Human ancestry ontology for the NHGRI GWAS Catalog
family
editor preferred term
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
term editor
has ontology root term
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root.
Nicolas Matentzoglu
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
obsolete hasEthnicPopulation
hasAncestryStatus
hasCountryOfOrigin
hasDemonym
isDemonymOf
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
quality of
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
location_of
location of
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x
We would like to include disjointness axioms with part_of and has_part, however this is not possible in OWL2 as these are non-simple properties and hence cannot appear in a disjointness axiom
(forall (?x ?y) (iff (proper_overlaps ?x ?y) (and (overlaps ?x ?y) (not (part_of ?x ?y)) (not (part_of ?y ?x)))))
partially overlaps
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios
spatially coextensive with
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Channel Islands
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Timor-Leste
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Holy See
Honduras
China, Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Côte d'Ivoire
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
China, Macao SAR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauretania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Republic of Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Republic of Ireland
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Congo
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Réunion
St. Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Scotland
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Republic of Korea
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
obsolete Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
São Tomé and Príncipe
Taiwan
Tajikistan
United Republic of Tanzania
Thailand
Bahamas
Gambia
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
U.K.
U.S.
U.S. Virgin Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Wallis and Futuna
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Georgia
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.9 millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.1 millions
A Bantu Western population with a population size of 3.8 millions
A Khoisan South population with a population size of 0.13 millions
A Mande Western population with a population size of 2.2 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 0.026 millions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaa_language (Cameroon)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_language (Liberia)
A Bantu Western population with a population size of 0.8 million
A Nguni population with a population size of 12 millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 5 millions
A Mande Western population with a population size of 14 millions
A Kalenjin population with a population size of 0.3 million
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 0.34 millions
A Western African population with a population size of >34 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 5.3 millions
A Kalenjin population with a population size of 937,884
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 6 millions
Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde 15°05'N, 8°26'E 15.09, 8.43
Hausa States Fulfulde 11°N, 11°07'E 11.00, 11.12
ful – inclusive code – Fulah Individual codes: fuc – Pulaar (Senegambia, Mauritania) fuf – Pular (Guinea, Sierra Leone) ffm – Maasina Fulfulde (Mali, Ghana) fue – Borgu Fulfulde (Benin, Togo) fuh – Western Niger (Burkina, Niger) fuq – Central–Eastern Niger (Niger) fuv – Nigerian Fulfulde (Nigeria) fub – Adamawa Fulfulde (Cameroon, Chad, Sudan) fui – Bagirmi Fulfulde (CAR)
A Northern African, Central African, Western African, Eastern African population with a population size of 25 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 45 millions
A Nilotic Central, Nilotic Eastern, Northern African population with a population size of 0.4 million
A Kalenjin population with a population size of 197556
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.7 Millions
Oromo language is divided into five languages in the ISO 639-3 listing: [gax] – Borana–Arsi–Guji–Walagaa Oromo [hae] – Eastern Oromo [orc] – Orma [gaz] – West Central Oromo [ssn] – Waata
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 40 millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 1 million
A Nguni population with a population size of 7.9 millions
Minyanka, Mamara, Miniyanka, Minya, Mianka, or Tupiire
A Senufo population with a population size of 0.74 million
A Western African, Eastern African population with a population size of 90 millions
The Nuer are a Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 3 million.
coh – Chonyi dig – Digo dug – Duruma nyf – Giryama seg – Segeju
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.488 Millions
https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fang1248.bigmap.html - https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fang1246.bigmap.html
https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fang1248 - https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fang1246
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 1 million
A Gurma population with a population size of 7.6 millions
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 5 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 4.663 millions
The Ga-Adangbe are a Western African population with a population size of 2 million.
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 9 millions
The Soninke are a Mande Western population with a population size of 2 million.
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 15 millions
A Berber Northern, Berber Western population with a population size of 2.5 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 0.93 millions
A Gurunsi population with a population size of 0.3 millions
A Gurma population with a population size of 0.8 millions
Goulmacema, Gourma, Gourmantche, Gulimancema, Gulmancema, Gurma, or Gourmanché
A Western African population with a population size of 3.3 millions
Dagare, Dagari, Dagarti, Dagaran or Dagao
The Dagaaba are a Western African population with a population size of 1 million.
A Mande Western population with a population size of 6.8 millions
A Eastern African population with a population size of 1.2 millions
A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.055 millions
Creole, Ilois, Kreol, Kreol Seselwa, Seselwa
A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.4 million
People living in: Burundi OR Comoros OR Djibouti OR Eritrea OR Ethiopia OR Kenya OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Mauritius OR Mayotte OR Mozambique OR Rwanda OR Réunion OR Seychelles OR Somalia OR South Sudan OR Sudan OR Uganda OR United Republic of Tanzania OR Zimbabwe
'The Nubians are known as people of the Nile and are located between Egypt and northern Sudan.' taken from: Culture and Customs of Sudan. Written by De Kwame Essien, Toyin Falola Ph.D.
Mattokki, Kenuz, Kenuzi, Kunuz, Kunuz Nubian, Kunuzi, Kenu
A Nubian Northern population with a population size of 0.050 million
Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo) 4°35'N, 19°50'E 4.58, 19.83
A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 1.5 millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of Nilo-Saharan, Luo, River-Lake
The Kalenjin are a Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 3 million.
The Senufo are a Western African population with a population size of 2 million.
aka – inclusive code Individual codes: fat – Fante twi – Twi wss – Wasa
A Western African population with a population size of 20 millions
A Toubou population with a population size of Nilo-Saharan
A Western African population with a population size of 0.5 millions
Koyraboro Senni Songhai 16°58'N, 0°33'W 16.96, -0.55
A Nilotic Western population with a population size of 5 millions
Rwandan or Rwanda, officially known as Ikinyarwanda
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 15.109 millions
A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.462 million
A Eastern African population with a population size of 4 millions
'The Nuba trace their geographical roots to the area around the Nuba mountains, the uppermost regions around the Ingessana hills and communities close to the Red Sea.' taken from: Culture and Customs of Sudan. Written by De Kwame Essien, Toyin Falola Ph.D.
A Berber Northern population with a population size of 0.57 million
A Bantu Western population with a population size of 0.250 million
A Eastern African population with a population size of 1300 persons
Serere / Sereer / Serrere / Sarer / Kegueme
A Western African population with a population size of 1.9 millions
Manjack, Mandjak, Mandyak, Manjaco, Njak, Kanyop
A Western African population with a population size of 0.285 million
ble – Balanta-Kentohe bjt – Balanta-Ganja
A Western African population with a population size of 0.324 million
A Berber Northern population with a population size of 0.150 million
A Bantu Eastern, Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.758 million
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of > 2 millions
A Chewa population with a population size of 2.486 millions, known as the people of the lake
Variously: seh – Mozambiquean Sena swk – Malawian Sena bwg – Barwe
The Sena are a Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2 million.
Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo, Kacipo-Balesi, Tennet, Luo, Lango-Acholi
A Sudanic population with a population size of Nilo-Saharan|Satellite-Core|Satellites|Central Sudanic|West|Bongo-Bagirmi|Bongo-Baka|Bongo|Kacipo-Balesi|Tennet|Luo|Lango-Acholi
''Chipeta', the people of grassland' from 'A History of Malawi, 1859-1966' BY De John McCracken;
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.050 millions
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.030 million
A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.05 million
The Tsimihety are a Malagasy population with a population size of 1.2 million.
The Sakalava are a Malagasy population with a population size of 1.2 million.
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy 19°55'S, 48°49'E -19.92, 48.81
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy 22°48'S, 47°49'E -22.80, 47.82
A Malagasy population with a population size of 1.5 millions
A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.5 million
A Malagasy population with a population size of 4.359 millions
A Betsileo population with a population size of 0.015 million
A Malagasy population with a population size of > 5 millions
A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.52 million
A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.0012 million
A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.6 million
A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.15 million
A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.18 million
French people who were born in Metropolitan France.
A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.025 million
ǃXun, Ju, Northern (Sekele), Southern or Southeastern (Juǀʼhoan)
Variously: vaj – Northern ǃKung knw – Ekoka ǃKung ktz – Southern ǃKung
A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 0.011 million
Mayugo, Majugu, Maigo, Maiko, Mayko or Kiyogo
People living in: Angola OR Cameroon OR Central African Republic OR Chad OR Congo OR Democratic Republic of the Congo OR Gabon OR Zambia
People living in: Algeria OR Egypt OR Libya OR Mauritania OR Morocco OR Tunisia OR Western Sahara
People living in: Botswana OR Eswatini OR Lesotho OR Namibia OR South Africa
People living in: Benin OR Burkina Faso OR Cabo Verde OR Cote d'Ivoire OR Equatorial Guinea OR Gambia OR Ghana OR Guinea OR Guinea-Bissau OR Liberia OR Mali OR Niger OR Nigeria OR Saint Helena OR Sao Tome and Principe OR Senegal OR Sierra Leone OR Togo
A Nilotic Central, Nilotic Western population with a population size of >10 millions
A Central African population with a population size of < 1 million
A Central African population with a population size of 0.45 millions
Yaka (Central African Republic) 3°39'N, 17°16'E 3.65, 17.27
Be-bayaga, Be-bayaka, and Bibaya de L’est
Variously: bkc – Baka gdi – Gundi (Ngundi) gnz – Ganzi bme – Massa (Limassa)
A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.03 milion
core1256 Core Kikongo; incl. Kituba & ex-Kongo varieties yomb1244 Yombe
kon – inclusive code Individual codes: kng – Koongo ldi – Laari kwy – San Salvador Kongo (South) yom – Yombe
A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.01 milion
A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.07 million
A Pygmy Eastern, Pygmy Southern, Banyarwanda, Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.04 million
A Kanuri population with a population size of 0.655 millions
A Bantu Western, Bantu Central population with a population size of 3.3 millions with a group of 20 sub-ethnicities
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 1.1 million
Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo) 2°18'S, 17°09'E -2.30, 17.15
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 17 millions
Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo) 10°01'S, 26°51'E -10.02, 26.85
The Luba are a Bantu Central population with a population size of >15 million.
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 6.4 millions
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 0.018 million
The Mongo are a Bantu Central population with a population size of >15 million.
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 25 millions
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 0.08 million
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 0.025 million
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 4.6 milions
mck – inclusive code Individual codes: yax – Yauma dialect nkn – Nkangala dialect
A Kongo population with a population size of 0.5 million
A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 1.5 million
Dendi (Central African Republic) 4°29'N, 22°34'E 4.48, 22.57
Variously: ngb – Northern Ngbandi nbw – Southern Ngbandi yky – Yakoma deq – Dendi mgn – Mbangi gyg – Gbayi
A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 0.122 million
A Ubangi Central, Eastern African population with a population size of 1-4 millions
A Semite Central, Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 6 million
A Western African, Nilotic Central population with a population size of 3.5 millions
A Nilotic Eastern, Nilotic Western, Northern African, Nilotic Central population with a population size of 2.25 millions
A Southern African population with a population size of 2.8–3.5 million
A Southern African, Eastern African population with a population size of 2.5 millions
A Southern African population with a population size of 4.7 millions
A Southern African population with a population size of 0.03 millions. People of mixed race claiming both European and African descent.
Either: naq – Khoekhoe, Nama hgm – Haiǁom
A Southern African population with a population size of 0.1 million
A Khoekhoe, San population with a population size of 0.4 millions
The Himba are a Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.05 million.
The Lemba are a Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.05 million
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 4.037 Millions
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of > 28 millions
Variously: kua – Kwanyama ndo – Ndonga kwm – Kwambi lnb – Mbalanhu nne – Ngandjera
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 1.6 million
A Bantu Southern, Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 10.6 millions
Birwa, Southern Sotho, Lozi, Tswapong, Pedi
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 7.130 millions
A Bantu Southern, Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2 millions
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 1 million
A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.3 million
A Sotho population with a population size of 4.7 millions
A Shona population with a population size of 0.75 million
A Shona population with a population size of 0.1 million
A Nguni population with a population size of 2.3 millions
A Ndebele population with a population size of 1.5 million
A Ndebele population with a population size of 0.7 million
A Northern African population with a population size of 38 millions
A Eastern African, Northern African population with a population size of 20 millions
A Northern African population with a population size of 1.7 million
E1b1a E1b1b J1 J2b R1b R1a F K L1b* Q T2
H HV JT J K L1 L2 L3 N R0 T U U2 U4 U5 U6 V
A Berber Northern population with a population size of Afro-Asiatic|Berber|Northern|Atlas
L0 L1 L2 L3 M1 N R I X J T U U6 K H U5 HV V
A Semite Northern population with a population size of 85 millions
A Semite Northern population with a population size of 2 millions
A Semite Northern population with a population size of >72 millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 million
A Semite Northern, Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 2 millions
Kibosy Kiantalaotsy-Majunga 12°58'S, 45°08'E -12.97, 45.14
A Eastern African population with a population size of 25 millions
A Eastern African population with a population size of >22 millions
https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=fr&q=%28+'Wolaita +people'+OR+'Wolaita+tribe'+%29+AND+'Africa'
A Eastern African population with a population size of 2 millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.475 millon
A Luo population with a population size of 2 Millions
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 1,016 millions
A Luo population with a population size of 1.7 million
A Luo population with a population size of 2.2 millions
A Luo population with a population size of 1.5 million
Birgid, Birguid, Birkit, Birqed, Kajjara, Murgi, Murgi Birked
'The Birked live north and east of Dago and Bayko, between Gebel Harayz and Rizaykat and are much larger tribe then either.' from a: A History of the Arabs in the Sudan. Written by De H. A. MacMichael.
Kordofan Nubian, Ajangwe, OR 'the Ajang language'
ghl – Ghulfan kdu – Kadaru kko – Karko wll – Wali dil – Dilling drb – Dair elh – El Hugeirat
A Nubian Eastern population with a population size of 0.063 million
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 6.3 million
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 1 million
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 2.8 millions
The Bilen are a Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 million.
The Saho are a Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 million.
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of >3 millions
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of >20 millions
A Sudanic population with a population size of 11 millions
A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 24 millions
A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 1.9 millions. Subdivided into three groups: East, North, West.
A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 millions
A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 28 millions
A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 10.3 millions
A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 1.5 millions
A Pygmy Eastern population with a population size of 0.25 million
A Khoisan Eastern population with a population size of 0.06 million
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.9
The Chaga are a Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2 million.
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of >0.4 million
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 6.7 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.2 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 5.4 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.3 millions
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.4 million
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of >0.1 millons
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.546 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 0.05 million
A Western African population with a population size of 0.01 million
A Western African population with a population size of 0.04
A Western African population with a population size of 0.1 million
The Bubi are an amalgamation of first nation clans with various ancient mainland origins that later integrated with Krio, Efik, Igbo, Emancipado and Fernandino settlers.
A Western African population with a population size of 0.128 millions
dbg Dogon, Dogul Dom dbt Dogon, Ben Tey dbu Dogon, Bondum Dom dbw Dogon, Bankan Tey dds Dogon, Donno So dgb Dogon, Bunoge djm Dogon, Jamsay dmb Dogon, Mombo dti Dogon, Ana Tinga dtk Dogon, Tene Kan dtm Dogon, Tomo Kan dto Dogon, Tommo So dts Dogon, Toro So dtt Dogon, Toro Tegu dtu Dogon, Tebul Ure dym Dogon, Yanda Dom nzz Dogon, Nanga Dama tde Dogon, Tiranige Diga
A Western African population with a population size of 1.591 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 1.6 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 0.9 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 0.3 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 1.5 millions
A Western African population with a population size of 6 millions
The Fon are a Western African population with a population size of 4 million.
A Western African population with a population size of 9.6 millions
A Western African population with a population size of >14 millions
A Western African population with a population size of >30 millions
A Gurma population with a population size of 8.6 millions
The Urhobo are a Western African population with a population size of 2 million.
The Wolof are a Western African population with a population size of 4 million.
A Mande Western population with a population size of 1.7 millions
A Mande Western population with a population size of 13 millions
A Mande Western population with a population size of 0.4 millions
The Mende are a Mande Western population with a population size of 2 million.
A Gurunsi population with a population size of 0.161 millions
A Songhai population with a population size of >5 millions
A Songhai population with a population size of 0.2 million
Variously: kin – Rwanda run – Rundi haq – Ha suj – Shubi han – Hangaza vin – Vinza
A Banyarwanda population with a population size of 16 millions
A Banyarwanda, Southern African population with a population size of 3 millions
A Pygmy Central, Western African population with a population size of 6.8 millions
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 260000
Duala
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 74000
Eshira
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 215000
Hema
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 81500
Kota
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 89500
Makaa
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 117030
Myene
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 2.355 millions
Nande
Ngumba
Obamba
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 250000
Pende
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 317000
Punu
Teke
A Bantu Central population with a population size of 100000
Vili
A Central African population with a population size of 90500
Mandar
A Central African population with a population size of 1.8 millions
Mangbetu
A Central African population with a population size of 346000
Manja
A Central African population with a population size of 228000
Marba
A Central African population with a population size of 165000
Mbum
inzebi, idouma, iwandji, itsiagui, isihou
A Central African population with a population size of 347614
Nzebi
A Central African population with a population size of 65000
Podoko
A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 5500
Gyele
Yaka
Tupuri
Wuzlam
A Central African population with a population size of 177000
Yakoma
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 760000
Chopi
A Embu population with a population size of 195250
Mbeere
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 3,420 Millions
Kiga
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 89900
Lambya
Bagisu, Bamasaba, Bugisu, Gishu, Sokwia, Gisu
masa1299 Masaaba buku1249 Bukusu tach1242 Tachoni
Variously: myx – Masaba (Gisu, Kisu, Dadiri, Buya) bxk – Bukusu (Tachoni) lts – Tachoni
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.233 millions
Masaba
A Mijikenda population with a population size of <25,000
Segeju
Nkole, Nyankore, Nyankole, Orunyankore, Orunyankole, Runyankore and Runyankole
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 4,436 Millions
Nkole
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 4 Millions
Nyamwezi
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 112075
Pokomo
Ndau
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 10 Millions
Sukuma
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 175905
Tharaka
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 20103
Aweer
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 1104
Elmolo
A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 2 million
Hadiya
A Oromo population with a population size of 1025000
Borana
A Oromo population with a population size of 700000
Gabra
A Malagasy population with a population size of 50000
Antambahoaka
A Malagasy population with a population size of 772000
Antanosy
A Malagasy population with a population size of 100000
Bezanozano
A Malagasy population with a population size of 1500
Mikea
A Malagasy population with a population size of 200000
Sihanaka
A Malagasy population with a population size of 400000
Tanala
A Kalenjin population with a population size of 180000
Marakwet
A Kalenjin population with a population size of 969000
Pokot
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 260000
Kunama
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 108000
Nara
A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 2,873 Millions
Teso
Jeberti
A Bemba population with a population size of 433000
Aushi
Okavango
A Sotho population with a population size of 3,575 Millions
Lozi
A Khoisan South population with a population size of 146000
Damara
A Western African population with a population size of 61500
Aghem
A Western African population with a population size of 810000
Aja
A Akan population with a population size of 2 millions
Fante
A Western African population with a population size of 2.6 million
Anaang
A Akan population with a population size of 5 millions
Baule
A Western African population with a population size of 659000
Bamum
Kombe
Luvale
A Western African population with a population size of 2500
Bedik
Oniyan, Onian, Onëyan, Ayan, Biyan, or Wo
A Western African population with a population size of 40800
Bassari
A Western African population with a population size of 150000
Diffa Arabs
Ditammari
Ekoi
A Western African population with a population size of 304000
Gola
The Guan are a Western African population with a population size of 1 million.
Guan
Baatonum, Baatombu, Baatonu, Barba, Barganchi, Bargawa, Bargu, Baruba, Berba, Bogung, and Burgu
A Gurma population with a population size of 1.4 million
Bariba
A Gurma population with a population size of 950000
Konkomba
Lilse
Lobi
A Gurma population with a population size of 19700
Pana
A Gurma population with a population size of 30900
Samoya
A Western African population with a population size of 2.7 Million
Itsekiri
A Jola population with a population size of 10125
Bandial
Yacouba or Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, and Da
A Mande Western population with a population size of 700000
Dan
A Gurma population with a population size of 1.22 millions
Kabye
A Western African population with a population size of 104311
Krio
Konobo-Eastern Krahn Coordinates WGS84 5°50'N, 7°51'W 5.84, -7.85
A Kru population with a population size of 214000
Krahn
grb – inclusive code Individual codes: grj – Southern (incl. Jabo) grv – Central gbo – Northern gec – Gboloo gry – Barclayville oub – Glio-Ubi
A Kru population with a population size of 387000
Grebo
A Western African population with a population size of 311500
Kulango
A Western African population with a population size of 792190
Limba
A Mande Western population with a population size of 115200
Jakhanke
A Mande Western population with a population size of 363000
Kono
The Kpelle are a Mande Western population with a population size of 2 million.
Kpelle
A Mande Western population with a population size of > 2 millions
Kuranko
A Mande Western population with a population size of 165692
Loko
A Mande Western population with a population size of 498000
Mano
A Mande Western population with a population size of 240000
Vai
Yalunke, Jalonke, Jallonka, Jalunga, Kjalonke, Dyalonké, Djallonké, or Dialonké
A Mande Western population with a population size of 206000
Yalunka
A Western African population with a population size of 106900
Mankanya
A Western African population with a population size of 1.407 million
Oron
A Western African population with a population size of 140000
Papel
A Western African population with a population size of 134606
Sherbro
A Western African population with a population size of 2,225 Millions
Temne
A Wolof population with a population size of 210000
Lebu
Either: nuv – Northern Nuni nnw – Southern Nuni
Nuna
A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 12500
A Beti-Pahuin population with a population size of 2500000
A Southern African population with a population size of 35500
A Western African population with a population size of 1,224,545
A Swahili population with a population size of 416,200
A Swahili population with a population size of 217,400
A Swahili population with a population size of 45,000
A Swahili population with a population size of 365,900
A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1 million
A Jola population with a population size of 117000
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the role of being a doctor
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
material entity
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
One of the large, unbroken masses of land into which the Earth's surface is divided.
A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location.
Any geographic area greater than an individual country but smaller than a continent, used as a convenience reference. Please note that most geographic areas may not be formally defined and exact boundaries can be debatable.
A collective generic term that refers here to a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states.
Population category defined using ancestry informative markers (AIMs) based on genetic/genomic data
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as European, Caucasian, White or one of the sub-populations from this region (e.g Dutch). This category also includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region, for example 1000 Genomes and/or HapMap CEU, FIN, GBR, IBS and TSI populations.
It should be noted that the synonym "Caucasian", while widely used in some part of the world, has strong associations with notions of white supremancy and should be avoided whenever possible.
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as South Asian or one of the sub-populations from this region (e.g Asian Indian). This category also includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region, for example 1000 Genomes and/or HapMap BEB, GIH, ITU, PJL and STU populations.
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as South East Asian or one of the sub-populations from this region (e.g Vietnamese). This category also includes includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region, for example 1000 Genomes KHV population. We note that East Asian and South East Asian populations are often conflated. However, recent studies indicate a unique genetic background for South East Asian populations.
Includes individuals that either self-report or have been described as Asian but there was not sufficient information to allow classification as East Asian, Central Asian, South Asian or South-East Asian.
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as East Asian or one of the sub-populations from this region (e.g Chinese). This category also includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region, for example 1000 Genomes and/or HapMap CDX, CHB, CHS and JPT populations.
Includes individuals that either self-report or have been described as African, but there was not sufficient information to allow classification as African American, AfroCaribbean or Sub-Saharan African.
African unspecified
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as SubSaharan African or one of the subpopulations from this region (e.g. Yoruban). This category also includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region for example 1000 Genomes and/or HapMap ESN, LWK, GWD, MSL, MKK and YRI populations.
Includes indigenous individuals of North, Central and South America, descended from the original human migration into the Americas from Siberia. We note that there does not appear to be a suitable reference population for this category and efforts are required to fill this gap.
Class previously labelled as "Native American". Use of this term, alongside other terms such as "First Nations", should be discontinued in favour of the more appropriate "Indigenous American", which includes indigenous communities across the Americas while the former serve as political designations in the USA and Canada, respectively.
Indigenous American ancestry
Includes individuals who either self-report or are described by authors as Hispanic, Latino, Latin American or one of the sub-populations from this region. This category includes individuals with known admixture of primarily European, African and Native American ancestries, though some may have also a degree of Asian (e.g. Peru). We also note that the levels of admixture vary depending on the country, with Caribbean countries carrying higher levels of African admixture when compared to South American countries, for example. This category also includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region, for example 1000 Genomes and/or HapMap CLM, MXL, PEL and PUR populations
Synonyms include historical and contemporary terms in use in parts of Canada, Alaska and USA by some Indigenous populations, local and national governmental institutions
Includes individuals who self-report or were described by authors as Middle Eastern, North African, Persian or one of the subpopulations from this region (e.g. Saudi Arabian). We note there is heterogeneity in this category with different degrees of admixture as well as levels of genetic isolation. We note that there does not appear to be a suitable reference population for this category and efforts are required to fill this gap.
Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern or North African or Persian)
Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern or North African or Persian) ancestry
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as African American or Afro-Caribbean. This category also includes individuals who genetically cluster with reference populations from this region, for example 1000 Genomes and/or HapMap ACB or ASW populations. We note that there is likely to be significant admixture with European ancestry populations.
African American or Afro-Caribbean ancestry
Includes individuals that either self-report or have been described by authors as Oceanian or one of the sub-populations from this region (e.g. Native Hawaiian). We note that there does not appear to be a suitable reference population for this category and efforts are required to fill this gap.
A population for which specific ancestry information is known but that does not fall into any of the defined ancestry categories
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Han people, an East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China.
obsolete Latin America and the Caribbean
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Central Asian. We note that there does not appear to be a suitable reference population for this population and efforts are required to fill this gap.
Central Asian ancestry
A population with increased genetic homogeneity and reduced genetic variation due to cultural or geographic isolation
genetically isolated population
General characterisation of the ancestry of a population or individual
ancestry status
Ancestry that is the result of cultural or geographic isolation. Generally characterised by increased genetic homogeneity and reduced genetic variation
genetically isolated ancestry
Ancestry which is an admixture of more than one defined ancestral population. The degree and type of admixture may vary within a population and the accuracy of classification requires well-defined reference samples
admixed ancestry
Italian
Sardinian
Val Borbera
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Carlantino
Old Order Amish
Sorb
Hutterite
Amish
Erasmus Rucphen
Orcadian
Korčulan
Dutch
Finnish
Finnish founder
Dutch founder
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a Jewish diaspora population with an admixture of European and Middle Eastern ancestry
obsolete_Caribbean
Sudanese
obsolete Sahrawi
Anguillan
Antiguan or Barbudan
Barbadian
Haitian
Jamaican
Tajikistani
Turkmen
Uzbekistani
Afghan
Kazakhstani
Kyrgyzstani
Albanian
Andorran
Australian
Austrian
Belarusian
Belgian
Bermudian
Bosnian or Herzegovinian
Brazilian
Bulgarian
Canadian
Channel Islander
Chilean
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Estonian
Faroese
Falkland Islander
French
German
Gibraltarian
Greek
Greenlander
Hungarian
Icelandic
Manx
Latvian
Liechtensteiner
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish
Maltese
Monegasque
Montenegrin
New Zealander
Norfolk Islander
Norwegian
Polish
Portugese
Irish
Moldovan
Romanian
Russian
Saint-Pierrais or Miquelonnais
Sammarinese
Serb
Slovak
Slovene
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from Spain.
Swedish
Swiss
Macedonian
Ukrainian
Argentine
Bahamian
Belizean
Bolivian
British Virgin Islander
Caymanian
Colombian
Costa Rican
Cuban
Dominican
Ecuadorian
Salvadoran
French Guianese
Grenadian
Guatemalan
Guyanese
Honduran
Martinican
Mexican
Montserratian
Nicaraguan
Panamanian
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Puerto Rican
Kittitian or Nevisian
Saint Lucian
Saint Vincentian
Surinamese
Trinidadian or Tobagonian
Turks and Caicos Islander
Virgin Islander
Uruguayan
Venezuelan
Algerian
Armenian
Azerbaijani
Bahraini
Cypriote
obsolete Egyptian
Georgian
Iranian
Iraqi
Israeli
Jordanian
Kuwaiti
Lebanese
Libyan
Moroccan
Palestinian
Omani
Qatari
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from Saudi Arabia.
Tunisian
Turkish
Emirati
Yemeni
Aruban
Christmas Islander
Cocos Islander
Curacaoan
Kosovar
Northern Mariana Islander
South Sudanese
Syrian
British
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as being citizens of the United States of America.
This term should be used exclusively to refer to citizenship, without any inference of individuals' ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural background.
American
American Samoan
Cook Islander
Fijian
French Polynesian
Guamanian
I-Kiribati
Marshallese
Micronesian
Nauruan
New Caledonian
Niuean
Palauan
Papua New Guinean
Pitcairn Islander
Samoan
Solomon Islander
Tokelauan
Tongan
Tuvaluan
Ni-Vanuato
Wallis and Futuna Islander
Bangladeshi
Bhutanese
Indian
Maldivian
Nepalese
Pakistani
Sri Lankan
Bruneian
Cambodian
Indonesian
Lao
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from Malaysia.
Burmese
Filipino
Thai
Timorese
Vietnamese
Cameroonian
Cape Verdean
Chadian
Ethiopian
Kenyan
Liberian
obsolete Malagasy
Mauritanian
Mauritian
Mahoran
Namibian
Sao Tomean
Senegalese
obsolete Seychellois
Sierra Leonean
obsolete Somali
South African
St. Helenian
Ugandan
Angolan
Beninese
Motswana
Burkinabe
Burundian
obsolete Central African
Comoran
Congolese
Ivoirian
Djiboutian
Equatorial Guinean
Eritrean
Gabonese
Gambian
Ghanaian
Guinean
Bissau-Guinean
Mosotho
Malawian
Malian
Mozambican
Nigerien
Nigerian
Rwandan
obsolete Swazi
Togolese
Tanzanian
Zambian
Zimbabweian
genetically homogenous Irish
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Australian Aboriginal. These are expected to be descendents of early human migration into Australia from Eastern Asia and can be distinguished from other Asian populations by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation.
Includes native populations of Alaska, Siberia, and the Aleutian Archipelago. This category does not include all native populations within the Arctic circle for example the Finnish Saami who are descended from Europeans and are therefore included within the European ancestry category.
Individuals who have at least six great-grandparents born in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, to ensure descent from the founder population, composed primarily of Europeans and Native Americans
Population for which insufficient information is available to allocate it to a specific ancestral group or which contain individuals from a range of known ancestry categories, eg American
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Afro-Caribbean. Term used by some communities to describe themselves and some US and UK government and other institutions on official forms used to collect demographic information.
It should be noted that the synonyms for this term represent the commonly used Spanish and Portugese translations of the primary label.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as African American. Term used by some communities to describe themselves and some US government and other institutions on official forms used to collect demographic information.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous Americans living in an area consisting of what is now central and southern Arizona, as well as northwestern Mexico in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua. The majority population of the two current bands of the Akimel O'odham in the United States are based in two reservations: the Keli Akimel Oʼodham on the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) and the On'k Akimel O'odham on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC).
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the indigenous peoples who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North America
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Aboriginal Australian of Martu ancestry. The Martu Australian Aboriginal people are from the Western Desert region located across the Pilbara in Western Australia
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as European American. Term used by some communities to describe themselves and some US and UK government and other institutions on official forms used to collect demographic information.
The Esan people are one of the major ethnic groups in Edo State, Nigeria who speak the Esan language. (PMID:10146569) Samples from this population were studied as part of the full 1000 Genomes project (https://www.coriell.org/1/NHGRI/Collections/1000-Genomes-Collections/Esan-in-Nigeria-ESN)
obsolete Esan
The Luhya are the second-largest ethnic group in Kenya and are comprised of subgroups that speak a common Bantu language. (PMID: 27813082) The Luhya ancestry group was assembled as part of phase III of the HapMap project and used in a number of rare variant density studies (PMID:22373165, PMID:26673965)
obsolete Luhya
The Maasai are an indigenous African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in northern Tanzania and Kenya. (PMID:29868928) The Maasai ancestry group was assembled as part of phase III of the HapMap project and used as reference in a range of population genetic studies (PMID:28049708).
obsolete Maasai
The Mende people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Sierra Leone who speak a language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family. (PMID:15761855) Samples from this population were studied as part of the full 1000 Genomes project (https://www.coriell.org/1/NHGRI/Collections/1000-Genomes-Collections/Mende-in-Sierra-Leone-MSL)
obsolete Mende
Native people residing in the Arctic of Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, or eastern Siberia
Class previously labelled as "Eskimo", which is outdated and culturally inappropriate. Outdated label may be added as an appropriately flagged synonym at a later stage.
Includes individuals with ethnic origins in the Semitic people populating the Arabian Peninsula and other countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Singaporean Malay.
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Singaporean Indian.
An ethnicity descriptor is descriptor that qualifies a population term as relating to a social, cultural, reglious or tribal group
ethnicity descriptor
A geographic descriptor is descriptor that qualifies a population term as relating to a geographic location
geographic descriptor
Population category defined in terms of cultural, religious, tribal or other social similarities, excluding geography-based descriptors
ethnicity category
Population category defined in relation to a geographic location. Geography-based population descriptors include most nationalities but the classification goes beyond nationalities, since geography-based groups can also include regional groups at sub-national (e.g. Welsh or Scottish) or supra-national level (e.g. Western European).
geography-based population category
Includes indigenous individuals of North and Central America, descended from the original human migration into the Americas from Siberia.
Includes indigenous individuals of Central and South America, descended from the original human migration into the Americas from Siberia.
Synonyms include terms typically refers to Indigenous Americans in Mexico, Central and South Lain America and is the preferred general term by these groups. Indio is an outdated and possibly offensive term that is outdated and should be avoided.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as being of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin. It should be noted that "Hispanic" is considered entirely as an ethnicity or cultural descriptor and is not associated with any specific genetic reference population. Synonyms include tersm used by some communities to describe themselves and some North and South American government and other institutions on official forms used to collect demographic information.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous people of Mexico inhabiting the central Mexican Plateau (Altiplano) region.
Otomi
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Mayan ethnolinguistic group of indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica.
Maya
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Zapotec ethnolinguistic group of indigenous people of Mexico. The Zapotec population is concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities also exist in neighboring states
Zapoteco
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Mazatecan ethnolinguistic group of indigenous peoples in the area known as the Sierra Mazateca, which is in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico, as well as in adjacent areas of the states of Puebla and Veracruz
Mazateco
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous people of the Americas living in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico
Rarámuri
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of the indigenous people of Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
Nahua
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to indigenous Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico inhabiting the region known as La Mixteca of Oaxaca and Puebla as well as La Montaña Region and Costa Chica Regions of the state of Guerrero
Mixteco
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Wayúu indigenous people of the Guajira Peninsula in northernmost part of Colombia and northwest Venezuela.
Wayúu
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to an Arawakan ethnolinguistic group in Colombia and Venezuela
Piapoco
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous people native to the Nariño region of southern Colombia and neighbouring Equador
Pastos
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous people of South America who speak the Quechua languages. Although most Quechua speakers are native to Peru, there are some significant populations in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina
Quechua
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru.
Aymara
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of South American indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest.
Diaguita
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of indigenous people of present-day south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia
Mapuche
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to a group of culturally-related indigenous peoples of South America, living primarily in present-day Paraguay between the Paraná River and lower Paraguay River, the Misiones Province of Argentina, southern Brazil as far east as Rio de Janeiro, and parts of Uruguay and Bolivia.
Guaraní
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to an indigenous people of Brazil, who now live in three indigenous territories (Terras Indígenas in Portuguese), Caieiras Velhas, Pau-Brasil and Comboiosare, located near the cities of Santa Cruz and Vila do Riacho in the municipality of Aracruz in northern Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil.
Tupiniquim
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to an Chibchan-speaking indigenous people of Colombia, descended from the Tairona culture, concentrated in northern Colombia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
Ica
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to an indigenous people living in the rainforests of Peru and in the State of Acre, Brazil. Their ancestral lands are in the forests of Junín, Pasco, Huánuco and part of Ucayali in Peru.
Asháninka
A population made of individuals from whom samples were collected as part of a project such as the 1000 Genomes Project or the Human Genome Diversity Project (HDGP) in order to establish a comprehensive overview of human genetic diversity. Sample sizes for these reference populations vary from 1-3 to 100s of individuals but all individuals in a population will have been sampled in the same location. Each population is allocated to a continental or sub-continental superpopulation such as European or African. Subsets of samples from a reference population may have been used in multiple different analyses.
A population made up of 10 samples from Bantu individuals recruited in Kenya as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 4 samples from Bantu individuals recruited in South Africa as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 24 samples from Biaka individuals recruited in Central African Republic as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Biaka in Central African Republic (HGDP)
A population made up of 20 samples from Mandenka individuals recruited in Senegal as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 13 samples from Mbuti individuals recruited in Democratic Republic of Congo as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African. Samples from this population were used in data collections for HGDP Transcriptome.
Mbuti in Democratic Republic of Congo (HGDP)
A population made up of 4 samples from San individuals recruited in Namibia as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 18 samples from Yoruba individuals recruited in Nigeria as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bantu Herero individuals recruited in Botswana Or Namibia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Bantu Herero in Botswana Or Namibia (SGDP)
A population made up of 2 samples from Bantu Kenya individuals recruited in Kenya as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bantu Tswana individuals recruited in Botswana Or Namibia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Bantu Tswana in Botswana Or Namibia (SGDP)
A population made up of 2 samples from Biaka individuals recruited in Central African Republic as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Biaka in Central African Republic (SGDP)
A population made up of 3 samples from Dinka individuals recruited in Sudan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Esan individuals recruited in Nigeria as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Gambian individuals recruited in Gambia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 4 samples from Ju|'hoan North individuals recruited in Namibia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Khomani San individuals recruited in South Africa as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Luhya individuals recruited in Kenya as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Luo individuals recruited in Kenya as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 3 samples from Mandenka individuals recruited in Senegal as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 3 samples from Masai individuals recruited in Kenya as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 4 samples from Mbuti individuals recruited in Congo as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Mende individuals recruited in Sierra Leone as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Mozabite individuals recruited in Algeria as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 2 samples from Saharawi individuals recruited in Western Sahara (Morocco) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Saharawi in Western Sahara (Morocco) (SGDP)
A population made up of 1 samples from Somali individuals recruited in Kenya as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 3 samples from Yoruba individuals recruited in Nigeria as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 113 samples from African Ancestry individuals recruited in Southwest US as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 123 samples from African Caribbean individuals recruited in Barbados as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 173 samples from Esan individuals recruited in Nigeria as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 100 samples from Fula individuals recruited in Western Division, The Gambia as part of the Gambian Genome Variation Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Gambian in Western Division, The Gambia - Fula (GGVP)
A population made up of 100 samples from Jola individuals recruited in Western Division, The Gambia as part of the Gambian Genome Variation Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Gambian in Western Division, The Gambia - Jola (GGVP)
A population made up of 280 samples from Mandinka individuals recruited in Western Division, The Gambia as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Gambian in Western Division, The Gambia - Mandinka (GGVP)
A population made up of 100 samples from Wolof individuals recruited in Western Division, The Gambia as part of the Gambian Genome Variation Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
Gambian in Western Division, The Gambia - Wolof (GGVP)
A population made up of 117 samples from Luhya individuals recruited in Webuye, Kenya as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 129 samples from Mende individuals recruited in Sierra Leone as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 187 samples from Yoruba individuals recruited in Ibadan, Nigeria as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation African.
A population made up of 5 samples from Colombian individuals recruited in Colombia as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 9 samples from Karitiana individuals recruited in Brazil as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 21 samples from Maya individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 12 samples from Pima individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 6 samples from Surui individuals recruited in Brazil as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 1 samples from Chane individuals recruited in Argentina as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 3 samples from Karitiana individuals recruited in Brazil as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Mayan individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 3 samples from Mixe individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Mixtec individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Piapoco individuals recruited in Colombia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Pima individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 3 samples from Quechua individuals recruited in Peru as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Surui individuals recruited in Brazil as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Zapotec individuals recruited in Mexico as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 148 samples from Colombian individuals recruited in Medellin, Colombia as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 107 samples from Mexican Ancestry individuals recruited in Los Angeles, California as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
Mexican Ancestry in Los Angeles, California (1KGP)
A population made up of 130 samples from Peruvian individuals recruited in Lima, Peru as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 150 samples from Puerto Rican individuals recruited in Puerto Rico as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Latin or Admixed American.
A population made up of 2 samples from Aleut individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Altaian individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Chukchi individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Eskimo Chaplin individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Eskimo Naukan individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Eskimo Sireniki individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Even individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Itelman individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Kyrgyz individuals recruited in Kyrgyzystan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Mansi individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Mongola individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Tlingit individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Tubalar individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Ulchi individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Yakut individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central Asian and Siberian.
A population made up of 22 samples from Balochi individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 23 samples from Brahui individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 22 samples from Burusho individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 18 samples from Hazara individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 21 samples from Kalash individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 23 samples from Makrani individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 23 samples from Pathan individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 22 samples from Sindhi individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Uygur individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Central South Asian.
A population made up of 9 samples from Cambodian individuals recruited in Cambodia as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 5 samples from Dai individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 9 samples from Daur individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 30 samples from Han individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 7 samples from Hezhen individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 27 samples from Japanese individuals recruited in Japan as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 6 samples from Lahu individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Miao individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Mongolian individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 6 samples from Naxi individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 10 samples from Northern Han individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 7 samples from Oroqen individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from She individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Tu individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Tujia individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 7 samples from Xibo individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 23 samples from Yakut individuals recruited in Siberia as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Yi individuals recruited in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Ami individuals recruited in Taiwan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Atayal individuals recruited in Taiwan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Burmese individuals recruited in Myanmar as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Cambodian individuals recruited in Cambodia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 4 samples from Dai individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Daur individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Han individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Hezhen individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Japanese individuals recruited in Japan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Kinh individuals recruited in Vietnam as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Korean individuals recruited in Korea as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Lahu individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Miao individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Naxi individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Oroqen individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from She individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Thai individuals recruited in Thailand as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Tu individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Tujia individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Uygur individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Xibo individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Yi individuals recruited in China as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 109 samples from Chinese Dai individuals recruited in Xishuangbanna, China as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
Chinese Dai in Xishuangbanna, China (1KGP)
A population made up of 112 samples from Han Chinese individuals recruited in Beijing, China as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 105 samples from Japanese individuals recruited in Tokyo, Japan as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 124 samples from Kinh individuals recruited in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1KGP)
A population made up of 171 samples from Han Chinese South individuals recruited in China as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation East Asian.
A population made up of 15 samples from Adygei individuals recruited in Caucasus, Russia as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 22 samples from Basque individuals recruited in France as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 10 samples from Bergamo Italian individuals recruited in Bergamo, Italy as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
Bergamo Italian in Bergamo, Italy (HGDP)
A population made up of 24 samples from French individuals recruited in France as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 13 samples from Orcadian individuals recruited in Orkney as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 23 samples from Russian individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 24 samples from Sardinian individuals recruited in Italy as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 6 samples from Tuscan individuals recruited in Italy as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 107 samples from British individuals recruited in England and Scotland as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 184 samples from individuals resident in Utah (CEPH) with Northern and Western European ancestry recruited in Utah, USA as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
Utah residents (CEPH) with Northern and Western European ancestry (1KGP)
A population made up of 105 samples from Finnish individuals recruited in Finland as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 162 samples from Iberian populations individuals recruited in Spain as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 112 samples from Toscani individuals recruited in Italy as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation European.
A population made up of 44 samples from Bedouin individuals recruited in Negev, Israel as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern or North African or Persian).
A population made up of 40 samples from Druze individuals recruited in Carmel, Israel as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern or North African or Persian).
A population made up of 27 samples from Mozabite individuals recruited in Mzab, Algeria as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern or North African or Persian).
A population made up of 43 samples from Palestinian individuals recruited in Central, Israel as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern or North African or Persian).
A population made up of 11 samples from Bougainville individuals recruited in Bougainville as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 6 samples from Papuan Highlands individuals recruited in New Guinea as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 8 samples from Papuan Sepik individuals recruited in New Guinea as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Australian individuals recruited in Australia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bougainville individuals recruited in Papua New Guinea as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Dusun individuals recruited in Brunei as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Hawaiian individuals recruited in USA as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Igorot individuals recruited in Philippines as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Maori individuals recruited in New Zealand as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 15 samples from Papuan individuals recruited in Papua New Guinea as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation Oceanian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Balochi individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bengali individuals recruited in Bangladesh as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Brahmin individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Brahui individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Burusho individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Hazara individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Irula individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Kalash individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Kapu individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Khonda Dora individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Kusunda individuals recruited in Nepal as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Madiga individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Makrani individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Pathan individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 4 samples from Punjabi individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Relli individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Sindhi individuals recruited in Pakistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Yadava individuals recruited in India as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 144 samples from Bengali individuals recruited in Bangladesh as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 113 samples from Gujarati Indians individuals recruited in Houston, TX as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 158 samples from Punjabi individuals recruited in Lahore, Pakistan as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 128 samples from Sri Lankan Tamil individuals recruited in the UK as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 118 samples from Indian Telugu individuals recruited in the UK as part of the 1000 Genomes Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation South Asian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Abkhasian individuals recruited in Abkhazia or Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Adygei individuals recruited in Russia(Caucasus) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Albanian individuals recruited in Albania as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Armenian individuals recruited in Armenia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Basque individuals recruited in France as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bedouin B individuals recruited in Israel(Negev) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bergamo individuals recruited in Italy(Bergamo) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Bulgarian individuals recruited in Bulgaria as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Chechen individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Crete individuals recruited in Greece as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Czech individuals recruited in Czechoslovakia(pre1989) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Druze individuals recruited in Israel(Carmel) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from English individuals recruited in England as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Estonian individuals recruited in Estonia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Finnish individuals recruited in Finland as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 3 samples from French individuals recruited in France as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Georgian individuals recruited in Georgia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Greek individuals recruited in Greece as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Hungarian individuals recruited in Hungary as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Icelandic individuals recruited in Iceland as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Iranian individuals recruited in Iran as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Iraqi Jew individuals recruited in Iraq as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Jordanian individuals recruited in Jordan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Lezgin individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from North Ossetian individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Norwegian individuals recruited in Norway as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Orcadian individuals recruited in Orkney Islands as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Palestinian individuals recruited in Israel(Central) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Polish individuals recruited in Poland as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Russian individuals recruited in Russia as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Saami individuals recruited in Finland as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 1 samples from Samaritan individuals recruited in Israel as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 3 samples from Sardinian individuals recruited in Italy as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Spanish individuals recruited in Spain as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Tajik individuals recruited in Tajikistan as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Turkish individuals recruited in Turkey as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Tuscan individuals recruited in Italy(Tuscany) as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
A population made up of 2 samples from Yemenite Jew individuals recruited in Yemen as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. The population was assigned by the collecting project to the superpopulation West Eurasian.
Includes individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Indigenous Siberan. This covers any indigenous groups from the northern part of the Asian contient that is commonly referred to as Siberia and which reaches from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the northern borders of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China in the south. We note that there does not appear to be a suitable reference population for this population and efforts are required to fill this gap, although smaller reference populations were defined by the SGDP. Principal-component analysis of samples from this population suggest a close genetic relatedness with some Indigenous North American populations, such as the Chipewyan.
Indigenous peoples of Siberia
General term that refers to Indigenous Americans in North, Central, and South America, without any reference to validated genetic ancestry information. Synonyms include historical and contemporary terms that are in use in parts of North American and Spanish and Portuguese speaking regions of North and South America by some Indigenous populations to describe themselves, and local and national governmental institutions.
Some of these terms may be outdated or only used regionally. The term indio is an outdated and possibly offensive term that is outdated and should be avoided.
Individuals who self-identify or are described by authors as Asian, without any reference to validated genetic ancestry information and where there was not sufficient information to allow description as East Asian, Central Asian, South Asian or South-East Asian.
This category was created to accommodate US, UK and EU use of super-national geographic descriptors in non-genetic contexts, to enable researchers to accurately annotate data, prevent loss of data, and comply with local governmental and funding standards around data collection.
Individuals who self-identify or are described by authors as South Asian, without any reference to validated genetic ancestry information. This may include individuals from countries such as India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and sometimes Afghanistan and the Maldives.
Individuals who self-identify or are described by authors as East Asian, without any reference to validated genetic ancestry information. This may include individuals from countries such as China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and special administrative states Hong Kong and Macau.
Individuals who self-identify or are described by authors as Central Asian, without any reference to validated genetic ancestry information. This may include individuals from countries such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is a region of Asia bounded by the Caspian Sea to the southwest, European Russia to the northwest, Western China and Mongolia to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the south, and Siberia to the north.
Individuals who self-identify or are described by authors as Middle Eastern, without any reference to validated genetic ancestry information. This may include individuals from countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran, as well as the Palestinian Territories of Gaza and the West Bank.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to an Arawakan ethnolinguistic group who originally lived in the plains of the northern Gran Chaco and in the foothills of the Andes in Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Karitiana, an indigenous people of Brazil whose reservation is located in the western Amazon and whose language is part of the Arikém family.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Mixe indigenous people of Mexcio who live in the eastern highlands of the state of Oaxaca and speak the Mixe languages, part of the Mixe-Zoque family.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to an indigenous people of Brazil, who live in ten villages near the Mato Grosso–Rondônia border. This population is not be confused with the Suruí do Pará people of Brazil.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Persion ethnolinguistic group of Western Iran, which comprises the majority of the population of Iran
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Arab-American. This term is part of commonly collected standard demographic terms in the US.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Persian-American. This term is part of commonly collected standard demographic terms in the US.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Asian-British. This term is part of the standardised ethnicity categories collected in the UK and may include individuals of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese or any other Asian background.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Black British. This term is part of the standardised ethnicity categories collected in the UK and may include individuals of Caribbean or African background.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Asian-American. This term is part of commonly collected standard demographic terms in the US.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Chicano or Mexian-American. This term used by some communities to describe themselves and some US government and other institutions on official forms used to collect demographic information
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as Afro-Latin. This term is possibly an outdated and offensive racial term but that is currently used by Latin American government and other institutions on official forms used to collect demographic information and is used by some communities Latin American communities to describe themselves.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from England, a nation of the United Kingdom and that is located on the island of Great Britain.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from Wales, a nation of the United Kingdom and that is located on the island of Great Britain.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from Scotland, a nation of the United Kingdom and that is located on the island of Great Britain.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as living in or originating from Northern Ireland, a nation of the United Kingdom and that is located on the island of Ireland.
General term that refers to the Indigenous Peoples of Alaska, encompassing a diverse range of cultural and linguistic groups.
This term was created due to its use as a category in the US Census. US Census categories are commonly reused in other contexts, including in research, as they are widely known.
Individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Papuan.
It should be noted that individuals characterised with this term may be part of ethnic groups in countries other than Papua New Guinea, such as Indonesia, which is why this term is broader than Papua New Guinean (HANCESTRO:0476)
Individuals who either self-report or have been described by authors as Balinese.
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Bora indigenous populations in Peru and Colombia.
Bora
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Yagua indigenous population that inhabits the Peruvian Amazon. The Yagua language is the only surviving language of the Peba-Yagua linguistic family.
Yagua
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Kukama Kukamiria indigenous population in the Peruvian Amazon. Their language, also called Kukama-Kukamiria, is a Tupi-Guarani language.
Kukama Kukamiria
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Shipibo-Conibo indigenous population along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Peru. Formerly two groups, they eventually became one tribe through intermarriage and communal rituals and are currently known as the Shipibo-Conibo people.
Shipibo-Conibo
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Yine indigenous population in the Peruvian Amazon.
Yine
Individuals who self-identify or are reported by authors as belonging to the Moche Chimu indigenous population in the Peruvian Amazon. The Chimu culture succeeded the Moche culture in the same region of Peru.
Moche Chimu
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an African Ancestry as part of the 1000 Genomes Project and Gambian Genome Variation Project (GGVP).
This category was created to facilitate the grouping of reference populations into the superpopulations they were allocated to in the context of the project in which they were collected. This classification is intended for project provenance traceability and does not imply any kind of biological difference.
African (AFR) reference superpopulation (1KGP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an American Ancestry as part of the 1000 Genomes Project.
American (AMR) reference superpopulation (1KGP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an East Asian Ancestry as part of the 1000 Genomes Project.
East Asian (EAS) reference superpopulation (1KGP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a European Ancestry as part of the 1000 Genomes Project.
European (EUR) reference superpopulation (1KGP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a South Asian Ancestry as part of the 1000 Genomes Project.
South Asian (SAS) reference superpopulation (1KGP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an African Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
African reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an American Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
American reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a Central South Asian Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
Central South Asian reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an East Asian Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
East Asian reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a European Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
European reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a Middle East Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
Middle East reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an Oceanian Ancestry as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project.
Oceanian reference superpopulation (HGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an African Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
African reference superpopulation (SGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an American Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
American reference superpopulation (SGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a Central Asian and Siberia Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
Central Asian and Siberia reference superpopulation (SGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an East Asian Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
East Asian reference superpopulation (SGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with an Oceanian Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
Oceanian reference superpopulation (SGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a South Asian Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
South Asian reference superpopulation (SGDP)
A reference population made up of samples from individuals with a West Eurasian Ancestry as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project.
West Eurasian reference superpopulation (SGDP)
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
denotator type
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Alan Ruttenberg
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
A sovereign nation occupying a distinct territory and ruled by an autonomous government.
from CIA World Factbook 2002: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html
population
PMID12564891. Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Jan 15;37(2):223-8. Effects of historic PCB exposures on the reproductive success of the Hudson River striped bass population.
a population is a collection of individuals from the same taxonomic class living, counted or sampled at a particular site or in a particular area
1/28/2013, BP, on the call it was raised that we may want to switch to an external ontology for all populatin terms: http://code.google.com/p/popcomm-ontology/
PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra
adapted from Oxford English Dictionnary
rem1: collection somehow always involve a selection process
organization
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
example to be eventually removed
failed exploratory term
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
placeholder removed
terms merged
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term split
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
universal
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
named class expression
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was a valid domain entity, but it turns out the entity does not exist in reality.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. For example: Obsoleting class that describes a breed of cow based on a record in an existing database, that was later retracted as faulty (breed does not exist). Do not use this term to obsolete a historic concept (that was once valid, but not anymore).