{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Data Loading, Storage, File Formats"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Reading and Writing Data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>message</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>hello</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   a   b   c   d message\n",
       "0  1   2   3   4   hello\n",
       "1  5   6   7   8   world\n",
       "2  9  10  11  12     foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex1.csv\")\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>hello</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   0   1   2   3      4\n",
       "0  1   2   3   4  hello\n",
       "1  5   6   7   8  world\n",
       "2  9  10  11  12    foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_table(\"examples/ex2.csv\", sep = \",\", header = None)\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1,2,3,4,hello\r\n",
      "5,6,7,8,world\r\n",
      "9,10,11,12,foo"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!cat examples/ex2.csv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>theree</th>\n",
       "      <th>four</th>\n",
       "      <th>five</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>hello</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   one  two  theree  four   five\n",
       "0    1    2       3     4  hello\n",
       "1    5    6       7     8  world\n",
       "2    9   10      11    12    foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex2.csv\", names = [\"one\", \"two\", \"theree\", \"four\", \"five\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>theree</th>\n",
       "      <th>four</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>five</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>hello</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>world</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>foo</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       one  two  theree  four\n",
       "five                         \n",
       "hello    1    2       3     4\n",
       "world    5    6       7     8\n",
       "foo      9   10      11    12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex2.csv\", names = [\"one\", \"two\", \"theree\", \"four\", \"five\"], index_col = [\"five\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>value1</th>\n",
       "      <th>value2</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>key1</th>\n",
       "      <th>key2</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">one</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">two</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <td>13</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>16</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "           value1  value2\n",
       "key1 key2                \n",
       "one  a          1       2\n",
       "     b          3       4\n",
       "     c          5       6\n",
       "     d          7       8\n",
       "two  a          9      10\n",
       "     b         11      12\n",
       "     c         13      14\n",
       "     d         15      16"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv(\"examples/csv_mindex.csv\", index_col = [\"key1\", \"key2\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>aaa</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.264438</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.026059</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.619500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bbb</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.927272</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.302904</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.032399</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ccc</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.264273</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.386314</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.217601</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ddd</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.871858</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.348382</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.100491</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            A         B         C\n",
       "aaa -0.264438 -1.026059 -0.619500\n",
       "bbb  0.927272  0.302904 -0.032399\n",
       "ccc -0.264273 -0.386314 -0.217601\n",
       "ddd -0.871858 -0.348382  1.100491"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# using regular expressions for tables without fixed delimiter\n",
    "pd.read_table(\"examples/ex3.txt\", sep = \"\\s+\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>message</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>hello</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   a   b   c   d message\n",
       "0  1   2   3   4   hello\n",
       "1  5   6   7   8   world\n",
       "2  9  10  11  12     foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# skip rows\n",
    "pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex4.csv\", skiprows = [0, 2, 3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>something</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>message</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>one</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>three</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  something  a   b     c   d message\n",
       "0       one  1   2   3.0   4     NaN\n",
       "1       two  5   6   NaN   8   world\n",
       "2     three  9  10  11.0  12     foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# NaN values\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex5.csv\")\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>something</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>message</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   something      a      b      c      d  message\n",
       "0      False  False  False  False  False     True\n",
       "1      False  False  False   True  False    False\n",
       "2      False  False  False  False  False    False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.isnull()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Reading Text Files in Pieces"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <th>four</th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.467976</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.038649</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.295344</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.824726</td>\n",
       "      <td>L</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.358893</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.404453</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.704965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.200638</td>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.501840</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.659254</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.421691</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.057688</td>\n",
       "      <td>G</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.204886</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.074134</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.388361</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.982404</td>\n",
       "      <td>R</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.354628</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.133116</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.283763</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.837063</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "        one       two     three      four key\n",
       "0  0.467976 -0.038649 -0.295344 -1.824726   L\n",
       "1 -0.358893  1.404453  0.704965 -0.200638   B\n",
       "2 -0.501840  0.659254 -0.421691 -0.057688   G\n",
       "3  0.204886  1.074134  1.388361 -0.982404   R\n",
       "4  0.354628 -0.133116  0.283763 -0.837063   Q"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex6.csv\")\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <th>four</th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.467976</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.038649</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.295344</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.824726</td>\n",
       "      <td>L</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.358893</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.404453</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.704965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.200638</td>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.501840</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.659254</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.421691</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.057688</td>\n",
       "      <td>G</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "        one       two     three      four key\n",
       "0  0.467976 -0.038649 -0.295344 -1.824726   L\n",
       "1 -0.358893  1.404453  0.704965 -0.200638   B\n",
       "2 -0.501840  0.659254 -0.421691 -0.057688   G"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# read a few rows\n",
    "pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex6.csv\", nrows = 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Writing Data Out to Text Format"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.to_csv(\"examples/output.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.to_csv(\"examples/output.txt\", sep = \"|\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## JSON Data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import json"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "obj = \"\"\"\n",
    "{\"name\": \"Wes\",\n",
    "\"places_lived\": [\"United States\", \"Spain\", \"Germany\"],\n",
    "\"pet\": null,\n",
    "\"siblings\": [{\"name\": \"Scott\", \"age\": 25, \"pet\": \"Zuko\"},\n",
    "{\"name\": \"Katie\", \"age\": 33, \"pet\": \"Cisco\"}]\n",
    "}\n",
    "\"\"\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(obj)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'Wes',\n",
       " 'pet': None,\n",
       " 'places_lived': ['United States', 'Spain', 'Germany'],\n",
       " 'siblings': [{'age': 25, 'name': 'Scott', 'pet': 'Zuko'},\n",
       "  {'age': 33, 'name': 'Katie', 'pet': 'Cisco'}]}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result = json.loads(obj)\n",
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Binary Data Formats\n",
    "### pickle serialization\n",
    "* To store data efficiently in binary format, use Python’s builtin **pickle** serialization\n",
    "* pickle is only recommended as a short-term storage format"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"examples/ex1.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.to_pickle(\"examples/output_pickle\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>message</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>hello</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   a   b   c   d message\n",
       "0  1   2   3   4   hello\n",
       "1  5   6   7   8   world\n",
       "2  9  10  11  12     foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_pickle(\"examples/output_pickle\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Excel Files"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pandas.io.excel.ExcelFile"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xls_file = pd.ExcelFile(\"examples/ex1.xlsx\")\n",
    "type(xls_file)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>message</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>hello</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>world</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>foo</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   a   b   c   d message\n",
       "0  1   2   3   4   hello\n",
       "1  5   6   7   8   world\n",
       "2  9  10  11  12     foo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = xls_file.parse(\"Sheet1\")\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
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  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
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