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    "## Python Exercises - Session 3: Control Flow & Strings\n",
    "The exercises below are organized to match [A Whirlwind Tour of Python (VanderPlas)](http://www.oreilly.com/programming/free/files/a-whirlwind-tour-of-python.pdf). Specific pages are referenced in the various sections. These are designed to run using Python 3.6.\n",
    "\n",
    "Follow the guidelines below. Where necessary replace the ellipses (`...`) with the appropriate code in the code blocks, the run the code by pressing ctrl-enter. Be sure to save your document before closing. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "### 3.1 Conditional Statements: `if`, `elif`, and `else` ([p 38](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/env859/WhirlwindTourOfPython/blob/master/07-Control-Flow-Statements.ipynb))\n",
    "##### What to know\n",
    "* Using the `if` statement to control what code gets run\n",
    "  * Use of the colon, Boolean condition, and indentation to control execution\n",
    "  * How `elif` can be used to add more conditional code blocks\n",
    "  * How `else` can be used to run code when all the `if`'s and `elif`'s are not met. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### ► 3.1.1 Modify the code below so it works to print `too slow`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "avg_speed = 10\n",
    "if avg_speed is less than 15, then print \"too slow\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### ► 3.1.2 Write a series of `if`/`elif`/`else` statements that evaluates the value of `elev_feet` such that:\n",
    "* If `elev_feet` is less than 400, it prints \"too low\"\n",
    "* If `elev_feet` is greater than 500, it prints \"too high\"\n",
    "* If `elev_feet ` equal 450, it print \"got it!\"\n",
    "* If none of the above conditions are met, it prints \"close enough\"\n",
    "* Print \"Play again?\" after evaluating the \"elev_feet\" value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "elev_feet = 475\n",
    "if elev_feet…\n",
    "    print('too low')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print('too high')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print('got it!')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print('close enough')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "### 3.2 `for` loops ([p 38](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/env859/WhirlwindTourOfPython/blob/master/07-Control-Flow-Statements.ipynb))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.2.1** Create a for loop that iterates through the items in the list of states and prints them."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "states = ['Maine','Ohio','Kansas','Utah','Alaska','Nevada']\n",
    "for...\n",
    "    print(state)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.2.2** Combine a `for` loop and the `range` function to print powers of 2 up to the 8th power of 2 (256)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for x...\n",
    "    print(x, 2**x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.2.3** *The first line in the code below reads in the contents of the NC_Providers.csv file and stores each line as item in the list `lineList`.* Iterate through the lines in the `lineList` list and print the <u>length</u> of each line.\n",
    " * Try using the optional parameter `end` in the print statement so no 'new line' character is printed:<br>`print(lineText,end='')`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "lineList = open('NC_SiteData.csv','r').readlines()\n",
    "for...\n",
    "    print(...)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.2.4** Extact the 10th line from the lineList to a variable called `line10`. Then use the string `split()` method to break this line up into a new list called `lineData`. *(Note that this is a `csv` file, so values are separated by a comma.)* Finally print each of these items, one at a time."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "line10 = lineList[...]\n",
    "lineData = line10.split(...)\n",
    "for...\n",
    "    print(...)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "### 3.3 Iterator and the `range()` function ([p52](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/env859/WhirlwindTourOfPython/blob/master/10-Iterators.ipynb#Iterators))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.3.1** Print the phrase \"Python is fun!\" 5 times using the `range()` function and a `for` loop."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for...\n",
    "    print(\"Python is fun!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.3.2** Using the `range()` function in a `for` loop, print the every number between 480 and 490."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for ...\n",
    "    print (i, end=', ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.3.3** Using the `range()` function in a `for` loop, print every *other* number between 480 and 490. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for ...\n",
    "    print (i, end=', ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "### 3.4 `while` loops ([p 39](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/env859/WhirlwindTourOfPython/blob/master/07-Control-Flow-Statements.ipynb))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.4.1** Write a `while` loop that prints each year, starting at 2017, stops after printing *2020*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "year = 2016\n",
    "while...\n",
    "    print(year)\n",
    "    ..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.4.2** The Python `input` function prompts the user to enter a value. Use a while loop to continue asking the user to \"pick a number between 1 and 4\" until the user guesses correctly."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "guess = input(\"Guess my number, between 1 and 4: \")\n",
    "actual_number = \"1\"\n",
    "while...\n",
    "    if...\n",
    "    guess = input(\"Nope, guess again: \")\n",
    "print (\"Got it!, It was \" + actual_number)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3.5 `break` and `continue`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Run this to generate a dictionary of states (keys) and their capitol (values)\n",
    "state_capitals={\"Washington\":\"Olympia\",\"Oregon\":\"Salem\",\n",
    "                \"California\":\"Sacramento\",\"Ohio\":\"Columbus\",\n",
    "                \"Nebraska\":\"Lincoln\",\"Colorado\":\"Denver\",\n",
    "                \"Michigan\":\"Lansing\",\"Massachusetts\":\"Boston\",\n",
    "                \"Florida\":\"Tallahassee\",\"Texas\":\"Austin\",\n",
    "                \"Oklahoma\":\"Oklahoma City\",\"Hawaii\":\"Honolulu\",\n",
    "                \"Alaska\":\"Juneau\",\"Utah\":\"Salt Lake City\",\n",
    "                \"New Mexico\":\"Santa Fe\",\"North Dakota\":\"Bismarck\",\n",
    "                \"South Dakota\":\"Pierre\",\"West Virginia\":\"Charleston\",\n",
    "                \"Virginia\":\"Richmond\",\"New Jersey\":\"Trenton\",\n",
    "                \"Minnesota\":\"Saint Paul\",\"Illinois\":\"Springfield\",\n",
    "                \"Indiana\":\"Indianapolis\",\"Kentucky\":\"Frankfort\",\n",
    "                \"Tennessee\":\"Nashville\",\"Georgia\":\"Atlanta\",\n",
    "                \"Alabama\":\"Montgomery\",\"Mississippi\":\"Jackson\",\n",
    "                \"North Carolina\":\"Raleigh\",\"South Carolina\":\"Columbia\",\n",
    "                \"Maine\":\"Augusta\",\"Vermont\":\"Montpelier\",\n",
    "                \"New Hampshire\":\"Concord\",\"Connecticut\":\"Hartford\",\n",
    "                \"Rhode Island\":\"Providence\",\"Wyoming\":\"Cheyenne\",\n",
    "                \"Montana\":\"Helena\",\"Kansas\":\"Topeka\",\n",
    "                \"Iowa\":\"Des Moines\",\"Pennsylvania\":\"Harrisburg\",\n",
    "                \"Maryland\":\"Annapolis\",\"Missouri\":\"Jefferson City\",\n",
    "                \"Arizona\":\"Phoenix\",\"Nevada\":\"Carson City\",\n",
    "                \"New York\":\"Albany\",\"Wisconsin\":\"Madison\",\n",
    "                \"Delaware\":\"Dover\",\"Idaho\":\"Boise\",\n",
    "                \"Arkansas\":\"Little Rock\",\"Louisiana\":\"Baton Rouge\"}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.5.1** Use a `for` loop and a `break` statement to iterate through states (i.e., the keys) in the `state_capitals` dictionary, printing the name of the state's capitol, stopping when 'Texas' is reached (and not printing Texas' capitol). "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Loop through the keys in the dict (i.e. states)\n",
    "for … in state_capitals.keys(): \n",
    "    #Use an if statement to determine if the current state is 'Texas'\n",
    "    if …: \n",
    "        #If so, stop iterating immediately\n",
    "        …\n",
    "    # Print the dictionary value corresponding with the state\n",
    "    print(…)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.5.2** Modify the `if` statment and swap the `break` statement with `continue` so that instead of stopping at Texas, the loop  **skips** printing the capital of any state ending with the letter `a`. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Loop through the keys in the dict (i.e. states)\n",
    "for … in state_capitals.keys(): \n",
    "    #Get the capital associated from the current state key\n",
    "    capital = ...\n",
    "    #If the capital ends with 'a'...\n",
    "    if …: \n",
    "        #...skip the remainder of the 'for loop' for this iteration \n",
    "        #   and move forward to the next item in the list \n",
    "        …\n",
    "    # Print the dictionary value corresponding with the state\n",
    "    print(…)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 6. String Manipulation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.6.1** Create a new variable called \"all_sports_lower\" that has the contents of the `all_sports` string, but using all lowercase letters."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Create the initial string\n",
    "all_sports = \"Soccer, BASKETBALL, Hockey, Tennis\"\n",
    "all_sports_lower = …\n",
    "print(all_sports_lower)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.6.2** Use the `split()` function to parse the string into a list variable named \"sports\". "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sports = all_sports_lower.…\n",
    "print(sports)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.6.3** Tweak the code below to print Euler's number ($e$) to 6 decimal places."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "e = 2.71828182845904\n",
    "print(…)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**3.6.4** Use the variables below to print out the address so it appears as:\n",
    "```\n",
    "222 Main St.\n",
    "Durham, NC 27701\n",
    "```\n",
    "    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "house_number = 222\n",
    "street_name = \"Main st.\"\n",
    "city = \"Durham\"\n",
    "state = \"NC\"\n",
    "zip = 27701\n",
    "\n",
    "print(…)"
   ]
  }
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