{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Data Structures, Functions, and Files\n",
    "tuples, lists,  dicts, and sets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Tuple\n",
    "* A tuple is a 1-d fixed-lenght, immutable sequence of Python objects\n",
    "* use `()` brackets or 'tuple'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup = ((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))\n",
    "tup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list = [2, 4, 6]\n",
    "type(my_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2, 4, 6)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup2 = tuple(my_list)\n",
    "tup2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_string = \"Hello, world!\"\n",
    "type(my_string)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ',', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup3 = tuple(my_string)\n",
    "tup3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup3[0:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-9-aa3a9878c7a9>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# tuples are immutable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtup3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"h\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# tuples are immutable\n",
    "tup3[0] = \"h\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('foo', (2, 4, 6), range(0, 5))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup4 = tuple([\"foo\", (2, 4, 6), range(5)])\n",
    "tup4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-19-8ad460f439e0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtup4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtup4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup4[1].append(3)\n",
    "tup4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tup4.count(\"foo\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "seq = [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)]\n",
    "seq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "a = 1, b = 2, c = 3\n",
      "a = 4, b = 5, c = 6\n",
      "a = 7, b = 8, c = 9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for a, b, c in seq:\n",
    "    print(\"a = {0}, b = {1}, c = {2}\".format(a, b, c))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "((7, 8, 9), range(0, 20))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "values = ((a, b, c), (range(20)))\n",
    "values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "y, *rest = values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(7, 8, 9)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[range(0, 20)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rest"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## List\n",
    "* Defined using `[]` brackets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n",
    "type(my_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, [10, 11, 12, 14, 15]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "new_list = [10, 11, 12, 14, 15]\n",
    "my_list.append(new_list)\n",
    "my_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, [10, 11, 12, 14, 15], 10, 11, 12, 14, 15]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list + new_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list.pop(9)\n",
    "my_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list.remove(8)\n",
    "my_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "new_list + my_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 5, 7]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [7, 2, 5, 1, 3]\n",
    "a.sort()\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "NoneType"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(sort_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sort_list is None"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## dict\n",
    "* A Python dictionary called a hash map or an associated array\n",
    "* Made of key value pairs\n",
    "* Use curly braces `{}` and colons"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_info = {\"name\" : \"daniel\", \n",
    "          \"age\" : 30, \n",
    "          \"degree\" : \"phd\", \n",
    "          \"skills\"  : [\"R\", \"Python\", \"C++\"]}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'age': 30,\n",
       " 'degree': 'phd',\n",
       " 'name': 'daniel',\n",
       " 'skills': ['R', 'Python', 'C++']}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_info"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['R', 'Python', 'C++']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_info[\"skills\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"name\" in my_info"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'age': 30,\n",
       " 'colleges': ['UDSM', 'TSU', 'UNLV'],\n",
       " 'degree': 'phd',\n",
       " 'name': 'daniel',\n",
       " 'skills': ['R', 'Python', 'C++']}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 91,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_info[\"colleges\"] = [\"UDSM\", \"TSU\", \"UNLV\"]\n",
    "my_info"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}\n",
    "set2 = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 4, 4}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set1.union(set2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set1 | set2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set1.intersection(set2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set1 & set2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def my_func():\n",
    "    a = 4\n",
    "    b = 6\n",
    "    c = 8\n",
    "    return{\"a\" : a, \"b\" : b, \"c\" : c}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'a': 4, 'b': 6, 'c': 8}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_func()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "states = ['   Alabama ', 'Georgia!', 'Georgia', 'georgia', 'FlOrIda', 'south   carolina##', 'West virginia?']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import re\n",
    "def clean_strings(strings):    \n",
    "    result = []    \n",
    "    for value in strings:        \n",
    "        value = value.strip()        \n",
    "        value = re.sub('[!#?]', '', value)        \n",
    "        value = value.title()        \n",
    "        result.append(value)    \n",
    "        return result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Alabama']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 110,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "clean_strings(states)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### lambda (anonymous) functions\n",
    "A way of writing functions consisting of a single statement, the result of which is a return value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "anon_func = lambda x: x * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "anon_func(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Files and the operation system"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "path = \"examples/segismundo.txt\"\n",
    "f = open(path)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Sueña el rico en su riqueza,',\n",
       " 'que más cuidados le ofrece;',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " 'sueña el pobre que padece',\n",
       " 'su miseria y su pobreza;',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " 'sueña el que a medrar empieza,',\n",
       " 'sueña el que afana y pretende,',\n",
       " 'sueña el que agravia y ofende,',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " 'y en el mundo, en conclusión,',\n",
       " 'todos sueñan lo que son,',\n",
       " 'aunque ninguno lo entiende.',\n",
       " '']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lines = [x.rstrip() for x in f]\n",
    "lines"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(path) as f:\n",
    "    lines = [x.rstrip() for x in f]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Sueña el rico en su riqueza,',\n",
       " 'que más cuidados le ofrece;',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " 'sueña el pobre que padece',\n",
       " 'su miseria y su pobreza;',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " 'sueña el que a medrar empieza,',\n",
       " 'sueña el que afana y pretende,',\n",
       " 'sueña el que agravia y ofende,',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " 'y en el mundo, en conclusión,',\n",
       " 'todos sueñan lo que son,',\n",
       " 'aunque ninguno lo entiende.',\n",
       " '']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 125,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lines"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Sueña el rico en su riqueza,\\n',\n",
       " 'que más cuidados le ofrece;\\n',\n",
       " '\\n',\n",
       " 'sueña el pobre que padece\\n',\n",
       " 'su miseria y su pobreza;\\n',\n",
       " '\\n',\n",
       " 'sueña el que a medrar empieza,\\n',\n",
       " 'sueña el que afana y pretende,\\n',\n",
       " 'sueña el que agravia y ofende,\\n',\n",
       " '\\n',\n",
       " 'y en el mundo, en conclusión,\\n',\n",
       " 'todos sueñan lo que son,\\n',\n",
       " 'aunque ninguno lo entiende.\\n',\n",
       " '\\n']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 129,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(path) as f:\n",
    "    lines = f.readlines()\n",
    "\n",
    "lines    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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