ECTO describes exposures to experimental treatments of plants and model organisms (e.g. exposures to modification of diet, lighting levels, temperature); exposures of humans or any other organisms to stressors through a variety of routes, for purposes of public health, environmental monitoring etc, stimuli, natural and experimental, any kind of environmental condition or change in condition that can be experienced by an organism or population of organisms on earth. The scope is very general and can include for example plant treatment regimens, as well as human clinical exposures (although these may better be handled by a more specialized ontology).
definition
A property representing the English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
PERSON:Daniel Schober
term replaced by
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
A property representing a reference to an identical or very similar object in another database.
A property representing a fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software.
label
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
For continuants: C part_of C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that c' instantiates C' at time t, and c *part_of* c' at t. For processes: P part_of P' if and only if: given any p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t, and p *part_of* p' at t. (Here *part_of* is the instance-level part-relation.)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
Q1 has_part Q2 if and only if: every instance of Q1 is a quality_of an entity that has_quality some Q2.
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
We use the has_part relation to relate complex qualities to more primitive ones. A complex quality is a collection of qualities. The complex quality cannot exist without the sub-qualities. For example, the quality 'swollen' necessarily comes with the qualities of 'protruding' and 'increased size'.
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
preceded by
X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion.
X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion.
X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
A duck swimming in a pond is partially surrounded by air and partially surrounded by water.
x partially_surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for the region r that is adjacent to x, r partially overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies a non-trivial proportion of the outermost boundary of x
Definition modified from 'surrounded by'.
A relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist through the separation or transformation of a part of the old entity, and the new entity inherits a significant portion of the matter belonging to that part of the old entity.
derives from part of
A relation between a process and a disposition such that the existence of the disposition is caused by the execution of the process.
has food substance analog
A defining ingredient defines what a food is principally categorized as, rather than an ingredient listed by percentage of weight or volume. A food may have more than one defining ingredient.
Damion Dooley
FoodOn
For example, 'bean soup' has a defining ingredient of some 'bean (whole)'. Similarly, spicy chicken wings require a defining ingredient of (usually minute) amounts of chilli. A soup may 'has ingredient' some bean, but that doesn't make it a 'bean soup', i.e. there should be no inference to that category. However, some classes may have that simple ingredient "necessary and sufficient" equivalency.
has defining ingredient
A relation attaching between a food material and another food material that has been added to it at some point in its history.
has ingredient
has country of origin
hasCountryOfOrigin
has_specified_input
The inverse property of is_specified_input_of
has_specified_output
The inverse property of is_specified_output_of
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations.
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
contained in
Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved.
Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition):
Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant)
contained_in
contains
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
located_in
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.
X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
bounding layer of
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'.
has positive regulatory component activity
A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B.
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations.
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which ends
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251].
immediately preceded by
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which starts
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
starts during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
ends during
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
x overlaps y iff they have some part in common.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
"(forall (x y) (iff (overlaps x y) (exists (z) (and (part of z x) (part of z y)))))" CLIF []
overlaps
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint)
continuous with
lactation SubClassOf 'only in taxon' some 'Mammalia'
x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z.
The original intent was to treat this as a macro that expands to 'in taxon' only ?Y - however, this is not necessary if we instead have supplemental axioms that state that each pair of sibling tax have a disjointness axiom using the 'in taxon' property - e.g. 'in taxon' some Eukaryota DisjointWith 'in taxon' some Eubacteria
Chris Mungall
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin.
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones).
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system.
connects
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
David Osumi-Sutherland
Terry Meehan
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y.
directly develops from
directly develops into
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
starts
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing
develops in
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
A broad relationship between an exposure event or process and a process by which the exposure stressor comes into contact with the exposure receptor
A broad relationship between an exposure event or process and the course takes from the source to the target.
Any relationship between an exposure event or process and any other entity.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving exposure events or processes.
Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong]
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
developmentally succeeded by
'hypopharyngeal eminence' SubClassOf 'part of precursor of' some tongue
part of developmental precursor of
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint.
results in developmental progression of
an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists.
every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062)
results in formation of
Hydrozoa (NCBITaxon_6074) SubClassOf 'has habitat' some 'Hydrozoa habitat' where 'Hydrozoa habitat' SubClassOf overlaps some ('marine environment' (ENVO_00000569) and 'freshwater environment' (ENVO_01000306) and 'wetland' (ENVO_00000043)) and 'has part' some (freshwater (ENVO_00002011) or 'sea water' (ENVO_00002149)) -- http://eol.org/pages/1795/overview
x 'has habitat' y if and only if: x is an organism, y is a habitat, and y can sustain and allow the growth of a population of xs.
A population of xs will possess adaptations (either evolved naturally or via artifical selection) which permit it to exist and grow in y.
has habitat
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y
A relationship between an exposure event or process and any agent, stimulus, activity, or event that causally effects an organism and interacts with an exposure receptor during an exposure event.
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of
characteristic of part of
inheres in part of
A relationship that holds via some environmental process
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the process of evolution.
evolutionarily related to
A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297)
Awaiting class for domain/range constraint, see: https://github.com/OBOFoundry/Experimental-OBO-Core/issues/6
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions
ecologically related to
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p.
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time.
enables
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
formed as result of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios
spatially coextensive with
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q.
indirectly positively regulates
p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q.
indirectly negatively regulates
This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q.
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q.
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A protein that enables activity in a cytosol.
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly negatively regulates activity of
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly positively regulates activity of
This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning.
helper property (not for use in curation)
'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate'
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships
x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q.
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef
s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s.
The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future
determined by (system to material entity)
s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w.
molecular interaction relation helper property
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
p results in breakdown of c if and only if the execution of p leads to c no longer being present at the end of p
p results in organization of c iff p results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of c
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2.
p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2.
p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
p 'has primary input ot output' c iff either (a) p 'has primary input' c or (b) p 'has primary output' c.
p has primary output c if (a) p has output c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, produce, or transform c.
A relationship between a realizable entity R (e.g. function or disposition) and a material entity M where R is realized in response to a process that has an input stimulus of M.
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
"has substance added" is a relation existing between a (physical) entity and a substance in which the entity has had the substance added to it at some point in time.
has substance added
A drought sensitivity trait that inheres in a whole plant is realized in a systemic response process in response to exposure to drought conditions.
An inflammatory disease that is realized in response to an inflammatory process occurring in the gut (which is itself the realization of a process realized in response to harmful stimuli in the mucosal lining of th gut)
Environmental polymorphism in butterflies: These butterflies have a 'responsivity to day length trait' that is realized in response to the duration of the day, and is realized in developmental processes that lead to increased or decreased pigmentation in the adult morph.
r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r.
realized in response to
The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B.
p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q.
indirectly causally upstream of
p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
indirectly regulates
q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'decreased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
q1 reciprocal_of q2 if and only if : q1 and q2 are relational qualities and a phenotype e q1 e2 mutually implies a phenotype e2 q2 e.
There are frequently two ways to state the same thing: we can say 'spermatocyte lacks asters' or 'asters absent from spermatocyte'. In this case the quality is 'lacking all parts of type' - it is a (relational) quality of the spermatocyte, and it is with respect to instances of 'aster'. One of the popular requirements of PATO is that it continue to support 'absent', so we need to relate statements which use this quality to the 'lacking all parts of type' quality.
X has exposure medium Y if X is an exposure event (process), Y is a material entity, and the stimulus for X is transmitted or carried in Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input.
See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497
device utilizes material
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C.
p has anatomical participant c iff p has participant c, and c is an anatomical entity
results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
continuant
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object
fiat object part
object aggregate
site
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
continuant fiat boundary
immaterial entity
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
anatomical entity
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
connected anatomical structure
material anatomical entity
A material entity that is ingested and contributes to survival, growth and development
Carbohydrates that are absorbed in the small intestine and provide carbohydrate for metabolism in monogastric animals.
digestible carbohydrate
Available carbohydrate in monosaccharide and disaccharide form
A carbohydrate that resists enzymatic digestion in the digestive systems of humans and other monogastric species.
Dietary fibre which dissolves in water and is primarily fermented in the colon of monogastric animals by gut bacteria
Dietary fibre which does not dissolve in water and is inert to digestive enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals.
A mineral nutrient that represents a major proportion of the minerals required in the diet
macromineral
Mineral nutrient that is present in a very low concentration within the diet
micromineral
A plant metabolite that is not essential for growth or division of plant cells.
secondary metabolite
An organic molecule that has a vitamin(role)
This term can be assigned to CHEBI or any other ontology that claims it
Calcium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Chlorine ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Magnesium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Phosphorus ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Potassium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Sodium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Sulfur ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Copper ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Fluorine ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Iron ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
A complex carbohydrate with various rheological properties that result in viscoelastic behavior
Glucose which is derived from sucrose.
glucose derived from sucrose
Fructose which is derived from sucrose.
fructose derived from sucrose
Glucose which is derived from maltose.
glucose derived from maltose
Raffinose which is derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide.
raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide
Glucose which is derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide.
glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide
Fructose which is derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide.
fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide
Inulin which is derived from fructan.
inulin derived from fructan
Fructose which is derived from inulin derived from fructan.
fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan
Amino acid which is derived from protein.
amino acid derived from protein
The concentration of dietary chemical component when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary chemical component concentration
concentration of dietary chemical component in material entity
The concentration of water when measured in some material entity.
concentration of water in material entity
The concentration of carbohydrate when measured in some material entity.
material entity carbohydrate concentration
concentration of carbohydrate in material entity
The concentration of polysaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity polysaccharide concentration
concentration of polysaccharide in material entity
The concentration of inulin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of inulin in material entity
The concentration of monosaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity monosaccharide concentration
concentration of monosaccharide in material entity
The concentration of glucose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of glucose in material entity
The concentration of fructose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of fructose in material entity
The concentration of rhamnose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of rhamnose in material entity
The concentration of disaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity disaccharide concentration
concentration of disaccharide in material entity
The concentration of sucrose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of sucrose in material entity
The concentration of trehalose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of trehalose in material entity
The concentration of maltose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of maltose in material entity
The concentration of oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity oligosaccharide concentration
concentration of oligosaccharide in material entity
The concentration of raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity raffinose family oligosaccharide concentration
concentration of raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity
The concentration of raffinose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of raffinose in material entity
The concentration of available carbohydrate when measured in some material entity.
material entity available carbohydrate concentration
concentration of available carbohydrate in material entity
The concentration of free sugar when measured in some material entity.
material entity free sugar concentration
concentration of free sugar in material entity
The concentration of dietary fibre when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary fibre concentration
concentration of dietary fibre in material entity
The concentration of soluble dietary fibre when measured in some material entity.
material entity soluble dietary fibre concentration
concentration of soluble dietary fibre in material entity
The concentration of insoluble dietary fibre when measured in some material entity.
material entity insoluble dietary fibre concentration
concentration of insoluble dietary fibre in material entity
The concentration of fructan when measured in some material entity.
concentration of fructan in material entity
The concentration of protein when measured in some material entity.
concentration of protein in material entity
The concentration of cysteine when measured in some material entity.
concentration of cysteine in material entity
The concentration of histidine when measured in some material entity.
concentration of histidine in material entity
The concentration of leucine when measured in some material entity.
concentration of leucine in material entity
The concentration of methionine when measured in some material entity.
material entity methionine concentration
concentration of methionine in material entity
The concentration of phenylalanine when measured in some material entity.
material entity phenylalanine concentration
concentration of phenylalanine in material entity
The concentration of proline when measured in some material entity.
concentration of proline in material entity
The concentration of lipid when measured in some material entity.
concentration of lipid in material entity
The concentration of propionic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity propionic acid concentration
concentration of propionic acid in material entity
The concentration of palmitoleic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity palmitoleic acid concentration
concentration of palmitoleic acid in material entity
The concentration of ω−3 fatty acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity ω−3 fatty acid concentration
concentration of ω−3 fatty acid in material entity
The concentration of ω−6 fatty acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity ω−6 fatty acid concentration
concentration of ω−6 fatty acid in material entity
The concentration of arachidonic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity arachidonic acid concentration
concentration of arachidonic acid in material entity
The concentration of sterol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of sterol in material entity
The concentration of cholesterol when measured in some material entity.
material entity cholesterol concentration
concentration of cholesterol in material entity
The concentration of mineral nutrient when measured in some material entity.
material entity mineral nutrient concentration
concentration of mineral nutrient in material entity
The concentration of macro element when measured in some material entity.
material entity macro element concentration
concentration of macro element in material entity
The concentration of chloride when measured in some material entity.
concentration of chloride in material entity
The concentration of potassium(1+) when measured in some material entity.
material entity potassium(1+) concentration
concentration of potassium(1+) in material entity
The concentration of trace element when measured in some material entity.
material entity trace element concentration
concentration of trace element in material entity
The concentration of copper(2+) when measured in some material entity.
material entity copper(2+) concentration
concentration of copper(2+) in material entity
The concentration of fluoride when measured in some material entity.
concentration of fluoride in material entity
The concentration of iron(2+) when measured in some material entity.
concentration of iron(2+) in material entity
The concentration of lithium(1+) when measured in some material entity.
material entity lithium(1+) concentration
concentration of lithium(1+) in material entity
The concentration of salt when measured in some material entity.
concentration of salt in material entity
The concentration of sodium chloride when measured in some material entity.
material entity sodium chloride concentration
concentration of sodium chloride in material entity
The concentration of vitamin (molecular entity) when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin (molecular entity) concentration
concentration of vitamin (molecular entity) in material entity
The concentration of B vitamin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of B vitamin in material entity
The concentration of vitamin B1 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin B1 concentration
concentration of vitamin B1 in material entity
The concentration of riboflavin when measured in some material entity.
material entity riboflavin concentration
concentration of riboflavin in material entity
The concentration of nicotinic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity nicotinic acid concentration
concentration of nicotinic acid in material entity
The concentration of biotin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of biotin in material entity
The concentration of folic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity folic acid concentration
concentration of folic acid in material entity
The concentration of vitamin C when measured in some material entity.
concentration of vitamin C in material entity
The concentration of L-ascorbic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity L-ascorbic acid concentration
concentration of L-ascorbic acid in material entity
The concentration of vitamin A when measured in some material entity.
concentration of vitamin A in material entity
The concentration of carotenoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity carotenoid concentration
concentration of carotenoid in material entity
The concentration of β-carotene when measured in some material entity.
material entity β-carotene concentration
concentration of β-carotene in material entity
The concentration of vitamin D when measured in some material entity.
concentration of vitamin D in material entity
The concentration of vitamin E when measured in some material entity.
concentration of vitamin E in material entity
The concentration of tocopherol when measured in some material entity.
material entity tocopherol concentration
concentration of tocopherol in material entity
The concentration of α-tocopherol when measured in some material entity.
material entity α-tocopherol concentration
concentration of α-tocopherol in material entity
The concentration of vitamin K when measured in some material entity.
concentration of vitamin K in material entity
The concentration of plant secondary metabolite when measured in some material entity.
material entity plant secondary metabolite concentration
concentration of plant secondary metabolite in material entity
The concentration of alkaloid when measured in some material entity.
concentration of alkaloid in material entity
The concentration of caffeine when measured in some material entity.
concentration of caffeine in material entity
The concentration of phenols when measured in some material entity.
concentration of phenols in material entity
The concentration of polyphenol when measured in some material entity.
material entity polyphenol concentration
concentration of polyphenol in material entity
The concentration of tannin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of tannin in material entity
The concentration of catechol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of catechol in material entity
The concentration of phenolic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity phenolic acid concentration
concentration of phenolic acid in material entity
The concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydroxybenzoic acid concentration
concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid in material entity
The concentration of salicylic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity salicylic acid concentration
concentration of salicylic acid in material entity
The concentration of methyl ketone when measured in some material entity.
material entity methyl ketone concentration
concentration of methyl ketone in material entity
The concentration of acetophenone when measured in some material entity.
material entity acetophenone concentration
concentration of acetophenone in material entity
The concentration of naphthoquinone when measured in some material entity.
material entity naphthoquinone concentration
concentration of naphthoquinone in material entity
The concentration of 1,4-napthoquinone when measured in some material entity.
material entity 1,4-napthoquinone concentration
concentration of 1,4-napthoquinone in material entity
The concentration of stilbenoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity stilbenoid concentration
concentration of stilbenoid in material entity
The concentration of stilbene when measured in some material entity.
concentration of stilbene in material entity
The concentration of flavonoids when measured in some material entity.
material entity flavonoids concentration
concentration of flavonoids in material entity
The concentration of flavonoid when measured in some material entity.
concentration of flavonoid in material entity
The concentration of flavan when measured in some material entity.
concentration of flavan in material entity
The concentration of flavanone when measured in some material entity.
concentration of flavanone in material entity
The concentration of naringenin when measured in some material entity.
material entity naringenin concentration
concentration of naringenin in material entity
The concentration of flavone when measured in some material entity.
concentration of flavone in material entity
The concentration of chrysin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of chrysin in material entity
The concentration of quercetin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of quercetin in material entity
The concentration of hydroxyflavan when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydroxyflavan concentration
concentration of hydroxyflavan in material entity
The concentration of catechin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of catechin in material entity
The concentration of isoflavonoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity isoflavonoid concentration
concentration of isoflavonoid in material entity
The concentration of isoflavones when measured in some material entity.
material entity isoflavones concentration
concentration of isoflavones in material entity
The concentration of hydroxyisoflavone when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydroxyisoflavone concentration
concentration of hydroxyisoflavone in material entity
The concentration of daidzein when measured in some material entity.
concentration of daidzein in material entity
The concentration of genistein when measured in some material entity.
concentration of genistein in material entity
The concentration of glucoside when measured in some material entity.
concentration of glucoside in material entity
The concentration of phenylpropanoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity phenylpropanoid concentration
concentration of phenylpropanoid in material entity
The concentration of terpenoid when measured in some material entity.
concentration of terpenoid in material entity
The concentration of diterpenoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity diterpenoid concentration
concentration of diterpenoid in material entity
The concentration of lycopene when measured in some material entity.
concentration of lycopene in material entity
The concentration of triterpenoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity triterpenoid concentration
concentration of triterpenoid in material entity
The concentration of organic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity organic acid concentration
concentration of organic acid in material entity
The concentration of acetic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity acetic acid concentration
concentration of acetic acid in material entity
The concentration of ascorbic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity ascorbic acid concentration
concentration of ascorbic acid in material entity
The concentration of oxalic acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity oxalic acid concentration
concentration of oxalic acid in material entity
The concentration of inositol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of inositol in material entity
The concentration of polyol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of polyol in material entity
The concentration of mannitol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of mannitol in material entity
The concentration of glucitol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of glucitol in material entity
The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration
concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid in material entity
The concentration of glycerol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of glycerol in material entity
The concentration of triglyceride when measured in some material entity.
material entity triglyceride concentration
concentration of triglyceride in material entity
The concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity monounsaturated fatty acid concentration
concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid in material entity
The concentration of saturated fatty acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity saturated fatty acid concentration
concentration of saturated fatty acid in material entity
The concentration of amylopectin when measured in some material entity.
material entity amylopectin concentration
concentration of amylopectin in material entity
The concentration of amino acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity amino acid concentration
concentration of amino acid in material entity
The concentration of fatty acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity fatty acid concentration
concentration of fatty acid in material entity
The concentration of glucan when measured in some material entity.
concentration of glucan in material entity
The concentration of glucose derived from sucrose when measured in some material entity.
material entity glucose derived from sucrose concentration
concentration of glucose derived from sucrose in material entity
The concentration of fructose derived from sucrose when measured in some material entity.
material entity fructose derived from sucrose concentration
concentration of fructose derived from sucrose in material entity
The concentration of glucose derived from maltose when measured in some material entity.
material entity glucose derived from maltose concentration
concentration of glucose derived from maltose in material entity
The concentration of raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide concentration
concentration of raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity
The concentration of glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide concentration
concentration of glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity
The concentration of fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity.
material entity fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide concentration
concentration of fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity
The concentration of inulin derived from fructan when measured in some material entity.
material entity inulin derived from fructan concentration
concentration of inulin derived from fructan in material entity
The concentration of fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan when measured in some material entity.
material entity fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan concentration
concentration of fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan in material entity
The concentration of amino acid derived from protein when measured in some material entity.
material entity amino acid derived from protein concentration
concentration of amino acid derived from protein in material entity
The concentration of isoprenoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity isoprenoid concentration
concentration of isoprenoid in material entity
The concentration of terpene when measured in some material entity.
concentration of terpene in material entity
The concentration of tetraterpene when measured in some material entity.
material entity tetraterpene concentration
concentration of tetraterpene in material entity
The concentration of carotene when measured in some material entity.
concentration of carotene in material entity
The concentration of tetraterpenoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity tetraterpenoid concentration
concentration of tetraterpenoid in material entity
The concentration of methylmercury compound when measured in some material entity.
material entity methylmercury compound concentration
concentration of methylmercury compound in material entity
The concentration of thiamine hydrochloride when measured in some material entity.
material entity thiamine hydrochloride concentration
concentration of thiamine hydrochloride in material entity
The concentration of vitamin B2 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin B2 concentration
concentration of vitamin B2 in material entity
The concentration of vitamin B3 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin B3 concentration
concentration of vitamin B3 in material entity
The concentration of vitamin B6 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin B6 concentration
concentration of vitamin B6 in material entity
The concentration of vitamin B7 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin B7 concentration
concentration of vitamin B7 in material entity
The concentration of vitamin B9 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin B9 concentration
concentration of vitamin B9 in material entity
The concentration of tetrahydrofolate when measured in some material entity.
material entity tetrahydrofolate concentration
concentration of tetrahydrofolate in material entity
The concentration of all-trans-retinol when measured in some material entity.
material entity all-trans-retinol concentration
concentration of all-trans-retinol in material entity
The concentration of D3 vitamins when measured in some material entity.
material entity D3 vitamins concentration
concentration of D3 vitamins in material entity
The concentration of vitamin D2 when measured in some material entity.
material entity vitamin D2 concentration
concentration of vitamin D2 in material entity
The concentration of menadione when measured in some material entity.
concentration of menadione in material entity
The concentration of menaquinone when measured in some material entity.
material entity menaquinone concentration
concentration of menaquinone in material entity
The concentration of phylloquinone when measured in some material entity.
material entity phylloquinone concentration
concentration of phylloquinone in material entity
The concentration of dietary calcium when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary calcium concentration
concentration of dietary calcium in material entity
The concentration of inorganic calcium salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic calcium salt concentration
concentration of inorganic calcium salt in material entity
The concentration of calcium carbonate when measured in some material entity.
material entity calcium carbonate concentration
concentration of calcium carbonate in material entity
The concentration of calcium sulfate when measured in some material entity.
material entity calcium sulfate concentration
concentration of calcium sulfate in material entity
The concentration of calcium hydroxide when measured in some material entity.
material entity calcium hydroxide concentration
concentration of calcium hydroxide in material entity
The concentration of dietary chlorine when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary chlorine concentration
concentration of dietary chlorine in material entity
The concentration of inorganic chloride when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic chloride concentration
concentration of inorganic chloride in material entity
The concentration of potassium chloride when measured in some material entity.
material entity potassium chloride concentration
concentration of potassium chloride in material entity
The concentration of lithium chloride when measured in some material entity.
material entity lithium chloride concentration
concentration of lithium chloride in material entity
The concentration of organic chloride salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity organic chloride salt concentration
concentration of organic chloride salt in material entity
The concentration of organochlorine compound when measured in some material entity.
material entity organochlorine compound concentration
concentration of organochlorine compound in material entity
The concentration of hydrogen chloride when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydrogen chloride concentration
concentration of hydrogen chloride in material entity
The concentration of hypochlorite when measured in some material entity.
material entity hypochlorite concentration
concentration of hypochlorite in material entity
The concentration of dietary magnesium when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary magnesium concentration
concentration of dietary magnesium in material entity
The concentration of inorganic magnesium salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic magnesium salt concentration
concentration of inorganic magnesium salt in material entity
The concentration of magnesium hydroxide when measured in some material entity.
material entity magnesium hydroxide concentration
concentration of magnesium hydroxide in material entity
The concentration of dietary phosphorus when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary phosphorus concentration
concentration of dietary phosphorus in material entity
The concentration of phosphoric acid when measured in some material entity.
material entity phosphoric acid concentration
concentration of phosphoric acid in material entity
The concentration of inorganic phosphate salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic phosphate salt concentration
concentration of inorganic phosphate salt in material entity
The concentration of sodium phosphate when measured in some material entity.
material entity sodium phosphate concentration
concentration of sodium phosphate in material entity
The concentration of dietary potassium when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary potassium concentration
concentration of dietary potassium in material entity
The concentration of inorganic potassium salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic potassium salt concentration
concentration of inorganic potassium salt in material entity
The concentration of dietary sodium when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary sodium concentration
concentration of dietary sodium in material entity
The concentration of inorganic sodium salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic sodium salt concentration
concentration of inorganic sodium salt in material entity
The concentration of sodium sulfate when measured in some material entity.
material entity sodium sulfate concentration
concentration of sodium sulfate in material entity
The concentration of sodium hydrogensulfite when measured in some material entity.
material entity sodium hydrogensulfite concentration
concentration of sodium hydrogensulfite in material entity
The concentration of sodium fluoride when measured in some material entity.
material entity sodium fluoride concentration
concentration of sodium fluoride in material entity
The concentration of sodium hydroxide when measured in some material entity.
material entity sodium hydroxide concentration
concentration of sodium hydroxide in material entity
The concentration of organic sodium salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity organic sodium salt concentration
concentration of organic sodium salt in material entity
The concentration of dietary sulfur when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary sulfur concentration
concentration of dietary sulfur in material entity
The concentration of inorganic sulfate salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic sulfate salt concentration
concentration of inorganic sulfate salt in material entity
The concentration of iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) when measured in some material entity.
material entity iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) concentration
concentration of iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) in material entity
The concentration of organic sulfate when measured in some material entity.
material entity organic sulfate concentration
concentration of organic sulfate in material entity
The concentration of organosulfur compound when measured in some material entity.
material entity organosulfur compound concentration
concentration of organosulfur compound in material entity
The concentration of glutathione when measured in some material entity.
material entity glutathione concentration
concentration of glutathione in material entity
The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide when measured in some material entity.
material entity dimethyl sulfoxide concentration
concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in material entity
The concentration of sulfur dioxide when measured in some material entity.
material entity sulfur dioxide concentration
concentration of sulfur dioxide in material entity
The concentration of dietary copper when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary copper concentration
concentration of dietary copper in material entity
The concentration of dietary fluorine when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary fluorine concentration
concentration of dietary fluorine in material entity
The concentration of dietary iron when measured in some material entity.
material entity dietary iron concentration
concentration of dietary iron in material entity
The concentration of inorganic iron salt when measured in some material entity.
material entity inorganic iron salt concentration
concentration of inorganic iron salt in material entity
The concentration of gum when measured in some material entity.
The concentration of carrageenan when measured in some material entity.
material entity carrageenan concentration
concentration of carrageenan in material entity
The concentration of ketose when measured in some material entity.
concentration of ketose in material entity
The concentration of ketohexose when measured in some material entity.
material entity ketohexose concentration
concentration of ketohexose in material entity
The concentration of alditol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of alditol in material entity
The concentration of curcumin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of curcumin in material entity
The concentration of stilbenol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of stilbenol in material entity
The concentration of benzenediols when measured in some material entity.
material entity benzenediols concentration
concentration of benzenediols in material entity
The concentration of hydroquinone when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydroquinone concentration
concentration of hydroquinone in material entity
The concentration of dopamine when measured in some material entity.
concentration of dopamine in material entity
The concentration of resorcinol when measured in some material entity.
material entity resorcinol concentration
concentration of resorcinol in material entity
The concentration of serotonin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of serotonin in material entity
The concentration of biphenyl-2-ol when measured in some material entity.
material entity biphenyl-2-ol concentration
concentration of biphenyl-2-ol in material entity
The concentration of anthoxanthin when measured in some material entity.
material entity anthoxanthin concentration
concentration of anthoxanthin in material entity
The concentration of flavones when measured in some material entity.
concentration of flavones in material entity
The concentration of hydroxyflavone when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydroxyflavone concentration
concentration of hydroxyflavone in material entity
The concentration of flavonols when measured in some material entity.
concentration of flavonols in material entity
The concentration of hydroxyflavanone when measured in some material entity.
material entity hydroxyflavanone concentration
concentration of hydroxyflavanone in material entity
The concentration of equol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of equol in material entity
The concentration of resveratrol when measured in some material entity.
material entity resveratrol concentration
concentration of resveratrol in material entity
The concentration of diosgenin when measured in some material entity.
concentration of diosgenin in material entity
The concentration of geraniol when measured in some material entity.
concentration of geraniol in material entity
The concentration of all-trans-retinal when measured in some material entity.
material entity all-trans-retinal concentration
concentration of all-trans-retinal in material entity
The concentration of diarylheptanoid when measured in some material entity.
material entity diarylheptanoid concentration
concentration of diarylheptanoid in material entity
A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.
A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-CYCLOPROPYL-6-FLUORO-4-OXO-7-PIPERAZIN-1-YL-1,4-DIHYDROQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1,4-Dihydro-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.
(Phenyl-1 acetyl-2 ethyl) 3-hydroxy-4 coumarine
2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-
A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.
A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.
(2S,3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate
(+)-cis-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one acetate ester
(2S,3S)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate
Acetic acid (2S,3S)-5-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-3-yl ester
A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.
2-Thio-5-ethyl-5-sec-pentylbarbituric acid
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.
A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.
Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.
A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.
A methylbenzoic acid carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.
Any member of the class of naturally-occurring straight-chain fatty acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n (omega).
A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the 3-hydroxy group of ascorbic acid by a sodium ion.
sodium ascorbate
sodium l-ascorbate
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant.
Benzothiazole substituted with a hydroxy group at the 2-position.
(2-mercatophenyl)carbamothioic acid gamma-lactone
A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.
A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.
A nitroarene that is fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.
A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.
Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.
vitamin a
A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two hexopyranose units.
Any steroid substituted by a formyl group.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Mycoplasma genitalium.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 27-carbon (cholestane) skeleton.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 19-carbon (androstane) skeleton.
A DNA polymerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a DNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7).
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
DNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) inhibitor
DNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitors
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
deoxyribonucleic acid duplicase inhibitor
deoxyribonucleic acid duplicase inhibitors
deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor
deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors
deoxyribonucleic polymerase I inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
A EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of channel-conductance-controlling ATPase (EC 3.6.3.49, also known as cystic fibrosis conductance regulator, CFCR).
ATP phosphohydrolase (channel-conductance-controlling) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (channel-conductance-controlling) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitors
channel-conductance-controlling ATPase (EC 3.6.3.49) inhibitor
channel-conductance-controlling ATPase (EC 3.6.3.49) inhibitors
channel-conductance-controlling ATPase inhibitor
channel-conductance-controlling ATPase inhibitors
cystic fibrosis conductance regulator inhibitor
cystic fibrosis conductance regulator inhibitors
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitors
cystic-fibrosis membrane-conductance-regulating protein inhibitor
cystic-fibrosis membrane-conductance-regulating protein inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
An organosulfonate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the N-sulfo group of any sulfamic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An unsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecanoid.
An octadecanoid anion anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of any hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid anion carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid anions
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid anion
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of (R)-imazamox.
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
An N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfur atom is attached to a 2-carboxythiophen-3-yl group and in which the non-sulfonated nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. The corresponding methyl ester, known as thifensulfuron-methyl, is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.
3-{[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
Any member of the class of benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone or its C-substituted derivatives.
Any quinone in which one or more of the carbons making up the quinone moiety is substituted by a hydroxy group.
A naphthoquinone in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the parent naphthalene ring.
Any naphthoquinone in which the naphthaoquinone moiety is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones in which the naphthoquinone moiety is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
A secondary aliphatic ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the amino group of diethylamine.
A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the secondary amino function of phenylephrine.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the secondary amino function of methamphetamine.
A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines.
1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonic acid
An organosulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly attached to a perfluoroalkyl group.
A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is hexane-1-sulfonic acid in which all thirteen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons have been replaced by fluorines.
1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid
Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A reagent that lightens or whitens a substrate through chemical reaction. Bleaching reactions usually involve oxidative or reductive processes that degrade colour systems. Bleaching can occur by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated chain, by cleaving the conjugated chain, or by oxidation of one of the other moieties in the conjugated chain. Their reactivity results in many bleaches having strong bactericidal, disinfecting, and sterilising properties.
A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of ibuprofen, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of GMP.
guanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt
An octadecenoate in which the double bond is at C-9.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of maleic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.
A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.
butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate
A butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate that has R configutation. The active enantiomer of the herbicide fluazifop-butyl, it is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.
butyl (2R)-2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate
butyl (2R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate
butyl (R)-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]phenoxy}propionate
A butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate that has S configuration. It is the inactive enantiomer of the herbicide fluazifop-P-butyl.
butyl (2S)-2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate
butyl (2S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate
butyl (S)-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]phenoxy}propionate
A drug that makes increases the sensitivity of tumour cells to radiation therapy.
Any organic heteroolycyclic compound whose skeleton two ortho-fused chromene rings, and their derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of (S)-imazamox.
5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[(4S)-4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A fatty aldehyde in which there is no carbon-carbon unsaturation.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.
An inorganic oxide that is an oxide of any metal.
An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-lysine; major species at pH 7.3.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups as well as protonation of the amino group of glyphosate. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A nitroalkane in which the nitro group is attached to a terminal carbon. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid anion carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
a hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid anions
hydroperoxy-polyunsaturated fatty acid anion
hydroperoxy-polyunsaturated fatty acid anions
hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid anion
An organochlorine compound derived from methane, ethane or propane that contains atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine only. They are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals used in aerosol sprays and as refrigerants. Being ozone depletion agents, their manufacture and use is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.
An organochlorine compound derived from methane, ethane or propane that contains atoms of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon only.
Any member of the class of ureas in which at least one of the nitrogens of the urea moiety is substituted by a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.
An oxacycle that is 4H-pyran in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by an oxygen. Non-aromatic.
Organochlorine compounds that are polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and structurally related entities that are persistant organic pollutants. These include polychlorinated dibenzofurans as well as polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls They vary widely in their toxicity, but their toxic mode of action is through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and related compounds
polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and related compounds
A member of the class of benzofurans that is benzofuran in which two or more of the hydrogens have reen replaced by chlorines.
A bromoarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more bromo groups.
A biphenyl compound containing between 2 and 10 bromine atoms attached to the two benzene rings.
A polybromobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, and 5' have been replace by bromines.
A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10.
Any metal oxide in which the metallic component is copper.
An organofluorine compound containing only C-F bonds (no C-H bonds) and C-C bonds but also other heteroatoms (particularly other halogens, oxygen, and sulfur). Their properties represent a blend of fluorocarbons (containing only C-F and C-C bonds) and the parent functionalised organic species.
An arsonium ion that is choline in which the central nitrogen has been replaced by arsenic.
An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether carrying between 2 and 10 bromo substituents attached to the two benzene rings.
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to R, which can represent hydrogens, a carbon chain, or other groups.
Any phenol carrying an additional methoxy substituent at the ortho-position.
An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).
An aliphatic alcohol where the hydroxy carbon is beta to a double bond.
An N-oxide where there are three organic groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two other carbons (R4,R5 =/= H).
A class containing any titanium molecular entity that is an oxide of titanium.
A nanoparticle composed of any titanium oxide.
A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.
A 5-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any diastereomer of jasmonic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
Organonitrogen compounds that have the general structure R(1)(R(2))C=N(O)OH (R(1),R(2) = H, organyl). They are tautomers of C-nitro compounds.
A prodrug that, on administration, undergoes chemical conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the pharmacologically active pesticide for which it is a propesticide.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active insecticide for which it is a proinsecticide.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the pharmacologically active herbicide for which it is a proherbicide.
An organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton consists of a pyrazole ring ortho-fused to a diazepine ring.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.
3,4,3',4'-Tetra coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl
A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted to the corresponding hydroxylamine. Tautomeric with the oxime form of ximelagatran.
ethyl ({(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S)-2-({[4-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamoyl)azetidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}amino)acetate
An organic group derived from any 3-oxo-Delta(4)-steroid.
A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent.
Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.
A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of any secondary amino compound; major species at pH 7.3.
A quinoxaline pesticide that has herbicidal activity.
A 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid that has R configuration. An acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, it is used (generally as the corresponding ethyl or tefuryl ester proherbicides) for the control of annual and perennial grass weeds in sugar beet.
(2R)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid
(2R)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid
(R)-2-[4-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.
2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid
2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid
A 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid that has S configuration. It is the (inactive) enantiomer of the herbicide quizalofop-P.
(2S)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid
(2S)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.146).
11beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitor
11beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors
11beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP(+) 11-oxidoreductase inhibitor
11beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP(+) 11-oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitors
beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor
beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
corticosteroid 11beta-dehydrogenase inhibitor
corticosteroid 11beta-dehydrogenase inhibitors
dehydrogenase, 11beta-hydroxy steroid inhibitor
dehydrogenase, 11beta-hydroxy steroid inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor
An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.
ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionate
An ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate that has R configuration. A proherbicide for quizalofop-P, it is used to control annual and perennial grass weeds in a variety of crops, including potatoes, sugar beet, peanuts, cotton and flax.
ethyl (2R)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
ethyl (2R)-2-[4-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate
An ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate that has S configuration.
ethyl (2S)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
ethyl (2S)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionate
A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by a chlorine.
An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino group of any tertiary amino compound.
An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which the hydrogens at the 2, 2', and 4 positions have been replaced by bromines.
Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which the hydrogens at the 2, 4, and 4' positions have been replaced by bromines.
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which the hydrogens at the 2, 4, 3', and 4' positions have been replaced by bromines.
2,4-dibromophenyl 3,4-dibromophenyl ether
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which the hydrogens at the 2, 3, 4, 2', and 4' positions have been replaced by bromines.
2,4-dibromophenyl 2,3,4-tribromophenyl ether
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which the hydrogens at the 2, 4, 6, 2', and 4' positions have been replaced by bromines.
2,4-dibromophenyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether
A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.
A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water.
Any C21-steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 17alpha-position. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.
An organic nitrogen anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the N-sulfonylcarboxamide moiety of fomesafen.
Any pathway inhibitor that acts on the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
Any member of a group of hydroxy steroids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration, while in lower vertebrates, some bile acids, known as allo-bile acids, have 5alpha-configuration.
An apoprotein is a protein devoid of its characteristic prosthetic group or metal.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH group of any dialkyl phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.
A jasmonate anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of (+)-jasmonic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
{(1S,2S)-3-oxo-2-[(2 Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetate
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
Any compound that induces the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell).
Any carotenoid derivative with an beta-end group
A nitroalkane in which the nitro group, -NO2, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.
{(1S,2S)-3-oxo-2-[(2 Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetic acid
An agent that inhibits the passage of cations through the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels.
transient receptor potential channel blocker
transient receptor potential channel blockers
A chemical compound that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the compound.
An EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH), EC 1.3.1.9.
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitors
NADH-enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitor
NADH-enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitors
NADH-specific enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitor
NADH-specific enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase inhibitor
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase inhibitors
enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] reductase inhibitor
enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] reductase inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor
An alpha-oxyketone that has a hydroxy group as the alpha-oxy moiety.
A carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any retinoid carboxy group.
An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group.
An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups.
An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of any phenol.
A compound that contains three ketone functionalities.
A triketone in which the each ketone functionality is located beta- to the other two.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a primary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1).
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a secondary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1)R(2).
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A phenolate anion resulting from the deprotonation of the phenolic hydroxy group of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
An agonist that binds to and deactivates the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor, the main signaling receptor of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonists
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
Any saturated fatty acid containing 4 carbons.
An inhibitor of any of the glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) proteins.
A mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor that acts at the Quinone 'outer' (Qo) binding site of the cytochrome-bc1 complex.
An organic hydroxy compound resulting from the hydrolysis of the the pivalate ester group of the proherbicide pinoxaden.
A member of the class of benzoates resuting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba). Major microspecies at pH 7.3
A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.
diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate
A diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate that is the R-enantiomer of malathion.
diethyl (2R)-2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate
(R)-O-[1,2-bis-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
A diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate that is the S-enantiomer of malathion.
diethyl (2S)-2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate
(S)-O-[1,2-bis-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
Any member of the class of biphenyls that has one or more carboxy groups attached to the biphenyl skeleton.
An organic amino compound that is a hemiaminal in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by an organyl group. General formula: R2C(OR')NR2 ( R =/= H ). Also known as alpha-amino ethers.
A primary ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the amino group of L-tyrosinal.
Any carbobycyclic compound that is an hexahydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from an hexahydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.
A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.
A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.
A 1,2-dichloropropane that has R configuration.
A 1,2-dichloropropane that has S configuration.
A organic ion resulting from the deprotonation of the hydroxy group of any oxime.
A secondary ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the secondary amino group of tamsulosin. The major species at pH 7.3.
A secondary amino compound that is ammonia in which nitrogen is substituted by a 1-(4-methoxy-3-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl group and a 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl group.
A 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (S)-configuration. The enantiomer of tamsulosin.
A secondary ammonium ion resulting from the secondary amino group of ent-tamsulosin. The major species at pH 7.3.
Any fatty alcohol in which the hydroxy group is attached to a methylene (CH2) group.
An organic nitrogen anion resulting from the deprotonation of the N-acylsulfonamide moiety of asulam. The conjugate base of asulam.
Any transient receptor potential (TRP) channel modulator that modulates the TRPV channels (V = vanilloid). There is strong evidence that action at one or more of this class of proteins is responsible for the insecticidal action of pymetrozine, pyrifluquinazon, and afidopyropen.
transient receptor potential (vanilloid) channel modulator
transient receptor potential (vanilloid) channel modulators
An agent that modulates the passage of cations through the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels.
An organic anion arising from deprotonation of the hydroxy group of an enol.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of D-homoserine; major species at pH 7.3.
A compound having bonds between one or more metalloid atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of indole-3-butyric acid, arising from the deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the dprotonation of the carboxy group of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid (2,4-DB). The major species at pH 7.3.
A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of five carbon atoms.
A chrysanthemol in which both chiral centres have R configuration.
An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of the hydroxy group of (R,R)-chrysanthemol.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.
A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.
An agent that destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.
A 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid that is the (R)-enantiomer of diclofop.
(2R)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
[R,(+)]-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionic acid
A 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid that is the (S)-enantiomer of diclofop.
(2S)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
(S)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
An aromatic ether that is 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 4 has been substituted by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.
2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.
methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate
A methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate that is the (R)-enantiomer of diclofop-methyl.
methyl (2R)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate
A methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate that is the (S)-enantiomer of diclofop-methyl.
methyl (2S)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate
Macrolides (macrocyclic lactones) in which the macrocyclic ring contains more than one ester linkage. Macropolylides include macrodiolides, macrotriolides, macrotetrolides and macropentolides, each containing di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta- ester linkages, respectively, in one macrocyclic ring. Macrocyclic lactones containing nitrogen in their skeletons (azamacrolides and macrolide lactams) and also containing oxazole or thiazole in their skeletons are known in nature.
A macropolylide which contains two ester linkages in one macrocyclic ring.
A macrolide in which the macrocyclic lactone ring includes an amide group.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of (S)-2-methylbutanoic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.
A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the stereocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have R-configuration. It is a prodrug of levorphanol and a strong narcotic analgesic, and listed as a schedule II controlled substance.
An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.
Any substance that produces or enhances dream-like states of consciousness.
An EC 3.4.22.* (cysteine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of SARS coronavirus main proteinase (EC 3.4.22.69).
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitors
SARS coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitors
SARS coronavirus main peptidase inhibitor
SARS coronavirus main peptidase inhibitors
SARS coronavirus main protease inhibitor
SARS coronavirus main protease inhibitors
SARS coronavirus main proteinase inhibitor
SARS coronavirus main proteinase inhibitors
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease inhibitor
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease inhibitors
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
Any inhibitor added to nitrogen fertilizers which can reduce the rate at which ammonium is converted to nitrate. Under appropriate conditions, this can help reduce nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching.
A quinolinium ion obtained by protonation of the quinoline nitrogen and tertiary amino group of the antimalarial drug chloroquine. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of losartan, obtained from the deprotonation of the tetrazole NH group. Major species at pH 7.3.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the tetrazole NH group and carboxy group of candesartan. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
Any agent that induces nausea and vomiting.
Any antiviral agent which inhibits the activity of coronaviruses.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the secondary amino function of (1S,2R)-ephedrine; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of D-dopa. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
A monocyclic heteroarene that is a five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 2.
A molecular entity that can transfer an electron to another molecular entity.
An enal that consists of 3,7-dimethyl-9-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenal (double bond geometry unspecified) carrying a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at the 9-position.
A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.
retinyl palmitate
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from hydrogen sulfide.
Any chlorophenol derivative that contains three covalently bonded chlorine atoms.
A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms.
A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity.
The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.
A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2.
A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.
Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
acetic acid
acetic acid, glacial
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, preservative.
A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
(all-E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid
3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid
3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-all-trans-tetraenoic acid
3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2E,4E,6E,8E-tetraenoic acid
A large group of antibiotics isolated from various species of Streptomyces and characterised by having a substituted phenoxazine ring linked to two cyclic heterodetic peptides.
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms
A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.
adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration.
A peptide zwitterion obtained from the tranfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of any tripeptide. It contains an equal number of positively-charged and negatively-charged functional groups. Major structure at pH 7.3.
A group of compounds based on the naphthalene ring system where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine. The generic molecular formula is C10H8-nCln, where n = 1-8. There are 75 possible chlorinated naphthalenes and they are commonly used in the electrical industry and as additives.
Cyclobutane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
A dicarboxylate resulting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of kainic acid, and protonation of its amine group. Major species at pH 7.3.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.
A methylaniline that is aniline carrying a methyl substituent at the nitrogen atom.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A member of the class of alkylamines that is propane carrying an amino group at position 2.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A member of the class of butanals that consists of propane bearing a formyl substituent at the 1-position. The parent of the class of butanals.
An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease
(2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
Any fatty acid anion containing a ring composed of carbon atoms. Major microspecies at pH 7.3
A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.
A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a phenyl group which carries two unspecified groups at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl ring.
A primary aliphatic amine consisting of cyclohexane carrying an amino substituent.
Any primary fatty alcohol with a chain length less than 6 carbons.
Any N-acyl-amino acid in which the amino acid moiety has D configuration.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid.
A D-alpha-amino acid that is the D-isomer of arginine.
(2R)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.
A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
A long-chain fatty acid that is a C20, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four (Z)-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid
cis-Delta(5,8,11,14)-eicosatetraenoic acid
An organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of phenols.
Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).
D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.
A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group.
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.
niacin
nicotinic acid
niacin (b3)
An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.
lycopene
lycopenes
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour.
An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.
biotin
5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid
(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid
5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid
cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid
cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid
A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having D-configuration.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.
A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethane with an amino substituent at C-1 and a hydroxy substituent at C-2, making it both a primary amine and a primary alcohol.
An optically active form of lactate having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration.
A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.
A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).
An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4.
A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.
An alkene that is propane with a double bond at position 1.
A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.
An alkylbenzene carrying an ethyl substituent. It is a constituent of coal tar and petroleum.
A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.
A chlorophenylethane that is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane substituted by additional chloro substituents at positions 4 of the phenyl substituents. It is a commonly used organochlorine insecticide.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
The simplest member of the class of benzoates that is the conjugate base of benzoic acid, comprising a benzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
A sulfuric ester obtained by the formal condensation of a hydroxy group of any steroid with sulfuric acid.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of o-orsellinic acid.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).
carbamide
urea (carbamide)
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flour treatment agent.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from phosphonic acid
The arsenic oxoanion that is the conjugate base of dimethylarsinic acid.
An azaarene comprising a benzene core in which one -CH group is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is the parent compound of the class pyridines.
A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent.
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine.
A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.
A member of the class of 2-nitrophenols that is phenol in which one of the hydrogens that is ortho to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.
A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.
A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a halogen atom.
The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.
A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.
Any member of the class of menaquinones that is 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with an unsaturated isoprenoid chain at the 3-position.
An optically active form of cysteine having D-configuration.
Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.
Any benzoquinone derived from 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone; one of a group of naturally occurring homologues. The redox-active quinoid moiety usually carries a polyprenoid side chain at position 6, the number of isoprenoid units in which is species-specific. Ubiquinones are involved in the control of mitochondrial electron transport, and are also potent anti-oxidants.
The simplest monocarboxylic acid amide, obtained by formal condensation of formic acid with ammonia. The parent of the class of formaldehydes.
Liposaccharide natural compounds consisting of a trisaccharide repeating unit (two heptose units and octulosonic acid) with oligosaccharide side chains and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid units (they are a major constituent of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria).
An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.
2,4,4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether
An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.
(2S)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
A pentanone carrying an oxo substituent at position 2.
A nitrogen oxide which is a free radical, each molecule of which consists of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom.
An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.
A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxypropionic acid.
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
carbon dioxide
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): carbonating agent, packaging gas, preservative, propellant.
A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome.
An organochlorine compound with insecticidal activity.
A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.
A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.
A chlorophenylethylene that is ethylene substituted by two 4-chlorophenyl groups at position 1 and two chlorine atoms at position 2.
A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.
A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.
A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
An optically active form of lactate having (S)-configuration.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.
A 6-oxo steroid that is 5beta-cholest-7-en-6-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 14, 22 and 25 respectively (the 2beta, 3beta, 22R stereoisomer). It is a steroid prohormone of the major insect moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone.
An elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate used to produce "rubber-like" materials.
Phenols that include substances containing a phenolic ring and at least one organic carboxylic acid function.
A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
Any octanoid that is derived from jasmonate.
The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.
A fatty alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom different from the terminal carbons. Secondary fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.
An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.
A morphinane alkaloid found in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum var. album; has analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrhoeal properties.
A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system.
A mineral that is an inorganic nutrient which must be ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide range of essential metabolic and/or structural functions in the human body
essential mineral, element
A substance which is poisonous to fish and is primarily used to eliminate dominant species of fish in water.
A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.
A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.
Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.
An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.
A secondary ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of morpholine resulting from the protonation of the NH group. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.
alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
The simplest of the methylamines, consisting of ammonia bearing a single methyl substituent.
A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.
A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.
(4E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid
(E)-6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phthalanyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid
An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.
The D-enantiomer of the alpha-amino acid lysine.
A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.
A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.
A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.
2-hydroxybenzoic acid
A naturally-occurring beta-amino acid comprising propionic acid with the amino group in the 3-position.
Derivatives of phosphoglycerols which have only one of the alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone ester-linked with a fatty acid.
A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 17 and 21 and oxo group at positions 3, 11 and 20.
A mineralocorticoid that is progesterone substituted at position 21 by a hydroxy group.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.
D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
riboflavin
vitamin b2
riboflavin, synthetic
A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.
An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.
A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.
nitrous oxide
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, foaming agent, packaging gas, propellant.
A nitroaniline carrying a nitro group at position 4.
A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class
2,4-Diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-(2-deoxy-2-methylamino-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl)-3-C-formyl-beta-L-lyxopentanofuranoside
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
An sn-glycero-3-phosphate compound having a single unspecified acyl group at either position 1 or position 2.
A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.
A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops.
biphenyl, diphenyl
diphenyl
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative.
A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexanoic acid (also known as caproic acid).
A four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh.
An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.
A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.
An antiparasitic agent which is effective against amoeba, a genus of single-celled amoeboids in the family Amoebidae.
A secondary aliphatic amine where both N-substituents are methyl.
A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.
A halomethane that is chloromethane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom.
Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
A butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-2.
Any 3beta-hydroxy-steroid that contains a double bond between positions 5 and 6.
A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
Any organobromine compound that is used as a flame retardant. These chemicals are widely incorporated as additives in consumer products such as electronics, vehicles, polyurethane foams etc, to make them less flammable.
A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
A perfluorinated compound in which the carbon chain atoms are completely fluorinated.
An organofluorine compound that has multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain (but atleast one of the carbon atoms in the chain is not fully fluorinated).
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.
A 17-oxo steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by an hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.
The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid
A primary arylamine in which an amino functional group is substituted for one of the benzene hydrogens.
A chlorocarbon that is tetrachloro substituted ethene.
A morphinane alkaloid that is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain but has a high potential for addiction, with tolerance and both physical and psychological dependence developing rapidly. Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy).
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage.
maltose
LanguaL curation note: Used when maltose or a high maltose sweetener is the major ingredient.
Any substance that inhibits the process of ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms.
Any substance that induces or promotes ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms.
A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
An androstanoid having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5..
An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.
C18:2 9c, 12c omega6 todos cis-9,12-octadienoico
A 16-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 16 has a beta-configuration.
The parent of the class of 2-acetamidofluorenes, being an ortho-fused polycyclic arene that consists of 9H-fluorene bearing an acetamido substituent at position 2. It is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene.
A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).
The simplest member of the quinoline class of compounds, comprising a benzene ring ortho fused to C-2 and C-3 of a pyridine ring.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon at position 2 has (S)-configuration.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end.
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having having adenine as the nucleobase.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A molecular entity that can undergo oxidation by the loss of hydrogen atom(s).
A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
l-cysteine
cysteine, l- and its hydrochlorides - sodium and potassium salts
A phthalate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of phthalic acid.
A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.
The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
beta-carotene
carotenes
LanguaL term definition: Food additive.
A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.
A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.
A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via alpha-D-1,4 bonds as in maltose. The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose.
A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.
Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring.
(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.
dextrose
glucose, d-
LanguaL term definition: Used when dextrose or a high dextrose sweetener, such as corn syrup or corn syrup solids, is the major ingredient.
A chlorophenol that is phenol substituted by 5 chloro groups.
Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
A 17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21. Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, which is a part of the adrenal gland. It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). It increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and reduces immune responses
A substance to which an electron may be transferred.
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having mono- and diglycosyl moieties attached to two of its hydroxy groups. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-12-[3,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-11-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranoside
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.
Langual document note: DIRECTIVE 2002/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:183:0051:0057:EN:PDF].
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.
Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.
Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives).
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions.
A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.
A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.
A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
glycerol
A compound showing blue fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in acid or neutral solution.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).
A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.
A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.
A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single oxo substituent.
Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.
The conjugate base of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, comprising a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
hydrochloric acid
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator.
A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid having (2R)-configuration.
An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration.
(-)-alpha-amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.
A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of ethanol with carbamic acid. It has been found in alcoholic beverages.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
LanguaL term definition: Used when sucrose (e.g., cane sugar or beet sugar) is the major ingredient. Note: on a product label or in a recipe, 'sugar' means sucrose.
A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.
An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.
A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.
A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an aminocarbonyl group at position 3. It is the major catabolite and aglycon of ribavirin.
An azacycloalkane that is cyclohexane in which one of the carbons is replaced by a nitrogen. It is a metabolite of cadaverine, a polyamine found in the human intestine.
An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.
phylloquinone
phytomenadione
vitamin K1
Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
An alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclohexanols.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group.
An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
polysaccharide
LanguaL term definition: Complex carbohydrate with molecules composed of eleven or more saccharide units. Usually not sweet to the taste. Includes starch, pectin and cellulose.
A haloacetate(1-) resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of fluoroacetic acid.
An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.
2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.
Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of dodecanoic acid (lauric acid); major species at pH 7.3.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 6-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
{(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetic acid
(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-(2Z)-2-penten-ylcyclopentanacetic acid
(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-(pent-2Z-enyl)-cyclopentaneacetic acid
A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.
A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.
A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-3 and C-5 of the ribose ring are engaged in formation of a cyclic mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphate.
A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.
A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylacetic acid.
A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom
sulphur dioxide
sulfur dioxide
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, preservative.
A guanidinium ion obtained by protonation of both guanidino groups of streptidine; major species at pH 7.3.
A 1,3-dichloropropene with a (E)-configuration.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine.
An herbicide which is primarily composed of urea (also known as carbamide).
An herbicide which contains a chemically reactive phosphate ester side chain.
An herbicide which has a benzene ring that contains a cyanide grouping.
A rodenticide which contains one or more active ingredients and when consumed by rodents results in the inability to produce essential blood-clotting factors.
A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.
A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..
A lactone having a six-membered lactone ring.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.
An oxo carboxylic acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents. Derivatives formed from the first step in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids and can provide important information on animal health and disease.
An oxo carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of branched-chain keto acid resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.
A zwitterion formed from ciprofloxacin by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A secondary ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of ciprofloxacin resulting from the protonation of the NH group; major species at acidic pH.
The conjugate base of methylcarbamic acid; major microspecies at pH 7.3.
A chlorophenoxyacetate anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid.
A chlorophenoxyacetate anion that is the conjugate base of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A dibromophenol that is phenol in which both of the hydrogens that are ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group have been replaced by bromines.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
omega-methyl-medium-chain fatty acid(1-)
omega-methyl-medium-chain fatty acid anion
A omega-hydroxy-fatty acid with a chain length of less than C6.
An ortho-fused polycyclic arene, or derivative thereof, that consists of 9H-fluorene bearing an acetamido substituent at position 2.
Any unsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
An anilide that consists of 2-chloroacetanilide bearing an N-isopropyl substituent.
Any 3-oxo steroid that contains a double bond between positions 1 and 2.
An aminobenzenesulfonate that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid.
A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19).
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase inhibitor
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase inhibitors
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19) inhibitor
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19) inhibitors
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase inhibitor
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase inhibitors
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitor
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitors
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase inhibitor
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.
Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.
Any N-acetylhexosamine in which the hexosamine has D-configuration. The structure provided is an illustrative example of the pyranose form of an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine.
Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.
An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position
N-Methyl-N',2-dioxohydrazinecarboximidohydrazide 2-oxide
An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).
A member of the class of abscisic acids in which the double bond betweeen positions 2 and 3 has cis- (natural) geometry.
(2Z,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
A substance used to destroy pests of the subclass Acari (mites and ticks).
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
An EC 2.2.1.* (transketolase/transaldolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of acetolactate synthase (EC 2.2.1.6).
EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors
acetolactate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating) inhibitor
acetolactate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating) inhibitors
acetolactate synthase (EC 2.2.1.6) inhibitor
acetolactate synthase (EC 2.2.1.6) inhibitors
alpha-acetohydroxy acid synthetase inhibitor
alpha-acetohydroxy acid synthetase inhibitors
alpha-acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitor
alpha-acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors
alpha-acetolactate synthetase inhibitors
pyruvate:pyruvate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating) inhibitor
pyruvate:pyruvate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating) inhibitors
EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor
An enamide which is acrylamide or a derivative of acrylamide obtained by replacement of one or more of its hydrogens.
An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.
Any purine ribonucleoside that is a derivative of adenosine.
Any of a group of related and highly toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) whose main structural feature is a fused coumarin-bis(dihydrofuran) ring system and which are produced by strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus, together with further metabolites of these mycotoxins
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of alanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
A univalent group -CnH2n+1 derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom.
Any amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by alkyl groups.
Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, RC#CR.
A hydroxynitrile in which the hydroxy group is located on the carbon alpha to the carbonitrile group.
A tocopherol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a 4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl group at position 2.
alpha-tocopherol
dl-alpha-tocopherol
tocopherols
A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
An amide of an amino acid formed formally by conversion of the carboxy group to a carboxamido group.
An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.
Any aldehyde which contains an amino group.
Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.
Any member of the class of imidazoles carrying at least one amino substituent.
Any purine having at least one amino substituent.
Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.
Any aromatic amine that is benzene carrying at least one amino substituent and its substituted derivatives.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A substance that prevents pests from feeding.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.
An arsenic oxoanion resulting from the removal of one or more protons from arsenous acid.
Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.
Any organoarsenic compound that is the As-organyl derivative of arsonic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an arene ring system.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of ascorbic acid.
ascorbic acid
vitamin c
ascorbic acid, l-
l-ascorbic acid
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant, flour treatment agent.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acid
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acids
Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").
Any member of the wide class of molecules that share the core azobenzene structure, comprising two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond, which may have different functional groups extending from the rings.
Members of the class of pyrimidones consisting of pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (barbituric acid) and its derivatives. Largest group of the synthetic sedative/hypnotics, sharing a characteristic six-membered ring structure.
A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base).
A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.
A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.
Any aromatic ketone in which the carbonyl group is bonded to 2 phenyl groups.
Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.
Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.
By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.
A glycopeptide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The term, 'bleomycin' refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anti-cancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2.
An insecticide compound naturally occurring in plants.
Any amino acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents
Any salt that has chlorate, [BrO3](-), as the anionic component.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom.
Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one bromine atom.
A bisphenol substituted by at least one bromo group and its derivatives.
An aldehyde based on a butanal skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A diol that is a butanediol or a derivative of a butanediol.
Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
Any C4, straight-chain fatty acid containing one double bond.
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a seven-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid.
Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.
Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.
An EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Such compounds reduce the secretion of H(+) ions by the proximal kidney tubule.
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitors
carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitor
carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitors
carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor
carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.
Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
A substance intended to sterilize any organism.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
A haloacetate(1-) resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid.
Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one chloro group.
Any substituted aniline carrying at least one chloro group.
Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.
Any member of the class of benzoates in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.
Any member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.
A member of the class of benzophenones that is any substituted benzophenone in which at least one of the substituents is a chlorine.
An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.
A chloroalkene that is ethene in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by chlorine.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by chlorine.
A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any chlorophenoxyacetic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which at least one of the phenyl hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.
Any chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylethane substituted by at least one chloro group at unspecified position.
A chlorohydrocarbon that is consists of ethylene in which one or more hydrogens are replaced by chlorophenyl groups.
A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.
Any chloroalkene that is propene substituted by at least one chloro group at unspecified position.
A quaternary ammonium ion based on the choline ion and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.
The part (atom or group of atoms) of a molecular entity in which the electronic transition responsible for a given spectral band is approximately localized.
Any alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid based on the cinnamic acid skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons.
An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.
Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.
An alpha-hydroxynitrile resulting from the formal addition of hydrogen cyanide to the C=O bond of an aldehyde or ketone.
A cyclic terpene ketone in which the terpene specified is monoterpene.
A polyol consisting of a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxy groups, each attached to a different ring carbon atom.
Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains).
A sub-category of organochlorine insecticides, the members of which are all derived from hexachlorocyclopentadiene. They possess a structure based on two 3-dimensional carbon ring units, one of which is heavily chlorinated.
An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.
Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
A cycloalkane that consists of five carbons each bonded with two hydrogens above and below the plane. The parent of the class of cyclopentanes.
Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.
A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.
A herbicide which when sprayed or dusted on plants causes its leaves to fall off.
Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.
Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.
Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.
({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphonato}oxy)(phosphonatooxy)phosphinate
A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.
Any nitrotoluene carrying two nitro substituents.
A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.
Oxanthrene (formerly dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxine) and its derivatives.
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
A class of steroids that include insect moulting and sex hormones.
Any member of the group of signalling molecules arising from oxidation of the three C20 essential fatty acids (EFAs) icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA).
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.
A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17.
Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.
Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid with ethanol.
A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.
An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.
Any vitamin that dissolves in fats and are stored in body tissues. Unlike the water-soluble vitamins, they are stored in the body for long periods of time and generally pose a greater risk for toxicity when consumed in excess.
An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.
A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
An ortho-fused polycyclic arene in which the skeleton is composed of two benzene rings ortho-fused to cyclopentane.
A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom.
Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).
A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
Compounds containing at least one furan ring.
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.
An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues.
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.
An EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2).
EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitors
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitor
glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitors
glutamylhydroxamic synthetase inhibitors
EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor
Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.
Any non-proteinogenic amino acid carrying at least one halo group.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A substance used to destroy plant pests.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.
N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexamethylphosphoric triamide
A C6, medium-chain fatty acid carrying a double bond at any position along the main chain.
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.
Hydrazine (diazane) and its substituted derivatives.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Mono-hydroperoxy (e)icosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs) are the primary products of lipoxygenase-catalysed oxygenation of arachidonic acid.
An oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from the hydroxy group of any hydroxamic acid.
A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
Any member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids carrying at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.
Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.
Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring.
Any benzophenone into which is substituted one or more hydroxy groups.
An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing one hydrogen and one organyl group. Secondary alpha-hydroxy ketones are also known as acyloins, and are formally derived from reductive coupling of two carboxylic acid groups.
Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavanone with one or more hydroxy substituents.
Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.
Hydroxylamine, H2N-OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.
Any nitrile compound which also contains a hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
Compounds having the structure RN=CR2 (R = H, hydrocarbyl). Thus analogues of aldehydes or ketones, having NR doubly bonded to carbon; aldimines have the structure RCH=NR, ketimines have the structure R'2C=NR (where R' is not H). Imines include azomethines and Schiff bases. Imine is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the C=NH group excluding the carbon atom.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid specified is acetic acid.
Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.
An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups.
Any phosphate that contains no carbon atom.
A growth regulator that inhibits the life cycle of an insect.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.
A role played by a chemical agent which exhibits the capability of occupying space between DNA base pairs due to particular properties in size, shape and charge. Intercalation of chemical compounds in DNA helix can result in replication errors (shift, mutation) or DNA damages.
An amino acid containing at least one iodo substituent.
An iodoamino acid in which the amino acid specified is thyronine.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A compound which can carry specific ions through membranes of cells or organelles.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any ionophore capable of transportation of iron ions across membranes.
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.
The jasmonates (JAs) are a group of plant hormones which help regulate plant growth and development.
Any compound that has an aldehydic and ketonic group in the same molecule.
Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.
Any hexose containing a single ketone group.
Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)[CH(OH)]mH) and their intramolecular hemiketals.
Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.
Any phenylpropanoid derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e".
A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of methacrylic acid.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.
A diol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups respectively.
An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol.
A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is the conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid.
Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more methoxy substituents.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
A haloalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a halide atom.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol.
A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.
An alkylmercury compound in which the alkyl group specified is methyl.
An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.
Any member of the class of pyridines that carries at least one methyl substituent.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the N-methylated 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.
mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors
mitochondrial electron-transport chain inhibitor
mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
A hydroxybenzoate carrying a single hydroxy substituent at unspecified position.
Any hydroxybenzoic acid having a single phenolic hydroxy substituent on the benzene ring.
Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.
A hydroxytoluene that consists of toluene carrying a single hydroxy substituent at any position. A 'closed class'.
A terpene ketone derived from a monoterpene.
Any terpenoid derived from a monoterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C10 skeleton of the parent monoterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
An isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.
A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.
A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Nematoda (roundworms).
A glycoside containing alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue as the sugar unit.
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.
A class of neuro-active insecticides that act at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.
A tricarboxylic acid trianion resulting from the deprotonation of all three hydroxy groups of nitrilotriacetic acid.
The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal, O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime
A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.
A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.
Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.
Any member of the class of toluenes bearing one or more nitro substituents on the benzene ring.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
A long-chain, unsaturated fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecadienoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.
Any member of the group of C18 monounsaturated fatty acids with the double bond located at any position in the chain.
An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.
A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.
(4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid)
(4-Amino-1-hydroxybutylidene)bisphosphonic acid
A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
omega-3-fatty acid
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group
Any organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an insecticide.
A compound containing at least one carbon-mercury bond.
A compound having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group.
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
An organosilicon compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-silicon bond.
An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.
A solute used by a cell under water stress to maintain cell volume.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.
Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.
Any fatty acid anion containing at least one C-C unsaturated bond; formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring.
A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives.
Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose).
A chemically diverse class of peptides that exhibit antimicrobial properties.
Any peptide with hormonal activity in animals, whether endocrine, neuroendocrine, or paracrine.
A substance that increases the efficacy of a pesticide.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any monocarboxylic acid that is phenylacetic acid or its substituted derivatives.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine residues.
An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.
Any member of the class of hydrazines carrying a phenyl substituent.
Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.
A semiochemical used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behaviour.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
HP(=O)(OH)2 (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
phosphoric acid
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant synergist, sequestrant.
photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor
A member of the class of benzoic acids in that consists of benzene substituted by two carboxy groups (A closed class).
A toxin made by a plant that acts against an organism attacking it.
An endogenous molecular entity that results in a colour of an organism as the consequence of the selective absorption of light.
A chemical, natural or artificial, that can affect the rate of growth of a plant.
Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.
Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of prenols possessing the general formula H-[CH2C(Me)=CHCH2]nOH in which the carbon skeleton is composed of more than one isoprene units.
Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation.
Any alcohol possessing the general formula H-[CH2C(Me)=CHCH2]nOH in which the carbon skeleton is composed of one or more isoprene units (biogenetic precursors of the isoprenoids).
A quinone substituted by a polyprenyl-derived side-chain. Prenylquinones occur in all living cells. Due to their amphiphilic character, they are mainly located in biological membranes where they function as electron and proton carriers in the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. Some prenylquinones also perform more specialised roles sucy as antioxidants and enzyme cofactors. Prenylquinones are classified according to ring structure: the main classes are menaquinones, phylloquinones, ubiquinones and plastoquinones.
An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.
A primary alcohol based on a propan-1-olskeleton and its substituted derivatives.
An aldehyde based on a propanal skeleton and its derivatives.
A ketone that is propane carrying at least one oxo substituent.
A member of the class of hydrazones that is used as an insecticide for control of ants and cockroaches.
5,5-dimethyltetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-{2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethenyl}prop-2-en-1-ylidene)hydrazone
tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (1,5-bis(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one)hydrazone
tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethenyl)-2-propenylidene)hydrazone
A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.
Naturally occurring compounds derived from the parent C20 acid, prostanoic acid.
Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.
The family of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin-like compounds including prostacyclins and thromboxanes.
A tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.
A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from pyrimidine.
An azole that includes only one N atom and no other heteroatom as a part of the aromatic skeleton.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from pyruvate (i.e. alanine, valine, and leucine). A closed class.
A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that contains a quinoline moiety that is substituted by one carboxy substituent.
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).
3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.
A deoxymannose sugar that is the 6-deoxy derivative of hexose.
Any compound with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton, in which nitrogen atoms replace carbon at positions 1, 3 and 5 of the core benzene ring structure.
Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
A molecular messenger released by an organism that affects the behaviour within or between species.
A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
Any terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
Any of low-molecular-mass iron(III)-chelating compounds produced by microorganisms for the purpose of the transport and sequestration of iron.
A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.
3-ethyl 5-methyl 2-[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
3-Ethyl-5-methyl (+-)-2-(2-aminoethoxymethyl)-4-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
A reactive oxygen species that is the lowest excited state of the dioxygen molecule.
An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.
sodium bisulfate
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.
An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.
Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.
Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.
A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
sulphuric acid
sulfuric acid
A synthetic compound exhibiting auxin activity.
Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.
Any terpenoid which contains a keto group.
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying four chloro groups at unspecified positions.
A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any member of the group of 1,3-thiazolium cations that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B1 deficiency in animals. Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency include constipation, loss of apetite, fatigue, nausea, delirium, blurry vision and muscle weakness. Severe vitamin B1 deficiency can also lead to a disease known as beriberi. Vitamin B1 consists of the vitamer thiamin and its acid, aldehyde and phosphorylated derivatives (and their corresponding ionized, salt and hydrate forms).
vitamin b1
An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.
Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.
Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two units of D-glucose.
A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.
An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.
Any one of the six possible isomers of trichlorophenol.
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.
A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of valine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing valine residues.
A fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. Very long-chain fatty acids which have a chain length greater than C27 are also known as ultra-long-chain fatty acids.
Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.
vitamin d
Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).
vitamin b6
Any plant metabolite that is found naturally as a component of a volatile oil.
Any vitamin that dissolves in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use. Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, they are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly in the diet and will rarely accumulate to toxic levels since they are quickly excreted from the body via urine.
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
An alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.
An amino cyclitol that is scyllo-inositol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 are replaced by guanidino groups.
Streptamine, N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-
A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.
A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.
A chlorophenylethylene that is chloroethene in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by 4-chlorophenyl groups.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that results from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of trichloroacetic acid.
An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.
folic acid
N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
(2S)-2-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzamido)pentanedioic acid
N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid
b9 folate
LanguaL curation note: Used when folic acid is added at any level. Always use this term for enriched flour or rice, enriched bakery products, and enriched macaroni or noodle products. (21 CFR 137. 610(a), 21 CFR 136.115(a)(1), and others).
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.
An aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.
Any L-cysteine derivative obtained by conversion of the thiol group into a sulfide.
A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
A phosphoric ester (phosphate) that has an NR2 instead of an OH group.
A pregnane-based steroidal hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.
A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.
(2R,3S,6S,7R,8R)-3-[(3-formamido-2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]-8-hexyl-2,6-dimethyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl 3-methylbutanoate
A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.
A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.
A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.
An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.
A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 14, and by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at position 4 (the S enantiomer).
21,22-Secocamptothecin-21-oic acid lactone
Any aldehyde having an oxo substituent at the 2-position.
A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
caffeine added
A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.
A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.
17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diyl diacetate
(5alpha,6alpha)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate (ester)
7,8-Dihydro-4,5-alpha-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-alpha-diol diacetate
A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.
The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).
A member of the class of acetamides that results from the formal condensation of acetic acid with ammonia.
A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.
A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.
Acetaldehyde substituted at C-2 by chlorine.
A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.
A stilbenol that is stilbene in which the phenyl groups are substituted at positions 3, 5, and 4' by hydroxy groups.
A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).
A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.
A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.
A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.
A phenylhydrazine that is the monophenyl derivative of hydrazine.
O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate
O,O-Diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate
O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) thiophosphate
O,O-diethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) thiophosphate
phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.
pullulan
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): film-forming agent, glazing agent.
A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.
(1R,2R,3S,5S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)tropan-3-yl benzoate
methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
2-methyl-3beta-hydroxy-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropane-2beta-carboxylate benzoate (ester)
[1R-(exo,exo)]-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester
methyl [1R-(exo,exo)]-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.
An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.
A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.
A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.
A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.
A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.
A 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties.
The simplest member of the class of monochlorobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a chlorine.
Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.
A chloroaniline that consists of two 2-chloroaniline units joined by a methylene bridge.
A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.
An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.
An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide B having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'.
A chloroethanol carrying a chloro substituent at position 2.
A member of the class of rotenones that consists of 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6(6aH)-one substituted at position 2 by a prop-1-en-2-yl group and at positions 8 and 9 by methoxy groups (the 2R,6aS,12aS-isomer). A non-systemic insecticide, it is the principal insecticidal constituent of derris (the dried rhizome and root of Derris elliptica).
(12aS,6aS,2R)-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylvinyl)-1,2-dihydrochromano[3,4-b]furano [2,3-h]chroman-6-one
A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an ethenyl group.
A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.
A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.
An ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives
An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.
A highly sulfated linear glycosaminoglycan comprising complex patterns of uronic acid-(1->4)-D-glucosamine repeating subunits. Used as an injectable anticoagulant, it has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-lactic acid.
Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.
vitamin k
A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.
The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.
An optically active form of tyrosine having D-configuration.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(R)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.
methyl (3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)-11,17-dimethoxy-18-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]yohimban-16-carboxylate
(3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)-11,17-dimethoxy-18-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]yohimban-16-carboxylic acid methyl ester
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl methyl reserpate
A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.
A 1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide in which the carboxamide group is situated at position 4 of the imidazole ring, which is further substituted at position 5 by an amino group. A purine nucleoside analogue and activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, it is is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is reported to have cardioprotective effects.
5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribofuranoside
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside
A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.
A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.
A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.
A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.
A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.
A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.
A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.
A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.
A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia.
A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.
A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to D-arabinofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. Used mainly in the treatment of leukaemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia, cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties.
An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
A hexadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at position C-9 has cis configuration.
A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 6-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the production of some anasthetics and other chemicals. It is a drug metabolite of lidocaine (local anasthetic).
A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.
(1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
(1S,3S)-3-glycoloyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
A trichlorophenol with phenolic substituents on positions 2, 4 and 6.
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
fructose
levulose
LanguaL curation note: Used when pure fructose is the major ingredient. If *HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP* is the major ingredient, use that term for indexing.
A chlorophenylmethane that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by p-chlorophenyl groups.
A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of methyl L-phenylalaninate. Commonly used as an artificial sweetener.
aspartame
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer, sweetener.
1,1'-dimethyl-[4,4'-bipyridin]-1,1'-diium dichloride
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride
N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride
N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride
A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.
A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.
A toluate that is the conjugate base of m-toluic acid.
Polysaccharides composed of fructose residues.
Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).
A substituted aniline carrying a hydroxy substituent.
The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'
A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.
A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid.
A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.
A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.
A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.
A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.
A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.
ergocalciferol
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid.
A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.
An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.
A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
9H-Purine, 6-amino-9-(3-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-
An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.
An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.
A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
(R)-N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-beta-alanine, ion(1-)
An ion of copper carrying a double positive charge.
An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of atorvastatin calcium.
calcium bis{(3R,5R)-7-[3-(anilinocarbonyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate} trihydrate
A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.
A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.
An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.
An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of phosphorous acid.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.
A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.
A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.
An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of nitroprusside.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid amide derived from a fatty acid.
An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.
sodium carbonate
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, raising agent.
The simplest silane, consisting of a single silicon atom carrying four hydrogens.
A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.
O,O-dimethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl] phosphorodithioate
3-(mercaptomethyl)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one, O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
O,O-Dimethyl S-(3,4-dihydro-4-keto-1,2,3-benzotriazinyl-3-methyl) dithiophosphate
O,O-dimethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl] dithiophosphate
Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-dimethyl S-((4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl) ester
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-6'-[(1S)-1-methylpropyl]-17-oxo-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-6'-(propan-2-yl)-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-6'-isopropyl-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.
(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-15-oxo-11-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-13-yl 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside
A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.
methyl (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetate
Methyl (E)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-2-((2-methylphenoxy)methyl)benzeneacetate
methyl (E)-methoxyimino[alpha-(o-tolyloxy)-o-tolyl]acetate
methyl (alphaE)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]benzeneacetate
An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.
A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine. The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety.
A 16-membererd macrolide that is the aglycone of the antibiotic 5-O-beta-D-mycaminosyltylactone.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is acetate where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
mannitol
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent, bulking agent, humectant, stabilizer, sweetener.
An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.
An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of all three protons from the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.
An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of D-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of glutamate(1-).
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the both the carboxy groups of L-glutamic acid.
Bacterial polysaccharide derivatives of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds, whose main function is to fortify the cell wall. In some parasites, they serve as a site of attachment to mucosal membranes.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is the methyl ester of [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid. A foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops.
methyl [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
1-(Butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamic acid, methyl ester
Methyl 1-(butylamino)carbonyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate
Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate
Methyl N-(1-butylcarbamoyl-2-benzimidazole)carbamate
A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.
3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide
An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.
Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hnu and momentum hnu/c (h is the Planck constant, nu the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force.
An octadecadienoate with cis- double bonds at the 9- and 12- positions; the conjugate base of linoleic acid.
(9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ion(1-)
(Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ion(1-)
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.
A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group has been replaced by an ethyl group.
The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.
A thia fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of lipoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.
A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.
An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
isobutane
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): propellant.
A cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide that is cobalamin with the oxidation state of the central cobalt atom unspecified.
A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.
A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).
An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.
Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.
An alpha-amino-acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
silicon dioxide
silicon dioxide, amorphous
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent.
An gamma-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
The amino acid zwitterion formed from thyroxine by transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group. Major species at pH 7.3.
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxalic acid.
An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.
2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid
A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.
2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenyl]propanoic acid
A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Fe(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of ferrocenes.
A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.
A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
benzoic acid
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.
A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
propionic acid
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.
A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.
A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the Z-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
A phthalate that is the conjugate base of phthalic acid.
A benzenedicarboxylic acid that is benzene substituted by carboxy groups at position 1 and 3. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and terephthalic acids.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of isophthalic acid.
A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A C18, long straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid anion; and the conjugate base of oleic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
alcohol
A naphthalenesulfonic acid in which the sulfo groups are attached to positions 2 and 7 of the naphthalene ring.
A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.
sorbitol
sorbitol as food source
sorbitols
sorbitols as food source
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, humectant, sequestrant, stabilizer, sweetener.
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.
(2-methyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)methyl rel-(1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.
A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.
Any member of a group of hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration.
A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valeric acid; present in ester form as component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
It is used as food additive under the E number E510, working as a yeast nutrient in breadmaking and as an acidifier. It is a feed supplement for cattle and an ingredient in nutritive media for yeasts and many microorganisms. Ammonium chloride is used to spice up dark sweets called salmiak (popular in Nordic and other nearby countries),[18] in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture, and in the liquor Salmiakki Koskenkorva for flavouring. In Iran, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan and Arab countries it is called "Noshader" and is used to improve the crispness of snacks such as samosas and jalebi. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride]
A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.
A member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio.
calcium oxide
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, dough conditioner, flour treatment agent.
calcium sulphate
calcium sulfate
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): firming agent, flour treatment agent, sequestrant, stabilizer.
A platinum coordination entity with cis square-planar geometry in which platinum(II) is coordinated to two ammonia ligands and a bidentate cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate ligand.
An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol,
Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of ethylenediamine.
A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanimido at position 5.
A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.
A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.
A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.
L-(+)-N,N'-Bis(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethyl)-2,4,6-triiodo-5-lactamide isophthalamide
L-5alpha-Hydroxypropionylamino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid di(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propylamide)
(2S-(2alpha,3beta,4beta))-2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid
A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.
magnesium oxide
A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.
methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
methyl para-hydroxybenzoate
A polymer composed of repeating acetoxyethylene units.
potassium hydroxide
The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Also used as a food additive.
propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
propyl para-hydroxybenzoate
A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.
saccharin
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide
sodium hydroxide
An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.
sodium sulphate
sodium sulfate
A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.
sucralose
sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose)
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): sweetener. Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body and therefore it is non-caloric. In the European Union, it is also known under the E number (additive code) E955. Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar), twice as sweet as saccharin, and 3 times as sweet as aspartame.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.
talc
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent, coating agent, dusting agent, surface-finishing agent, texturizing agent.
An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.
A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.
titanium dioxide
An arenesulfonic acid that is phenol substituted by a sulfo group at C-4.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of nonanoic acid that in methyl ester form has significant nematicidal activity.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of heptanoic acid; shown in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion studies to increase levels of C4 Kreb's cycle intermediates.
A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.
A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.
A phenolate anion that is the conjugate base of catecholate(1-).
An alaninium that is the conjugate acid of D-alanine.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of alanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of alanine.
An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An optically active form of phenylalaninate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of phenylalaninium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of phenylalaninium having D-configuration.
A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylalanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of phenylalanine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glycine, arising from protonation of the amino.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glycine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A pyridinemonocarboxylate that is the conjugate base of nicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An optically active form of lysinate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of lysinium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of lysinate having D-configuration.
An optically active form of lysinium having D-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of lysine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of lysine, having two cationic amino groups and an anionic carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation obtained by protonation of both amino groups of lysine.
A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.
potassium chloride
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): gelling agent, flavour enhancer, stabilizer, thickener.
A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.
N'-(3-chlorophenyl)carbonohydrazonoyl dicyanide
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.
An alkane-alpha,omega-diammonium(2+) that is the dication of putrescine (1,4-butanediamine) arising from protonation of both primary amino groups; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of leucine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of leucine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of methionine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate acid of methionine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An optically active form of glutaminate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of glutaminium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of glutaminate having D-configuration.
An optically active form of glutaminium having D-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glutamine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-arginine; obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
(3,4-methylenedioxy-6-propylbenzyl) (butyl) diethylene glycol ether
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl 6-propylpiperonyl ether
6-propylpiperonyl butyl diethylene glycol ether
An optically active form of tyrosinate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of tyrosinium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of tyrosinate(1-) having D-configuration.
An optically active form of tyrosinium having D-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tyrosine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tyrosine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.
An optically active form of prolinate having L-configuration.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
An optically active form of prolinium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of prolinate having D-configuration.
An optically active form of prolinium having D-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of proline, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of proline, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc.
propane
A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.
A tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated from plant species of the genus Taxus.
5beta,20-epoxy-1,7beta,13alpha-trihydroxy-9-oxotax-11-ene-2alpha,4alpha,10beta-triyl 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.
Any monoacylglycerol phosphate obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid or derivatives therein.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the phosphate OH groups in diphosphoric acid.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from diphosphoric acid.
A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.
A mononitrotoluene that is toluene carrying a nitro substituent at position 2.
calcium carbonate
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, stabilizer, surface colourant.
A cyclic amine whose five-membered ring contains four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; the parent compound of the pyrrolidine family.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in chromic acid.
A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.
A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.
A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.
A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.
4,4'-(2,2-propanediyl) bis[2,6-dibromo]phenol
A benzopyran consisting of a pyran ring having a benzene ring ortho-fused across positions 2 and 3.
A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A particle not known to have substructure.
Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.
d-alpha-tocopherol
vitamin e
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
A univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
A substance used to destroy rodent pests.
A substance used to destroy bird pests (class Aves).
food role
A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life.
Any material that can be ingested by an organism.
An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy.
A substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An organic acid in which one or both oxygens of a carboxy group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A group derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom.
A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.
A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
Arylmethyl groups and derivatives formed by substitution: ArCR2-.
A univalent group containing carbon which has its free valence at an atom other than carbon.
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.
A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.
2-ethoxy-1-({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl)-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid
2-ethoxy-1-(p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl)-7-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid
2-ethoxy-1-{[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid
2-ethoxy-1-{[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4ethyl]}-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid.
An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an aryl group.
Any arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid substituted by at least one amino group at unspecified position.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.
4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.
A catecholamine in which C-1 of the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted.
Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas.
A compound containing at least one carbon-lead bond.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings.
A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.
A bromophenol that consists of phenol bearing two bromo substituents at unspecified positions.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.
A polycyclic compound in which one ring contains two, and only two, atoms in common with each of two or more rings of a contiguous series of rings. Such compounds have n common faces and less than 2n common atoms.
ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic compounds
A polycyclic compound having the shape of a cage.
Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.
The inclusive term for any cyclic hydrocarbon having any number of double bonds.
An unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one endocyclic double bond.
Acyclic (branched or unbranched) and cyclic (with or without side chain) hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bond.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
Acyclic (branched or unbranched) hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
An aliphatic compound having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an f-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position beta to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
A cluster is a number of metal centres grouped close together which can have direct metal bonding interactions or interactions through a bridging ligand, but are not necessarily held together by these interactions.
A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.
(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion.
An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.
Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
transition element coordination entities
A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.
A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.
A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Mollusca.
A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.
A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.
1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamic acid methyl ester
2-benzimidazolecarbamic acid methyl ester
Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of N-ethyl-2-hydroxypropanamide.
(2S)-1-(ethylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl phenylcarbamate
Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.
Organometallic coordination compounds in which one atom of a transition metal such as iron, ruthenium or osmium is bonded to and only to the face of two cyclopentadienyl [eta(5)-(C5H5)] ligands which lie in parallel planes. The term should not be used for analogues having rings other than cyclopentadienyl as ligands.
silver
gold
gold, metallic
A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.
A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has been found in Centaurium erythraea.
A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.
A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.
An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts normally that is normally used as a seed treatment.
A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is progesterone which has been oxidised to introduce a double bond between positions 1 and 2.
A mononitronaphthalene substituted by a nitro group at position 1.
A nitroarene that is pyrene substituted at the 1-position by a nitro group. A by-product of combustion, it is the predominant nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emitted in a diesel engine.
A hexachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2, 3, and 5 positions of each of the benzene rings are replaced by chlorines.
A hexachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which both of the phenyl rings are substituted at positons 2, 4, and 6 by chlorines.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by chlorines.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, 5, and 2' are replaced by chlorines.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.
A trichlorobiphenyl that is 1,4-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3-chlorophenyl group.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are positions at positions 2, 3, 4, and 4'.
A trichlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 4 on one of the benzene rings are replaced by chlorines.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, 5, and 6.
A trichlorobiphenyl that is 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.
A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a p-chlorophenyl group.
An aminotoluene that is para-toluidine with an additional amino group at position 2.
A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.
A dichlorobiphenyl that is p-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.
A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.
butylated hydroxytoluene (bht)
butylated hydroxytoluene
A dichlorobiphenyl that is 1,3-dichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a phenyl group.
A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.
A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.
1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.
A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.
2-(1-methylpropyl)phenyl methylcarbamate
Methylcarbamic acid o-sec-butylphenyl ester
A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.
3,4,5,3',4'-Penta coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl
A dichlorobiphenyl that is 1,3-dichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a phenyl group.
A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.
A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss).
carrageenan
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, carrier, coating agent, emulsifier, gelling agent, glazing agent, humectant, stabilizer, thickener.
A dichlorobiphenyl carrying chloro groups at positions 4 and 4' respectively.
A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.
A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.
A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.
O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoroamidothioate
Acetylphosphoramidothioic acid O,S-dimethyl ester
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl methylcarbamate
2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ol methylcarbamate
2,3-Isopropylidenedioxyphenyl methylcarbamate
2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(prop-2-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl ester
3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclopenten-1-yl chrysanthemate
3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
3-allyl-4-keto-2-methylcyclopentenyl chrysanthemum monocarboxylate
A halomethane that is dichloromethane in which oneof the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom. It occurs as a contaminant in drinking water.
A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.
2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate
2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofuranyl N-methylcarbamate
2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate
A dithioloquinoxaline that results from the formal condensation of 6-methylquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol with phosgene. It has been used as a fungicide and acaricide for the control of mites and powdery mildew on citrus, vegetables, and walnuts, but is not approved for use in the EU.
6-Methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic S,S-dithiocarbonate
6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic dithiocarbonate
S,S-(6-methylquinoxaline-2,3-diyl) dithiocarbonate
Ethyl 2-hydroxy-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate
An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.
O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate
O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) ester
An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.
O,O-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate
O,O-Dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate
O,O-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) ester
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) ester
An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.
A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.
O,O-diethyl O-[6-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl] phosphorothioate
O,O-Diethyl 2-isopropyl-4-methylpyrimidyl-6-thiophosphate
O,O-Diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl) thionophosphate
O,O-Diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate
O,O-diethyl O-[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl] thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-(6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl) ester
A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester
Benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid di-n-butyl ester
o-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester
An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.
Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl ester
A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.
2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth[2,3-b]oxirene, 3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-, (1aalpha,2beta,2aalpha,3beta,6beta,6aalpha,7beta,7aalpha)-
The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
o-Benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.
O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] phosphorodithioate
O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] dithiophosphate
Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-dimethyl S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) ester
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.
O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl)phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl phenylphosphonothioic acid O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester
ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethionophosphonate
A dication whose structure comprises a pentane backbone linking two 1-methylpyrrolidinium groups; a nicotinic antagonist used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.
O,O-diethyl O-[4-(methanesulfinyl)phenyl] phosphorothioate
O,O-Diethyl O-(p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl) phosphorothioate
O,O-Diethyl O-4-methylsulphinylphenyl phosphorothioate
O,O-Diethyl O-p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl thiophosphate
O,O-diethyl O-[4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl] thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-(4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl) ester
An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.
O,O-dimethyl O-[3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl] phosphorothioate
4-Methylmercapto-3-methylphenyl dimethyl thiophosphate
O,O-Dimethyl O-4-(methylmercapto)-3-methylphenyl phosphorothioate
O,O-Dimethyl O-4-methylthio-m-tolyl phosphorothioate
O,O-Dimethyl-O-4-(methylmercapto)-3-methylphenyl thiophosphate
O,O-dimethyl O-[3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl] thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl) ester
An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.
A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.
A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.
A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.
An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.
A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.
A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.
(1S,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl}-7-methyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl (2S)-2-methylbutanoate
An organic heteromonocyclic compound whose six-membered ring contains four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom that lies opposite to each other; the parent compound of the morpholine family.
A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidalole which is substituted at position 2 by a (methoxycarbonyl)amino group and at position 5 by a 2-thienoyl group. It is an antineoplastic agent that exerts its effect by depolymerising microtubules.
methyl [5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
(5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester
N-(5-(2-thenoyl)-2-benzimidazolyl)carbamic acid methyl ester
N-(5-(2-thienoyl)-2-benzimidazolyl)carbamic acid methyl ester
methyl (5-(2-thienylcarbonyl))-1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate
methyl N-(5-thenoyl-2-benzimidazolyl)carbamate
An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.
N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication
A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.
A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.
3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester
3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.
4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid
3,5,6-trichloro-4-amino-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-picolinic acid
4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the one of the hydrogens of each amino group is substituted by an isopropyl group.
A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.
A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.
2-(propan-2-yloxy)phenyl methylcarbamate
2-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl methylcarbamate
tetradecaammine-1kappa(5)N,2kappa(5)N,3kappa(4)N-di-mu-oxidotriruthenium hexachloride
tetradecaammine dioxotriruthenium hexachloride
(1Z)-2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)ethenyl dimethyl phosphate
(Z)-2-Chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate
2-Chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate
An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.
A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.
An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.
An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.
A trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
magnesium hydroxide
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, colour retention agent.
calcium hydroxide
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, firming agent.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of two protons from vanadic acid.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of vanadic acid where one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion in which the oxo group is located at the 2-position.
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.
A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.
A role played by a foreign substance mixed with or attached to a given substance to enable the distribution or location of the latter to be determined subsequently.
A physical tracer is one that is attached by physical means to the object being traced.
A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.
A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction.
A small molecule which increases (activator) or decreases (inhibitor) the activity of an (allosteric) enzyme by binding to the enzyme at the regulatory site (which is different from the substrate-binding catalytic site).
A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.
A fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas which has formed over many years through the decomposition of deposited vegetation which was under extreme pressure of an overburden of earth.
The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc).
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.
Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
Any neutral molecule having charge-separated forms with a quaternary ammonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid.
A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.
A retinoate that is the conjugate base of all-trans-retinoic acid.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.
An ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon comprising three fused benzene rings.
Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system.
Amines that constitute a class of central nervous system stimulants based on the structure of the parent amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.
A hydrochloride having methamphetamine as the base component.
(2S)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine hydrochloride
(+)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine hydrochloride
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.
The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.
A 17-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 17 has a beta-configuration.
Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.
A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.
An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.
Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the -C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).
A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.
fatty acids
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antifoaming agent. foam stabilizer, glazing agent.
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A primary diamine is a compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing two hydrogen atoms by amino groups.
A primary diamine that is ethane or a higher alkane in which a hydrogen of each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by an amino group. H2NCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.
Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.
A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths).
A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations.
A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which both phenyl groups are substituted by chlorines at positions 3 and 5.
A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.
An EC 3.4.15.* (peptidyl-dipeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of peptidyl-dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1).
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitors
angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor
angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I inhibitors
endothelial cell peptidyl dipeptidase inhibitor
endothelial cell peptidyl dipeptidase inhibitors
peptidyl-dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitor
peptidyl-dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitors
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.
A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour.
Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.
An anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins.
Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.
Antimanic drugs are agents used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.
Compounds of the general formula ROOC-CH=CH-COOR' where R and R' are organyl groups
An EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)), EC 1.2.1.3.
CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.3 (aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))) inhibitor
EC 1.2.1.3 (aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))) inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitors
NAD-dependent 4-hydroxynonenal dehydrogenase inhibitor
NAD-dependent 4-hydroxynonenal dehydrogenase inhibitors
NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) (EC 1.2.1.3) inhibitor
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) (EC 1.2.1.3) inhibitors
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) inhibitor
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) inhibitors
m-methylbenzaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
m-methylbenzaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
propionaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.
A drug that prevents or reduces fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. An antipyretic will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever.
Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.
A compound which inhibits or antagonises the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.
An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.
An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds.
An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates beta-adrenergic receptors.
An agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
An agent that binds to but does not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists. beta-Adrenergic antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches and anxiety.
A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.1 (cyclooxygenase) inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitors
cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) inhibitors
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitor
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor
A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.
A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid.
A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.
Any organofluorine compound that is the perfluorinated derivative of any alkanoic acid.
heterocyclic organic fundamental parents
organic heterocyclic fundamental parents
A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents
A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.
Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates alpha-adrenergic receptors.
mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents
A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor which interferes with the activity of the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), EC 3.1.3.48, involved in the removal of phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins.
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitors
[phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase inhibitor
[phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase inhibitors
phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphotyrosine) inhibitor
phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphotyrosine) inhibitors
phosphotyrosine histone phosphatase inhibitor
phosphotyrosine histone phosphatase inhibitors
phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase inhibitor
phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase inhibitors
phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase inhibitor
phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase inhibitors
protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor
protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors
protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.48) inhibitor
protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.48) inhibitors
protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor
protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors
tyrosine O-phosphate phosphatase inhibitor
tyrosine O-phosphate phosphatase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.
(2-{4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethoxy)acetic acid
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
An azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.
An EC 3.5.2.* (non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6).
penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase inhibitor
penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase inhibitors
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
An inhibitor of HIV protease, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
Any EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that inhibits HMG-CoA reductases. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to lower directly cholesterol synthesis. The Enzyme Commission designation is EC 1.1.1.34 for the NADPH-dependent enzyme and EC 1.1.1.88 for an NADH-dependent enzyme.
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor
Any drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.
A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.
A drug that binds to and activates histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications, histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.
A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood).
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
A member of the class of naphthols carrying a single hydroxy substituent at C-1 or C-2. A closed class.
Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.
An agent used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a carboxy group at unspecified position.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
Any dicarboxylic acid anion that is a monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of only one of the carboxy groups of the dicarboxylic acid.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.
A monoterpene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6.
A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).
A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.
A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
H2NS(=O)2OH (sulfamic acid) and its N-hydrocarbyl derivatives.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of propan-2-ol.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.
Compounds in which one oxygen of a carboxy group has been replaced by divalent sulfur; RC(=O)SH or RC(=S)OH.
Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.
An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.
Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of carbon atoms.
An aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxylic acid group of its corresponding fatty acid, having a carbonyl group at one end of the carbon chain.
A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.
Any anion of a tricarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of at least one carboxy group.
Any anion of a tetracarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of one or more carboxy groups.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.
Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.
N-Nitroso amines, compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant.
An agent useful in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in man or animals.
Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.
The saturated hydrides of tervalent arsenic, having the general formula AsnHn+2.
A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
A drug that increases uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric drug), decreases uric acid production (antihyperuricemic), or alleviates the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout.
An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).
A compound or agent that combines with lipoxygenase and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the icosanoid products hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes.
Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.
Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.
Anhydrides derived from carboxylic acids.
The saturated hydrides of tervalent phosphorus having the general formula PnHn+2.
Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.
Any carboxylic acid anion containing at least one oxo group.
Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.
A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.
Monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide HOOH, having the skeleton ROOH, in which R is any organyl group.
An agent that has an affinity for serotonin receptors and is able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. Serotonin agonists are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine disorders.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that has a hydroxy group beta to the carboxy group.
Any hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion having the oxo group located at the 3-position (R = H or organyl group).
Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
omega-6 fatty acid
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.
A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.
A chloroalkane that is ethane in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.
An octadecenoic acid with a double bond at C-9.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.
Any stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group.
A 20-carbon, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four double bonds at unspecified positions.
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases.
A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
A drug used to treat infestations with arthropods of the subclass Acari (mites and ticks).
Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.
Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (abortifacients).
A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.
A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of dihydroxybenzoic acid.
An alicyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure forms part of a terpene skeleton.
A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
Any alicyclic ketone that consists of a cyclopentane skeleton substituted by at least one oxo group.
Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
A C7, medium-chain fatty acid carrying a double bond at any position along the main chain.
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.
(5beta,17beta)-gamma-methylandrostane-17-butanoic acid
Members of the class of cholanic acids based on a 5beta-cholane skeleton.
Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.
The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.
Unsaturated C18 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.
Hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acids, formed in mammalian cells by peroxidation of linoleic acid.
Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.
A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder Trypanosomatida.
Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin).
Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy).
Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi.
Particle of integer spin quantum number following Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons are named after Satyendra Nath Bose.
A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles).
Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force.
A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.
A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.
saturated heteromonocyclic parent hydride
saturated heteromonocyclic parent hydrides
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parents
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.
An unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having two endocyclic double bonds.
A monocyclic hydrocarbon having any number of double bonds.
A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.
mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents
A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
A coordination entity that is coordination complex of a metals with one or more carbon monoxide ligands.
The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.
Compounds consisting of two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom acyl-O-acyl.
Acid anhydrides derived by loss of water between two oxoacid functions RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) (carboxylic, sulfonic, etc.) in the same molecule so as to close a ring.
An acid anhydride derived by loss of water between two carboxylic groups in the same molecule so as to close a ring.
An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.
Any terpenoid derived from a triterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C30 skeleton of the parent triterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.
A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is a heterocyclic organic compound comprising fused benzene and imidazole rings.
Any one of eight organic heterobicyclic compounds that have a naphthalene skeleton in which two of the carbons are replaced by nitrogens. A 'closed' class.
Any dibenzodioxine in which two or more hydrogens have been replaced by chlorines.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.
A compound derived from an arene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.
A compound consisting of an acyl group bonded to chlorine.
A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.
Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.
Any compound having phosphocholine as part of its structure.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which unspecified alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively.
2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaines
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the 2-O-acyl group is specified as acetyl; a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine zwitterion
a 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.
Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H8Cl2.
Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H7Cl3.
Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H6Cl4.
Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H5Cl5.
Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H4Cl6.
A pinene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6 respectively.
A sesquiterpene that is dodecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 10.
Any diterpenoid with a labdane skeleton.
A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid.
A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.
A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.
A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.
A monocarboxylic acid that is cyclopropanecarboxylic acid substituted by two methyl groups at position 2 and a 2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl group at position 3.
2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.
A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.
Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.
A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the beta-position.
A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 16.
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.
A 14-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group has a beta-configuration.
Compounds that resemble the halogen elements, X2, in their chemistry.
A radical that carries an electric charge.
An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
The thioether resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol group of L-cysteine with the 7-position of (2Z)-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid. It is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I (membrane dipeptidase, 3.4.13.19), an enzyme found in the brush border of renal tubes and responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin is therefore administered (as the sodium salt) with imipenem to prolong the antibacterial effect of the latter by preventing its renal metabolism to inactive and potentially nephrotoxic products. Cilastatin also acts as a leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4.
(2Z)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid
(L)-7-(2-Amino-2-carboxy-ethylsulfanyl)-2-[(2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-amino]-hept-2-enoic acid
(Z)-7-((R)-2-Amino-2-carboxy-ethylsulfanyl)-2-[((S)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-amino]-hept-2-enoic acid
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.
A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.
An organoiodine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-iodine bond.
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.
Any member of the class of bromobenzenes that consists of a benzene or a substituted benzene ring carrying two bromo groups at unspecified positions.
A compound derived from an arene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom.
A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted by at least one bromo group.
A dibromobenzene carrying bromo groups at positions 1 and 3.
Any EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16).
3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzymeA reductase phosphatase inhibitor
3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzymeA reductase phosphatase inhibitors
Aspergillus awamori acid protein phosphatase inhibitor
Aspergillus awamori acid protein phosphatase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.16 (protein serine/threonine phosphatase) inhibitors
HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase inhibitors
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitor
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitors
phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) inhibitor
phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) inhibitors
phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase inhibitor
phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase inhibitors
phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitor
phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitors
polycation modulated (PCM-) phosphatase inhibitor
polycation modulated (PCM-) phosphatase inhibitors
protein serine/threonine phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) inhibitors
protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor
protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors
serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase inhibitor
serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor
A hydrogen butenedioate that is the conjugate base of maleic acid.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
Saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes; i.e. compounds of the general formula SinH2n+2.
A polyol that contains 6 hydroxy groups.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.
An actinoid molecular entity containing at least one atome of thorium.
The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.
A 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione that is isoalloxazine substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8.
A substance administered to enhance contrast in images of the inside of the body obtained using X-rays, gamma-rays, sound waves, radio waves (MRI), or radioactive particles in order to diagnose disease.
A substance having the property of absorbing, and therefore being opaque to, electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-rays.
Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid.
Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.
methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-({[(2S,4R)-1-methyl-4-propylpyrrolidin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1-thio-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
Methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-(1-methyl-trans-4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-L-threo-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
A oxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.
Derivatives of diazene with the general structure R-N=N-R'.
A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.
(1aR,1bS,4aR,7aS,7bS,8R,9R,9aS)-9a-acetoxy-4a,7b-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-5-oxo-1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,7b,8,9,9a-decahydro-1H-cyclopropa[3,4]benzo[1,2-e]azulen-9-yl tetradecanoate
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
A compound consisting of an acyl group bonded to halogen.
A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
sodium phosphates
Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.
An alkene that is octadecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
A L-glucopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to a nitrogen is replaced by a monochlorotrityl group.
A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.
Any member of a diverse class of complex, multicyclic phytochemicals showing a variety of skeleton arrangements and bioactivities, and having in common a sesquiterpenoid structure including a lactone ring.
A compound which inhibits or antagonizes the biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases).
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.
An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13).
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) inhibitor
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitors
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors
calcium-independent protein kinase C inhibitor
calcium-independent protein kinase C inhibitors
calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase inhibitor
calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase inhibitors
protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) inhibitor
protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors
A phosphonic acid derivative in which one or both OH groups have been esterified.
Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone.
Any haloalkane carrying at least one iodo group.
An organosulfonic acid containing one or more amino groups.
A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.
butane
An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.
A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having four carbon-carbon double bonds.
A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A plant growth regulator that modulates the formation of stems, leaves and flowers, as well as the development and ripening of fruit. The term includes endogenous and non-endogenous compounds (e.g. active compounds produced by bacteria on the leaf surface) as well as semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors.
An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists.
An agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.
methyl (2S)-(2-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)acetate
Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.
Any carbohydrate sulfate that is a polysaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.
A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.
H1-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists.
Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems.
H2-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter.
Any of a class of cyclic chemical compounds that contain an unsaturated six-membered ring with one ring oxygen atom and an oxo substituent.
A macromolecule derived from one species of (real, implicit or hypothetical) monomer.
Any aminopurine that has amino substituents at positions 2 and 6, and their substituted derivatives.
A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.
Any of three isomers generated by replacing three of the carbon atoms of benzene with nitrogen atoms.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.
A drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human.
A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.
A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
An ester of malonic acid; any compound containing a malonate ester skeleton.
A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.
2-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, gamma-lactone
An intramolecular cyclic ester of a hydroxy sulfonic acid, analogous to lactone.
Any member of the class of cardenolides with glycosyl residues attached to position 3.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
Any organonitrogen compound with formula RS-C(=X)NH2 where X = O (monothiocarbamic esters) or S (dithiocarbamic esters), or their N-substituted derivatives.
A thiocarbamic ester formally derived from a monothiocarbamic acid.
Any ester derived from a member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids by formal replacement of the -SH group by -SR, where R is an organyl group.
Cyclic hemiacetals formed by intramolecular addition of a hydroxy group to an aldehydic or ketonic carbonyl group. They are thus 1-oxacycloalkan-2-ols or unsaturated analogues.
A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output.
Any of low-molecular-mass iron(III)-chelating compounds produced by plants for the purpose of the transport and sequestration of iron.
A ligand with two or more separate binding sites that can bind to a single metallic central atom, forming a chelate.
A member of the class of 1,3,5-triazines that is 1,3,5-triazine substituted by at least one chloro group at unspecified position.
Any member of the class of 1,3,5-triazines that consists of a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton substituted by two amino groups.
Any diamino-1,3,5-triazine in which the amino group is substituted by at least one cyano group.
Any member of the class of 1,3,5-triazines substituted by at least one methoxy group.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid. A 'closed class'.
A pyridinemonocarboxylate resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of picolinic acid.
Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.
A naphthalenesulfonic acid having at least one amino substituent.
A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.
One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
An EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27).
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27) inhibitor
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27) inhibitors
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase inhibitor
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase inhibitors
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating) inhibitor
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating) inhibitors
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase inhibitor
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitors
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase inhibitor
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase inhibitors
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase inhibitor
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase inhibitors
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid hydroxylase inhibitor
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid hydroxylase inhibitors
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic hydroxylase inhibitor
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic hydroxylase inhibitors
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic oxidase inhibitor
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic oxidase inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors.
Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.
A hexenoic acid with the double bond at position 4.
A heptenoic acid with the double bond at position 6.
A fluoroalkanoic acid that is nonanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens in the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorines.
saturated organic heterobicyclic parents
A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.
3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoic acid 2-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)hydrazide
A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.
3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)hydrazide
benzoic acid, 2-benzoyl-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)hydrazide
Any member of the class of indolones whose structure is based on an oxindole (2-indolone) skeleton.
Derivatives of carbamic acid with insecticidal properties of general formula ROC(=O)NR(1)R(2), where ROH is an alcohol, oxime, or phenol and R(1) is hydrogen or methyl. Like organophosphate insecticides, they are cholinesterase inhibitors, but carbamate insecticides differ in action from the organophosphates in that the inhibitory effect on cholinesterase is generally brief.
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitor
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitors
acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitors
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitor
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.
mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
An EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1).
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitors
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitor
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitors
cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitor
cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitors
ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase inhibitors
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
A respiratory-chain inhibitor that interferes with the action of the the enzyme NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating), EC 1.6.5.3.
EC 1.6.5.3 (NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)) inhibitor
EC 1.6.5.3 (NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)) inhibitors
EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitors
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitor
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitors
NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase inhibitors
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
NADH2 dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitor
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex inhibitor
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating) inhibitor
NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating) inhibitors
NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) inhibitor
complex I (NADH:Q1 oxidoreductase) inhibitors
complex I (electron transport chain) inhibitors
complex I (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitors
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor
mitochondrial electron transport complex 1 inhibitor
mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitor
mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitors
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitors
EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.
3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl methylcarbamate
3,5-Dimethyl-4-(methylthio)phenol methylcarbamate
3,5-Dimethyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl methylcarbamate
3,5-Dimethyl-4-methylthiophenyl N-methylcarbamate
4-Methylmercapto-3,5-dimethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate
4-Methylmercapto-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate
4-Methylthio-3,5-dimethylphenyl methylcarbamate
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parents
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent
Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).
An amino acid consisting of carbamic acid having two methyl substituents both attached to the nitrogen.
A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).
(3R,5S,6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl}-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(3R,5S,6E)-7-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(1-methylethyl)-2-(ethyl(methylsulfonyl)amino)-5-pyrimidinyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic acid
(3R,5S,6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyrimidin-5-yl}-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
dimethyl N,N'-[sulfanediylbis(carbamoyloxy)]diethanimidothioate
N,N'-(Thiobis((methylimino)carbonyloxy))bisethanimidothioic acid dimethyl ester
Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.
A difluorobenzene carrying fluoro groups at positions 1 and 3.
An organic anion with formula C3H3N2 resulting from the removal of a proton from 1H, 3H, or 4H-pyrazole.
An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4).
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors
amine oxidase (flavin-containing) inhibitor
amine oxidase (flavin-containing) inhibitors
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing) inhibitor
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing) inhibitors
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitor
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitors
monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) inhibitor
monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) inhibitors
monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitor
monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitors
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
A hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine substituted by an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 4.
Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane.
An agent that inhibits sodium influx through cell membranes.
Any sodium channel blocker that interferes with the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels.
voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers
Any protein kinase inhibitor that interferes with the action of tyrosine kinase.
A methyl-branched fatty acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a single methyl substituent.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-methylbutanoic acid.
Any organochlorine compound that has been used as a pesticide.
Any organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an acaricide.
(1E)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl dimethyl phosphate
(E)-2-Dimethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate
(E)-Phosphoric acid, 3-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl dimethyl ester
Dimethyl (E)-2-dimethyl-carbamoyl-1-methylvinyl phosphate
An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.
O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dithiophosphate
O,O-Diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl) dithiophosphate
O,O-Diethyl S-(2-ethylmercaptoethyl) dithiophosphate
Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl) ester
S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphate
An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).
O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S,S'-methanediyl bis(phosphorodithioate)
O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-methylenebis(phosphorodithioate)
O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S,S'-methanediyl bis(dithiophosphate)
S,S'-Methylene bis(O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate)
Phosphorodithioic acid, O-ethyl S,S-dipropyl ester
Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
O-[4-(dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate
O-[4-(dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl] O,O-dimethyl thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O-(4-((dimethylamino)sulfonyl)phenyl) O,O-dimethyl ester
ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl N-(propan-2-yl)phosphoramidate
ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl (1-methylethyl)amidophosphate
ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl isopropylphosphoramidate
ethyl 4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl isopropylphosphoramidate
An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate
(+-)-O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate
Ethylphosphonodithioic acid O-ethyl S-phenyl ester
The simplest member of the class of flavans that is chromane substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.
Substance used to treat lice (genus Pediculus) infestation.
Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group.
A trianion containing at least one carboxy group.
An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.
phosphoramidothioic acid, O,S-dimethyl ester
thiophosphoramidic acid O,S-dimethyl ester
methyl 3-[(dimethoxyphosphoryl)oxy]but-2-enoate
1-Methoxycarbonyl-1-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate
2-Methoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate
Methyl 3-((dimethoxyphosphinyl)oxy)-2-butenoate
Methyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate ester
O,O-Dimethyl O-(1-methyl-2-carboxyvinyl) phosphate
An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.
dimethyl (1E)-1-methyl-3-(methylamino)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl phosphate
Dimethyl (E)-1-methyl-2-(methylcarbamoyl)vinyl phosphate
Dimethyl (E)-3-hydroxy-N-methylcrotonamide
Phosphoric acid, dimethyl (E)-1-methyl-3-(methylamino)-3-oxo-1-propenyl ester
An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.
1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate
O,O-dimethyl O-2,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethyl phosphate
O-(1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl)-O,O-dimethyl phosphate
dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl phosphate
phosphoric acid, 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl ester
A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from formal condensation between mercaptoacetic acid and methylamine.
S-[2-(ethanesulfinyl)ethyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate
Phosphorothioic acid, S-(2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl) O,O-dimethyl ester
S-[2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl] O,O-dimethyl thiophosphate
phosphorotrithioic acid, S,S,S-tributyl ester
A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.
O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate
O,O-Dimethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) thionophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester
Phosphorothioic acid, o,o-dimethyl-o-p-nitrophenyl ester
Any polyamine that contained three amino groups.
Member of the class of isoflavones bearing at least one hydroxy group.
Any isoflavonoid with a 3-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (3-aryl-4H-chromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylsulfanyl)methyl] phosphorodithioate
O,O-Diethyl S-(ethylthio)methyl phosphorodithioate
O,O-Diethyl S-ethylmercaptomethyl dithiophosphate
O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylsulfanyl)methyl] dithiophosphate
Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-((ethylthio)methyl) ester
Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of quinoxaline (1,4-naphthyridine).
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group attached to the quinoline skeleton
A compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a nitrogen atom.
Any oxacycle that is oxetane or its substituted derivatives.
Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.
S-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
O,O-Dimethyl S-(phthalimidomethyl) dithiophosphate
O,O-Dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate
O,O-Dimethyl phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate
S-((1,3-Dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phosphorodithioic acid O,O-dimethyl ester
S-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphate
Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues.
A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel modulator
ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel modulator
A primary alcohol comprising phthalimide carrying an N-hydroxymethyl substituent.
A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.
A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains a quinoxaline moiety.
A quinoxaline derivative that has pesticidal properties.
Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.
A member of the class of benzofurans consisting of a 1-benzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.
O-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate
O-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl] O,O-dimethyl thiophosphate
O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate
O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl thiophosphate
Phosphorothioic acid, O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl ester
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenoxyacetic acid.
A halophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 have been replaced by chlorine and bromine, respectively.
An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.
propan-2-yl (2E)-3-{[(ethylamino)(methoxy)phosphorothioyl]oxy}but-2-enoate
(E)-1-Methylethyl 3-(((ethylamino)methoxyphosphinothioyl)oxy)-2-butenoate
1-Methylethyl (E)-3-(((ethylamino)methoxyphosphinothioyl)oxy)-2-butenoate
O-methyl O-{1-[(propan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl]prop-1-en-2-yl} ethylamidothiophosphate
Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
An isopropyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with isopropanol.
Substance that produces loss of consciousness.
A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.
A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.
A carbamate ester that consists of 2,3,5-trimethylphenol carrying an O-(N-methylcarbamoyl) group. One of two constituents of trimethacarb.
methylcarbamic acid 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl ester
Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a pyridine ring ortho-fused at any position to a pyrimidine ring.
Drugs that used to treat infestations by flukes (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma.
Bis(O,O-diethylphosphorothionic) anhydride
O-ethyl O-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl] S-propyl phosphorodithioate
O-Ethyl O-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)phosphorodithioic acid S-propyl ester
O-ethyl O-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl] S-propyl dithiophosphate
An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.
O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-(sulfanediyldibenzene-4,1-diyl) bis(phosphorothioate)
O,O'-(Thiodi-p-phenylene) O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl bis(phosphorothioate)
O,O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene) bis(O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate)
O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-(sulfanediyldi-4,1-phenylene) bis(phosphorothioate)
O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-(sulfanediyldibenzene-4,1-diyl) bis(thiophosphate)
O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-thiodi-p-phenylene bis(phosphorothioate)
O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-thiodi-p-phenylene diphosphorothioate
Phosphorothioic acid, O,O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene) O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl ester
An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
An aryl sulfide that consists of two phenyl groups connected by a sulphur atom.
Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.
A monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
Protein component on the surface of lipoprotein.
A complex in which one component (the host) forms a cavity or, in the case of a crystal, a crystal lattice containing spaces in the shape of long tunnels or channels in which molecular entities of a second chemical species (the guest) are located. There is no covalent bonding between guest and host, the attraction being generally due to van der Waals forces.
Inclusion compound in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules.
A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. They are synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport).
A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and low density (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of cholesterol esters and smaller amounts of triglycerides. The surface monolayer consists mostly of phospholipids, a single copy of apolipoprotein B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main function of LDL is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters from the liver. Excessive levels are associated with cardiovascular disease.
Any sulfur oxoacid derivative derived from sulfurous acid.
A trans-chrysanthemic acid in which both stereocentres have R configuration.
(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(+)-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(1R-trans)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
rel-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(1R,3R)-rel-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
trans-(1)-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(1S,3S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(1S-trans)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(1S-trans)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
rel-(1R,3S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
(1R,3S)-rel-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
cis-(1)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.
2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(prop-2-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl rel-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl rel-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(prop-2-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl trans-(+)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
Any magnesium ion that is positively charged.
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base).
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
Any chlorocycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by at least one chlorine group.
A chlorohydrocarbon that is any cycloalkane substituted by at least one chloro group.
(2E,4E)-7-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienoic acid
(+-)-7-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-2,4-heptadienoic acid
(2E,4E,6R)-7-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienoic acid
(2E,4E,6S)-7-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienoic acid
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has R-configuration.
A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.
Any polyamine that contains four amino groups.
A chloropyridine in which only one chlorine is attached to the pyridine ring.
Compounds containing a pyridine nucleus substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.
A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.
A clothiadin that has E configuration at the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety.
An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.
An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.
An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.
Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.
Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.
An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.
A volatile or volatilizable chemical compound utilized for control of pests in buildings, soil, grain, as well as during processing of goods to be imported or exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by bromine.
A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by fluorine.
A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by iodine.
trisodium (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 4 and a cyanomethyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen atom.
2-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl prop-2-yn-1-yl sulfite
2-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl prop-2-ynyl sulfite
2-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl prop-2-ynyl sulphite
2-(p-t-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl propargyl sulfite
2-(p-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite
2-(p-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl propargyl sulfite
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid
3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid
A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.
Any chemical substance that inhibits the life-cycle of an organism.
An organofluorine compound consisting of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid having a 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl group at the 3-position and two methyl groups at the 2-position.
3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid
A monocarboxylic acid consisting of isovaleric acid having a 4-chlorophenyl group at the 2-position.
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid
A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.
Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.
A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
A monocarboxylic acid consisting of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid having four methyl substituents.
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid
A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.
homopteran inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis
lepidopteran inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis
A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.
(1,3-dioxo-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
Any compound with a 1,2,4-triazine skeleton, in which nitrogen atoms replace carbon at positions 1, 2 and 4 of the core benzene ring structure.
An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a benzoyl group.
Any saturated fatty acid with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.
A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.
A ketone that is acetone in which all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by fluoro groups.
A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units.
A role played by a fluorescent molecular entity used to study the microscopic environment by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Compounds containing a group =N2 attached to a single carbon atom. They are named by adding the prefix 'diazo-' to the name of the parent hydride or functional parent.
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen.
A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.
A chlorohydrocarbon carrying one or more chloro groups at unspecified positions.
A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is a member of the drug class known as statins, used primarily for lowering blood cholesterol and for preventing cardiovascular diseases.
(3R,5R)-7-[3-(anilinocarbonyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-phenyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
(R-(R*,R*))-2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-beta,delta-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid
7-[2-(4-FLUORO-PHENYL)-5-ISOPROPYL-3-PHENYL-4-PHENYLCARBAMOYL-PYRROL-1-YL]-3,5-DIHYDROXY-HEPTANOIC ACID
A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (R)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.
A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.
curcumin
A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.
methyl 2-{[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoate
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
An ether that is the methyl ether derivative of ethanol.
A mononitrotoluene carrying a nitro group at position 3.
A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.
An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of acetic acid with propanol.
A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.
A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.
A phosphorodiamide that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by two 2-chloroethyl groups at the amino nitrogen atom.
N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide
Bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramide cyclic propanolamide ester
N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide
A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).
(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl (2S)-2-methylbutanoate
(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(2R,4R)-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthalenyl (S)-2-methyl-butyrate
2beta,6alpha-dimethyl-8alpha-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-mevinic acid lactone
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.
cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.
An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.
methyl (2E)-2-(2-{[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate
(alphaE)-2-[[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]-alpha-(methoxymethylene) benzeneacetic acid methyl ester
methyl (E)-2-[2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl]-3-methoxyacrylate
A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.
S-[2-{[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl](formyl)amino}-5-(phosphonooxy)pent-2-en-3-yl] benzenecarbothioate
N-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-2-mercapto-1-methyl-1-butenyl)formamide S-benzoate O-phosphate
The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.
A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. It is present in coconut milk (Cocos nucifera).
An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.
A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.
A fluorinated steroid that is 9-fluoropregna-1,4-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21, a methyl group at position 16 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a synthetic member of the class of glucocorticoids.
A tertiary amine oxide that is the N-oxide of N,N-dimethyldecan-1-amine.
An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.
An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.
A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.
An anthracycline cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of 4'-epidoxorubicin.
(1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-azaniumyl-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.
An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.
A methoxybenzoic acid that is the methyl ether of salicylic acid.
A tetracarboxylic acid anion formed by deprotonation of all four carboxy groups in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, ion(4-)
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetraanion
An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.
An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.
An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the Indian Coleus plant.
(3R,4aR,5S,6S,6aS,10S,10aR,10bS)-3-ethenyl-6,10,10b-trihydroxy-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-1-oxododecahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-5-yl acetate
The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.
An aromatic ketone in which the two substituents on the carbonyl C atom are phenyl and ethyl.
A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has R configuration.
A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.
An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the amino group of cyclohexylamine.
A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).
(2S)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid
(S)-alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.
An organic cation that is phenothiazin-5-ium substituted by dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7. The chloride salt is the histological dye 'methylene blue'.
A member of the class of azetidines that is (2S)-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid has been converted to the amide corresponding to formal condensation with 4-(aminomethyl)benzenecarboximidamide and in which the hydrogen attached to the azetidine nitrogen is replaced by a (2R)-2-cyclohexyl-2-[(carboxymethyl)amino]acetyl group.
An iminium ion obtained by dimethylation of the imino group of 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylene}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-imine. Used in the form of its chloride salt as a green-coloured dye.
A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.
N-(4-{[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
4-amino-N(10)-methylpteroylglutamic acid
N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid
A naphthalenesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked to position 2 of the naphthalene ring.
A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.
A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease.
(+-)-2-difluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether
difluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether
alpha,alpha',alpha''-trimethylaminetricarboxylic acid
A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.
A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(R)-7-(acetyloxy)-4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium hydroxide inner salt 4-oxide
1-O-hexadecyl-platelet-activating factor
An alkyl alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.
A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.
10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazin-3-yl methyl ketone
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop-methyl. A proherbicide for diclofop, it is used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.
rac-methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate
A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphoric acid.
A sulfonamide in which the sulfamoyl functional group is attached to aniline at the 4-position.
An amino acid consisting of carbamic acid having an N-methyl substituent.
An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-methylbutanoic acid.
A C7, straight-chain fatty acid that contributes to the odour of some rancid oils. Used in the preparation of esters for the fragrance industry, and as an additive in cigarettes.
A tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. It is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. Note that the use of the former generic name 'taxol' is now limited, as Taxol is a registered trade mark.
4alpha,10beta-bis(acetyloxy)-13alpha-[(2S,3S)-3-benzamido-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyloxy]-1,7beta-dihydroxy-9-oxo-5beta,20-epoxytax-11-en-2alpha-yl benzoate
(2aR-(2aalpha,4beta,4abeta,6beta,9alpha(alpha R*,betaS*),11alpha,12alpha,12balpha))-beta-(Benzoylamino)-alpha-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid 6,12b-bis(acetyloxy)-12-(benzoyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4,11-dihydroxy-4a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca(3,4)benz(1,2-b)oxet-9-yl ester
5beta,20-Epoxy-1,2-alpha,4,7beta,10beta,13alpha-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2R,3S)-N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine
A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.
An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a 1,3-thiazol-4-yl substituent at position 2. A mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium and Fusarium.
thiabendazole
An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.
A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.
A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.
2,4-difluoro-alpha,alpha-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzyl alcohol
A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.
A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.
An amino aldehyde that is L-tyrosine in which the carboxy group has undergone formal redution to give the corrresponding aldehyde
A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.
A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.
A sapogenin that is spirostan which is substituted by a hydroxy group at the 3beta position, contains a double bond at the 5-6 position, and has R- configuration at position 25. A natural product found in Dioscorea (wild yam) species, it is used as the starting point for the commercial synthesis of a number of steroids, including cortisone, pregnenolone and progesterone.
A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.
A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.
A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.
An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.
The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.
An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid. A multi-enzyme inhibitor that is used in alcohol aversion therapy and also exhibits anticancer properties.
A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.
An alkyl alcohol that is propan-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements.
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
Any carboxylic ester derivative of an amino acid.
(3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)-18-hydroxy-11,17-dimethoxyyohimban-16-carboxylic acid
18beta-hydroxy-11,17alpha-dimethoxy-3beta,20alpha-yohimban-16beta-carboxylic acid
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms.
Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.
A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.
4-(acetyloxy)-13alpha-({(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl}oxy)-1,7beta,10beta-trihydroxy-9-oxo-5beta,20-epoxytax-11-en-2alpha-yl benzoate
Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.
A polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.
A polyether in which the number of ether linkages is 2.
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.
Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
A hydroxyether that is ethanol substituted by a methoxy group at position 2.
A compound consisting of a peptide with attached lipid.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of oxalic acid.
A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.
3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid
A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.
Any organic heteromonocyclic compoundthat is oxane or its substituted derivatives.
Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in L-glyceraldehyde.
A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution.
A member of the class of bromomethanes that is methane substituted by two bromo groups. It is produced by marine algae.
A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.
A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-bromouracil as the nucleobase.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.
An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.
ethyl 2-{[(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoate
ethyl 2-(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)benzoate
ethyl 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate
(ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid
2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid
2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid
2-([2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl](carboxymethyl)amino)acetic acid
N,N'-1,2-Ethane diylbis-(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine)
ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
{[-(BIS-CARBOXYMETHYL-AMINO)-ETHYL]-CARBOXYMETHYL-AMINO}-ACETIC ACID
A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.
2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid
{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic acid
2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid
[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid
A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
4-chloro-2-{[(furan-2-yl)methyl]amino}-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
2-Furfurylamino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
4-Chloro-5-sulfamoyl-N-furfuryl-anthranilic acid
4-Chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
4-Chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.
A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.
The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.
A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid. Benafibrate is used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.
2-{4-[2-(4-chlorobenzamido)ethyl]phenoxy}-2-methylpropanoic acid
2-(p-(2-(p-Chlorobenzamido)ethyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4 and 6 have been replaced by bromines. It is commonly used as a fungicide and in the preparation of flame retardants.
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
Any ester resulting from the condensation of one or more of the hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.
Any oxo steroid that has an oxo substituent at position 11.
Any oxo steroid where an oxo substituent is located at position 3.
A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a seven-membered nitrogen hetrocycle fused with two benzene rings.
(2R)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid
(R)-alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid
A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.
Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A chemical compound that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength and subsequently transfer energy to a chosen reactant. This is commonly molecular oxygen within a cancer tissue, which is converted to (highly rective) singlet state oxygen. This rapidly reacts with any nearby biomolecules, ultimately killing the cancer cells.
A one-carbon compound substituted by 4 bromo groups.
Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.
An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.
(1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.
An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.
A 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.
6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide
1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol cyclic sulfite
1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenedimethyl sulphite
alpha,beta-1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachlorobicyclo(2.2.1)-2-heptene-5,6-bisoxymethylene sulfite
Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.
2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
Any primary amide having its amide oxygen replaced by sulfur.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
Ethers ROR' where R has a double bond adjacent to the oxygen of the ether linkage.
An amine RNR'R'' where R has a double bond adjacent to the amine nitrogen.
A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein.
A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.
A metabolite from Penicillium brefeldianum that exhibits a wide range of antibiotic activity.
Polypeptides synthesized by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species.
A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.
A C-nitro compound with formula C6H(6-n)(NO2)n (n can be from 1 up to 6, but is usually 1, 2 or 3). A closed class.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.
A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.
Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.
4-({2-butyl-5-[(1E)-2-carboxy-3-(2-thienyl)prop-1-en-1-yl]-1H-imidazol-1-yl}methyl)benzoic acid
(E)-2-butyl-1-(p-carboxybenzyl)-alpha-2-thenylimidazole-5-acrylic acid
(E)-3-[2-n-butyl-1-{(4-carboxyphenyl)methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl]-2-(2-thienyl)methyl-2-propenoic acid
(E)-alpha{[2-butyl-1-[(4-carboxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-imidazole-5-yl]methylene}-2-thiopheneproprionic acid
A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists.
A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.
An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.
A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.
An exogenous or endogenous compound which inhibits serine endopeptidases.
A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds.
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
A solvent with a comparatively high relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), greater than ca. 15, and a sizable permanent dipole moment, that cannot donate suitably labile hydrogen atoms to form strong hydrogen bonds.
Solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) acceptor.
Self-ionizing solvent possessing both characteristics of Bronsted acids and bases.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).
A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
The simplest member of the class of methanediols that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been substituted by hydroxy groups.
A drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
A member of the class of biphenyls that consists of a biphenyl ring system substituted by a tetrazole ring at an unspecified position.
An agent and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
A local anesthetic that is used to numb the surface of a body part.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.
A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.
A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.
Any drug that acts on an alpha-adrenergic receptor.
Any of the drugs that act on beta-adrenergic receptors.
Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21).
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitors
aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) inhibitor
aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) inhibitors
alditol:NAD(P)(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitor
alditol:NAD(P)(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitors
alditol:NADP(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitor
alditol:NADP(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitors
polyol dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) inhibitor
polyol dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
A drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists.
A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.
A drug that affects the function of fibrin in blood coagulation.
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.
Any member of the class of nitroanisoles in which a single nitro group is attached to the anisole ring.
A member of the class of 2-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one of the hydrogens ortho to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.
A monomethoxybenzene carrying one or more nitro substituents.
Any member of the class of mononitroanisoles in which the nitro group is situated ortho to the methoxy group.
The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.
An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.
Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A.
9-[O-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)-oxime] of erythromycin
Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of atoms including at least one heteroatom.
Naphthalenes in which one or more alkyloxy groups are bonded to a naphthalene ring system.
Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.
Any member of the class of naphthalenes carrying two methyl groups at unspecified positions.
Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.
A drug that binds to but does not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetylcholine or exogenous agonists.
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
An antagonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.
Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).
Any L-alpha-amino acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.
(9E)-erythromycin 9-(O-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)oxime)
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of isovaleric acid; reported to improve ruminal fermentation and feed digestion in cattle.
A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
diazenedicarboxylic acid bis(N,N-dimethylamide)
Compounds containing single -N=N- group.
Any azo compound containing two -N=N- groups.
Any member of the class of mononitroanisoles in which the nitro group is situated para to the methoxy group.
A chemical substance which inhibits the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A compound that inhibits the action of prostaglandins.
A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.
A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.
thiamin hydrochloride
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride hydrochloride
3-[(4-azaniumyl-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium dichloride
A primary ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of thiamine(1+) resulting from the protonation of the primary amino group.
(5S,5aR,8aR,9R)-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxo-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl 4,6-O-[(1R)-ethylidene]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
4'-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-(R)-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside)
4-demethylepipodophyllotoxin beta-D-ethylideneglucoside
A drug that acts principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system.
A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.
2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(2R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis.
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.
ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Any inhibitor of cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP), which transfers cholesterol from high density lipoproteins (HDL, the 'good' cholesterol-containing particles) to low or very low density lipoproteins (LDL or VLDL, the 'bad' cholesterol-containing particles). Inhibition of this process results in higher HDL levels and lower LDL levels. CETP inhibitors are under investigation as potential drugs to reduce the risk of arteriosclerotic vascular disease (atherosclerosis).
cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor
An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.
A chemical substance that prevents or reduces the probability of conception.
A chemical substance or agent with contraceptive activity in females.
A compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy.
A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.
A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.
[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetic acid
1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid
{1-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}acetic acid
A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of chloric acid.
A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(2-aminoethylsulfanyl)propanoic acid
(R)-2-amino-3-(2-aminoethylthio)propanoic acid
A fatty acid ester that is the carboxylic ester obtained by the formal condensation of a fatty acid with methanol.
An arsenic oxoacid consisting of three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.
(+-)-2,4'-dichloro-alpha-(pyrimidin-5-yl)benzhydryl alcohol
(RS)-2,4'-dichloro-alpha-(pyrimidin-5-yl)benzhydryl alcohol
2,4'-dichloro-alpha(pyrimidin-5-yl)benzhydryl alcohol
A chlorobenzophenone that is (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methanone substituted by a [2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(propan-2-yloxy)propan-2-yl]oxy group at position 1 on the phenyl ring.
propan-2-yl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate
2-(4-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester
Isopropyl (4'-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-phenoxy-2-methyl)propionate
Isopropyl 2-(4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropionate
An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.
ethyl [2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate
(2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl)carbamic acid ethyl ester
N-(2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl)carbamic acid
O-ethyl N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate
ethyl (2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl)carbamate
A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.
An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.
Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function.
A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens.
Any compound that exhibits antagonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor
A dialkyl ketone with butyl and ethyl as the two alkyl groups.
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanoate
alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate
alpha-cyano-m-phenoxybenzyl 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate
A drug which causes a narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropimorph. It is a systemic fungicide, used to control a variety of fungal diseases in cereal crops.
A 4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the methyl substituents on the morpholine ring are in a cis relationship to each other and in which the remaining stereocentre has S configuration.
A 4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the methyl substituents on the morpholine ring are in a cis relationship to each other and in which the remaining stereocentre has R configuration.
A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group.
A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.
Any anion formed by loss of a proton from a steroid acid.
A drug that softens, separates, and causes desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. Keratolytic drugs are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases.
A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the activity of cytochrome P450 involved in catalysis of organic substances.
A substance that can be converted into a vitamin by animal tissues.
A trihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 6 and 4'.
A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*).
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitors
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitor
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
Any protective agent counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons.
Drug that acts on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.
Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.
Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
A substance that does not act as agonist or antagonist but does affect the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which benzodiazepines act by increasing the opening frequency of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride channels; a site at which barbiturates act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial enzymes of the DNA topoisomerases, Type I class (EC 5.99.1.2) that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase I) inhibitors
topoisomerase I (EC 5.99.1.2) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl substituent. It is found in the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species and is used for the topical treatment of genital warts.
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.
A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol with the carboxy group of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or its substituted derivatives.
Any cholinergic antagonist that inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the muscarinic antagonists.
An EC 1.6.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), EC 1.6.5.2.
EC 1.6.5.2 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitor
EC 1.6.5.2 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitors
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitors
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.6.5.2) inhibitor
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.6.5.2) inhibitors
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitor
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitors
NAD(P)H-quinone dehydrogenase inhibitors
NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
NAD(P)H2 dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitor
NAD(P)H2 dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitors
NAD(P)H: menadione oxidoreductase inhibitor
NAD(P)H: menadione oxidoreductase inhibitors
NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor)oxidoreductase inhibitor
NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor)oxidoreductase inhibitors
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate, quinone) inhibitor
dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate, quinone) inhibitors
flavoprotein NAD(P)H-quinone reductase inhibitor
flavoprotein NAD(P)H-quinone reductase inhibitors
reduced NAD(P)H dehydrogenase inhibitors
reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) dehydrogenase inhibitor
reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) dehydrogenase inhibitors
viologen accepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase inhibitor
viologen accepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin(1-).
Any steroid based on a cholestane skeleton and its derivatives.
Any steroid based on an androstane skeleton and its derivatives.
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to lipoproteins.
A role played by a molecular entity used to study the microscopic environment.
An acid or base which exhibits a colour change on neutralization by the basic or acidic titrant at or near the equivalence point of a titration.
Anything used in a scientific experiment that gives a visual change to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A colour indicator that is colourless on one side of the transition interval.
A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.
A drug or agent which antagonizes or impairs any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.
A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.
A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.
A primary amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an aryl group. R-NH2 where R is an aryl group.
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is butyric acid.
A group derived from a haloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom.
Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate.
(2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitor
(2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitors
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitor
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitors
7,8-dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitor
7,8-dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitors
7,8-dihydropteroic acid synthetase inhibitor
7,8-dihydropteroic acid synthetase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitors
dihydropteroate diphosphorylase inhibitor
dihydropteroate diphosphorylase inhibitors
dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase inhibitor
dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase inhibitors
dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15) inhibitor
dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15) inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
An agent that produces a soft formed stool, and relaxes and loosens the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve constipation. Compare with cathartic, which is a substance that accelerates defecation. A substances can be both a laxative and a cathartic.
Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.
An agent that inhibits cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions.
Compounds containing a bipyridine group.
Agent that dilates the pupil. Used in eye diseases and to facilitate eye examination. It may be either a sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic. The latter cause cycloplegia or paralysis of accommodation at high doses and may precipitate glaucoma.
Drug used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A phenolate anion that is the conjugate base of catechol.
An organic anion arising from deprotonation of the OH function of a phenol compound.
A phenolate anion that is the conjugate base of phenol obtained by deprotonation of the OH group.
A salt of the organic compound tartaric acid.
An agent, with unique chemical structure and biochemical requirements, which generates nitric oxide.
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2.
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 inhibitor
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 inhibitors
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.
A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 1.
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitor
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitors
A nitroarene that is naphthalene substituted by at least one nitro group.
A nitronaphthalene carrying a single nitro group at unspecified position.
A mononitronaphthalene carrying a nitro group at position 2.
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dimethylallyltranstransferase (EC 2.5.1.1).
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthetase inhibitor
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthetase inhibitors
DMAPP:IPP-dimethylallyltransferase inhibitor
DMAPP:IPP-dimethylallyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitors
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate dimethylallyltranstransferase inhibitor
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate dimethylallyltranstransferase inhibitors
dimethylallyltranstransferase (EC 2.5.1.1) inhibitor
dimethylallyltranstransferase (EC 2.5.1.1) inhibitors
dimethylallyltranstransferase inhibitors
geranyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor
geranyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors
geranyl pyrophosphate synthetase inhibitor
geranyl pyrophosphate synthetase inhibitors
trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase inhibitor
trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
hydrogen (4-amino-1-hydroxy-1-phosphonobutyl)phosphonate
A retinoic acid in which the exocyclic double bonds have 7E,9Z,11E,13E geometry.
(2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid
A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
A drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.
An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3).
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitors
NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitor
dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitors
tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor
tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
A reagent with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between macromolecules, principally side chains of amino acids in proteins, allowing the locations of naturally reactive areas within the proteins to be identified.
A drug used to treat trichomonas infections.
An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and atorvastatin anions in a 1:2 ratio.
calcium bis{(3R,5R)-7-[3-(anilinocarbonyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate}
Calcium (betaR,deltaR)-2-(p-fluorophenyl)-beta,delta-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyrrole-1-heptanoate (1:2)
A substance used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.
A chemical substance that interrupts pregnancy after implantation.
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
oligosaccharide
LanguaL term definition: Complex carbohydrate with molecules composed of three to ten saccharide units (specifically dextrin). May be slightly sweet to the taste.
The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.
A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
A compound that interacts with progesterone receptors in target tissues to bring about effects similar to those of progesterone.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing), EC 5.99.1.3 (also known as topoisomerase II and as DNA gyrase), which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands.
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitor
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitors
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitor
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitor
EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
Any 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 3. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
An agent which regulates the physiologic mechanisms that control the appetite and food intake.
An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.
A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure.
A steroid which is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.
A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.
A compound which inhibits or antagonizes the biosynthesis or actions of mineralocorticoids, a class of steroid hormones characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water balance.
Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
A cardiovascular drug that prevents atherogenesis, the accumulation of lipid-containing plaques on the innermost layers of the arteries. Compare with antiatherosclerotic agent.
A drug used to treat allergic reactions.
A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A compound derived from an arene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
role (CHEBI)
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the kidney in animals.
A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
Any compound used for the purpose of preserving biological tissues from decay in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections for subsequent histological study.
An inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, EC 2.7.1.137, a family of related enzymes capable of phosphorylating the 3 position hydroxy group of the inositol ring of a phosphatidylinositol.
1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor
1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase inhibitor
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitors
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.137) inhibitor
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.137) inhibitors
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors
phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitor
phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitors
type I phosphatidylinositol kinase inhibitor
type I phosphatidylinositol kinase inhibitors
type III phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor
type III phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of lipid kinases.
A drug used to prevent nausea or vomiting. An antiemetic may act by a wide range of mechanisms: it might affect the medullary control centres (the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) or affect the peripheral receptors.
An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1), a kinase enzyme involved in phosphorylation of hydroxy group of serine or threonine.
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors
BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitor
BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
Compounds containing an aziridine ring that contains a quaternary nitrogen atom.
A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent.
Arsonic acid and its As-hydrocarbyl derivatives.
Systems consisting of two or more molecular entities held together by non-covalent interactions.
A racemate that is the butyl ester of fluazifop. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.
rac-butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate
butyl (RS)-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]phenoxy}propionate
butyl 2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate
A thiadiazolidine in which the 1,3-thiazolidine ring is substituted by two oxo groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
Compounds containing a ferrocene skeleton.
A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.
A dopaminergic agent that blocks the transport of dopamine into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the adrenergic uptake inhibitors also inhibit dopamine uptake.
An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.
A nanoparticle consisting of titanium dioxide.
A chemical substance which binds to specific hormone receptors activating the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A compound that inhibits the growth of marine organisms.
Any member of the class of nitrates resulting from the esterification of nitric acid with an alcohol.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
A C-nitro compound that is a hydrocarbon in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by nitro groups.
A nitrohydrocarbon that consists of an arene skeleton substituted by one or more nitro groups at unspecified positions.
nitrogen
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): packaging gas, propellant.
The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A fluorescent dye used to stain biological specimens.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.
Compounds containing a tetracene skeleton.
Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.
A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.
Quinones containing an acene fused ring system.
A diester is a compound containing two ester groups.
A dinitrile is a compound containing two nitrile groups.
A haloethene in which only one of the hydrogen atoms in ethene is replaced by a halogen atom.
A compound derived from ethene by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.
A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom.
A macromolecule composed of units connected by imino (-NR-) linkages.
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl N-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]valinate
Compounds based on a fused triazine and benzene ring skeleton.
A drug used to produce muscle relaxation (excepting neuromuscular blocking agents). Its primary clinical and therapeutic use is the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. Also used for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis.
A drug used for its actions on skeletal muscle.
A drug that binds to and activates gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists
A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems.
Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.
A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.
A dinitrobenzene carrying nitro groups at positions 1 and 4.
A benzene substituted with two amino groups.
A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
A hormone antagonist that blocks endothelin receptors.
Cyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
An anionic coordination entity where halido ligands are coordinated to a metal centre.
A halometallate anion where all of the ligands coordinated to the metal atom are halido ligands.
An anionic coordination entity where fluorido ligands are coordinated to a metal centre.
An anionic coordination entity where all of the ligands coordinated to the metal atom are fluorido ligands.
A salt where the anion is a halometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is a perhalometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is a perfluorometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is an fluorometallate anion.
Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.
Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.
Compounds containing a biotin (5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid) skeleton.
Any compound containing two aryl groups connected by a single C atom.
Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.
Boranes containing only two B atoms, linked either directly by a B-B bond or via hydrogen bridging atoms.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O or RC#C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)OR(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic esters
A monocarboxylic amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)NR(2)R(3) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid amide
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid amides
alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide
An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
A compound containing both ketone and nitrile functionalities.
A ketonitrile where the ketone and nitrile functionalities are on adjacent atoms.
A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. It is the inactive enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.
methyl (2S)-phenyl[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
methyl (S)-phenyl[(S)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.
methyl (2R)-phenyl[(2R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
methyl (R)-phenyl[(R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).
phenolic ketone
A member of the class of imines that is benzophenone imine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 4 and 4'. The hydrochloride salt is the biological stain 'auramine O'
Compounds based upon an indolo[2,3-a]carbazole skeleton.
Amidines with the general formula R(1)N=CHNR(2)R(3) (R(1), R(2), R(3) can be H).
A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a propyl group.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.
The ion formed by protonating nitrogen in pyrrolidine.
A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
Any molecule or ion capable of binding to a central metal atom to form coordination complexes.
A chemical role played by the molecular entity or part thereof in a photochemical process.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
An organosulfur compound with the general formula R-N=C=S.
A para-terphenyl that consists of benzene attached to two phenyl units at positions 1 and 4 respectively.
(1S,6bR,9aS,11R,11bR)-9a,11b-dimethyl-1-[(methyloxy)methyl]-3,6,9-trioxo-1,6,6b,7,8,9,9a,10,11,11b-decahydro-3H-furo[4,3,2-de]indeno[4,5-h]isochromen-11-yl acetate
A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with ethanol.
An ortho-fused compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom.
A compound with the general formula R2C=O (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group.
An oxyketone with the general formula R2C(=O) (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group and the oxy and carbonyl groups are bonded to the same carbon atom.
An EC 3.2.* (glycosylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosidase (i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds, EC 3.2.1.*).
An antiviral drug targeted at influenza viruses. Its mode of action consists of blocking the function of the viral neuraminidase protein (EC 3.2.1.18), thus preventing the virus from budding from the host cell.
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitors
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase inhibitor
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase inhibitors
exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) inhibitor
exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) inhibitors
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.
manganese ethane-1,2-diyldicarbamodithioate
A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.
A diterpenoid with a tetracyclic skeleton.
A glycerol ether having at least one alkyl substituent on oxygen.
A leptomycin having a (2E,10E,12E,16Z,18E)-double bond configuration as well as an ethyl substituent at position 17.
A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19.
A drug that blocks the action of proteasomes, cellular complexes that break down proteins.
An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton.
A metal oxide containing tin and oxygen.
A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.
The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
Diazoline compounds having the nitrogen atoms at the 1- and 3-positions and a double bond at an unspecified position.
A five-membered organic heteromonocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and a double bond.
A biphenyl compound containing between 2 and 10 chlorine atoms attached to the two benzene rings.
A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.
Any hydrocarbon formed by loss of a methyl group from a terpene.
A compound arising from loss of part of the carotene skeleton (excluding retinoids)
Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).
An isocyanate compound containing two isocyanate functional groups. Manufactured for reaction with polyols in the production of polyurethanes.
A diisocyanate in which the two isocyanate groups are linked by an isophorone substituent.
Isocyanic acid, methylene(3,5,5-trimethyl-3,1-cyclohexylene) ester
A diisocyanate consisting of dicyclohexylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.
Isocyanic acid, methylenedi-4,1-cyclohexylene ester
A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.
4,4'-Methylenedi-p-phenylene diisocyanate
para,para'-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)
A macromolecule composed of repeating alkane or substituted alkane units.
A macromolecule composed of ethane or substituted ethane units.
A macromolecule composed of units connected by dicarboximide (-C(=O)-NR-C(=O)-) linkages, where R can be H or organyl.
A macromolecule composed of repeating -CHR-CH2- units.
A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.
A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond.
A drug that binds to and activates gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptors.
An ether compound having methyl and isopropyl as the two alkyl groups.
A diisocyanate that consists of toluene bearing two isocyanato functional groups positioned meta to one another.
2,4/2,6-Toluene diisocyanate isomeric mixture
A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.
Isocyanic acid, 4-methyl-m-phenylene ester
A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 6 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.
Isocyanic acid, 2-methyl-meta-phenylene ester
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase IV, which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands.
A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.
A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).
A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).
A cephalosporin carboxylis acid anion having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups, formed by proton loss from the carboxy group of ceftriaxone.
A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.
3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid
2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid
3,5-Bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid
A macromolecule composed of repeating (2Z)-2-chlorobut-2-ene-1,4-diyl units.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205), so blocking de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides.
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitors
IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205) inhibitor
IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205) inhibitors
inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors
inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor
inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors
inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase inhibitor
inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor
A drug that suppresses spasms. These are usually caused by smooth muscle contraction, especially in tubular organs. The effect is to prevent spasms of the stomach, intestine or urinary bladder.
A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.
A dicarboximide that is piperidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6.
An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.
A compound that exhibits agonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor.
Any drug found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhoea.
A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion.
1,1'-pentane-1,5-diylbis(1-methylpyrrolidinium) bis[(2R,3R)-3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate]
Pentamethylene-1,5-bis(1'-methylpyrrolidinium tartrate)
A nitrogen oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the hydroxy group of nitroethane.
A class of anticoagulants which act by inhibiting the action of vitamin K.
Compounds containing an ifosfamide skeleton.
An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.
An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
A sulfonic acid containing the camphorsulfonate anion.
(7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl)methanesulfonic acid
A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the beta-carbon relative to the C=O group.
A beta-hydroxy ketone formed by hydroxylation of 4-methylpentan-2-one at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Achnatherum robustum.
Any salt or ester of camphorsulfonic acid.
The conjugate base of camphorsulfonic acid.
The R enantiomer of camphorsulfonic acid.
[(1R,4S)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl]methanesulfonic acid
The S enantiomer of camphorsulfonic acid.
[(1S,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl]methanesulfonic acid
(1S,4R)-(+)-2-oxo-10-bornanesulfonic acid
Compounds containing a cyclic dicarboximide skeleton in which the two carboacyl groups on nitrogen together with the nitrogen itself form a 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione structure.
A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.
Any one of a large family of chemically related mycotoxins with a structure based on a sesquiterpene skeleton. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are a 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxy or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain.
A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.
Guanidine, (2-(hexahydro-1(2H)-azocinyl)ethyl)-
Heptamethylenimine, 1-(2-guanidinoethyl)-
A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.
A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position.
Any metal that is characterized by its rather high atomic mass and density. Although typically occurring in low concentrations, they can be found all throughout the Earth's crust (Commonly, a density of at least 5 g cm(3) is used to define a heavy metal and to differentiate it from other, ''light'' metals).
A compound having the general formula RR'C(OH)OR'' (R'' =/= H).
A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen of ethylamine. The conjugate acid of ethylamine; major species at pH 7.3.
A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.
A papulacandin that is papulacandin A in which the (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienoyl chain at the O-(6') position is replaced by a (2E,4Z,6E)-8-hydroxydeca-2,4,6-trienoyl chain. It is the major carbohydrate-containing antibiotic from the deuteromycetous fungus Papularia sphaerosperma which shows potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
(1S,3'R,4'R,5'R,6'R)-3',5,7-trihydroxy-5'-({6-O-[(2E,4Z,6E)-8-hydroxydeca-2,4,6-trienoyl]-beta-D-galactopyranosyl}oxy)-6'-(hydroxymethyl)-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-3H-spiro[2-benzofuran-1,2'-pyran]-4'-yl (2E,4E,7S,8E,10E,14S)-7-hydroxy-8,14-dimethylhexadeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenoate
Any one of a family of large lipopeptides that are inhibitors of the enzyme 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, thus damaging fungal cell walls. Echinocandins are fungicidal against most Candida spp and fungistatic against Aspergillus spp.
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of glycine.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of L-dopa. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 to C22.
Conjugate base of biotin arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An organic sulfamate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of cyclohexylsulfamic acid.
A primary aliphatic ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of ethanolamine arising from protonation of the primary amino function.
The conjugate base of 2-nitrophenol; major apecies at pH 7.3.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-proline in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate base of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.
An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-valine; major species at pH 7.3.
A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate.
The conjugate acid of codeine arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A phenolate anion that is the conjugate base of 4-nitrophenol; major species at pH 7.3.
A peptide anion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups and protonation of the glutamyl amino group of glutathione; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of beta-alanine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Dianion of a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-3-alkanoyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl phosphate
Zwitterionic form of L-alanine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-phenylalanine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of riboflavin resulting from the removal of a proton from the nitrogen at position 3 (between the two carbonyl groups). Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of D-glutamine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of a primary aliphatic amine.
Trication of streptomycin arising from protonation of the guanidino and secondary amino groups.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2,4-bis{[amino(iminio)methyl]amino}-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylammonio)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-formyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranoside
An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of dimethylamine; major species at pH 7.3.
The dianion of a nucleoside monophosphate: major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate base of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile; major species at pH 7.3.
The R- (less active) enantiomer of ketamine.
Conjugate acid of carbon monoxide arising from protonation of the carbon; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-phenylalanine; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of morphine arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Trianion of nucleoside triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups.
A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of GMP.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion where the hydroxy group is placed at position 2 (alpha to the carboxy group) and has (S)-stereochemistry; major species at pH 7.3.
(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2S)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2S)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3',5'-cyclic AMP arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate anion
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(1-)
A phenolate anion that is the conjugate base of pentachlorophenol; major species at pH 7.3.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion where the hydroxy group is placed at position 2 (alpha to the carboxy group) and has (R)-stereochemistry; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2R)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2R)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-tyrosine; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-glutamine; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid zwitterion
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of trimethylamine, obtained via protonation of the nitrogen; major species at pH 7.3.
Dianion of alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 6-O-phosphonato-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A 5-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of jasmonic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of histamine protonated on the side-chain nitrogen.
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate.
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anions
A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group.
2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid
(+-)-alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid
(4-isobutylphenyl)-alpha-methylacetic acid
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-tyrosine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
The simplest member of the class of ifosfamides that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by 2-chloroethyl groups on both the nitrogen atoms respectively. It is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
N,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide
3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-((2-chloroethyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide
An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.
The zwitterionic form of an S-substituted L-cysteine.
A secondary aliphatic amine protonated on nitrogen.
An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated.
Any fatty acid anion with a chain length greater than C22.
Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6).
Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C-C unsaturation.
Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
Any fatty acid anion with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
Any saturated fatty acid anion with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
branched-chain saturated fatty acid anions
branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion
An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group.
The conjugate acid of piperidine; major species at pH 7.3.
The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of a metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.*).
EC 3.4.24.* (metalloendopeptidase) inhibitors
inhibitor of metalloendopeptidases (EC 3.4.24.*)
inhibitors of metalloendopeptidases (EC 3.4.24.*)
metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.*) inhibitor
metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.*) inhibitors
EC 3.4.24.* (metalloendopeptidase) inhibitor
Conjugate base of O-methylsalicylic acid.
Any substance that stimulates an immune response in the body, such as through antibody production or by presentation to a T-cell receptor after binding to a major histocompability complex (MHC).
A carboxylic acid anion arising from deprotonation of one or more carboxy groups of any gibberellin.
A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid.
Any fatty acid containing anywhere in its structure a ring of atoms.
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*).
EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitors
inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)
inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)s
EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor
A compound that exhibits agonist activity at the kappa-opioid receptor.
A prostanoid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any prostaglandin.
An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.
The conjugate acid of methylamine; major species at pH 7.3.
A glycopeptide that is N-propionyl-L-alanyl-D-alpha-glutamine in which the pro-R hydrogen of the propionyl group has been replaced by the oxygen at position 3 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose. A peptidoglycan constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that inhibits the action of a dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.*).
The anion resulting from the removal of a proton from a carboxylic acid group of cilastatin.
Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
The anion formed from naproxen by loss of a proton from the carboxy group.
Any antigen that is a phosphorylated microbial metabolite which activates an immune response in humans.
Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement.
Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
A fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety of a medium-chain fatty acid.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of diamino acid.
A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.
A quaternary ammonium salt derived from hexamethylenetetramine; used as a preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances. Also acts as a disinfectant and allergenic agent.
1-[3-chloroprop-2-en-1-yl]-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.1(3),(7)]decanium chloride
1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride
1-(3-chloro-2-propenyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniatricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)decane chloride
Hexamethylenetetramine chloroallyl chloride
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine carrying a N-tert-butyl, N'-cyclopropyl and a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.
An N-acylglucosamine where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
Any fatty acid having at least one of the chain methylene groups replaced by sulfur. Members of this group are believed to have important pharmacological (antioxidant and antiatherosclerosis) properties.
Any fatty acid containing at least one aldehydic or ketonic group in addition to the carboxylic acid group.
A drug, usually applied topically, that relieves pruritus (itching).
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
An anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid function of any mono-hydroperoxy (e)icosatetraenoic acid (HPETE)
An organophosphate anion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the triphosphate moiety of a nucleoside triphosphate.
The anion obtained by removal of the proton from the carboxylic acid group of amidotrizoic acid.
2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid anion
2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid(1-)
3,5-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid anion
3,5-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid(1-)
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
A reagent used to improve selectivity in chromatographic analyses or separations, e.g. by formation of a derivative or by modification of the mobile phase.
An aldehyde derived from an aliphatic compound
An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' =/= H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ.
An acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
A hemiacetal having the structure RR(1)C(OH)OR(2) (R, R(1), R(2) =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group.
An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.
A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
A hemiacetal having the structure R2C(OH)OR (R =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. The term 'cyclic hemiketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of hemiacetals.
The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'. The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).
A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.
A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.
A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.
The conjugate acid of (S)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The trihydrate form of docetaxel. It is used for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer, and with prednisone or prednisolone in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer.
4-(acetyloxy)-13alpha-({(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl}oxy)-1,7beta,10beta-trihydroxy-9-oxo-5beta,20-epoxytax-11-en-2alpha-yl benzoate--water (1/3)
N-debenzoyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-10-deacetylpaclitaxel trihydrate
N-debenzoyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-10-deacetyltaxol trihydrate
Conjugate base of an L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The conjugate base of any hydroxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
A fatty acid anion carrying one or more oxo substituents
The conjugate base of any thia fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
Any compound containing a (halomethyl)benzene skeleton.
Any benzyl halide containing a (chloromethyl)benzene skeleton.
Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Zwitterionic form of a D-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of an N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The conjugate base of an N-acyl-D-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of gamma-aminobutyric acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
A DNA polymerase inhibitor that interferes with the activity of reverse transcriptase, EC 2.7.7.49, a viral DNA polymerase enzyme that retroviruses need in order to reproduce.
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitor
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitors
RNA-dependent deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
RNA-dependent deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
RNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.49) inhibitor
RNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.49) inhibitors
RNA-instructed DNA polymerase inhibitors
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitor
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of dopamine; major species at pH 7.3.
Any EC 1.14.18.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, miscellaneous compound as one donor, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of tyrosinase (monophenol monooxygenase), EC 1.14.18.1, an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of phenols (such as tyrosine) and is widespread in plants and animals.
L-tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
NN-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase inhibitor
NN-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase inhibitors
monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
A homopolymer is a polymer composed of macromolecules, all of which are derived from one species of monomer.
envoPlastics
The zwitterion formed from L-proline by proton transfer from the carboxy group to the ring nitrogen. It is the predominant species at physiological pH.
A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.
5-[(1S,2S)-2-{(2R,6S,9S,11R,12R,14aS,15S,16S,20S,23S,25aS)-20-[(1R)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl]-2,11,12,15-tetrahydroxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-16-methyl-5,8,14,19,22,25-hexaoxo-9-[(4-{5-[4-(pentyloxy)phenyl]isoxazol-3-yl}benzoyl)amino]tetracosahydro-1H-dipyrrolo[2,1-c:2',1'-l][1,4,7,10,13,16]hexaazacyclohenicosin-23-yl}-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2-hydroxyphenyl hydrogen sulfate
The conjugate base of cocaine arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.8).
ATP phosphohydrolase (Ca(2+)-transporting) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (Ca(2+)-transporting) inhibitors
Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.8) inhibitor
Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.8) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitors
sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor
sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors
sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
A silver atom having a net electric charge.
A nickel atom having a net electric charge.
A lead atom having a net electric charge.
A selenium atom having a net electric charge.
R = C or H. The iminium ion resulting from the protonation of one of the imine nitrogens of guanidine or its derivatives.
A lead atom having a positive net electric charge.
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*).
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
A tellurium atom having a net electric charge.
An aluminium atom having a net electric charge.
The alpha-amino-acid anion resulting from the removal of the proton from the carboxylic acid group of L-thyroxine.
Any hormone produced by the thyroid gland
The oxime resulting from the formal condensation of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal with hydroxylamine. Addition of the oxime group to methyl isocyanate forms the final step in the synthesis of the systemic insecticide aldicarb.
2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal oxime
2-(methylthio)-2-methylpropionaldehyde oxime
2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde oxime
An anion formed by deprotonation of at least one peptide carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.
A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.
di(propan-2-yl) 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidenemalonate
bis(1-methylethyl) 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidenepropanedioate
di-isopropyl 1,3-dithiolane-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene)malonate
A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.
A homopolymer composed of poly(chloroprene) macromolecules.
Any cation arising from protonation of at least one of the amino functions in an indole alkaloid.
Any member of the class of herbicides whose members contain a phenoxy or substituted phenoxy group.
Any agent that acts on an opioid receptor or affects the life cycle of an opioid transmitter.
Any agent that acts on a mu-opioid receptor.
Compounds that contain an amide group as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.
Any agent that acts on a delta-opioid receptor.
Any agent that acts on a kappa-opioid receptor.
An agent that binds to but does not activate an opioid receptor thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous opioid receptor agonists.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates an opioid receptor.
A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.
methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-D-alaninate
(R)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetylamino)propionic acid methyl ester
methyl (R)-2-{[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methoxyacetyl]amino} propionate
methyl (R)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate
methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-D-alaninate
Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists
Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has significant antifungal properties.
A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.
(2Z,4E6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.
A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
An analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.
Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids.
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists
The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.
A polymer, composed of copolymer macromolecules.
Any substance that possesses little anaesthetic effect by itself, but which enhances or potentiates the anaesthetic action of other drugs when given at the same time.
Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules.
An amino acid containing one or more nitrogen atoms connected through carbon atoms to one or more carboxy groups.
Any alpha-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has D-configuration.
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
A mixture composed of two or more diastereoisomers (stereoisomers not related as mirror images).
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
An arylalkylamine in which the aryl group is phenyl.
A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in a beta configuration
A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.
A poison that interferes with the function of the kidneys.
A hormone antagonist that blocks angiotensin receptors.
A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.
A peroxol R-OOH where the substituent R is an alkyl group.
Any lipid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of tacrolimus.
An inorganic radical in which a free electron resides on one or more oxygen atoms of an oxygen species.
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98).
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entities
An ammonium ion obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino group of metoclopramide.
An ammonium ion that is obtained by protonation of both the tertiary amino group and the anilino nitrogen of metoclopramide.
A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.
3-Benzoyl-alpha-methylbenzeneacetic acid
L'Acide (benzoyl-3-phenyl)-2-propionique
A nucleotide having guanine as the base.
A nucleotide having adenine as the base.
A purine ribonucleotide where the purine is guanine.
A purine riboncleotide where adenine is the purine.
A steroid that has a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.
A dicarboxylate that contains four carbon atoms.
Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.
A polymer, composed of polyimide macromolecules.
A thiolate anion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the nitrogens of thiopental and tautomerisation.
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the triphosphate groups of any nucleoside triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.
An aryl group obtained via removal of the hydrogen atom from the 4-position of nitrobenzene.
An anion resulting from the removal of a proton from an organic sulfamic acid group.
Any cyclitol having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.
An EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39).
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitors
endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme inhibitor
endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme inhibitors
endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase inhibitor
endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase inhibitors
nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) inhibitor
nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) inhibitors
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to promote polymerisation of microtubules.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a metabotropic glutamate receptor.
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists
Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Any donor that can transfer acyl groups between molecular entities.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of cis-abscisic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to at least two hydrogens.
A class of secondary metabolites developed by many plants to influence the behaviour, growth or survival of herbivores, and thus acting as a defence against herbivory.
Any apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid that is 3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted at position 5 by a 1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl group and in which the acyclic double bond between positions 4 and 5 has E-configuration.
(4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of any member of the class of abscisic acids.
A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell.
Any branched-chain fatty acid containing methyl branches only.
The dicarboxylic acid dianion formed from folic acid by loss of a proton from each of the two carboxy groups in the glutamic acid moiety.
Arsonium, AsH4(+), and derivatives formed by substitution by univalent groups.
An EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor that interferes with the function of aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3).
EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitors
aconitate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.3) inhibitor
aconitate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.3) inhibitors
citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) inhibitor
citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) inhibitors
citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase inhibitor
citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase inhibitors
EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
Any organophosphate oxoanion that is a negatively charged phospholipid, e.g. phosphatidylserine(1-), phosphatidate(2-), phosphatidylglycerol(1-).
An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
An antagonist that blocks glycine receptors.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.
A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
Any additive that enhances the efficiency of fuel.
An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
1-oleoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
1-oleyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
An EC 1.2.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1).
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitors
aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) inhibitors
aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
An organic phosphate ester formed by condensation of diphosphoric acid with one or more alcohols.
An EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.30).
ADP-ribosyltransferase (polymerising) inhibitor
ADP-ribosyltransferase (polymerising) inhibitors
ADP-ribosyltransferase (polymerizing) inhibitor
ADP-ribosyltransferase (polymerizing) inhibitors
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitors
NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.30) inhibitor
NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.30) inhibitors
NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitors
NAD(+):poly(ADP-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase inhibitor
NAD(+):poly(ADP-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase inhibitors
NAD(+):poly(adenosine-diphosphate-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase inhibitor
NAD(+):poly(adenosine-diphosphate-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase inhibitors
poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibitor
poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibitors
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of icosatetraenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. Major species at pH 7.3.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.
The carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of an icosanoid, formed when the carboxy group is deprotonated.
An icosanoid anion that is the conjugate base of a prostanoid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of homoserine.
A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).
alpha,alpha,alpha'-trimethyltrimethylene glycol
The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability.
A food additive used to form or maintain a uniform emulsion of two (or more) phases in a food.
An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole.
Any zinc ion that is positively charged.
An aluminium atom having a positive net electric charge.
A transition element cation where the metal is specifed as cadmium.
A beta-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of beta-alanine.
An agonist that binds to and activates sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors.
sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist
sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
A tetracarboxylic acid anion formed by deprotonation of three of the four carboxy groups in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
An EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of mitochondrial carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21).
CPT I (outer membrane carnitine palmitoyl transferase) inhibitor
CPT I (outer membrane carnitine palmitoyl transferase) inhibitors
EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitors
L-carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor
L-carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitors
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) inhibitor
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) inhibitors
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase inhibitor
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase inhibitors
carnitine palmitoyltransferase II inhibitor
carnitine palmitoyltransferase II inhibitors
carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor
carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitors
carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitor
carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitors
carnitine palmitoyltransferase-A inhibitor
carnitine palmitoyltransferase-A inhibitors
mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitor
mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitors
outer malonyl-CoA inhibitable carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor
outer malonyl-CoA inhibitable carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitors
palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase inhibitor
palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase inhibitors
palmitoylcarnitine transferase inhibitor
palmitoylcarnitine transferase inhibitors
EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
An organophosphate oxoanion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the phosphate moiety of a ribonucleoside monophosphate.
A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".
An inhibitor that interferes with the process of T-cell proliferation.
The element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.
An alkaline earth salt that has barium(2+) as the cation.
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1).
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an alditol.
A sulfur-containing amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
A branched-chain amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized.
An aromatic amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (non-protonated).
An iodothyronine whose alpha carboxylic acid group of the tyrosine is ionized (not protonated).
A substance capable of undergoing rapid and highly exothermic decomposition.
A transition element cation that is a form of platinum having had electrons removed resulting in the 2+, 3+, or 4+ cation.
An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.
A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.
A 1-ribosyltriazole that is the 1-ribofuranosyl derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A synthetic guanosine analogue, it is an inhibitor of HCV polymerase and possesses a broad spectrum of activity against DNA and RNA viruses.
An N-glycosyl compound that consists of any triazole having a glycosyl residue attached at position 1.
A 1-glycosyltriazole in which the glycosyl residue is specified as ribosyl.
A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.
(3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]heptanoic acid
(+)-(3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(S)-2-methylbutyryl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1-naphthyl]heptanoic acid
A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.
4'-(1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl)methane sulfonanilide
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen of the secondary amino group of sotalol.
A 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a (1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl group.
(3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of pravastatin.
A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6.
An erythromycin cation resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of erythromycin D; the major species at pH 7.3.
Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.
A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a aldehyde.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a retinoid X receptor.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of pivalic acid.
A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.
A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).
Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.
A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.
An pathway inhibitor that inhibits the synthesis of cellulose.
An EC 3.6.4.10 (non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase) inhibitor that blocks the action of heat shock protein 90.
Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
A fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any hydroperoxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase C receptor
A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
A cyclopentapyrimidine that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione substituted by a cyclohexyl group at position 3.
An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase receptor.
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein farnesyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.58), one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group.
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitors
farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase inhibitor
farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase inhibitors
protein farnesyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.58) inhibitor
protein farnesyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.58) inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
Any protease inhibitor that restricts the action of a cysteine protease.
The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.
An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.
monosodium glutamate
monosodium l-glutamate
msg
sodium glutamate
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by an 11-methyldodec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
An EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15), preventing formation of N-acetylglucosamine lipid intermediates and glycosylation of newly synthesised glycoproteins.
EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitors
N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor
N-acetylglucosamine transferase inhibitors
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitor
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitors
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitors
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors
chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitor
chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitors
dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor
dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitor
An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having D-configuration.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 12-methyltridec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a tetradec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a pentadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 13-methyltetradec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by an 13-methyltetradecanoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 14-methylpentadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a hexadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
An erythromycin cation that is the conjugate acid of erythromycin C, arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group on the 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residue; major species at pH 7.3.
An erythromycin cation that is the conjugate acid of erythromycin A, arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group on the 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residue; major species at pH 7.3.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a heptadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 15-methylhexadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of any erythromycin.
The calcium salt of cyanamide, formed when calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen
An organic nitrogen anion formed from cyanamide by loss of its two protons.
A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.
3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-[(isopropylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol
alpha-(isopropylaminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol
A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.
A compound used to form the matrix for MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry. MALDI matrix materials are crystalline compounds with a fairly low molecular weight, so as to allow facile vaporization, have strong absorption at UV or IR wavelengths (to rapidly and efficiently absorb laser irradiation), generally contain polar groups (enabling them to be used in aqueous solutions) and are frequently acidic (so assisting ionisation of the compound being studied, which is contained within the matrix material).
'matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization' matrix material
'matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization' matrix materials
An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.
A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.
A neurotransmitter transporter modulator that activates glutamate transporters.
excitatory amino-acid transporter activator
excitatory amino-acid transporter activators
A membrane transport modulator that affects the transport of neurotransmitters.
Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.
A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38).
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.29).
(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate farnesyltranstransferase inhibitor
(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate farnesyltranstransferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.29 (geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase) inhibitors
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.29) inhibitor
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.29) inhibitors
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase inhibitor
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.29 (geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase) inhibitor
An EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of arogenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.43).
EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitors
L-arogenate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitor
L-arogenate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitors
L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitor
L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitors
L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase inhibitors
arogenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.43) inhibitor
arogenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.43) inhibitors
cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
The arsenic oxoanion formed by loss os a single proton from arsonic acid.
An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.
A metabolite of plant origin (phytochemical) which acts as a source material for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of methionine; major species at pH 7.3.
The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.
An EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1).
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitors
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor
An excitatory amino acid agonist which binds to NMDA receptors and triggers a response.
A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
A toxin that accumulates in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Any glycine transporter inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine 1 transporters.
An agonist that binds to and activates glycine receptors
A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.
Morphogen differentiation inducing factor (dictyostelium)
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.
A lipid similar in structure to a glycerolipid but in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.
A repetitive glycan polysaccharide contained within a lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The O-antigen is attached to the core oligosaccharide, and comprises the outermost domain of the LPS molecule.
An inorganic cation with a valency of two.
A peptide of 36-43 amino acids that is processed from the amyloid precursor protein. Appears to be the main constituent of amyloid plaques (deposits found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients).
An EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of thioredoxin reductase (EC 1.8.1.9).
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitors
NADPH2:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADPH2:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase inhibitors
thioredoxin reductase (EC 1.8.1.9) inhibitor
thioredoxin reductase (EC 1.8.1.9) inhibitors
thioredoxin reductase (NADPH) inhibitors
thioredoxin-disulfide reductase inhibitor
thioredoxin-disulfide reductase inhibitors
thioredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase inhibitor
thioredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor
An aromatic ketone that is penta- or hexaphenone bearing chloro, hydroxy and methoxy substituents on the benzene ring. A class of effector molecules isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of any anthracycline.
An organic cation resulting from the addition of a proton to metronidazole.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of three.
A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.
methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-({[(2S,4R)-1-methyl-4-propylpyrrolidin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-trans-(1-methyl-4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
A tetracarboxylic acid anion formed by deprotonation of two of the four carboxy groups in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
An EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.11).
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase inhibitor
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase inhibitors
1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase inhibitor
1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase inhibitors
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitor
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitors
EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitors
monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase inhibitor
monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase inhibitors
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C inhibitor
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C inhibitors
phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C inhibitor
phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C inhibitors
phosphoinositide phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.11) inhibitor
phosphoinositide phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.11) inhibitors
phosphoinositide phospholipase C inhibitor
phosphoinositide phospholipase C inhibitors
triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase inhibitor
triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase inhibitors
EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
An anthracycline cation that is the conjugate acid of doxorubicin, arising from protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
(1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-azaniumyl-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.
N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl Urea
The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis).
A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by Mycobacteria, a genus of actinobacteria. Aerobic and nonmotile, members of the genus include the pathogens responsible for causing tuberculosis and leprosy.
An antiparasitic drug which is effective against Apicomplexan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. The genus contains over 200 species and includes those responsible for malaria.
Any protease inhibitor that restricts the action of a serine protease.
An antiviral agent that destroys or inhibits the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus.
A clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
An antiviral agent that destroys or inhibits the replication of the herpes simplex virus (also known as the human herpes virus).
An anti-HSV agent agent that destroys or inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus-1.
A lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34).
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitors
arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34) inhibitor
arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34) inhibitors
arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor
arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
A lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33).
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitors
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitor
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitors
arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitor
arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitors
linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitor
linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3).
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitors
heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitor
heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitors
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors
pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor
pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitor
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitors
salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitor
salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitors
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors
triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitor
triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
Any compound that has anti-asthmatic effects.
An EC 4.1.1.* (carboxy-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19).
EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase) inhibitors
L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming) inhibitor
L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming) inhibitors
arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) inhibitor
arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) inhibitors
EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of fructose-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11).
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase inhibitor
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase inhibitors
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitors
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase inhibitor
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase inhibitors
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose 1,6-diphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose 1,6-diphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose diphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose diphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) inhibitor
fructose-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase (EC 2.1.1.79).
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitors
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase (cyclising) inhibitor
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase (cyclising) inhibitors
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase (cyclizing) inhibitor
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase (cyclizing) inhibitors
cyclopropane fatty acid synthase inhibitors
cyclopropane fatty acid synthetase inhibitor
cyclopropane fatty acid synthetase inhibitors
cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase (EC 2.1.1.79) inhibitor
cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase (EC 2.1.1.79) inhibitors
cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase inhibitor
cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase inhibitors
unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase inhibitor
unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific), EC 2.1.1.72.
DNA adenine methyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.72 (site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)) inhibitor
EC 2.1.1.72 (site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitors
restriction-modification system inhibitor
restriction-modification system inhibitors
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) (EC 2.1.1.72) inhibitor
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) (EC 2.1.1.72) inhibitors
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) inhibitor
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor
A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.
ethyl N-{(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S)-2-{[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)benzyl]carbamoyl}azetidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}glycinate
ethyl 2-[[(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-2- [(2S)-2-[[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl) phenyl]methylcarbamoyl]azetidin-1-yl]- 2-oxo-ethyl]amino]acetate
A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.
1-[4-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1- piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone
Antipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be more likely than second generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements; such body movements can become permanent even after treatment has ceased.
Antipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be less likely than first generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements.
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
An EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5).
activated blood-coagulation factor II inhibitor
activated blood-coagulation factor II inhibitors
Amidines of general formula RC(=NOH)NR(1)R(2), in which the imino nitrogen is substituted by a hydroxy group.
Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299).
A compound that inhibits the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists
Any substance which is used to neutralise stomach acidity.
An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3.
A family of peptide hormones derived from a 191-membered prehormone, secreted by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in response to stress. The first full sequence was discovered in sheep, those in rats and humans differ from the ovine sequence by 7 amino acids.
An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.
A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.
A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.
rac-diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate
O,O-dimethyl S-(1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)
O,O-dimethyl S-(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl) dithiophosphate
O,O-dimethyl S-(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl)phosphorodithioate
O,O-dimethyl S-1,2-di(ethoxycarbamyl)ethyl
O,O-dimethyldithiophosphate diethylmercaptosuccinate
[(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]butanedioic acid diethyl ester
diethyl ((dimethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio)butanedioate
diethyl (dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio)succinate
diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate
Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
A C-nitro compound in which the nitro compound is meta to the amino group and para to the methyl group of o-toluidine.
An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.
Any compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia.
Any compound that improves mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration.
Any compound that is able to protect normal cells from the damage caused by radiation therapy.
Any compound which inhibits the postganglionic functioning of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
Any compound used to suppress premature labour and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions.
An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any folic acid.
A L-alpha-amino acid anion which is the conjugate base of L-dopa, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group: major species at pH 7.3.
Any branched-chain fatty acid anion containing methyl branches only.
A folate obtained by deprotonation of any tetrahydrofolic acid.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups of glyphosate.
An agonist that binds to and activates cannabinoid receptors.
Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
A chemosterilant intended to sterilize insects.
A ryanodine receptor modulator which activates the receptor. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) act as selective ion channels, modulating the release of calcium. Activating the receptors causes the release of calcium, so depleting internal calcium and ultimately preventing further muscle contraction.
A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
2-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino]benzoic acid
An EC 3.4.24.* (metalloendopeptidase) inhibitor which interferes with the action of microbial collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3, also formerly EC 3.4.4.19 and EC 3.4.99.5).
Achromobacter iophagus collagenase inhibitor
Achromobacter iophagus collagenase inhibitors
Clostridium histolyticum collagenase inhibitor
Clostridium histolyticum collagenase inhibitors
Clostridium histolyticum proteinase A inhibitor
Clostridium histolyticum proteinase A inhibitors
EC 3.4.24.3 (microbial collagenase) inhibitors
microbial collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) inhibitor
microbial collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) inhibitors
EC 3.4.24.3 (microbial collagenase) inhibitor
A diverse group of pharmacologically active secondary metabolite characteristic to Cannabis plant as well as produced naturally in the body by humans and animals. Cannabinoids contain oxygen as a part of the heterocyclic ring or in the form of various functional groups. They are subdivided on the basis of their origin.
An inhibitor that interferes with the process of gap junctional intercellular communication.
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitors
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a retinoic acid receptor.
An antogonist that interferes with the action of activator protein 1 (AP-1).
A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.
A ribonucleic acid with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells.
An EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20).
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitors
alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibitor
alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibitors
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor
A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom.
A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.
rac-methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate
D,L-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2'-methoxyacetyl)alaninate de methyle
N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-alanine methyl ester
methyl 2-[(methoxyacetyl)-2,6-dimethylanilino]propanoate
methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-DL-alaninate
methyl N-(2-methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-DL-alaninate
A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.
An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.
A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.
A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.
N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride
A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.
A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.
A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.
methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)ethanimidothioate
1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime
1-(Methylthio)ethylideneamino methylcarbamate
N-(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioic acid methyl ester
S-Methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate
An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.
2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ether
Methyl 1,1-difluoro-2,2-dichloroethyl ether
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
A deoxyribonucleoside containing a pyrimidine base.
A protein kinase inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis and transcription. mTOR inhibitors are used to prevent transplant rejection and in treatment of cancer.
mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors
A family of sesquiterpene lactones with a common structure consisting of two lactone moieties (one a butenolide, the other a tricyclic gamma-lactone) connected by an enol-ether bridge. Originally used to describe phytohormones with diverse signaling activities, biosynthesised from carotenoids, the term also includes synthetic analogues.
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which positions 1 and 2 are substituted by unspecified acyl and alkyl groups, and in which the positions of the acyl and alkyl groups are also unspecified.
Any substance that inhibits the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.
2-butenedioic acid (2Z)-, dimethyl ester
A compound which causes a reduction in the levels of glutathione in cells.
purinergic receptor subtype P2Y12 antagonist
purinergic receptor subtype P2Y12 antagonists
An EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that specifically inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (EC 3.4.14.5).
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitors
T cell triggering molecule Tp103 inhibitor
T cell triggering molecule Tp103 inhibitors
X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase inhibitor
X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase inhibitors
Xaa-Pro-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase inhibitor
Xaa-Pro-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase inhibitors
amino acyl-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase inhibitor
amino acyl-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase inhibitors
dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitor
dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitors
glycylprolyl dipeptidylaminopeptidase inhibitor
glycylprolyl dipeptidylaminopeptidase inhibitors
postproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV inhibitor
postproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor
An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.
3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.
rac-methyl (2R)-phenyl[(2R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
methyl rac-threo-alpha-phenyl-alpha-2-piperidinylacetate
rac-threo-alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester
rac-threo-methyl alpha-phenyl-alpha-(2-piperidyl)acetate
The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.
A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.
A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.
A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.
dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)phosphonate
1-Hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethylphosphonic acid dimethyl ester
A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.
A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.
A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.
A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.
S-ethyl 1-hexamethyleneiminothiocarbamate
S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate
S-ethyl perhydroazepine-1-thiocarboxylate
A hormone agonist that binds to and activates progesterone receptors.
A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.
An EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2).
EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitors
acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors
acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) inhibitor
acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) inhibitors
acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor
A member of the class of purines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by a [4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]nitrilo group and a cyclohexylamino group, respectively.
Any compound which induces a partially or terminally differentiated cell to revert to an earlier developmental stage.
An oxindole that is indolin-2-one which is substituted at position 5 by an (ethylsulfonyl)nitrilo group and at position 2 by a methylidene group, which is itself substituted by a phenyl group and a [4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]amino group. An Aurora B kinase inhibitor, it is used to inhibit chromosome alignment and segregation.
An EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the topoisomerases (enzymes that regulate the overwinding or underwinding of DNA).
Any substance that inhibits the polymerisation of the protein actin.
Any protein kinase inhibitor that inhibits the action of an Aurora kinase (a group of serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell proliferation).
A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.
Any substance which blocks the painful sensation of heat caused by capsaicin acting on the TRPV1 ion channel.
transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 antagonist
transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 antagonists
A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.
2-[(4-{2-[(4-cyclohexylbutyl)(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)amino]ethyl}phenyl)sulfanyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid
2-((4-(2-(1-cyclohexylbutyl)-3-cyclohexylureido)ethyl)phenylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid
2-(4-(2-(1-(4-cyclohexylbutyl)-3-cyclohexylureido)ethyl)phenylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid
2-(4-(2-(1-(cyclohexanebutyl)-3-cyclohexylureido)ethyl)phenylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid
2-({4-{2-{{(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl}(4-cyclohexylbutyl)amino}ethyl}phenyl}thio)-2-methylpropanoic acid
2-[[4-[2-[[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl](4-cyclohexylbutyl)amino]ethyl]phenyl]thio]-2-methylpropanoic acid
Any compound which acts on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulator
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators
A PPAR modulator which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha.
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonists
An EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12).
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.12 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)) inhibitor
EC 1.2.1.12 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)) inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitors
NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor
NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors
NADH-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor
NADH-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors
dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate inhibitor
dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate inhibitors
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) inhibitor
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) inhibitors
glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase inhibitor
glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase inhibitors
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) inhibitor
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) inhibitors
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) (EC 1.2.1.12) inhibitor
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) (EC 1.2.1.12) inhibitors
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors
phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
triosephosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor
An antiprotozoal drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino groups of any alkane-alpha,omega-diamine; major species at pH 7.3.
Any entity used to generate reactive oxygen species.
An agonist that binds to and activates G-protein-coupled receptors
An EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of Sir2.
Any intra-glandular substance that acts as a precursor of a hormone, usually having minimal hormonal effect itself. Prohormones generally help in amplifying the effect of existing hormones.
Any ketone that is 1,3-diphenylpropanone and its derivatives obtained by substitution.
An antagonist at any adenosine receptor.
An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*)
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of tetracycline obtained by deprotonation of the two enolic hydroxy groups and protonation of the tertiary amino group.
An EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85), a multi-enzyme protein involved in fatty acid synthesis.
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitors
acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing) inhibitor
acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing) inhibitors
fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) inhibitor
fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) inhibitors
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
An amino-acid anion in which the amino group is situated gamma- to the carboxylate group.
An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.
Any organooxygen compound that has the general formula RC(OR(1))(OR(2))(OR(3)), where R(1), R(2), R(3) =/= H.
A member of the class of flavans in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.
flavanols
Any toxin secreted by bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa enabling them to achieve colonisation of a niche in the host, inhibit or evade the host's immune response, enter and exit cells, or obtain nutrition from the host.
An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.
4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium chloride
(4-(4-Dimethylaminobenzhydriylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)dimethylammonium chloride
(4-(alpha-(4-Dimethylamino)phenyl)benzylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene dimethylammonium chloride
A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin B1 by enzymes from animal tissues.
Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.
An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.
Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused imidazole and tetrazine rings.
A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.
Any chromenochromene resulting from the formal cis-fusion of two dihydro chromene rings, together with their substituted derivatives.
Members of the class of rotenoid which consists of a 6a,12a-dihydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromen-12(6H)-one skeleton and its substituted products.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
Any of the carbohydrate-containing antibiotic compounds obtained from the deuteromycetous fungus Papularia sphaerosperma and generally consisting of o-orsellinic acid linked via a spirocyclic structure to a lactose moiety with two different side-chains: a shorter fatty-acid chain at the O-(6') position and a longer side-chain at the O-(3) position of the glucose moiety. Papulacandin D, the simplest member of the papulacandin family, lacks the O-(6'-acyl-beta-galactoside) at the O-(4) position of the glucose residue. The papulacandins show potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Geotrichum lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pneumocytis carinii, but are inactive against filamentous fungi, bacteria, and protazoa.
A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
An agonist that binds to and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs).
Any inhibitor of the biosynthesis of carotenoids.
An EC 1.3.99.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with other acceptors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming), EC 1.3.99.29, an enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis that converts phytoene into zeta-carotene (zeta-carotene) via the symmetrical introduction of two double bonds at the C-11 and C-11' positions of phytoene.
15-cis-phytoene:acceptor oxidoreductase (zeta-carotene-forming) inhibitor
15-cis-phytoene:acceptor oxidoreductase (zeta-carotene-forming) inhibitors
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitors
phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) (EC 1.3.99.29) inhibitor
phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) (EC 1.3.99.29) inhibitors
phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) inhibitor
phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) inhibitors
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor
A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
Any organic amino compound that has an amino group and a hydroxy group attached to the same carbon atom. Hemiaminals are intermediates in the formation of imines by addition of an amine to an aldehyde or ketone; those derived from primary amines are particularly unstable.
A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.
A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. A selective post-emergence herbicide.
gamma-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-butanoic acid
gamma-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-butyric acid
gamma-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid
An EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidases) inhibitor that inhibits the action of L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11).
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitors
L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitor
L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitors
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitors
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitor
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitors
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
Any compound that protects plants by activating their defence mechanisms.
An agonist that binds to and activates abscisic acid receptors.
An EC 1.3.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4).
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitors
protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors
protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitor
protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitors
protoporphyrinogen-IX:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
protoporphyrinogen-IX:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor
Any compound that inhibits one or more steps in the pathway leading to the synthesis of gibberellins.
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*).
EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*)
inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*)
EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor
An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells inhibitor
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells inhibitors
A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 3.
Any compound that inhibits oxidative phosphorylation.
An acaricide that kills mites of the genus Sarcoptes.
A photochemical role realized in the absorption of ultraviolet light, for example to protect skin cells from damage.
A drug used in treating and healing of wounds.
An aldehyde of general formula R-CH2-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is attached to a CH2 group at the alpha-position.
Any EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of methionyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.18).
EC 3.4.11.18 (methionyl aminopeptidase) inhibitors
methionyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.18) inhibitor
methionyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.18) inhibitors
EC 3.4.11.18 (methionyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor
Any methionyl aminopeptidase inhibitor that inhibits the action of methionyl aminopeptidase 2.
A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
Any organic molecule containing a C#C bond.
An acetylenic compound which a carbon of the C#C moiety is attached to a hydrogen atom.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.
A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms.
A vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.
The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.
A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.
A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of both of the nitrogens of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.
An antimetabolite that impairs the action of folic acids
A disaccharide consisting of alpha-L-rhamnose and beta-D-glucose linked via a 1->2 glycosidic bond.
Any substance that stimulates the corneal nerves in the eves to cause tears.
An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that inhibits the action of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1).
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitor
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitors
nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor
nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitor
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitors
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming), EC 1.1.1.153, which plays an important part in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin.
7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase
7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP(+) oxidoreductases
EC 1.1.1.153 (sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)) inhibitor
EC 1.1.1.153 (sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)) inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitors
L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitors
sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) (EC 1.1.1.153) inhibitor
sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) (EC 1.1.1.153) inhibitors
sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) inhibitor
sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor
Any compound used as a monomer for a polymerisation process. The term is generally used in relation to industrial polymerisation processes.
A member of the class of ureas that has the general formula R-CO-NH-CO-NH2 or R-CO-NH-CO-NH-CO-R', formally derived by the acylation of one or both of the nitrogens of a urea moiety.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-valine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.
A role borne by a molecule that acts to counteract or neutralize the deleterious effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen).
A role borne by a molecule that acts to counteract or neutralize the deleterious effects of curare.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate(2-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphate
Any steroid lactone that is a C23 steroid with a five-membered lactone ring at C-17 and its substituted derivatives. They form the aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides.
An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.
A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.
(2S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid
(+)-(S)-6-Methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid
(+)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid
(+)-2-(Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid
(S)-(+)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid
(S)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoic acid
(S)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid
(S)-6-Methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid
A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.
A member of the class of guanidines that is guanidine in which one of the amino groups is substituted by a dodecyl group. It is used (generally as its acetate salt, known as dodine) as a agrochemical fungicide.
A guanidinium ion resulting from the protonation of the imino nitrogen of 1-dodecylguanidine. The major species at pH 7.3.
Any oligosaccharide that has a biosynthetic pathway in common with that of raffinose.
Colourless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into coloured compounds. They are used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, particularly in the form of enzyme substrates.
A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.
An EC 5.4.3.* (intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups) inhibitor that interferes with the action of lysine 2,3-aminomutase (EC 5.4.3.2).
EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitors
lysine 2,3-aminomutase (EC 5.4.3.2) inhibitor
lysine 2,3-aminomutase (EC 5.4.3.2) inhibitors
EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor
A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-myclobutanil. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is a widely-used agricultural fungicide.
Any compound that inhibits one or more steps in the pathway leading to the synthesis of ergosterol.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (R)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (S)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of (S)-dichlorprop. The major species at pH 7.3
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of (R)-dichlorprop. The major species at pH 7.3
The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.
An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.
The R- (active) enantiomer of dichlorprop. It is used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds.
(2R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(+)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(+)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(2R)-(+)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(2R)-(+)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(2R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(R)-(+)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
The S- (inactive) enantiomer of dichlorprop.
(2S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(2S)-(-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(2S)-(-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(2S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(S)-(-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
(S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.
rac-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(+-)-2,4-dichlorophenoxy-alpha-propanoic acid
(+-)-2,4-dichlorophenoxy-alpha-propionic acid
(+-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
(+-)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
2,4-dichlorophenoxy-alpha-propanoic acid
2,4-dichlorophenoxy-alpha-propionic acid
acide 2-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy) propionique
alpha-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
alpha-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
rac-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
An inhibitor of peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.*) that inhibits the action of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6).
hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitor
hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitors
An EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.*).
A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of an isomerase (EC 5.*.*.*).
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*.*).
C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitor
C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitors
EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS
EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a ligase (EC 6.*.*.*). Ligases are enzymes that catalyse the joining of two molecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*.*).
C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*) inhibitor
C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*) inhibitorS
EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS
EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.
rac-propan-2-yl methylphosphonofluoridate
(+-)-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
(RS)-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
Methlyfluorophosphonic acid isopropyl ester
Methylphosphonofluoridic acid isopropyl ester
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid; the active stereoisomer of the racemic herbicide mecoprop.
(2R)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid
(2R)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid
(R)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid
(R)-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.
2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid
2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid
4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy-alpha-propionic acid
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.
rac-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid; the inactive stereoisomer of the racemic herbicide mecoprop.
A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.
A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.
A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have S-configuration; the (S,S)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold lower analgesic potency than the (R,R)-enantiomer.
A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol(1+).
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino group of (R,R)-tramadol.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino group of (S,S)-tramadol.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals.
Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals.
Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites
A mixture containing all eight of the B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12). It is used as a dietary supplement and as a component of growth media for microorganisms.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.
ferrous sulfate
A nitrohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.
The (S)-enantiomer of sarin; the more potent enantiomer of racemic sarin, a nerve agent that is employed as a chemical warfare agent.
The (S)-enantiomer of sarin; the less active enantiomer of racemic sarin, a nerve agent that is employed as a chemical warfare agent.
A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.
A ring assembly based on a 1,4-diphenylbenzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the nitrogen of an indole.
A pyranone based on the structure of 2H-pyran-2-one and its substituted derivatives.
A metal oxide that has the formula CuO. It has an ionic structure.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound.
A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound containing three aryl groups connected by a single C atom.
A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
A nitroalkane that is propane substituted at C-1 by a nitro group.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which five of the six hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. A non-flammable, high-boiling liquid (b.p. 161-162degreeC) with relative density 1.67 and an odour resembling that of chloroform, it is used as a solvent for oil and grease, in metal cleaning, and in the separation of coal from impurities.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-hydroxy fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A nitrosamine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. One of the many carcinogens detected in cigarette smoke, it is found in meat, cheese and spices that have been treated with the preservative sodium nitrite.
A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.
A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.
A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
An anionic phospholipid having a phosphate group at sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone, and with a combination of one or two acyl groups, alkyl groups, or alkenyl groups attached at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions through ester, ether or vinyl linkages respectively.
A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion containing more than one C-C unsaturated bond. Major species at pH 7.3.
A glycerol compound having one of three possible substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl - at each of the three possible positions sn-1, sn-2 or sn-3. has functional parent glycerol (CHEBI:17754), children: triglyceride (CHEBI:17855). Parent: is_a glycerolipid (CHEBI:35741)
Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the kidney.
A bridged organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with maleic anhydride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting anhydride. A chemical intermediate used in the preparation of fire-retardant polyester resins and plasticisers.
1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachlorobicyclo(2.2.1)-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
Hexachloro-endo-methylenetetrahydrophthalic acid
An EC 2.7.10.* (protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor that specifically blocks the action of non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.2).
ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor
ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitors
cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors
non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.2) inhibitor
non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.2) inhibitors
p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor
p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids which has a free hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glycerol moiety.
A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of transferase of a one-carbon-containing group (EC 2.1.*.*).
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitor
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitors
A transferase inhibitor interfering with the action of any transferase that transfers an aldehyde or ketone group (EC 2.2.*.*).
EC 2.2.* (aldehyde or ketone transferase) inhibitors
aldehyde or ketone transferase inhibitor
aldehyde or ketone transferase inhibitors
aldehyde/ketone transferase (EC 2.2.*) inhibitor
aldehyde/ketone transferase (EC 2.2.*) inhibitors
EC 2.2.* (aldehyde or ketone transferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase (EC 2.3.*.*).
A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of a glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.*.*).
EC 2.4.* (glycosyltransferase) inhibitors
glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.*) inhibitor
glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.*) inhibitors
EC 2.4.* (glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the transfer of an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.1.*).
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*).
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor
An isomerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an intramolecular transferase (EC 5.4.*.*).
EC 5.4.* (intramolecular transferase) inhibitors
intramolecular transferase (EC 5.4.*) inhibitor
intramolecular transferase (EC 5.4.*) inhibitors
EC 5.4.* (intramolecular transferase) inhibitor
An isomerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any member of the group of 'other isomerases' (EC 5.99.*.*).
EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitor
EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitors
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation.
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-C lyase (EC 4.1.*.*).
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*.*).
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*.*).
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a P-O lyase (EC 4.6.*.*).
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*).
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*).
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitors
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (EC 1.2.*.*).
EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group) inhibitor
EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group) inhibitors
EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group inhibitors
EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-CH group of donors (EC 1.3.*.*).
EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitors
EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*.*).
EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitor
EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*) inhibitors
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH group of donors (EC 1.5.*.*).
EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitors
EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*.*).
EC 1.6.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*)
oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH inhibitors
EC 1.6.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase of class EC 1.8.*.* (acting on a sulfur group of donors).
EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on a sulfur group of donors (EC 1.8.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on a sulfur group of donors (EC 1.8.*) inhibitors
EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*.*).
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitor
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitors
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitors
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (EC 1.10.*.*).
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitors
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitors
inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor
inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor (EC 1.10.*)
inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor
inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor (EC 1.10.*)
inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*.*).
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases), EC 1.13.*.*.
EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitors
EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on hydrogen as donors (EC 1.14.*.*).
EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
inhibitor of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitors
EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*.*).
EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitors
EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosylase (EC 3.2.*.*).
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*).
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*).
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26).
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitors
proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitor
proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitors
prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitor
prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of a peptidyl dipeptidase (EC 3.4.15.*).
EC 3.4.15.* (peptidyl-dipeptidase) inhibitors
inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidases (EC 3.4.15.*)
inhibitors of peptidyl-dipeptidases (EC 3.4.15.*)
peptidyl-dipeptidase (EC 3.4.15.*) inhibitor
peptidyl-dipeptidase (EC 3.4.15.*) inhibitors
EC 3.4.15.* (peptidyl-dipeptidase) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes wtih the action of any aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.*).
An EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.*).
EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.*(dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor
EC 3.4.14.*(dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases inhibitors
dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitor
dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor
An EC 2.4.* (glycosyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.*).
EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitors
pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.*) inhibitor
pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.*) inhibitors
EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any cysteine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.22.*).
EC 3.4.22.* (cysteine endopeptidase) inhibitors
cysteine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.22.*) inhibitor
cysteine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.22.*) inhibitors
EC 3.4.22.* (cysteine endopeptidase) inhibitor
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18).
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitors
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitor
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitors
glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitor
glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitors
glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitor
glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitors
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitor
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitors
glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitors
glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor
glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*).
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.*).
EC 3.5.2.* (non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors
non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.*) inhibitor
non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.*) inhibitors
non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase inhibitor
non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.5.2.* (non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12).
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitors
sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase inhibitor
sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase inhibitors
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12) inhibitor
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12) inhibitors
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase inhibitor
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase inhibitors
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*).
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*).
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors
inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with any enzyme in the EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) category.
EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitors
EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.*).
EC 2.7.10.* (protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitors
protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.*) inhibitor
protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.10.* (protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
An EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase (EC 6.3.1.*).
EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitors
acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitor
acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitors
EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitor
An EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylating enzyme (EC 6.4.1.*).
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond forming ligase) inhibitor
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond forming ligase) inhibitors
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitors
inhibitor of ligases forming C-C bonds (EC 6.4.1.*)
inhibitors of ligases forming C-C bonds (EC 6.4.1.*)
An EC 5.4.* (intramolecular transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups (EC 5.4.3.*).
EC 5.4.3.* (intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups) inhibitors
inhibitor of intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups
inhibitor of intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups (EC 5.4.3.*)
inhibitors of intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups
inhibitors of intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups (EC 5.4.3.*)
EC 5.4.3.* (intramolecular transferase transferring amino groups) inhibitor
An EC 5.99.* (other isomerases) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any enzyme in the EC 5.99.1.* class.
EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor
An EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*).
An EC 2.5.* (transferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any transferase that transfers an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.*).
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*).
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+)acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor that inhibits the action of any oxidoreductase incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*).
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme incorporating one atom of oxygen and using reduced flavin or flavoprotein as donor (EC 1.14.14.*).
EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitors
EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor
EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor (EC 1.14.14.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor (EC 1.14.14.*) inhibitors
EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any enzyme in the EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous) category.
EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors
miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitor
miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme incorporating one atom of oxygen and using NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*).
EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*) inhibitors
EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using a miscellaneous compound as one donor and incorporating one atom of oxygen (EC 1.14.18.*).
EC 1.14.18.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, miscellaneous compound as one donor, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, miscellaneous compound as one donor, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen (EC 1.14.18.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, miscellaneous compound as one donor, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen (EC 1.14.18.*) inhibitors
EC 1.14.18.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, miscellaneous compound as one donor, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen) inhibitor
An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any such enzyme that uses a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*).
EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.2.1.*).
EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.2.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.2.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.2.3.*).
EC 1.2.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.2.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.2.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.2.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*).
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the function of any such enzyme in the EC 1.3.98.* (with other acceptors) category.
EC 1.3.99.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with other acceptors) inhibitors
EC 1.3.99.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, with other acceptors) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with other acceptors (EC 1.3.99.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with other acceptors (EC 1.3.99.*) inhibitors
EC 1.3.99.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, with other acceptors) inhibitor
An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.3.3.*).
EC 1.3.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
EC 1.3.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
EC 1.3.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.3.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.3.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.3.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*).
EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*).
EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.6.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using a quinone or similar as acceptor (EC 1.6.5.*).
EC 1.6.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor (EC 1.6.5.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor (EC 1.6.5.*) inhibitors
EC 1.6.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*).
EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*).
EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*).
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitor
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitors
methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*) inhibitor
methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase (EC 2.1.2.*).
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitors
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitor
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor
An EC 2.2.* (aldehyde or ketone transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any (transketolase or transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.*).
EC 2.2.1.* (transketolase/transaldolase) inhibitors
EC 2.2.1.* (transketolases and transaldolases) inhibitor
EC 2.2.1.* (transketolases and transaldolases) inhibitors
transketolase/transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.*) inhibitor
transketolase/transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.2.1.* (transketolase/transaldolase) inhibitor
An EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any acyltransferase transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups (EC 2.3.1.*).
EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitors
acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group EC 2.3.1.* inhibitor
acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group EC 2.3.1.* inhibitors
EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphotransferase with an alcohol group as acceptor (EC 2.7.1.*).
EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitors
phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (EC 2.7.1.*) inhibitor
phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (EC 2.7.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14).
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitors
cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14) inhibitor
cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14) inhibitors
cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase inhibitors
puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase inhibitor
puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase inhibitors
soluble alanyl aminopeptidase inhibitors
thiol-activated aminopeptidase inhibitor
thiol-activated aminopeptidase inhibitors
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dipeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.2).
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitors
dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase II inhibitors
dipeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.2) inhibitor
dipeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.2) inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor
An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme that catalyses transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*).
EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitors
acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitor
acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of an unspecified monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1).
EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitors
flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase inhibitor
flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase inhibitors
substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidising) inhibitor
substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidising) inhibitors
unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) inhibitor
unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) inhibitors
EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor
An EC 4.1.* (C-C lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any carboxy-lyase (EC 4.1.1.*).
An EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*).
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
An EC 3.4.13.* (dipeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of membrane dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19).
EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitors
glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored renal dipeptidase inhibitors
membrane dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19) inhibitor
membrane dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19) inhibitors
EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2,3-saturated fatty acid.
Any fatty acid in which the first two carbons of the chain attached to the carboxy group are saturated and unbranched.
An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway.
An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme acting on ATP and involved in cellular and subcellular movement (EC 3.6.4.*).
EC 3.6.4.* (hydrolase acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement) inhibitor
EC 3.6.4.* (hydrolase acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement) inhibitors
EC 3.6.4.* (hydrolases acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement) inhibitors
hydrolases acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement (EC 3.6.4.*) inhibitor
hydrolases acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement (EC 3.6.4.*) inhibitors
EC 3.6.4.* (hydrolases acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement) inhibitor
An EC 3.6.4.* (hydrolases acting on ATP; involved in cellular and subcellular movement) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase (EC 3.6.4.10).
ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerising) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerising) inhibitors
ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerizing) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerizing) inhibitors
EC 3.6.4.10 (non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase) inhibitors
molecular chaperone Hsc70 ATPase inhibitor
molecular chaperone Hsc70 ATPase inhibitors
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase (EC 3.6.4.10) inhibitor
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase (EC 3.6.4.10) inhibitors
EC 3.6.4.10 (non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase) inhibitor
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in the mould, Aspergillus.
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Penicillium.
Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
Any bacterial metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in bacteria.
A urea in which one of the hydrogens attached to a nitrogen of the urea group is replaced by a sulfonyl group. The N-sulfonylurea moiety is a key group in various herbicides, as well as in a number of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetis mellitus.
A synthetic or semi-synthetic compound that has oestrogenic activity.
Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.
An EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme in the EC 1.10.99.* category.
EC 1.10.99.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors) inhibitors
oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors (EC 1.10.99.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors (EC 1.10.99.*) inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors) inhibitor
An EC 1.10.99.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone), EC 1.10.99.2.
1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.2 (ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitor
EC 1.10.99.2 (ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitors
N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitor
N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitors
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-2 inhibitor
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-2 inhibitors
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase2 inhibitor
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase2 inhibitors
ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.10.99.2) inhibitor
ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.10.99.2) inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41).
4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitor
4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitors
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitors
Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor
Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor
Compounds that are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing. Compare with mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration, and antitussives, which suppress the cough reflex.
An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of tylosin, obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-12-{[3,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylazaniumyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy}-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-11-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranoside
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.10).
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
L-serine-O-sulfate ammonia-lyase (pyruvate-forming) inhibitor
L-serine-O-sulfate ammonia-lyase (pyruvate-forming) inhibitors
serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.10) inhibitor
serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.10) inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*).
EC 1.3.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*)
oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*) inhibitors
EC 1.3.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.116).
3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.116) inhibitor
3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.116) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitors
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase inhibitor
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189).
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 9-oxidoreductase inhibitor
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 9-oxidoreductase inhibitors
9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase inhibitor
9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase inhibitors
9-ketoprostaglandin reductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitors
prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase inhibitor
prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase inhibitor
prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189) inhibitor
prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189) inhibitors
reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin inhibitor
reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor
A 3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid containing an additional double bond between positions 4 and 5.
A dye used in microscopic or electron microscopic examination of cells and tissues to give contrast and to highlight particular features of interest, such as nuclei and cytoplasm.
A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199).
An EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of pantothenate kinase (EC 2.7.1.33).
ATP:(R)-pantothenate 4'-phosphotransferase inhibitor
ATP:(R)-pantothenate 4'-phosphotransferase inhibitors
ATP:pantothenate 4'-phosphotransferase inhibitor
ATP:pantothenate 4'-phosphotransferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitors
pantothenate kinase (EC 2.7.1.33) inhibitor
pantothenate kinase (EC 2.7.1.33) inhibitors
pantothenate kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
pantothenate kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.24.* (metalloendopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.83).
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitors
anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.83) inhibitor
anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.83) inhibitors
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor
An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.
A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has R configuration.
Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart.
A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the deprotonation of both of the dithiocarbamic acid moieties of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid). The major species at pH 7.3.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of rosuvastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates androstane receptors.
constitutive androstane receptor agonist
constitutive androstane receptor agonists
A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.
Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties.
A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.
An EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12).
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitors
N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase inhibitor
N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase inhibitors
NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitors
NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitors
trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12) inhibitor
trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12) inhibitors
trypanothione:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitor
trypanothione:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
A 3-[5-cyano-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl]-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of (R)-citalopram.
A 3-[5-cyano-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl]-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of escitalopram.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prostaglandin-F synthase (EC 1.1.1.188).
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 11-oxidoreductase inhibitor
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 11-oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitors
NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase inhibitor
NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase inhibitors
prostaglandin 11-keto reductase inhibitor
prostaglandin 11-keto reductase inhibitors
prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase inhibitor
prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin D2-ketoreductase inhibitor
prostaglandin D2-ketoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin-D2 11-reductase inhibitors
reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin inhibitor
reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin inhibitors
synthetase, prostaglandin F2alpha inhibitor
synthetase, prostaglandin F2alpha inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any dicarboxylic acid monoamide; major species at pH 7.3.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25).
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitors
shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25) inhibitor
shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25) inhibitors
shikimate:NADP(+) 3-oxidoreductase inhibitor
shikimate:NADP(+) 3-oxidoreductase inhibitors
shikimate:NADP(+) 5-oxidoreductase inhibitor
shikimate:NADP(+) 5-oxidoreductase inhibitors
shikimate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitor
shikimate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
A secondary alcohol that is 2-butanol carrying an additional methyl substituent at position 3.
Any product obtained as a result of thermally induced non-enzymatic degradation.
Any thermal degradation product obtained as a result of a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar (Maillard reaction, a non-enzymatic browning procedure that usually imparts flavour to starch-based food products).
An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate(2-) resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidate, which removes one of the fatty acid groups.
A diuretic that acts on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267).
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate isomeroreductase inhibitor
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate isomeroreductase inhibitors
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267) inhibitor
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267) inhibitors
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitor
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitors
1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitor
1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitors
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (isomerising) inhibitor
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (isomerising) inhibitors
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (isomerizing) inhibitor
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (isomerizing) inhibitors
2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) synthase inhibitor
2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) synthase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops.
An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.
A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3).
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitor
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitors
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitor
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any omega-peptidase (EC 3.4.19.*).
EC 3.4.19.* (omega-peptidase) inhibitors
omega-peptidase (EC 3.4.19.*) inhibitors
An EC 3.4.19.* (omega-peptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (EC 3.4.19.3).
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitors
L-pyroglutamyl peptide hydrolase inhibitor
L-pyroglutamyl peptide hydrolase inhibitors
L-pyrrolidonecarboxylate peptidase inhibitor
L-pyrrolidonecarboxylate peptidase inhibitors
pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (EC 3.4.19.3) inhibitor
pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (EC 3.4.19.3) inhibitors
pyrrolidone-carboxyl peptidase inhibitor
pyrrolidone-carboxyl peptidase inhibitors
pyrrolidonecarboxylyl peptidase inhibitor
pyrrolidonecarboxylyl peptidase inhibitors
pyrrolidonyl peptidase inhibitors5-oxoprolyl-peptidase inhibitor
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
A drug used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract.
A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.
A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has R configuration. It competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1, EC 3.6.3.44), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. Dexverapamil exhibits lower calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity than racemic verapamil.
A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of dexverapamil.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of (S)-verapamil.
An EC 3.4.24.* (metalloendopeptidase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of meprin A (EC 3.4.24.18).
N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase inhibitor
N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase inhibitors
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phospholipid-translocating ATPase (EC 3.6.3.1).
ATP phosphohydrolase (phospholipid-flipping) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (phospholipid-flipping) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.1 (phospholipid-translocating ATPase) inhibitors
aminophospholipid-transporting ATPase inhibitor
aminophospholipid-transporting ATPase inhibitors
phospholipid-translocating ATPase (EC 3.6.3.1) inhibitor
phospholipid-translocating ATPase (EC 3.6.3.1) inhibitors
phospholipid-translocating ATPase inhibitor
phospholipid-translocating ATPase inhibitors
phospholipid-transporting ATPase inhibitor
phospholipid-transporting ATPase inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.1 (phospholipid-translocating ATPase) inhibitor
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of xenobiotic-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.44).
ATP phosphohydrolase (steroid-exporting) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (steroid-exporting) inhibitors
ATP phosphohydrolase (xenobiotic-exporting) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (xenobiotic-exporting) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitors
pleiotropic-drug-resistance protein inhibitor
pleiotropic-drug-resistance protein inhibitors
xenobiotic-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.44) inhibitor
xenobiotic-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.44) inhibitors
xenobiotic-transporting ATPase inhibitor
xenobiotic-transporting ATPase inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
A monothiocarbamic ester that is carbamothioic S-acid substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a 2-chlorobenzyl group at the the sulfur atom.
S-(2-chlorobenzyl) diethylcarbamothioate
Diethylthiocarbamic acid S-(o-chlorobenzyl) ester
A highly complex mixture of several hundred polychlorinated compounds obtained by chlorination of camphene to an overall chlorine content of 67-69% by weight and having an overall empirical formula of C10H10Cl8 (including optical isomers, it could theoretically contain over 32,000 congeners). Toxaphene was used from the mid-1940s as an agricultural insecticide (mostly in the USA, particularly on corn and soybeans). Use increased with the phasing out of DDT in the 1970s (it became the most heavily manufactured pesticide in the US) but it is now banned due to concerns about toxicity and carcinogenicity. Total production since its first use is estimated at around 500,000 tons. In the environment, most of the components of toxaphene get metabolised, but from 10 to >100 resist biodegradation, depending on the medium and the specialisation of the enzyme system. Breathing, drinking or eating high levels of toxaphene can damage the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system.
Any environmental contaminant that is resistant to environmental degradation through photolytic, biological or chemical processes. Such substances can have significant impact on health and the environment, as they persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in animal tissue and so biomagnify in food chains.
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.15).
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding H2O; pyruvate-forming) inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding H2O; pyruvate-forming) inhibitors
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding water; pyruvate-forming) inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding water; pyruvate-forming) inhibitors
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
2,3-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
alpha,beta-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
alpha,beta-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.15) inhibitor
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.15) inhibitors
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase).
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitors
lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase inhibitor
lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase inhibitors
sterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-methyl cleaving) inhibitor
sterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-methyl cleaving) inhibitors
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
An aci-nitro compound that is the predominant form of ethylnitronate at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the 2-hydroxy group to the 1-amino group of tetracycline. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
A food additive that is used to make or keep fruit or vegetable tissues firm and crisp. or which interacts with gelling agents such as pectin to produce or strengthen a gel.
An antioxidant that used as a food additives to help guard against food deterioration.
A food additive that is used to preserve the structure of food.
A food additive that is used to increase the viscosity of foodstuffs.
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.
ethyl (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(pentan-3-yloxy)cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate
1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, 4-(acetylamino)-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-, ethyl ester, (3R-(3alpha,4beta,5alpha))-
Ethyl (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate
A food additive that is used for the purpose of decolourising food.
A food additive that enhances the texture of a foodstuff by gel formation.
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
A fatty acid anion containing 18 carbons and one double bond. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 3 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 4 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 6 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 8 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 10 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 12 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 14 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 24 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any monoacylglycerol 3-phosphate(2-) which has a free hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glycerol moiety.
Any glycero-3-monophosphate carrying a single acyl substituent in an unspecified position (sn-1, sn-2 or sn-3).
An anionic phospholipid having a phosphate group at sn-1 or sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone, and with a combination of one or two acyl groups, alkyl groups, or alkenyl groups attached at the sn-1, sn-2, or sn-3 positions through ester, ether or vinyl linkages respectively.
An alkylacylglycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively. Major species at pH 7.3.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine carrying one alkyl and one acyl group in unspecified positions. Major species at pH 7.3.
A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.
A monoacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group is specified as octadecenoyl and is attached at either sn-1 or sn-2 position; major species at pH 7.3.
food component role
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
Any unwanted chemical in food. The term includes agrochemicals and industrial chemicals that may contaminate foodstuffs during their production, transportation or storage.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
An isothiocyanate having a methyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is also the active nematicide of the pronematicide metam-sodium.
An EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of hexokinase, EC 2.7.1.1, an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses forming hexose phosphate.
ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase inhibitor
ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase inhibitors
glucose ATP phosphotransferase inhibitor
glucose ATP phosphotransferase inhibitors
hexokinase type IV glucokinase inhibitor
hexokinase type IV glucokinase inhibitors
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1 ).
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitors
A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 4aH-phenothiazine substituted by dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7.
A protein kinase agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase A receptor
Any agonist of one or more of the isoforms of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1).
Any compound that causes severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
A retinoate that is the conjugate base of 9-cis-retinoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A chromanol that is chromane in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
An EC 4.6.* (P-O lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2).
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitors
GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) inhibitor
GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) inhibitors
GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3',5'-cyclic-GMP-forming) inhibitor
GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3',5'-cyclic-GMP-forming) inhibitors
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).
A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.
methyl [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamate
Any organic acid in which both oxygens of a carbamic acid have been replaced by sulfur.
A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species.
An animal metabolite produced by any member of the phylum Nematoda.
A nematode metabolite produced by Caenorhabditis elegans.
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.
sodium nitrite
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour fixative, preservative.
An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).
tetrasodium 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonate)
Sodium ditolyl-diazobis-8-amino-1-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate
Sodium ditolyldisazobis-8-amino-1-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate
Sodium ditolyldisazobis-8-amino-1-naphthol-3,6-disulphonate
An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the tetraanionic form of trypan blue.
An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid that is the free acid form of trypan blue dye.
3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid)
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of L-canavanine; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of (R)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
Any compound that is used as an additive to increase the plasticity or fluidity of a substance, particularly but not exclusively to synthetic polymers.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.
A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.
pantothenic acid
3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoic acid
vitamin B5
Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire.
A benzoate ester that is an ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.
A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.
Any nitrile derived from an aliphatic compound.
A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.
A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.
A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.
A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.
(-)-m-hydroxy-alpha-(methylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol
Benzenemethanol, 3-hydroxy-.alpha.-[(methylamino)methyl]-, (R)-
Benzenemethanol, 3-hydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)-, (R)-
Benzyl alcohol, m-hydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)-, (-)-
A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing two phenyl substituents at position 5.
A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.
2,2',3,4,4',5',6-Heptabromodiphenyl ether
A polymer comprising ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) units and (ammonia)zinc(II). It is used in agriculture for the control of scab in fruit, blight in tomatoes and potatoes, and downy mildew in hops and grapes.
zinc ammoniate ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate)-poly(ethylenethiuram disulfide)
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which the hydrogens at the 2, 4, 5, 2', and 4' positions have been replaced by bromines.
2,4-dibromophenyl 2,4,5-tribromophenyl ether
A carbamate ester that is methyl carbamate substituted by a (4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group at the nitrogen atom. A dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, it is used (normally as the corresponding sodium salt, asulam-sodium) as a herbicide, mainly for killing bracken.
methyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl]carbamate
methyl N-(4-aminobenzenesulfonyl)carbamate
A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl phenylcarbamate
A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.
3-(methoxyformamido)phenyl (3-methylphenyl)carbamate
3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl (3-methylphenyl)carbamate
methyl 3-(3-methylcarbaniloyloxy)carbanilate
A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.
A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.
A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which the two nitrogen atoms are substituted by an ethyl group and a 2-cyano-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl group respectively. A fungicide used to control Peronosporales on a range of crops including vines, hops and potatoes.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dimethenamid. A herbicide, it is applied to the soil for the control of various broad-leaved weeds and grasses. Only the S enantiomer (generally known as dimethenamid-P) is active.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-fluazipop (the active enantiomer, also known as fluazifop-P) and (S)-fluazifop (the inactive enantiomer). Both fluazifop and fluazifop-P have been used (generally as the corresponidng n-butyl esters, known as fluazifop-butyl and fluazifop-P-butyl, respectively) as herbicides for the pre-emergence control of grass weeds in a variety of crops.
rac-2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid
(RS)-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]phenoxy}propionic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid substituted by a 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy group at position 4.
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid
A racemate coprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P-ethyl and its enantiomer, (S)-quizalofop-ethyl. A proherbicide for quizalofop.
rac-ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
(+-)-ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
ethyl (2RS)-2-[4-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate
rac-ethyl (2R)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
rac-ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionate
An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trinexapac with ethanol.
ethyl 4-[cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methylidene]-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylate
ethyl (RS)-4-cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methylene-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylate
ethyl 4-(cyclopropylhydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylate
A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.
A pyridinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloronicotinic acid with the amino group of 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-amine. A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Sclerotinia spp. for use on a wide range of crops including fruit, vegetables and ornamentals.
A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen and a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 2.
A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 5, a chloro group at position 4 and a phenyl group at position 2.
A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens.
A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.
A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.
rac-2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid
2-[(RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid
2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
rac-5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop. It is a metabolite of declofop-methyl and a postemergence herbicide used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.
rac-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
(+-)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
(RS)-2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionic acid
rac-(2R)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid
An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2-methoxyethyl and a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group at the nitrogen atom.
2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiine 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.
An aromatic amide that is acetamide in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a propan-2-yl and 4-fluorophenyl groups while the methyl hydrogen is replaced by a [5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]oxy group.
An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.
An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.
Allyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazol-1-ylethyl ether
A dithiocarbamate salt that is the disodium salt of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid). A fungicide, algicide and bactericide used on various crops including on cotton, capsicums, onions and rice crops, it is considered to be a carcinogen, so is not licensed for use within the European Union. Mixing nabam with zinc sulfate affords the fungicide zineb.
disodium ethane-1,2-diyldicarbamodithioate
1,2-ethanediylbiscarbamodithioic acid disodium salt
N,N'-ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate de sodium)
disodium N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(carbamodithioate)
disodium N,N'-ethane-1,2-diyldicarbamodithioate
disodium ethylene-1,2-bisdithiocarbamate
A chloropyridine that is 2-chloropyridine which is substituted by a trichloromethyl group at position 6. It is a nitrification inhibitor that is co-applied with nitrogen fertilizer in agroecosystems.
A member of the class of 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3-one substituted on the nitrogen (position 2) by an octyl group. A fungicide and antibacterial agent, it is used for treatment of canker and other fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit trees. It is no longer approved for use within the European Union.
A dicarboximide that captan in which the trichloromethyl group is replaced by a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group. A broad-spectrum fungicide used to control diseases in fruit and potatoes, it is no longer approved for use in the European Community.
A monothiocarbamic ester that is carbamothioic S-acid substituted by two propyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a benzyl group at the the sulfur atom.
A sulfonamide obtained by the formal condensation of perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid with ethylamine.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which one of the nitrogens has been substituted by a (2-carboxyphenyl)sulfonyl group, while the other has been substituted by a 4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl group. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used (generally as the corresponding ethyl ester) as a herbicide.
2-{[(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoic acid
2-(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)benzoic acid
2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid
A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.
A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-ethofumesate.
rac-2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate
(RS)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethylbenzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate
A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in cotton.
An aminopyridine that is pyridin-4-amine substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 5, a fluoro group at position 6 and a carboxymethoxy group at position 2.
[(4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)oxy]acetic acid
A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.
A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising equimolar amounts of L-(R)- and L-(S)-iprovalicarb. It is a systemic fungicide, specific to oomycetes, used on potatoes and grape vines.
1-methylethyl N-[(1S)-2-methyl-1-[[[1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino]carbonyl]propyl]carbamate
isopropyl [(1S)-2-methyl-1-{[(1RS)-1-p-tolylethyl]carbamoyl}propyl]carbamate
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-napropamide.
A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.
propyl [3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbamate
Propyl (3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbamate
propyl N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbamate
A quinoxaline derivative used as systemic herbicide for annual and perennial grasses.
2-[(propan-2-ylideneamino)oxy]ethyl (2R)-2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate
2-[[(1-methylethylidene)amino]oxy]ethyl (2R)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate
2-isopropylideneaminooxyethyl (R)-2-[4-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by a benzyl and an isopropyl group at the nitrogen atom and two methyl groups at position 2. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-1,2-dichloropropane. It is used as a fumigant to control nematodes in soil and insects in stored grain.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-ethyl-N'-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-secbumeton. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
An ether that is dimethyl ether in which one of the hydrogens attached to each of the methyl group has replaced by a chlorine.
An organochlorine compound that is toluene in which all three hydrogens of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorines. It is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and dye chemistry.
An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.
A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen ortho to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of azo pigments and dyes.
An elemental carbon in the form of virtually pure colloidal particles that are produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons under controlled conditions. A black, finely divided pellet or powder, its properties of specific surface area, particle size and structure, conductivity and colour can be varied by varying the exact conditions for its production. It is used in tyres, rubber and plastic products, printing inks and coatings.
(Carboxymethyl)trimethylarsonium hydroxide inner salt, 9CI
(carboxymethyl)trimethylarsonium hydroxide inner salt
Arsonium, (carboxymethyl)trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt
A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.
2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabrominated diphenyl ether
An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.
2-(dimethylamino)-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate
Dimethylcarbamic acid 2-(dimethylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-4-pyrimidinyl ester
A chromophore that is a linear tetrapyrrolic prosthetic group covalently attached to a large soluble protein phytochrome. Light absorption by the phytochrome chromophore triggers photoconversion between two spectrally distinct forms of the photoreceptor: Pr, the red light absorbing form, and Pfr, the far-red light absorbing form.
An elemental molecular entity in which all of the atoms have atomic number 26.
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain.
An aryl thiol is a thiol in which a sulfanyl group, SH, is attached to an aryl group.
A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.
Any aldoxime derived from an aliphatic aldehyde.
An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.
methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate
A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the less active S-enantiomer of metalaxyl.
methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-L-alaninate
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen of the dimethylaminoethyl substituent of diltiazem. The major species at pH 7.3.
A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is a cGMP-activated K+ channel blocker.
(2R,3R)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate
A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen of the dimethylaminoethyl substituent of ent-diltiazem. The major species at pH 7.3.
A dicarboximide that is phthalimide or derivatives obtained from it by the formal replacement of one or more hydrogens.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia galeata.
An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia
Any salt derived from a member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids by the formal replacement of the hydrogen of the dithiocarboxy group by a metal.
A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is dimethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.
An EC 1.3.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of succinate dehydrogenase (quinone), EC 1.3.5.1.
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitors
succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitor
succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitors
succinate dehydrogenase complex inhibitor
succinate dehydrogenase complex inhibitors
succinate:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
succinate:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia tenebrosa.
A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.
A member of the class of piperidines that is N-isobutylpiperidine in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a p-tert-butylphenyl group.
A 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]piperidine that has R configuration.
A 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]piperidine that has S configuration.
Any compound that inhibits the biosynthesis of any sterol.
An EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of Delta(14)-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.70).
4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol:NADP(+) Delta(14)-oxidoreductase inhibitor
4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol:NADP(+) Delta(14)-oxidoreductase inhibitors
Delta(14)-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.70) inhibitor
Delta(14)-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.70) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor
A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.
An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-meptyldinocap. A fungicide that is active against powdery mildew mainly on grapes, cucurbits and strawberries. Whilst it is not highly to toxic to birds is is toxic to many aquatic species including fish and algae.
rac-2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenyl (2E)-but-2-enoate
(E)-2-(1-Methylheptyl)-4,6-dinitrophenyl 2-butenoate
(RS)-2-(1-methylheptyl)-4,6-dinitrophenyl crotonate
2-(1-Methylheptyl)-4,6-dinitrophenyl crotonate
2-(1-methylheptyl)-4,6-dinitrophenyl (2E)-2-butenoate
An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-methylacrylic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenol.
2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenyl (2E)-but-2-enoate
2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenyl (E)-but-2-enoate
A 2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenyl (E)-but-2-enoate that is the (R)-enantiomer of meptyldinocap.
2,4-dinitro-6-[(2R)-octan-2-yl]phenyl (2E)-but-2-enoate
A 2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenyl (E)-but-2-enoate that is the (S)-enantiomer of meptyldinocap.
2,4-dinitro-6-[(2S)-octan-2-yl]phenyl (2E)-but-2-enoate
A multi-component mixture comprising 2,6-dinitro-4-octanylphenyl and 2,4-dinitro-6-octanylphenyl esters of (2E)-but-2-enoic acid in which 'octanyl' is a mixture of octan-2-yl, octan-3-yl and octan-4-yl groups. The mixture is used as a protectant fungicide for powdery mildew control. The most active component is 2-(1-methylheptyl)-4,6-dinitrophenyl (2E)-2-butenoate, which has the ISO common name meptyldinocap.
A mixture of 2,6-dinitro-4-octylphenyl crotonates in which 'octyl' is a mixture of 1-methylheptyl, 1-ethylhexyl and 1-propylpentyl groups. A component of dinocap, which is used as a protectant fungicide for powdery mildew control.
A mixture of 2,4-dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonates in which 'octyl' is a mixture of 1-methylheptyl, 1-ethylhexyl and 1-propylpentyl groups. A component of dinocap, which is used as a protectant fungicide for powdery mildew control. The most active component is where R = 1-methylheptyl, which has the ISO common name meptyldinocap.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes in which a benzene ring is substituted by five chloro groups.
A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.
A 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile that has R configuration at the sulfoxide.
A 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile that has S configuration at the sulfoxide.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in marine macro- and microorganisms.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.
An organosulfate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group of any alkyl sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.
An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.
An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.
A pyrimidone that is pyrimidin-4(1H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and an isopropyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of diazinon.
A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.
methyl 3-{[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}thiophene-2-carboxylate
methyl 3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate
A monocarboxylic acid that is 3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid substituted by a cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methylidene group at position 4. It is a metabolite of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl.
4-[cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methylidene]-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
(RS)-4-cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methylene-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
4-(cyclopropylhydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
A member of the class of benzotriazoles that is 1H-benzotriazole substituted by a methyl group at position 5.
An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.
A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated pentanoic acid.
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentanoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated hexanoic acid.
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluorohexanoic acid
A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated undecanoic acid.
A fluorotelomer that is oct-2-enoic acid substituted by fluoro groups at positions 3, 4, 4, 5, 5,6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8 and 8 respectively.
6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid
A fluorotelomer that is dec-2-enoic acid substituted by fluoro groups at positions 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10 and 10 respectively.
8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-climbazole. It is a topically applied antifungal agent used to treat human fungal skin infections.
1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl -2-butanone
A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 2 and a [4-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]carbamoyl group at the nitrogen atom.
A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.
acesulfame k
acesulfame potassium
A member of the class of benzamides that is N,N-dimethylbenzamide substituted by a formylamino group at position 4 and a [(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl group at position 2.
A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage.
neotame
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer, sweetener. Neotame is an artificial sweetener made by NutraSweet that is between 7,000 and 13,000 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). Neotame was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for general use in July 2002, and has now been approved by the EU to become a classified E number (E961), but it is not yet widely used in food products. Neotame also is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. It is assigned the International Numbering System (INS) food additive code 961.
A monocarboxylic acid that is (sulfoamino)acetic acid substituted by a heptadecafluorooctyl group at the sulfur atom.
A sulfonamide that is the N-methyl derivative of perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid.
2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid
N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid
A sulfonamide that is the N-ethyl derivative of perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid.
2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid
N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid
A monoalkyl phosphate that is 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctan-1-ol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a phosphate group.
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl dihydrogen phosphate
An organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium.
3-(acetylamino)-5-[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl]-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid
5-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodo-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-isophthalamic acid
A 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 4 and 5 and an octyl group at position 2. It is used as a fungicide.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sebuthylazine. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is acetamide substituted by a chloro group at position 2 and a 2-ethoxyethyl and a 2-methyl-1-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl at the nitrogen atom. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
A pyrazolooxadiazepine that is 7-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin which is substituted at positions 8 and 9 by 2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl and pivaloyloxy groups, respectively. A pro-herbicide (by hydrolysis of the pivalate ester to give the corresponding enol), it is used for control of grass weeds in cereal crops.
8-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-7-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin-9-yl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate
8-(2,6-diethyl-p-tolyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7-oxo-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin-9-yl 2,2-dimethylpropionate
A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.
A member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.
3,5-dihydroxy-4-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl]phenyl 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.
A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.
A dialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is perfluorooctyl.
bis(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl) hydrogen phosphate
A dialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is perfluorodecyl.
bis(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl) hydrogen phosphate
A monoalkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is perfluorodecyl.
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl dihydrogen phosphate
Any alkane having a chain length of at least 13 carbon atoms.
An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.
A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.
An N-sulfonylurea that is N-(2-carboxybenzenesulfonyl)urea bearing additional methyl and 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl substituents at position N3. A foliar acting, post-emergence herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds in cereals, normally used as the methyl variant.
2-{[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)(methyl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoic acid
Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.
Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes carrying three fluorine substituents at unspecified positions.
The stereoisomer of isopropyl (3-methyl-1-{[1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate resulting from the formal condensation of L-valine N(alpha)-isopropyl carbamate with (1R)-1-(p-tolyl)ethylamine.
isopropyl [(2S)-3-methyl-1-{[(1R)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate
The stereoisomer of isopropyl (3-methyl-1-{[1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate resulting from the formal condensation of L-valine N(alpha)-isopropyl carbamate with (1S)-1-(p-tolyl)ethylamine.
isopropyl [(2S)-3-methyl-1-{[(1S)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate
A carbamate ester that is valinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by a 1-(p-tolyl)ethyl group and the alpha-amino group has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl carbamate.
isopropyl (3-methyl-1-{[1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate
A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted by a 4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy group at position 2.
2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid
A 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid that has R configuration. It is the active enantiomer of the herbicide fluazifop and is the major metabolite of fluazifop-P-butyl.
(2R)-2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid
(2R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid
(R)-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]phenoxy}propionic acid
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid. It is the inactive enantiomer of the racemic herbicide fluazifop.
(2S)-2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid
A carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with ammonia.
A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol.
An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl and a 1-methoxypropan-2-yl group at the nitrogen atom.
A 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-N-[(2R)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]acetamide that has R configuration. It is the inactive enantiomer; its (active) enantiomer is the herbicide known as dimethenamid-P; the racemate is the herbicide dimethenamid.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-N-[(2S)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]acetamide. It is the active enantiomer of dimethenamid, a herbicide applied to the soil to control various broad-leaved weeds and grasses.
An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide.
A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.
The (R)-enantiomer of 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.
The (S)-enantiomer of 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.
A (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol that has R configuration.
A (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol that has S configuration.
A ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a 4-chlorophenoxy and a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group at position 1 and 2 methyl groups at position 3.
The (R)-enantiomer of 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one.
The (S)-enantiomer of 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one.
A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.
A 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile that has R configuration.
A 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile that has S configuration.
A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.
A 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione that is the (R)-enantiomer of vinclozolin.
A sterol biosynthesis inhibitor that acts by inhibiting the C14 demethylation step within fungal steroid biosynthesis.
A 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione that is the (S)-enantiomer of vinclozolin.
Any compound that inhibits the biosynthesis of any phospholipid.
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted substituted at position 5 by a methoxymethyl group and at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group, that in turn is substituted by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups at positions 4, 4, and 5, respectively.
2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid
5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid.
2-[(4S)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid
2-[(4S)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid
The (R)-enantiomer of 5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid.
2-[(4R)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid
2-[(4R)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid
5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[(4R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.
The (2R,3S)-stereoisomer of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol.
The (2S,3S)-stereoisomer of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol.
The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol.
The (2R,3R)-stereoisomer of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol.
An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.
The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole.
The (2R,3S)-stereoisomer of 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole.
A methanesulfonate ester that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group.
2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate.
(2S)-2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate.
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 2.
The (R)-enantiomer of N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide.
The (S)-enantiomer of N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide.
A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.
A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.
The (S)-enantiomer of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol.
The (R)-enantiomer of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-(butan-2-yl)-N'-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 6.
The (R)-enantiomer of N-(butan-2-yl)-N'-ethyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.
The (S)-enantiomer of N-(butan-2-yl)-N'-ethyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.
A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-(butan-2-yl)-N'-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.
The (R)-enantiomer of N-(butan-2-yl)-6-chloro-N'-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.
The (S)-enantiomer of N-(butan-2-yl)-6-chloro-N'-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives
Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
Any organofluorine compound that is a oligomer or telomer synthesised by telomerization (a chain transfer reaction to produce an oligomer of a limited size). They are generally used in fire-fighting foams, leather protectants, food packaging and stain resistants.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a morphinan skeleton. These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that resemble the morphinane (opioid) alkaloids in their pharmacological effects.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.
A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.
A 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole that is the (S)-enantiomer of enilconazole
A 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole that is the (R)-enantiomer of enilconazole.
sodium 17-oxoestra-1(10),2,4-trien-3-yl sulfate
17-Oxoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl sodium sulfate
Any alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-alanine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-alanine by a heteroatom.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2-saturated fatty acid.
Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.
A methyl-branched fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A methyl-branched fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.
A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.
A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.
A 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one that is the (R)-enantiomer of triadimefon.
A 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one that is the (S)-enantiomer of triadimefon.
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples.
A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-valine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline by a heteroatom.
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid carrying additional methyl and chloro substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A residual herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds on a range of crops including cereals, rape and beet.
7-chloro-3-methylquinoline-8-carboxylic acid
7-Chloro-3-methyl-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of nicotinamidase (EC 3.5.1.19).
A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.
4,4'- (Isopropylidenedithio)bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol)
Acetone bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) mercaptole
A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.
alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester
methyl alpha-phenyl-alpha-(2-piperidyl)acetate
methyl alpha-phenyl-alpha-2-piperidinylacetate
An organic anion in which the charge resides on a sulfur atom.
Any organic sulfur anion resulting from the removal of a proton from any N-substituted dithiocarbamic acid.
A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.
A phenolate anion obtained from 2,4-dinitrophenol. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by two fluorines, a bromine, and a chlorine. Widely used in 'vapourising liquid'-type fire extinguishers, its use is now generally banned under the Montreal Protocol (ozone-depleting substances), although it is still used in certain applications (e.g. aviation).
Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.
An alkanethiol that is propane substituted by a thiol group at position 1.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of amiloride.
Any N-nitro compound obtained by formal replacement of one or more of the hydrogens of a nitroguanidine by an organyl group.
Any nitroguanidine derivative resulting from the replacement of one or more hydrogens of 2-nitroguanidine by an organyl group.
The cyclic ketal obtained by formal condensation of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with pentane-1,2-diol. A triazole fungicide, it is used commercially as a diastereoisomeric mixture on soft fruit (including apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes), nuts (including peanuts, pecans and almonds), mushrooms, and grasses grown for seeds.
A lysophosphatidate 18:1 in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl (attached at either sn-1 or sn-2 position).
A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.
A carbocyclic fatty acid composed of heptanoic acid having a (1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl substituent at position 7.
7-[(1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl]heptanoic acid
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
An EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.10.3.*).
EC 1.10.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
EC 1.10.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
Any EC 1.10.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1).
1,2-benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
1,2-benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitors
catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) inhibitor
catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) inhibitors
o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor
Any EC 1.10.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of laccase (EC 1.10.3.2).
benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
Any EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitor that interferes with the action of quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.1.24).
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitors
quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.24) inhibitor
quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.24) inhibitors
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclising) inhibitor
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclising) inhibitors
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) inhibitor
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) inhibitors
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (ring-opening) inhibitor
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (ring-opening) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor
Any EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of D-amino-acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3).
D-amino-acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) inhibitor
D-amino-acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) inhibitors
D-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitor
D-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitors
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitors
L-amino acid:O2 oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-amino acid:O2 oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor
A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is an alkanol (in diagram, R = alkyl). Commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a beta-amino acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples.
A secondary aliphatic amine where both N-substituents are ethyl.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.
rac-9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
9-Fluoro-6,7-dihydro-5-methyl-1-oxo-1H,5H-benzo(ij)quinolizine-2-carboxylic acid
A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.
9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
A 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid that is the (S)-enantiomer of flumequine.
(5S)-9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
A 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid that is the (R)-enantiomer of flumequine.
(5R)-9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
Any substance that inhibits the action of glycine transporters.
A bismuth atom having a net electric charge.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a haloacetic acid.
Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H3Cl7.
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in rat (Rattus norvegicus).
A phenolate anion resulting from deprotonation of the phenolic hydroxy group of picric acid.
Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.
A compound that has a structure that is related to miconazole, contains an azole (imidazole or triazole) moiety, and has significant systemic antifungal properties. They inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. for its fungicidal properties.
Organonitrogen compounds containing an aliphatic nitrogen that have significant antifungal properties.
A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an imidazole moiety.
A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.
A member of the class of triazole that has significant antifungal properties.
A family of glycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of D-glucosamine and either muramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} or L-talosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-L-taluronic acid), which are usually N-acetylated or N-glycoloylated. Those containing muramic acid residues are known as peptidoglycans while those containing L-talosaminuronic acid residues are known as pseudopeptidoglycans. The carboxyl group of the muramic acid is commonly substituted by a peptide containing residues of both L- and D-amino acids, whereas that of L-talosaminuronic acid is substituted by a peptide consisting of L-amino acids only.
Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties.
Any antibiotic antifungal agents whose structure is based on the antifungal agents originally isolated from the fungus Strobilurus tenacellus.
Any strobilurin antifungal agent that contains a methoxyacrylate group.
methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agents
methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent
Any strobilurin antifungal agent that contains a methoxycarbanilate group.
methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agents
methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent
methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent
A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.
An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].
An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (R)-fluoxetine.
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (S)-fluoxetine.
A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an amide moiety.
An amide fungicide whose structure contains an acylamino acid skeleton.
Any amide fungicide whose structure contains an anilide group.
An amide fungicide whose structure contains a valine amide moiety.
An organic aromatic compound that has been used as a fungicide.
Compounds that contain a benzimidazole moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.
Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has been used as a fungicide.
Compounds that contain a carbamate ester moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.
Any carbamate fungicide that contains a benzimidazolyl group attached to the nitrogen of the carbamate moiety.
Any carbamate fungicide that has a phenyl or substituted-phenyl group attached to the nitrogen of the carbamate group.
Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.
An organic sodium salt having 4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonate as the counterion.
sodium 4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonate
A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid carrying additional hydroxy and (2-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively. The sodium salt is the biological stain 'acid red 4'.
4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
An organosulfonate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group of 4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid.
Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any antibiotic antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
A member of the class of morpholines that has significant antifungal properties.
Any morpholine antifungal agent used as a fungicide.
Any dicarboximide antifungal agent used as a fungicide.
A dicarboximide fungicide in which the nitrogen of the dicarboximide group is substituted by a dichlorophenyl group.
A dicarboximide fungicide whose structure contains a phthalimide derivative.
A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains a dicarboximide moiety.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that has significant antifungal properties.
Any pyrimidine antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
Any pyrimidine fungicide in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted by the nitrogen of an aniline moiety.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.
A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.
Any organooxygen compound whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.
Any statin that occurs in nature. The class includes compactin (also known as mevastatin), isolated from a fermentation broth of Penicillium citrinum, and lovastatin, isolated from Aspergillus terreus.
A statin that is derived from a naturally occurring statin by partial chemical synthesis.
A statin which does not occur naturally and which is not obtained by chemical transformation of a naturally occurring statin.
A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid (also known as myristic acid) with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.
A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (R)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).
A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of (R)-warfarin, obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxy group.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of (S)-warfarin, obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxy group.
A pentanone that is pentane carrying an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma infestans.
A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Any toxin produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.
(5-benzylfuran-3-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
(5-(Phenylmethyl)-3-furanyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
5-Benzyl-3-furylmethyl (+-)-cis,trans-chrysanthemate
5-Benzyl-3-furylmethyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.
4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium hydrogen sulfate
(4-(4-(Diethylamino)benzhydrylene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)diethylammonium hydrogen sulphate
An organic salt containing hydrogensulfate as the anionic component.
An iminium ion that is the cationic component of the histological dye 'brilliant green'.
Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red 4B (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. Used as the plasma stain in some trichrome staining methods.
disodium 7-benzamido-4-hydroxy-3-({4-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonate
Disodium 7-benzamido-4-hydroxy-3-((4-((4-sulphonatophenyl)azo)phenyl)azo)naphthalene-2-sulphonate
A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is 7-amino-4-hydroxy-3-({4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a benzoyl group. The disodium salt is the histological dye 'Sirius red 4B'.
7-benzamido-4-hydroxy-3-({4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid
7-(Benzoylamino)-4-hydroxy-3-((4-((4-sulfophenyl)azo)phenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
An organosulfonate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfonic acid groups of Sirius red 4B (acid form).
An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.
Any compound that inhibits the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell).
A mononitrophenol that is 4-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.
5-Methylhexan-2-one [UN2302] [Flammable liquid]
A N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-3-(ethylsulfonyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen atom.
A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.
2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl p-hydroxyphenethyl ketone
A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl groups.
A dialkyl ketone that is heptane in which the two methylene protons at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.
An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.
A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.
Mesityl oxide [UN1229] [Flammable liquid]
An EC 6.4.1.* (carboxylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1).
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitors
pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) inhibitor
pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) inhibitors
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor
An aromatic ketone that is phloroglucinol in which two of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring have been replaced by chlorines while the third has been replaced by a hexanoyl group. It is the immediate biosynthetic precursor for differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1). DIF-1 is released by developing Dictyostelium amoebae, inducing them to differentiate into stalk cells.
A phenolate anion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the hydroxy groups of 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one (DIF-1). The major structure at pH 7.3.
A phenolate anion resulting from removal of the proton from the phenolic hydroxy group of (3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)hexan-1-one that is para to the hexanoyl group. The major structure at pH 7.3.
A fluoroalkanoic acid that is dodecanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens attached to carbon atoms are replaced by fluorines. It is a highly persistent, bioaccumulative breakdown product of stain- and grease-proof coatings on food packaging, soft furnishings and carpets.
A guanidinium ion obtained by monoprotonation of metformin.
An indole alkaloid cation obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino group of strychnine.
A nuclear receptor modulator that affects the retinoic acid receptor
Any receptor modulator acting on nuclear receptors
A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors.
A role borne by a molecule that acts to counteract or neutralise the deleterious effects of opioids.
A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid.
A carboxylic acic anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any aromatic carboxylic acid. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any inhibitor of erythropoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).
An antagonist at purinergic P2 receptors
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates elastin-laminin receptors.
An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.
A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.
(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate
2,2-dimethylbutyric acid, 8-ester with (4R,6R)-6-(2-((1S,2S,6R,8S,8aR)-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-1-naphthyl)ethyl)tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one
A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.
A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.
A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.
The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.
An N-nitrosourea that is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.
An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.
A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
A 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (R)-configuration. A specific alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist used (generally as its hydrochloride salt, tamsulosin hydrochloride) in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urinary retention, and help with the passage of kidney stones.
A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.
A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.
4'-[(1,7'-dimethyl-2'-propyl-1H,3'H-2,5'-bibenzimidazol-3'-yl)methyl][1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid
4'-((1,4'-dimethyl-2'-propyl(2,6'-bi-1H-benzimidazol)-1'-yl)methyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-2-carboxylic acid
4'-((4-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-2-propyl-1-benzimidazolyl)methyl)-2-biphenylcarboxylic acid
4'-[(1,4'-dimethyl-2'propyl[2,6'-bi-1H-benzimidazol]-1'-yl)methyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid
4'-[(1,7'-dimethyl-2'-propyl-1H,3'H-2,5'-bibenzimidazol-3'-yl)methyl]biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid
An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.
N(1),N(1),N(3),N(3)-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide
bis((dimethylamino)carbonothioyl) disulfide
An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.
(3S,3aR,4S,6S,6aR,7S,8S,9bS)-6-(acetyloxy)-4-(butanoyloxy)-3,3a-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-8-{[(2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy}-2-oxo-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9b-decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-7-yl octanoate
octanoic acid {3S-[3alpha,3abeta,4alpha,6beta,6abeta,7beta,8alpha(Z),9balpha]}-6-(acetoxy)-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9b-decahydro-3,3a-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-8-[(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)oxy]-2-oxo-4-(1-oxobutoxy)-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-7-yl ester
A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.
A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.
A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-triadimefon. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, rusts and other infections in crops.
methyl 2-{[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)(methyl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoate
METHYL 2-[4-METHOXY-6-METHYL-1,3,5-TRAZIN-2-YL(METHYL)CARBAMOYLSULFAMOYL]BENZOATE
methyl 2-[({[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)(methyl)amino]carbonyl}amino)sulfonyl]benzoate
A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.
[(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl)oxy]acetic acid
A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor.
(4beta,12R)-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-4-yl acetate
A member of the class of N-alkylpiperazines in which the two amino groups of piperazine are replaced by 1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl groups. A fungicide active against a range of diseases including powdery mildew, scab and rust.
A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.
The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.
1,3-dibenzyl-2-oxodecahydrothieno[1',2':1,2]thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-5-ium [(1S,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl]methanesulfonate
(+)-1,3-Dibenzyldecahydro-2-oxoimidazo(4,5-c)thieno(1,2-a)-thiolium 2-oxo-10-bornanesulfonate (1:1)
1,3-Dibenzyldecahydro-2-oxo-imidazo(4,5-c)thieno(1,2-a)thiolium 2-oxo-10-boranesulfonate
1,3-Dibenzyldecahydro-2-oxoimidazo(4,5-c)thieno(1,2-a)thiolium 10-camphorsulfonate
d-3,4-(1',3'-Dibenzyl-2'-ketoimidazolido)-1,2-trimethylenethiophanium d-camphorsulfonate
A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.
A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.
A family of cyclic nonapeptide hormones found in most mammals. Synthesised in the hypothalamus and stored in the post-pituitary, vasopressins play a key role in homeostasis, particularly in regulating the body's water content. Together with the similar neuropeptide oxytocin, they are believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.
A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
cell
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to electromagnetic radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ultraviolet radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to visible spectrum radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to environmental material.
An exposure to organic molecular entity.
An exposure to transition element molecular entity.
exposure to transition element molecular entity
exposure to chemical with biological effect
An exposure to mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor.
exposure to mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor
An exposure to environmental contaminant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to temperature of environmental material.
temperature of environmental material exposure
exposure to temperature of environmental surroundings
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to temperature of air.
exposure to temperature of air in surroundings
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of temperature of air.
exposure to decreased amount in temperature of air
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased temperature.
An exposure event involving Alcohol Consumption
An exposure to cadmium molecular entity.
An exposure to mercury molecular entity.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to quality.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to qualitative.
exposure to qualitative environmental quality
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to process quality.
exposure to environmental process quality
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to physical object quality.
exposure to environmental physical object quality
An exposure event involving Automotive Occupations
obsolete exposure to high vegetable diet
An exposure to probiotic or bacteria supplement via ingestion.
probiotic or bacteria supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to probiotic or bacteria supplement via ingestion
An exposure to skim milk (pasteurized, vitamin A and D fortified) via ingestion.
skim milk (pasteurized, vitamin A and D fortified) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to lowfat cow milk (1% fat) via ingestion.
lowfat cow milk (1% fat) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to cow whole milk 3.5% fat via ingestion.
cow whole milk 3.5% fat exposure via ingestion
An exposure to almond milk via ingestion.
An exposure to soybean milk via ingestion.
An exposure to milk beverage analog via ingestion.
milk beverage analog exposure via ingestion
exposure to milk beverage analog via ingestion
An exposure to heavy cream via ingestion.
An exposure to imitation half and half via ingestion.
imitation half and half exposure via ingestion
exposure to imitation half and half via ingestion
An exposure to frozen yogurt via ingestion.
An exposure to ice cream food product via ingestion.
ice cream food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to butter blend spread via ingestion.
butter blend spread exposure via ingestion
An exposure to yogurt (nonfat) via ingestion.
exposure to non fat yogurt via ingestion
An exposure to yogurt (lowfat) via ingestion.
An exposure to yogurt (plain) via ingestion.
exposure to regular yogurt via ingestion
An exposure to cottage cheese (lowfat) via ingestion.
cottage cheese (lowfat) exposure via ingestion
exposure to cottage cheese via ingestion
An exposure to cream cheese via ingestion.
An exposure to cheese (lowfat) via ingestion.
An exposure to cheese (natural) via ingestion.
exposure to cheese (natural) via ingestion
An exposure to apple (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to avocado (whole, raw) via ingestion.
avocado (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to banana (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to blueberry (whole, raw) via ingestion.
blueberry (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to cantaloupe (whole, raw) via ingestion.
cantaloupe (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to grape (whole, raw) via ingestion.
grape (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to grapefruit (whole, raw) via ingestion.
grapefruit (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to navel orange (whole, raw) via ingestion.
navel orange (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to peach (whole, raw) via ingestion.
peach (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to plum (whole, raw) via ingestion.
plum (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to apricot (whole, raw) via ingestion.
apricot (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to pear (whole, raw) via ingestion.
pear (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to raspberry (whole, raw) via ingestion.
raspberry (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to strawberry (whole, raw) via ingestion.
strawberry (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to tomato (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to tomato juice via ingestion.
An exposure to tomato sauce via ingestion.
An exposure to watermelon (whole, raw) via ingestion.
watermelon (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to bean (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to lentil (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to bell pepper (whole) via ingestion.
bell pepper (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to broccoli floret (whole, raw) via ingestion.
broccoli floret (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to brussels sprout (whole) via ingestion.
brussels sprout (whole) exposure via ingestion
exposure to brussels sprout via ingestion
An exposure to cabbage head via ingestion.
An exposure to carrot root (whole) via ingestion.
carrot root (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to cauliflower floret (whole) via ingestion.
cauliflower floret (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to corn kernel (whole) via ingestion.
corn kernel (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to eggplant (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to zucchini squash (whole) via ingestion.
zucchini squash (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to squash (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to kale leaf (whole, raw) via ingestion.
kale leaf (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to collard leaf (whole, raw) via ingestion.
collard leaf (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
exposure to collard greens via ingestion
An exposure to mustard greens via ingestion.
exposure to mustard greens via ingestion
An exposure to swiss chard leaf (whole) via ingestion.
swiss chard leaf (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to onion (whole, raw) via ingestion.
onion (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to pea (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to baby lima bean (whole) via ingestion.
baby lima bean (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to spinach leaf (whole) via ingestion.
spinach leaf (whole) exposure via ingestion
exposure to spinach leaf (whole) via ingestion
An exposure to spinach leaf (whole, raw) via ingestion.
spinach leaf (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
exposure to spinach leaf (whole, raw) via ingestion
An exposure to green bean pod (whole) via ingestion.
green bean pod (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to tofu food product via ingestion.
tofu food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to vegetarian burger via ingestion.
vegetarian burger exposure via ingestion
exposure to vegetarian burger via ingestion
An exposure to soybean (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to squash (whole, raw) via ingestion.
squash (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to yam (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to sweet potato (whole) via ingestion.
sweet potato (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to hen egg (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to pork sausage (oven-cooked) via ingestion.
pork sausage (oven-cooked) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to chicken frankfurter via ingestion.
chicken frankfurter exposure via ingestion
exposure to chicken frankfurter via ingestion
An exposure to turkey sausage via ingestion.
exposure to turkey sausage via ingestion
An exposure to poultry (cooked) via ingestion.
An exposure to bacon (fried) via ingestion.
An exposure to bacon (baked) via ingestion.
An exposure to luncheon meat via ingestion.
An exposure to beef sausage via ingestion.
An exposure to meat (processed) via ingestion.
exposure to meat (processed) via ingestion
An exposure to processed meat food product via ingestion.
processed meat food product exposure via ingestion
exposure to processed meat food product via ingestion
An exposure to ground beef (cooked) via ingestion.
ground beef (cooked) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to beef hamburger (dish) via ingestion.
beef hamburger (dish) exposure via ingestion
exposure to beef hamburger (dish) via ingestion
An exposure to beef (cooked) via ingestion.
An exposure to pork (cooked) via ingestion.
An exposure to lamb (roasted) via ingestion.
An exposure to ham (sliced, cooked) via ingestion.
ham (sliced, cooked) exposure via ingestion
exposure to ham (sliced, cooked) via ingestion
An exposure to tuna (white, solid pack, canned in water) via ingestion.
tuna (white, solid pack, canned in water) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to lobster (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to tuna steak via ingestion.
An exposure to bluefish food product via ingestion.
bluefish food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to swordfish food product via ingestion.
swordfish food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to haddock (raw) via ingestion.
An exposure to cereal (dry) via ingestion.
An exposure to oatmeal (cooked) via ingestion.
exposure to cooked oatmeal via ingestion
exposure to cooked oat bran via ingestion
An exposure to breakfast cereal (cooked) via ingestion.
breakfast cereal (cooked) exposure via ingestion
exposure to cooked breakfast cereal via ingestion
An exposure to whole wheat cracker via ingestion.
whole wheat cracker exposure via ingestion
exposure to whole wheat crackers via ingestion
An exposure to white bread via ingestion.
An exposure to pita bread via ingestion.
An exposure to rye bread (enriched) via ingestion.
rye bread (enriched) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to pumpernickel bread via ingestion.
pumpernickel bread exposure via ingestion
exposure to pumpernickel bread via ingestion
An exposure to whole wheat bread via ingestion.
whole wheat bread exposure via ingestion
exposure to whole wheat bread via ingestion
An exposure to multigrain bread via ingestion.
exposure to multigrain bread via ingestion
An exposure to english muffin via ingestion.
exposure to english muffin via ingestion
An exposure to wheat roll or bun via ingestion.
wheat roll or bun exposure via ingestion
An exposure to biscuit (quick bread) via ingestion.
biscuit (quick bread) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to brown rice via ingestion.
An exposure to white rice (whole) via ingestion.
white rice (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to spaghetti macaroni (enriched) via ingestion.
spaghetti macaroni (enriched) exposure via ingestion
exposure to spaghetti noodle via ingestion
An exposure to couscous (whole, dried) via ingestion.
couscous (whole, dried) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to potato (french-fried) via ingestion.
potato (french-fried) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to potato (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to pizza food product via ingestion.
pizza food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to tea (decaffeinated) via ingestion.
tea (decaffeinated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to tea (decaffeinated) via ingestion
An exposure to tea (steeped) via ingestion.
An exposure to coffee (liquid drink) via ingestion.
coffee (liquid drink) exposure via ingestion
exposure to coffee (liquid beverage) via ingestion
An exposure to spring water via ingestion.
An exposure to soda water via ingestion.
exposure to sparkling water via ingestion
An exposure to milk chocolate via ingestion.
exposure to milk chocolate via ingestion
An exposure to dark chocolate via ingestion.
exposure to dark chocolate via ingestion
An exposure to chocolate brownie via ingestion.
chocolate brownie exposure via ingestion
An exposure to cake food product via ingestion.
cake food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to pie (baked) via ingestion.
An exposure to fruit jelly food product via ingestion.
fruit jelly food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to fruit preserves via ingestion.
An exposure to honey food product via ingestion.
honey food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to peanut butter via ingestion.
An exposure to potato chip via ingestion.
An exposure to peanut (whole) via ingestion.
An exposure to walnut (whole, raw) via ingestion.
walnut (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to nut (whole or parts) via ingestion.
nut (whole or parts) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to olive oil (extra-virgin) via ingestion.
olive oil (extra-virgin) exposure via ingestion
exposure to olive oil (extra virgin) via ingestion
An exposure to mayonnaise via ingestion.
An exposure to salad dressing via ingestion.
exposure to salad dressing via ingestion
An exposure to sugar (granulated) via ingestion.
sugar (granulated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to sugar (granulated) via ingestion
An exposure to black cohosh supplement via ingestion.
black cohosh supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to black cohosh supplement via ingestion
An exposure to coenzyme Q10 supplement via ingestion.
coenzyme Q10 supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to coenzyme Q10 supplement via ingestion
An exposure to fish oil supplement via ingestion.
fish oil supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to fish oil supplement via ingestion
An exposure to flaxseed oil supplement via ingestion.
flaxseed oil supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to flaxseed oil supplement via ingestion
An exposure to ginkgo biloba supplement via ingestion.
ginkgo biloba supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to ginkgo biloba supplement via ingestion
An exposure to ginseng supplement via ingestion.
ginseng supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to ginseng supplement via ingestion
An exposure to glucosamine supplement via ingestion.
glucosamine supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to glucosamine supplement via ingestion
An exposure to melatonin supplement via ingestion.
melatonin supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to melatonin supplement via ingestion
An exposure to milk thistle supplement via ingestion.
milk thistle supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to milk thistle supplement via ingestion
An exposure to omega-3- fatty acid supplement via ingestion.
omega-3- fatty acid supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to omega-3- fatty acid supplement via ingestion
An exposure to red yeast rice supplement via ingestion.
red yeast rice supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to red yeast rice supplement via ingestion
An exposure to resveratrol supplement via ingestion.
resveratrol supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to resveratrol supplement via ingestion
An exposure to St. John's wort supplement via ingestion.
St. John's wort supplement exposure via ingestion
exposure to St. John's wort supplement via ingestion
An exposure to butter (unsalted) via ingestion.
butter (unsalted) exposure via ingestion
exposure to butter (unsalted) via ingestion
An exposure to butter (salted) via ingestion.
exposure to butter (salted) via ingestion
An exposure to peanut butter (creamy) via ingestion.
peanut butter (creamy) exposure via ingestion
exposure to peanut butter (smooth) via ingestion
An exposure to Williams pear (whole) via ingestion.
Williams pear (whole) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to red onion (whole, raw) via ingestion.
red onion (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to white onion (whole, raw) via ingestion.
white onion (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to yellow onion (whole, raw) via ingestion.
yellow onion (whole, raw) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to stone fruit food product via ingestion.
stone fruit food product exposure via ingestion
An exposure to legume food product via ingestion.
legume food product exposure via ingestion
exposure to legume food product via ingestion
An exposure to plant leaf vegetable food product via ingestion.
plant leaf vegetable food product exposure via ingestion
exposure to plant leaf vegetable food product via ingestion
An exposure to bacon (whole cut or parts) via ingestion.
bacon (whole cut or parts) exposure via ingestion
exposure to bacon (whole cut or parts) via ingestion
An exposure to poultry (processed) via ingestion.
poultry (processed) exposure via ingestion
exposure to poultry (processed) via ingestion
An exposure to red meat (raw) via ingestion.
exposure to red meat (raw) via ingestion
An exposure to whitefish (fisheries term) via ingestion.
whitefish (fisheries term) exposure via ingestion
An exposure to spinach (cooked) via ingestion.
exposure to spinach (cooked) via ingestion
An exposure to whole grain bread via ingestion.
whole grain bread exposure via ingestion
exposure to whole grain bread via ingestion
An exposure to whole oat bread via ingestion.
exposure to whole oat bread via ingestion
An exposure to diet soft drink (caffeinated) via ingestion.
diet soft drink (caffeinated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to soft drink (diet, caffeinated) via ingestion
An exposure to soft drink (caffeinated) via ingestion.
soft drink (caffeinated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to soft drink (caffeinated) via ingestion
An exposure to tea (liquid, decafeinated) via ingestion.
tea (liquid, decafeinated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to tea (liquid, decaffeinated) via ingestion
An exposure to tea (liquid, caffeinated) via ingestion.
tea (liquid, caffeinated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to tea (liquid, caffeinated) via ingestion
An exposure to coffee (liquid, decafeinated) via ingestion.
coffee (liquid, decafeinated) exposure via ingestion
exposure to coffee (liquid, decaffeinated) via ingestion
An exposure to dairy-based coffee drink via ingestion.
dairy-based coffee drink exposure via ingestion
exposure to dairy-based coffee drink via ingestion
An exposure to cow milk cheese (nonfat) via ingestion.
cow milk cheese (nonfat) exposure via ingestion
exposure to cow milk cheese (nonfat) via ingestion
An exposure to winter squash (whole) via ingestion.
winter squash (whole) exposure via ingestion
exposure to winter squash (whole) via ingestion
An exposure to sucralose-based sweetener via ingestion.
sucralose-based sweetener exposure via ingestion
exposure to sucralose-based sweetener via ingestion
An exposure to aspartame-based sweetener via ingestion.
aspartame-based sweetener exposure via ingestion
exposure to aspartame-based sweetener via ingestion
An exposure to saccharin-based sweetener via ingestion.
saccharin-based sweetener exposure via ingestion
exposure to saccharin-based sweetener via ingestion
An exposure to cow milk (liquid) via ingestion.
cow milk (liquid) exposure via ingestion
exposure to cow milk (liquid) via ingestion
An exposure to high mercury food material via ingestion.
high mercury food material exposure via ingestion
exposure to high mercury food material via ingestion
An exposure to rice milk beverage via ingestion.
rice milk beverage exposure via ingestion
An exposure to coconut milk via ingestion.
An exposure to cashew milk via ingestion.
An exposure to dark fish flesh via ingestion.
exposure to dark fish flesh via ingestion
An exposure to multivitamin preparation via ingestion.
multivitamin preparation exposure via ingestion
exposure to multivitamin preparation via ingestion
An exposure to arsenic atom mixed in liquid water via ingestion.
arsenic atom exposure in liquid water via ingestion
exposure to arsenic in water via ingestion
An exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbon mixed in air via inhalation.
polycyclic hydrocarbon exposure in air via inhalation
exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbon in air via inhalation
An exposure to chlorpyrifos mixed in apple (whole) via ingestion.
chlorpyrifos exposure in apple (whole) via ingestion
exposure to chlorpyrifos in apple via ingestion
An exposure to lead molecular entity mixed in liquid water via ingestion.
lead molecular entity exposure in liquid water via ingestion
An exposure to hydrogen chloride mixed in air via inhalation.
hydrogen chloride exposure in air via inhalation
exposure to hydrogen chloride in air via inhalation
An exposure to radon molecular entity mixed in air via inhalation.
radon molecular entity exposure in air via inhalation
An exposure to calcium molecular entity mixed in liquid water via ingestion.
calcium molecular entity exposure in liquid water via ingestion
exposure to calcium in water via ingestion
An exposure to magnesium molecular entity mixed in liquid water via ingestion.
magnesium molecular entity exposure in liquid water via ingestion
exposure to magnesium in water via ingestion
An exposure to glucose mixed in food product.
An exposure to fructose mixed in food product.
An exposure to sucrose mixed in food product.
An exposure to protein mixed in food product.
An exposure to monosaccharide mixed in food product.
An exposure to cholesterol mixed in food product.
An exposure to triglyceride mixed in food product.
An exposure to low-density lipoprotein mixed in food product.
low-density lipoprotein exposure in food product
exposure to low-density lipoprotein in food
An exposure to high-density lipoprotein mixed in food product.
high-density lipoprotein exposure in food product
exposure to high-density lipoprotein in food
An exposure to lipid mixed in food product.
An exposure to paraquat mixed in liquid water.
An exposure to DDT mixed in liquid water.
An exposure event involving nicotine consumption of an addictive substance
nicotine consumption of an addictive substance exposure
exposure to nicotine addictive consumption
An exposure event involving ethanol consumption of an addictive substance
ethanol consumption of an addictive substance exposure
An exposure event involving nicotine smoking behavior
An exposure event involving nicotine cigarette smoking behavior
nicotine cigarette smoking behavior exposure
An exposure event involving nicotine cigar smoking behavior
nicotine cigar smoking behavior exposure
An exposure event involving Cannabis sativa consumption of an addictive substance
Cannabis sativa consumption of an addictive substance exposure
An exposure event involving morphinane alkaloid consumption of an addictive substance
morphinane alkaloid consumption of an addictive substance exposure
An exposure event involving cocaine consumption of an addictive substance
cocaine consumption of an addictive substance exposure
exposure to cocaine addictive consumption
An exposure event involving methamphetamine consumption of an addictive substance
methamphetamine consumption of an addictive substance exposure
exposure to methamphetamine addictive consumption
An exposure event involving heroin consumption of an addictive substance
heroin consumption of an addictive substance exposure
exposure to heroin addictive consumption
An exposure event involving nicotine pipe smoking behavior
An exposure event involving nicotine tobacco chewing behavior
nicotine tobacco chewing behavior exposure
An exposure event involving nicotine snuffing behavior
An exposure event involving nicotine tobacco consumption
An exposure to inhaled corticosteroid agent therapy via inhalation.
exposure to inhaled corticosteroid agent therapy via inhalation
exposure to corticosteroid therapy via inhalation
An exposure to glycemic agent therapy via ingestion.
exposure to glycemic agent therapy via ingestion
An exposure to anticoagulant agent therapy via ingestion.
exposure to anticoagulant agent therapy via ingestion
exposure to anticoagulant therapy via ingestion
An exposure to pharmacotherapy via maternal.
exposure to pharmacotherapy via maternal
An exposure event involving nicotine consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
nicotine consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
An exposure event involving ethanol consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
ethanol consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
exposure to drinking alcohol via maternal
An exposure event involving nicotine smoking behavior via maternal
nicotine smoking behavior exposure via maternal
exposure to smoking nicotine via maternal
An exposure event involving nicotine cigarette smoking behavior via maternal
nicotine cigarette smoking behavior exposure via maternal
exposure to cigarette smoking via maternal
An exposure event involving nicotine cigar smoking behavior via maternal
nicotine cigar smoking behavior exposure via maternal
An exposure event involving morphinane alkaloid consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
morphinane alkaloid consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
exposure to morphiane alkaloid via maternal
An exposure event involving cocaine consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
cocaine consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
An exposure event involving methamphetamine consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
methamphetamine consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
exposure to methamphetamine via maternal
An exposure event involving heroin consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
heroin consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
An exposure event involving cannabinoid consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
cannabinoid consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
An exposure event involving opioid agent consumption of an addictive substance via maternal
opioid agent consumption of an addictive substance exposure via maternal
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to layer.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of salt in liquid water.
increased amount exposure to salt in liquid water
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of salt in liquid water.
decreased amount exposure to salt in liquid water
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of salt in soil.
increased amount exposure to salt in soil
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of salt in soil.
decreased amount exposure to salt in soil
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of methane in air.
increased amount exposure to methane in air
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of methane in air.
decreased amount exposure to methane in air
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of glucose in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to glucose in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of fructose in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to fructose in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of sucrose in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to sucrose in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of protein in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to protein in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of monosaccharide in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to monosaccharide in obsolete food product
exposure to increased monosaccharide in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of cholesterol in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to cholesterol in obsolete food product
exposure to increased cholesterol in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of triglyceride in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to triglyceride in obsolete food product
exposure to increased triglyceride in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of low-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to low-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product
exposure to increased low-density lipoprotein in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of high-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product.
increased amount exposure to high-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product
exposure to increased high-density lipoprotein in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of glucose in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to glucose in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of fructose in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to fructose in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of sucrose in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to sucrose in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of protein in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to protein in obsolete food product
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of monosaccharide in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to monosaccharide in obsolete food product
exposure to decreased monosaccharide in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of cholesterol in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to cholesterol in obsolete food product
exposure to decreased cholesterol in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of triglyceride in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to triglyceride in obsolete food product
exposure to decreased triglyceride in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of low-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to low-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product
exposure to decreased low-density lipoprotein in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of high-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product.
decreased amount exposure to high-density lipoprotein in obsolete food product
exposure to decreased high-density lipoprotein in food
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to environmental disposition.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to brake fluid.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to hydraulic fluid.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to automatic transmission fluid.
exposure to automatic transmission fluid
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to motor oil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to dye.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to leather dye.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to paper dye.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to textile dye.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to India ink.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fountain pen ink.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to cleaning agent.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to degreaser.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to varnish.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to resin (gum) varnish.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to stain.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to wood stain.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to lacquer.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to oil paint thinner.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to acrylic paint medium.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to enamel thinner.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to vitreous enamel.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to turpentine.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to naphtha.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to paint thinner.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to manufactured product.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to environmental system.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter via inhalation.
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter exposure via inhalation
exposure to ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter via inhalation
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to aerosol via inhalation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to red meat (eurofir) via ingestion.
red meat (eurofir) exposure via ingestion
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to environmental system process happening in route of the receptor.
environmental system process exposure in route
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to air pollution happening in maternal of the receptor.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to famine happening in maternal of the receptor.
An exposure to antimony molecular entity via ingestion.
antimony molecular entity exposure via ingestion
An exposure to arsenic molecular entity via ingestion.
arsenic molecular entity exposure via ingestion
An exposure to cadmium molecular entity via ingestion.
cadmium molecular entity exposure via ingestion
An exposure to mercury molecular entity via ingestion.
mercury molecular entity exposure via ingestion
An exposure to bisphenol A via ingestion.
An exposure to monosodium glutamate via ingestion.
monosodium glutamate exposure via ingestion
exposure to monosodium glutamate via ingestion
An exposure to disodium 5'-guanylate via ingestion.
disodium 5'-guanylate exposure via ingestion
exposure to disodium 5'-guanylate via ingestion
An exposure to food additive via ingestion.
An exposure to sweetening agent via ingestion.
exposure to sweetening agent via ingestion
An exposure to food preservative via ingestion.
food preservative exposure via ingestion
exposure to food preservative via ingestion
An exposure to food colouring via ingestion.
An exposure to flavouring agent via ingestion.
exposure to flavoring agent via ingestion
An exposure to food emulsifier via ingestion.
exposure to food emulsifier via ingestion
An exposure to cadmium cation via ingestion.
exposure to cadmium cation via ingestion
An exposure to mercury cation via ingestion.
exposure to mercury cation via ingestion
An exposure to methamphetamine via injection.
exposure to methamphetamine via injection
An exposure to methamphetamine via inhalation.
exposure to methamphetamine via inhalation
An exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbon via maternal.
polycyclic hydrocarbon exposure via maternal
exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbon via maternal
An exposure to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_21241 via ingestion.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_21241 exposure via ingestion
An exposure to vitamin B6 via ingestion.
An exposure to nicotinic acid via ingestion.
An exposure to calcium atom via ingestion.
An exposure to chromium atom via ingestion.
An exposure to folic acid via ingestion.
An exposure to potassium atom via ingestion.
An exposure to selenium atom via ingestion.
An exposure to magnesium atom via ingestion.
An exposure to deoxynivalenol via ingestion.
exposure to deoxynivalenol via ingestion
An exposure to chemical entity via ingestion.
exposure to chemical entity via ingestion
An exposure to serotonin uptake inhibitor via maternal.
serotonin uptake inhibitor exposure via maternal
exposure to serotonin uptake inhibitor via maternal
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to the condition of environmental condition.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to coal power plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fossil fuel power plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mine.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to wooden building floor.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to concrete building floor.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to radiation shielding disposition.
radiation shielding disposition exposure
exposure to radiation shielding disposition
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to high temperature environment.
exposure to high temperature environment
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gas power station.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to power plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to geothermal power plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to nuclear power plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to solar power station.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to factory.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to waste treatment plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to wastewater treatment plant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to agricultural wastewater treatment plant.
agricultural wastewater treatment plant exposure
exposure to agricultural wastewater treatment plant
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to industrial wastewate treatment plant.
industrial wastewate treatment plant exposure
exposure to industrial wastewater treatment plant
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to extreme high temperature environment.
extreme high temperature environment exposure
exposure to extreme high temperature environment
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to high pressure environment.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to the condition of weather.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to construction.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to storm surge.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to icestorm.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to tornado.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to waterspout.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to flash flood.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to rain.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to freezing rainfall.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to thunderstorm.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to flood.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to tropical storm.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to the condition of air conditioning unit.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to abattoir.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to farm.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to hospital.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to laboratory facility.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to office.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to restaurant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to shop.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to day care building.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to water-based rainfall.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to landspout.
An exposure to pulmonary antihypertensive agent therapy.
exposure to pulmonary antihypertensive agent therapy
An exposure to dyslipidemic agent therapy.
An exposure to blood glucose regulator therapy.
exposure to blood glucose regulator therapy
An exposure to therapeutic insulin treatment.
exposure to therapeutic insulin treatment
exposure to theraputic insulin treatment
An exposure to sex hormone modifying agent therapy.
exposure to sex hormone modifying agent therapy
An exposure to estrogen modifying agent therapy.
exposure to estrogen modifying agent therapy
exposure to estrogen modification therapy
An exposure to platelet aggregation inhibitor therapy.
exposure to platelet aggregation inhibitor therapy
exposure to platelet aggregation inhibitors
An exposure to antiarrythmic agent therapy.
An exposure to antipsychotic agent therapy.
An exposure to calcium channel blocking agent therapy.
exposure to calcium channel blocking agent therapy
exposure to calcium channel blocker treatment
An exposure to H2-receptor antagonist agent therapy.
exposure to H2-receptor antagonist agent therapy
An exposure to anticholinergic bronchodilator agent therapy.
exposure to anticholinergic bronchodilator agent therapy
exposure to anticholinergic bronchodilators
An exposure to corticosteroid agent therapy.
exposure to corticosteroid agent therapy
An exposure to monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy.
exposure to monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy
An exposure to antidepressant agent therapy.
exposure to antidepressant agent therapy
An exposure to phosphodiesterase inhibitor bronchodilator agent therapy.
exposure to phosphodiesterase inhibitor bronchodilator agent therapy
exposure to phosphodiesterase inhibitors
An exposure to proton pump inhibitor agent therapy.
exposure to proton pump inhibitor agent therapy
An exposure to progestin modifying agent therapy.
exposure to progestin modifying agent therapy
An exposure to antiparkinson agent therapy.
An exposure to vasodilator agent therapy.
An exposure to sympathomimetic bronchodilator agent therapy.
exposure to sympathomimetic bronchodilator agent therapy
exposure to sympathomimetic bronchodilators
An exposure to tricyclic antidepressant agent therapy.
exposure to tricyclic antidepressant agent therapy
An exposure to thyroid-modifying hormonal agent therapy.
exposure to thyroid-modifying hormonal agent therapy
exposure to thyroid-modifying hormonal therapy
An exposure to anticoagulant agent therapy.
An exposure to alpha adrenergic antagonist therapy.
exposure to alpha adrenergic antagonist therapy
An exposure to cholinesteriase inhibitor therapy.
exposure to cholinesteriase inhibitor therapy
An exposure to tranquilizing agent therapy.
An exposure to beta-adrenergic antagonist therapy.
exposure to beta-adrenergic antagonist therapy
An exposure to antileukotriene agent therapy.
exposure to antileukotriene agent therapy
An exposure to uricosuric agent therapy.
An exposure to Positron Emission Tomography.
exposure to Positron Emission Tomography
An exposure to Human Papillomavirus Infection.
exposure to Human Papillomavirus Infection
An exposure to transplantation procedure.
An exposure to anesthetic agent therapy.
An exposure to neck radiograph procedure.
A history of exposure to Helicobacter pylori.
A history of exposure to Papillomaviridae.
A history of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii.
A history of exposure to Escherichia coli.
A history of exposure to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OPMI_0000417.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OPMI_0000417 exposure
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to deviation (from_normal) of quality.
exposure to deviation (from_normal) in quality
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased temperature.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of salt.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of salt.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of methane.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of methane.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of glucose.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of fructose.
exposure to increased amount in fructose
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of sucrose.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of protein.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of monosaccharide.
exposure to increased amount in monosaccharide
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of cholesterol.
exposure to increased amount in cholesterol
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of triglyceride.
exposure to increased amount in triglyceride
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of low-density lipoprotein.
exposure to increased amount in low-density lipoprotein
exposure to increased low-density lipoprotein
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of high-density lipoprotein.
exposure to increased amount in high-density lipoprotein
exposure to increased high-density lipoprotein
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of glucose.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of fructose.
exposure to decreased amount in fructose
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of sucrose.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of protein.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of monosaccharide.
exposure to decreased amount in monosaccharide
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of cholesterol.
exposure to decreased amount in cholesterol
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of triglyceride.
exposure to decreased amount in triglyceride
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of low-density lipoprotein.
exposure to decreased amount in low-density lipoprotein
exposure to decreased low-density lipoprotein
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of high-density lipoprotein.
exposure to decreased amount in high-density lipoprotein
exposure to decreased high-density lipoprotein
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of pressure of air.
exposure to increased amount in pressure of air
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased pressure.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased pressure.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to frozen of liquid water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to frozen of air.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of temperature of soil.
exposure to increased amount in temperature of soil
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of temperature of soil.
exposure to decreased amount in temperature of soil
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of temperature of water.
exposure to increased amount in temperature of water
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of temperature of water.
exposure to decreased amount in temperature of water
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of pressure of water.
exposure to decreased amount in pressure of water
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of temperature of air.
exposure to increased amount in temperature of air
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to increased amount of pressure of water.
exposure to increased amount in pressure of water
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to decreased amount of pressure of air.
exposure to decreased amount in pressure of air
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to geographic feature.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to sidewalk.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to public swimming pool.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mine drainage.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to acid mine drainage.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gold mine drainage.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gold mine.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to coal mine.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to petting zoo.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to campground.
An exposure event involving Sedentary Lifestyle
An exposure event involving Coping Skills
An exposure event involving Sex Behavior
An exposure event involving Substance Abuse
An exposure event involving Alcohol Abuse
An exposure event involving Social Networking
An exposure event involving Risk Reduction
An exposure event involving Flame-Broiling
An exposure event involving Smoking Cessation
An exposure event involving Personal Behavior
obsolete exposure to red meat consumption
An exposure event involving Dietary Practices
An exposure event involving drinking behavior
An exposure event involving Food Preparation
An exposure event involving Clinical or Research Activity
exposure to clinical or research activity
An exposure event involving Social Circumstances
An exposure event involving Socioeconomic Factors
An exposure event involving Tobacco Smoking
An exposure event involving hunting behavior
An exposure event involving Strenuous Exercise
An exposure event involving Weight Bearing
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fume.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to smog.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to coal.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to coal dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to coal mine waste material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to self-heating coal mine waste material.
self-heating coal mine waste material exposure
exposure to self-heating coal mine waste material
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to clay.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to clay dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to brick.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to brick material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to asphalt.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to refined asphalt.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to asphalt concrete.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to glass.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fibrous glass dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to rock.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ore.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to sand.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to metallic dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fibrous dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mineral dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to grain dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to asbestos dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to cement dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to slate dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to talc dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to kaolin dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to silica dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to barium dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to aluminium dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to dust from plant parts.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to wood.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to treated wood.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to charcoal.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to concrete.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to plaster.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to cement plaster.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to lime plaster.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to particle radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to stellar radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ionizing radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to particle beam radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to liquefied natural gas.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to natural gas.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to liquefied petroleum gas.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gaseous environmental material.
exposure to gaseous environmental material
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to smoke.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to haze.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to microplastic particle.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to secondary microplastic particle.
secondary microplastic particle exposure
exposure to secondary microplastic particle
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to liquid water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to air.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to oil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to particulate environmental material.
particulate environmental material exposure
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to organic material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to snow.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to atmospheric carbon dioxide.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to volcanic ash.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mineral material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mine tailing.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to permafrost.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to waste water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fecal material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to sewage.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to raw primary sludge.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to secondary sludge.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to biosolids.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to oil sludge.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to chemically enriched sediment.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to petroleum enriched sediment.
exposure to petroleum contaminated sediment
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to contaminated soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to creosote contaminated soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to arsenic-rich mud.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to borax leachate.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to chromate contaminated soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to xylene contaminated soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to agricultural soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to waste material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to chicken breeding waste material.
chicken breeding waste material exposure
exposure to chicken breeding waste material
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to industrial waste material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fluvisol.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to stagnosol.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to technosol.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to animal waste material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to hay.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to adobe.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to bagasse.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to organic waste material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to oil contaminated soil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fuel oil.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to petroleum.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to silage.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to animal manure.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fresh animal manure.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to bodily fluid material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to blood material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to amniotic fluid material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to excreta material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to bile material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to aerosol.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to waterborne particulate matter.
exposure to waterborne particulate matter
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to respirable suspended particulate matter.
respirable suspended particulate matter exposure
exposure to respirable suspended particulate matter
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fine respirable suspended particulate matter.
fine respirable suspended particulate matter exposure
exposure to fine respirable suspended particulate matter
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter.
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter exposure
exposure to ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to contaminated water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to pulp-bleaching waste water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to sea water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to river water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to distilled water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to drinking water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to tap water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to groundwater.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to pond water.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to welding fume.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to glue.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to resin.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to shellac.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to tragacanth.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to xanthan gum.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to wood dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to diesel fuel.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gasoline.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to diesel exhaust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gasoline exhaust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to primer (paint).
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to oil-based paint.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to acrylic paint.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to luminescent paint.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to rock dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to radioactive material.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to volume of cyanoacrylate.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to obsolete plastic production compound.
obsolete plastic production compound exposure
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to cotton dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to rubber cement.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to methyl cellulose paste.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to permanent hair dye.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to pharmaceutical ink.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gel ink.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to soy ink.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to aqueous inkjet printer ink.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to emissions from petroleum combustion.
emissions from petroleum combustion exposure
exposure to emissions from petroleum combustion
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to colorant fluid.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to chemical colorant.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to environmental system process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to methane gas emission process.
exposure to methane gas emission process
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to atmospheric aerosolisation of dust.
atmospheric aerosolisation of dust exposure
exposure to atmospheric aerosolisation of dust
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to aerosolisation of dust.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to lumber production process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to greenhouse effect.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to combustion process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to plastic pollution.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to climate change.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to acidification of an aquatic environment.
acidification of an aquatic environment exposure
exposure to acidification of an aquatic environment
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to volcanic eruption.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to earthquake.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to tsunami.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to soil degradation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to material extraction process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to desertification.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to flooding.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to atmospheric process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to deforestation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to environmental pollution.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ocean acidification.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to tectonic earthquake.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to landslide process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mudslide.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to coastal flooding.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to riverine flooding.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to flash flooding.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to meteotsunami.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to storm surge process.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to areal flooding.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to urban flooding.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to carbon dioxide emission process.
carbon dioxide emission process exposure
exposure to carbon dioxide emission process
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process.
accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process exposure
exposure to accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to degradation of toxins from algal bloom process.
degradation of toxins from algal bloom process exposure
exposure to degradation of toxins from algal bloom process
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to anthropogenic modulatory intervention process.
anthropogenic modulatory intervention process exposure
exposure to anthropogenic modulatory intervention process
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to air pollution.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to soil pollution.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to water pollution.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to urban pollution.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to drought.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to acoustic radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to gamma-ray radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to X-ray radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to infrared radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to far-infrared radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to mid-infrared radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to near-infrared radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to microwave radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to radio wave radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to ultrasound radiation.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to infrasound.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to fire.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to cyclone.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to acidic water-based rain.
A exposure event involving the interaction of an exposure receptor to vibration process.
An exposure to aluminium molecular entity.
An exposure to arsenic molecular entity.
An exposure to chromium molecular entity.
An exposure to chlorine molecular entity.
An exposure to perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid.
exposure to perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid
An exposure to toluene meta-diisocyanate.
An exposure to toluene 2,6-diisocyanate.
An exposure to toluene 2,4-diisocyanate.
An exposure to diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
exposure to diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate
An exposure to uranium molecular entity.
An exposure to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.
An exposure to (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol.
An exposure to (S,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol.
An exposure to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_21241.
exposure to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_21241
An exposure to 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
exposure to 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid
An exposure to inorganic molecular entity.
An exposure to caesium molecular entity.
An exposure to corticotropin-releasing hormone.
exposure to corticotropin-releasing hormone
An exposure to cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide.
exposure to cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide
An exposure to organophosphorus compound.
obsolete arsenic molecular entity exposure
An exposure to 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide.
An exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
An exposure to 1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide).
exposure to 1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
An exposure to alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate(2-).
exposure to alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate(2-)
An exposure to nitrogen molecular entity.
An exposure to 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one.
exposure to 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one
An exposure to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine.
exposure to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine
An exposure to methamphetamine hydrochloride.
exposure to methamphetamine hydrochloride
An exposure to 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
exposure to 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
An exposure to L-phenylalanine derivative.
An exposure to thyroid stimulating hormone.
An exposure to 17alpha-ethynylestradiol.
An exposure to 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
exposure to 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
An exposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine.
exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
An exposure to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate.
exposure to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate
An exposure to 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine.
exposure to 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
An exposure to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one.
An exposure to 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile.
exposure to 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile
An exposure to 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4'-chlorophenyl)ethylene.
exposure to 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4'-chlorophenyl)ethylene
An exposure to 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid.
An exposure to beta-hexachlorocyclohexane.
An exposure to atorvastatin calcium trihydrate.
exposure to atorvastatin calcium trihydrate
An exposure to naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid.
exposure to naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid
An exposure to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane.
An exposure to 2,2',3,3',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',3,3',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,2',4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3',5-trichlorobiphenyl.
An exposure to 2,3,3',4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,3',4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
An exposure to 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
An exposure to 2,4,4',6-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,4,4',6-tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate.
exposure to tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
An exposure to 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
obsolete perfluorooctanoic acid exposure
An exposure to (trifluoromethyl)benzene.
An exposure to alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane.
An exposure to decylamine-N,N-dimethyl-N-oxide.
exposure to decylamine-N,N-dimethyl-N-oxide
An exposure to naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid.
An exposure to (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid.
exposure to (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid
An exposure to chloromethylisothiazolinone.
An exposure to 6alpha-methylprednisolone.
obsolete N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide exposure
An exposure to 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole.
exposure to 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole
An exposure to 3,4,4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 3,4,4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 3,4,5,3',4',5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 3,4,5,3',4',5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,4,3',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,4,3',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3',4,4',5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3',4,4',5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,3',4,4',5-Hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,3',4,4',5-Hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,3',4,4',5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,3',4,4',5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-Heptachlorobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-Heptachlorobiphenyl
An exposure to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutyric acid.
exposure to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutyric acid
An exposure to 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate.
exposure to 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate
An exposure to 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole.
An exposure to perfluoroundecanoic acid.
An exposure to 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid.
exposure to 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid
An exposure to 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid.
exposure to 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid
An exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid.
exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid
An exposure to N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid.
exposure to N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid
An exposure to N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid.
exposure to N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid
An exposure to perfluorooctyl phosphate.
An exposure to 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone.
exposure to 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone
An exposure to neohesperidin dihydrochalcone.
exposure to neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
An exposure to 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine.
exposure to 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine
An exposure to bisperfluorooctyl phosphate.
An exposure to bisperfluorodecyl phosphate.
An exposure to perfluorodecyl phosphate.
An exposure to perfluorododecanoic acid.
An exposure to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile.
obsolete uranium molecular entity exposure
An exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.
An exposure to 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane.
An exposure to trans-1,2-dichloroethene.
An exposure to 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether.
exposure to 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether
An exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 2,4,5-tribromophenyl ether.
exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 2,4,5-tribromophenyl ether
exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether
An exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether.
exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether
An exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,6'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether.
exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,6'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether
An exposure to 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-Heptabromodiphenyl ether.
exposure to 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-Heptabromodiphenyl ether
An exposure to antimony molecular entity.
An exposure to beryllium molecular entity.
An exposure to manganese molecular entity.
An exposure to molybdenum molecular entity.
An exposure to platinum molecular entity.
An exposure to selenium molecular entity.
An exposure to strontium molecular entity.
An exposure to tungsten molecular entity.
An exposure to 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone.
exposure to 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone
An exposure to 1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone.
exposure to 1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone
An exposure to (trichloromethyl)benzene.
An exposure to Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether.
exposure to Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether
An exposure to bromochlorodifluoromethane.
An exposure to Chloromethyl methyl ether.
obsolete chromium molecular entity exposure
An exposure to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate.
exposure to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
An exposure to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline.
An exposure to trans-1,4-Dichlorobutene.
An exposure to Diglycidyl resorcinol ether.
An exposure to fluorine molecular entity.
An exposure to Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene.
An exposure to hexamethylphosphoric triamide.
exposure to hexamethylphosphoric triamide
An exposure to 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.
obsolete methyl tert-butyl ether exposure
An exposure to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane.
An exposure to 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile.
exposure to 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile
An exposure to bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide.
An exposure to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline.
An exposure to N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine.
An exposure to N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine.
An exposure to N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine.
An exposure to phosphorus molecular entity.
An exposure to 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A.
exposure to 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A
An exposure to 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane.
An exposure to Tetracycline hydrochloride.
An exposure to 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate.
exposure to 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate
An exposure to Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.
exposure to Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
An exposure to vanadium molecular entity.
obsolete nickel molecular entity exposure
An exposure to thallium molecular entity.
An exposure to 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4'-diisocyanate.
exposure to 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4'-diisocyanate
An exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate.
An exposure to 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate.
exposure to 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate
An exposure to 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin.
exposure to 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin
An exposure to 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin.
exposure to 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin
An exposure to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzodioxin.
exposure to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzodioxin
An exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran.
exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
An exposure to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran.
exposure to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
An exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
An exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
An exposure to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.
exposure to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid
An exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticle.
exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticle
An exposure to 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene.
exposure to 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene
An exposure to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane.
exposure to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane
An exposure to 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol.
exposure to 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
An exposure to iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous).
exposure to iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous)
An exposure to trisodium hexafluoroaluminate.
exposure to trisodium hexafluoroaluminate
An exposure to (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid.
exposure to (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
An exposure to 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one.
exposure to 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
An exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
obsolete toluene 2,4-diisocyanate exposure
An exposure to organochlorine insecticide.
An exposure to organochlorine pesticide.
An exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and related compounds.
exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and related compounds
An exposure to polychlorinated dibenzofuran.
exposure to polychlorinated dibenzofuran
An exposure to Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride.
An exposure to 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol.
An exposure to 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one, 9CI.
exposure to 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one, 9CI
An exposure to 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline).
exposure to 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline)
An exposure to dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
exposure to dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate
An exposure to N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine.
An exposure to phosphorus pentachloride.
An exposure to N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine.
An exposure to 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide.
An exposure to volatile organic compound.
An exposure to perfluorobutanesulfonic acid.
exposure to perfluorobutanesulfonic acid
An exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonic acid.
exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
An exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxine.
exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
An exposure to 2-bromophenyl 2,4-dibromophenyl ether.
exposure to 2-bromophenyl 2,4-dibromophenyl ether
An exposure to 4-bromophenyl 2,4-dibromophenyl ether.
exposure to 4-bromophenyl 2,4-dibromophenyl ether
An exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 3,4-dibromophenyl ether.
exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 3,4-dibromophenyl ether
An exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 2,3,4-tribromophenyl ether.
exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 2,3,4-tribromophenyl ether
An exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether.
exposure to 2,4-dibromophenyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether
An exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl.
exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl
An exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonamide.
An exposure to EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
An exposure to fat-soluble vitamin (role).
An exposure to EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor
An exposure to water-soluble vitamin (role).
exposure to water-soluble vitamin (role)
An exposure to central nervous system stimulant.
exposure to central nervous system stimulant
An exposure to EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
An exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
An exposure to EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
An exposure to central nervous system depressant.
exposure to central nervous system depressant
An exposure to beta-adrenergic antagonist.
An exposure to EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
An exposure to adrenergic uptake inhibitor.
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor
exposure to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor
An exposure to protein kinase inhibitor.
An exposure to EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
An exposure to alpha-adrenergic antagonist.
An exposure to phenothiazine antipsychotic drug.
exposure to phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
An exposure to EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
An exposure to mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor.
exposure to mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
An exposure to tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
An exposure to calcium channel modulator.
An exposure to ryanodine receptor modulator.
exposure to ryanodine receptor modulator
An exposure to GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist.
exposure to GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist
An exposure to bridged diphenyl acaricide.
An exposure to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.
exposure to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
An exposure to protein synthesis inhibitor.
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
An exposure to prostaglandin antagonist.
An exposure to peripheral nervous system drug.
exposure to peripheral nervous system drug
An exposure to excitatory amino acid agonist.
exposure to excitatory amino acid agonist
An exposure to bronchoconstrictor agent.
An exposure to EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
An exposure to platelet aggregation inhibitor.
exposure to platelet aggregation inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to potassium channel blocker.
An exposure to cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor.
An exposure to cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor.
An exposure to bone density conservation agent.
exposure to bone density conservation agent
An exposure to EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
An exposure to serotonin uptake inhibitor.
An exposure to dopamine uptake inhibitor.
An exposure to EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
An exposure to adenosine A2A receptor antagonist.
exposure to adenosine A2A receptor antagonist
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor
An exposure to mu-opioid receptor agonist.
An exposure to EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
An exposure to NMDA receptor antagonist.
An exposure to angiotensin receptor antagonist.
exposure to angiotensin receptor antagonist
An exposure to EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to microtubule-stabilising agent.
exposure to microtubule-stabilising agent
An exposure to microtubule-destabilising agent.
exposure to microtubule-destabilising agent
An exposure to metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist.
exposure to metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist
An exposure to EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
An exposure to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist.
exposure to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
An exposure to EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
An exposure to T-cell proliferation inhibitor.
exposure to T-cell proliferation inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor
An exposure to retinoid X receptor agonist.
An exposure to protein kinase C agonist.
An exposure to EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.4.22.38 (cathepsin K) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.22.38 (cathepsin K) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.5.1.29 (geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.5.1.29 (geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor
An exposure to glycine transporter 1 inhibitor.
exposure to glycine transporter 1 inhibitor
An exposure to glycine receptor agonist.
An exposure to EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
An exposure to serine protease inhibitor.
An exposure to EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor
An exposure to adenosine A1 receptor agonist.
exposure to adenosine A1 receptor agonist
An exposure to EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor
An exposure to first generation antipsychotic.
exposure to first generation antipsychotic
An exposure to second generation antipsychotic.
exposure to second generation antipsychotic
An exposure to EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
An exposure to antimicrobial food preservative.
exposure to antimicrobial food preservative
An exposure to radiation protective agent.
An exposure to cannabinoid receptor agonist.
exposure to cannabinoid receptor agonist
An exposure to ryanodine receptor agonist.
An exposure to EC 3.4.24.3 (microbial collagenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.24.3 (microbial collagenase) inhibitor
An exposure to gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor.
exposure to gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor
An exposure to retinoic acid receptor agonist.
exposure to retinoic acid receptor agonist
An exposure to glutathione depleting agent.
An exposure to P2Y12 receptor antagonist.
An exposure to progesterone receptor agonist.
exposure to progesterone receptor agonist
An exposure to cell dedifferentiation agent.
exposure to cell dedifferentiation agent
An exposure to adenosine A3 receptor antagonist.
exposure to adenosine A3 receptor antagonist
An exposure to actin polymerisation inhibitor.
exposure to actin polymerisation inhibitor
An exposure to capsaicin receptor antagonist.
exposure to capsaicin receptor antagonist
An exposure to EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor
An exposure to G-protein-coupled receptor agonist.
exposure to G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
An exposure to adenosine receptor antagonist.
exposure to adenosine receptor antagonist
An exposure to EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
exposure to aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
An exposure to EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
exposure to EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitors
An exposure to abscisic acid receptor agonist.
exposure to abscisic acid receptor agonist
An exposure to cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor.
An exposure to methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor.
exposure to methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
An exposure to antidote to paracetamol poisoning.
exposure to antidote to paracetamol poisoning
An exposure to antidote to curare poisoning.
exposure to antidote to curare poisoning
An exposure to EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor
An exposure to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor.
exposure to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
An exposure to Maillard reaction product.
An exposure to EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
An exposure to persistent organic pollutant.
exposure to persistent organic pollutant
An exposure to EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
An exposure to protein kinase A agonist.
An exposure to adenylate cyclase agonist.
An exposure to EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor
An exposure to EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor
An exposure to human blood serum metabolite.
exposure to human blood serum metabolite
An exposure to EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor.
exposure to EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor
An exposure to erythropoietin inhibitor.
An exposure to elastin-laminin receptor agonist.
exposure to elastin-laminin receptor agonist
An exposure to chitin synthesis inhibitor.
An exposure to cytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor.
exposure to cytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
An exposure to juvenile hormone antagonists.
exposure to juvenile hormone antagonists
An exposure to photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor.
exposure to photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor
An exposure to photosystem-II inhibitor.
An exposure to pyrethroid ester insecticide.
exposure to pyrethroid ester insecticide
An exposure to pyrethroid ester acaricide.
An exposure to pyrethroid ether insecticide.
exposure to pyrethroid ether insecticide
An exposure to pyrethroid ether acaricide.
An exposure to homopteran inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis.
exposure to homopteran inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis
An exposure to lepidopteran inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis.
exposure to lepidopteran inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis
An exposure to dinitrophenol insecticide.
An exposure to environmental food contaminant.
exposure to environmental food contaminant
An exposure to mu-opioid receptor antagonist.
exposure to mu-opioid receptor antagonist
An exposure to high-density lipoprotein.
An exposure to poly(chloroprene) polymer.
An exposure to poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate).
exposure to poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
An exposure to 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane.
exposure to 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane
An exposure to polyfluoroalkyl substance.
An exposure to perfluoroalkyl substance.
An exposure to brominated flame retardant.
An exposure to organophosphorus herbicide.
An exposure to anticoagulant rodenticide.
An astrononmical body part which delimited by physical discontinuities with its surroundings.
This class is being depopulated and will be filled only with inferred subclasses. Please do not use this for direct annotation, favouring instead a more descriptive subclass.
An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.
Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore.
A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles.
An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life.
A geographical feature associated with water.
A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere.
A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean.
A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L).
A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts.
A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained in a depression on a landmass.
A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply.
"There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague."
A watercourse which is linear and flows across the solid portion of a planetary surface.
streamlet
A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake.
Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population.
An accumulation of water of varying size.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water.
A construction that has been assembled by deliberate human effort.
"constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference
A permanent walled and roofed construction.
An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials.
As with other classes that are "features", the subclasses of this class are being moved to more informative locations. Their relation to agriculture will be modelled by something more akin to a quality or relation to an agricultural process.
An area of land which is used for the cultivation of crops or grazing of livestock, including any agricultural constructions therein.
A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent.
A part of an astronomical body associated with a volcano - an opening, or rupture, in that body's surface or crust - which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall.
A depression which has been formed as a result of erosion by water or ice and which is low-lying, bordered by higher ground, and especially elongate.
Valleys are typically located between hills our mountains.
An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation.
Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both.
An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood.
The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome.
A field which is located on land and used for agricultural purposes, such as the grazing of livestock or the cultivation of crops.
A valley which no longer has water flowing or accumulating over its surface.
Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream.
An environmental material which is 1) composed primarily of soil or rock and included ice or organic material and 2) at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.
Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material.
The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
A landform elevated above the surrounding area.
elevation
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of solid material, shaped by one or more environmental processes.
Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders.
An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section.
Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees.
A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area.
Clarify that this pertains to the planetary crust and create superclass for general topological depressions. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
depression
A zone beneath the land surface and above the level of permanent groundwater or phreatic zone in which water has a hydraulic head less than atmospheric pressure and is retained by a combination of adhesion and capillary action.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. In such soils, therefore, the unsaturated zone is the upper section of the vadose zone and not identical to it.
A compound astronomical body part which is located beneath the land surface and in which all interstices are filled with water that has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater.
A mass of solid material which is composed primarily of rock.
A particle which 1) is composed primarily of and derived from rock or mineral sources and 2) is or was part of a portion of sand.
grain of sand
granule of sand
sand granule
In general, sand grains are larger than those of silt, but finer than those of gravel.
particle of sand
A piece of rock which is between two and 64 millimetres in length along its largest dimension.
Arguably, this could be placed in the "particle" hierarchy, but is usually considered too large in everyday semantics.
A particle which 1) is primarily composed of quartz or feldspar and 2) is or was part of a portion of silt.
grain of silt
granule of silt
The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline. Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 μm (clays being finer than silts), sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of sand, silt and less than 40% clay are called loam.
A depressed landform which physically confines a river, slough or ocean strait, and which consists of a bed and banks.
We need a more general channel definition, the current is only for water course channels. We need to refactor the semantics of channels, tunnels and conduits, in a similar way to uberon anatomical channels http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004111. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/147
A channel of a watercourse which contains lake water.
A biome is an ecosystem to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations.
There has been some concern raised (see Issue #143) about the usefulness of the assertion that organisms have evolved within a given biome. They may have evolved adaptations elsewhere and demonstrating one or the other is often not feasible. Consider relabelling to "environmental system determined by an ecological community" or similar.
A biome which is primarily or completely situated on a landmass.
An aquatic biome which is determined by a marine water body.
This biome includes open-ocean and unprotected coastal ecosystems, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt.
A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken.
The portion of the ground surface which lies below water.
An aquatic biome which is determined by a body of freshwater.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
An environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, interstitial gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms.
Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms.
The various 'has part' and 'has quality' relations may not hold true for all soils; however, I have yet to find counter examples. Require input from a pedologist or similar. [pbuttigieg]
'In engineering terms, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material that lies above the 'solid geology'. Soil is commonly referred to as "earth" or "dirt"; technically, the term "dirt" should be restricted to displaced soil.' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil " The upper limit of soil is the boundary between soil and air, shallow water, live plants, or plant materials that have not begun to decompose. Areas are not considered to have soil if the surface is permanently covered by water too deep (typically more than 2.5 meters) for the growth of rooted plants. The lower boundary that separates soil from the nonsoil underneath is most difficult to define. Soil consists of horizons near the Earth's surface that, in contrast to the underlying parent material, have been altered by the interactions of climate, relief, and living organisms over time. Commonly, soil grades at its lower boundary to hard rock or to earthy materials virtually devoid of animals, roots, or other marks of biological activity. For purposes of classification, the lower boundary of soil is arbitrarily set at 200 cm." Soil taxonomy, 2nd Ed., quoted in http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054280
A significant accumulation of water which is part of a marine biome.
Ideas like "significant" are fuzzy and need to be modelled more accurately. The definition is a candidate for review.
A solid astronomical body part which is part of the planetary surface between the peak of an elevation or the bottom of a depression and relatively flat surrounding land.
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence.
The FAO has the following definition for "food": "Any substance, whether processed, semi-processed, or raw, which is intended for human consumption, and includes drink, chewing gum and any substance which has been used in the manufacture, preparation or treatment of "food" but does not include cosmetics or tobacco or substances used only as drugs." (Nutrition Division/Meeting Programming and Documentation Service, FAO, 2013 (MI198) adopted from Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual, Twentieth edition, 2011 (ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/ProcManuals/Manual_20e.pdf). )
An excreta material which is composed primarily of feces, an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation.
ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S.
This is distinct from classes such as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988 in that it refers to the environmental material composed primarily of feces rather than 'just' feces.
The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.
An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form.
Sediment is an environmental substance comprised of any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bedor bottom of a body of water or other liquid.
It is recommended to use a combination of sediment terms to describe a more specific sediment type.
Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere.
Particulate environmental material with diameters less than 500 micrometers.
Do not oversimplify the particulate environmental material subclasses with design patterns or similar. The materials have properties that their components do not - write full definitions including these where possible.
Dust occurs in and may be deposited from the atmosphere.
Water which contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts.
The threshold salt concentration for classifying water as saline varies, but typically begins at about 1,000 to 3,000 parts salt per million parts water or 0.1–0.3% salt by weight.
Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride.
The lower bound of solute concentration required for water to be considered freshwater is variable, but is always less than that of seawater, and often cited as less than 1 gram of solutes per 1 litre of water.
An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta.
Due to the general suggestion that volcanic rock simply comes from a volcanic process, it's not immediately clear whether this is interchangeable with igneous rock.
A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.
A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation).
Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine,
A biome which is determined by a water body and which has ecological climax communities adapted to life in or on water.
The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes.
Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen.
A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture.
A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C.
Mine drainage which is formed as a result of the mining of gold.
Sediment which has increased levels of one or more chemical compounds.
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of petroleum.
A portion of contaminated soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some contaminant.
"contaminant" is more of a disposition - any material entity can be a contaminant in particular circumstances.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of creosote.
Mud which has elevated concentrations of arsenic.
Revise adjacent to. Consider sampled stream sediment. Dry stream sediment.
Mud which has no or neglible concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of chromate.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of xylene.
Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean.
When we have more classes representing the various processes which make seawater seawater, we can further axiomatise this class.
This definition refers to water that is actually in a sea or ocean. This water may have a wide range of salinity levels.
A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment.
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of naphthalene.
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of nitrobenzene.
Chemically-enriched sediment which has increased levels of organic compounds.
Chemically-enriched sediment which has increased levels of inorganic compounds.
A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely.
A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators.
A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods.
Soil which is part of an ecosystem used for agricultural activities.
A portion of soil which is found in a forested area.
A portion of soil which is found in a garden.
A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process).
This seems more like a role than a material. Anything can be waste. Thus, a "waste" role or disposition will be created and this class can then be populated by inference: any environmental material which has [role,disposition] waste will be considered a waste material.
Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with industrial entities.
A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure.
Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits.
Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching.
Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with animal metabolism.
Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.
A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure).
The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
This should probably be merged with biological waste material.
A manufactuered product which is capable of removing heat and controlling the humidity of the air within a site.
A/C
A/C unit
air conditioner
Soil which has elevated concentrations of oil.
Particulate environmental material which 1) is composed primarily of clay particles, with only minor proportions of other materials, 2) demonstrates plasticity when wet, and 3) is capable of hardening when dried or fired.
This definition is intentionally ambiguous to support the multiple thresholds set by different authorities.The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline. Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 μm (clays being finer than silts), sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of sand, silt and less than 40% clay are called loam. Similar mixtures with greater than 40% clay are often considered clay soils.
An oil which 1) is liquid at room temperature (approximately 20 degrees Celsius) 2) is intended to be burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, 3) is obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue, 4) composed of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics.
Oils having a flash point of approximately 42 degrees Celsius and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners are not typically considered fuel oils. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier than gasoline and naphtha.
A naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the planetary surfaces.
A nonpolar, hydrophobic, and lipophilic material which is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures (about 20 degrees Celsius) or slightly warmer.
A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants.
Manure which is derived from the waste products of animals.
Organic matter, mostly animal feces, that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.
manure
This is interesting in that the "role" aspect of "waste" is (or can be) replaced by another role "fertilizer". Thus, the positioning of "manure" under waste may not be totally correct.
Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health.
water
potable water
LanguaL term definition: Potable water. LanguaL curation note: Water is indexed as a food source if it is the only ingredient or if the product is a soft drink.
A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products.
A function realised by an environmental material when used to bind material entities together.
This sounds more like a role than a material, per se.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of metals.
A portion of enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some material entity.
This could be demoted to an inferred class if issues with double inheritance arise.
A portion of trimethylamine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of trimethylamine.
A portion of acetamide enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of acetamide.
A portion of testosterone enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of testosterone.
Tap water is water supplied to a tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets
city water
municipal water
running water
table water
town water
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003)
An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered.
It's possible that this will become an inferred class in the future. The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification should be referred to when expanding this branch. ISIC can also be used to identify processes. See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1.
Soil which has little to no water content and in which minerals and other soluble chemical entities have either bonded or become adsorbed to sold particles due to insufficient water availability.
A portion of soil which is part of a cropland or a rangeland biome.
A portion of soil which is found in a grassland.
A portion of urea enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of urea.
Soil which is part of an agricultural field.
A portion of chloropicrin enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of chloropicrin.
Soil which has, as a part, a portion of either fresh or processed animal manure.
Soil which is composed of a large proportion of mud, thus having properties resembling mud.
Soil which is part of some elevated land.
Water which has physicochemical properties determined by processes which occur beneath the planetary crust.
This class references any water that's under a planetary surface. For water that is in an aquifer, see "groundwater" (ENVO:01001004). Previously, this class included both.
Mud which is part of a marine ecosystem.
A portion of environmental material is a fiat object part which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system.
environmental
Everything under this parent must be a mass noun. All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water". This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A layer of some material entity which is adjacent to one or more of its external boundaries and directly interacts with its immediate surroundings.
This class is distinct from a geometric surface, which is two-dimensional. The idea of "uppermost" may be problematic. Further, the definition of layer (the superclass of surface in rev 133) references surface. This may be another issue. Perhaps this can be made into an inferred class using 'bounding layer of' some material entity, note that 'bounding layer' implies containment, which may not be valid here.
Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.
Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol"
A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.
An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well.
Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live.
This class will be depopulated and eventually deprecated. Convenience class.
This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material.
An environmental material which is a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay particles.
Particulate environmental material which is primarily composed of silt particles.
This definition is intentionally ambiguous to support the multiple thresholds set by different authorities. Some authorities consider this soil material that contains 80% or more silt and less than 12% clay. In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity.
A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
Particulate environmental material which is composed primarily of particles of sand with only minor proportions of other substances.
This definition is intentionally ambiguous to support the multiple thresholds set by different authorities. Some authorities consider as sands soil material that contains 85% or more sand; the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay does not exceed 15. coarse sand (sable grossier) 25% or more very coarse and coarse sand, and less than 50% any other one grade of sand.
An environmental material which is composed primarily of pieces of gravel.
As with all size-based classifications, there is considerable variation in what is considered gravel.
A marine biome which is determined by an ocean.
Ocean biomes are determined by major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt.
A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity.
An environmental material which is composed primarily of particles.
Particulate material is an environmental material which is composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.
Do not oversimplify this branch with design patterns or similar. The materials have properties that their components do not - write full definitions including these where possible.
particulate matter
particulate environmental material
Environmental material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more biomacromolecules.
A forest ecosystem in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs.
A desert biome is a terrestrial biome which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation and includes communities adapted to these conditions.
An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system.
A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional.
A montane shrubland biome is a shrubland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity.
An environmental condition in which annual precipitation is less than half of annual potential evapotranspiration.
A scrubland which is located in a desert.
A cropland ecosystem in which dominant ecological communities are maintained in a stable state - mimicking a climax community - by human intervention.
A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity.
Villages are also described as agricultural settlements with greater than 100 persons per square kilometre; however, no upper limit is defined.
A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock.
A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use.
An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised.
A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities.
In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure.
Look for "mineral" in a chemical or geochemical ontology to formalise the composed primarily of link. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water.
Perhaps a better relation between water vapour and water can be found in or added to RO?
An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.
Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally.
Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks.
A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions.
Unlike biomes, ecoregions are geographically defined entities. ENVO's sister project, GAZ, contains terms for instances of ecoregions (e.g. Beringia lowland tundra). Requests for new terms should be directed to GAZ. ENVO will only contain this top-level class. The class' definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO.
Water ice can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance. When speaking about ice on Earth, usually water ice is meant - the solid, crystalline form of water found in the atmosphere as snow crystals, hail, ice pellets, etc., and on the earth's surface in forms such as hoarfrost, rime, glaze, sea ice, glacier ice, ground ice, frazil, anchor ice, etc. This form of water is, strictly speaking, called ice Ih, the Roman numeral I distinguishing it from more than a dozen other phases and the letter h distinguishing it from the metastable cubic phase ice Ic. Ice Ih is the only one of the several known phases of water ice that is stable at commonly occurring temperatures and pressures. (Some of the other forms have very unusual properties, ice VII, for example, being stable only at pressures above 22 400 kg/cm^2, but then existing at temperatures up to about 100C.) It has an open structure with a specific gravity of 0.9166 which is slightly less than water; because the water molecules bond to their neighbors covalently only in four directions; it therefore floats on higher density water, where broken molecular bonds permit closer packing. All commonly occurring forms of ice are crystalline, although large single crystals are relatively rare except in glaciers. The ice crystal lattice possesses hexagonal symmetry that manifests itself in the gross forms of such single crystals as are sometimes found in snow. At an air pressure of one atmosphere, ice melts at 0 C by definition of the Celsius temperature scale. (Strictly speaking the equilibrium point among water, ice, and vapor occurs at +0.01C, the triple point.) On the other hand, ice does not invariably form in liquid water cooled below this temperature; it has a tendency to supercool, more so in the absence of ice nuclei. In permafrost regions, ice may occupy voids in soils and rocks and may develop in a variety of forms. Ice may be colourless to pale blue or greenish-blue. It may appear white due to included gas bubbles; in exposures, ground ice may also appear black. In nature ice is formed either by: (a) the freezing of water, (b) the condensation of atmospheric water vapour direct into ice crystals, (c) the compaction of snow with or without the motion of a glacier, or (d) the impregnation of porous snow masses with water which subsequently freeze.
Ecozones delineate large areas of a planetary surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.
ENVO contains this top-level class, but all instances will be in GAZ. The definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology. Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
A layer is a quantity of some material which is spatially continuous, has comparable thickness, and usually covers some surface.
Note that this class does not contain metalimnion as a subclass. The metaliminon is classified as a thermocline.
Class should be populated by inference and asserted subclasses redistributed.
A layer that is part of a marine water body.
An endolithic environment is an environment that exists within solid rock.
A high pressure environment is an environment in which all material entities are exposed to a high ratio of force per unit area.
A high temperature environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to increased levels of heat radiation or which have molecules or atoms moving randomly with increased levels of average kinietic energy.
An aquatic environment which is determined by freshwater.
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by saline water.
An environment which has a lower temperature than some local or global average.
The definition of the deprecated 'cold temperature habitat' class, which this class was derived from, quotes an upper threshold of 15 degrees Celsius for 'coldness'.
An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity.
Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic.
A high osmolarity environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of solutes.
An acidic environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to a low pH.
An environment whose dynamics are strongly influenced by water.
An extreme high temperature environment is a high temperature environment in which entities are exposed to temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius.
The lower threshold, 80 degrees Celsius, is derived from the definition of the obsolete class "extreme high temperature habitat" which this class replaces.
A rocky slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of rock.
A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body.
An environmental system determined by seawater.
The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer of an atmosphere which is strongly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface with strong vertical mixing and in which physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence).
A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.
a useful class: this can be used to define sub-terrestrial and sub-marine entities
A layer in a water mass, itself composed primarily of water.
This class will eventually be populated by inference, and its asserted subclasses removed.
A gravelly slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of gravel.
A talus slope is a slope which has a surface layer composed of scree.
An altitudinal condition which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and being located at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline.
Requested term with preliminary def. See Issue 29 on the envo tracker.
An altitudinal condition which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being located at an altitude between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate.
An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude.
Depending on the latitude (and, to a lesser extent, other factors), the actual location of the zones where these conditions are in effect will change.
This class was created to accommodate "fields" from agricultural fields to marine mesoscale eddy fields. Thus, it has a very broad definition which makes it less than informative when annotating. Please consider using or requesting an appropriate subclass.
A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.
A portion of acidic water is a portion of water with a pH less than 7.
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.
As with other wastes, this is more a role than a material in itself. This should be revised.
Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth).
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being composed primarily of some organic or biological matter.
A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less.
respirable suspended particulate matter
Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice.
A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein.
Formerly, this class was an experimental class and a subclass of "environmental feature". It is now aligned to BFO. The class was not obsoleted as the core semantics maintained their stability through its transition.
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less.
fine respirable suspended particulate matter
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less.
Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter
A building part is a construction which is part of a building.
Not recommended for annotation. This class is likely to be made into an inferred class as its subclasses are distributed among more meaningful superclasses (i.e. ceiling is_a surface layer). See for example, "building floor". The boundaries between building parts may be bona fide or fiat.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending.
Particulate environmental material in which small portions of solid material are surrounded by water.
This class should be populated by inference, relying on 'composed primarily of', many 'pieces of solid material' and 'surrounded by' some 'water'.
waterborne particulate matter
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in an atmosphere.
This could also be considered a part of an environmental material like air.
A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof.
This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind.
A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob.
Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.
Missing the class for "aggregate" - tricky to define what it is, exactly. Again, seems more like some sort of material/disposition hybrid.
Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement.
Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
This class refers to naturally-occuring asphalt or bitumen.
Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.
Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together.
"Cement" refers more to a disposition than a specific material.
A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried.
A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried.
Generally used to refer to the masonry unit rather than a material.
Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used.
Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set.
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent.
This class refers to all forms of glass. For the familiar form present in window panes and drinking glasses, consider silica-based glass.
A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking.
To be more precise, a subfloor and a floor covering may be specified. Please request these classes and propose definitions if they are needed.
A wooden building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of wood.
A concrete building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of concrete
At times, this is called a cement floor, although that is probably not accurate.
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.
The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT)
Definition from GEMET - will be refined.
The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum
The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT)
The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height
This could be made into an inferred class, rather than having asserted subclasses.
atmospheric layer
A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.
boundary layer
A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface.
glaze ice layer
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years.
natural gas
Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
liquefied petroleum gas
A gas that is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecules.
hydrocarbon gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel.
liquefied natural gas
liquefied hydrocarbon gas
Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen.
charcoal
A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius.
wax
river water
A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow.
lentic water body
A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing.
lotic water body
Hydrological condensation is a process in which atmospheric water vapour undergoes a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
"process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the condensed material (e.g. water droplets, window fog)
hydrological condensation process
The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.
Definition vebatim from GEMET. Will need to be refined. Further, distinction between "climate change" and (one or many) "climate change process" will need to be discussed. Fluctuations are not processes, per se.
climate change
Acidification of an aquatic environment is a process whereby the pH of an aquatic environment, biome, or water body is lowered.
acidification of an aquatic environment
Ocean acidification is a process during which the pH of a sea or ocean is lowered.
On Earth, the major cause of ocean acidification is the update of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
ocean acidification
A volcanic eruption is a process during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure.
volcanic eruption
planetary landmass
Adpated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface
Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies.
outer space
A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's crust would be an instance.
planetary crust
A planetary structural layer is laminar part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. Planetary layers have differing physicochemical properties and composition.
Label should be improved to match definition.
planetary structural layer
A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's mantle would be an instance.
planetary mantle
A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle.
lithosphere
Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles.
magma
A channel of a watercourse which contains a stream.
stream channel
A stream channel which contains a river.
river channel
A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants.
See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
dense settlement
A role that is realized in some process wherein the bearer is discarded or not utilized further.
waste role
A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces.
geological fracture
A geological fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement.
The relationship between faults and active plate boundaries must be further developed, as there is some overlap.
geological fault
An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years.
active geological fault
Contaminated air is air which has sufficient concentrations of environmental pollutants such that it may adversely affect a given ecosystem.
contaminated air
An earthquake is a process during which energy is released in an astronomical body's crust, causing the displacement of crustal parts and the generation of seismic waves.
Elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies can produce earthquakes.
earthquake
Adapted from URL:http://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology
An earthquake caused by the sudden release of energy accumulated in an astronomical body's crust, as the elastic strain placed on constituent rock masses causes them to fracture.
tectonic earthquake
A lake which has concentrations of environmental contaminants high enough to harm the ecosystems associated with it.
polluted lake
water mass
A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake.
Used for both marine and lake coasts. The boundary of the coast is fuzzy and it overlaps both the water body and land in quesiton. Compared to 'shore'
coast
A tsunami is a process during which a series of waves is generated in a water body, typically an ocean or large lake, by the displacement of a large volume of water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
tsunami
Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides.
Of interest for future development: Some causes of mass wasting earthquakes, increased overburden from structures, increased soil moisture, reduction of roots holding the soil to bedrock, undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion, weathering by frost heave, bioturbation, volcanic edifice over-steepening. Some processes that reduce mass wasting: Afforestation, Reforestation, Terracing steps on slopes (reduce angle of slope). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting.
mass wasting
A landslide is a process whereby a large mass of earth and rocks moves down a hill or a mountainside.
landslide process
mudslide
Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents.
volcanic ash
Hydrological precipitation is a process during which any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour is pulled to the planetary surface by gravity.
"process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the precipitated material (e.g. snow, rain, sleet)
hydrological precipitation process
Soil degradation is a process which results in a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem in which the soil occurs to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries.
soil degradation
Coastal flooding is a process in which normally dry, low-lying land near a coast is flooded by sea water.
coastal flooding
Riverine flooding is a process in which the flow rate of river water exceeds the capacity of its channel, thus flooding neighbouring land. Bends and meanders in a river channel are particularly disposed to such flooding.
A disposition class such as 'flooding disposition' may be interesting, especially when attached to things like meanders and bends.
riverine flooding
Flash flooding is a process in which low-lying land is inundated with water for a short period of time and are usually the result of precipitation or a breach in the container of a water body.
Flash floods generally last no more than six hours. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php
flash flooding
An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas.
flood
A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity.
coastal flood
A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours.
flash flood
A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Needs links to weather when these phenomena are added.
storm surge
A meteotsunami is a tsunami caused by atmospheric processes and differences in air pressure.
Ambiguity as to whether this label refers to the process or the material entities (the waves). The material entities are a type of severe storm surge.
meteotsunami
A storm surge process is a coastal flooding process which is caused by low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Should be linked to the relevant weather classes when these are created.
storm surge process
Areal flooding is a flooding process in which flat or low-lying areas become inundated with water due to water input exceeding infiltration, evaporation, or run off.
areal flooding
Urban flooding is a flooding process in which land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, is inundated due to the rate of water input exceeding that of water drainage provided by the environment's drainage systems.
Relevant to built environments and can be linked to urban flows. Also relevant to water and sanitation SDGs.
urban flooding
Condensation is a process during which a gas undergoes a phase transition into a liquid.
condensation process
Desublimation is a process in which a portion of some gas undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some solid.
desublimation process
An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population.
A habitat's specificity to an ecological population differentiates it from other environment classes.
habitat
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which outputs a carbon-bearing gas.
Requested for SDGIO. Likely to be revised.
carbon-bearing gas emission process
A process in which natural ecosystems present over an expanse of land are removed and replaced with anthropogenic ecosystems.
An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. This looks like an aggregate class, subsuming a range of processes which can lead to degradation.
These anthropogenic ecosystems may include urban or other built-up settlements or anthropogenic ecosystems used for activities such as forestry or agriculture.
land consumption process
Adapted from EEA (1997) The concept of environmental space, Copenhagen, URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-078-2/at_download/file
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
The range of entities that are considered "barren land" are not exhaustive, making axiomatisation risky at this stage.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of barren land generally have less than 15% cover of vegetation. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition.
area of barren land
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of gaseous or aerosolised material held in shape by one or more environmental processes.
This may not need to be in the atmosphere, also note that "meteor" will do much of the same work.
Similar, in spirit, to landform. This class may need to be split into aerosols and 'pure' volumes of gas.
aeroform
A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.
On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Please use the "water-based cloud" class and its subclasses for Earth's clouds. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers only to clouds made up of a water-based material.
cloud
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which releases carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.
Requested for SDGIO. This class may be revised in future once the offical definitions become more clear.
carbon dioxide emission process
A mass of solid material which is primarily composed of plastic.
Plastikstück
pedazo de plástico
pezzo di plastica
piece of plastic
A planned process during which a portion of environmental material is removed from a material entity.
Created for SDGIO and intended to be a more general form of resource extraction process.
material extraction process
A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products.
Not to be confused with a flame - the visible portion of gas released by a fire . Oxidation processes such as rusting or biological digestion are not subsumed here.
fire
A process whereby a large volume of gas moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
This class refers to all forms of "wind": from the familiar movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere to the solar wind. Use a subclass to be more precise.
mass gaseous flow
A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria.
atmospheric wind
A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.
This class is to be populated by inference.
gaseous environmental material
A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields.
An NTR for `quality of a plasma` has been posted on the PATO tracker: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/88
plasma
An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space.
Astronomical bodies are usually cohesive, thus the use of the term 'object' sensu BFO 'object'.
astronomical body
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.
Considerable debate on the definition of planet exists.
planet
An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces.
Add qualities such as spherical. Request NTRs if not available in PATO.
star
An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space.
If there is only one astronomical body involved, this class is equivalent to ENVO:01000799. This may be problematic with reasoning, but it seems to be true to the rather fuzzy definitions found thus far.
astronomical object
A material part of an astronomical body.
astronomical body part
An environmental material which is in a solid state.
This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference.
solid environmental material
An environmental material which is in a liquid state.
This is a defined class: most of its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference.
liquid environmental material
A biosphere is a part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body, as well as the non-living and dead entities with which they interact.
Whether this class should be grouped with classes such as "hydrosphere" and "cryosphere" requires some discussion.
The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations.
biosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class.
hydrosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of soil, subject to soil formation processes, and found on the surface of a lithosphere.
pedosphere
Air which has increased levels of water vapour.
humid air
Air which has a partial pressure of water vapour equal or near equal to its equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature.
"Near equal" is meant to reflect that there will be fluctuations around the equilibrium point.
water vapour saturated air
A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity.
This is the process which typically happens on Earth. Other planets may have different liquids involved in the process.
water-based rainfall
A droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces which maintains its shape due to the surface tension of the liquid.
No attempt is made to differentiate between drops and droplets. This may be added, if requested.
droplet
A droplet formed by condensation of vapour in an atmosphere and which is sufficiently massive to overcome atmospheric resistance and fall to a planetary surface due to gravity.
raindrop
A defined class which should be filled by inference.
water droplet
This is the class intended for use when describing raindrops on Earth. These typically have a diamter of 0.1 to 9 millimetres.
water raindrop
A droplet which is spherical in shape and suspended in an atmosphere, being of too small a mass to be pulled to a planetary surface by gravity.
cloud droplet
A cloud droplet composed primarily of water.
water-based cloud droplet
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass
smoke
Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Unlike the "combustion" class in the Chemical Methods Ontology, this class is not necessarily a planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473
combustion process
A chemical decomposition (the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler compounds) caused by heat.
thermolysis
A thermolysis process in which organic material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen.
pyrolysis
A fog which is intermixed with smoke or other combustion products and their derivatives.
smog
A visible mass of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the surface of an astronomical body.
Fog is more opaque than mist, reducing visibility to under one kilometre. This class refers only to fog formed by materials primarily composed of water. "Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog
fog
A solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
This class refers to a portion of crystal and not an individual crystal.
crystal
A crystal which is primarily composed of water ice.
Any one of a number of macroscopic, crystalline forms in which ice appears, including hexagonal columns, hexagonal platelets, dendritic crystals, ice needles, and combinations of these forms. The crystal lattice of ice is hexagonal in its symmetry under most atmospheric conditions.
water ice crystal
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a shrubs, young trees, or stunted trees.. The surfaces of this area are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub"
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of scrub or shrub are dominated by shrubs; less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of scrub
A precipitation process is a process in which a portion of some substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved or suspended in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force.
precipitation process
A storm is an environmental process in which an environmental system and the processes it participates in are strongly perturbed by external forcings. These forcings typically increase the rates of processes unfolding in the system, relative to their normal rates.
The threshold of what constitutes "strong" perturbation is not defined here due to considerable semantic variation. If a specific threshold is required, please request a new term.
storm
An atmospheric storm is a process in which a portion of an astronomical body's atmosphere is strongly perturbed from its prevaling weather.
atmospheric storm
An atmospheric storm which occurs in cumulonimbus clouds and during which lightning and thunder occur.
Thunderstorms may or may not involve processes which result in strong winds, heavy rain, snow, sleet, hail, or other forms of precipitation.
thunderstorm
An atmospheric storm during which freezing rain falls and accumulates as ice on exposed surfaces.
Note it is a hazard, could perhaps later link to https://github.com/Vocamp/Hazard or https://github.com/Vocamp/Hazard/blob/master/concept-map/ModifiedHazardousSituation.png and https://github.com/SDG-InterfaceOntology/sdgio/issues/14
glaze storm
ice storm
silver storm
glaze event
silver thaw
Icestorms are associated with multiple hazards. Significant accumulations of ice pull down trees and utility lines resulting in loss of power and communication. These accumulations of ice make walking and driving extremely dangerous. Significant ice accumulations are usually accumulations of 0.25 inch or 0.60 cm or more. Has synonyms silver storm, glaze storm.
The U.S. National Weather Service defines an ice storm as a storm which results in the accumulation of at least 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) of ice on exposed surfaces.
icestorm
Hauer RJ, Dawson JO, Werner LP (2006) Trees and Ice Storms - The Development of Ice Storm-Resistant Urban Tree Populations (2 ed.). College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, and the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and the Office of Continuing Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/forestry/publications/pdf/urban_community_forestry/trees_and_ice_storms_2006.pdf
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation planted for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes interspersed by constructed or manufactured objects and materials. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed open space are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover less than 20% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of developed open space
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by sedges or forbs, possibly interpersed with grasses or grass-like plants. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by sedge or forbs. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that land covered by sedge tundra and sedge tussock tundra are subsumed in this category. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of sedge- and forb-dominated herbaceous vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation and which is not subject to intensive management by humans. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by grasslands or non-woody, herbaceous plants. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that, while no "intensive" management such as tilling is performed in these areas, they may be used for grazing.
area of gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation
A hydrological process in which irregular aggregates of snow fall to the surface of an astronomical body.
This is currently bound to water-based snow on Earth, may need revisions for interplanetary applications
snowfall
Water-based rainfall which freezes either 1) on impact with a surface to form a coating of clear ice (glaze) or 2) after percolating through surface layers.
This term exists, we're revising the definition with ESIP semantic Harmonization group, delete the old one. Consider adding axioms like PATO:"decreased temperature" to this and other cold forms of precipitation, such that we can create a grouping class to be filled by inference (with hail, sleet, snow, freezing rain). Something like precipitation below the liquid-solid phase transition point of water.
A surface temperature inversion is usually required. In such an inversion, the surface must have a temperature below freezing, while the temperature of the atmosphere where the precipitation forms is above freezing. Alternately, if the temperature of the ground surface and glazed objects is typically near or below freezing (0C or 32F), it is necessary that the water drops be supercooled before striking. Freezing rain can sometimes occur on surfaces exposed to the air (such as tree limbs) with air temperatures slightly above freezing in strong winds. Local evaporational cooling may result in freezing. Freezing rain frequently occurs, therefore, as a transient condition between the occurrence of rain and ice pellets (sleet). When encountered by an aircraft in flight, freezing rain can cause a dangerous accretion of clear icing. In aviation weather observations, this hydrometeor is encoded ZR by NOAA.
freezing rainfall
A process during which a sudden flow of electricity occurs, often accompanied by a visible release of photons, between two electrically charged objects due to contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown.
This should probably be moved to an ontology of physical processes when one is created, and be imported back into ENVO.
electrostatic discharge process
A sudden electrostatic discharge which occurs during an electrical storm as differentially charged atmospheric entities equalise their charge.
atmospheric lightning
A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed.
Petting zoos are often nested within a zoological garden featuring wild non-human animals, not docile enough for humans to touch.
petting zoo
A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption.
slaughter plant
slaughterhouse
butchery
abattoir
A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians.
daycare building
This is a kind of day care facility. A facility need not be a building.
day care building
A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services.
restaurant
A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters.
This is a very ambiguous term with wide-ranging usage patterns across cultural groups and regions.
campground
Regions of a planet which are not exposed to the planet's atmosphere or space, often comprising parts of one or more planetary structural layers.
planetary subsurface zone
A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than five millimetres.
This classification is based on the thresholds detailed in GESAMP report # 99 on recommendation from the SDG 14 indicator team. While the definition is in accordance with the common use of this term (as per GESAMP report # 99), alternative size classifications exist. Alternative classifications are a piece of plastic which is between 1 and 5 millimetres in diameter, a piece of plastic which has a diameter less than 1 millimetre, or a piece of plastic which has a diameter greater than 330 micrometres. The use of the word diameter in this case was understood to mean the generalised form of diameter, i.e. the largest distance between two points belonging to an object.
microplastic particle
A microplastic particle which is derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris.
Sekundäres Mikroplastik
microplastica secondaria
microplástico secundario
The debris that make up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch constantly release microplastics as they break down.
secondary microplastic particle
An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition.
In most contexts, 'natural' is defined by the lack of intervention or influence by humans and their activities. On Earth, most environments fall on a scale between completely natural and anthropised.
natural environment
A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action.
An area may be classified as anthropized even though it looks natural, such as grasslands that have been deforested by humans. It can be difficult to determine how much a site has been anthropized in the case of urbanization because one must be able to estimate the state of the landscape before significant human action.
anthropisation
A planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals.
terrestrial planet
A construction which is designed to hold water in which humans may swim or perform other leisure activities.
constructed swimming pool
A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a governmental or state entity.
public swimming pool
A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
This class can refer to the flow of any material in a liquid phase.
mass liquid flow
A material transport process during which a volume of liquid water is transported due to a disequilibria in physical forces.
water flow process
A part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology and which are within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body.
technosphere
A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
manufacturing process
A manufacturing process which occurs on a planet.
Whether this is within the planet's Hill sphere, the region which extends from its exosphere to its core, or some other planetary region is not clear.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/513 for discussion.
planetary manufacturing process
An process during which natural or manufactured materials and products are processed and arranged by humans or their technology into structures.
The nature of "structures" must be further specified.
human-directed construction process
An environmental system which is determined by materials bearing roughly homogeneous qualities.
Organisational class. Not intended for annotation.
environmental system determined by a quality
An environmental system within which an environmental material strongly influences the system's composition and properties.
Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. Subclasses describe environments which are usually permeated by an environmental material. They may also describe environments which are sufficiently close to a material, that their dynamics are strongly influenced by it (e.g. a patch of forest ecosystem neighbouring a uranium dump).
environmental system determined by a material
An environmental system which is determined by a living organism.
environmental system determined by an organism
An environmental system determined by a green plant.
plant-associated environment
An environmental system determined by an animal.
animal-associated environment
Underground water which is located in pore spaces found in rock or unconsolidated deposits such as soil, clay, or gravel.
The definition of aquifer is quite permissive, referencing any water bearing rock or unconsolidated material.
groundwater
A meteor is any matter- or energy-based entity which is located in the atmosphere of an astronomical body.
meteor
A meteor which is primarily composed of water.
hydrometeor
A meteor which is primarily composed of rock.
lithometeor
A lake which has formed as the result of processes that are not or are only minimally driven by human activity.
This class is to be filled by inference.
natural lake
A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
Requires addition of waves for full axiomatisation. This should be linked to "subatomic particle" with an "or". Note that ENVO represents space as an environmental material (a hard vacuum with sparse material inclusions).
radiation
A radiation process during which energy is transmitted or emitted by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.
particle radiation
A particle radiation process during which subatomic particles move in the same direction.
particle beam radiation
A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy.
Note that this class is concerned only with active radiative processes: static electric and magnetic fields are not inlcuded. All electromagnetic radiation carries radiant energy.
electromagnetic radiation
A radiation process during which mechanical waves generated by oscillations radiate through an environmental material.
The mechanical waves generated by this process are also referred to as pressure waves.
acoustic radiation
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by feces.
fecal environment
The label of this EMPO class is ambiguous, but pers. comm. with L Thompson (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-1280) reveals that this is essentially limited to fecal samples.
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a bodily secretion of a metazoan.
environment determined by a metazoan secretion
An environment which is determined by materials which bear significant concentrations of salts.
The thresholds for "significant" concentrations of salts vary widely and thus no committment is made in this class. Subclasses with more explicit thresholds can be made upon request.
saline environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by soil.
soil environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by the subsurface zone of a planet.
planetary subsurface environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by those parts of a planetary subsurface zone which are not saline.
non-saline planetary subsurface environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment.
sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol.
aerosol environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a saline aerosol.
saline aerosol environment
seaspray or other aerosolized saline material (>5 psu)
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol with a low concentration of dissolved solutes.
non-saline aerosol environment
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal.
environment associated with an animal part or small animal
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead plant, or a whole small plant.
environment associated with a plant part or small plant
An astronomical body which is composed of rocky or metallic materials and is considerably smaller than asteroids.
meteoroid
A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties.
Far more axiomatisation can be done should the qualities of metals be added to PATO or a similar quality ontology. However, note that there are many exceptions to the typical qualities of the majority of metals.
While this class allows for some degree of contamination by non-metal substances, the material represented should show at least some of the typical features of a pure metal: hardness (except for liquid metals), opacity, lustre, malleability, fusibility, ductile and good electrical and thermal conductivity.
metallic material
Environmental variability which inheres in an astronomical body part or in outer space.
This class refers to all weather, including atmospheric and space weather. Please use a subclass for more specificity.
weather
A condition which inheres in an environmental system by virtue of that system undergoing variation in its composition, the distribution of the qualities its components bear, and/or in the processes which occur within it and which it participates in.
This class is very general, but the nature of environmental variability is indeed quite variable. This class may be refined once we have more subclasses to consider.
environmental variability
A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed.
particulate matter formation process
An aerosol formation process which occurs in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosol formation
A process during which an aerosol, consisting of solid particulates suspended in a gas, is formed in an atmosphere.
formation of solid particles in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol in an atmosphere
A process during which an aerosol, consisting of droplets of liquid suspended in gas, is formed in an atmosphere.
formation of liquid droplets in an atmosphere
formation of liquid particles in an atmosphere
formation of a liquid aerosol in an atmosphere
An aerosol which has non-gaseous parts that are primarily composed of liquid droplets.
aerosolised liquids
An aerosol which has non-gaseous parts that are primarily composed of solid particles.
aerosolised solids
A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere.
atmospheric formation of a solid aerosol
formation of a solid aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere
A process during which microscopic liquid droplets are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere.
atmospheric formation of a liquid aerosol
formation of a liquid aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of liquid droplets from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of liquid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of a liquid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move.
tectonic movement
A part of a lithosphere which is separated by other such parts by geographic faults or similar geomorphological discontinuities.
tectonic plate
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates move towards, away from, or along one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere.
tectonic plate boundary
An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components.
This class will be primarily filled by inference, any environmental system which necessarily includes living parts should be autoclassified here.
ecosystem
A product which is composed primarily of animal manure that has been heat treated and packaged as a product for commercial or consumer use.
animal manure product
A planet which is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.
Gas giants are composed of about 90% hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are examples of gas giants.
gas planet
An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure.
Note that ice may be formed at very high temperatures, due to gravitational effects and/or pressure.
ice
A terrestrial planet which has a surface dominated by hot deserts.
This class of planet is still mostly theoretical.
desert planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by water, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of water.
An axiom to express that the planet has a 'substantial' proportion of its mass in the form of water wound enhance this class.
While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as the extrasolar planet GJ 1214 b and ocean planet candidate Kepler-22b.
ocean planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by ice, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of ice.
While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Pluto was considered an ice planet until its reclassification in 2006 CE. Surface temperatures of ice planets would have to be below 260 K (−13°C) if composed primarily of water, below 180 K (−93°C) if primarily composed of CO2 and ammonia, and below 80 K (−193°C) if composed primarily of methane.
ice planet
Ice which is primarily composed of carbon dioxide.
carbon dioxide ice
Ice which is primarily composed of ammonia.
ammonia ice
Ice which is primarily composed of carbon monoxide.
carbon monoxide ice
A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed primarily of helium.
The placement of this class assumes that some traces of hydrogen are left in the atmosphere. If this is not the case, the axiom on gas planet must be updated.
A helium planet might form via hydrogen evaporation from a gaseous planet orbiting close to a star. Low-mass white dwarfs may transition into objects which are essentially helium planets by hydrogen depletion through mass transfer to a massive object such as a neutron star. Gliese 436 b is a candidate helium planet.
helium planet
An astronomical object which is composed of dense gas and dust rotating around a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or a Herbig Ae/Be star in a disk-shaped configuration.
protoplanetary disk
A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds with relatively low boiling points, equilibrium condensation temperatures below 1300 Kelvin, and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet.
Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust
Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets.
volatile astrogeological material
An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with boiling points around those of hydrogen and helium.
This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.271 Kelvin and a melting point of 13.99 Kelvin. Helium has a boiling point of 4.222 Kelvin and a melting point of 0.95 Kelvin.
astrogeological gas
A quality which inheres in a astronomical body or astronomical body part by virtue of the variation in its material composition, participation in geological processes, and the variation in is land- and hydroforms.
Materials which are usually assessed when appraising geodiversity include minerals, rocks, sediments, fossils, soils and water. Landforms factored into geodiversity metrics typically include folds, faults, and other expressions of morphology or relations between units of earth material. Natural processes that are included in measures of geodiversity are those which either maintain or change materials or geoforms, including tectonics, sediment transport, and pedogenesis. Geodiversity does not usually factor in anthropogenic entities.
geodiversity
An ecosystem which has been causally isolated from a larger ecosystem within which it was previously embedded, such that the direct exchange of materials, resources, and energy between these systems is severely or entirely curtailed.
Often, ecosystem fragments are unable to sustain themselves without human intervention and management as they are not large enough to perform self-sustaining functions (e.g. nutrient recycling) or hold sufficient ecological resources such as genetic diversity of populations.
ecosystem fragment
A process during which one or more parts of an ecosystem become causally isolated such that the direct flow or exchange of materials, resources, and energy between a given fragment and the remainder of the original system is severely curtailed or entirely halted.
ecosystem fragmentation process
A process during which an ecosystem, its parts, or the processes it participates in are modified by human intervention to accomplish an objective.
Umweltmaßnahme
active ecosystem management process
A process during which an ecosystem fragment loses its system integrity, with many of its resident ecological populations 1) losing their habitats, 2) undergoing a loss of functional and phylogenetic diversity, and 3) undergoing a subsequent genetic destabilisation through inbreeding.
This process may be caused by direct anthropisation (i.e. the fragmentation of ecosystems due to the establishment of cropland) or by more natural events such as forest fires or erosion of land bridges.
ecosystem decay
An environment which has its properties and composition largely determined by the presence of a metazoan which lacks a vetebral column and which has a habitat that is found in an aquatic environmental system.
environment associated with an aquatic invertebrate
Not currently live, may need to be switched to alternative PURLs.
Soil which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7.
acidic soil
Volcanic ash which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7.
acidic volcanic ash
water surface
The surface layer of a mass of sediment.
sediment surface
An environmental disposition which inheres in an entity that intercepts, attenuates, or blocks radiation.
radiation shielding disposition
An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a land mass or the atmosphere or space adjacent to it.
terrestrial environmental zone
A terrestrial zone which is bounded by constructed, manufactured, or other anthropogenic material entities.
anthropised terrestrial environmental zone
An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a marine environment.
This class will eventually be populated by inference alone, with its subclasses distributed in more process-linked hierarchies to improve semantic density.
marine environmental zone
A process during which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid sedimentary rock.
lithification
An ecosystem in which grasses (Graminae) are the dominant form of vegetation and determine the system's structure and dynamics.
grassland ecosystem
A planned process during which an environmental system is modified to mitigate or nullify the impacts of flooding.
defence against flooding
An electromagnetic radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star.
stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
This definition focuses on the properties of microwaves rather than their wavelength or frequency limits. Considerable ambiguity exists around the wavelength and frequency thresholds of microwaves. The ISO 21348 definition bounds these waves at 1 mm and 15 mm, with frequencies between 100 GHz and 0.225 GHz.
microwave stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales.
As with microwaves, considerable variation exists in the delimitation of frequency and wavelength thresholds for radiowaves. The ISO 21348 standard allows a wavelength range of 0.10 mm to 100 m and a frequency range of 300 GHz to 3 MHz. However, much lower thresholds also exist.
radio wave stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star when molecules change their rotational-vibrational movements, usually at wavelengths between 760 nm and 1 mm.
infrared stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm.
visible spectrum stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.
ultraviolet stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons as they fall into a lower state of energy.
Ambiguity exists in the definition of x-rays and their differentiation from gamma rays. Photons with sufficient energy to be classified as x-rays may be emitted by other processes than electrons falling to lower energy states. Most x-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV.
X-ray stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the radioactive decay (gamma decay) of atomic nuclei.
Ambiguity exists in the definition of gamma rays. As a rule of thumb, gamma rays have energies above 100 keV, frequencies above 10 exahertz, and wavelengths less than 10 picometers. However, regardless of the energy released, electromagnetic radiation from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei is referred to as "gamma rays". In astronomy, however, gamma rays are defined by their energy, and no production process needs to be specified.
gamma-ray stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms.
ionizing stellar radiation
A building which is primarily used to facilitate the buying or selling of goods or services.
"Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or internationally."
commercial building
A process during which wood is processed into beams or planks.
lumber production process
A building part within which administrative work is done by an organisations users in order to support and realise the objectives of that organization.
office
A natural environment which is located on a land mass.
terrestrial natural environment
A natural environment which is within a water body.
aquatic natural environment
forest canopy
A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the aboveground portion of a plant community.
canopy
An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities form continuous or discontinuous regions of canopy cover.
The correct usage of FLOPO terms in the axiomatisation needs to be confirmed.
forest ecosystem
An ecosystem which 1) is determined by communities of annual crops, perennial woody crops, or by actively tilled land, 2) is primarily used for agricultural activity, and 3) contains no village or larger human settlement.
cropland ecosystem
A process during which humans rear animals or plants on land for harvest and consumption.
Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge.
agricultural process
A surface layer through which liquids or gases cannot pass.
impermeable surface layer
A construction which comprises a durable surface layer overlying a solid surface intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic.
constructed pavement
A layer which is primarily composed of some liquid material.
liquid layer
A layer which is primarily composed of some solid material, allowing for non-solid parts such as interstitial pockets of gas or liquid.
solid layer
A solid layer which is primarily composed of some water-based ice.
water ice layer
A constructed pavement which is built on the side of a road and intended for foot traffic.
"In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park."
sidewalk
Dust which is composed primarily of slicon dioxide.
silica dust
Dust which is primarily composed of aluminium particles.
aluminium dust
Dust which is primarily composed of barium particles.
barium dust
Dust which is primarily composed of hydrated magnesium silicate (talc) particles.
talc dust
Dust which is primarily composed of slate particles.
slate dust
A fire which occurs in an industrial area or building.
industrial fire
Dust which is primarily composed of kaolinite particles.
kaolin dust
A vegetated area which has not been cleared or is sparsely settled, usually scrub-covered or forested
"Bush" is a rather loosely defined regional term, primarily used in Australia.
bush area
An atmospheric storm which is generated by the heating and convection of moist and unstable air masses.
"Convective storms range from localised thunderstorms (with heavy rain and/or hail, lightning, high winds, tornadoes) to meso-scale, multi-day events."
convective storm
A an atmospheric storm which originates over tropical or subtropical waters and possesses a warm-core, non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone with a low pressure centre, spiral rain bands and strong winds.
tropical storm
An atmospheric storm during which a large mass of atmospheric gas rotates around a centre of low atmospheric pressure, generating high winds which spiral towards that centre.
cyclone
An environmental zone which is part of an atmosphere.
atmospheric zone
An atmospheric zone in which atmospheric gaseous masses have reduced atmospheric pressure.
Air is not specified directly (although the definition subsumes air masses) to allow for other forms of low pressure areas in planetary atmospheres.
area of low atmospheric pressure
A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities.
A liquid astronomical body part which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid water and is held in shape or sustained by an environmental process.
Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by"
A liquid surface layer which is in contact with air.
liquid air-water interface layer
A surface layer which is composed primarily of some liquid.
liquid surface layer
A surface layer which is composed primarily of solid environmental material.
solid surface layer
A body of water which is primarily composed of saline water.
This class has its subclasses populated by inference.
saline water body
A body of water which is primarily composed of freshwater, with low solute content.
This class has its subclasses primarily populated by inference. The threshold for what constitutes "fresh" water is variable and should typically be deferred to an applicatoin layer resource.
fresh water body
A material transport process during which a volume of material is displaced due to a disequilibrium in physical forces and during which 1) the qualities that inhere in that volume and 2) the processes that are unfolding within it are largely unchanged.
Advective processes are disjoint from diffusive processes. Typically, fluids are advected.
advective transport process
An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one location on the surface of an astronomical body, transporting it to another location where it is deposited.
erosion
A landform which has been rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall.
desert
An aerosol formation event which occurs in an atmosphere.
rapid formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
Note that the detection of such events, and thus the thresholds used to define them in the field, are operational and dependent on the technology and observation strategy used. The event must be intense enough, occur in a large enough area, and persist for enough time to allow the formed particle population to be observed. There are no exact or universally agreed upon thresholds for the intensity, area and duration of such events. If elevated new particle formation rate is observed in the atmosphere (away from direct sources of the related gas-phase molecules) for an operationally defined period of time, practitioners often declare that such an event has taken place.
atmospheric aerosolised particle formation event
A system which consists of an atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere, forced or influenced by external processes.
This class, from the IPCC report, is naturally focused on the Earth's climate. The report cites the Sun as the agent of the most important forcing processes. It also considers the direct effect of human activities on the climate system an external forcing
climate system
A process during which particles suspended in a gaseous medium are formed.
aerosolised particle formation process
A material transport process during which solid or liquid particles are directly introduced into a volume of gas.
primary aerosol formation process
An aerosol formation process during which the rate of particle formation exceeds that which is normally present in the site of its occurrence.
This is similar to the semantics of storms, where increased rates are observed due to external forcings.
aerosolised particle formation event
A primary aerosol formation process during which dust particles are suspended in a gaseous medium.
aerosolisation of dust
A process during which dust is aerosolised in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosolisation of dust
An aersolised mass of dust, smoke, or other dry particulates which scatters visible light thus obsscuring visibility through an atmosphere.
haze
An anthropogenic environment which is bounded by the building envelope of a laboratory and in which a system of manufactured products exert control on one or more of its environmental conditions.
laboratory environment
A research facility in which systems of manufactured products control internal conditions and in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
research laboratory
laboratory facility
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into rising mounds, domes, or towers with a bulging upper part resembling a cauliflower and a near horizontal or ragged base, 2) is mainly composed of water droplets, 3) is located in the low level of the atmosphere (low étage).
Add more PATO qualities once they have been added to PATO. Note that the domed quality refers to the cauliflower shape (which is itself a variant of domed). This should be replaced with cauliflower shaped once in ENVO.
Cumuluswolke
Haufenwolke
Kumuluswolke
Quellwolke
When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) cumulus has has brilliant white sunlit parts and a dark grey base. Cumulus clouds have sharp outlines. When of great vertical extent, cumulus may release precipitation in the form of showers of rain, snow or snow pellets. Cumulus clouds usually have their bases in the low atmospheric level (low étage), but their vertical extent is often so great that their tops may reach into the middle and high atmospheric levels (middle and high étage).
cumulus cloud
A cloud which is formed by condensation events triggered by some anthropogenic processes or the outputs thereof, such as aircraft contrails or emissions from chimneys.
homogenitus cloud
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into dense, mountain-like forms or one or more tower-like forms with a flattened upper portion, which often spreads out in the shape of an anvil or plume, 2) is composed of water droplets and, especially in its upper portion, ice crystals, 3) is located in the low level of the atmosphere (low étage), but can extend into the middle and high level of the atmosphere.
Add more PATO qualities once they have been added to PATO.
Cumulonibus-Wolke
Gewitterwolke
envoCloudAtlas
Cumulonimbus clouds have a very dark base which may be merged with low ragged clouds which frequently form underneath this cloud. The upper portion may be smooth, fibrous, or striated. Cumulonimbus also contains large raindrops and, often, snowflakes, snow pellets or hailstones. The water droplets and raindrops may be substantially supercooled. Cumulonimbus is frequently associated with precipitation, sometimes in the form of virga. Cumulonimbus is often accompanied by lightning, thunder or hail. Cumulonimbus usually have their bases in the low level, but their vertical extent is often so great that their tops may reach into the middle and high levels.
cumulonimbus cloud
A cloud which is primarily composed of water-based aerosols.
On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers only to clouds made up of a water-based material.
water-based cloud
An anthropisation process during which terrestrial environments - natural or anthropised - or parts thereof are altered to facilitate human activities such as agriculture, settlement, or commerce.
Further examples include subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes and converting unused factories into condominia.
land conversion process
A land conversion process during which terrestrial ecosystems are altered to facilitate agricultural activities such as crop cultivation or the rearing of livestock.
This process typically relies on the conversion and development of forests, savannas or grassland. Creation of farmland from wasteland, deserts or previous impervious surfaces is considerably less frequent because of the presence of degraded soil or the lack of fertile soil.
agricultural land conversion process
An anthropogenic environmental process which includes all human activities undertaken in a natural, semi-natural, or anthropised environment.
There are multiple systems of land use classification. This hierarchy aims to be generally applicable, but national systems can be added on request.
land use process
A land use process during which materials of economic value are extracted from a planet, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
terrestrial mining
A process during which an ecosystem - natural or anthropised - is changed by the actions of humans.
anthropogenic ecosystem conversion process
A planned process during which humans access and obtain resources, benefits, or services from a natural or anthropised ecosystem.
planned environmental usage process
A planned environmental usage process during which a non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or water is extracted from an ecosystem.
mining
A mining process which occurs in a marine ecosystem.
marine mining
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment facilitates the movement of materials and material objects (persons or goods) from place to place, typically with the assistance of a vehicle.
usage of an environment for transportation
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports manufacturing facilities producing commodities that are sold with the expectation of recovering the total cost of production.
This class includes environments used to support the facilities engaged with a broad variety of manufacturing activities from food and tobacco, to textiles, metals, vehicles, and chemicals.
usage of an environment for industry
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports facilities associated with commerce or the earning of a livelihood through means other than manufacturing or the provision of a public service.
This class includes activities carried out in commercial offices, meeting centres, art studios, recording studios, film sets, warehouses, and distribution centres.
usage of an environment for business
A liquid astronomical body part which is continuous and is delimited by physical discontinuities or non-liquid boundaries.
body of liquid
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid material, shaped by one or more environmental processes.
liquid astronomical body part
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of gaseous material, shaped by one or more environmental processes.
gaseous astronomical body part
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid or gaseous material, shaped by one or more environmental processes.
fluid astronomical body part
A tornado is an aeroform consisting of at least one rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of an astronomical body and pendant from within or beneath a cumulonimbus or cumulus cloud.
twister
whirlwind
This class refers to tornados on Earth, but can be used as the basis for a more generalised class for tornados which a composed of gaseous materials other than air.
tornado
A surface layer where the solid or liquid material of an astronomical body comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.
land surface
surface of an astronomical body
A tornado which a) is not associated with a mesocyclone and is thus relatively weak and short-lived, b) is centred on a small, smooth condensation funnel which often does not reach the planetary surface, and c) forms a distinctively laminar cloud of dust when it makes contact with the land.
dust-tube tornado
fair weather waterspout on land
land spout
landspout
A tornado which connects a cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud to a body of water, often transporting water from that water body along the spiraling winds constituting its vortex.
water spout
Wikipedia notes that there is disagreement over whether to classify waterspouts as true tornadoes.
waterspout
An elevation which is flattened across its highest surface.
flattened elevation
An electromagnetic radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a manufactured product.
radiation from a manufactured product
A material transformation process during which a material's viscosity increase either through a reduction in temperature, through chemical reactions, or other physical effects.
Sometimes the increase in viscosity is great enough to crystallize or solidify the substance in question.
material congelation process
Land which is below the freezing point of water.
Perennially and seasonally frozen ground can vary from being partially to extensively frozen depending on the extent of the phase change. It may be described as hard frozen ground, plastic frozen ground, or dry frozen ground, depending on the pore ice and unfrozen water contents and its compressibility under load.
frozen land
Soil which is below the freezing point of water.
frozen soil
A material congelation process during which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its melting point.
freezing
A freezing process during which liquid water is transformed into water ice.
freezing of water into water ice
A water surface that is part of a water body.
surface layer of a water body
An aggregate of raindrops falling to a planetary surface during a precipitation process.
rain
Rain which is composed of water droplets falling to a planetary surface during a rainfall process.
water-based rain
Sound which is lower in frequency than 20 Hertz, or cycles per second.
20 Hertz is the average limit of human hearing.
infrasound
An ecoregion which is located on a landmass.
terrestrial ecoregion
A surface layer which is part of an ocean or sea.
At this level, the depth of this layer is ambiguous. Some methods (telemetry) measure only the first few centimeters of the sea or ocean surface. In situ methods often sample the first few meters. Subclasses can be created for such cases. Sea surface layer is also used to refer to the surfaces of oceans.
sea surface layer
cryospheric layer
Permafrost which contains inclusions of water-based ice.
ice-bearing permafrost
A material accumulation process during which the mass of snow on a surface increases.
This term is used both as a process and as an amount of mass added. Semantically speaking these are two distinct concepts (e.g., accumulation results in accumulation_amount of ice or snow gain), though accumulation_amount would more likely be an attribute. The scope of this term varies depending on the definition. Some definitions constrain themselves snow or ice added to glaciers; while others also include ice fields, snow cover, and/or floating ice. How to resolve this depends on the scope desired. Some definitions include additional discussion of the the physics involved which would be useful for connecting glacier ontologies to atmospheric, hydrologic, etc. ontologies. This information should be captured no matter how the inconsistencies above are resolved.
snow accumulation process
A material accumulation process during which ice forms in an environmental material or an existing accumulation of ice increases in mass.
ice accumulation process
A material accumulation process during which a accumulation of snow and ice forms or increases in mass.
snow and ice accumulation process
A object which is composed primarily of water-based snow and ice.
mass of ice and snow
A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from liquid materials in an atmosphere.
formation of solid particles from liquid material in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol from liquid material in an atmosphere
Carbonate which is formed as the result of some biological process.
material primarily composed of biogenic carbonates
That part of an atmosphere which is composed of gaseous material.
gaseous part of an atmosphere
A solid material which does not have a regularly organised internal structure.
amorphous solid
An aerosol that is suspended in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosol
A material transformation process during which solid or liquid particles form and are suspended in a mass of air, thus creating an aerosol.
aerosol formation process
A surface layer which is composed primarily of some liquid or gas.
fluid surface layer
A surface layer which separates two portions of fluid with respect to either 1) a discontinuity of some fluid property or 2) some derivative of one of these properties in a direction normal to the interface.
fluid interface layer
A layer which is composed primarily of some fluid.
fluid layer
A fluid interface which separates two fluid masses with differing properties.
fluid front
A fluid front which is composed primarily of gaseous material and separates at least two gaseous masses.
gaseous front
A gaseous front which separates two masses of air with different densities and is a principal cause of meteorological phenomena.
This class refers to Earth's weather fronts. Other forms, not composed of air, are present on other planets and can be created on request. Note: "Since the temperature distribution is the most important regulator of atmospheric density, a front almost invariably separates air masses of different temperature. Along with the basic density criterion and the common temperature criterion, many other features may distinguish a front, such as a pressure trough, a change in wind direction, a moisture discontinuity, and certain characteristic cloud and precipitation forms."
weather front
An object which is composed of a continuous mass of air.
air mass
A fluid surface layer which is composed primarily of some gaseous material.
gaseous surface layer
A layer which separates two portions of environmental material which possess 1) differing compositions, 2) a discontinuity of some property, or 3) some derivative of some property in a direction normal to the interface.
interface layer
An object which is composed primarily of an environmental material
This class and its subclasses refer to objects that are discrete accumulations of environmental materials, generally primarily composed of one or a few main material types.
mass of environmental material
An mass of environmental material which is composed primarily of a solid environmental material
mass of solid material
An object which is composed primarily of a fluid.
fluid mass
mass of fluid
An object which is composed primarily of a gas.
gaseous mass
mass of gas
An object which is composed primarily of a liquid.
liquid mass
mass of liquid
An mass of environmental materials which has appreciable quantities of several individual materials, such that the removal of one would convert the mass into a different entity.
mass of compounded environmental materials
A weather front which separates air masses of tropical and polar origin.
envoAtmo
envoPolar
polar front
An advective transport process during which a fluid moves.
mass fluid flow
A mass fluid flow which moves in the same direction as a planet's rotation, rotating due to a Coriolis effect.
cyclonic circulation
A material transport process during which parts of an elastic material oscillate around their positions of equilibrium.
vibration process
A process during which the ability of a material entity to maintain its internal organisation fails, resulting in deformation and a breakdown of that organisation.
This is a very general concept, and should likely be elevated to OBO Core rather than held in ENVO.
structural collapse process
An environmental zone which includes those regions of an astronomical body which are not exposed to its atmosphere or space.
subsurface zone of an astronomical body
An ecosystem in which the composition, structure, and function of resident ecological assemblages are primarily determined by a desert.
desert ecosystem
A solid astronomical body part which is part of the landmass of that body.
part of a landmass
A large continuous area of land, either surrounded by sea or contiguous with another landmass.
landmass
A part of an astronomical body which is composed of a continuous medium bearing liquid, gaseous, and solid material in variable quantities.
compound astronomical body part
A surface layer of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of solid material and is not covered by oceans or other bodies of water.
land
aquatic ecosystem
marine ecosystem
freshwater ecosystem
terrestrial ecosystem
An environmental process either driven by or primarily impacting the parts or emergent properties of an ecosystem.
ecosystem process
A material entity which has been assembled through the intentional, instinctual, or deliberately programmed efforts of an organism or machine.
construction
An object which is formed as a result of one or more biological processes and is composed primarily of organic material.
organic object
A biome which is subject to alpine altitudinal conditions.
alpine biome
A biome which is subject to montane altitudinal conditions.
montane biome
A biome which is subject to arid environmental conditions.
arid biome
A process during which one entity loses energy to another entity.
energy transfer process
A material accumulation process during which the volume of liquid entity increases.
liquid accumulation process
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in air that is part of an atmosphere.
concentration of carbon dioxide in an atmosphere
A landform which occurs on the surface of an astronomical body.
geographic feature
The usage of "surface" here aligns with that of planetary surface: in contact with the atmosphere or space. The extent of the "surface" can vary. For rocky planets like Earth, astrogeologists consider the crust as the surface.
surface landform
A solid astronomical body part which has been formed from and is composed primarily of the matter of that astronomical body.
Landforms may be natural or anthropogenic. This term has often has loose usage when referencing entities which are either subterranean or submerged below water bodies. In some cases, oceans themselves are considered landforms. Here, we have provided subclasses to resolve this ambiguity, but place oceans and other water bodies elsewhere.In later revisions, this hiearchy is likely to be reordered based on the formation processes of the entities within it.
landform
A disposition of a material entity which is realised when it is saturated with liquid water.
water-holding capacity
A mass of solid material which is either 1) a minute fragment of a larger mass or 2) one of a collection of small masses composing an aggregate.
particle
A particle which 1) is composed primarily of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals, in turn composed of aluminium and silicon ions bonded into tiny, thin plates by interconnecting oxygen and hydroxide ions, and 2) is or was part of a portion of clay.
clay particle
particle of clay
A material transport process which arises spontaneously due to physical heterogeneities in a portion of a material and forces which act throughout its volume.
Most commonly, convective flows are generated by heterogeneities in density or the effects of gravity. When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection frequently occurs in fluids, but may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow.
convective transport process
A physical quality of a process which is characteristic of processes that transport material within a volume due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces across that volume.
convective
A physical quality of a process which is characteristic of process that transport material without, themselves, changing the qualities of those materials or the processes that are unfolding within them.
advective
A material transport process during which material moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
diffusion
Diffusion is also applied to the movement of energy, thus the more specific label. This class will be repositioned (but with the core of its definition intact) if we include other forms of diffusion in ENVO.
material diffusion process
An organic material which is primarily composed of some natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood, a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of amniotic fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of excreta, bodily fluids consisting of matter which contains the waste products of biological processes, including urine or feces, discharged from an organism's body.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of bile, a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.
An environmental material that is the non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something is burned.
ash
A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock.
The primary uranium ore mineral is uraninite
Dust which is derived from mineral material.
Dust which is composed of fibrous material.
Dust which is composed primarily of some metallic material.
Dust which is derived from clay material.
Dust that comes from grain and all the other substances associated with its cultivation & harvesting.
A gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale.
Any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects.
the residue powder that is derived from the combustion of wood.
wood ash
Ash that is produced from the burning of coal.
coal ash
A human construction which is used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions.
nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor which is used as a source of power.
nuclear power reactor
fluid environmental material
A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants.
This is a convenience class for organisation and should not be used for annotation.
environmental system process
A type of land degradation in which terrestrial ecosystem becomes increasingly dry, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
desertification
A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water.
flooding
GEMET: http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3301
A process which occurs within an atmosphere.
This class will be populated by inference and is primarily organisational.
atmospheric process
A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.
greenhouse effect
A process which diminishes the functioning of an ecosystem located on land.
An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised.
This could include, for example, reducing soil health, pollinator activity, or an ecosystem's ability to sequester carbon.
An ecosystem process during which the flora and fauna belonging to a forest are removed or destroyed.
To be populated through inference. Do not use for annotation.
A process during which the populations in a community of algae in a marine or freshwater ecosystem undergo rapid growth, resulting in high concentrations of algal cells that occur only periodically and briefly in that ecosystem, relative to their concentrations through the majority of the planetary orbital period.
This class is under development. Note that cyanobacterial blooms are often confused with algal blooms. There is no globally recognised threshold beyond which community density enters a bloom state.
To be ceded to external ontology (e.g. pco)
TODO; add axioms pointing to GO organismal process; Add axioms pointing to toxin role
accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process
degradation of toxins from algal bloom process
A process during which humans apply technology to alter the magnitude, duration, rate, or impact of an environmental process.
Relabel the obo foundry unique label to be generic process
anthropogenic modulatory intervention process
An environmental process which is driven by the action of humans.
An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one part of a planet's crust, transporting it to another location where it is deposited.
An environmental process which has water - in any of its states - as a participant.
This classes asserted subclasses will be moved away as it should be an inferred class.
An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment.
Pollutants may be material or immaterial (e.g. heat energy)
A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into water.
A pollution process during which plastic contaminants are released into an environmental material.
A planned process during which the amount of pollutants released into an environmental system is regulated.
A pollution process that results in increased levels of pollutants in an urban environment.
A physical process during which atoms, molecules, or other consituents of a material entity are forced closer together.
compaction process
A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, increases.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material accumulation process ends a material transport process.
material accumulation process
A process during which material is displaced from its original location and transported either to a new location or back to the original location.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation.
material transport process
A depression which is part of a planetary crust, is of geographic scale, and is partially or completely enclosed.
The general semantics of depression and geographic basin are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
geographic basin
A process during which a mass composed of one or more environmental materials, present within a given site, decreases.
material decumulation process
Sediment which has been transported through the marine water column, settling on the seafloor.
Particles of marine sediment are primarily generated by 1) processes in terrestrial systems and transported to the marine realm by the action of rivers or aeolian processes (amongst other routes) , 2) marine organisms, 3) chemical processes in seawater, or 4) cosmogeneous input.
marine sediment
A material accumulation process during which solid particles are pulled through a water body by gravitation or centrifugal force and which ends when they settle on a solid surface.
sedimentation in a water body
A process during which a portion of some environmental material is converted into a different material or a collection of materials.
A different material transformation process class (or similarly named class) pertaining to the conversion of a specific chemical into another belongs in CHEBI and or REX ontologies.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material transformation process only refers to ENVO:environmental material classes (e.g. bulk and typically impure substances), rather than transformations converting a specific chemical into another.
material transformation process
A desublimation process during which water vapour is frozen into water ice.
desublimation of water vapour into ice
Permafrost which contains pockets of trapped methane gas.
It would probably be better to assert parthood between the permafrost and cavities filled with gas rather than the gases themselves.
Other hydrocarbon gasses such as carbon dioxide may also be present. These pockets can be sufficently large that the permafrost surface will undulate when pressure is applied.
methane-laden permafrost
A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere.
gas emission process
A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere.
Some hydrocarbon gasses within the atmosphere contribute to the planetary green house gas effect by increasing absorption of solar energy.
hydrocarbon gas emission process
A hydrocarbon gas emission process during which a portion of methane gas is transported into the atmosphere.
Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
methane gas emission process
A solid astronomical body part which is primarily composed of a continuous mass of snow and/or ice.
Place holder class. Also the axiom should be changed to something along the lines of 'primairly composed of’ some ‘environmental material’ and ‘has quality’ frozen once PATO:frozen is imported.
cryoform
snow mass
The concentration of nitrate and nitrite when measured in liquid water.
liquid water nitrate and nitrite concentration
concentration of nitrate and nitrite in liquid water
A water-based rainfall process during which water droplets with increased acidity fall towards a planetary surface.
On Earth, the acidity of raindrops is typically increased through interactions of water molecules with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide, released into the atmosphere by natural or anthropogenic processes.
acid rainfall
Water-based rain which has increased acidity.
acidic water-based rain
An astronomical body part which is composed primarily of environmental materials in their frozen form.
For the moment the definition links to liquid water but in the future we might need to link to other materials for other planets, e.g., Mars. Need to make this planet agnostic. Might want to not have the definition link to years as some astronomical body parts might not be in systems with years. Note that in a strict sense, rocks are also frozen but in a practical sense we use terms like "solidified". This maybe something to revist if we add more astrogelogical content.
The term refers collectively to the portions of the earth (i.e., a planet) where water is in solid form, including snow cover, floating ice, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, seasonally frozen ground and perennially frozen ground (permafrost). The Cryosphere may be divided into the cryoatmosphere, the cryohydrosphere (snow cover, glaciers, and river, lake and sea Ice) and the cryolithosphere (perennially and seasonally cryotic ground, rock glacier). This is an Earth centric definition, other cryospheres will be considered later. Some definitions reffer to that which is sufficiently cold for pure water to freeze for at least a part of each year. It should be noted that "Some authorities exclude the earth's atmosphere from the Earth's Cryosphere; others restrict the term Cryosphere to the regions of the earth's crust where Permafrost exists." Definitions of Cryosphere come from several glossaries including: - PhysicalGeography.net http://physicalgeography.net/ - van Everdingen, Robert, ed., 2005 (1998 revised May 2005). Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology. [https://globalcryospherewatch.org/reference/glossary_docs/Glossary_of_Permafrost_and_Ground-Ice_IPA_2005.pdf] - American Meteorological Society, 2015. Glossary of Meteorology [online], Available at: http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page. [Accessed 27/01/2017]. - EU Climate-ADAPT (The European Climate Adaptation Platform), no date, Glossary, Available from: http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/glossary - IPCC, 2014: Annex II: Glossary [Agard, J., Schipper, E. L. F., (ed.)]. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Birkmann, J., Campos, M., Dubeux, C., Nojiri, Y., Olsson, L., Osman-Elasha, B., Pelling, M., Prather, M. J., Rivera-Ferre M. G., Ruppel, O. C., Sallenger, A., Smith, K. R., St. Clair, A. L.,]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. [Link] - NSIDC, The National Snow and Ice Data Center glossary is available at https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary, Last accessed [26/01/2016]. - Trombotto, D., P. Wainstein & L. Arenson, 2014, Guía Terminológica de la Geocriología Sudamericana” / “Terminological Guide of the South American Geocryology, 1a ed. 128 pp. [Link] - UNESCO-WMO, 2012, International Glossary of Hydrology, 3rd edition, WMO-No. 385. [Link]
cryosphere
Snowfall which has an increased rate.
intense snowfall
heavy snow
intense snow
This generally means snowfall accumulating to 4 inches or more in depth in 12 hours or less; or snowfall accumulating to 6 inches or more in depth in 24 hours or less. In forecasts, snowfall amounts are expressed as a range of values, e.g., "8 to 12 inches." However, in heavy snow situations where there is considerable uncertainty concerning the range of values, more appropriate phrases are used, such as "...up to 12 inches..." or alternatively "...8 inches or more...".
heavy snowfall
An acoustic radiation process during which waves that transmit sound energy at frequencies above 20 kHz are emitted by a source.
An infrared radiation during which waves with frequencies between 30 THz and 120 THz and with wavelengths between 10 micrometers and 2.5 micrometers are emitted by a source.
An infrared radiation during which waves with frequencies between 120 THz and 400 THz and with wavelengths between 2.5 micrometers and 750 nanometers are emitted by a source.
An infrared radiation which consists of waves with frequencies between 300 GHz and 30 THz and with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 micrometers are emitted by a source.
A human construction in which healthcare is provided.
health facility
medical facility
healthcare facility
An environmental material consisting of organic matter from plants and/or animals that is used in agriculture as fertilizer.
animal manure
compost
farm slurry
green manure
liquid manure
Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure.
Dust which is 1) generated when wood is processed and 2) composed primarily of cellulose, polyoses, and lignin.
Wood dust is typically generated through processes where wood is chipped, sawed, turned, drilled or sanded. The chemical composition of wood dust depends on the species of tree. Wood dust is not typically produced for specific uses. However, it is used commercially for wood composts. The primary routes of potential human exposure to wood dust are inhalation and dermal contact. It is known to be a human carcinogen.
wood dust
A hydraulic fluid which is 1) used in hydraulic brake and hydraulic clutch applications in vehicles to amplify braking force and 2) composed primarily of ethylene glycol, polyglycols, silicone fluids, and isobutyl alcohol.
brake fluid
Fluid used for valve operation, brake band friction, and gear lubrication within an automatic vehicle transmission.
automatic transmission fluid
An environmental system process during which populations have reduced access to food, causing increased hunger, malnutrition, and consequent mortality.
A medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery.
Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water.
hydraulic fluid
A lubricant for internal combustion engines which 1) reduces friction and wear 2) cleans the engine 3) neutralizes acids 4) improves sealing of piston rings, and 5) cools the engine.
motor oil
A liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel.
diesel fuel
A clear petroleum-derived flammable liquid which is used as fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
Gasoline consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
gasoline
A gas which results from the incomplete or complete combustion of diesel fuel.
diesel exhaust
A gas which results from the complete or incomplete combustion of gasoline fuel.
gasoline exhaust
A coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied
dye
Pigments carried by solvents or water which are applied to leather to be absorbed into the pores of the leather to deposit coloration.
leather dye
Dyes used for the coloration or brightening of paper.
paper dye
Dyes utilized for coloring textiles such as wool or cellulose fibers.
Textile dyes may include acid dyes, substantive dyes, mordant dues, sulfur dyes, azoic dyes, and disperse dyes.
textile dye
A black or colored ink which is 1) used for writing, printing, and drawing and 2) made from fine soot (lampblack) and water.
India ink
A polysaccharide that functions as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener in mixtures.
xanthan gum
A naturally occurring plant-based gum, which functions as a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble mixture of polysaccharides that absorbs water to become a gel/paste.
Tragacanth has many uses, including as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer, and texturant additive for foods, pharmaceuticals, and art materials.
tragacanth
Water based ink intended for use with fountain ink pens.
fountain pen ink
A solid or highly viscous plant or synthetic based substance that is typically convertible into polymers.
resin
A liquid, powder, spray, or granule used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells, and clutter on surfaces.
cleaning agent
A cleaning agent which 1) contains organic solvents and 2) dissolves oils and fats for the removal of grease.
degreaser
A clear transparent hard protective film or finish, primarily used for wood finishing applications.
Varnish is traditionally composed of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
varnish
A varnish containing a natural, plant- or insect-derived substance dissolved in a solvent, called spirit varnish or solvent varnish.
resin (gum) varnish
A resin secreted by the female lac bug, which is dissolved in alcohol to be used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze, and wood finish.
shellac
A category of hard and potentially shiny (clear or colored) finishes which can be applied to materials including wood or metal.
lacquer
A solvent that can dissolve paint and reduce viscosity of paint or "thin" it.
Paint thinners can aid in removal of paint from brushes, rollers, or in spill cleanup.
paint thinner
A liquid, gel, or paste that can be mixed into acrylic paint to alter paint consistency and properties.
acrylic paint medium
A paint thinner specific for altering the viscosity of enamel paints.
enamel thinner
A solvent used to thin oil-based paints or clean up after their use.
oil paint thinner
A paint product which adheres to surfaces and forms a binding layer, preparing it to receive paint.
primer (paint)
A smooth, durable vitreous coating which is made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate.
Enamel can be used on metal, glass, ceramics, stone, or any material able to withstand the fusing temperature. Enamel is made by 1) firing, melting the powder and 2) allowing allowing it to flow across a surface to then harden.
vitreous enamel
A slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil.
oil-based paint
A water soluble, fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion.
acrylic paint
A paint that exhibits luminescence, giving off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.
luminescent paint
A fluid obtained by the distillation of resin harvested from living trees, primarily used as a solvent.
turpentine
A flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.
Light and heavy varieties may consist of distinct quantities of carbon atoms per molecule.
naphtha
Dust which is composed of minerals and trace elements, generated by finely crushed rock.
Rock dust is widely used in mining to prevent coal dust explosions, or in agriculture for organic farming uses.
rock dust
Any material containing unstable atoms that emit ionizing radiation as it decays.
radioactive material
An environmental material which is primarily composed of cyanoacrolate.
Cyanoacrylates have industrial, medical, and household uses. A strong fast-acting adhesive which is an ester of cyanoacrylic acid.
volume of cyanoacrylate
OBSOLETE A compound utilized for the production of plastics or polymers.
This term is ambigious, as it could refer to the compound the plastic is (supposed to be) made of, additives, contaminants, etc. Please instead directly refer to the compound of interest.
obsolete plastic production compound
A preparation with dye or pigment used to deposit coloration to a substrate.
stain
A stain which has colorants dissolved and/or suspended in a vehicle or solvent, used to add color to wood.
Wood stain is designed to add color to substrates, while still leaving some of the substrate visible.
wood stain
An environmental material which is composed of elastic polymers mixed in a solvent.
cow gum
Solvents typically used include acetone, hexane, heptane or toluene.
rubber cement
An environmental material which is 1) composed primarily of methyl cellulose and water, and 2) formulated to fix wallpaper to walls.
wallpaper adhesive
wallpaper paste
An environmental material which is 1) manufactured and 2) primarily composed of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, and 3) when applied to hair, can alter the natural hair pigments for 6-8 weeks.
hair color
permanent hair dye
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured and 2) composed of alcohol, titanium dioxide, and propylene glycol.
pharmaceutical ink
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured and 2) composed of copper phthalocyanine, iron oxides, water, and biopolymers.
gel ink
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured and 2) primarily composed of soybean oil, as well as pigment, resin, and wax.
soy ink
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured, 2) primarily composed of water, as well as glycol, and dye, and 3) intended for use in inkjet printers.
aqueous inkjet printer ink
An environmental material which is composed primarily of gases and particles produced by the combustion of petroleum fuels.
emissions from petroleum combustion
A liquid environmental material which 1) contains at least one substance which can act as a chemical colorant.
colorant fluid
A function which is realised by a chemical when applied to a material, such that it alters the material's colour.
chemical colorant
To be revised when we have information about the real definition. The definitions given by WMO cloud atlas are entered as comment, as these are not the defining features of the levels but the result of whatever it is that defines the levels (I assume temperature, density, etc. but have not yet found clear information about this). The german wikipedia page notes layers that coincide with the extent of the low étage, however, I have not yet seen further mention of them elsewhere and am thus hesitant about adding them.
low étage
A part of the troposphere which extends from the Earth's surface to 2 km (0 - 6500 ft) height.
low atmospheric level
To be revised when we have information about the real definition. The definitions given by WMO cloud atlas are entered as comment, as these are not the defining features of the levels but the result of whatever it is that defines the levels (I assume temperature, density, etc. but have not yet found clear information about this).
middle étage
A part of the troposphere which extends from 2 km to 4 km (6 500 – 13 000 ft) height in the polar region, from 2 km to 7 km (6 500 – 23 000 ft) height in the temperate region, and from 2 km to 8 km (6 500 – 25 000 ft) height in the tropical region.
middle atmospheric level
high étage
A part of the troposphere which extends from 3 km to 8 km (10 000 – 25 000 ft) height in the polar region, from 5 km to 13 km (16 500 – 45 000 ft) height in the temperate region, and from 6 km to 18 km (20 000 – 60 000 ft) height in the tropical region.
high atmospheric level
A part of a cloud.
This definition is practical but may need refinement.
cloud part
A cloud part which is closest to the surface of the astronomical body local to the cloud.
cloud base
A cloud part which is furthest from the surface of the astronomical body local to the cloud.
cloud top
A water ice crystal which is constituted by water molecules aligned in a hexagonal array.
snowflake
snow crystal
Snow crystals and snowflakes are often noted as synonyms, however, the term "snowflake" is generally used more loosely. Some sites mention that snow crystals refer to individual crystals of ice, while the term "snowflake" can refer both to an individual crystal of ice and to a bundle of snow crystals. Please see here [https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/998#issuecomment-685649444]
Sediment which contains some chemical contaminant.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/1102 for a possible design pattern. Uses undesirability standard, compared to polluted river's ecological impact standard. What is the relation to ENVO:00002114 'chemically enriched sediment'? Does 'element' in the definition refer to something found in the periosic table (like selenium) or the member of some set, aka an entity?
chemically contaminated sediment
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in soil.
concentration of carbon dioxide in soil
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in air.
concentration of carbon dioxide in air
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in freshwater.
concentration of carbon dioxide in freshwater
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in seawater.
concentration of carbon dioxide in seawater
A surface layer which is composed primarily of soil.
soil surface layer
A material accumulation process during which atmospheric carbon dioxide is captured and stored.
carbon sequestration process
An environnmental material which 1) is composed primarily of polymers with high molecular mass and 2) once deformed does not spontaneously return to its original shape.
Plastik
plastica
塑膠
Kunststoff
"High molecular mass" can be ambiguous as it does not set a threshold for what is considered "high". Here we make no commitment to a threshold.
plastic
In German "Kunststoff" connotes those plastics which have intentionally been shaped by some art, thus "Kunst".
A plastic which is composed primarily of polymers produced by a manufacturing process.
The corresponding subclass axiom will be added in the second phase of this project.
manufactured plastic
synthetic plastic
A layer that is composed primarily of soil.
soil layer
Texture which inheres in soil.
soil texture
Water-holding capacity which inheres in some soil.
soil water-holding capacity
water-holding capacity of soil
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom amount
amount of carbon atom in environmental material
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom concentration
concentration of carbon atom in environmental material
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a clay when measured in soil.
The concentration of a slit when measured in soil.
The concentration of a sand when measured in soil.
The concentration of a gravel when measured in soil.
The concentration of a liquid water when measured in soil.
soil moisture content
soil water content
The concentration of a salt when measured in soil.
The temperature of some environmental material.
The quality of a environmental system process.
The concentration of a nitrate when measured in soil.
soil pH
The concentration of a nitrate when measured in groundwater.
The pressure of some atmospheric water vapour.
A hydrological precipitation process with a reduced rate relative to some historical average, typically resulting in ecosystemic perturbations.
Drought is often defined as a temporal period of below-average precipitation, however, representing it as a temporal entity seems insufficient.
drought
A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process
The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties
A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices.
A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system.
An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates.
The generation of energy for use by humans
A disposition which is realized during the execution of work, the emission of heat, or the possession of mass.
Consider replacing with PATO class; note that PATO class is not a disposition. This should likely go into OBO Core and also have a physicist look at it.
Energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
Energy which is realised through motion.
Energy which is the sum of 1) kinetic energy and 2) potential energy.
potential energy that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus (and nuclear reactions).
Potential energy which is stored in the fields of propagated by electromagnetic radiation.
Kinetic energy which is realised through the microscopic motion of particles.
A form of disordered mechanical energy.
Thermal energy which propagates through a solid (typically rocky) astronomical body.
Often, this term is used specifically for thermal energy spreading from heat sources (e.g. magma chambers, the planetary core) within the Earth. However, it is also used for extraterrestrial bodies.
A power station which burns a fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or petroleum to produce electricity.
hydrocarbon-based environmental material
An environment which is determined by an anatomical entity.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted when molecules change their rotational-vibrational movements, usually at wavelengths between 760 nm and 1 mm.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.
A radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons as they fall into a lower state of energy.
A radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the radioactive decay (gamma decay) of atomic nuclei.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms.
The concentration of Adenosine 5-triphosphate when measured in liquid water.
liquid water Adenosine 5-triphosphate concentration
concentration of Adenosine 5-triphosphate in liquid water
The concentration of beta-carotene when measured in liquid water.
liquid water beta-carotene concentration
concentration of beta-carotene in liquid water
The concentration of carotene when measured in liquid water.
concentration of carotene in liquid water
The concentration of dioxygen when measured in liquid water.
concentration of dioxygen in liquid water
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide when measured in liquid water.
liquid water hydrogen peroxide concentration
concentration of hydrogen peroxide in liquid water
The concentration of hydrogen sulfide when measured in liquid water.
liquid water hydrogen sulfide concentration
concentration of hydrogen sulfide in liquid water
The concentration of methane when measured in liquid water.
concentration of methane in liquid water
The concentration of nitrate when measured in liquid water.
concentration of nitrate in liquid water
The concentration of nitrite when measured in liquid water.
concentration of nitrite in liquid water
The concentration of nitrous oxide when measured in liquid water.
liquid water nitrous oxide concentration
concentration of nitrous oxide in liquid water
The concentration of phosphate when measured in liquid water.
concentration of phosphate in liquid water
The concentration of nitrate when measured in sea water.
The concentration of phosphate when measured in sea water.
The concentration of nitrite when measured in sea water.
The concentration of carbon atom when measured in sea water.
concentration of carbon atom in sea water
The concentration of chloroflurocarbon when measured in sea water.
sea water chloroflurocarbon concentration
concentration of chloroflurocarbon in sea water
The concentration of sulfur hexafluoride when measured in sea water.
sea water sulfur hexafluoride concentration
concentration of sulfur hexafluoride in sea water
The concentration of calcium carbonate when measured in sea water.
sea water calcium carbonate concentration
concentration of calcium carbonate in sea water
The concentration of dioxygen when measured in sea water.
The concentration of urea when measured in liquid water.
The concentration of oxygen when measured in soil.
The concentration of manganese molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil manganese molecular entity concentration
concentration of manganese molecular entity in soil
The concentration of iron molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil iron molecular entity concentration
concentration of iron molecular entity in soil
The concentration of aluminium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil aluminium molecular entity concentration
concentration of aluminium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of magnesium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil magnesium molecular entity concentration
concentration of magnesium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of sodium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil sodium molecular entity concentration
concentration of sodium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of organophosphorus compound when measured in soil.
soil organophosphorus compound concentration
concentration of organophosphorus compound in soil
The concentration of phosphorus molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil phosphorus molecular entity concentration
concentration of phosphorus molecular entity in soil
The concentration of calcium carbonate when measured in soil.
concentration of calcium carbonate in soil
The concentration of organic molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil organic molecular entity concentration
concentration of organic molecular entity in soil
An agent, stimulus, activity, or event that causes stress or tension on an organism and interacts with an exposure_receptor during an exposure event.
An entity (e.g., a human, human population, or a human organ) that interacts with an exposure stressor during an exposure event.
An interaction between an exposure stressor and an exposure_receptor.
The way people or other living organisms come into contact with a stressor.
The process of taking a material (e.g., stressor) into the mouth or body.
A method of putting liquid into the body with a syringe and a hollow needle that punctures the skin.
A route by which an exposure to a pregnant female causes an outcome in the fetus that might be observed long after birth
A process of cutting food into smaller pieces, chunks or slices.
food cutting process
Food material for humans and animals which is processed with the intention that it be consumable as a whole or added to other food products.
Foodon product type
The FoodOn "food product" class is provided as a branch under which new food product categories and food products themselves can be placed. Here classes are provided to differentiate a food product by its food composition, processing and/or consumption characteristics. This avoids brand name products but it may include generic food dish categories. It has a much greater depth and polyhierarchy than other agency product type schemes have in an effort to group related products together. The upper level basis of this tree originated in the environment ontology (ENVO) and from the US Code of Federal Regulations.
food product
A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals.
mammalian meat food product
A processed meat food product that is made from a sausage.
sausage food product
A hot dog is a moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from advanced meat recovery or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun.
hotdog
frankfurter
hot dog
processed meat food product
Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.
cheese
cheese food product
A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
yoghourt
yoghurt
yougert
The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as yogurt cultures. The fermentation of lactose by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and characteristic tart flavor.
yogurt food product
This class includes food products which are derived from or produced by a plant.
plant food product
Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green or purple biennial plant, grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
cabbage food product
A food product made from domestic pig meat (Sus domesticus or Sus scrofa scrofa).
pork
pork meat food product
A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked.
cured meat food product
chicken meat food product
Meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle (cows).
beef food product
A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream.
ice cream
ice cream food product
A seafood product is a vertebrate or invertibrate organism from an aquatic environment.
Some of the subclasses are currently freshwater organisms.
animal seafood product
fermented dairy food product
fermented fish or seafood food product
sea water fish food product
A fine powder made from cereals or other starchy food sources.
flour food product
A food product derived from plant fruit.
plant fruit food product
Any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that may be cured and/or smoked.
bacon food product
fermented fruit food product
A food produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans, with salt and the mold koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae).
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430144) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'fermentation/modification process, multiple component' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460128) * formed as a result of 'salted' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460173) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104)
miso food product
A food product having fermented soyabeans as a defining ingredient
fermented soybean food product
sugar condiment
A lipid material derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature.
vegetable oil food product
An oil used as a nutritional supplement and is a traditional European ethnic food, highly regarded for its nutty flavor.
flax oil
flax seed oil
linseed oil
Food-grade flaxseed oil is cold-pressed, obtained without solvent extraction, in the absence of oxygen, and marketed as edible flaxseed oil.[wikipedia]
flaxseed oil
corn flour food product
A food product which is derived from or produced by an animal that has a vertibrae.
vertebrate animal food product
cereal grain food product
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253)
fermented beverage
A food product made from an avian egg.
avian egg food product
bovine dairy food product
cattle dairy food product
bovine cheese food product
cow milk cheese
A food product made from domesticated bird meat.
poultry meat food product
Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domesticus or Sus domesticus, in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa.
porcine meat
swine food product
A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish.
condiment
condiment food product
bovine meat food product
A beverage product derived from leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis).
"While fermentation is also referred to in the production of brewed teas, this is inaccurate. Some herbal teas on the market today include probiotic cultures alongside tea leaves to maintain gut health but the tea itself hasn't been fermented. Most dried teas however don't use live cultures at all during production. Instead, harvested tea leaves undergo a natural chemical process known as oxidation, which also changes the color, flavor and level of health benefits in the resulting brew." [https://eatcultured.com/blogs/our-awesome-blog/fermented-tea]
tea based beverage product
coffee and coffee products
coffee based beverage product
wheat food product
A food product deriving primarily from corn (maize).
maize food product
maize (corn) food product
A food product consisting of an edible fungi or mushroom or yeast.
fungus food product
yeast food product
tuber
solanaceous root food product
A food product derived from or produced by a plant root.
plant root food product
A potato food product is any product derived from potatoes.
potato food product
Food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well.
confectionery food product
cucurbit fruit food product
A citrus fruit is botanically classified as a type of berry called a hesperidium that has a thick, leathery rind, with numerous oil glands, and a large flesh portion composed of several wedge-shaped sections. Unlike pome fruit, such as the apple, the citrus fruit is derived from a superior ovary, an ovary completely separate from the calyx.
citrus
citrus fruit food product
The fleshy fruit (false berry) of a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae.
melon fruit food product
muskmelon (Cucumis melo) fruit food product
Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) var. lanatus) and citron melons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.)
citrullus lanatus fruit food product
pomes
pomaceous fruit food product
solanaceous fruit food product
A food product deriving from one or more tomatoes.
tomato food product
solanaceous food product
plant inflorescence food product
cruciferous food product
grape berry food product
cruciferous inflorescence food product
The default nut product is a whole, raw nut - meaning that the kernel is whole, and moderately or significantly dried, but not baked. Minimal references to nuts often leave ambiguous whether the shell is on or off. "I ate a peanut" doesn't clarify whether I ate a shell-off nut or whether I did the shelling.
nut food product
plant seed food product
plant lipid food product
plant stem food product
invertebrate animal food product
insect food product
honey food product
Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked.
prepared
prepared food product
cooked
food (cooked)
bread food product
rice food product
common oat food product
oat food product
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Pisum.
dry pea food product
PULSES are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod. They are used for both food and feed. The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes.
pulse
pulses
pulse food product
wheat flour food product
A food made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts.
pasta food product
A confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavorings and colorants are added.
candy food product
A food product derived from Theobroma cacao.
cocoa and cocoa products
cacao food product
A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization.
sweet cream
cream food product
bee food product
A sausage made with fresh meats, and then fully cooked.
sausage (cooked)
A fruit product that has been prepared and canned or bottled for long term storage. The preparation of fruit preserves traditionally involves the use of pectin as a gelling agent, although sugar or honey may be used as well.
fruit preserve or jam food product
A product made with whole fruit, cut into pieces or crushed. The fruit is heated with water and sugar to activate the pectin in the fruit. The mixture is then put into containers.
jam food product
A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche.
creamy salad dressing
A stable emulsion of oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Egg yolk is the traditional emulsifier.
mayonnaise food product
processed pork meat food product
A vegetable product such as leaves, flowers, seeds and roots that is rich in essential oils and aromatic principles. Used mainly a a condiment.
herb and spice
herb or spice
spice or herb
animal lipid food product
A brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant.
coffee beverage
A beverage prepared from the cured leaves of Camellia sinensis by combination with hot or boiling water.
tea beverage (liquid)
A fish food product includes products made from any fish species (aquatic vertebrate with gills and fins).
fish food product
avian food product
plant derived beverage
plant derived fermented beverage
nonfermented plant derived beverage product
A dairy food product has mammilian milk or a milk component as an ingredient.
dairy product
milk product
dairy food product
milk or milk based food product
Are all fermented foods considered preserved to some extent?
food (fermented)
Any plant food product which, typically, is constituted by intact parts from one or more annual plants cultivated as field and garden crops in the open and under glass, and used almost exclusively for food.
vegetable food product
Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits.
botanical fruit food product
A one-celled fruit (pod) usually dehiscing down both sutures, and having the seed attached along a ventral suture. (Roubik 1995)
legume
legume food product
A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves.
Regarding American regulatory aspects of egg products, see this summary: https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/03/crazy-us-chicken-egg-regulation-graphic-000077
egg food product
A hen egg food product is any food product consisting mainly of hen eggs or derivatives.
hen egg food product
A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit.
cake food product
A ground beef product is made of beef that has been finely chopped with a knife or a meat grinder (American English) or mincing machine (British English). Ground beef is used in many recipes including hamburgers and spaghetti Bolognese.
beef mince
ground beef
ground beef food product
A food product from a category of domestic birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers including fowl such as chickens, turkeys, and waterfowls such as domestic ducks and geese and other meat birds such as pigeons and doves and games birds including pheasants.
poultry food product
A turkey meat food product is any food product made predominantly of turkey parts.
turkey meat food product
Cantaloupe (also known as muskmelon (India and the United States), mushmelon, rockmelon (in Australian states and in New Zealand), sweet melon, spanspek (South Africa), or capuchin (Scotland) refers to a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family.
cantaloupe fruit food product
A sauce for a salad.
salad dressing
shellfish food product
A fermentation process in which either carbohydrates, proteins or fats are modified through microbial, enzymatic and/or other biological process.
food fermentation
Fermented meat product is any product made primarily of meat subjected to a fermentation process.
fermented meat product
Fermented vegetable
tuaw jaew
Food trimmings are the parts removed from the culinary trimming of unwanted or inedible parts (i.e. sinews, skin, fat etc.) from meat, fish poultry or vegetables. Trimmings are used for making stocks, soups and sauces.
Gregory Harhay
trim
trimmings
food trimming
albacore food product
An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar.
alcoholic beverage
almond food product
animal based refined or partially-refined food product
animal product sandwich
animal product sausage
apple condiment
apple food product
apple preserve or jam food product
A food product deriving from one or more apricots.
apricot food product
apricot preserve or jam food product
A food product deriving from one or more avocados.
avocado food product
bakery food product
A plant fruit food product derived from a banana tree (genus Musa).
banana food product
A bean vegetable food product is a human or animal food product - such as a snap, shell or dry bean product - derived from the fruit pod, seed, or leaf of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae.
Note, this was previously labelled "Bean (vegetable) food product". We have been listing both dry and freshly harvested moist beans here, so have broadened the name scope.
bean food product
beet food product
berry food product
blueberry food product
blueberry preserve or jam food product
bluefish food product
broccoli food product
brussels sprout food product
butter product analog
cabbage juice food product
A cabbage vegetable food product is a food product derived from the head or leaf portion of a cabbage plant.
cabbage head food product
carrot juice food product
carrot food product
cashew nut food product
cattle cured meat food product
cattle sandwich
A cattle sausage food product is derived from cattle meat
cattle sausage food product
A food product that derives from a cauliflower plant.
cauliflower food product
A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran
cereal product
subset_siren
cereal food product
cheese product analog
A food product which normally exists as an ingredient to another food product, rather than eaten on its own, and is more complex than a chemical food component.
food product component
chocolate candy food product
chocolate product analog
citrus preserve or jam food product
coconut beverage
cod food product
collard food product
common bean food product
common oat cereal food product
cookie food product
vegetable corn food product
cow milk based food product
cow milk butter food product
cow milk cream food product
crustacean food product
dairy dessert food product
dairy product analog
Damion Dooley's note: This category was created to organize SIREN inspired food products. It will probably get merged with the upper level 'dietary supplement' food product type items.
dietary or therapeutic formulation food product
dill
dill food product
doughnut food product
durum wheat product catgeory
egg substitute
egg product analog
A food product deriving from one or more eggplants.
eggplant food product
fermented cereal beverage
fish refined food product
food flavoring or seasoning product
linseed food product
flaxseed food product
flax vegetable food product
food dressing product
stuffing
food filling product
food product analog
This is a working folder that holds LanguaL SIREN database product types that need to be reviewed for placement within the food product hierarchy.
food product type (to be processed)
food supplement food product
frozen dairy dessert
frozen dairy food product
frozen yogurt food product
fruit based alcoholic beverage
fruit jelly food product
ginger
ginger food product
ginseng plant food product
grain based alcoholic beverage
grain based bakery food product
grapefruit food product
gravy or sauce
green bean food product
green bell pepper food product
haddock food product
hard wheat food product
hemp food product
hot pepper spice food product
red pepper
hot pepper food product
human milk based food product
A food product made from a kale plant.
kale food product
Lamb meat food product is a meat product taken from a lamb, a sheep less than a year old.
lamb meat food product
lentil vegetable food product
A lima bean vegetable food product is any food product derived primarily from lima beans.
lima bean food product
lobster food product
macaroni or noodle food product
A food product made from margarine.
margarine food product
meat product analog
melon food product
milk based gravy or sauce food product
milk based product analog
milk beverage analog
mollusk food product
mollusc food product
mustard food product
nonalcoholic beverage
olive fat or oil refined food product
onion flavouring food product
onion food product
palm vegetable food product
pancake or waffle food product
peach butter food product
A food product deriving from one or more peaches.
peach food product
A food product having peanuts as an ingredient.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
peanut food product
pear food product
A food product deriving from one or more sweet or hot peppers.
pepper vegetable food product
pie food product
plant based bakery food product
plant-based candy
plant based gravy or sauce food product
plant based meat product analog
plant based refined or partially-refined food product
An edible plant fat or oil product with characteristics that consumers desire such as bland flavour and odour, clear appearance, light colour, stability to oxidation and suitability for frying, and which is the result of a refining process that removes free fatty acids.
plant fat or oil refined food product
plant floret vegetable food product
A plant fruit food product which is labeled (in common language or by regulation) as a vegetable food product.
plant fruit as vegetable food product
plant head vegetable food product
plant leaf vegetable food product
plant product dressing
food product by consumer group
A food product harvested from underground plant parts.
plant root vegetable food product
plant seed based bakery food product
plant seed vegetable food product
plant stem or spear vegetable food product
plant sweetener
preserved
food (preserved)
A food product deriving from one or more plums.
plum fruit food product
A prepared hen egg product is a product predominantly made of hen egg that has been cooked and may only require defrosting or reheating for consumption.
prepared hen egg product
raspberry preserve or jam
raspberry food product
red bell pepper food product
refined or partially-refined food product
rice based alcoholic beverage
salmon food product
A sandwich food product is a food product used to create a sandwich. This includes bread as a container, and sandwich ingredients and spreads.
sandwich food product
scallop food product
sheep meat food product
shrimp food product
soft drink food product
soybean based meat product analog
soybean seed (field) food product
A soybean food product is a product derived from the soybean plant.
soy product
soybean food product
A food product made from spinach.
spinach food product
A food product deriving from one or more squashes.
squash food product
steeped beverage product
stone fruit food product
strawberry food product
strawberry preserve or jam
sugar based cacao food product
sugar beet sweetener food product
sugar beet food product
sweet potato food product
sweetener food product
pork cured meat food product
swine sausage
swordfish food product
tomato based gravy or sauce food product
tomato juice food product
tomato substance
tuna food product
uncured cow milk cheese food product
vegetable based gravy or sauce food product
vitamin and mineral food supplement food product
vitamin as food supplement food product
A food product derived from one or more walnuts.
walnut food product
water based soft drink food product
A water food product is a food product derived from H20 (water) in its liquid form.
water food product
watermelon food product
wheat based bakery food product
wheat based pastry food product
wheat bread food product
wheat cereal food product
wheat cracker food product
wheat based snack food product
yam food product
A meal type is the name of an eating occasion that may have location, food type, or other customary contextual features. (Damion's 1st draft definition)
food product by meal type
A food product consisting of food material derived primarily from a single organism.
food product by organism
A food product traditionally consumed in the morning as the first meal of the day.
breakfast food
Any substance that can be consumed by an organism to satisfy nutritional or other health needs, or to provide a social or organoleptic food experience
food
foodstuff
nourishment
sustenance
This class is the top of FOODON's main food product hierarchy which is described in the https://www.foodon.org website, and can be searched in lookup services like https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/
food material
A material entity having a thickness of 0.3 to less than 1.5 cm
This is a component of a LanguaL physical state, shape or form term.
thickness of 0.3 cm to less than 1.5 cm
A material entity having a thickness of 1.5 to less than 7.0 cm
thickness of 1.5 cm to less than 7.0 cm
Note that this class doesn't commit to whether or not apple has been peeled.
apple (raw, sliced)
A zucchini food product is a food product deriving from either golden or green zucchini plant cultivars.
zucchini food product
multi-component honey product
A process involving the physical transformation of a food source or food product into some derived organic material or food product
food transformation process
Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods), mollusks (chitons, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopuses), annelids (earthworms and leeches), and cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals).[wikipedia]
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata.
animal
invertebrate animal
Raw apple is apple that has not been subject to cooking or other preservation processes other than by cold storage.
apple (raw)
A class which contains food product categories qualified by a quality such as granularity or temperature, which is useful for tasks like food inspection where little prior knowledge of how the food came to be is available. Some terms like "food (frozen)" are both a quality descriptor and the output of a process.
food product by quality
Sliced bread is an example of sliced food.
Solid food that is divided into uniformly thin pieces.
sliced food
food (sliced)
baked
baked food product
food (baked)
lobster (whole)
lobster (whole or parts)
A physical object quality which can describe an attribute of a food item or related to a food product.
food object quality
A pome fruit of an apple tree (Malus domestica).
apple
A whole apple may include a stem.
apple (whole)
fruit (sliced)
apple (sliced)
peach (whole or parts)
apricot (whole or parts)
pear (whole or parts)
carrot root (whole or parts)
A food product made from a chard plant cultivar.
chard food product
A food product consisting of food material derived from ingredients sourced from multiple organisms.
multi-ingredient
The definition of this is being discussed in issue: https://github.com/FoodOntology/foodon/issues/57 Namely, how to characterize the threshold of ingredients that make for multi-component classification? Salt, pepper, spices wouldn't normally make a food multi-component?
multi-component food product
Ham is pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing, with or without smoking. As a processed meat, the term "ham" includes both whole cuts of meat and ones that have been mechanically formed.
ham
ham food product
Dairy cattle are a type of cattle bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. This class covers both male and female members of a dairy breed.
dairy cattle
Taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus), also called European cattle, are a subspecies of domesticated cattle originating in the Near East. Both taurine cattle and indicine cattle (zebus) are descended from the aurochs. Taurine cattle were originally considered a distinct species, but are now typically grouped with zebus and aurochs into one species, Bos taurus. Most modern breeds of cattle are taurine cattle.
taurine cattle
navel orange
navel orange (whole, raw)
Carrot cake is a cake that contains carrots mixed into the batter.
carrot cake
A chocolate brownie (commonly referred to as simply brownie) is a square, baked, chocolate dessert.
brownie
chocolate brownie
An aquatic invertebrate may live entirely beneath the water, or may live upon its surface or on the plants surrounding it. Some breathe air, others breathe water. To move, they may walk, swim, float, skate, fly or glide on their bellies—or they may not move much at all.
Because snails are members of gastropod, a subclass of molluscs, ... leading to aquatic invertebrates, we can't make aquatic invertebrates disjoint with terrestrial invertebrates.
aquatic invertebrate
Aves
avian
bird
avian animal
filled
stuffed
food (filled)
A food product organized by the process which it results from.
food product by process
pasteurized
food (pasteurized)
pork food product
A lipid food product is a food product made primarily of plant or animal fat or oil
fats and oils
oils and fats
lipid food product
Quick bread is any bread leavened with leavening agents other than yeast or eggs.
quick bread
Mustard greens are leaves from a mustard plant
mustard greens
A tropical fruit food product is any fruit product derived from a tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant.
tropical fruit
tropical fruit food product
A cracker is a flat, dry baked food typically made with flour. In UK English, crackers are sometimes called water biscuits, savoury biscuits or biscuits.
savoury biscuit
water biscuit
cracker
ginger root
Kielbasa (from Polish kiełbasa)[a] is any type of meat sausage from Poland, and a staple of Polish cuisine.
polish sausage
Kielbasa
Pork sausage is sausage made with pork meat.
pork sausage
A hamburger (short: burger) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. The patty may be pan fried, grilled, or flame broiled.
burger
hamburger
beef hamburger (dish)
A roll is a small, often round loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). A bun is a small, sometimes sweet, bread, or bread roll.
Damion Dooley's note: Is bread roll semantically different from bread bun?
bread roll
bun
roll
roll or bun
A seed of a bean plant from one of several genera of the flowering plant family (Fabaceae).
Damion Dooley's note. This could be enhanced to explicitly state the anatomical parts of a seed - seed coat, cotyledons, embryo etc. Currently the Plant Ontology is not explicit about this yet.
bean
bean (whole)
Cooked bean material is the bean material output of a cooking process applied to dry, rehydrated, or raw (fresh) beans.
bean (cooked)
A bean pod is a fruit pod from a bean plant
bean pod
A green bean substance is one or more raw whole green beans that have been subjected to further processing.
green bean substance
lima bean substance
A potato substance is a whole potato transformed into some derivative food material. It doesn't include potato food products that are ready to consume or simply require thawing or reheating.
potato substance
potato prepared food
turkey egg
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'egg' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420194)
turkey egg (whole, shell on, raw)
Extra virgin olive oil is a virgin olive oil which has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.8 grams per 100 grams.
extra virgin olive oil
olive oil (extra-virgin)
A bean pod which is still tender rather than one that has reached full maturity.
edible bean pod
pea food product
1% milk
lowfat cow milk (1% fat)
lima bean (whole, raw)
The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada, is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia.
Bartlett pear plant
Williams pear plant
Williams bon chrétien pear plant
The most commonly grown variety of pear fruit in most countries outside Asia.
Bartlett pear
Williams bon chrétien pear
Williams pear (whole, raw)
Beef sausage is sausage primarily made of beef.
beef sausage
A tuna steak is a cut of fish from a tuna.
tuna cutlet
tuna steak
The poblano (Capsicum annuum) is a mild chili pepper originating in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Dried, it is called ancho or chile ancho, from the Spanish word ancho ("wide").
Emma Griffiths
ancho
ancho pepper
chile ancho
poblano
A multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organism within the kingdom Animalia.
A bell pepper is a fruits in different colours - including red, yellow, orange, green, white, and purple - from a bell pepper plant cultivar. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet peppers".
pepper
bell pepper food product
Golden zucchini is a modern hybrid summer squash (Cucurbita pepo).
gold gush zucchini
golden delight zucchini
goldfinger zucchini
yellow zucchini
golden zucchini plant
A golden or yellow zucchini is a summer squash harvested from the golden zucchini cultivar.
golden zucchini
golden zucchini squash (whole)
A drupelet berry food product is a product made from aggregated drupelet "berries" such as Raspberries and Blackberries.
druplet berry
drupelet berry food product
bramble berry food product
A pome fruit of a pear tree.
pear
pear (whole)
Pita is a family of yeast-leavened round flatbreads baked from wheat flour, common in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and neighboring areas.
pita
pitta
pita bread
Gai lan is the leaf and stem component of the gai lan plant
chinese broccoli
chinese kale
jie lan
kai-lan
gai lan
A caryopsis fruit of a common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum).
bread wheat
bread wheat kernel
About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat.
common wheat kernel
Almond milk is a plant milk manufactured from almonds with a creamy texture and nutty flavor,
almond milk
A poultry sandwich contains chicken, turkey or other poultry meat.
poultry sandwich
A burger patty that does not contain meat or any such kind of meat. These burgers may be made from ingredients like beans, especially soybeans and tofu, nuts, grains, seeds or fungi such as mushrooms or mycoprotein.
veggie burger
vegetarian burger
A food product not including meat and animal tissue products (such as gelatin or animal-derived rennet).
vegetarian food
vegetarian food product
peanut (whole or parts)
A seed of a peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea).
peanut
peanut (whole)
A traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and kōji (the fungus Aspergillus oryzae) and sometimes rice, barley, seaweed or other ingredients.
miso
skim milk (liquid)
A fisheries term for several species of demersal fish with fins, particularly Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merluccius bilinearis), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), hake (Urophycis), pollock (Pollachius), and others.
white fish
whitefish (fisheries term)
An adult female chicken.
hen
multi-component meat product
A sausage made from turkey meat
turkey sausage
echinoderm food product
A hesperidium fruit of a citrus plant (Citrus).
citrus fruit
citrus fruit (whole)
A genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants.
bok choy vegetable food product
bomdong vegetable food product
broccolini vegetable food product
chinese cabbage vegetable food product
choy sum vegetable food product
collard greens vegetable food product
gai lan vegetable food product
komatsuna vegetable food product
mizuna vegetable food product
rutabaga vegetable food product
savoy cabbage vegetable food product
tatsoi vegetable food product
cole crop vegetable food product
cruciferous vegetable food product
brassica food product
A cultivar of dry onion, that has a pure white papery skin and a sweet, mild white flesh.
white onion (whole, raw)
Food contact materials are materials that are intended to be in contact with food. These can be things that are quite obvious like a glass or a can for soft drinks as well as machinery in a food factory or a coffee machine.
food contact material
multi-component wheat food product
A seed of a ginkgo plant (Ginkgo biloba)
gingko nut
ginkgo nut
ginkgo nut (whole)
A seed of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris).
common bean
common bean (whole)
A raceme inflorescence of a broccoli plant(Brassica oleracea var. italica).
broccoli
broccoli floret (whole)
A rosette of a cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea var. capitata).
cabbage
cabbage head
A primary root of a carrot plant (Daucus carota).
carrot
carrot root (whole)
A raceme inflorescence of a cauliflower plant (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis).
cauliflower
cauliflower floret (whole)
A primary root of a sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).
sugar beet
sugar beet (whole)
A caryopsis fruit of a durum wheat plant (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum).
durum wheat
durum wheat seed
durum wheat kernel
A berry fruit of a grape plant.
de-stemmed grape
grape
grape (whole)
A caryopsis fruit of a maize plant (Zea mays subsp. mays).
corn kernel
maize kernel
A caryopsis fruit of an oat plant (Avena sativa).
oats
whole oats
An aggregate fruit of a raspberry plant.
raspberry
raspberry (whole)
A caryopsis fruit of a rice plant (Oryza sativa).
whole grain rice
brown rice
An aggregate fruit of strawberry plant (Fragaria x ananassa).
strawberry
strawberry (whole)
A tuberous root tuber of a sweet potato plant (Ipomoea batatas).
sweet potato
sweet potato (whole)
A shoot axis tuber of a yam plant (Dioscorea).
yam
yam (whole)
A drupe fruit of a coconut palm tree (Cocos nucifera).
coconut
coconut (whole)
A food product which has been separated into pieces.
food (pieces)
salmon
A drupe fruit of an apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca).
apricot
apricot (whole)
berry
drupelet berry
A drupe fruit of a plum plant.
plum
plum (whole)
A ripened red colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar.
bell pepper
capsicum
sweet pepper
sweet red bell pepper
sweet red bell pepper (whole)
A rosette leaf of a spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea)
spinach leaf
spinach leaf (whole)
A rosette of a spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea)
spinach
spinach head
A rosette leaf of a collard plant (Brassica oleracea var. viridis)
collard leaf
collard leaf (whole)
A rosette leaf of a kale plant
kale leaf
kale leaf (whole)
A rosette of a collard plant (Brassica oleracea var. viridis)
collard
collard head
A rosette leaf of a cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)
cabbage leaf
cabbage leaf (whole)
red onion (whole, raw)
A bulb of a red onion plant cultivar
red onion (whole)
A bulb of a yellow onion plant cultivar
yellow onion (whole)
A bulb of a white onion plant cultivar
white onion (whole)
A berry fruit of a pepper plant (Capsicum)
peppers
pepper (whole)
A juicy, rounded, brightly colored fruit without a stone or pit, though pips or seeds may be present.
common berry
berry (whole)
A drupe fruit of an almond plant (Prunus dulcis).
almond (whole)
A rosette leaf of a chard plant (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).
chard leaf
chard leaf (whole)
A pepo fruit varietal of a squash plant (Cucurbita).
squash
squash (whole)
A berry fruit of a blueberry plant.
blueberry
blueberry (whole)
A berry fruit in the Grossum cultivar group of a bell pepper plant.
bell pepper (whole)
An immature green colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar.
sweet green pepper
sweet green bell pepper (whole)
A mature yellow colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar.
sweet yellow pepper
sweet yellow bell pepper (whole)
A hesperidium fruit of a grapefruit tree (Citrus x paradisi).
grapefruit
grapefruit (whole)
A fruit of a tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant.
tropical fruit (whole)
A pome fruit of a williams bon chrétien pear plant, cultivar of a common pear.
Williams pear
Williams' Bon Chrétien pear
Williams pear (whole)
A pome fruit of a common pear plant (Pyrus communis)
european pear
common pear (whole)
A pepo fruit of a cantaloupe plant (Cucumis melo var. cantalupo).
cantaloupe (whole)
A fruit that develops from the merger of several ovaries that were separated in a single flower.
etaerio
aggregate fruit
A pepo fruit of a muskmelon plant (Cucumis melo )
muskmelon (whole)
A pepo fruit of a melon plant.
melon
melon (whole)
A berry fruit of an avocado plant (Persea americana)
avocado
avocado (whole)
A nut fruit from a cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale)
cashew nut
cashew nut (whole)
A berry fruit of an eggplant (Solanum melongena)
aubergine
brinjal
egg plant
eggplant
eggplant (whole)
A leaf of a bean plant.
bean leaf
bean leaf (whole)
A rosette leaf of a swiss chard plant (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).
swiss chard leaf
swiss chard leaf (whole)
A leaf of a beet plant.
beet leaf
beetroot leaf
beet leaf (whole)
A rosette leaf of a cauliflower plant (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
cauliflower leaf
cauliflower leaf (whole)
A leaf of a grape plant.
grape leaf
grape leaf (whole)
A leaf of a vegetable-producing plant.
vegetable leaf (whole)
A pepo fruit of a watermelon plant (Citrullus lanatus subsp. vulgaris).
watermelon
watermelon (whole)
A seed of a flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).
flaxseed
linseed
flaxseed (whole)
A root of a ginger plant (Zingiber officinale)
elephant ginger
elephant ginger root
ginger root (whole)
A root of a ginseng plant
ginseng
ginseng root
ginseng root (whole)
Seed bran of an oat plant (Avena sativa)
oat bran
milled white rice
white rice
white rice (whole)
A seed of a dill plant (Anethum graveolens).
dill seed
dill seed (whole)
An anatomical part of a plant that is consumed by humans or other animals as food.
vegetable (whole)
Cashew milk is a manufactured, nondairy beverage made from water-based cashew extract for flavouring and aroma.
cashew mylk
cashew milk
A root of a black cohosh plant
Actaea racemosa root
black cohost root
Actaea racemosa root (whole)
A leaf of a ginkgo plant (Ginkgo biloba)
ginkgo biloba leaf
ginkgo leaf
Ginkgo biloba leaf (whole)
A seed of a milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum).
milk thistle seed
Silybum marianum seed (whole)
A flower bud of a St. John's wort plant (Hypericum perforatum).
St. John's wort flower
Hypericum perforatum flower (whole)
The spinach material output of a cooking process.
spinach (cooked)
A bread food product made substantially from whole grains.
whole grain bread
A whole grain bread that contains whole oats (Avena sativa).
whole oat bread
A soft drink that is sweetened by a nonnutritive sweetener and contains caffeine.
caffeinated diet pop
caffeinated diet soda
diet soft drink (caffeinated)
A soft drink that contains caffeine.
caffeinated pop
caffeinated soda
soft drink (caffeinated)
A liquid tea beverage that does not contain caffeine.
tea (liquid, decafeinated)
tea (liquid, caffeinated)
A liquid coffee beverage that is brewed from roasted, decaffeinated coffee beans.
coffee (liquid, decafeinated)
A prepared coffee beverage in which the majority of the beverage volume is composed of mammalian milk or a milk component.
dairy-based coffee drink
Cow milk cheese which is a result of fat removal.
cow milk cheese (nonfat)
A pepo fruit of a winter squash plant harvested in the fall.
winter squash
winter squash (whole)
A sweetener (table-top)' which contains sucralose.
Splenda
sucralose-based sweetener
A sweetener that includes the nonnutritive sweetener aspartame.
Equal
NutraSweet
aspartame-based sweetener
A sweetener that includes the nonnutritive sweetener saccharin.
Sweet'N Low
saccharin-based sweetener
A seed from a cereal or pseudocereal plant which has a germ (embryo), endosperm, and bran (pericarp, seed coat, and aleurone) part.
whole grain
From https://wholegrainscouncil.org/definition-whole-grain: "Whole grains or foods made from them contain all the essential parts and naturally-occurring nutrients of the entire grain seed in their original proportions. If the grain has been processed (e.g., cracked, crushed, rolled, extruded, and/or cooked), the food product should deliver the same rich balance of nutrients that are found in the original grain seed. [...] This deﬁnition means that 100% of the original kernel – all of the bran, germ, and endosperm - must be present to qualify as a whole grain.
A food material class referenced by the concentration of some component
food material by component concentration
A food material with an above average methylmercury concentration.
high mercury food material
A food material with an above average fructose concentration.
high fructose food material
A food material with an above average fibre concentration.
high fibre food material
salmon (whole, raw)
A berry fruit from a banana tree (genus Musa).
banana (whole)
A food product deriving from one or more animals.
animal food product
Chickens, turkeys, quail, ducks, and geese are only called poultry if they aren't reared in the wild.
A domesticated bird that is kept by humans for its eggs, meat or feathers.
poultry
A leaf of a broccoli plant (Brassica oleracea var. italica).
broccoli leaf
broccoli leaf (whole)
A leaf of a sweet potato plant (Ipomoea batatas).
sweet potato leaf (whole)
A leaf of a ginger plant (Zingiber officinale).
ginger leaf (whole)
A whole almond or some substance made from a processed almond.
almond
almond (whole or parts)
A whole ginger leaf or some substance made from a processed ginger leaf.
ginger leaf
ginger leaf (whole or parts)
A whole ginger root or some substance made from a processed ginger root.
ginger root (whole or parts)
A whole tomato or some substance made from a processed tomato.
tomato
tomato (whole or parts)
A whole cantaloupe or some substance made from a processed cantaloupe.
cantaloupe
rockmelon
spanspek
sweet melon
cantaloupe (whole or parts)
A whole soybean or some substance made from a processed soybean.
soybean
soybean (whole or parts)
A whole squash or some substance made from a processed squash.
squash (whole or parts)
spaghetti
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
spaghetti macaroni
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'honey' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0036016)
citrus honey
coffee
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132) * formed as a result of 'roasting seed process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460391)
coffee (liquid drink)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140)
watermelon (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sugar' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420108)
candy
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness bigger than 7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430146) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
bread loaf containing wheat
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
white bread
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'crystal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430143) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sugar' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420108) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
sugar (granulated)
Whole wheat bread or wholemeal bread is a type of bread made using flour that is partly or entirely milled from whole or almost-whole wheat grains.
wholemeal bread
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256)
whole wheat bread
grape (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: DEPRECATED DUE TO DUPLICATION: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'whole animal or most parts used' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420173)
lobster (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140)
tomato sauce
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
red meat (raw)
A seed of a pea plant (Pisum sativum).
pea
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133)
pea (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'head (plant)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420151)
cabbage head (raw)
citrus fruit (whole, raw)
A pod of a peanut plant.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'seed in shell or hull' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420227)
peanut pod
cashew
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
cashew nut (whole, raw)
A drupe fruit from a walnut tree (Juglans).
walnut
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
walnut (whole)
fresh bean
bean (whole, raw)
A seed of a soyabean plant (Glycine max).
soy bean
soya bean
soybean (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added 'spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460151) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460185
mayonnaise
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174)
vegetable juice food product
potato
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, with peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420239)
potato (whole, raw)
A berry fruit of a tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum).
tomato (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with small particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430114) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140)
tomato juice
A bean substance is a substance made by processing seed from a bean plant.
Damion Dooley's note: This class is intended to provide the most generic reference to bean, as it does not imply any more information about the state of a bean - whether it is whole or in fragments, or fragments of several beans, whether it is dry, raw, or cooked etc.
bean substance
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132)
coffee bean (whole or ground)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'partial fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460247) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
lowfat cow milk
Skimmed milk (British English), or skim milk (American English), is made when all the milkfat is removed from whole milk. It tends to contain around 0.1% fat.
nonfat milk
skim milk
skimmed milk
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'full fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460248) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
skim milk food product
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430144) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
yogurt (plain)
carrot root
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420238)
carrot root (whole, raw)
squash (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'leaf' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420200)
mustard greens (raw)
A plum is the fruit of a plum plant.
plum (whole, raw)
A cookie is a baked or cooked food that is small, flat and sweet. It usually contains flour, sugar and some type of oil or fat. It may include other ingredients such as raisins, oats, chocolate chips, nuts, etc.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 0.3-1.5 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430140) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186
cookie
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101)
cottage cheese
A rice food product consisting of hulled rice kernels.
rice
rice kernel food product
A spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking that was first made in France in 1869.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * has substance added 'vitamin a or carotenes added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460213)
margarine
A whole raw apricot.
apricot (whole, raw)
grapefruit (whole, raw)
onion
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, with peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420239)
onion (whole, raw)
A whole raw apple is an apple harvested from an apple tree. It may include a stem. It has not been subject to cooking or preservation processes other than cold storage or waxing.
apple (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'plant above surface, excluding fruit and seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420144)
broccoli floret (whole, raw)
spinach leaf (whole, raw)
sweet potato (whole, raw)
peach
peach (whole, raw)
strawberry (whole, raw)
pear (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'butter' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001023) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has consumer 'no salt added claim or use' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510078)
butter (unsalted)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
olive oil
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'sliced, thin, below 0.5 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430145) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420238) * formed as a result of 'salted' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460173) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
potato chip
A biscuit in the United States and parts of Canada, is a variety of small baked goods with a firm browned crust and a soft interior. They are made with baking powder or baking soda as a chemical leavening agent rather than yeast.
biscuit
bisquit
soft biscuit
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005)
biscuit (quick bread)
raw beef hamburger
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided or disintegrated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430122) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268)
ground beef (raw)
philadelphia cream cheese
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101)
cream cheese
A sandwich is a food typically consisting of vegetables, sliced cheese or meat, placed on or between slices of bread, or more generally any dish wherein two or more pieces of bread serve as a container or wrapper for another food type.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * formed as a result of 'food filling process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460207) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152)
sandwich
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420139) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460151) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158)
apple (baked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186 * has substance added 'nutrient or dietary substance added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460194)
wheat roll or bun
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'vegetable fat or oil coated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460334) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227) * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263)
doughnut
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided into pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430152) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420238) * formed as a result of 'deep-frying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450029) * formed as a result of 'fat or oil coated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460233)
potato (french-fried)
A liquid prepared for consumption, or a product that can be combined with water or milk to make one.
beverage food product
Fruit which has not been subjected to heat treatment, but which may have other mechanical processes such as slicing applied to it.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167)
fruit (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174)
vegetable (raw)
A frankfurter is a thin parboiled sausage traditionally made of pork and beef in a casing of sheep's intestine, then given a low temperature smoking.
Frankfurter Würstel
German wiener
Saitenwurst
Vienna sausage
Wiener
Wiener Würstchen
Wienerle
Wienerli
Würstl
frank
frankfurter wurstl
wiener
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'meat part of animal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420103) * formed as a result of 'smoked or smoke-flavored' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460172) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging < 2 weeks' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460288) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
blueberry (whole, raw)
A seed of a lima bean plant (Phaseolus lunatus).
Madagascar bean
butter bean
butterbean
double bean
lima bean
sieva bean
lima bean (whole)
A small green seed of a baby lima bean plant.
baby lima
baby lima bean
baby lima bean (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'cut into short pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430111) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'pod containing small, immature seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420169)
green bean (cut, raw)
milk
cow milk
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913)
cow milk (liquid)
baked potato
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, with peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420239) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005)
potato (whole, baked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256)
wheat bread
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * formed as a result of 'artificially carbonated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460109)
soda water
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'cream food product' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001216) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
cream (pasteurized)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'rye plant as food source' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03411313)
pumpernickel bread
soy beverage
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133)
soybean beverage
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152)
multigrain bread
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'butter' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001023) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
butter (salted)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * has substance added 'maltose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17306) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
whole wheat cracker
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430102) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
chili seed oil
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'floret or flower' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420237)
cauliflower floret (whole, raw)
pork (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229)
cantaloupe (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'flavoring added, artificial' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460228) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184 * has substance added 'chocolate or cocoa added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460231) * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263)
milk chocolate
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430109) * derives from 'nut milk' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420214)
coconut milk
couscous (whole, dried)
desert preparation
dessert
SIREN DB annotation: * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
dessert food
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * derives from 'sugar syrup or syrup solids' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420271)
syrup
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119)
cheese (natural)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added 'flavoring or spice extract or concentrate added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460100) * has substance added 'chocolate or cocoa added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460231) * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263)
dark chocolate
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
butter blend spread
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101) * formed as a result of 'partial fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460247) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
cottage cheese (lowfat)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'partial fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460247) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
cheese (lowfat)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has substance added 'dairy product added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460242)
imitation cottage cheese
Breast milk is the milk produced by the breasts (or mammary glands) of a human female to feed a child.
human milk (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'salted' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460173) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256)
pretzel
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116) * has substance added 'nicotinic acid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15940) * has substance added 'riboflavin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17015) * has substance added 'iron added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460181) * has substance added 'nutrient or dietary substance added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460194) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460309
spaghetti macaroni (enriched)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'full fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460248) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has substance added 'nutrient or dietary substance added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460194) * has substance added 'vitamin a or carotenes added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460213) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
skim milk (pasteurized, fortified)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'protein added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460164) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
imitation half and half
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
edible seed food product
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'shelled egg' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007379)
hen egg (whole, shell on, raw)
Note that this allows for several kinds of fruit in one sample, e.g. "some fruit (whole,raw)" allows "apple (whole, raw)" and "orange (whole, raw)".
fruit
fruits
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167)
fruit (whole, raw)
A food product derived from one or more turkey eggs.
turkey egg food product
kale
kale leaf (whole, raw)
collard leaf (whole, raw)
soybean substance
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430144) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101) * formed as a result of 'full fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460248) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
yogurt (nonfat)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'nicotinic acid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15940) * has substance added 'riboflavin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17015) * has substance added 'rye plant as food source' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03411313) * has substance added 'nutrient or dietary substance added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460194) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460309
rye bread (enriched)
avocado (whole, raw)
tropical fruit (whole, raw)
soy milk
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * has substance added 'water addition process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460148)
soybean milk
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167) * formed as a result of 'sterilization by hot filling, held hot and cooling' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470129) * has substance added 'sugar syrup or sugar syrup solids added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460280)
fruit preserves
SIREN DB annotation: * formed as a result of 'sterilization by irradiation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470113)
food (irradiated)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sugar syrup or syrup solids' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420271) * has substance added 'honey added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460149)
honey blend table syrup
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
cow milk (pasteurized)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
apple pie filling
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'whole animal or most parts used' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420173)
lobster (whole, raw)
An unripe, young fruit of various cultivars of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris).
French bean
green bean
haricot vert
snap bean
snaps
string bean
stringless bean
Immature or young pods of the runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis), and hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) are used in a similar way. SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'pod containing small, immature seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420169)
green bean pod (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256)
english muffin
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, with peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420239)
potato (whole, cooked)
fish oil
Milled and reconstructed flakes made from oats and usually served as a cold cereal product.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'food flaking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460274) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
oat flakes
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
pasta
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * formed as a result of 'food homogenization or emulsification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460306)
mayonnaise analog
meat (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'alcoholated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460160) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460191 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227) * immersed in 'packed in gravy or sauce, meat' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03480036)
steak and kidney pie filling
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'flavoring, spice or herb added, natural' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460229) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
bologna
cow whole milk (pasteurized)
A whole nut or some substance made from a processed nut.
nut
nuts
nut (whole or parts)
Virgin olive oil is oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means under conditions, particularly thermal conditions, that do not lead to alterations in the oil, and which have not undergone any treatment other than washing, decantation, centrifugation and filtration.
virgin olive oil
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
olive oil (virgin)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'plant above surface, excluding fruit and seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420144) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid-other agent fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460107) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104) * has consumer 'food animal as consumer' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510015)
pea vine silage
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
blueberry pie filling
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
peach pie filling
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
fruit pie filling
pie filling
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 0.3-1.5 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430140) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
pie crust
A food paste or spread made from ground, dry-roasted peanuts.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430144) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132)
peanut butter
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132)
peanut butter (creamy)
raspberry (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208)
rice (milled)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
stuffing for turkey
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'crystal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430143) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'white sugar' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420157)
sugar (refined)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430144) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101) * formed as a result of 'partial fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460247) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
yogurt (lowfat)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430102) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101) * formed as a result of 'food aeration process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460178) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * formed as a result of 'preservation by freezing' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470136) * has substance added 'flavoring or taste ingredient added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460117) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
frozen yogurt
A food product made from all the parts of a whole wheat kernel.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133)
whole wheat food product
raw milk
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * has consumer 'not pasteurized claim or use' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510121)
cow milk (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
tortilla
spring water
A seed of a melon plant.
melon seed (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added 'flavoring or spice extract or concentrate added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460100) * has substance added 'nonnutritive sweetener added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460108) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184 * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263) * has consumer 'energy special claim or use' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510045)
imitation milk chocolate (artifically sweetened)
haddock (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * surrounded by 'can' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03490204) * has quality 'divided into pieces, thickness more than 1.5 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430125) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * has quality 'white fish flesh' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530056) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03500023 * formed as a result of 'sterilization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470123) * immersed in 'packed in water' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03480017)
tuna (white, solid pack, canned in water)
Note - curators are implementing "whole or pieces" rather than "whole and pieces". SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole and pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430104) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420238)
carrot root (raw, whole or parts)
A meat part that has been cut from a large piece of meat and is too small to be sold individually.
meat scrap
meat trim
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'animal body or body part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420127) * formed as a result of 'cooking with inherent fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450030) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'partial fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460247) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116) * has consumer 'animal as consumer' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510021)
meat trimming
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184 * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186
muffin
bagel
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'protein extract, concentrate or isolate' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420236)
tofu food product
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'meat part of animal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420103)
beef (cooked)
definition: Shrimp paste or shrimp sauce is a fermented condiment commonly used in Southeast Asian, Northeastern South Asian and Southern Chinese cuisines.
Need to set languages of synonyms (japanese/thai ?)
shrimp sauce
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430144) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'whole animal or most parts used' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420173) * formed as a result of 'fermentation/modification process, multiple component' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460128) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'salted' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460173) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104)
shrimp paste
ginger root (whole, raw)
A whole coconut or some substance made from a processed coconut.
coconut (whole or parts)
garden tomato
tomato (whole, raw)
Meat from a pig that has been ground or minced.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided or disintegrated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430122) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
pork (ground or minced)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * formed as a result of 'sterilization by hot filling, held hot and cooling' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470129) * has substance added 'pectin added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460145) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460147
jam
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253)
fermented bean product
butter
oil
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'leaf' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420200) * formed as a result of 'steeping' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450036)
tea (steeped)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * formed as a result of 'artificially carbonated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460109) * has substance added 'nonnutritive sweetener added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460108) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227) * has consumer 'low energy food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510033)
soft drink (dietetic)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided into pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430152) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * has quality 'belly meat' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530063) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'cooking with inherent fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450030) * formed as a result of 'smoked or smoke-flavored' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460172) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253)
bacon (fried)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * has quality 'meat color, undesignated or unknown (deprecated)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'food filling process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460207) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152)
turkey sandwich
A frankfurter made entirely of chicken.
chicken frank
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * has quality 'meat color, undesignated or unknown (deprecated)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone or shell' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420125) * formed as a result of 'smoked or smoke-flavored' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460172) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging < 2 weeks' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460288) * formed as a result of 'food homogenization or emulsification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460306) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
chicken frankfurter
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'meat color, undesignated or unknown (deprecated)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
poultry (whole or parts)
A seed of a lentil plant (Lens culinaris).
lentil
lentil (whole)
A seed of a legume plant in the family Fabaceae.
legume (whole)
Precooked or cured meat, often sausages or meat loaves, that are sliced and served cold or hot on sandwiches or on party trays.
cold cut
deli meat
lunch meat
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
luncheon meat
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided or disintegrated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430122) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268)
ground beef (cooked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid-other agent fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460107) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460143 * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460212 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
pizza food product
cow whole milk
whole milk
cow whole milk 3.5% fat
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119)
fermented vegetable food product
A whole apple or some substance made from processed apple.
apple (whole or parts)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'heavy cream' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420161) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
heavy cream
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430110) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'cooking in water or water-based liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450013) * formed as a result of 'food rolling process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460239) * formed as a result of 'rehydration process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460259)
oatmeal (cooked)
Curation note: This was "soft dring not further specified". We are relaxing siren annotations to allow for subclasses. SIREN DB annotation: * surrounded by 'can, bottle or jar' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03490194) * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * formed as a result of 'artificially carbonated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460109) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added 'flavoring or taste ingredient added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460117) * has substance added 'sweetener added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460202)
soft drink
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
meat (processed)
poultry (processed)
zucchini
green zucchini
zucchini squash
courgettes
zucchini squash (whole)
Breakfast food that is made from processed cereal grains and is often consumed with dairy products such as milk.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174)
breakfast cereal
A food product that has not been cooked.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003)
food (raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'cooking by dry heat' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450004) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
pork sausage (oven-cooked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
breakfast cereal (oat-based)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'full fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460248) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has substance added 'vitamin A' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_12777) * has substance added 'vitamin D' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27300) * has substance added 'nutrient or dietary substance added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460194) * has consumer 'low fat food' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510039)
skim milk (pasteurized, vitamin A and D fortified)
A variety of dry onion with a strong flavour. It has a greenish-white, light yellow, or white inside; its layers of papery skin have a yellow-brown or pale golden colour. It is higher in sulphur content than the white onion, which gives it a stronger, more complex flavour.
Allium cepa L.
brown onion
yellow onion
yellow onion (whole, raw)
carrot top (raw)
climbing bean
pole bean
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430131) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'pod containing small, immature seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420169)
pole bean pod
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460252)
rice milk beverage
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided or disintegrated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430122) * derives from 'animal body or body part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420127)
pork trimming
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'rehydration process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460259)
breakfast cereal (cooked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided into pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430152) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * has quality 'belly meat' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530063) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone or shell' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420125) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'smoked or smoke-flavored' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460172) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253)
bacon (baked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
pork (cooked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005)
lamb (roasted)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'smoked or smoke-flavored' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460172) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
mortadella
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'sliced' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430137) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
ham (sliced, cooked)
processed food product
A food product made primarily of the endosperm of a rice grain.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440022) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208)
white rice food product
An axillary bud of the brussels sprout plant (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera).
brussels sprouts
brussels sprout (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food filling process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460207)
pastry (filled)
A cured sausage which consists of fermented and air-dried meat, typically pork.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * has quality 'solid containing very small particles (<1 mm.)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530098) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone and skin, with separable fat' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420269) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'flavoring, spice or herb added, natural' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460229) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116) * has substance added 'animal fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460262)
salami
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'leaf' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420200) * formed as a result of 'decaffeination process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460140)
tea (decaffeinated)
snack
A snack is a small portion of food and generally eaten between meals.
snack food
A sweetener which has little or no caloric or nutrient content.
artificial sweetener
sweetener (nonnutritive)
An aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to East Asia.
tea
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'leaf' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420200)
tea food product
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913)
mammalian milk product
SIREN DB annotation: * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460163 * has substance added 'nutrient or dietary substance added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460194)
multivitamin preparation
A fish product is a home-made or commercially produced or retail or wholesale product containing substantial amounts of freshwater or saltwater fish and/or shellfish flesh. Note that this category should avoid items that mention a particular species of fish or shellfish.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
fish product (unspecified species)
A caryopsis fruit of a whole wheat wheat plant.
wheat
whole wheat kernel
whole wheat seed
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) This is a duplicate quality and so is being deprecated: * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
oat kernel
walnut (whole, raw)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * formed as a result of 'food homogenization or emulsification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460306)
cod liver oil emulsion
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 0.3-1.5 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430140) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * formed as a result of 'griddle cooking' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450008) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152) * has substance added 'chemical leavening agent added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460351)
pancake
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 0.3-1.5 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430140) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'griddle cooking' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450008)
waffle
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158)
pastry
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430135) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174) * formed as a result of 'alcohol-acetic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460123) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
catsup
A whole vegetable or some substance made from a processed vegetable.
vegetable
vegetable (whole or parts)
cereal product (solid)
A shoot axis tuber of a potato plant (Solanum tuberosum).
potato (whole)
A drupe fruit of a peach tree (Prunus persica)
peach (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167)
berry product
fruit food product
SIREN DB annotation: * has substance added 'nonnutritive sweetener added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460108)
sweetener (table-top)
A food product that is highly seasoned minced meat and is encased in a skin in the shape of a cylinder.
sausage
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * derives from 'meat part of animal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420103) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
sausage (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420238)
snack (potato-based)
An egg produced by a chicken hen.
egg
chicken egg
hen egg
This term is ambiguous about whether shell remains on egg or not, i.e. this encompasses both an uncooked egg in shell, or a boiled peeled egg, or a fried egg. SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'whole egg' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420274)
hen egg (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * has quality 'heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440022) * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174) * formed as a result of 'steeping' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450036)
herbal infusion
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430109)
sport drink
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
cereal (dry)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'sugar' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420108)
sugar product
A bulb of an onion plant (Allium cepa).
bulb onion
common onion
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, with peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420239)
onion (whole)
A whole or processed walnut.
walnut (whole or parts)
tomato multi-component product
multi-component plant food product
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
vegetable fat food product
A commercial product which is monosaccharide fructose, dried, ground, and of high purity.
crystaline fructose
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'crystal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430143) * derives from 'fructose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28757) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
A product that uses coconut as a material.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132)
coconut food product
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'medium ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430117) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'decaffeination process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460140) * formed as a result of 'roasting seed process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460391) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
coffee bean (decaffeinated, roasted)
A meat product is a product organized by the form of - or processing done to - its meat component (a skeletal meat part of an animal or crustacean).
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'animal body or body part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420127)
meat (whole or parts)
A primary root of a commonbeet plant (Beta vulgaris).
beet
beetroot
beetroot (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152)
pie (baked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
pizza crust
Bacon whole cut or parts – is either a whole slab of bacon or cuts from a slab.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone or shell' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420125) * formed as a result of 'smoked by smoke infiltration' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460118) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253)
bacon (whole cut or parts)
beef hamburger patty
beef patty
beefburger
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268)
ground beef patty
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
poultry (cooked)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133)
corn kernel (whole)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005)
coffee bean (roasted)
cheese analog, dairy-based
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * derives from 'fruit or seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420165)
beverage (almond, non-alcoholic)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * formed as a result of 'full fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460248) * formed as a result of 'preservation by heat treatment' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470120) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
skim milk (pasteurized)
pizza pie
LanguaL curation note: Used only for unsweetened products; sweetened pies are indexed under *PIE, SWEETENED*.
pie, unsweetened, or pizza (us cfr)
Milk modified by adding acid-producing and/or flavor-producing bacteria under controlled conditions.
milk product, cultured
cultured milk product (us cfr)
crepe, dinner
taco, prepared
prepared food product with bakery base or enclosure, unsweetened (us cfr)
Seasoned product that contains multiple ingredients and that is used in limited amounts to accompany other foods; excludes flavors, spices and herbs.
condiment, dressing, gravy or sauce
gravy, condiment, dressing or sauce
sauce, condiment, dressing or gravy
dressing, condiment, gravy or sauce (us cfr)
Food product prepared by drying and/or cooking a mixture of milled grain or non-grain starch with a liquid and usually other ingredients such as sweeteners or fats. Includes sweetened and unsweetened bakery products, macaroni or noodle products and breakfast cereals. Excludes *PUDDING, STARCH*, which is under *CUSTARD OR PUDDING*.
prepared grain or starch product (us cfr)
Includes breads, crackers, pie or pizza crusts and pretzels. Excludes glazed, filled or frosted bakery products, which fall under *BAKERY PRODUCT, SWEETENED* and unsweetened filled products that fall under *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT WITH BAKERY BASE OR ENCLOSURE, UNSWEETENED* or the appropriate narrower term. See 21 CFR for description of some subgroups.
crepe, unfilled
unfilled crepe
unsweetened bakery product
bakery product, unsweetened (us cfr)
Beverage containing no more than 0.5% alcohol; it may be flavored, sweetened or carbonated; includes soft drinks and steeped beverages; excludes milk in all forms, fruit juices, diluted fruit juices and vegetable juices.
malt beverage, nonalcoholic
nonalcoholic beverage (us cfr)
Aromatic or pungent plant product used whole or ground as a seasoning in food products.
spice or herb (us cfr)
A frozen dessert prepared from one or more dairy ingredients or their analogs, plus other ingredients. Includes frozen dairy items offered in a cone, a sandwich or as a cake or pie, such as frozen yogurt in a cone or an ice cream sandwich; these are also indexed under *GRAIN ADDED*.
dairy dessert, frozen
dessert, frozen dairy
frozen dairy dessert (us cfr)
Natural cheese, cured or uncured, cheese product (which is further processed), or cheese product analog.
cheese or cheese product (us cfr)
A substance having greater than 2% of the caloric value of sucrose per equivalent unit of sweetening capacity. For example, the amount of such subtance having the sweetening capacity of 1 teaspoon of sucrose would have more than 0.4 calories (21 CFR 170.3(o)(21)).
nutritive carbohydrate sweetener
sweetener, nutritive
nutritive sweetener (us cfr)
Any form of whole or milled grain, prepared grain product or starch containing product derived from non-grain sources. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
grain or starch product (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to those of cheese or cheese product; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble. The ingredients may or may not be milk-based. An example is a cheese-like product made from skim milk and vegetable oil.
cheese substitute
cheese, imitation
imitation cheese
cheese product analog (us cfr)
Extract, concentrate or isolate derived from a food source through one or more refining steps (see *EXTRACT, CONCENTRATE OR ISOLATE OF PLANT OR ANIMAL*) and marketed as such. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
refined or partially-refined food product (us cfr)
Food product consisting of comminuted poultry meat, usually seasoned, pressed and/or encased.
poultry-based sausage or luncheon meat (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to a meat product; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble. Typically these products are soybean-based.
imitation meat
meat product analog (us cfr)
Product that imparts or helps to impart a taste or aroma in food (21 CFR.170.3(n)(26). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
seasoning or flavoring
flavoring or seasoning (us cfr)
Includes cakes, cookies, pies, quick breads, doughnuts and related products, also bakery products that are glazed, frosted or have a sweetened filling. If sugar is not the first ingredient, *SUGAR OR SUGAR SYRUP ADDED* as well as *SWEETENER ADDED* (or the appropriate narrower term under each) should be indexed in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*.
crepe, dessert
dessert crepe
sweetened bakery product
bakery product, sweetened (us cfr)
Dressing for which no standards of identity are specified in the CFR.
nonstandardized dressing (us cfr)
A multiple-component food product typically containing a protein source, a vegetable, and a potato, rice or cereal-based component packaged to be served after heating, either as separate items or courses or mixed as recipe components; see 21 CFR 102.26, 102.28 and 104.47 for nutritional quality guidelines.
compartmentalized dinner
dinner with components separated in serving containers
dinner, compartmentalized
food packs with separate components
heat and serve dinner
multiple-course dinner
tv dinner
multicomponent meal (us cfr)
Substance having less than 2% of the caloric value of sucrose per equivalent unit of sweetening capacity. For example, the amount of such substance having the sweetening capacity of 1 teaspoon of sucrose would have no more than 0.4 calories (21 CFR 170.3(o)(19)).
sweetener, nonnutritive
nonnutritive sweetener (us cfr)
Fruit in all forms; includes fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products.
pie filling, fruit
fruit or fruit product (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to milk or milk products, including cream product analogs, margarine, and milk analogs. Certain alternate ingredients are substituted for those components that are responsible for specific functional properties.
milk or milk product analog (us cfr)
Milk in all forms, milk-based beverage, cultured milk product, or milk or milk product analog. Index infant formula under *MEAL REPLACEMENT*.
milk or milk product (us cfr)
Food product prepared by milling a grain or by producing flour, meal or grits from a non-grain source such as beans, starchy roots or tubers. Refined starch is indexed under *REFINED OR PARTIALLY REFINED FOOD PRODUCT*.
milled grain or starch product (us cfr)
Meat (flesh and organs including blood and bone marrow) from mammals. Used for meat in all forms including cured meat, sausage or luncheon meat and meat product analogs.
meat or meat product (from mammal) (us cfr)
Vegetables in all forms except where a use-related product type descriptior (such as *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT* or *SNACK FOOD*) takes precedence.
vegetable or vegetable product (us cfr)
Semisolid or jelled food prepared from fruit or fruit juice and other ingredients prescribed for the individual products (21 CFR 150).
fruit butter, jelly, preserve or related product (us cfr)
Milk, a product derived from milk, or a dairy product analog; includes cheese and frozen dairy desserts. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
dairy product (us cfr)
Yeast-leavened bread that is used as a base for filling, particularly to make pizza.
pizza crust (us cfr)
Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked. Prepared foods often undergo several of the processes listed in *F. EXTENT OF HEAT TREATMENT* and *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*; these factors should be carefully considered in indexing. The classification of prepared food products emphasizes consumption characteristics. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
prepared dish
prepared food product (us cfr)
Unsweetened bakery product that may be unleavened or yeast-leavened and may be baked in various forms. Excludes pie crust.
bun, roll, or bread
roll, bun, or bread
bread (us cfr)
Food product that is usually pungent, tart, salty, or spicy and is used to enhance the flavors of other foods; includes catsup, relish, prepared mustard, prepared horseradish, and condiment sauces.
relish or condiment
condiment or relish (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to milk; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble.
imitation milk
milk analog (us cfr)
Chemically leavened sweetened bakery product that may contain other ingredients such as fruits, nuts or that may be filled.
fruit bread
nut bread
quick bread, sweetened (us cfr)
Natural cheese that is not cured or is cured for less than 7 days. It may undergo some further processing, such as creaming. It is consumed fresh and has a mild acid flavor. Moisture max. 80%. Includes such products as cottage cheese, cream cheese and mozzarella cheese.
soft cheese
uncured cheese (us cfr)
Cheese made from milk or milk components, such as cream, by the following process: (1) produce curd through coagulation of milk by bacterial action and/or enzymes and/or acidification and draining of whey. (2) For cured cheese only: cure the curd. Excludes products made through further processing, such as comminuting (see *CHEESE PRODUCT*).
natural cheese (us cfr)
Candy or other food product made with sweeteners and frequently containing nuts, fruits, starches, flavorings and other foods (21 CFR 170.3(n)(9). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
confectionery (us cfr)
Prepared grain product made by baking or frying. Includes doughs, batters and mixes.
bakery product (us cfr)
A thin, sweetened bakery product griddled or cooked in a heated mold.
waffle or pancake
pancake or waffle (us cfr)
Sweetened bakery product consisting of a sweetened or unsweetened pastry shell or enclosure containing a sweetened filling, usually fruit, cheese or custard. Examples would be apple strudel, danish pastry or cream puff.
pastry, sweetened (us cfr)
Sweetened bakery product baked in individual portions that are usually small and flat.
cookie (us cfr)
Food product prepared by heating a mixture of sweeteners and other optional ingredients according to the specific formula for each subgroup.
candy (us cfr)
A frozen dessert prepared from yogurt and other ingredients.
yogurt, frozen
frozen yogurt (us cfr)
Natural or synthetic product, dissolved in a suitable solvent or carried on an appropriate dry base and added to a food product to enhance or impart taste and aroma.
aroma
flavoring (us cfr)
Products of the flesh of animals. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
meat, poultry, seafood or related product (us cfr)
LanguaL curation note: Sandwich takes precedent over other product types. Examples: peanut butter and jelly sandwich, tuna sandwich, egg salad sandwich or hamburger on roll. The filling of a sandwich is always indexed as the food source, even if the bread is the same weight or outweighs the filling ingredient(s). The bread would be indexed by *GRAIN ADDED* or the appropriate narrower term.
sandwich (us cfr)
This category includes a wide variety of products made from comminuted or chopped meat (skeletal and/or organ meat) that is usually salted and/or seasoned and often stuffed in an edible or inedible casing. Includes products such as pork sausage, pickle or pimiento loaf, meat spread and pate, and products made by binding meat chunks with gelatin or other binders, such as sectioned and formed ham, beef rolls, and headcheese. Excludes plain ground meat, meat loaf and products made by slicing intact muscle or other tissue, even if packaged and marketed like luncheon meat. Index all processes applied to the product at hand; examples: *FULLY HEAT TREATED*, *CURED FOR 2 MONTHS*, *SMOKED*, *FERMENTED*, *EMULSIFIED OR HOMOGENIZED*. Also consider *PARTICLE SIZE IN SOLID FORMED PRODUCTS* and *TYPEOF SAUSAGE CASING* in *Z. ADJUNCT CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD*.
sausage or luncheon meat (us cfr)
Sweetened prepared product usually consumed after the main course in a meal. Excludes fruit or fruit products, bakery products and confectionery.
dessert (us cfr)
Unsweetened food product marketed for consumption between meals; excludes nuts, edible seeds, and sweetened products such as cakes, puddings and candies. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
snack food (us cfr)
Alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage; excludes milk and milk-based beverages, fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, and vegetable juices. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
beverage (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to those of butter; it is in plastic form or liquid emulsion and contains not less than 80% fat whose origin is vegetable or rendered animal carcass fats or a mixture of these as well as other optional ingredients specified by 21 CFR 166.110.
margarine (us cfr)
A product added to a food item to achieve some degree of sweet taste; it may be nutritive or nonnutritive.
sweetener (us cfr)
Nonalcoholic beverage made from potable water by adding one or more of the following: carbon dioxide, flavoring ingredients or sweeteners. Naturally or artificially carbonated mineral waters are also considered soft drinks. Excludes products containing 15% or more fruit juice, which are indexed by the appropriate narrower term under *FRUIT JUICE OR RELATED PRODUCT*. Includes beverage bases to make soft drinks. Carbonated fruit juices are indexed by *FRUIT JUICE* or *FRUIT JUICE, DILUTED* and *CARBONATED* or the appropriate narrower term.
soft drink (us cfr)
Unsweetened bakery product baked in individual portions that are usually thin and crisp and may or may not be fat coated.
cracker (us cfr)
Deep-fat fried sweetened bakery product that may be leavened with yeast or baking powder.
cruller
doughnut (us cfr)
Viscous or semisolid fruit product made from whole fruits or pieces of fruit of one or more varieties and optional ingredients. Includes fruit preserve or jam (21 CFR 150.160) and artificially sweetened fruit preserve or jam (21 CFR 150.161). The specifications of starting mixture and finished soluble solids are the same as for fruit jelly.
jam or fruit preserve
marmalade
fruit preserve or jam (us cfr)
Sweetened bakery product consisting of a sweetened or unsweetened pie crust and a sweetened filling. The filling is always indexed as the food source, even if the crust is the same weight or greater weight than the filling ingredient.
tart
turnover, sweetened
pie, sweetened (us cfr)
Fruits and vegetables in all forms. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
fruit or vegetable product (us cfr)
Prepared grain product ready or nearly ready for consumption and marketed primarily for breakfast use. Includes formulated breakfast cereals such as 'corn flakes' or 'cheerios' and simple breakfast cereals such as instant oatmeal. Excludes rolled oats, corn grits and similar products, which are indexed under *MILLED GRAIN OR STARCH PRODUCT*. See also *MILLED GRAIN OR STARCH PRODUCT*.
cereal, breakfast
breakfast cereal (us cfr)
Nuts in all forms, including nut butters and pastes.
nut or nut product (us cfr)
Fresh egg in shell, liquid, frozen, dried egg or egg component, or egg product analog. Includes boiled, poached, scrambled, and fried eggs. Excludes prepared egg dishes, such as omelettes.
egg or egg product (us cfr)
The liquid extracted or expressed from mature vegetables with or without optional ingredients such as seasoning or salt. Products prepared from vegetable juice by thickening with gelatin or pectin are indexed under the broader term *VEGETABLE OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*. For part or portion, index the part or the plant from which the juice was extracted, rather than *PLANT EXTRACT, CONCENTRATE, OR ISOLATE*.
juice, vegetable
vegetable juice (us cfr)
Flesh from fish or shellfish. Includes seafood product analogs and seafood-based sausage or luncheon meat as well as such products as squid ink and clam juice.
seafood or seafood product (us cfr)
Beverage prepared by extracting flavor and other components from food sources by percolation and/or immersion in water, usually at near-boiling temperature.
steeped beverage (us cfr)
Any form of cacao, cacao product, chocolate, chocolate product or chocolate product analog except chocolate candy; includes such products as cacao beans, cacao nibs, chocolate liquor, sweet or milk chocolate, and chocolate syrup; excludes flavors and extracts derived from cacao beans and chocolate- or cacao-flavored foods (21 CFR 163). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
chocolate or cacao product
cacao or chocolate product (us cfr)
Meat (flesh and organs including blood and bone marrow) from poultry. Used for poultry meat in all forms including poultry product analogs and poultry-based sausage or luncheon meat.
poultry or poultry product (us cfr)
A prepared grain or starch product made by forming units of dough composed of one or more flours, water and other ingredients. Macaroni, spaghetti and vermicelli may have *EGG WHITE ADDED*, but not egg yolk. Noodles, egg macaroni, egg spaghetti and egg vermicelli have *EGG YOLK ADDED* and should be so indexed. This refers to macaroni or noodles used as ingredients; excludes *PASTA DISH*, which is found under *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT* (21 CFR 139).
macaroni or noodle product (us cfr)
Standardized or nonstandardized mixture of edible fats or oils, acidifying agents and optional ingredients such as sweeteners (nutritive or nonnutritive), starch, egg and seasonings. Used in limited amounts to accompany salads and other foods.
food dressing
dressing for food (us cfr)
Meat product that has been preserved through treatment with salt (brining, dry salting or injection of salt solution), heating and drying.
meat, cured
cured meat (us cfr)
Chemically leavened unsweetened bakery product such as biscuits or unsweetened cornbread.
quick bread, unsweetened (us cfr)
Nonstandardized food product used as a meal accompaniment and consisting of a mixture of fats or oils, starch, liquid and other optional ingredients specified by the recipe; excludes condiment sauce (q.v.) and tomato or spaghetti sauce, which are vegetable products.
sauce or gravy
gravy or sauce (us cfr)
Candy with the predominant ingredient chocolate; includes chocolate bars and other forms when these are marketed as candy (21 CFR 163).
candy, chocolate
chocolate candy
Food group having common consumption, functional or manufacturing characteristics, e.g. *FRUIT OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*, *DAIRY PRODUCT*, *CONFECTIONARY*, *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT*, etc. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term.
USA agency food product type
Dressing for which standards of identity are specified in the CFR. Includes french dressing (21 CFR 169.115), mayonnaise (21 CFR 169.140) and salad dressing (21 CFR 169.150).
standardized dressing (us cfr)
Candy prepared by cooking a mixture of water, sugars and optional ingredients to a temperature of 250 degrees F. or less.
soft candy (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to a butter product; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble.
butter substitute
butter, imitation
imitation butter
butter product analog (us cfr)
flavor enhancer or flavoring
flavoring or flavor enhancer (us cfr)
nut or seed product (us cfr)
supplemental formulation (us cfr)
therapeutic formulation
dietary or therapeutic formulation (us cfr)
European Union agency food product type
An agency food product type is a class of food product defined by an agency or consortium.
This class is designed to hold 3rd party food classification schemes which are being mapped to FoodOn classes using the 'has member' relation. The two hierarchies are not melded into a subclass polyhierarchy because of possible logical inconsistencies in the agency schemes. The hierarchies of agency schemes are as true to their agency representation as possible.
agency food product type
eurofir food classification
This category includes: carcass meat of mammals and birds; offal of mammals and birds; a food product whose predominant constituent is meat; a recipe dish whose main ingredient is considered to be meat.
meat or meat product (eurofir)
The group includes carcass meat of domestic animals (e.g. beef, veal, pork, mutton / lamb, horse, rabbit) and game (e.g. wild pig, boar, venison, whale).
red meat (eurofir)
Food and Drugs, title 21, Code of Federal Regulations. Original food classification in LanguaL.
U.S. code of federal regulations, title 21 food product type
Index dietary/food supplements according to legal and market definitions.
food supplement
nutritional supplement
LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term. The United States defines dietary supplements in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). Pub L 103-417, 108 STAT. 4235, (Oct. 25, 1994): A dietary supplement is a product taken by mouth that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to supplement the diet. The "dietary ingredients" in these products may include: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, glandulars, and metabolites. Dietary supplements can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids, or powders. In the European Union, food supplements are framed by two kinds of regulations: - the EU vertical regulation relating to food supplements, composed with the directive 2002/46/CE (essentially for the definition of food supplements) and the regulation 1170/2009 (which lists the vitamins and minerals, and the chemical forms of the substances allowed in food supplements); - the EU transversal regulation relating to foodstuffs and especially the 2006/1924 regulation concerning nutrition and health claims, and the EU labeling transversal regulations, 90/496/EC and 2008/100/EC. The EU regulation 2002/46/CE defines food supplements as "foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, alone or in combination, marketed in dose form, namely forms such as capsules, pastilles, tablets, pills and other similar forms, sachets of powder, ampoules of liquids, drop dispensing bottles, and other similar forms of liquids and powders designed to be taken in measured small unit quantities". [Directive 2002/46/EC] Codex Alimentarius also includes supplements containing vitamins or dietary minerals [http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10206/cxg_055e.pdf]
dietary supplement
Yeast, algae, or fungus based dietary supplement.
LanguaL curation note: Use for supplements based on plants, yeast, algae, and fungi (index in facet B). If the supplement also contains vitamins or minerals use the appropriate descriptor under * DIETARY SUPPLEMENT, COMBINATION*.
dietary supplement, botanical
Probiotics are live microorganisms thought to be healthy for the host organism. According to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, probiotics are selected "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host".[FAO/WHO (2001) Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria] Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics; but also certain yeasts and bacilli are available. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotics]
LanguaL curation note: Currently not used in US classification of dietary supplements.
probiotic or bacteria supplement
Includes hormone precursors; steroid precursors; 7-dehydrocholesterol, lutein, omega-3's, CoQ10
dietary supplement, metabolite or precursor
Includes omega-3 supplements, fish oil capsules, evening primrose capsules.
fat or oil supplement
FoodEx2 is a comprehensive food classification and description system aimed at covering the need to describe food in data collections across different food safety domains. After its first release in 2011, the system was broadly tested in various practical situations, allowing its evaluation and the identification of areas for improvement. The present version in LanguaL is based on the FoodEx2 version Matrix 9.0 dated 2018-01-26 (downloaded 2018-02-07) and comprises the FoodEx2 Exposure Hierarchy. The FoodEx2 browser and FoodEx2 catalogue are available at GitHub: https://github.com/openefsa/catalogue-browser/wiki For further information, see the Data Standardisation pages of the European Food Safety Authority website [https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/data/data-standardisation]. The implementation of EFSA FoodEx2 facet term codes (FTC) in LanguaL follow closely the EFSA FoodEx2 codes; this means that the LanguaL facet term codes for all FoodEx2 descriptors are identical to the original EFSA FoodEx2 codes. EFSA FoodEx2 is top-down prioritised, meaning that descriptors physically higher in the hierarchy within the same level are preferred to descriptors further down, whereas LanguaL in general does not have a preferred order. In the implementation of EFSA FoodEx2 it has therefore been necessary to implement a forced order of the descriptors by preceeding the original FoodEx2 descriptor names by a numeric serialisation indicator (an order number).
efsa food classification and description system for exposure assessment (efsa foodex2)
pea plant edible seed cultivars
Examples of stem vegetables are kohlrabi, celery, fennel and rhubarb. Examples of shoot vegetables are asparagus, hop, bamboo shoots and taugé.
A vegetable having shoot or stem which can be cooked and eaten.
shoot vegetable
spear vegetable
stem or spear vegetable plant
fruit plant used as vegetable
sugar-producing plant
plant used for producing extract or concentrate
oil-producing plant
vegetable-producing plant, root, tuber or bulb
An aquatic animal is an animal, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in the water for most or all of its lifetime.
This is equivalent to: 'fish (food source)' or 'shellfish (food source)' or 'crustacean (food source)' or 'echinoderm (food source)' or 'coelenterate (food source)' However, this disjunction appears to be a burden on reasoners, and so this is currently not implemented.
fish or lower water animal
tropical or subtropical nut producing plant
A flatfish is a member of the order Pleuronectiformes of ray-finned demersal fishes, also called the Heterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through or around the head during development. Some species face their left sides upward, some face their right sides upward, and others face either side upward. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish]
flat-fish
flat-fishes
flatfish
flatfish, flounder
flounders
pleuronectiformes
fish, pleuronectiform
tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant
floret plant used as vegetable
Any chemical or chemical mixture that exists in a food material or was added to a food material.
LanguaL curation note: A chemical food component is a food substance derived from a nonliving source (e.g., salt, water or synthesized compounds). Note however that the LanguaL category includes additives which may be naturally derived, such as agar.
chemical food component
scomber spp.
mackerel
grain or seed-producing plant
carbohydrate-producing plant
protein-producing plant
vegetable-producing plant, above-ground parts
*Phaseolus vulgaris*, also known as the common bean among other names,[ is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruit. The main categories of common beans, on the basis of use, are dry beans (seeds harvested at complete maturity), snap beans (tender pods with reduced fibre harvested before the seed development phase) and shell beans (seeds harvested at physiological maturity). Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, along with other *Phaseolus* species, is as a member of the legume family *Fabaceae*, most of whose members acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris]
bush bean plant
pole bean plant
phaseolus vulgaris, edible pod cultivar (plant)
black bean (phaseolus)
phaseolus vulgaris, edible seed cultivar (plant)
temperate-zone nut producing plant
*Rubus* is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, *Rosaceae*, subfamily *Rosoideae*, with 250-700 species. Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are common, widely distributed members of the genus. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The Rubus fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term "cane fruit" (or "cane-fruit") applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus]
rubus spp.
bramble berry plant
clupeidae
herring family
Mammals (from Latin mamma "breast") are vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia, and characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or hair, and three middle ear bones.
mammal
Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars.
In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domesticus or Sus domesticus, in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. [Wikipedia]
porcine
sus domesticus
sus scrofa
sus scrofa domesticus
hog
pig
swine
Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and genus (*Citrus*) of flowering plants in the rue family, *Rutaceae*. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnan province of China. Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; the best-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and limes.
rutaceae
citrus family
fruit-producing plant
Aquatic animals other than fish and shellfish
aquatic invertebrate animal (excluding shellfish)
A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family *Fabaceae* (or *Leguminosae*). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for their grain seed called pulse, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, beans, chickpeas, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume]
fabaceae
pod or seed vegetable plant
Gadiformes are an order of ray-finned fish, also called the Anacanthini, that includes the cod and its allies. Many major food fish are in this order. They are found in marine waters throughout the world and the vast majority of the species are found in temperate or colder regions (tropical species are typically deep-water). A few species may enter estuaries but only one, the burbot (*Lota lota*), is a freshwater fish. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadiformes]
gadiformes
fish, gadiform
edible seed producing plant
flavor-producing plant
herb-producing plant
spice or flavor-producing plant
mutton (meat)
ovis spp.
sheep
In the United Kingdom and the United States, "butter beans" refers to either dried beans which can be purchased to rehydrate, or the canned variety which are ready to use. In culinary use there, lima beans and butter beans are distinct, the latter being large and yellow, the former small and green. In areas where both are considered to be lima beans, the green variety may be labelled as "baby" (and less commonly "junior") limas. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_bean]
baby lima bean plant
Winter squash is an annual fruit representing several squash species within the genus Cucurbita. It differs from summer squash in that it is harvested and eaten in the mature fruit stage when the seeds within have matured fully and the skin has hardened into a tough rind. At this stage, most varieties of this fruit can be stored for use during the winter.
curcurbita
Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita pepo
cucurbita maxima
winter squash plant
cucurbita pepo
yellow crookneck squash
yellow squash
summer squash plant
head vegetable plant
A dairy cow is an adult female member of a dairy cattle breed
cow
domesticated cattle
dairy cow
A plum is a fruit of the subgenus *Prunus* of the genus *Prunus*. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, bird cherries, etc.) in the shoots having terminal bud and solitary side buds (not clustered), the flowers in groups of one to five together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side and a smooth stone (or pit).
plum plant
squash plant
nut producing plant
insecta
insect
Fish are the gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature.
fish
A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Berries are typically juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet or sour, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, red currants, and blackcurrants. The scientific usage of the term "berry" differs from common usage. In scientific terminology, a berry is a fruit produced from the ovary of a single flower in which the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (pericarp). The definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known as berries, such as grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines) and bananas. Fruits excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are aggregate fruits, and mulberries, which are multiple fruits. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry]
berry plant
maize
zea mays
LanguaL curation note: Use 'field corn' for any breakfast cereals or snack foods having 'corn' as the main ingredient.
Zia mays plant
The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle or protuberance that hangs from the top of the beak (called a snood). They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As in many galliformes, the male is larger and much more colorful than the female.
turkey
meleagris spp.
turkey (bird)
caridea
crangonidae
palaemondidae
penaeidae
prawn
shrimp
The taxonomies given vary widely.
capsicum annuum
green or red pepper plant
A member of the group of eukaryotic organisms in the kingdom Fungi that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.
fungi
fungus
lens culinaris
lentil plant
Thunnus is a genus of ocean-dwelling, ray-finned bony fish from the mackerel family, Scombridae. More specifically, Thunnus is one of five genera which make up the tribe Thunnini – a tribe that is collectively known as the tunas
thunnini
true tuna
tuna
prunus amygdalus
prunus communis
prunus dulcis
LanguaL curation note: When indexing the almond fruit (drupe), index both *ALMOND [B2721]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms).
almond tree
The word "tomato" may refer to the plant (*Solanum lycopersicum*) or the edible, typically red, fruit that it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler climates.See also the list of tomato cultivars
Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill.
gold apple
love apple
lycopersicon esculentum
lycopersicon lycopersicum
solanum lycopersicum
tomato plant
Kale (also called Borecole) is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group) in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. Kale can be classified by leaf type: Curly leaved (Scots kales), Plain leaved, Rape kale, Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale), Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale)
brassica oleracea
cole
kale plant
Melon is a name given to various members of the plant family *Cucurbitaceae* with sweet flavored, fleshy fruit e.g. gourds or cucurbits. Melon can be referred as a plant or a fruit. Many different cultivars have been produced, particularly of muskmelons.
cucumis spp.
melon plant
The *Arecaceae* are a botanical family of perennial climbers, shrubs, acaules and trees commonly known as palm trees (owing to historical usage, the family is alternatively called Palmae). They are flowering plants, a family in the monocot order Arecales. Currently 181 genera with around 2600 species are known, most of them restricted to tropical and subtropical climates. Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, palm syrup, ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and palm wood. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae]
arecaceae
palm plant
A vertebrate animal is any species of organism within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,276 species described.
LanguaL curation note: For a unicellular animal, use *ALGAE OR FUNGUS USED AS FOOD SOURCE*.
vertebrate animal
manzanilla olive
olea europaea
olive plant
The onion (*Allium cepa *L), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus *Allium*. Its close relatives include the garlic, shallot, leek, chive,[2] and Chinese onion. This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (*Allium fistulosum*), the tree onion (*A. ×proliferum*), and the Canada onion (*Allium canadense*). The name "wild onion" is applied to a number of *Allium* species, but *A. cepa* is exclusively known from cultivation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion]
allium spp.
cebolla
garden onion
onion plant
The beet (*Beta vulgaris*) is a plant in the Chenopodiaceae family which is now included in *Amaranthaceae* family. It is best known in its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is the root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet. However, other cultivated varieties include the leaf vegetables chard and spinach beet, as well as the root vegetables sugar beet, which is important in the production of table sugar, and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivated varieties fall into the subspecies *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *vulgaris*, while *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *maritima*, commonly known as the sea beet, is the wild ancestor of these, and is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Near East, and India. A second wild subspecies, *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *adanensis*, occurs from Greece to Syria.
common beet
beta vulgaris
beet plant
Wheat (*Triticum* spp.) is a domesticated grass from the Levant that is cultivated worldwide. Major cultivated species of wheat: * Common wheat or Bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum*) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world. * Durum (*Triticum durum*) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat. * Einkorn (*Triticum monococcum*) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance. * Emmer (*Triticum dicoccon*) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. * Spelt (*Triticum spelta*) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities.
triticum spp.
wheat plant
theobroma cacao
cacao plant
*Oryza sativa*, commonly known as Asian rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. *Oryza sativa* contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained *japonica* or *sinica* variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained *indica* variety.
lowland rice
upland rice
Rice occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices. Black rice (also known as purple rice) is a range of rice types, some of which are glutinous rice. Varieties include Indonesian black rice and Thai jasmine black rice.
rice plant
Any grass cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain.
grain plant
*Vitis* (grapevines) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family *Vitaceae*. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis]
vitis spp.
grape plant
green pea plant
lathyrus l.
pisum l.
pea plant
The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus, in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pear are valued for their edible fruit and juices while others are cultivated as trees.
pyrus communis
pear plant
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom *Fungi*, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species.
yeast
osteichthyes
fish, bony
snap bean plant
string bean plant
stringless bean plant
green bean plant
Crustaceans form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean]
crustacea
crustacean
Collard greens are various loose-leafed cultivars of *Brassica oleracea* (Acephala Group), the same species as cabbage and broccoli. The plant is grown for its large, dark-colored, edible leaves and as a garden ornamental, mainly in Brazil, Portugal, the southern United States, many parts of Africa, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, southern Croatia, Spain and in Pakistan, as well as in Kashmir region of both India and Pakistan. They are classified in the same cultivar group as kale and spring greens, to which they are closely similar genetically. The name "collard" is a shortened form of the word "colewort" (cabbage plant).
borekale
brassica oleracea var. viridis
cow cabbage
fodder kale
portuguese kale
collard plant
fragaria spp.
strawberry plant
*Phaseolus lunatus*, commonly known as the lima bean, butter bean, sieva bean, or Madagascar bean[citation needed], is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans.
butter bean plant
madagascar bean plant
phaseolus lunatus
phaseolus limensis
lima bean plant
Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy blue, red (purple), or white (pale blue) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
brassica oleracea varieties
cabbage plant
Hard wheat (red or white) are varieties of common wheat with high protein (gluten) content used for bread.
triticum aestivum
hard wheat plant
gadus spp.
cod
The *Scombridae* family of the mackerels, tunas, and bonitos includes many of the most important and familiar food fishes. The family consists of 51 species in 15 genera and two subfamilies. All species are in the subfamily *Scombrinae*, except the butterfly kingfish, which is the sole member of subfamily *Gasterochismatinae*. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scombridae]
scombridae
mackerel family
The term shellfish is used both broadly and specifically. For regulatory purposes it is often narrowly defined as filter-feeding molluscs such as clams, mussels, and oyster to the exclusion of crustaceans and all else. Although their shells may differ, all shellfish are invertebrates.
Covers both freshwater and saltwater organisms
shellfish
Broccoli is a plant in the cabbage family, whose large flower head is used as a vegetable. The word broccoli, from the Italian plural of broccolo, refers to "the flowering top of a cabbage". Broccoli is usually boiled or steamed, but may be eaten raw and has become popular as a raw vegetable in hors d'oeuvre trays. Broccoli is classified in the *Italica* cultivar group of the species *Brassica oleracea*. Broccoli has large flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of the same species.
Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck
brassica oleracea l. convar. botrytis var. italica
brassica oleracea var. botrytis
brassica oleracea var. italica
broccoli plant
chicken
The zucchini or courgette is a summer squash which can reach nearly a meter in length, but which is usually harvested at half that size or less. Along with certain other squashes, it belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo. Zucchini can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini, is a deep yellow or orange color.
courgette
cucurbita pepo var. melopepo cv. zucchini
zucchini plant
The European cantaloupe is lightly ribbed, with a gray-green skin that looks quite different from that of the North American cantaloupe.
Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin
european cantaloupe plant
Scallop is a common name that is primarily applied to any one of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops. However, the common name "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily Pectinoidea, which also includes the thorny oysters.
pectinidae
Argopecten irradians
Pecten laquaetus
pecten aequiscleatus
scallop
Blueberries are flowering plants of the genus *Vaccinium* (a genus which also includes cranberries and bilberries) with dark-blue berries and are perennial. Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as "blueberries" and are native to North America (they were not introduced into Europe until the 1930s).
vaccinium spp. cyanococcus group
blueberry plant
The raspberry is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus *Rubus*. The name originally refers in particular to the European species Rubus idaeus, and is still used for that species as its standard English name in its native area. Other species, mostly closely related in the same subgenus Idaeobatus, also called raspberries subsequently include: * Rubus strigosus (American Raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus) * Rubus arcticus (Arctic Raspberry) * Rubus crataegifolius (Korean Raspberry) * Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry) * Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry) * Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine Raspberry) * Rubus leucodermis (Whitebark or Western Raspberry, native: Blue Raspberry)
rubus
raspberry plant
homarus spp.
panulirus spp.
lobster
Hippoglossus
hippoglossus spp.
reinhardtius spp.
halibut
In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit, stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside.
drupe
pit fruit
stone fruit plant
phaseolus vulgaris plant
pilchard
sardina
sardinops
sardine
This "or" class is just to represent an equivalency with a commonly used classification outside of FoodOn. It should not have subclasses under it. (2022-11-30)
fjerkrae
gamebird
fowl
game birds
poultry or game bird
This is a hierarchy of organisms, grouped minimally in a combination of taxonomy and consumer-oriented food groups.
This was LanguaL definition: Individual plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived; also a chemical food source [FDA CFSAN 1995].
food product organismal source
Leaf vegetables, also called leafy greens, salad greens, pot herbs, vegetable greens, or simply greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots.
leafy green
leafy vegetable plant
A bean plant is one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which has seed pods, seeds, and/or leaf material used for human or animal food.
bean plant
vegetable-producing plant
Perciformes, also called the Percomorpha or Acanthopteri, are the most numerous order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of all bony fish. Perciformes means "perch-like". They belong to the class of ray-finned fish, and comprise over 10,000 species found in almost all aquatic ecosystems. The order contains about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perciformes]
perciformes
fish, perciform
A type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subfamily *Maloideae* of the family *Rosaceae*.
maloideae
pome fruit plant
Clupeiformes is the order of ray-finned fish that includes the herring family, *Clupeidae*, and the anchovy family, *Engraulidae*. The group includes many of the most important forage and food fish. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clupeiformes]
clupeiformes
fish, clupeiform
nut or edible seed producing plant
Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker
brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
brussels sprout plant
vaccinium spp.
vaccinium berry plant
capsicum annuum, longum group
capsicum chile pepper
cayenne pepper
chile pepper
chili pepper
long pepper
red pepper (chile pepper)
hot pepper plant
In general, a sheep in its first year is called a lamb and its meat is also called lamb.
lamb
Ginseng is any one of 11 species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus *Panax* of the family *Araliaceae*.
panax
ginseng plant
A mature female chicken (usually more than 10 months of age) with meat less tender than that of a roaster, and with a nonflexible breastbone tip.
stewing chicken
stewing hen
chicken hen
gadidae
cod family
pleuronectidae
righteye flounder family
The Decapoda or decapods (literally "ten-footed") are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns, and shrimp. Most decapods are scavengers. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapoda]
decapoda
decapod
*Phaseolus vulgaris*, also known as the common bean among other names,[ is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruit. The main categories of common beans, on the basis of use, are dry beans (seeds harvested at complete maturity), snap beans (tender pods with reduced fibre harvested before the seed development phase) and shell beans (seeds harvested at physiological maturity). Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, along with other *Phaseolus* species, is as a member of the legume family *Fabaceae*, most of whose members acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
phaseolus vulgaris
pink bean
small white bean
yellow bean
common bean plant
*Ascomycota* is a Division/Phylum of the kingdom *Fungi* that, together with the *Basidiomycota*, form the subkingdom *Dikarya*. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi. They are the largest phylum of *Fungi*, with over 64,000 species. The *ascomycetes* are a monophyletic group, i.e., all of its members trace back to one common ancestor. This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics and for making bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese, but also as pathogens of humans and plants. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi.
ascomycete
ascomycota
ascomycotina
ascos
dematiaceae
plectascales
protascales
sac fungi
ascomycetes
Mustards are several plant species in the genera *Brassica* and *Sinapis* whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as mustard or prepared mustard. The seeds are also pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens.
brassica spp.
sinapis spp.
mustard plant
Cucurbita (Latin for gourd) is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae, also known as cucurbits, native to the Andes and Mesoamerica. Five species are grown worldwide for their edible fruit, variously known as squash, pumpkin, or gourd depending on species, variety, and local parlance, and for their seeds.
pumpkin plant
cucurbita spp.
pumpkin, squash or gourd
squash, gourd or pumpkin plant
*Mollusca* is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca]
mollusk
mollusc
*Bivalvia*, in previous centuries referred to as the *Lamellibranchiata* and *Pelecypoda*, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. Bivalves as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia]
bivalvia
lamellibranchiata
pelecypod
pelecypoda
bivalve
Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the phylum *Echinodermata* of marine animals. The adults are recognizable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include such well-known animals as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies or "stone lilies". [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm]
echinodermata
echinoderm
tea or coffee plant
coffee or tea plant
*Coelenterata* is an obsolete term encompassing the animal phyla *Cnidaria* (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their allies) and *Ctenophora* (comb jellies). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelenterata]
coelenterata
coelenterate
pepper, poblano
poblano pepper plant
The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper or pepper in the United Kingdom, Canada and Ireland, and capsicum in Australia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore and New Zealand) is a cultivar group of the species *Capsicum annuum*. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet peppers". [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper]
sweet pepper plant
capsicum frutescens var. grossum
bell pepper plant
Unripe fruit of red or yellow bell pepper varieties.
green pepper plant
green bell pepper plant
Ripe fruit of red bell pepper varieties.
red bell sweet pepper plant
red sweet pepper plant
LanguaL curation note: Do not confuse with *RED PEPPER*.
red bell pepper plant
Ripe fruit of yellow bell pepper varieties.
yellow bell pepper plant
Grouped together because of similar use.
paprika, hot
red pepper (pungent pepper variety)
pungent pepper variety plant
This section and its narrover terms refer to the European Commission food additive regulation according to COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1129/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing a Union list of food additives [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:295:0001:0177:EN:PDF] and its basis, the four Food Additive Directives: the EEC Framework Directive on Food Additives (89/107/EEC), the Directive on colours (94/36/EC), the Directive on sweeteners (94/35/EC) and the 'miscellaneous' Directive (95/2/EC) plus amendments [http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/flav_index_en.html] and/or Codex Alimentarius Commission General Standard for Food Additives (CODEX STAN 192, revised 2011) [http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/4/CXS_192e.pdf]. If used for food supplement substances, thissection and its narrover terms refer to the European Commission regulation in general [http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/labellingnutrition/supplements/index_en.htm] and specifically to the EC Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Members States relating to food supplements (2002/46/EC) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:183:0051:0057:EN:PDF].
Damion Dooley's note: manysubclasses here are currently originating from LanguaL additives that have not yet been matched to CHEBI ontology terms. If matches are possible they will be implemented over time, at which point the corresponding FoodOn id's will be deprecated.
food additive
plant according to family
feed plant
fodder
fodder plant
forage
plant used as fodder
brassica species
tropical or subtropical fruit - inedible peel plant
Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus *Dioscorea* (family *Dioscoreaceae*) that form edible tubers. Yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and subtropical world regions. The tubers themselves are also called "yams", having numerous cultivars. In parts of the United States and Canada, "yam" is sometimes used to refer to varieties of the completely unrelated sweet potato (*Ipomoea batatas*).[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)]
dioscorea spp.
dioscoreaceae
yam plant
common wheat plant
This section list vitamins and mineral substances which may be used in the manufacture of food supplements. DIRECTIVE 2002/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements.
food supplements, vitamin and mineral substances (ec)
DIRECTIVE 2002/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:183:0051:0057:EN:PDF] and its amendments COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2006/37/EC [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:094:0032:0033:EN:PDF] and COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1170/2009 [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:314:0036:0042:EN:PDF].
food supplements, vitamin substances (ec)
thunnus spp.
albacore and tuna
plant used for dietary supplements
Melons with netted skin.
true muskmelon plant
The North American cantaloupe, common in the United States, Mexico, and in some parts of Canada, has a net-like (or reticulated) skin covering. It is a round melon with firm, orange, moderately sweet flesh and a thin, reticulated, light-brown rind. Varieties with redder and yellower flesh exist but are not common in the U.S. market.
north american cantaloupe plant
*Allium* is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium]
allium
wild onion
allium species
Species belonging to the taxonomic group *Avena* spp.
avena spp.
oat plant
The biological subfamily *Bovinae* includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium- to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, the bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hoofs and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns.
bovinae
bovine
A bovid (family *Bovidae*) is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammal which has males with characteristic unbranching horns covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The family is widespread, being native to Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, and diverse: members include bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle.
bovidae
bovid
*Cucumis* is a genus of twining, tendril-bearing plants in the *Cucurbitaceae* family which includes the cucumber (*Cucumis sativus*), muskmelons (*Cucumis melo*, including cantaloupe and honeydew), the horned melon (*Cucumis metuliferus*), and the West Indian gherkin (*Cucumis anguria*). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis]
cucumis species
The *Cucurbitaceae*, also called cucurbits and the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, the most important of which are: *Cucurbita* - squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds; *Lagenaria* - calabash, and others that are inedible; *Citrullus* - watermelon (*C. lanatus, C. colocynthis*) and others; *Cucumis* - cucumber (*C. sativus*), various melons; *Luffa* - luffa, loofah
cucurbitaceae
gourd/squash family
Tunicates, previously known as *Urochordata* or urochordates, are members of the *Tunicata*, a subphylum of the phylum *Chordata*. They are marine filter feeders with a saclike morphology. In their respiration and feeding they take in water through an incurrent (or inhalant) siphon and expel the filtered water through an excurrent (or exhalant) siphon. Most adult tunicates are sessile and attached to rocks or similarly suitable surfaces on the ocean floor; others such as salps, doliolids and pyrosomes swim in the pelagic zone as adults. Various species are commonly known as sea squirts or sea pork.
oopah
sea squirt
tunicata
tunicate
*Ipomoea* is the largest genus in the flowering plant family *Convolvulaceae*, with over 500 species. It is a large and diverse group with common names including morning glory, water convolvulus or kangkung, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflower, etc. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea]
birdweed
ipomoea spp.
kangkung
moonflower
water convolvulus
morning-glory family
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum *Vertebrata*. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; jellyfish, and worms. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate] Terrestrial invertebrates include ants, flies, crickets, grasshoppers and spiders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal]
invertebrate, land
land snail
terrestrial invertebrate
The *Solanaceae*, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many, including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell/chili peppers, and tobacco are widely used. The *Solanaceae* consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae]
nightshade family
solanaceae plant
*Solanum* is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include two food crops of high economic importance, the potato and the tomato. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit. *Solanum* species show a wide range of growing habits, such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like *Lycopersicon* (the tomatoes) and *Cyphomandra* are now included in *Solanum* as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500-2,000 species.
solanum plant
Edible flesh of any type of animal, including poultry and seafood. Excludes parts containing only animal fat, which is indexed under *FAT OR OIL* or under *FAT, TRIM*.
Damion Dooley Feb 6, 2017: Good meat cut resources to incorporate for Canada: The CFIA Meat Cuts Manual http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/meat-cuts/eng/1300126276015/1300126372856
meat part of animal
A broad term that includes the nutritive sweeteners dextrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose and sucrose, which are simple carbohydrates with molecules composed of one or two saccharide units. Note that on a product label or in a recipe, 'sugar' means *SUCROSE* and should be so indexed. Use the broad term *SUGAR* only if the specific sugar used is not known or not listed in the vocabulary.
sugar
A broad term that includes milk and its components, cream, curd and whey; use the appropriate specific term when milk or a milk product is the principal ingredient. Use the appropriate term under *MEAT ANIMAL* to index the source of the milk (note: 21 CFR 131.110 defines milk as cow's milk).
LanguaL curation note: For 'whole milk' combine *MILK OR MILK PRODUCT* (A. PRODUCT TYPE) with *MILK* (C. PART OF PLANT OR ANIMAL); for 'lowfat cottage cheese' combine *UNCURED CHEESE* (A. PRODUCT TYPE) with *CURD* (C. PART OF PLANT OR ANIMAL) and *FAT PARTIALLY REMOVED* (H. TREATMENT APPLIED).
mammalian milk or milk component
Anatomical part of the plant or animal from which a food product or its major ingredient is derived.
LanguaL curation note: "e.g. *LEAF*, *ROOT OR TUBER*, *ORGAN MEAT*, *MILK* OR *EGG*; it also includes components of parts, such as *CREAM*, and extracts, concentrates or isolates, such as *PROTEIN EXTRACT* or *SUGAR*."
part of organism
Bone, feathers, shell, skin or trim fat.
LanguaL curation note: *BLOOD* AND *INK, AQUATIC ANIMAL* are now listed under organism substance.
nonmeat part of animal
boneless meat
skeletal meat part, without bone, skin undetermined
skeletal meat part, without bone or shell
Includes carcass meat, organ meat, and nonmeat parts of animals, as well as the whole animal.
LanguaL curation note: Includes carcass meat, organ meat, and nonmeat parts of animals, as well as the whole animal.
animal body or body part
LanguaL curation note: Renamed from *SEED OR KERNEL, SKIN REMOVED* in LanguaL 2008.
seed, skin removed
LanguaL curation note: This broad term is used for the plant as a whole, excluding the root and the fruit; for any piece consisting of two or more individual parts (e.g., a celery stalk with the leaf blades attached); or for any mixture of two or more individual parts (e.g., mushroom stems and pieces).
plant above surface, excluding fruit and seed
The parts of a plant that are not fruit or seed.
flower, root, stem or leaf
leaf, flower, root or stem
stem, leaf, flower or root
root, stem, leaf or flower
Extract, concentrate or isolate high in sugar, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide.
carbohydrate extract, concentrate, or isolate
Anatomical part of an animal; includes eggs and milk that, although separated from the animal, are produced as integral parts and are affected by the animal's food intake and metabolism.
part of animal
The fleshy fruit of any plant. *FRUIT* includes vegetables berries and pods as well. The bulk of a fruit is its fleshy part, which is covered by a peel (skin) and which encloses a core, pit or seeds.
berry or fruit (anatomical part)
fruit or berry, peel undetermined
hip (fruit)
infructescence
LanguaL curation note: The descriptors under *FRUIT* are arrayed so that the indexer can check first whether the peel is present, removed or undetermined; then check the same informationfor the core, pit or seeds. For juices, beverages or jellies made from fruit, Index the entire part from which the product is derived. Renamed from *FRUIT OR BERRY* in LanguaL 2008.
fruit part
Carcass meat from any type of animal including poultry and seafood. Includes retail and wholesale cuts other than organ meat. Refers to the whole carcass or parts.
skeletal meat part
seed part
Poultry, game bird or turtle eggs.
LanguaL curation note: Fish roe are indexed under *OVARY, ROE*.
egg or egg component
The bulk of a seed; germ and bran are removed.
endosperm
LanguaL curation note: Renamed from *SEED OR KERNEL, SKIN REMOVED, GERM REMOVED (ENDOSPERM)* in LanguaL 2008.
seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)
Edible organ meat, including blood and bone marrow.
variety meat
organ meat
The egg yolk and albumen component of one or more eggs with shell removed.
egg (without shell)
LanguaL curation note: Used for seeds in hard shells rather than pods. Examples include brazil nuts, walnuts, almonds and peanuts.
seed(s) in shell or hull
A physical-chemical component separated from the food source or its parts by extraction, centrifugation, filtration, heat processing, expressing or a similar process. The separated component may be converted through further processing. If this is done, the final substance is indexed. A water-extracted component may remain in aqueous dispersion. The extract, concentrate or isolate is indexed in preference to the anatomic part from which it is derived. For example, peanut oil is indexed under *PEANUT* combined wih *FAT OR OIL* rather than with *SEED OR KERNEL*. On the other hand, fruit and vegetable juices can be indexed under *FRUIT JUICE OR NECTAR* or *VEGETABLE JUICE* (A. PRODUCT TYPE); therefore the anatomic part of the plant should be indexed.
Damion Dooley's note: Items in this branch will be merged into foodon food product branch.
extract, concentrate or isolate of plant or animal
bulb, root or tuber
tuber, bulb or root
root, tuber or bulb
The broken outer coat, or husk, of grains of wheat, rye, oats, etc. separated from the flour after grinding, as by sifting (Source: Webster's)
seed bran
The oil produced by pressing or extracting lipids from plant seeds (e.g. grapeseed oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil) /AM
seed oil
The physical state of the food product (liquid, semiliquid, semisolid, or solid). Solid food products are further subdivided by shape or form. Terms are provided for products that have both liquid and solid components or that incorporate air or other gases. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
Damion Dooley's note: these categories need to be mapped over to PATO phenotypic categories, with a suitable treatment of mixtures of solids that are divided into parts.
food physical quality
chopped
diced
cracked into medium size pieces
divided into pieces, thickness 0.3-1.5 cm.
LanguaL curation note: The distinctions in this category are based on size characteristics, primarily thickness, which are important for heat transfer and for diffusion of chemicals in processing. *DIVIDED INTO HALVES, QUARTERS OR SEGMENTS* should be examined first and if one of the descriptors listed applies it should be used regardless of the size of the pieces. If none of these are applicable, other *DIVIDED OR DISINTEGRATED* descriptors should be examined. Do not use any of these descriptors if dividing or disintegrating results in a semiliquid or semisolid product.
divided or disintegrated
A state of matter between a solid and a gas, in which a substance has the capacity to flow and conforms to the shape of the container. Liquids range from water to honey, corresponding to a range in viscosity (or apparent viscosity) from 1 to 500 centipoise (viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow). Products that are pourable but have a higher viscosity are *SEMILIQUID*.
fluid
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130)
food (liquid)
LanguaL curation note: Used for solid products that are divided into uniformly thin pieces (e.g., sliced bread).
sliced
Divided into pieces whose shape bears little or no relation to the shape of the whole. If all dimensions are below 0.2 cm., use *DISINTEGRATED OR GROUND*. Examples are: bread slice, cubed beef, sliced carrot, cut green beans, apple ring, shredded cabbage or cheese.
divided into pieces
food cooking
Cooked at moderate to high levels of heat in which no liquid is added and only small amounts of fat may be added to prevent sticking.
dry cooked
LanguaL
cooking by dry heat
Cooked without moisture, covered or uncovered, in an oven.
roasting
food baking
Used to specifically characterize a food product based on the treatment or processes applied to the product or any indexed ingredient. The processes include adding, substituting or removing components or modifying the food or component, e.g., through fermentation.
food treatment process
A food modification process by microbial or enzymatic action which results in molecular changes in any food component.
fermented, unspecified
LanguaL curation note: If salt, sugar or other food additive is used to aid in the modification process, index it by the appropriate term under *INGREDIENT ADDED*.
microbial/enzymatic modification process
A food modification process where physical or chemical changes are effected in any food ingredient through a physical or non-enzymatic chemical process.
physical/chemical modification process
LanguaL curation note: Used when the food product underwent mechanical, chemical or enzymatic modification that has affected the texture, flavor or other characteristic of the product.
food modification process
cholesterol removed|defatted
LanguaL curation note: Used for products that contain less than 60% of the fat naturally present in the food source (more precisely, the part of the food source.) more specific fat levels, which vary from one product type to another, are specified in the extended scope notes for *FAT PARTIALLY REMOVED* and *FAT FULLY REMOVED* in the manual.
fat removal process
This disjunction is provided for food indexers who used the LanguaL category per guidelines. Currently, by specifying the more specific nut or seed as ingredient instead, this category can be inferred.
nut or seed added
LanguaL curation note: With the exception of peanut (see *PEANUT OR PEANUT BUTTER ADDED*), used when a nut or seed ingredient is the second ingredient in order of predominance.
plant seed or nut food product
stuffing process
LanguaL curation note: Applies to all filled or stuffed products, including pies and sandwiches.
food filling process
LanguaL curation note: Used for products in which either carbohydrates, proteins or fats were modified through microbial processes. Enzymatic or other biological processes may also be involved. If two or more of these components are modified in significant amounts, index under *FERMENTED/MODIFIED, MULTIPLE COMPONENT*.
single component food fermentation
A component separation process at the very least removes one component from an initial entity. The removed component may be captured as a process output for reuse if not destroyed in the process of removal.
LanguaL curation note: Use the appropriate term under *COMPONENT REMOVED* to indicate the permanent full or partial removal of a nutritional/chemical component naturally present in the part of plant or animal used.
food component separation process
LanguaL curation note: Used for products that contain less than 10-20% of the fat naturally present in the food source. Examples are skim milk, low-fat cocoa and dry-curd cottage cheese.
full fat removal process
yeast leavened
carbohydrate fermentation
A fat or oil derived from vegetable material
vegetable fat or oil added
This is a convenience class inherited from LanguaL
vegetable fat or oil
The methods contributing to the prevention or retardation of microbial, enzymatic or oxidative spoilage and thus to the extension of shelf life. Index all methods for which information is available, even if a corresponding descriptor has already been used in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. Preservation descriptors refer to the finished food as a whole with these exceptions: (1) if the components of a multi-component food, such as cream pie, are preservation by different methods, index all methods; (2) if chemical preservatives are declared on the label, always index them even if it is known that the preservative was introduced through or is only present in a component or ingredient of the food; and (3) if the preservation method for an ingredient is declared on the label (such as brie cheese made from pasteurized milk) index it. Also use *INGREDIENT preservation by THERMAL PROCESSING* or *INGREDIENT preservation by IRRADIATION* when ingredients have been pasteurized, ultrapasteurized, sterilized or irradiated.
food preservation process
LanguaL curation note: Used when sufficient radiation (e.g. 10 kGy) is applied to destroy most patho-genic and food spoilage organisms. Also index *preservation by CHILLING*.
pasteurization by irradiation
Preservation by the use of high temperature for a time sufficient to reduce or destroy undesirable microorganisms and enzyme activity. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
heat treatment food preservation
Preservation by irradiation, primarily by gamma radiation.
preservation by ionizing radiation
LanguaL curation note: Used when the product is held at a temperature of 60-150 °C (140-300 °F) for a time sufficient to destroy most pathogenic and food spoilage organisms. When followed by refrigeration, also index *preservation by CHILLING*.
pasteurization by heating
Preservation by the use of radiation to destroy or suppress undesirable microorganisms or enzyme activity.
preservation by irradiation
The specific container or coating materials in direct contact with the food. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
surface
food product contact surface
food contact surface from natural material
adjunct characteristics of meat, poultry or fish
meat, poultry or fish physical quality
LanguaL curation note: Used to characterize colors of tuna or salmon flesh. The appropriate narrower term is used only when tuna or salmon is the first or sole ingredient of a food product.
color of fish flesh
LanguaL curation note: This color designation describes tuna flesh that is darker than munsell value 5.3 (21 CFR 161.190(a)(4) (iii)).
dark fish flesh
The category covers both raw materials and infusions of cacao, coffee, tea and other vegetable products for infusions.
34020 - coffee, cocoa, tea and infusions (efsa foodex2)
The category covers all types of Coffee, cocoa, tea and herbal infusions. The part consumed/analysed is by default the whole marketed unit or a homogeneous representative portion. When relevant, information on the part consumed/analysed has to be reported with additional facet descriptors.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_drinks] and [https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=isch&q=Hot drinks and similar (coffee, cocoa, tea and herbal infusions)]
37000 - hot drinks and similar (coffee, cocoa, tea and herbal infusions) (efsa foodex2)
The group includes any type of Cocoa beverages, i.e. beverages usually made with cocoa powder and possibly other cocoa-based products dissolved into a liquid. The part consumed/analysed is by default the whole marketed unit or a homogeneous representative portion.[https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=isch&q=Cocoa beverages]
37220 - cocoa beverages (efsa foodex2)
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of the root or root extract of the Actaea racemosa plant.
Cimicifuga racemosa supplement
black bugbane supplement
black snakeroot supplement
Black cohosh supplementation has been used in functional medicine for management of menopausal symptoms.
black cohosh supplement
A dietary supplement composed primarily of the ubiquinone coenzyme Q10.
CoQ10 supplement
ubiquinone-10 supplement
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation has been used in functional medicine for a wide range of ailments including heart disease and cancer.
coenzyme Q10 supplement
A dietary fat supplement composed primarily of fish oil.
Fish oil supplementation has been used in function medicine to reduce cardiovascular disease risk and reduce inflammation.
fish oil supplement
A dietary fat supplement composed primarily of flaxseed oil.
Flaxseed oil supplementation has been used in function medicine for a variety of ailments including gastrointestinal complaints and cardiovascular disease.
flaxseed oil supplement
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of a Ginkgo biloba plant leaf extract.
ginkgo leaf supplement
Ginkgo biloba supplementation has been used in functional medicine for a variety of ailments including peripheral artery disease and dementia.
ginkgo biloba supplement
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of the root or root extract of the Panax ginseng plant.
Asian ginseng supplement
Ginseng supplementation has been used in functional medicine to stimulate immune function, improve well-being, and a variety of other health problems.
ginseng supplement
A dietary supplement composed primarily of the amino sugar glucosamine.
Glucosamine supplementation has been used in functional medicine for arthritis and pain.
glucosamine supplement
A dietary supplement composed primarily of the hormone melatonin.
Melatonin supplementation has been used in functional medicine for circadian rhythm disruption and insomnia.
melatonin supplement
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of extract from the seeds of the Silybum marianum plant.
milk thistle extract supplement
silymarin supplement
Milk thistle supplementation has been used in functional medicine for a variety of ailments including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and diabetes.
milk thistle supplement
A dietary fat supplement composed primarily of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplement
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplement
Omega-3- fatty acid supplementation has been used in function medicine for a variety of ailments including hypertriglyceridemia and rheumatoid arthritis.
omega-3- fatty acid supplement
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of red yeast rice (rice fermented with the mold Monascus purpureus).
angkak supplement
red fermented rice supplement
red koji rice supplement
Red yeast rice supplementation has been used in functional medicine to aid in digestion and reduce blood cholesterol.
red yeast rice supplement
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of resveratrol.
Resveratrol supplementation has been used in functional medicine to reduce blood pressure and improve cognition.
resveratrol supplement
A botanical dietary supplement composed primarily of an extract of the flower of the Hypericum perforatum plant.
hypericum supplement
St. john's wort supplementation has been used in functional medicine for a variety of ailments including insomnia and depression. St. John's wort is a cytochrome P450 inducer and has known interactions with some medications.
St. John's wort supplement
One of the large, unbroken masses of land into which the Earth's surface is divided.
north america
LanguaL curation note: US FDA 1995 Code: QT
A federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, DC, the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The State of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait, and the State of Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States also possesses several territories, or insular areas, that are scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific. The states are divided into smaller administrative regions, called counties in most states, exceptions being Alaska (parts of the state are organized into subdivisions called boroughs; the rest of the state's territory that is not included in any borough is divided into "census areas"), and Louisiana (which is divided into county-equivalents that are called parishes). There are also independent cities which are within particular states but not part of any particular county or consolidated city-counties. Another type of organization is where the city and county are unified and function as an independent city. There are thirty-nine independent cities in Virginia and other independent cities or city-counties are San Francisco, California, Baltimore, Maryland, St. Louis, Missouri, Denver, Colorado and Carson City, Nevada. Counties can include a number of cities, towns, villages, or hamlets, or sometimes just a part of a city. Counties have varying degrees of political and legal significance, but they are always administrative divisions of the state. Counties in many states are further subdivided into townships, which, by definition, are administrative divisions of a county. In some states, such as Michigan, a township can file a charter with the state government, making itself into a "charter township", which is a type of mixed municipal and township status (giving the township some of the rights of a city without all of the responsibilities), much in the way a metropolitan municipality is a mixed municipality and county.
united states
LanguaL curation note: US FDA 1995 Code: US
A country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories; in turn, these may be grouped into regions. Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Central Canada consists of Quebec and Ontario. Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia), along with Newfoundland and Labrador. Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together. Three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) make up Northern Canada.
canada
LanguaL curation note: US FDA 1995 Code: CA
geographical entity of astronomical body
A material entity that is (1) a bona fide or fiat object part of the crust, any bodies of liquid on or contained within the crust, or planetary boundary layer (if present) of a terrestrial planet (including Earth), dwarf planet, exoplanet, natural satellite, planetesimal, or small Solar System body, and that (2) overlaps the planetary surface (including having a boundary that coincides with part of the planetary surface).
geographical entity
A geographical entity that is demarcated at least in part by one or more closed fiat boundaries all of whose lines are part of the planetary surface.
geographical region
Binding to an acyl group, any group formally derived by removal of the hydroxyl group from the acid function of a carboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation ternary complex assembly
formation of translation initiation ternary complex
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
Binding to a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
Exportin-5 recognizes 3' overhang of pre-miRNA
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme.
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct, manual gene product annotation. Please choose a more specific child term, or request a new one if no suitable term is available. For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children.
Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Binding to D- or L-enantiomers of glucose.
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
nucleus
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
multicellular organismal polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.
1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).
Behavior associated with the intake of food.
feeding from vascular tissue of another organism
injection of substance into other organism during feeding on blood of other organism
See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'.
Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme.
Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
multicellular organism metabolic process
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
multicellular organismal biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
membrane
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides.
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds.
phenol-containing compound metabolic process
Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any butyrate, the anions of butyric acid (butanoic acid), a saturated, unbranched aliphatic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
cellular component assembly at cellular level
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
polysaccharide assembly with MHC class II protein complex
The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.
double-stranded RNA biosynthetic process
Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
cellular macromolecule complex disassembly
The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
Binding to an apolipoprotein, the protein component of a lipoprotein complex.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.
cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process
cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process
Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
neurotransmitter biosynthesis and storage
neurotransmitter biosynthetic process and storage
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
Binding to a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.
Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.
Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.
Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.
Binding to a cation, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process
Binding to an amine, a weakly basic organic compound that contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
Binding to sulfate, SO4(2-), a negatively charged small molecule.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
cellular macromolecular complex organization
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization
macromolecular complex subunit organisation
macromolecular complex subunit organization
protein-containing complex subunit organization
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation (ternary) complex
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short-chain fatty acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
Binding to a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.
Binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
Binding to epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
Binding to histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
short-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
imidazole-containing compound metabolic process
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.
A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
cellular protein-containing complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity metabolic process
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.
nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.
RNA-protein complex subunit organization
protein-RNA complex subunit organization
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation or biogenesis
cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
Binding to an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass.
A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.
The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.
A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).
alkene substituted compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).
alkene substituted compound anabolic process
alkene substituted compound biosynthesis
alkene substituted compound biosynthetic process
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.
catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid
A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.
A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.
A protein complex capable of activating an enzyme. Activating subunits may dissociate from the catalytic unit before the enzyme is active.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
glucosamine-containing compound metabolism
glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
glucosamine-containing compound anabolism
glucosamine-containing compound biosynthesis
glucosamine-containing compound formation
glucosamine-containing compound synthesis
glucosamine-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.
primary amino compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.
organic hydroxy compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.
organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-carotene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-carotene.
A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity.
The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components.
A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).
A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.
data item
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
information content entity
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
data about an ontology part
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
A clinically prescribed procedure, therapy, intervention, or recommendation.
medical action
therapeutic procedure
surgical procedure
Use of a substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
transplantation procedure
Treatment with a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Treatment with a mood-stimulating drug used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
treatment with gout suppressant medication
Therapy using an agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function
Treatment with an agent that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.
A therapy utilizing a substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
Any drug that works to lower abnormally high glucose (sugar) levels in the blood, which are characteristic of the endocrine system disorder known as diabetes mellitus.
blood glucose regulator therapy
Use of an agent that prevents blood clotting.
Use of a drug which antagonizes or impairs any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
platelet aggregation inhibitor agent treatment
treatment with platelet aggregation antagonist
treatment with platelet aggregation blocker
treatment with platelet aggregation inhibitor
Treatment with an agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists.
a-adrenergic receptor antagonist drug treatment
alpha adrenergic antagonist drug therapy
alpha-adrenergic antagonist agent treatment
alpha-adrenergic antagonist drug therapy
alpha-adrenergic antagonist drug treatment
alpha-adrenergic antagonist medication therapy
alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist agent therapy
alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist drug therapy
alpha-adrenergic receptor blockader therapy
alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker therapy
treatment with alpha-adrenergic antagonist
treatment with alpha-adrenergic antagonist drug
treatment with alpha-adrenergic antagonist medication
Treatment with a drug for prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
treatment with anti-arrhythmia medication
treatment with anti-arrhythmic medication
treatment with antiarrhythmic medication