apr;2001;WTKO;1;Crescencio Mercado;19;;mercado;Pueblo;Colorado;USA;Feather;"""Mercado in critical condition after winning fight,"" Nando Media, April 19, 2001, http://archive.sportserver.com/generic/story/0,1673,500474734-500728636-504134123-0,00.html. After winning by knockout, Mercado stood on the ring ropes and raised his arms. He then walked to his corner, where he collapsed."; ;Pro;Stroke;Ring;; ;
Jorge Alberto Reyes;15-Jun;2001;Wdec;12;Andres Fernandez;29;;fernandez;Acoma;New Mexico;USA;Feather (Super Bantam);"http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/Boxer:Andres_Fernandez:015848; http://www.newmexicoboxing.com/fights2005/12-juarez.html; http://www.newmexicoboxing.com/cozzone/fernandezfights.html. After leaving the ring, Fernandez said he wasn't feeling well, so he was taken to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with subcutaneous hematoma. Following surgery, he was kept in an induced coma for several weeks. After regaining consciousness, he could communicate only using eye-blinks, and he died of sequelae of the injury on December 16, 2005.";NABA Super Bantamweight;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
George Khalid Jones;26-Jun;2001;KO;10;"Beethavean ""Honey Bee"" Scottland";26;;scottland;New York;New York;USA;Light Heavy;"Michah Pollack, ""Boxer's autopsy released,"" Washington Post,  July 21, 2001, D-5, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A28736-2001Jul20.html; Tom Scoca, ""Blood sport,"" Baltimore City Paper Online, July 4-July 10, 2001, http://www.citypaper.com/2001-07-04/upper.html; Mark Kram, ""Dukes of death: A dozen boxers reflect on men they've killed,"" Philadelphia News, http://www.pnafoundation.org/Archives/Keystone%202003/Div%20I/DukesofDeath.htm. Scottland was a last-minute replacement for another boxer, who had broken his nose in training. During the fight, Scottland took heavy punishment, but he was still defending himself. Consequently, the doctor and referee let him stay. Then, following a knockdown, he failed to get up and he subsequently died. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. In 2004, Scottland's widow filed suit against the ringside physicians, alleging that they failed their duty to exercise reasonable care by stopping the fight. The judge ruled that the case was grounded in medical malpractice rather than negligence, and then dismissed the case because it was filed after New York's 30-month statute of limitations on malpractice had expired. The case law is Scottland v. Duva Boxing LLC, 109169/04; a brief summary appears in Mark Fass, ""Judge Dismisses Negligence Suit Against Ringside Doctors,"" New York Law Journal, November 7, 2005."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;24-Oct;2001;Sparring; ;ND; ; ;ND;Fukuoka;;Japan;ND;"Japanese-language Wikipedia article, 'Ringuka"" (""Death or Serious Injury in the Ring""). The unnamed boxer was a student at Fukuoka Kurume University. He collapsed while sparring, and died next day. Cause of death was subdural hematoma.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Stenley Kalalo;27-Oct;2001;KO;7;Donny Maramis;19;;maramis;Manado;;Indonesia;Light;"""Another boxer dies after KO,"" http://sport.iafrica.com/boxing/news/835715.htm; Bob Mee, ""Talking Boxing: Safety issues step forward into real world,"" Telegraph.co.uk, December 6, 2001, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3018245/Talking-Boxing-Safety-issues-step-forward-into-real-world.html. Kelalo (note spelling) struck Maramis with a right hook and Maramis collapsed. He died in hospital the following day. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;Dec/;2001;KO; ;Tetsuya Nakajima; ;;nakajima;Tokyo;;Japan;Feather;"""Japanese boxer dies in hospital,"" Yahoo! Sports, April 9, 2002, http://sports.yahoo.com/m/box/news/ap/20020409/ap-japan-death.html "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Mawabo Vuso;May/;2001;KO;1;Simpiwe Galada;25;;galada;Dimbaza;;South Africa;Feather;"""Second boxing tragedy in Dimbaza,"" Dispatch Online, http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/05/25/sport/ADIMBAZA.HTM, May 25, 2001; ""Indwe boxer dies,"" Dispatch Online, http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/06/13/sport/ASIMPH.HTM, June 13, 2001; ""Indwe boxer buried tomorrow,"" Dispatch Online, http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/06/22/sport/ABOXER.HTM, June 22, 2001. Galada collapsed in his corner after the fight, but appeared to recover. Four days later he collapsed again, and he died in hospital the following month."; ;Pro;;Later;; ;
Mzolisi Yoyo;Nov/;2001;KO;8;Ntsikelelo Nonyalasa;21;;nonyalasa;Queenstown;;South Africa;Light (Jr Light);"Mesuli Zifo, ""Boxer dies from injuries,"" Dispatch Online, November 27, 2001, http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/11/27/sport/AABOXER.HTM. At the end of the seventh, Nonyalasa complained of a headache, but he continued because he was ahead on points. He collapsed in the ring at the start of the round, and he died in hospital a month later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Yoshinori Naito;24-Mar;2002;Ldec;6;Yoshihiro Irei;22;;irei;Tokyo;;Japan;Fly;"""Japanese boxer dies in hospital,"" Yahoo! Sports, April 9, 2002, http://sports.yahoo.com/m/box/news/ap/20020409/ap-japan-death.html; ""Be a Phoenix,"" Okinawa Times Online, April 6, 2002, http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/eng/20020406.html. Irie was from Okinawa, and had a career record of 8-0, two by knockout. He collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. He underwent brain surgery, but died anyway."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Alex Escanar;20-Apr;2002;TKO;9;Manuel Zayas;21;;zayas;Tarlac;;Philippines;Feather (Super Bantam);"""Boxer Zayas dies five days after knockout,"" ESPN Boxing, April 26, 2002, http://espn.go.com/boxing/news/2002/0426/1374201.html; ""Filipino boxer dies after knockout,"" Yahoo! Sports, April 26, 2002, http://sports.yahoo.com/m/box/news/ap/20020426/ap-philippines-death.html; Manolo Inigo, ""Mismatch in Elorde card?"" Inquirer News Service, http://www.inq7.net/spo/2002/apr/26/spo_11-1.htm, April 26, 2002. http://www.inq7.net/spo/2002/may/06/spo_10-1.htm; Recah Trinidad, ""Macapagal can lend RP 
boxing a winning punch,"" http://www.inq7.net/spo/2002/may/06/spo_10-1.htm; Recah Trinidad, ""RP boxing needs a solid, punch,"" http://www.inq7.net/mag/2003/nov/30/mag_4-1.htm. Following a standing 8-count, Zayas complained of dizziness. He was sent to the hospital, where he went into a coma. He died five days later. Zayas had not boxed since December 2000, and he had lost four of his last five bouts by knockout. Five thousand pesos (US $96.64) were subsequently raised for the family."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
ND;23-Apr;2002;Training;;Justin Chino;11;;chino;Milan;New Mexico;USA;ND;"Albuquerque Journal, April 25, 2002; Albuquerque Journal, April 26, 2002. Chino was running with his coach when he collapsed and died. He had been training for about a month, and his first match was scheduled to take place the following Saturday. "; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Later;; ;
ND;3-May;2002;KO;3;Nelson Land;23;;land;Jacksonville;Florida;USA;ND;"""Man dies of 'Fight Night' injuries,"" News4Jax.com, May 7, 2002, http://www.news4jax.com/jax/news/stories/news-143888120020507-060542.html; ""No charges to be filed in Jacksonville nightclub boxing death,"" AP, May 29, 2002, http://www.wtlv.com/news/2002-05-29/local_boxing.asp; Miami (Florida) Herald, May 30, 2002. Land was participating in a nightclub's open fights. He was struck on the chin. He stumbled backwards, lost consciousness, and died in hospital three days later. Land had been drinking before the fight, but his blood alcohol level was within legal limits."; ;Toughman (not Original Toughman); ;Ring;; ;
Fernando Montiel;22-Jun;2002;KO;6;"Pedro ""Rockero"" Alcazar";26;;alcazar;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Bantam (Jr Bantam);"""Alcazar collapses in hotel room after bout,"" ESPN.com, June 24, 2002, http://espn.go.com/boxing/news/2002/0624/1398524.html; ""Autopsy of Alcazar reveals little,"" SlamSports, http://www.canoe.ca/Slam020712/box_alcazar-ap.html, July 2, 2002; Kieren Mulvaney, ""Boxing and the brain,"" Tigerboxing.com, February 2, 2005, http://www.tigerboxing.com/articles/index.php?aid=1001244888. The fight was stopped by a hard blow to the body, and during the post-fight medical examination, Alcazar showed no outward signs of severe injury. The following day, he complained of a headache. So, he took some Tylenol, and went to his hotel room to rest. He died. Cause of death was listed as cerebral edema, meaning extensive swelling on the brain.  ";WBO Jr Bantam;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Cesar Romero;27-Jun;2002;KO;2;Hugo Benjamin Guzman;29;;guzman;Salta; ;Argentina;Light (Super Feather);"""Argentinischer Boxer nach Ring-Unfall Gestorben,"" July 5, 2002, http://www.sportschau.de/news/boxen/82436.phtml. After the decision was read, Guzman collapsed in his corner. He died in hospital eight days later."; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Jim Sluder;14-Sep;2002;KO;2;Michael Kuhn;26;;kuhn;College Station;Texas;USA;Light heavy;"Jeremiah Nichols, ""Full of fight,"" Bryan-College Station Eagle, September 22, 2003, http://www.theeagle.com/brazossunday/092202toughman.htm; ""Injuries claim life of College Station boxer,"" Corpus Christi Caller-Times, September 23, 2002, http://www.caller.com/ccct/texas_sports/article/0,1641,CCCT_993_1434513,00.html; Texas A&M BattalionOnline, September 26, 2002, http://www.thebatt.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2002/09/23/3d8ecbec89b6b. Kuhn was recruited for this fight in a bar. He had no prior boxing experience. He won a fight on Friday night, and so he fought again on Saturday. Between the second and third rounds, he went to his corner, said, ""I feel sick,"" and then passed out. He subsequently died in hospital. The autopsy found that blood vessels connecting the brain and the skull were severed. This was said to be the eighth Toughman death in the USA, and the first in Texas. See also Doug J. Swanson, ""Gib Lewis was Toughman ally,"" Dallas Morning News, November 25, 2003."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
"""Iron Mike"" Caolo";14-Sep;2002;KO;1;Arthur Liggins;44;;liggins;Meridian;Idaho;USA;ND;"(Boise) Idaho Statesman, September 17, 2002; (Boise) Idaho Statesman, September 20, 2002; Holden Parrish, ""Suing for some peace of mind,"" Idaho State Journal, January 11, 2004, http://www.journalnet.com/articles/2004/01/11/news/local/news02.txt;  (Boise) Idaho Statesman, September 24, 2005. Liggins was a former National Junior Olympics champion, and he had been training hard, but he had not boxed competitively in 18 years. He had won a fight on Friday, and two more on Saturday. Then, during his last fight, he was struck once on the cheek. The blow did not appear especially hard. Nonetheless, Liggins fell unconscious, and he died in hospital the following day. The autopsy revealed blood clots in his head, probably from one or more of the three previous bouts. In a letter to the editor of the Idaho Statesman that was published October 10, 2002, Art Dore wrote that boxing has inherent risks, adding: ""The American Boxing & Athletic Association is a non-profit 501(c)3 corporation. Toughman Contest is a registered trademark. There is no such thing as a Toughman bout. There are amateur boxing matches which the ABAA promotes."" The newspaper formally replied on May 29, 2003, by ""recognizing Toughman competition for what it is -- legalized bar-room brawling."""; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;21-Oct;2002;KO;1;Mohd Nizar Zakaria;20; ;nizar;Port Dickson; ;Malaysia;ND;New Strait Times, October 24, 2002. Nizar was a soldier participating in a boxing tournament at a Malaysian army base. He was knocked out. He was taken to hospital, where he died two days later. Cause of death was officially classified as suddent death syndrome.; ;Amateur;Sudden Death Syndrome;Ring;;;
Fabio Oliva;22-Nov;2002;Ldec;12;Jorge Daniel Espindola;25;;espindola;Catamarca;;Argentina;Light (Super Feather);"""Argentine boxer dies after title bout,"" November 24, 2002, http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=4&art_id=qw1038157203145S163&set_id=6. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Masamitsu Ikeda;9-Dec;2002;TKO;6;Yodsingh Chuwatana;28;;chuwatana;Tokyo;;Japan;Bantam;"Howie Reed, ""The square ring,"" http://www.chiangmai-mail.com/011/sports.shtml. Chuwatana returned home, then went into a coma. He died in hospital two days later."; ;Pro;;Soon after;; ;
"Jason ""Piledriver"" Pyles";3-Jan;2003;Wdec;3;Scott Wood;31;;wood;Mount Pleasant;Michigan;USA;Heavy;"Sarasota (Florida) Herald-Tribune, June 29, 2003; Associated Press, ""Texas boxer dies after suffering injuries in Toughman bout,"" News8Austin, http://www.news8austin.com/content/headlines/?ArID=59217&SecID=2; Andy Grimm, ""Death of a toughman,"" Saginaw News, February 23, 2003, http://www.mlive.com/search/index.ssf?/base/news-4/1045999316311060.xml?sanews; ""Toughman fighter's death ruled homicide,"" Gambling Magazine, February 2, 2003, http://www.gamblingmagazine.com/managearticle.asp?c=380&a=1837.  Wood was reluctant during his fight against a 307 pound opponent, and tried to quit twice. The referee told him to box on. After the bout ended, Wood complained of head pain and blurred vision. He then collapsed, and he died in hospital three weeks later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The coroner ruled the death a homicide, but no charges were filed."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Soon after;Blows; ;
Slamet Nizar;4-Feb;2003;TKO;3;"Johannes ""Bones"" Fransiscus";20;;fransiscus;Jakarta;;Indonesia;Fly (Jr Fly);"""Another Indonesian boxer dies after fight,"" ABCNewsOnline, February 7, 2003, http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s779332.htm; http://www.fightnews.com/pamungkas17.htm. Fransiscus died in hospital two days after the fight. Cause of death listed as brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;10-May;2003;Ldec;3;Athula Bandara Senaviratne;30;;senaviratne;Colombo;;Sri Lanka;ND;"Sandasen Marasinghe, ""Death blow to boxer,"" Sri Lanka Daily News, May 17, 2003, http://www.dailynews.lk/2003/05/17/new15.html. After taking several heavy blows to the head, and losing the fight, Senaviratne complained of headaches and nausea. He was taken to the hospital, where he died."; ;Amateur;;Soon after;; ;
Sarah Kobie;14-Jun;2003;Ldec;3;Stacy Young;30;;young;Sarasota;Florida;USA;Heavy;"""Amateur boxer dies days after bout,"" Sarasota (Florida) Herald Tribune, June 18, 2003, http://www.newscoast.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030618/NEWS/306180413/1060; Tom Zucco, ""Competitor walked away, but punches kept coming,"" St. Petersburg Times, June 25, 2003, http://www.sptimes.com/2003/06/25/news_pf/Tampabay/Competitor_walked_awa.shtml;   http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/South/06/17/toughman.injury.ap/index.html; see also James Hoyer, http://www.jameshoyer.com/news_toughman_nyt.html and Tom Archdeacon, ""Time to count out Toughman contest,"" Dayton Daily News, 2006, http://www.daytondailynews.com/sports/content/sports/daily/0127arch.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=23.  This is the first known death of a female pugilist in modern times. It was Young's first fight, and she entered because the other female entrant needed an opponent. Young's husband and 9-year-old daughter were in the audience. During the first round, she was hit hard, and in the second, she was hit hard some more. During the third round, Young tried to retreat to her corner, but the referee did not stop the fight and the announcer, Art Dore, only said, ""Only a few seconds to go, ladies."" Young was knocked out, and she subsequently died in hospital from swelling and bleeding in the brain. Within a year, the public furor surrounding this death led to the enactment of the Stacy Young Act of 2004 (Section 548.008, Florida Statutes), which stated that no amateur boxing or kickboxing match could be held in Florida unless it was first sanctioned by an organization approved by the Florida Boxing Commission. Related court cases included American Boxing & Athletic Ass'n, Inc. v. Young, 911 So. 2d 862 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2005), http://www.2dca.org/opinion/September%2023,%202005/2D04-3394.pdf.  In this latter case, the widower, who had been knocked out himself during the same show during which his wife died, brought suit for wrongful death in a Florida court. The promoter's attorney promptly filed for change of venue to Bay City, Michigan, based upon a stipulation in the pre-fight release form. The Superior Court judge dismissed that argument, saying that it inconvenienced everyone but the promoter. The promoter promptly appealed. The appelate judges said the lower court's decision was correct, but for the wrong reason. To the higher court, the correct reason was not convenience, but the wording of the release form. Thus, while disputes relating to the wording of the release document itself would have to be held in Bay City, Michigan, the matter of wrongful death could be heard in Florida. "; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;2-Jul;2003;Sparring; ;Brandon Nicholes Reeves;20;;reeves;Longview;Texas;USA;Middle;"John Lynch, ""Father of two dies after boxing practice,"" Longview (Texas) News-Journal, July 15, 2003; personal communication with Josephine Bray. The date given is date of death. While training some weeks before his death, Reeves took a heavy blow to his head. Afterwards, he began complaining of blurred vision and an inability to concentrate. At the time, this was attributed to allergies, but the cause of death was brain hemorrhage. The autopsy revealed that Reeves was genetically disposed toward cerebral aneurysm. Weight is approximate, as it varied between 150 and 170 pounds."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Later;Aneurysm;"josephinebray@hotmail.com -- spelling of name correct; it is NOT Nicholas";
Billy Zumbrun;18-Jul;2003;KO;2;Bradley Rone;34;;rone;Cedar City;Utah;USA;Heavy;"Jennifer Weaver, ""Family, friends: Boxer Brad Rone died of a broken heart,"" St. George (Utah) Spectrum, July 20, 2003, http://www.thespectrum.com/news/stories/20030720/topstories/612709.html; Michael Hirsley, ""Journeyman boxer's death raises questions about sport's perils,"" San Jose Mercury News, http://www.bayarea.com/mld/mercurynews/sports/6543850.htm, August 31, 2003. Rone, who weighed 259 pounds and had high blood pressure, took a hard kidney punch a few seconds before the end of the first round. Between rounds, Rone collapsed in his corner, and he was pronounced dead at the hospital.  Cause of death was listed as idiopathic cardiac arrhythmia caused by exertion. Because Rone collapsed between rounds, the fight was officially listed as no contest rather than loss by knockout. When Rone took the fight, his record was approximately 7-41-3, with 25 straight losses, 12 of them by knockout. Rone took the fight on 24-hour notice, apparently because he needed the $800 purse to pay for his mother's funeral. Thomas Hauser subsequently reported  (Seconds Out, May 27, 2004, http://www.secondsout.com/USA/colhauser.cfm?ccs=208&cs=13484; Seconds Out, June 4, 2004, http://www.secondsout.com/USA/colhauser.cfm?ccs=208&cs=13484) that federal authorities were investigating this death. The allegation was that the promoters had knowingly falsified medical records that were sent to the state boxing commission. See Elisa Harrison, ""The Top Rank Scandal is Old News,"" DoghouseBoxing.com, January 16, 2004, http://www.doghouseboxing.com/News/Harrison/Harrison_011604.htm. Nonetheless, the family's wrongful death suit against the Utah Athletic Commission was dismissed in February 2006, a ruling that the state Supreme Court upheld in December 2007. The reason was that under Utah Government Immunity Act, the athletic commission was immune from suit by private individuals. The case law is Celeste Moss v. Pete Suazo Utah Athletic Commission, 2007 UT 99 (Utah 12/21/2007). See also Associated Press, ""Utah Supreme Court: State can't be sued in boxer's death,"" December 21, 2007, http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=3165303; Elizabeth Neff, ""Utah justices throw out lawsuit over boxer's death,"" Salt Lake Tribune, December 21, 2007."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Mark Anthony Arsolo;14-Aug;2003;WTKO;2;Rolando Garza;39;;garza;San Miguel; ;Philippines;ND;"Ruby P. Silubrico, ""BJMP probes death of massacre suspect,"" Iloilo (Philippines) SunStar, August 22, 2003, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ilo/2003/08/22/news/bjmp.probes.death.of.massacre.suspect.html. The men requested to be allowed to box as part of their physical fitness program. Jailers authorized it. Galanza dominated the contest, and in the second, Arsolo asked that the bout be stopped. It was. Galanza then collapsed and died."; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Munyagwa;10-Sep;2003;Sparring; ;Godfrey Sekabira;22;;sekabira;Kampala;;Uganda;Middle (Jr Middle);"Nicholas Kajoba, ""Scoul boxer dies,"" New Vision, September 12, 2003, http://allafrica.com/stories/200309120166.html; Moses Mugalu, ""Malaria hits six Bombers,""  New Vision, September 17, 2003, http://allafrica.com/stories/200309170078.html. The deceased was the brother of  professional boxer James Lubwama. Cause of death was not known, but brain injury was suspected."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Giacomo Barsottelli ;9-Oct;2003;Wdec;4;Diego Oliva;18;;oliva;Mugello; ;Italy;ND;Corriere della Sera, October 9, 2003, http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2003/10_Ottobre/09/pugile.shtml. Oliva won his decision in the semifinals. He collapsed in the dressing room afterwards. He was taken to an emergency room, and then a larger hospital, where neurosurgery was done. He died next day. Cause of death was cerebral hematoma.;Tuscany championships;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Asahan Tantono;21-Sep;2003;TKO;2;Mula Sinaga;24;;sinaga;Padang Sidempuan;;Indonesia;Welter (64-kg);"""Kematian Pertinju Dibahas di Rakernas,"" Suara Merdeka, October 1, 2003, http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0310/01/ora8.htm; Jeff Pamungkas, ""The Year of Living Dangerously!"" Fightnews.com, March 12, 2004, http://www.fightnews.com/pamungkas17.htm. The bout was for a spot on a North Sumatra regional level team.The referee stopped the fight in the second round, and Sinaga was taken, unconscious, to the hospital, where he died three days later.";North Sumatra;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Roger Gadian;27-Oct;2003;KO;1;"Freddy ""Amang"" Gimay";29;;gimay;Titay;;Philippines;Fly;"Emmanuel Villaruel, ""GAB to start investigation on Juarez death,"" The Freeman (Cebu, Philippines), October 24, 2005, http://thefreeman.com/sports/index.php?fullstory=1&issue=articles_20040109&id=13833; Proc Maslog, ""Boxer losses (sic) by kayo, dies in Zambo slugfest,"" Mindanews, October 29, 2003, http://www.mindanews.com/2003/10/29sprts-boxerdies.html. Gimay was hit by a looping left followed by a right to the jaw that knocked him down. He took the standing 8-count, stepped forward, and collapsed. He died in hospital the following morning without ever regaining consciousness."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Rockey Fuentes;28-Dec;2003;TKO;4;Juan Emar Juarez;25;;juarez;Danao City;;Philippines;Fly (Jr Fly);"Manila Bulletin, January 1, 2004; Emmanuel Villaruel, ""GAB to start investigation on Juarez death,"" The Freeman (Cebu, Philippines), October 24, 2005, http://thefreeman.com/sports/index.php?fullstory=1&issue=articles_20040109&id=13833; Proc Maslog, ""GAB to monitor boxing promotions safety requirements,"" Minda News, January 19, 2004, http://www.mindanews.com/2004/01/19spt-gab.html; Glenn C. Michelena, ""Fuentes surprised of fight's tragic end, feels sorry Juarez,"" Sun Star Cebu, December 31, 2003, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2003/12/31/sports/fuentes.surprised.of.fight.s.tragic.end.feels.sorry.juarez.html. Juarez was knocked down in the second round, and in the fourth, he was counted out while kneeling. He died five days later in the hospital. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The survivor had just turned 16."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Kaicho sor Vorapin;13-Jan;2004;KO;8;Antonius Jonathan Mosse;20;;mosse;Jakarta;;Indonesia;Fly (Jr Fly);"""Indonesian boxer dies a week after knockout,"" Sports Illustrated/CNN, January 20, 2004 http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/more/01/20/bc.box.boxerdies.ap/. Mosse (the name is often spelled Moses in English-language sources) took at least three hard hits to the head. So, although the cause of the stoppage was a blow to the body, the cause of death was a subdural hematoma. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jeffrey Etang;19-Jan;2004;Wdec;3;Reynan (or Ryan) Padrones;17;;padrones;Iloilo City;;Philippines;Fly (48-kg);"Dominic Menor and Rexel Sourza, ""17-year-old pug dies after winning school tilt,"" ABS-CBN.com, January 23, 2004, http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/NewsStory.aspx?section=Sports&OID=43072. After winning the fight, Padrones complained of dizziness and began to vomit. He was taken to the university hospital, where he died the following day. Cause of death was blood clots in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;22-Jan;2004;Sparring; ;Kenichi Hashimoto;16;;hashimoto;Higashimatsuyama;;Japan;ND;"""Schoolboy boxer killed in ring,"" Mainichi Shimbun, January 25, 2004, http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/news/archive/200401/25/20040125p2a00m0dm007002c.html. Following three 3-minute rounds of sparring, Hashimoto bowed to his opponent, and then collapsed. He subsequently died of brain injuries."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Syamsul Hidayat;14-Feb;2004;TKO;8;Sriyanto (Jack Ryan) ;21;Y;sriyanto;Purwokerto;;Indonesia;Light;"Agus Maryono and Zakki Hakim, ""Boxer dies, second fatality in a month,"" Jakarta Post, February 20, 2004, http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailweekly.asp?fileid=20040220.@02. Between the fifth and sixth rounds, Ryan complained of headaches. He took some heavy blows in the remaining rounds. After the fight, he vomited, collapsed into a coma, and died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
"Rickie ""Showtime"" Quiles";28-Feb;2004;Ldec;12;Luis Villalta;34;;villalta;Coconut Creek;Florida;USA;Light;"Joe Maxse, ""Fallen fighter's spirit never leaves the ring,"" Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 31, 2004, http://www.cleveland.com/sports/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/sports/1080730845194281.xml; Daniel de Vise and Santos A. Perez, ""Boxer died chasing dream of ring fame,"" Miami Herald, March 15, 2004, http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/8188366.htm; Sharon Robb, ""Villalta collapses after fight, lapses into coma,"" Sun-Sentinel.com, March 1, 2004, http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/sfl-boxercoma01mar01,0,7188321.story?coll=sfla-sports-headlines; Steve Politi, ""He dreamed, fought and died,"" New Jersey Star-Ledger, March 7, 2004; http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/index.ssf?/base/news-13/1078650619128641.xml; Greg Cote, ""Boxer battles guilt stemming from opponent's death,"" Miami Herald, February 26, 2005.  In the dressing room after the fight, Villalta pointed to the back of his head, vomited, and then collapsed. He died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was listed as post-traumatic cerebral edema."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Keisuke Ayukawa;15-Mar;2004;Ldec;10;Masanao Noto;24;;noto;Tokyo;;Japan;Feather (Super Bantam);"""Noto dies from injury in March bout,"" Japan Times, April 4, 2004, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getsp.pl5?sp20040404a1.htm. Following the fight, doctors said that Noto was fine. Later, he began complaining of headaches. Next morning, he went to the hospital. His condition went downhill on March 22, and so he had brain surgery. On April 3, 2004, he died without regaining consciousness. Cause of death was subdural hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Earl Ladson;27-Mar;2004;KO;4;David Rickman;29;;rickman;Savannah;Georgia;USA;Heavy;"Don Heath, ""Fighter dies after boxing loss,"" Savannah Morning News, March 30, 2004, http://www.savannahnow.com/stories/033004/SPT_boxingdeath.shtml; ""Boxer dies after knockout in match,"" Savannah Citizen Online, March 30, 2004, http://www.citizenonline.net/citizen/archive/article63B6F0FE73104B809D7C109C707D9AF7.asp; Charlotte (South Carolina) Observer, April 1, 2004. The fight was fairly even into the fourth round when Rickman, who had been boxing professionally for about 9 months, was hit hard in the head several times. He collapsed in the ring, and he died in hospital about 36 hours later.  "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ricardo Cordoba;3-Dec;2004;TKO;12;Carlos Meza;26;;meza;Colon;;Panama;Bantam;"""Colombian boxer Meza declared dead after four days in coma,"" The Star Online, December 9, 2004, http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2004/12/9/sports/9610093&sec=sports. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hematoma and massive hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Anthony Napunyi;19-Dec;2004;KO;4;Mohammed Basule;26;;basule;Nairobi;;Kenya;Bantam;"Reuben Olita and James Bakama, ""Ugandan boxer dies in Kenyan ring,"" New Vision, December 21, 2004, http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/407406; Samson Ateka, ""Ugandan boxer dies in bout contest,"" Standard, December 20, 2004, http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=8869; Arthur Baguma, ""Boxer Basule's family in dire straits,"" New Vision, January 27, 2005, http://allafrica.com/stories/200501270498.html.  It was Basule's third professional match. During the contest,  he was knocked down twice. The referee stopped the fight, and then Basule fell down again. First aid was done at the scene, but it took 30 minutes to get him to hospital. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage, but dehydration to make weight was a possible contributing factor. According to the dead boxer's family (Basuma, January 27, 2005), ""The boxing commission was not represented at the burial of the boxer. They even never gave us mabugo (condolences). It's only a few of his friends (boxers), who came."" "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Weight; ;
Josh Snow;26-Jan;2005;KO;2;Steven Burress;27;;burress;Dayton;Ohio;USA;Heavy;"Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, February 1, 2005; ""Ohio man dies in fight promoted by local businessman,"" Bay City (Michigan) Times, February 3, 2005, http://www.mlive.com/news/bctimes/index.ssf?/base/news-4/1107449124310990.xml; Dayton (Ohio) Daily News, January 27, 2006. Burress had won on fight the night before, plus two fights earlier that night, and so advanced to the finals. However, he was tired, and after two knockdowns, the referee stopped the fight in the second. Burress collapsed again, outside the ring, and he died the following day in the hospital. Cause of death was subdural hemorrhage."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Mones Arapas;3-Mar;2005;TKO;3;Hendrik Bira;21;;bira;Jakarta;;Indonesia;Fly (MiniFly);"Ronnie Nathanielsz, ""Another ring death in Indonesia,"" BoxingScene.com, March 10, 2005, http://www.boxingscene.com/?m=show&id=829.  It was Bira's first pro fight. The referee stopped the bout, and Bira collapsed in the ring. He died in hospital two days later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. Following this death, the World Boxing Council imposed a six-month ban on Indonesia."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Nobuo Nashiro;3-Apr;2005;TKO;10;Seiji Tanaka;28;;tanaka;Osaka;;Japan;Bantam (Super Fly);"""Super Flyweight boxer dies from head injuries,"" Mainichi Interactive, April 16, 2005, http://www12.mainichi.co.jp/news/mdn/search-news/929894/seiji20tanaka-0-1.html; ""Super flyweight boxer Tanaka dies of brain hemorrhage,"" Japan Today, April 16, 2005, http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=news&cat=6&id=334372. Following his first title defense, Tanaka collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. He died in hospital four days later. Cause of death was subdural hematoma.";Japanese;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Heather Schmitz;3-Apr;2005;KO;3;Becky Zerlentes;34;;zerlentes;Fort Collins;Colorado;USA;ND;"Adrian Dater, ""Female boxer, 34, dies,"" Denver Post, April 5, 2005, http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36%257E76%257E2798915,00.html. See also Christine Dell'Amore, ""Profile of Heather Schmitz,"" Denver Post, March 20, 2005, http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36%257E33084%257E2799639,00.html; Social Security Death Index. During the third round, Zerlentes took a straight right over her left eye. She staggered forward and collapsed. She never regained consciousness, and she died in hospital a few hours later. Cause of death was listed as blunt force trauma. (NOTE: On the date of this contest, USA Boxing had 2,200 registered female amateur boxers. As for female pro boxers, the first licensed pro bout in Nevada was in 1975. Since then, several female pro boxers have been badly hurt, but none are known to have died of their injuries.)";Colorado;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;19-May;2005;Sparring; ;Jimmy Ray Carty Jr.;30; ;carty;Austin;Texas;USA;ND;"Dallas (Texas) Morning News, April 5, 2006; Dallas (Texas) Morning News, June 29, 2005; San Antonio (Texas) Express-News, July 2, 2005; Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2005; Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, July 9, 2005; Austin (Texas) American-Statesman, July 30, 2005; Dallas (Texas) Morning News, October 12, 2005; Dallas (Texas) Morning News, December 30, 2005; (Texas) DPS Chapparal, May 2006, http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/Public_information/publications/chaparral/chap0506.pdf; Fabrice Czarnecki and Richard Miller, ""Trooper-Trainee Active Countermeasures Training Evaluation (Miami, FL: Gables Group, March 2006), http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/docs/Active%20Countermeasures%20Training%20Evaluation.pdf. Carty was a trooper trainee at the Texas State Police academy. He and a training partner (another recruit) boxed for about eight minutes during a drill called ""active countermeasures."" The recruits were wearing gloves, chest pads, and headgear, and told to fight as if their lives depended on the outcome. Carty was knocked down at least twice during eight minutes of boxing and finally, he collapsed. He was transported to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. He died a week later. Cause of death was brain injury. Although the academy blamed faulty equipment rather than inadequate supervision, Dudley Thomas, a retired colonel in Texas Department of Public Safety, noted that the boxing was often used to weed out low-performing students. Moreover, subsequent investigation determined that 121 Texas State Police recruits had suffered concussions during active countermeasures training since the program began in 1978, and that two of these injuries had been near-fatal (one in 1978 and a second in 1988). In addition, the overall rate of serious head injury during the academy's active countermeasures training was about 1.1%, whereas an equivalent federal training program had about one serious head injury per 50,000 trainees. The family's lawsuits led to changes in defensive tactics programs in the Texas Department of Public Safety, and to the California-based Kim Pacific Martial Arts (the maker of the allegedly faulty protective equipment) paying $800,000 to Carty's estate; see Case 2:06-cv-00138-TJW Document 126 filed 09/25/2007 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marshall Division, http://www.websupp.org/data/EDTX/2:06-cv-00138-126-EDTX.pdf.  For a separate case against the former commander and the former defensive tactics trainer of the academy, see Carty v. Tex. Dep't of Pub. Safety, No. 2:06-CV-138, 2011 WL 1750680, at *7 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 22, 2011) and Carty v. Rodriguez, No. 11-40253, US Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, March 14, 2012."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Rustam Nugaev;1-Jul;2005;KO;9;"Martin ""Bombero"" Sanchez";26;;sanchez;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Welter (Super Light);"""Boxer Sanchez dies day after bout at The Orleans,"" Las Vegas (Nevada) Review-Journal, July 3, 2005, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Jul-03-Sun-2005/sports/26823766.html; ""WBC launches probe into boxer Sanchez's death,"" ESPN, August 23, 2005, http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2141461 . Sanchez walked out of the ring, but was observed walking strangely. His pupils were dilated, so he was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done. He died the following day. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. Before the fight, Sanchez may have faked medical records. In addition, his pre-fight weight loss program included jumping rope under the Nevada sun while wearing a sweat suit. Suspicions that the latter program contributed to his death was part of the motivation for the California Athletic Commission's subsequent longitudinal study on weight loss in boxers. For an introduction to this California study, which began in January 2006, see http://www.dca.ca.gov/csac/about/1223_weightstudy.htm. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Weight; ;
Gabriel Sandoval (Jesus Chavez);17-Sep;2005;TKO;11;Leavander Johnson;35;;johnson;Las Vegas;Nevada;USA;Light;"Tim Dahlberg, ""Boxer dies from brain injury sustained in title fight,"" September 22, 2005, http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/20050922-1902-box-fighterdies.html; ""Leavander Johnson dies,"" SecondsOut.com, September 22, 2005, http://www.secondsout.com/USA/news.cfm?ccs=229&cs=17446; Robert Morales, ""DiBella copes with Johnson's plight,"" San Gabriel Valley Tribune, September 22, 2005, http://www2.sgvtribune.com/sports/ci_3050046; Howard Reynolds, ""Fighting the demons: Jesus Chavez returns to the ring after the death of Leavander Johnson,"" January 26, 2007, http://www.ringsidereport.com/rsr/print.php?type=N&item_id=942.  Johnson, who was behind on points, was hit hard in the head during both the tenth and eleventh rounds.  Nonetheless, he was still standing when the fight was stopped. He began dragging his leg en route to the dressing room, so he was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done within the hour. He died five days later. Cause of death was kidney failure and subdural hematoma.";IBF title;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Francisco Javier Olvera;9-Dec;2005;KO;8;Hector Merino;19;;merino;Toluca;;Mexico;Welter (Lt Welter);"""Tercera victima fatal,"" December 16, 2005; http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=391601; Rodolfo Rosales Salinas, ""Merino ya no se levanto de la lona,"" El Grafico, December 16, 2005, http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/grafico/43527.html. He died December 15, 2005. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;2-Feb;2006;Sparring; ;Richard Hermance Jr.;28;;hermance;Saratoga Springs;New York;USA;ND;"Jim Kinney, ""Boxer dies while sparring,"" (Saratoga, New York) Saratogian http://www.saratogian.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=16065254&BRD=1169&PAG=461&dept_id=17708&rfi=6 February 4, 2006; Matt Leon, ""Coroner: Boxer's death linked to blow to head,"" Glens Falls (New York) Post Star, http://www.poststar.com/story.asp?storyid=209670, February 6, 2006; Curtis Schick, ""Boxer died from brain hemorrhage,"" Capital News 9, http://www.capitalnews9.com/content/your_news/saratoga/default.asp?ArID=167577, February 7, 2006. Hermance was training for his first amateur bout, scheduled for March 5, 2006. He complained of dizziness, collapsed in the locker room, and died in hospital. Cause of death was subarachnoid hemorrhage. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;16-Feb;2006;Sparring; ;Shawn Benjamin;30;;benjamin;Fort Benning;Georgia;USA;ND;"Michelle Tan, ""Fall while boxing kills Benning soldier,"" Army Times, February 22, 2006, http://www.armytimes.com/story.php?f=1-292925-1550629.php; FirstCoastNews, ""Warrant officer dies from boxing injury,"" Firstcoastnews.com, February 21, 2006, http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/georgia/news-article.aspx?storyid=52250; ""Shawn R. Benjamin,"" Dothan (Alabama) Eagle, http://www.legacy.com/DothanEagle/DeathNotices.asp?Page=LifeStory&PersonId=16822427. While participating in a hand-to-hand instructor training course, Benjamin was struck in the head. He fell, and he died in the hospital two days later. Headgear and boxing gloves were being worn. This was reportedly the first death in the US Army's hand-to-hand instructor's course, which to date had trained about 11,000 students."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Ryan Maraldo;18-Mar;2006;Wdec;8;Kevin Payne;34;;payne;Evansville;Indiana;USA;Welter;"Steve Ford, ""Boxer's death shocking,"" Evansville (Indiana) Courier Press, March 21, 2006, http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0,1626,ECP_734_4557601,00.html; Ken Kusmer, ""Boxer may have had pre-existing injury,"" Evansville (Indiana) Courier Press, March 24, 2006, http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0,1626,ECP_734_4566062,00.html. Before the fight, Payne reported headaches. However, he did not tell ringside doctors, apparently because this bout was important to his chances to appear in a televised fight scheduled for April 2006. About a minute before the end of the match, Payne began stumbling, and within minutes of being declared the winner, he was placed on a gurney and taken to the hospital. Surgery was done, but he still died the following afternoon. Cause of death was left-sided subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
ND;19-Mar;2006;KO; ;Dimitris Livadas;21;;livadas;Patras;;Greece;Middle;Winnipeg Sun, March 25, 2006, http://winnipegsun.com/Sports/OtherSports/2006/03/25/1504706-sun.html. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage.; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Jibril Soamole;17-Jun;2006;TKO;6;Fadly Kasim;22;;kasim;Manado;;Indonesia;Fly;"""Indonesia boxer dies in fight,""June 18, 2006, http://news.inq7.net/express/html_output/20060618-79576.xml.html; http://blog.thesweetscience.com/2006/06/19/indonesian-boxer-dies-in-debut/. It was Fadly's pro debut. He died in hospital the following morning. "; ;Pro;;Ring;; ;
Nasser Mafuru;26-Jul;2006;KO;2;Emmanuel Davis Kimario; ;;kimario;Dar es Salaam;;Tanzania;Light;"""Boxer dies in Dar league,"" ThisDay, August 2, 2006, http://www.thisday.co.tz/Sports/500.html. In the first round, Kimario knocked down Mafuru. Mafuru took a mandatory standing 8-count. During the second round, Kimario was knocked down by a series of uppercuts. Unlike Mafuru, Kimario did not get up, and he died in hospital later the same day."; ;Amateur;;Ring;; ;
ND;1-Oct;2006;Ndec;3;Jefferson Pitner;16;;pitner;Palm Desert;California;USA;ND;"Ben Spillman and Mandy Zatynski, ""Student dies in local 'fight club',"" Palm Springs (California) Desert Sun, October 3, 2006; ""Mother of boy who died after fighting speaks out,"" CBS2.com, October 6, 2006, http://cbs2.com/topstories/local_story_279135253.html; Kakie Urch, ""Jefferson Pitner memorial draws about 200 mourners,"" Palm Springs (California) Desert Sun, October 8, 2006. Although gloves were worn, the bout took place in at an unsanctioned, unsupervised ""fight club"" that had been operating for several years. Pitner collapsed following his third three-round bout of the afternoon. Paramedics were called around 4:00 p.m., and Pitner died in hospital at about 10:45 p.m. Cause of death was described as ""severe head injury."" The local high school principal subsequently told students, ""If you're going to box, do it right, go down to one of these boxing clubs."""; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
Thompson Mokwana;1-Oct;2006;KO;5;Tally Disoloane (Green Mamba);29;;disoloane;Seshego; ;South Africa;Welter (Super Feather);"Bongani Magasela, ""Green Mamba dies in coma,"" Sowetan, December 19, 2006, http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2006/12/19/green-mamba-dies-in-coma. Disloane was knocked out of the ring in the third round. He got back into the ring, but was finally knocked out in the fifth round. He remained in a coma until his death on December 16, 2006.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Irvan Bone;15-Mar;2007;TKO;6;Anis Dwi Mulya;27;;mulya;Jakarta;;Indonesia;Light (Jr Light);"Jeffrey Pamungkas, ""Dwi Mulya dies after fight!"" Fightnews.com, ""Indonesian boxer dies after fight,"" March 21, 2007; http://www.fightnews.com/boxing/bc/pamungkas100.htm; Independent Online, March 21, 2007, http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=6&click_id=21&art_id=nw20070321090600421C177398; ""Indon boxer dies after fight,"" Malaysia Star, March 22, 2007,http://thestar.com.my/sports/story.asp?file=/2007/3/22/sports/17214734&sec=sports; Damar Harsanto, ""RI boxers need more than just head protector,"" Jakarta Post, December 31, 2007,http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailsports.asp?fileid=20071231.P01&irec=0. The fight was televised on pay-per-view in Indonesia. During the sixth round, Mulya was visibly tired, and his trainer asked that the fight be stopped. It was, and Mulya was then taken to the hospital, where two brain surgeries were done. While in hospital, Mulya's blood platelet levels dropped, due to complications from previously undiagnosed dengue fever, and he died five days later. Cause of death was therefore listed as subdural and epidural hematoma compounded by low blood-platelet levels. The inquest revealed that during 2005, Mulya had been knocked out while boxing under a different name (Budi Tampela). His known career record was 1-5."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;; ;
Chatchai Sasakul;30-Mar;2007;KO;4;"Angelito ""Lito"" Sisnorio";24;;sisnorio;Bangkok;;Thailand;Fly;"""RP boxer Sisnorio dies after getting KO'd in Bangkok,"" Asian Journal Online, April 2, 2007, http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=194&a=19231; Ronnie Nathanielsz, ""RP boxer dies after KO loss,"" Manila Standard Today, April 2, 2007, http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=sports2_april2_2007; Rey Danesco, ""The aftermath of Lito Sinorio's death,"" BoxingScene.com, April 2, 2007, http://www.boxingscene.com/?m=show&id=8020. The match was fought catchweight, at 116 pounds. Sasakul was a former World Boxing Council flyweight (112 pound) champion, while Sisnorio was a fighter unlicensed for overseas fight who had lost his three previous fights. (His most recent loss had come just two months earlier, by knockout.) Cause of death was severe brain injury, and there was immediate discussion in the Filipino media of an intentional mismatch on the part of the Thai promoters."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch; ;
Javier Garcia Calderon;20-Sep;2007;Draw;6;Jackson K. Bussell;28; ;bussell;Calabasas;California;USA;Welter (Lt Welter);"""Professional boxer dies after bout,"" Los Angeles Police Department, September 24, 2007, http://www.lapdonline.org/newsroom/news_view/36436; Lance Pugmire, ""Governing body to look into Bussell's death,""  Los Angeles Times, September 25, 2007; Klamath Falls (Oregon) Herald and News, September 25, 2007. Bussell, who had boxed as an amateur in Oregon before turning pro in 2006, took the fight on short notice. He was doing well through the first five rounds. Then, during the sixth, he staggered, and almost immediately after the result was announced, he collapsed in the ring. The ambulance got him to the hospital within 17 minutes. Nonetheless, he died in hospital the following day. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;; ;
ND;2-Dec;2007;Sparring; ;Anders Uwadinobi;18; ;uwadinobi;Binghamton;New York;USA;ND;"""Punch to chest eyed in box death,"" New York Post, December 5, 2007, ""NY dorm room boxing match ends with student dead,"" http://www.nypost.com/seven/12052007/news/regionalnews/punch_to_chest_eyed_in_box_death_650908.htm; Newsday.com, December 3, 2007, http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/newyork/ny-bc-ny--studentdies1203dec03,0,1777782.story?coll=ny_sports_highschool_util. The bouts were regularly scheduled, but unsupervised and unsanctioned, and Uwadinobi was wearing gloves, mouthguard, and headgear. Cause of death was attributed to cardio arrhythmia, or sudden disturbance of heart rhythm."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Heri Amol;25-Dec;2007;Wdec;12;Yo-sam Choi;33; ;choi;Seoul;;South Korea;Fly;"""Korean boxer falls into coma after defending title,"" Korea Times, December 26, 2007, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/sports/2007/12/136_16177.html; Kwang-tae Kim, ""South Korean boxer declared brain dead after victory in ring,"" USA Today, January 2, 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/2008-01-02-4293691808_x.htm;  ""S. Korean boxer Choi Yoi-sam declared brain dead,"" CCTV.com, http://www.cctv.com/program/sportsscene/20080103/103558.shtml; Maloney L. Samaco, ""Choi's death is an eye-opener for Korean boxing,"" PhilBoxing.com, January 6, 2008. Before the match, Choi, a former WBC light flyweight champion, had been complaining of headaches. He also had trouble making weight, and did not drink water for at least a day before the match. Going into the final round of the fight, Choi was ahead on points. Then, with about five sconds to go in, he was knocked down by a hard blow to the jaw. He stood back up, and was announced the winner. After hearing the results, he collapsed. He was carried out of the stadium on a stretcher, and taken to hospital, where surgery was done to relieve a cerebral hemorrhage. Nonetheless, he was pronounced brain-dead on January 31, 2007, and legally dead after organs were removed for donation.";WBO flyweight;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Arnel Tadena;4-Feb;2008;Ldec;10;Alex Aroy;22; ;aroy;Villaba;;Philippines;Fly (Lt Fly);"Ronnie Natanielsz, ""Alex Aroy dies after fight,"" PhilBoxing.com, February 5, 2008, http://philboxing.com/news/story-14795.html; ""Another ring tragedy,"" Cebu SunStar, February 6, 2008, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2008/02/06/sports/another.ring.tragedy.html; Ronnie Nathanielsz, ""Autopsy on Pinoy pug sought,"" Manila Standard Today, February 7, 2008, http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=sports2_feb7_2008; Maloney L. Samaco, ""I lost a 'son' (Part II),"" PhilBoxing.com, February 11, 2008, http://philboxing.com/news/story-14865.html. Shortly before the match, Aroy complained to his girlfriend that he had abdominal pain. About an hour after the fight was over, Aroy complained of bad abdominal pain, said he could not urinate, and then collapsed. He was taken to a nearby clinic but it did not have oxygen or other equipment. Therefore, he was transported to a better-equipped facility. He died enroute. The family did not give permission for an autopsy, so cause of death was not determined. However, rapid weight loss involving plastic clothing may have been a factor."; ;Pro;;Soon after;Weight;;
Shane Dauzot;9-Feb;2008;TKO;2;Brandon Twitchell;23; ;twitchell;Texarkana;Arkansas;USA;Middle;"""Toughman contest,"" Texarkana Gazette, February 11, 2008, http://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/localnews/2008/02/11/toughman-contest-6.php; Fred Girard, ""Fighter from Arkansas dies,"" Detroit News, February 16, 2008, http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080216/SPORTS07/802160308/1136/SPORTS07; Shell Briery, ""Toughman competitor dies in Texarkana,"" ArkLaTexhomepage.com, February 14, 2008, http://arklatexhomepage.com/content/fulltext/?sid=84daedba7b59811c2b752944f9e25551&cid=11981; John C. Williams, ""State goes easy on Toughman,"" Arkansas Times, February 28, 2008, http://www.arktimes.com/Articles/ArticleViewer.aspx?ArticleID=851979ab-8b96-4415-8039-bb107910b901; Jason A. Stuart, Arkansas State Athletic Commission, ""Final Report: Investigation into Death of Anthony Jones,"" September 12,2011. During the weigh-in, Twitchell was dressed and wore steel-toed boots; he needed the extra weight so he would be allowed to fight in a heavier division. (His actual weight was about 135 pounds, which was lightweight.) During this tournament, Twitchell fought once on Friday night, then three times on Saturday.  (Toughman rules allow participants to fight up to 12 rounds per day.) There was no new physical examination between any of these bouts, but a neurologist was ringside.After the final Sunday bout ended, Twitchell said he did not feel well, but the emergency technician was busy with another fighter. Then, after he was examined and an ambulance called, it took 20 minutes for an ambulance to arrive. Twitchell died in hospital on February 14, 2008. The newspapers said cause of death was brain injury but the promoters siad that cause of death was ""unknown, pre-exissting condition which was not disclosed to the Event promoter at any time prior to the Bout""  (Stuart, 2011). For his participation, Twitchell earned $125. The promoter's insurance liability was limited to $1,000."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Michael Lucero;8-Mar;2008;TKO;6;Rafael Ortiz;29; ;ortiz;Ferndale;Washington;USA;Welter (Lt Welter);"Jennifer Moody, ""Family seeks aid with end-of-life expenses for Lebanon boxer,"" Albany (Oregon) Democrat Herald, March 21, 2008, http://www.dhonline.com/articles/2008/03/22/news/local/2loc01_familyaid.txt; Ricardo Ibarra, ""Oregon's Rafael Ortiz has passed away,"" Cyber Boxing Zone Newswire, March 22, 2008, http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/news/archives/00004129.htm; Ricardo Iberra, ""Washington State jr. welterweight title changes hands,"" http://www.fightbeat.com/article_detail.php?AT=599; Rachel Beck, ""Lebanon boxer Rafael Ortiz, 30, dies,"" Lebanon (Oregon) Express, March 26, 2008; Ricardo Ibarra, ""Northwest champ Rafael Ortiz passes away at thirty,"" http://www.fightbeat.com/news_details.php?NW=21332. Ortiz had a record of 14 wins, 13 losses, and 2 draws going into this match. His corner stopped the fight after Ortiz complained of chest pains. When Ortiz got home, he said he felt nauseated. Three days later, he went to the hospital. Over the next two weeks, he went to a series of clinics and hospitals, and he died March 19, 2008, in the state university hospital. Cause of death was listed as a heart condition aggravated by influenza."; ;Pro;Cardiac;Ring; ;;
ND;23-Mar;2008;TKO;3;Walker Atrice III;30; ;atrice;Atlanta;Georgia;USA;Light Heavy (175-lb);"David Markiewicz, ""Ex-UGA player Atrice dies after Golden Gloves bout,"" Atlanta (Georgia) Journal-Constitution, March 25, 2008, http://www.ajc.com/sports/content/sports/stories/2008/03/24/boxer_0325.html?cxntlid=homepage_tab_newstab. Atrice was a three-time Georgia Golden Gloves champion with an amateur record of 23-12. During the third round, Atrice stopped and put his head on the ropes. The referee stopped the match. The ringside doctor asked Atrice if he was all right. Atrice said he was. He then went to the dressing room, where he collapsed. He died in hospital soon after.";Georgia Golden Gloves;Amateur;;Ring;;;
Daichi Sakoda;3-May;2008;TKO;6;Hi Cho (Mikeo Takeuchi);22; ;cho ;Tokyo; ;Japan;Welter (Lt Welter);"""Comatose boxer dies in Tokyo hospital following ring disaster,"" Mainichi Daily News, May 19, 2008, http://mdn.mainichi.jp/sports/news/20080519p2a00m0sp023000c.html; Joe Koizumi, ""Boxer Cho dies in Japan,"" FightNews.com, May 19, 2008, http://www.fightnews.com/fightnews_2/headlines/EkEEkuuukpIVRUoQBL.html. Cho was born in China but lived in Japan. He knocked Sakoda down in the first round. Sakoda got up, and by the final round, Cho was clearly groggy. Sakoda knocked Cho down with just seven seconds to go in the round, and after the count, Cho was carried away on a stretcher. At the hospital, surgery was done to remove blood clots on the brain. Cho died fifteen days later."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
ND;7-Jun;2008;Sparring; ;Peter Sarbinowski;18; ;sarbinowski;Warren;Michigan;USA;ND;"Norb Franz, ""Teen dies after boxing,"" Macomb (Michigan) Daily, June 10, 2008, http://www.macombdaily.com/stories/061008/loc_local02.shtml; Charles E. Ramirez and Mark Hicks, ""Street boxing death a tragic accident,"" Detroit News, June 11, 2008, http://detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080611/METRO/806110364. Sarbinowski and a friend decided to have an informal boxing match. Gloves were worn. The rules were no blows to the head and rounds of one-and-one-half minutes. During the second round, Sarbinowski was struck in the chest several times. He raised one hand and said, ""I've had enough.""  Then he collapsed. CPR was done at the scene and an ambulance was called, but he was pronounced dead at the hospital. Cause of death was attributed to commotio cordis. "; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Taylor McKee;14-Jun;2008;Sparring; ;Tanner McKee;22; ;mckee;Portland;Oregon;USA;ND;"""No trauma in death of Portland man who died shadowboxing,"" OregonLive.com, June 15, 2008, http://www.oregonlive.com/newsflash/regional/index.ssf?/base/news-25/1213566545222520.xml&storylist=orlocal; ""Family reacts to birthday party death,"" KPTV.com, June 17, 2008, http://www.kptv.com/news/16629373/detail.html. McKee was boxing with his brother. After a couple of minutes, McKee was struck in the side. He said, ""I'm done,"" and the bout stopped. Then he collapsed. Paramedics were called, but McKee was pronounced dead at the scene. The autopsy did not reveal any evidence of blunt force trauma."; ;Amateur; ;Ring;Misadventure;;
Mfundo Gwayana;27-Jun;2008;TKO;4;Samora Msophi;23; ;msophi;East London;;South Africa;Fly (Jr Fly);"Ronnie Nathanielsz, ""South African boxer Msophi dies after brain surgery,"" BoxingScene.com, June 30, 2008, http://www.boxingscene.com/index.php?m=show&id=14744; Bongani Magasela, ""Boxer Msophi dies after knockout in ring,"" July 1, 2008, http://www.sowetan.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=793515; ""East London boxer dies,"" DispatchOnline, July 2, 2008, http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=219569; Bongani Magasela, ""Mtya plays Russian roulette with boxers' lives,"" Sowetan, September 14, 2009. Msophi was knocked down in the first round. He was knocked down again in the third round, and in the fourth round, he was hit ten times in the head before the referee finally stopped the fight. He did not get up. The required paramedics were present, but some of their equipment did not work. Thus, the ring physician worked on Msophi for 20 minutes in the ring before he could be transported to hospital. Following brain surgery, he died three days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Ramon Lazcano;27-Jun;2008;Ldec;4;"Luis ""Tino"" Lugo Quintero";19; ;lugo;Culiacan; ;Mexico;Feather;"""Muere boxedor Luis 'Tino' Lugo tras pelea en Culiacan,"" El Porvenir.com, June 29, 2008, http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=228970. Lugo collapsed at the end of the fight. He was taken to the hospital, where brain surgery was done. He died. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
ND;19-Jul;2008;Sparring;;Jake Daniel Betz;33; ;betz;Minneapolis;Minnesota;USA;Heavy;"Patrick Stephenson, ""R.I.P. Jake Betz,"" http://patiomensch.wordpress.com/2008/07/31/rip-jake-betz; ""Jake Betz Passes,"" http://www.minnesotaboxing.com. Betz, who both boxed and did mixed martial arts, lost sight while sparring at the gym. He was taken to the hospital, where was placed into a medically-induced coma. He died on July 31, 2008, but was kept on life support until the following day so that body parts could be harvested. Cause of death was subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Later; ;;
ND;25-Jul;2008;Sparring; ;Keith E. Benjamin;49; ;benjamin;San Francisco;California;USA;ND;"San Francisco Chronicle, August 1, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/01/MNBENJAMIN1.DTL&hw=Keith+Benjamin&sn=002&sc=354; Dan Noyes, ""Bending the rules puts fighters' lives at risk,"" ABC7 KGO-TV San Francisco, November 25, 2008, http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/iteam&id=6525477; ""Commission to inspect local boxing club,"" ABC7 KGO-TV San Francisco, February 10, 2009, http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/iteam&id=6651962.  Benjamin, a venture capitalist, started boxing at age 46. He had a concussion after his first bout, three months later. Nonetheless, he continued training, and he was participating in a training session at the 3rd Street Boxing Gym when he collapsed. The autopsy listed cause of death as brain aneurysm caused by blunt force trauma to the head. The California Athletic Commission subsequently suspended the promoter's license."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
"Haruna ""Ijakoko"" Jinadu";27-Jul;2008;KO;8;"Dachirri ""Bashiru"" Thompson"; ; ;thompson;Lagos; ;Nigeria;Feather (Super Bantam);"""Boxer was ahead before dying -- NBBC"", Punch on the Web, July 29, 2008, http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200807291403265; ""NNB of C floored over dead boxer,"" Daily Trust, July 29, 2008, http://www.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15262&Itemid=129:testset.  Thompson was a Nigerian police officer participating in a pro fight. Going into the final round, Thompson was leading on the judges' cards. Then he was knocked down. He did not get up. There was no doctor ringside, and he died. ."; ;Pro; ;Ring; ;;
Donaldo Lopez;12-Sep;2008;TKO;3;Barry Scott;22; ;scott ;Fountain Hills;Arizona;USA;Light (145-lb);"Rick Reilly, ""Life of Reilly,"" ESPN: The Magazine, November 12, 2008, http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?section=magazine&id=3697646. Scott, an off-duty Phoenix police officer, was participating in a charity bout staged the Fort McDowell Casino. It was a three round fight. Rounds were one minute each. Headgear was worn. Scott was knocked down in the second round. He was knocked down again in the third round, so the referee stopped the bout. Afterwards, Scott went to the dressing room. He said he had a terrible headache. He vomited, and collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died four days later. Cause of death was listed as blunt force trauma to the head."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
ND;27-Sep;2008;TKO;3;Jason Price;21; ;price;Camp Casey, Tongduchon, Republic of Korea;;USA;ND;"Erik Slavin, ""Honoring a comrade after a shocking loss,"" Stars and Stripes, Pacific edition, October 3, 2008, http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=57846. It was Price's first boxing match. He had been training hard, and in the first round, he knocked his opponent down. During the second round, he stumbled, and in the third, the referee stopped the fight following a standing eight count. Price collapsed a few moments later, and he died in hospital two hours later. "; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Alejandro Sanabria;15-Oct;2008;KO;12;Daniel Aguillon;24; ;aguillon;Mexico City; ;Mexico;Light (Super Feather);"Agence France-Press, ""Mexican boxer dies after KO,"" October 22, 2008, http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,24534500-23218,00.html. Aguillon was knocked down in the first round. Sanabria was knocked down in the fourth round. Aguillon was knocked down again in the final round. He did not get up, and he died in hospital five days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.";WBC FECARBOX ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;5-Jan;2009;KO; ;Alexander Sharoyan;14; ;sharoyan;Novosibirsk;;Russia;ND;"""Criminal case opened in Siberia over teenager's death after boxing match,"" ITAR-TASS, January 20, 2009, http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13496146&PageNum=0. Sharoyan was from Armenia. He was boxing in a regional competition. Shortly after the bout ended, he collapsed in the dressing room. He was taken to the emergency room by ambulance. He died eleven days later, without ever regaining consciousness. Cause of death was attributed to concussion of the brain and blunt trauma to the head. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
ND;8-Apr;2009;Sparring; ;Ian Artola;14; ;artola;Jersey City;New Jersey;USA;ND;"""Teen boxer dies during park bout,"" CourierPostOnline.com, April 10, 2009, http://www.courierpostonline.com/article/20090410/NEWS01/904100339/1006/news01. Two youths were sparring in a park. Gloves were worn, but headgear was not. Artola was struck in the chest. He collapsed, and died. Death was attributed to either cardiac condition or commotio cordis."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;Misadventure;;
Al Seeger;30-Apr;2009;TKO;8;"Benjamin ""El Michoachano"" Flores";24; ;flores;Dallas;Texas;USA;Feather (Super Bantam);"David Barron, ""Houston boxer dies five days after NABF fight,"" May 5, 2009. The fight, scheduled for ten rounds, was stopped in the eighth. Flores collapsed in the ring, and was taken to the hospital, where he died five days later.";NABF title;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Oyewale Omotoso;1-May;2009;Sparring;;Andras Nagy ;23; ;nagy;Melbourne;Victoria;Australia;Light heavy;"Associated Press, ""Nagy dies of brain injury at 23,"" ESPN.com, May 7, 2009, http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4148369; Greg Roberts, ""Hungarian boxer not registered in Aust,"" Sydney Morning Herald, November 3, 2010, http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/hungarian-boxer-not-registered-in-aust-20101027-173cl.html.   Nagy, a professional boxer from Hungary, had arrived in Australia four weeks earlier on a tourist visa, but was not registered to box in Australia. During the fifth round of a sparring match with Omotoso, the Australian welterweight champion, Nagy was struck by a hard right. He staggered, and then collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he had two brain surgeries. He  died on May 7, 2009. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. The coroner called for mandatory medical testing for anyone training with professional boxers."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Omar Chavez;18-Jul;2009;TKO;4;Marco Nazareth ;23; ;nazareth;Puerto Vallarta;;Mexico;Welter (Jr Welter);"Associated Press, ""Mexican boxer Marco Nazareth dies of brain hemorrhage,"" July 22, 2009, http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5ima1sfpCDv-HlsP9xKOiML6ZvrRg. Following the bout, Nazareth was taken to the hospital, where surgery was done. He died four days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.  Chavez was the son of boxer Julio Cesar Chavez, and going into this bout, his record was 16-0, with 13 knockouts. On the other hand, Nazareth's record was 4-3, with two of the losses coming by knockout and the other by unanimous decision."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch;;
Bobby O'Bannon;24-Jul;2009;KO;4;"Francisco ""Pancho"" Moncivais";21; ;moncivais;Bay Saint Louis;Mississippi;USA;Heavy;"Doug Barber, ""Boxer dies after lethal punch,"" Biloxi-Gulfport (Mississippi) Sun Herald, July 27, 2009, http://www.sunherald.com/sports/story/1501834.html; Collin Mickle, ""Ala boxer still has nightmares from fatal fight,"" USA Today, July 29, 2009, http://www.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/2009-07-29-1039474489_x.htm. Both boxers were down in the first round. With about a minute and a half to go in the final round, Moncivais was knocked into the ropes by a one-two combination. The referee stopped the fight. Moncivais said, ""He hit me hard, didn't he."" Then he collapsed. He was pronounced dead in the hospital the following night. Cause of death was attributed to blows to the head."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Arturo Maglasang;16-Aug;2009;Ldec;4;Francisco Saludo Jr.;23; ;saludo;Maasin Cty; ;Philippines;ND;"Bong Pedalino, ""Maasin grieves over death of amateur boxer,"" PIA Daily News Reader, August 18, 2009, http://www.pia.gov.ph/default.asp?m=12&r=&y=&mo=&fi=p090818.htm&no=41. It was Saludo's second amateur fight, and he lost a close decision. After the fight, he started vomiting.He was taken to the hospital, where he died next day. Cause of death was internal hemorrhage in the head. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Touheed;16-Aug;2009;KO; ;Ali Haider;14; ;haider;Hyderabad; ;Pakistan;ND;"""Junior boxer Ali dies in festival match,"" The Nation, August 18, 2009, http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Sports/18-Aug-2009/Junior-boxer-Ali-dies-in-festival-match. Haider was struck in the stomach. He collapsed, and died on the way to the hospital. Haider was the nephew of Olympic boxer Asghar Ali."; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Niki Kazueyoshi;12-Oct;2009;TKO;10;Somboon Wiengchai ;20; ;wiengchai;Fukuoka; ;Japan;Feather (Super Bantam);"""Boxer dies after title fight defeat,"" AsiaOneNews, October 14, 2009, http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Sports/Story/A1Story20091014-173528.html; ""Sakai death leads to questions,"" Bangkok Post, October15, 2009, http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/sports/25643/sakai-death-leads-to-questions. Wiengchai, who had been boxing since age seven, collapsed in the dressing room after the fight. He was taken to the hospital, where he died. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. The fight was probably an intentional mismatch -- Kasueyoshi's last 15 opponents were Thai boxers, 13 of whom had never won a pro boxing match before. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;Mismatch;;
ND;24-Oct;2009;KO; ;P. Anand Pandi;24; ;pandi;Indian Naval Station Valsura, Jamnagar; ;India;ND;"""Deadly punch kills Coast Guard jawan at INS Valsura Boxing event,"" DeshGujarat, October 22, 2009,  http://deshgujarat.com/2009/10/22/deadly-punch-kills-coast-guard-jawan-at-ins-valsura-boxing-event/ . Pandi was a sailor in the Indian Coast Guard. He was boxing in a service bout. He was struck in the stomach. He collapsed, and died in hospital."; ;Amateur; ;Ring; ;;
Teon Kennedy;20-Nov;2009;TKO;10;"Francisco ""Paco"" Rodriguez";25; ;rodriguez;Philadelphia;Pennsylvania;USA;Feather (Super Bantam);"""Death of 'Nino Azteka' stuns Chicago boxing community,"" ChicagoBreakingSports.com, November 23, 2009, http://www.chicagobreakingsports.com/2009/11/death-of-nino-azteka-stuns-chicago-boxing-community.html, ""Boxer dies in Blue Horizon bout,"" November 23, 2009, Philly.com, http://www.philly.com/philly/news/homepage/71317917.html?cmpid=15585797,  Rodriguez took a standing eight-count during the first round, and the referee stopped the fight in the tent. At the end of the fight, he told his corner man that he felt sleepy, and then he went limp. Cause of death listed as blunt force trauma to the head. Organs were donated.";USBA super bantamweight;Pro;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Toshimasa Ouchi;19-Feb;2010;KO;8;Hirokazu Yamaki;26; ;yamaki;Tokyo; ;Japan;Fly;Japan Times, February 23, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sp20100223a1.html. Following the knockout, Yamaki was taken to the hospital. Surgery was done, but he still died two days later. Cause of death was acute subdural hematoma.; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;20-Feb;2010;Wdec;3;Nathan Johnson;23; ;johnson;Oklahoma City;Oklahoma;USA;ND;"""Contestant dies after Toughman contest,"" News9.com, February 24, 2010, http://www.kwtv.com/global/story.asp?s=12032734; Los Angeles Times, February 24, 2010. Johnson won the fight be unanimous decision. Afterwards, he walked to his corner. There, his eyes rolled up in his head and he collapsed. He died several days later, without regaining consciousness. No autopsy was performed, and the family donated organs. Cause of death was listed as cerebral hemorrhage, caused by blunt force trauma, and ruled as accidental death."; ;Original Toughman;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
ND;20-Mar;2010;Sparring; ;Libardo Anthony Jimenez Jr.;21; ;jimenez;Camp Lejeune;North Carolina;USA;ND;"""Medical Examiner: Marine Boxer Death Ruled Accidental,"" WITN.com, March 29, 2010, http://www.witn.com/home/headlines/89390937.html; ""Friends remember Marine boxer's spirit,"" ENCToday.com, May 18, 2010, http://www.enctoday.com/news/camp-78417-jdn-remember-marine.html; Inside Boxing, ""USMC boxer Libardo Anthony Jimenez, Jr. death an avoidable tragedy,"" InsideBoxing.com, October 26, 2011, http://insideboxing.com/?p=6294;   Tim Harrison, ""USA Boxing remains silent regarding its connection to Ronald Simms,"" The Boxing Tribune, December 19, 2011, http://theboxingtribune.com/2011/12/usa-boxing-remains-silent-regarding-its-connection-to-ronald-simms/. Jimenez was a member of Camp Lejeune's All-Marine boxing team. He had no prior boxing experience, but was expected to enter a Golden Gloves tournament in March 2010. During training, his nose was injured sufficiently to require medical attention six times during February and March 2010. Medications prescribed during this treatment included Oxycodone and Flonase. Nonetheless, he continued training. On the day of his collapse, training conisisted of 11 rounds of boxing for 30 seconds, 8 rounds of a circuit course, and 2 rounds of sparring for 3 minutes, all to be completed in about 30 minutes. Afterwards, Jimenez said he had a headache, and then collapsed. He was taken to the hospital, where he died several days later. Death was attributed to closed head injury, and ruled accidental. The Marine team's trainer, Ronald Simms, was dismissed from his job coaching the All-Marine team, but was soon rehired as the assistant coach of the 2012 USA Men's Olympic boxing team."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Jin-ki Jung;17-Jul;2010;TKO;8;Ki-suk Bae;23; ;bae;Yesan; ;South Korea;Bantam (Super Fly);"""Boxer Bae loses fight for life,"" Korea Times, July 21, 2010, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/sports/2010/07/136_69889.html. Bae collapsed after the match. He was taken to hospital, where surgery was done. He died four days later. He had lost his last two fights, in a lighter weight class, by knockout. ";Korean super flyweight;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;Mismatch;;
ND;19-Aug;2010;TKO;3;Anthony M. Pastores; ; ;pastores;Baguio City;;Philippines;ND;"""PMA cadet dies after boxing match with mistah,"" GMANews.tv, http://www.gmanews.tv/story/199491/pma-cadet-dies-after-boxing-match-with-mistah, August 26, 2010. Pastores was a cadet at the Philippine Military Academy. He and a classmate (mistah) were participating in a supervised intramural boxing match. During the second round, the referee stopped the contest and declared the other boxer the winner. Pastores watched some more fights and then went outside to call his mother. Soon after, he was found unconscious in a courtyard. He died two days later in hospital. Death was attributed to acute subdural hematoma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;Misadventure;;
Hayden Buchanan;2-Oct;2010;TKO;4;Alex Slade;18;;slade;Mackay;Queensland;Australia;Light heavy ;"""Boxer dies in hospital,"" Sunshine Coast Daily, October 12, 2010; http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2010/10/12/young-boxer-dies-in-hospital/; Phil Lutton, ""Teenage boxer fights for his life,"" Daily Mercury, October 4, 2010, http://www.dailymercury.com.au/story/2010/10/04/collapsed-boxer-alex-slade-sunshine-coast-critical/; Phil Lutton, ""Family, police search for clues in fighter's death,"" Brisbane Times, October 19, 2010, http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/sport/family-police-search-for-clues-to-fighters-death-20101018-16qq7.html. This was Slade's fourth amateur bout. There were no knockdowns, but during the final scheduled round, the referee gave Slade a standing eight count, then stopped the fight. Slade went to his corner, sat down, and then fell off the stool. He was taken to hospital, where he died of brain injuries ten days later. ";Queensland;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Leldon Sapp;9-Dec;2010;Sparring; ;John Kohn;40; ;kohn;Norfolk;Virginia;USA;ND;"Andy Fox, January 14, 2011, ""Dead recruit's family attorney speaks,"" WAVY.com, http://www.wavy.com/dpp/news/local_news/norfolk/dead-recruit's-family-attorney-speaks; Patrick Wilson, ""Head strikes at issue in study of Norfolk police training,"" Virginian-Pilot, March 15, 2011, http://hamptonroads.com/2011/03/some-experts-say-head-strikes-too-dangerous; ""Va. Supreme Court won't reinstate family's lawsuit against Norfolk,"" September 12, 2014, WAVY.com, http://wavy.com/2014/09/12/va-justices-refuse-to-revive-wrongful-death-suit/. Kohn, an Army reservist recently returned from service in Afghanistan, was a police recruit in training. During a ground training scenario based on Brazilian jiujitsu, Sapp (an instructor) struck Kohn in the head four times. This was eleven minutes after Kohn had a head-to-head collision with another recruit, and a week after having been knocked unconscious during a separate training scenario. Kohn died in hospital. Cause of death was brain hemorrhage. Although police officials said the training was essential, they acknowledged that there was a risk that trainees would not speak up when injured. In 2014, the state Supreme Court ruled that the death was covered by worker's compensation."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Misadventure;;
Nabin Limbu;4-Jan;2011;KO; ;Raju Budamagar;21; ;budamagar;Hetauda; ;Nepal;Fly (52-kg);"Republica, Ujjwal Acharya, ""Lessons from a boxer's death,"" January 7, 2011, http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=26881; ""Nepal Christians struggle to bury loved ones,"" SiFy News, January 28, 2011, http://www.sify.com/news/nepal-christians-struggle-to-bury-loved-ones-news-international-lb2kOgfcibf.html.  Budamagar collapsed in the ring during a semi-final bout in a regional competition. He died in hospital the following day. Although a doctor was treating him within minutes, it took over five hours to get him to a hospital capable of handling traumatic brain injury. Budamagar was Christian, so his parents were not allowed to bury him in the cemetary in Kathmandu; instead, they had to transport the body to another district."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring; ;;
Quincy Palmer;29-Jan;2011;KO;2;Anthony Jones;27; ;jones;Benton;Arkansas;USA;Heavy;"Jason A. Stuart, Arkansas State Athletic Commission, ""Final Report: Investigation into Death of Anthony Jones,"" September 12,2011.  This was Jones' pro debut, and the bout was scheduled for four rounds. Palmer weighed 251 pounds, while Jones weighed 233 pounds. Jones clearly dominated the first round, and Palmer was given a standing eight-count. In the second round, Jones slowed, and three seconds from the end of the second round, he was knocked down. His head hit the padded floor as he fell. At that point, the referee started the count. Jones tried to stand up, but could not, and the fight was stopped. The ringside physician diagnosed a mild concussion, so he had Jones transported to hospital. Although Jones'  brain was not significantly injured, his kidneys began going into progressive failure, and he died in hospital, seven hours after the fight. The medical examiner listed concussion as the principal cause of death, with kidney failure as the secondary cause, but the Arkansas State Athletic Commission issued its own report that stated that death was heart failure secondary to a long list of condiitions, to include traumatic brain injury, acute kidney failure, liver damage associated with a history of alcohol abuse (which was reportedly in remission), dehydration (despite drinking nearly two gallons of water before the fight), use of testosterone and anabolic steroids, excessive use of food supplements (caffeine pills, potassium supplements, and protein supplements), and other causes."; ;Pro;Kidney failure;Ring;Multiple causes;;
ND;24-Feb;2011;Sparring; ;Charles E. Smith;18; ;smith;Wyoming;Minnestota;USA;ND;"Clint Riese, ""FLHS student dies after Feb. 26 accident, Lake Forest Times,"" March 9, 2011, http://forestlaketimes.com/2011/03/09/flhs-student-dies-after-accident-on-feb-26/; Karla Hult, ""A lasting gift: Forest Lake boxer helps others in his death,"" KARE11.com, March 11, 2011, http://www.kare11.com/news/article/912908/396/A-lasting-gift-Forest-Lake-boxer-helps-others-in-his-death- ; www.caringbridge.org/visit/charliesmith1. Smith was a member of church-based boxing club. He had been training over a year. On Saturday morning, during sparring, he became wobbly and then collapsed. Paramedics were called, and he was taken to hospital, where he was pronounced dead on March 3, 2011. Cause of death was a weak artery in the brain, said to be pre-existing and unrelated to boxing. The police called it ""an unfortunate sports injury."" Organs were donated. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;Pre-existing condition;;
ND;2-Sep;2011;KO; ;George Louis Clinkscale III;24; ;clinkscale;Tulsa;Oklahoma;USA;Heavy;"Eric Bailey, ""Former TU linebacker George Clinkscale dies,"" Tulsa World, September 22, 2011, http://www.tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/article.aspx?subjectid=231&articleid=20110922_231_0_Frenvr671780; ""Jimmie Tramel, ""Meet your dad, George Clinkscale,"" Tulsa World, October 2, 2011, http://www.tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/TU/article.aspx?subjectid=94&articleid=20111002_94_B1_ULNSom357710; Jarrell Wade, ""Medical examiner: Boxer died of exertion due to Sickle Cell Trait complications,"" Tulsa World, January 3, 2012, http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20120103_11_0_TesaeM966544;  Layna Dewell, ""Autopsy reveals 3 factors contributed to death of TU's George Clinkscale,"" NewsOn6.com,  January 9, 2012, http://www.newson6.com/story/16479370/autopsy-reveals-three-factors-contributed-to-death-of-george-clinkscake; Autopsy report: http://www.autopsyfiles.org/reports/Other/clinkscale,%20george_report.pdf . Clinkscale was a former college football player. The bout was unsanctioned, and took place in a church; the name of the promotion was ""Guts Church Fight Night."" There was no prefight physical. Sixteen-ounce gloves were worn. There were three two-minute rounds. Between the first and second rounds, Clinkscale reported cramping during the fight, and then vomited. After the fight, he was taken to hospital, where he lost consciousness, then died. Primary cause of death was attributed complications of a blood disorder called sickle cell trait, a condition associated with sudden death during physical exertion. For more on this, see Kark JA, Posey DM, Schumacher HR, Ruehle CJ (September 1987). ""Sickle-cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training,"" New England Journal of Medicine. 317 (13): 781?7. doi:10.1056/NEJM198709243171301. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 3627196. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sicklecellanemia.html and Eichner ER (August 2007). ""Sickle cell trait,"" Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 16 (3): 197?203. ISSN 1056-6716. PMID 17923725. Also noted were a fracture at C5 that would not have been fatal, and hyperensive cardiomyopathy, meaning a heart weakened by chronic high blood pressure.";;Amateur;Sudden exertional death due to complications of sickle cell trait and hypertension;Ring;Pre-existing condition;;
"Themba ""Doctor"" Ntsele";7-Oct;2011;TKO;9;Anele Makhwelo;23;;makhwelo;Bloemfontein; ;South Africa;Fly;"""Anele Makhwelo, Bright Prospect, Dies After fight,"" BoxingScene.com, October 12, 2011, http://www.boxingscene.com/anele-makhwelo-bright-prospect-dies-fight--44860. At the end of the ninth round, Makhwelo told his corner that his left leg was numb. Then he began losing consciousness in his corner. The fight was stopped, and he was taken to hospital. Surgery was done, but he remained in a coma until his death a week later. Cause of death was a blood clot in the brain.";;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Sagar Patel;29-Nov;2011;LDec;3;Pramod Sav;21; ;sav;Mumbai; ;India;ND;"""College pays medical fees of deceased boxer,"" Hindustan Times, December 3, 2011, http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/College-pays-medical-fees-of-deceased-boxer/Article1-777238.aspx; Yogita Rao, ""Sav's boxing opponent walks out of next match,"" Times of India, December 3, 2011, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Savs-boxing-opponent-walks-out-of-next-match/articleshow/10965076.cms; Kanchan Srivastava, ""Mumbai: Probe team doubts slain boxer's fitness,"" DNA India.com, December 7, 2011, http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-probe-team-doubts-slain-boxers-fitness_1622387; ""Boxing takes a beating after pugilist's death,"" Rediff.com, December 13, 1011, http://www.rediff.com/sports/slide-show/slide-show-1-boxing-takes-beating-pugilist-death/20111213.htm. Sav was a student of Guru Nanak College participating in an intercollegiate contest. On his way home after the match, he complained of a headache, then started vomiting. Friends took him to a local hospital. Three hours later, he was transported to a larger hospital with neurosurgical capabilities. He died following surgery. Cause of death was subdural hematoma. Reportedly, Sav had recently recovered from malaria. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Sergei Kovalev;5-Dec;2011;KO;7;Roman Simakov;27; ;simakov;Yekaterinburg;Sverdlovsk Oblast;Russia;Light heavy;"Reuters, ""Russian boxer Simakov dies after knockout defeat,"" December 8, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/08/us-boxing-russia-simakov-idUSTRE7B70PX20111208; ""Russian boxer Roman Simakov dies after collapsing in ring,"" Agence France-Presse, December 9, 2011, http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/boxing/182124-russian-boxer-roman-simakov-dies-after-collapsing-in-ring. Simakov was knocked down in the sixth. He stood back up, and was knocked down again in the seventh. He was carried out of the ring unconscious, and he died in hospital three days later. Cause of death was brain injury.";WBC Asian Boxing Council;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;11-Dec;2011;Sparring; ;Mher Hakobyan; ; ;hakobyan;Yerevan; ;Armenia;ND;"""Armenian soldier, who recently died, was to participate in boxing championship,"" News.AM, December 21, 2011. Hakobyan had recently placed fifth in a youth boxing championship. For his national service, he was serving with an army boxing team. He complained he was not feeling well. He was taken to hospital on December 14, where he died."; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Mark Joseph Costa (Dodie Boy Penalosa);28-Jan;2012;Draw;4;Karlo Maquinto;21; ;maquinto;Caloocan City; ;Philippines;Bantam;"Mario B. Casayuran, ""Lapid pushes boxers' insurance measure,"" Manila Bulletin, February 7, 2012, http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/350597/lapid-pushes-boxers-insurance-measure.  Maquinto was knocked down twice early in the fight, but managed to get a draw on points. As the referee raised Maquinto's arm to signify victory, Maquinto collapsed. He was taken to his corner, and then to the hospital, where he died five days later. Death was attributed to a blood clot on the right side of the brain. The death led to Philippines Senator Manuel ""Lito"" Lapid calling for the government to establish a ""Boxer Welfare, Insurance and Pension Act"" (Senate Bill No. 33)."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;5-Feb;2012;Sparring; ;Buddhi Indika ;17; ;indika;Homagama; ;Sri Lanka;ND;"Disna Mudalige, ""Accident at boxing practice results in student's death,"" (Colombo, Sri Lanka) Daily News, February 11, 2012. Indika collapsed during sparring. He was taken to the local hospital, then to the national hospital. After being unconscious for several days, he died. Cause of death was bleeding in the brain."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Irvan Marbun;30-Mar;2012;Ldec;12;Muhammad Afrizal;30; ;afrizal;Jakarta; ;Indonesia;Light (Jr Light);"""Indonesian boxer dies after brain surgery,"" USA Today, April 4, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/story/2012-04-04/Indonesian-boxer-dies/54012434/1. There was one knockdown in the fight. About an hour after the fight, Afrizal vomited and collapsed. He was taken to hospital. Brain surgery was done, but he nonetheless died four days later. ";;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Josue Veraza;31-Mar;2012;Ldec;4;"Jose Angel ""Vitaminas"" Jimenez ";19; ;jimenez;Merida; ;Mexico;Feather;Boxrec.com. This was Jimenez's first pro fight. The morning after the fight, Jimenez reported headaches. He was taken to hospital. The doctors put him into an intentional coma, and he died on May 6, 2012.;;Pro;Brain injury;Later;;;
ND;29-Apr;2012;Ldec;3;Romnick Dablo;18; ;dablo;Iba; ;Philippines;Bantam;"""Parents blame 'mismatch' for boxer's death,"" ABS-CBNews.com, May 7, 2012, http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/sports/05/02/12/parents-blame-mismatch-boxers-death. Dablo turned pro to earn some money to help a cousin who was in the hospital. Following the match, Romnick threw up, then passed out. He was taken to hospital, where he died three days later. Although advertised as an amateur match, the bout was not sanctioned by the Philippines amateur boxing association, and as noted, the boxers were apparently paid."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Karihi Tehei;4-May;2012;KO;1;Willman Rodriguez-Gomez;29; ;rodriguez-gomez;Papeete;;Tahiti;Light;"""Boxer died from ruptured artery,"" AucklandNow, May 8, 2012, http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-sport/6885613/Boxer-died-from-ruptured-artery. The bout took place at the Ah-Min Boxing Club. Rodriguez-Gomez collapsed 32 seconds into the fight. He died in hospital about an hour later. Cause of death was listed as a ruptured artery in the brain."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;9-May;2012;Training; ;Kaleolani Corianton Lau Lio Kaitu'u;16; ;kaitu'u;Brisbane;Queensland;Australia;Heavy;"Kirsty Wynn, ""Tua's nephew dies of 'heart attack',"" NZHerald.com, June 23, 2012, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10808768. Kaitu'u collapsed while tying his gloves. An ambulance was called and familly members performed CPR. He was pronounced dead at the scene. Cause was listed as cardiac."; ;Amateur;Cardiac;Ring;;;
Ahl Grumo;19-Jun;2012;Wdec;10;"Ermelito ""Jog"" Alim Jr.";20; ;alim;Agusan del Sur; ;Philippines;Feather;"Lito delos Reyes, ""Boxer Alim dies after retaining title,"" PhilBoxing.com, June 22, 2012, http://philboxing.com/news/story-72198.html . After being declared the winner by unanimous decision, Alim collapsed. He was taken to a local hospital, then transported to another hospital with better neurosurgical capabilities. He died two days later.";Mindanao championship;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
ND;26-Jul;2012;Sparring; ;Raul Alvarez Jr.;16; ;alvarez;Burbank; ;California;ND;"Jason Wells, ""Teen boxer's death at gym 'unfortunate accident,' police say,"" Los Angeles Times,  July 28, 2012, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/07/teen-boxers-death-at-gym-an-unfortunate-accident-police-say.html; ""Teen boxer's death in Burbank ruled accidental,"" Burbank Leader, September 25, 2012, http://articles.burbankleader.com/2012-09-25/the818now/tn-818-0925-teen-boxers-death-in-burbank-ruled-accidental_1_pullmans-gym-burbank-teen. Alvarez and another youth were sparring at Pullman's Gym. Alvarez reported not feeling well. Laying down didn't help, so he was taken to hospital, where he died. Cause of death was listed as internal bleeding and ruptured spleen."; ;Amateur;Ruptured spleen;Ring;;;
Gerry Dio Toisuta;21-Nov;2012;Draw;6;Okson Edison Ingamiua (Okson Palue); ;;ingamiua;Kupang City; ;Indonesia;Fly;"Jeff Pamungkas, ""Indonesian boxer dies after fight,"" Fightnews.com, http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/indonesian-boxer-dies-after-fight-150380. This was Ingamiua's pro debut. Shortly after the fight ended, he began complaining of pain in his legs and feet. He went to the hospital, then went home. Next day, he returned to the hospital, where he died five days later."; ;Pro; ;Soon after;;;
ND;27-Dec;2012;TKO;3;Vishal Sawant;17;;sawant;Mumbai;Mumbai;India ;Lt Hvy (80+ kg);"""Injured during bout, junior Maharashtra boxer dies,"" The Indian Express, December 31, 2012, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/injured-during-bout-junior-maharashtra-boxer-dies/1052331/ ; Priyanka Vora, ""Teen boxer had lost his sister a month ago,"" Hindustan Times, January 1, 2013, http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Teen-boxer-had-lost-his-sister-a-month-ago/Article1-983428.aspx .  During the second round, Sawant complained of chest pain, and in the third, he collapsed in the ring. The bout was stopped and Sawant was taken to hospital, where he died two days later.  Death was attributed to cerebral haemorrhage. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;17-Jan;2013;Training; ;ND;17; ;nd;Voronezh ; ;Russia;ND;"""Russian boxer dies in training,"" RSPORT, http://en.rsport.ru/fights/20130118/640547856.html, January 18, 2013. The boxer was a student. He collapsed and died without being struck."; ;Amateur;;Ring;;;
Ichal Tobido;26-Jan;2013;TKO;8;Tugabus Sakti;17; ;sakti;Jakarta; ;Indonesia;Fly;"""No apto pra sensibles: Murio un boxeador en Indonesia,"" Ovacion, January 31 2013, http://www.diariouno.com.ar/deportes/No-apto-para-sensibles-Murio-un-boxeador-en-Indonesia-20130131-0017.html. See also http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvWgOXYcPrI . Sakti was struck several times after the referee signaled for the fight to stop. He collapsed in his corner. He was taken to hospital, where he died several days later. Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
"Matt ""Bubba"" Fowler";16-Feb;2013;TKO;1;"Jeremiah ""J.J."" Moen";29; ;moen;East Grand Forks;Minnesota;USA;Heavy;"Paul Walsh, ""Boxer collapses during Minnesota bout, dies; 1st ring death in state since '94,"" (Minneapolis, Minnesota) Star Tribune, February 21, 2013, http://www.startribune.com/local/192330111.html . Moen collapsed in his corner at the end of the first round of the fight. He had not been obviously hurt during the round. He died in hospital four days later. Death was attributed to traumatic brain injury. The boxer's organs were removed for transplant. "; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Tom Bowen;6-Apr;2013;TKO;5;Michael Norgrove;31; ;norgrove;Blackfriars;London;England;Middle (Jr Middle);"Emma Clark and Duncan Bech, ""Tributes paid to tragic boxer who died from blood clot,""  (London, England) The Independent, April 8, 2013, http://www.independent.ie/world-news/tributes-paid-to-tragic-boxer-who-died-from-blood-clot-29181142.html . The bout was stopped early. Norgrove collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died nine days later. Cause of death was a blood clot on the brain. "; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;24-May;2013;KO; ;Geanny Christopher Bada;21; ;bada;Misawa Air Base, Japan; ;USA;ND;"""Misawa senior airman dies of boxing injuries,"" (Pacific) Stars and Stripes, June 1, 2013. Bada was in the US Air Force and the injury occurred during an organized, on-base event. He was transported to an off-post hospital. Cause of death was head trauma."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;25-May;2013;Sparring; ;Friday Obasi;28; ;obasi;Ibadan; ;Nigeria;Heavy;"Tunde Sanni, ""Nigeria: Oyo boxer dies while training,"" THISDAY, May 28, 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201305281032.html . Obasi was sparring at the Lekan Salami Sports Complex. He collapsed and reportedly struck his head on a concrete floor. He died en route to the hospital.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Raul Hirales;19-Oct;2013;KO;8;"Francisco Javier ""Frankie"" Leal";26; ;leal;Cabo San Lucas; ;Mexico;Feather (Jr Feather);Leal was knocked down in the sixth round. He was knocked down again in the eighth. He stood up, and then collapsed. The fight was stopped. He died three days later in a hospital in San Diego, California. Leal had been knocked out several times before this bout.;;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;9-Dec;2013;TKO;2;Jonas Joshua Garcia;16; ;garcia;Iba; ;Philippines;ND;"""Teen boxer dies after days of being comatose,"" ABS-CBNnews.com, December 15, 2013, http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/sports/12/15/13/teen-boxer-dies-after-days-being-comatose. In the first round, Garcia began bleeding from the nose. After the second round, when Garcia went to his corner, he said he felt dizzy. The fight was stopped. Then he collapsed. He was pronounced brain dead at the hospital, and he died ten days later.";;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Masafumi Kamiyama;20-Dec;2013;TKO;4;Tesshin Okada;21; ;okada;Tokyo; ;Japan ;Bantam (Super Fly);"""Japan boxer dies after knockout in debut match,"" (Karachi, Pakistan) The International News, January 7, 2014, http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-10-225047-Japan-boxer-dies-after-knockout-in-debut-match. Okada collapsed after the fight, and died in hospital seventeen days later. Cause of death was acute subdural hematoma."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Soon after;;;
Jesus Galicia;1-Feb;2014;KO;10;"Oscar ""Fantasma"" Gonzalez";23; ;gonzalez;Mexico City; ;Mexico;Feather;"Dan Rafael, ""Oscar Gonzalez dies of brain injury,"" ESPN Boxing, Feburary 3, 2014, http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/10400497/mexican-featherweight-oscar-gonzalez-dies-two-days-knockout.  Gonzalez was being hit hard in the tenth round. Following a clinch, he staggered backwards. The referee talked to him, then stopped the fight. He was taken from the ring, then taken to hospital, where he died two days later.";WBC Latino Silver;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;
ND;16-May;2014;TKO;2;Junrey Amar;14; ;amar;San Isidro town;;Philippines;ND;"Ronnie Nathanielsz, ""14 year old dies after KO in fiesta boxing event,"" BoxingScene.com, May 18, 2014, http://www.boxingscene.com/14-year-old-dies-ko-fiesta-boxing-event--77937; ""Teen dies in amateur boxing match in Davao del Norte,"" GMA News Online, May 17, 2014, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/361497/news/regions/teen-dies-in-amateur-boxing-match-in-davao-del-norte ; Frinston L. Lim, Rafael Antonio, Inquirer Minanao, and Inquirer Research, ""14-year-old boy dies in boxing at town feast,"" Inquirer.net, May 18, 2014, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/602924/14-year-old-boy-dies-in-boxing-at-town-feast. The youth was an amateur boxer fighting in a town fiesta. The youth was bleeding from the nose at the end of the first round and the referee stopped the fight during the second round. He was taken to hospital, where he was dead on arrival."; ;Amateur; ;Ring;;;
Shaun White;21-Jun;2014;Ldec;3;Lance Ferguson-Prayogg;32; ;ferguson-prayogg;Nottingham;Nottinghamshire (East Midlands);England;Light heavy (Super Middle);"""Amateur boxer and father-of-one, 32, collapses and dies after 'white-collar' bout,"" MailOnline, June 24, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2666851/We-totally-devastated-Tragedy-amateur-boxer-father-one-collapses-dies-bout.html; Steve Butt, ""Boxing promoter responds to whitecollar death in Nottingham,"" Swindon Advertiser, June 25, 2014, http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/sport/11298072.SPECIAL_REPORT__Safety_is_paramount_for_whitecollar_promotors/?ref=var_0. The bout was not sanctioned by the British Boxing Board of Control. Rounds were two minutes each. Gloves were 14-ounce. Ferguson-Prayogg collapsed in the ring following the fight, and died in hospital early next morning.";;Amateur;;Soon after;;;
ND;5-Jul;2014;KO; ;ND;15; ;nd;Nabunturan town; ;Philippines;ND;"""Teen boxer dies after barangay match, family seeks justice,"" GMA News Online, July 14, 2014, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/370188/sports/boxing/teen-boxer-dies-after-barangay-match-family-seeks-justice. The youth collapsed following a blow to the head, and he died in hospital. The bout was not properly licensed, and the family sued."; ;Amateur;Brain injury;Ring;;;
Liz Butler;10-Oct;2014;KO;6;Phindile Mwelase;31; ;Mwelase;Pretoria; ;South Africa;Welter (Light welter);"""South African female boxer dies after failing to emerge from coma,"" Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/28/south-african-boxer-dies-coma-phindile-mwelase. Mwelase had a 0-2-1 record going into this bout. She was in a coma for two weeks before dying. This was the first known fatality involving a female professional boxer."; ;Pro;Brain injury;Ring;;;