ENVO is an ontology which represents knowledge about environments,environmental processes, ecosystems, habitats, and related entities
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/chemical_concentration.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 679 Logical Axioms: 119]
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 206 Logical Axioms: 34]
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute_location.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 168 Logical Axioms: 29]
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_quality_location.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 40 Logical Axioms: 6]
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/process_attribute.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 21 Logical Axioms: 2]
editor preferred term~editor preferred label
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
A is disconnected_from B if they have no parts in common.
Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
Relational slim: types of quality that require an additional entity in order to exist
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
A duck swimming in a pond is partially surrounded by air and partially surrounded by water.
x partially_surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for the region r that is adjacent to x, r partially overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies a non-trivial proportion of the outermost boundary of x
Definition modified from 'surrounded by'.
A relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist through the separation or transformation of a part of the old entity, and the new entity inherits a significant portion of the matter belonging to that part of the old entity.
derives from part of
A has part relationship between a whole and a part, where the number of parts present in the whole is higher than in comparable entities.
This relation is present in ENVO to support compositional classes such as "X-enriched soil". These will later be formalized, and a different relation from RO may be chosen.
Afforestation results in the expansion of a forest.
A process, p, results in the expansion of a material entity, m, if the spatial extent of m is increased as a result of participating in p.
A relation between a process and a disposition such that the existence of the disposition is caused by the execution of the process.
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations.
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
location_of
location of
contained in
Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved.
Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition):
contained_in
contains
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.
X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
bounding layer of
A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other.
Note from NCEAS meeting: consider changing primary label
Example: if we define region of chromosome as any subdivision of a chromosome along its long axis, then we can define a region of chromosome that contains only gene x as 'chromosome region' that coincident_with some 'gene x', where the term gene X corresponds to a genomic sequence.
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which ends
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002124 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
encompasses
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which starts
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
starts during
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
happens during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
ends during
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint)
continuous with
x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x
We would like to include disjointness axioms with part_of and has_part, however this is not possible in OWL2 as these are non-simple properties and hence cannot appear in a disjointness axiom
(forall (?x ?y) (iff (proper_overlaps ?x ?y) (and (overlaps ?x ?y) (not (part_of ?x ?y)) (not (part_of ?y ?x)))))
partially overlaps
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
life cycle stage of
Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin.
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones).
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system.
connects
a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b.
attached to part of (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to part of
Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure.
Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between a vein and an anatomical structure
drains
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y.
directly develops from
directly develops into
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
OBSOLETE x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role
Obsoleted as the inverse property was obsoleted.
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
starts
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing
develops in
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has start location
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong]
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
developmentally succeeded by
'hypopharyngeal eminence' SubClassOf 'part of precursor of' some tongue
part of developmental precursor of
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint.
results in developmental progression of
an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists.
every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062)
results in formation of anatomical entity
Hydrozoa (NCBITaxon_6074) SubClassOf 'has habitat' some 'Hydrozoa habitat' where 'Hydrozoa habitat' SubClassOf overlaps some ('marine environment' (ENVO_00000569) and 'freshwater environment' (ENVO_01000306) and 'wetland' (ENVO_00000043)) and 'has part' some (freshwater (ENVO_00002011) or 'sea water' (ENVO_00002149)) -- http://eol.org/pages/1795/overview
x 'has habitat' y if and only if: x is an organism, y is a habitat, and y can sustain and allow the growth of a population of xs.
A population of xs will possess adaptations (either evolved naturally or via artifical selection) which permit it to exist and grow in y.
has habitat
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
A relationship that holds via some environmental process
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the process of evolution.
evolutionarily related to
A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297)
Awaiting class for domain/range constraint, see: https://github.com/OBOFoundry/Experimental-OBO-Core/issues/6
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions
ecologically related to
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
ATP citrate lyase (ACL) in Arabidopsis: it is a heterooctamer, composed of two types of subunits, ACLA and ACLB in a A(4)B(4) stoichiometry. Neither of the subunits expressed alone give ACL activity, but co-expression results in ACL activity. Both subunits contribute_to the ATP citrate lyase activity.
Subunits of nuclear RNA polymerases: none of the individual subunits have RNA polymerase activity, yet all of these subunits contribute_to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.
eIF2: has three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); one binds GTP; one binds RNA; the whole complex binds the ribosome (all three subunits are required for ribosome binding). So one subunit is annotated to GTP binding and one to RNA binding without qualifiers, and all three stand in the contributes_to relationship to "ribosome binding". And all three are part_of an eIF2 complex
We would like to say if and only if exists c', p' c part_of c' and c' capable_of p and c capable_of p' and p' part_of p then c contributes_to p However, this is not possible in OWL. We instead make this relation a sub-relation of the two chains, which gives us the inference in the one direction.
In the context of the Gene Ontology, contributes_to may be used only with classes from the molecular function ontology.
contributes to
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
formed as result of
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to
A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving branching relationships
This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves)
in branching relationship with
Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River
inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein
x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein.
tributary of
Deschutes River distributary_of Little Lava Lake
x distributary_of y if and only if x is capable of channeling the flow of a substance to y, where y channels less of the substance than x
This is both a mereotopological relationship and a relationship defined in connection to processes. It concerns both the connecting structure, and how this structure is disposed to causally affect flow processes
distributary of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios
spatially coextensive with
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
This relation has a stronger meaning than merely indicating that X may develop into Y, in that the capability of developing into Y is always present, even if X does not always actually develop into Y. In particular, this means that if Y is restricted to a given taxon T, X is necessarily likewise restricted.
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p provides input for q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and there exists some c such that p has_output c and q has_input c.
directly provides input for (process to process)
provides input for
transitive form of directly_provides_input_for
This is a grouping relation that should probably not be used in annotation. Consider instead the child relation 'provides input for'.
transitively provides input for (process to process)
transitively provides input for
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which at least one of the partners is an organism and the other is either an organism or an abiotic entity with which the organism interacts.
Intended to be used when the target of the relation is not itself consumed, and does not have integral parts consumed, but provided nutrients in some other fashion.
A biotic interaction where a material entity provides nutrition for an organism.
'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate'
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships
x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2
This relation is provided in order to support the use of relational qualities such as 'concentration of'; for example, the concentration of C in V is a quality that inheres in V, but pertains to C.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef
s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s.
The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future
determined by (system to material entity)
s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w.
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
A relationship between a realizable entity R (e.g. function or disposition) and a material entity M where R is realized in response to a process that has an input stimulus of M.
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
muffin 'has substance added' some 'baking soda'
"has substance added" is a relation existing between a (physical) entity and a substance in which the entity has had the substance added to it at some point in time.
The relation X 'has substance added' some Y doesn't imply that X still has Y in any detectable fashion subsequent to the addition. Water in dehydrated food or ice cubes are examples, as is food that undergoes chemical transformation. This definition should encompass recipe ingredients.
has substance added
A drought sensitivity trait that inheres in a whole plant is realized in a systemic response process in response to exposure to drought conditions.
An inflammatory disease that is realized in response to an inflammatory process occurring in the gut (which is itself the realization of a process realized in response to harmful stimuli in the mucosal lining of th gut)
Environmental polymorphism in butterflies: These butterflies have a 'responsivity to day length trait' that is realized in response to the duration of the day, and is realized in developmental processes that lead to increased or decreased pigmentation in the adult morph.
r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r.
realized in response to
Genetic information generically depend on molecules of DNA.
The novel *War and Peace* generically depends on this copy of the novel.
The pattern shared by chess boards generically depends on any chess board.
The score of a symphony g-depends on a copy of the score.
This pdf file generically depends on this server.
A generically dependent continuant *b* generically depends on an independent continuant *c* at time *t* means: there inheres in *c* a specifically deendent continuant which concretizes *b* at *t*.
Molecules of DNA are carriers of genetic information.
This copy of *War and Peace* is carrier of the novel written by Tolstoy.
This hard drive is carrier of these data items.
*b* is carrier of *c* at time *t* if and only if *c* *g-depends on* *b* at *t*
is carrier of
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input.
See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497
device utilizes material
This property only applies to anatomical entities.
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
independent continuant
spatial region
temporal region
spatiotemporal region
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
process
disposition
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
quality
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
specifically dependent continuant
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
role
fiat object
fiat object part
object aggregate
site
object
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
generically dependent continuant
function
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
process boundary
one-dimensional temporal region
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
continuant fiat boundary
immaterial entity
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor
EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
An astrononmical body part which delimited by physical discontinuities with its surroundings.
This class is being depopulated and will be filled only with inferred subclasses. Please do not use this for direct annotation, favouring instead a more descriptive subclass.
A cavity developed along a bedding-plane and elongate in cross-section as a result.
An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.
Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore.
A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States.
A subdivision of a first-order administrative division.
A subdivision of a second-order administrative division.
A subdivision of a third-order administrative division.
A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area.
A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles.
An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life.
A geographical feature associated with water.
A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation.
This class refers to the water contained in a canal channel, and not the channel itself.
A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere.
A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean.
A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L).
A river that has either permanently or temporally lost its water.
A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts.
A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained in a depression on a landmass.
A lake of whose water contains low concentrations of salts.
A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply.
"There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague."
A watercourse which is linear and flows across the solid portion of a planetary surface.
streamlet
An artificial body of water, often contained by a dam, constructed for the purpose of water storage.
A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface.
A surface landform which provides an egress for groundwater or steam to flow out of the ground.
Springs are typically where an aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure.
A cave without streams or drips of water.
A valley or ravine, bounded by relatively steep banks, which in the rainy season becomes a watercourse.
The temporality of wadis is problematic in deciding whether they are watercourses or valleys.
An area of water bordered by land on three sides.
A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake.
An area of broken, fast flowing water in a stream, where the slope of the bed increases (but without a prominent break of slope which might result in a waterfall), or where a gently dipping bar of harder rock outcrops.
A wetland ecosystem which includes communities of grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants).
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used irrigation.
A small, human-made channel which has been dug for draining or irrigating the land.
A sheet of saline water separated from the open sea by sand or shingle banks. The sheet of water between an offshore reef, especially of coral and mainland. The sheet of water within a ring or horseshoe shaped atoll.
A long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation.
A sudden descent of water over a step or ledge in the bed of a river.
A tidal water channel. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used drainage.
An vegetated area which overlaps a wetland ecosystem.
A wetland ecosystem which accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material.
A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
A dense growth of shrubbery planted as a fence or boundary.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used navigation.
A hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air.
A spring through which groundwater, heated by geothermal energy, flows.
A lake contained within a volcanic crater.
A marsh in which soils are saturated with water that contains low concentrations of salts.
A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts.
It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt.
A pond which is 1) shallow, 2) man-made, and 3) designed to produce salt from seawater through evaporation.
In such ponds, water is drawn out of seawater through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested.
A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of fish.
A swamp which is located in tropical or subtropical environments and is determined by communities of trees and shrubs growing saline coastal environments.
A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth. Such a lake may be associated with caves and aquifers and springs.
A river that is under the surface of the Earth.
A stream that is under the surface of the Earth.
A geographical feature associated with water that is under the surface of the earth.
This class should probably be replaced with a quality-like entity "underground" which can then be distributed to the subclasses, solving the double inheritance.
Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population.
An accumulation of water of varying size.
The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water.
An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land.
A permanent way having one or more rails which provides a track for cars.
Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber.
A stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common feature of river deltas.
A construction that has been assembled by deliberate human effort.
"constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference
A cave developed along a fault or fault zone, either by movement of the fault or by preferential solution along it.
Structure designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity.
A permanent walled and roofed construction.
A barrier constructed across a watercourse to control the flow or raise the level of water.
A built structure erected over a depression or obstacle to carry traffic or some facility such as a pipeline.
An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials.
As with other classes that are "features", the subclasses of this class are being moved to more informative locations. Their relation to agriculture will be modelled by something more akin to a quality or relation to an agricultural process.
An area of land which is used for the cultivation of crops or grazing of livestock, including any agricultural constructions therein.
An open artificial water channel, that leads water from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow, often an elevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land.
A range of mounts which is dominated by mountains.
A landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area.
A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit. The USGS had previously defined mountains as localised elevations of more than 300 meters; however, the organisation has accepted there are no technical definitions in the US. In ENVO, we primarily use the UNEP-WCMC classification to be compliant with SDG monitoring, but we can host other classifications on request: http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/1542/en/
A range of mounts which is dominated by hills.
A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m.
A lower point that allows easier access through a mountain range. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains.
A glacier contained in the site of a mountain valley.
We need to added classes such as "valley site" in order to fully axiomatize this class
A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent.
A slope which is part of a rocky elevation and which has a high degree of steepness.
A cliff that is a margin of a sea or ocean.
A cliff which is not adjacent to a major water body.
An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water.
A part of an astronomical body associated with a volcano - an opening, or rupture, in that body's surface or crust - which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A feature formed by cooled lava, the molten rock that is expelled by a volcano during an eruption.
A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption.
A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall.
Area of dry or relatively dry land surrounded by water or low wetland.
A depression which has been formed as a result of erosion by water or ice and which is low-lying, bordered by higher ground, and especially elongate.
Valleys are typically located between hills our mountains.
A tract of alluvium formed at the mouth of a river where the deposition ofsome of its load exceeds its rate of removal, crossed by the divergent channels (distributaries) of the river.
A two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary which is used to demarcate the interior from the exterior of a cave.
cave exit
The term "cave entrance" is typically used when ingress or entry to the cave is desired. The same fiat bondary can serve as a cave exit, although that may be less feasible due to the shape or other physical properties of the cave.
An island formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
A hydrographic feature which is located below the surface of a marine water body.
An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation.
An upland moor or sandy area dominated by low shrubby vegetation including heather.
A grassland ecosystem which contains a variety of annual, biennial and perennial plants growing on rolling or flat terrain.
Typically, meadows have higher botanical biodiversity than other grasslands.
Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both.
A tunnel formed by the flow of molten lava, which has subsequently drained out.
These are usually classified as a sub-type of volcanic cave, rather than a tunnel.
An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood.
The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome.
A vegetated area which is part of a tundra ecosystem.
A geographical feature modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops.
A field which is located on land and used for agricultural purposes, such as the grazing of livestock or the cultivation of crops.
An intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food, typically fruit, production.
A place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins or table grapes.
An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming.
A forest that has been intentionally established by human intervention.
A channel of a watercource which has been constructed by humans or their technologies.
A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority.
A political entitity established by more than one state and with at least some influence over the affairs of its member states.
A spring which water contains a significant amount of dissolved minerals, that derive from the rocks through which the water flows.
A spring through which water with elevated levels of dissolved derivatives of sulfur flows.
An arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water.
A valley which no longer has water flowing or accumulating over its surface.
Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream.
A ridge of rocks, lying near the surface of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, but is usually covered by water.
OBSOLETE A hydrographic feature characterized by the dominance of snow or ice.
Previously had the axiom 'material entity' and ('composed primarily of' some ('water ice' or snow)) which ended up making incorrect inference. We chose to obsolete this now.
Ambiguities in notion of feature and overly general equivalence axiom was making incorrect assertions. For example popsicle would reason under this class.
Likely to be depopulated and "glacial" made into a quality or similar.
A glacier which covers an area of greater than 50,000 square kilometers.
This is not always classified as a glacier in the cryosphere community.
An ice mass which is of sufficient mass that the action of gravity upon it overcomes the frictional forces holding it in place, causing it to deform and flow towards lower elevation.
The definition of glacier is highly variable. Two main issues exist: 1) Whether or not a mass of ice must currently show movement to be considered a glacier or not and 2) What is the relationship between ice sheets and glaciers (i.e., which is the parent in a parent/child relationship or whether they are distinct terms).
An environmental material which is 1) composed primarily of soil or rock and included ice or organic material and 2) at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.
Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material.
A geographical region that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason.
A geographical area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement.
A circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance.
A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land.
A ditch that collects water from the surrounding land.
The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
A dome-shaped ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area).
A region of permanent snow in mountainous areas or high latitudes.
The region occupied by any more or less continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. Ocean Currents are rivers of hot or cold water within the ocean. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon. The depth contours, the shoreline and other movements influence the direction and strength of the movements of water that forms a given current.
Subclasses of this class are to be populated by inference. Definition modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current.
A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result. It often consists of a rocky bed of gravels or other small stones.
Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man.
A marine reef which is composed primarily of aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in shallow, low-nutrient waters.
An alkaline flat, in the context of a marine environment.
A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later.
The upper part of a river system, denoting the upper basin and source streams of a river.
An area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding.
A depression which is semicircular or crescent-shaped, found towards the crest of a mountain, and formed by the erosional processes caused by the motion of a glacier.
A small, isolated, fertile or green area in a desert region, usually having a spring or well.
An artificial working of peatland to remove the peat.
A road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland.
A plantation which is used to grow Hevea brasiliensis or other species from which natural latex is harvested.
A lake formed of a natural deposit of alphalt, a black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid composed of fossil hydrocarbons.
An oceanic island, often having a characteristic ring-like shape surrounding a lagoon. Atolls are formed when coral reef grows around a volcanic island that later subsides into the ocean.
A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.
A hole in coastal rock through which sea water is forced by a rising tide or waves and spurted through an outlet into the air.
Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope.
A hill of sand built by eolian processes.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a river.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of sand.
There should be relation here to ENVO:sand, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of rock.
There should be relation here to ENVO:rock, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
Narrow section of land in a body of water connecting two larger land areas.
A surface landform which is formed by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock.
Karsts usually form in masses of carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. Karst landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage.
A landform elevated above the surrounding area.
elevation
An accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier.
An artificial slope or wall, usually earthen, which parallels the course of a river, built for the purpose of containing the river.
An elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. Mesas form in areas where horizontally layered rocks are uplifted by tectonic activity.
The exposed summit of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice mass is present.
"peak" in the definition is understood as a synonym of mount, rather than of summit. Nunataks may also refer to areas of ridges. The definition and placement of this class may need to be revised.
An elevated and comparatively level expanse of land.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of gravel or stones.
There should be relation here to ENVO:rock and ENVO:gravel, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
A tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume.
Rain-fed, potentially deep peatlands occurring principally in lowland areas across much of Northern Europe, as well as in the former USSR, North America and parts of the southern hemisphere.
Flat or concave peatlands with a string-like pattern of hummocks (hence the name), found principally in northern Scandinavia but occurring in the western parts of the former USSR and in North America. A few examples exist in northern Britain.
Peatlands with a shallow peat layer, only about 500 mm thick, dominated by sedges and grasses. They form in permafrost areas, covering around 110,000 to 160,000 km2 in Alaska, Canada, and the former USSR.
Peatland typified by characteristic high mounds, each with a permanently frozen core, with wet depressions between the mounds.
These develop where the ground surface is frozen only for part of the year, and are common in the former USSR, Canada and parts of Scandinavia.
Forested peatlands including both rain- and groundwater-fed types, commonly recorded in tropical regions with high rainfall.
This type of peatland covers around 350,000 km2, primarily in south-east Asia but also occurring in the Everglades in Florida.
Feature on the ocean floor at a depth of 3500 - 6000 meters.
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of solid material.
A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by the tides, rivers, sea or oceans.
Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders.
A natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes may vary in size from less than a meter to several hundred meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms.
A dry lakebed consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts. Generally the shore or bed of an endorheic lake.
A lake from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material.
A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix.
The deepest layer of water in such a lake typically does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living organisms to stir them up.
A lake, part of whose margin is formed by an ice mass, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.
A lake in a glacially eroded valley, which has been eroded below sea level.
A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process.
A lake which fills a depression that has formed as a result of subsidence along a a rift zone, an area of extensional tectonics in the continental crust.
A spring through which fluid intermittently flows.
The water mass of an ocean directly above a continental shelf.
The water mass of an ocean that is not above a continental shelf.
The zone of an ocean from the surface to where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light.
The zone of an ocean below 200m, in which photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of light.
The one of an ocean below the 10degC thermocline down to a temperature of 4degC.
The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000m.
The zone of an ocean immediately below the photic zone down to a depth where the water temperature is 10degC (the thermocline).
The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000m and 10,000m.
A fissure in the Earths's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.
A hole in the Earth's crust from which steam and gases are emitted.
A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. The superheated water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides, which crystallize to create a chimney-like structure around each vent. When the superheated water in the vent comes in contact with the cold ocean water, many minerals are precipitated, creating the distinctive black color. The metal sulfides that are deposited can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time.
A sea that is not connected with an ocean.
A group of geographically or geologically associated islands.
An island that lies on a continental shelf.
An island that does not sit on a continental shelf, and is of volcanic origin.
A slope which a) extends the perimeter of a continent, b) is covered by a shallow marine water body during interglacial periods, c) has a low degree of steepness relative to a continental slope or rise.
The continental shelf is a gentle slope. This class refers to the geographical continental shelf and not the legal concept of the same name.
An estuary in which river output is less than the marine input, resulting in the mixing of the whole water column by current-induced turbulence, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically.
An estuary whose river output and marine input are more even, with river flow still dominant; turbulence induces more mixing of salt water upward than the reverse.
An estuary in which river output greatly exceeds marine input, resulting in little mixing and thus a sharp contrast between fresh surface water and saline bottom water.
An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically.
An estuary which is located in regions where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of fresh water, forming a zone of maximum salinity towards which both riverine and marine water masses flow, before sinking and spreading along the bottom in both seaward and landward directions.
An estuary which varies dramatically in its volume as a result of intermittent freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any other type of estuary.
A wetland ecosystem which overlaps both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
A wetland found in upland areas, characterised by acidic soils.
A freshwater peat land with chemically basic (which roughly means alkaline) ground water.
A wetland ecosystem in which land mass is permanently inundated by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions.
A small, slow-moving stream or creek; usually located in low-lying areas.
A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees.
A class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching forms which may be nowhere very large, but common enough to add up to a large area.
A palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus.
A wetland ecosystem in which soil is saturated with saline water.
A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide.
A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by a stream.
A wetland which is inundated with water that contains low concentrations of salts.
A flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor.
A broad, low relief crater that results from a phreatic eruption or explosion caused by groundwater contact with hot lava or magma. The maar typically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.
A crater formed by a volcano, within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta.
An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section.
The parallel ridges of till deposited along the sides of an alglacier. The unconsolidated debris is deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts.
A moriane formed when the inside lateral moraines of two glaciers merge together. They form a ridge down the center of the combined glaciers.
A till covered area with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. Forms by the accumulation of till under the ice by lodgement, but may also be deposited as the glacier retreats.
Ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus.
A plain where a stream meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes.
An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried.
An area which is subject to periodic flooding.
The stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows in a flood plain.
Area of a flood plane covered by the flood, but which does not experience a strong current.
A relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills or mountains, formed by the deposition of alluvial soil over a long period of time by one or more streams coming from the mountains.
A plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.
An area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. Dominated by tall grasses (contrast steppe).
A grassland of the tropics or subtropics with scattered trees.
A plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude.
A narrow, vertical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so. Usually due to solution but sometimes to tension.
A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. Typically formed from volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from a seafloor of 1,000 - 4,000 meters depth. Independent features that rise to at least 1,000 meters above the seafloor.
A grassland ecosystem which is used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch.
A steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope. Many submarine canyons are found as extensions to large rivers; however there are many that have no such association. Canyons cutting the continental slopes have been found at depths greater than 2 km below sea level. Many submarine canyons continue as submarine channels across continental rise areas and may extend for hundreds of kilometers.
The ground surface that lies beneath a lake.
A continental island connected to its adjacent land by a natural feature, such as a causeway.
A pond that has formed as a consequence of the activities of beavers, building a beaver dam.
A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge.
The point where a tributary joins a more major river.
A slope which 1) is part of the seafloor and 2) extends from the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break) to the continental rise.
A slope which a) bridges, and thus lies between, a continental slope and an abyssal plain, b) is formed by the accumulation of sediments transported from a continental slope by processes including turbidity currents c) has a gradient less than a continental slope yet greater than a continental shelf.
On Earth, the gradient of the continental rise is on the order of 0.5-1. It may extend as far as 500 kilometers from the slope,
Hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Drumlins are sometimes compared to kames, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement.
A lake that has either permanently or temporally lost its water.
Classes like this pose a logical problem. This probably shouldn't be a lake (water body) but a depression. Lakes which have temporarily lost water should be distinguished from permanently dry lakes.
A stream channel through which no water flows and which has dried, containing no appreciable accumulations of water.
A flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. A salt pan is formed where water pools. A saline pan would be a lake or a pond if it were located in a climate where the rate of water evaporation were not faster than the rate of water precipitation, i.e., if it were not in a desert. If the water is unable to drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind whatever minerals were dissolved. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface.
A slope which separates different physiogeographic provinces that are typically composed of rocks of different age and compositoin.
An escarpment usually represents the line of erosional loss of the newer rock over the older.
A long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.
A long and narrow elevation with steep sides.
An open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted.
A bed which is composed of quicksand forming a soft, shifting mass that yields easily to pressure.
An area reclaimed from the sea by diking and draining.
An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, smaller than mesas and plateaus. Buttes are formed by erosion when a cap of hard rock, usually of volcanic origin, covers a layer of softer rock that is easily worn away. This hard rock avoids erosion while the rock around it wears down.
The raised fault block bounded by normal faults. The raised block is a portion of the Earth's crust that has remained stationary while the land has sunk on either side of it or has been crushed by a mountain range against it.
A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. A graben is the result of a block of land being downthrown producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching.
An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody.
The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent.
A watershed such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent.
A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food.
A hatchery in which the eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions.
A paddy field for the cultivation of rice.
A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops.
A large mass of detached land ice in the sea or stranded in shallow water.
A field of ice, formed in regions of perennial frost.
Ice mass may need to be resolved from ice field, the former referring simply to an accumulation of ice.
Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees.
A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires.
A valley created by the formation of a rift, i.e. place where a planet's lithosphere is being pulled apart by tectonic forces.
The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features.
That part of the land in immediate contact with a body of water including the area between high and low water lines.
A body of land jutting out into and nearly surrounded by water.
A deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Where the direction of the shore turns inland (reenters) the longshore current spreads out or dissipates. No longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This causes a bar to build out from the shore, eventually becoming a spit.
A portion of a glacier characterized by rapid flow, a chaotic crevassed surface, and a pronounced, at times vertical, slope.
Icefalls may be formed as glaciers flow through narrow openings in landmasses.
A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area.
Clarify that this pertains to the planetary crust and create superclass for general topological depressions. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
depression
A crater caused by the impact of a meteor.
For the moment, no distinction is made between meteroids, lithometeors, or meteorites in this class. These can be added if needed.
A fluvioglacial landform occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when sediment laden streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and are deposited to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, holes are left in the sandur.
The plain formed by the large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as a glacier erodes the underlying rocks as it moves slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier.
A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind.
A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain.
A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope.
The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks.
Very similar to the "marine eulittoral zone" class, but without reference to seasonal tide marks. Some sources make no distinction between these zones, thus, they are currently related synonyms.
Pools formed as a high tide comes in over a rocky shore. Water fills depressions in the ground, which turn into isolated pools as the tide retreats.
The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment.
The tidal zone that is mostly submerged, only being exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides.
A cavity developed along a joint and elongate in cross-section.
"Lave cave" is differentiated from "volcanic cave": the former is formed in volcanic rock, the latter is formed by volcanic processes.
A cave containing a stream or active speleothems.
A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did so and which cannot be followed upstream to the surface.
A large closed depression draining underground, with a flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream and which may be liable to flood and become a lake. The floor makes a sharp break with parts of surrounding slopes.
A cave in present-day or emerged sea cliffs, formed by wave attack or solution.
A secondary mineral deposit formed in caves, most commonly calcite.
An interface layer which 1) is primarily composed of solid materials, 2) separates the land surface and phreatic zone, and 3) contains groundwater at atmospheric pressure.
If the vadose zone includes portions of soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. In such soils, therefore, the unsaturated zone is the upper section of the vadose zone and not identical to it.
A compound astronomical body part which is located beneath the land surface and in which all interstices are filled with water that has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater.
A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips.
A speleothem hanging downwards from a roof or wall, of cylindrical or conical form, usually with a central hollow tube.
A closed depression draining underground in karst, of simple but variable form, e.g. cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish-shaped. From a few to many hundreds of metres in dimensions.
Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development.
Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand.
Karst completely pitted by closed depressions so that divides between them form a crudely polygonal network.
Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of vomit, a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose.
ENVO bodily fluid classes differ from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids. UBERON refers to the substance itself ("S"). We assert that UBERON's classes are the primary compositional component of the terms in ENVO ("S material"). Use of the ENVO terms is typically recommended when you wish to indicate that there may be other materials intermixed with S.
A mass of solid material which is composed primarily of rock.
A particle which 1) is composed primarily of and derived from rock or mineral sources and 2) is or was part of a portion of sand.
grain of sand
granule of sand
sand granule
In general, sand grains are larger than those of silt, but finer than those of gravel.
particle of sand
A piece of rock which is between two and 64 millimetres in length along its largest dimension.
Arguably, this could be placed in the "particle" hierarchy, but is usually considered too large in everyday semantics.
A comparatively elevated area on an icecap.
A particle which 1) is primarily composed of quartz or feldspar and 2) is or was part of a portion of silt.
grain of silt
granule of silt
The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline. Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 μm (clays being finer than silts), sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of sand, silt and less than 40% clay are called loam.
A terrarium is a vivarium which simulates a terrestrial environment.
A volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone.
This may be more a subclass of 'caldera'
A chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma.
A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust below continental crust.
A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust other oceanic crust on an adjacent tectonic plate.
A geothermal field which is prone to localized volcanic activity.
A volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma.
A cone made of material ejected from a volcano. The material can range from finest particles. In comparison, cinder cones are more uniform. They are usually found in or on larger features, such as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and can be found inside calderas, however they can also be an independent feature. They can range from a few metres in height and are usually formed by a single eruption.
A device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied.
An area of land or of a body of water in which management practices, through legal or other effective means, prioritise the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources.
This class needs revision. Protected areas may be designated for multiple uses, and more clarity is needed. Further, the protections applied to the entities within the site may not prioritise biodiversity conservation. At a very general level, "protection" suggests that some forms of use are, in principle, excluded.
A natural environment which has been designated by a competent authority as having outstanding or unique value because of its rarity, aesthetic qualities, or cultural significance.
monument
The commemorative value may be associated with one or more components of the environment in question, such as a mountain, tree, or river.
A protected forest or woodland area in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture.
A conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic 'building block' of nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations are based upon them, including National Nature Reserves, Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation.
A protected area of the sea usually established to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there. Most marine parks are designated by governments, and organized like watery national parks.
A protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality.
A designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat.
A wetland protected by the terms of the Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat).
An area of protected biodiversity which is of national significance for biological or Earth science interest.
Used as a designation in the United Kingdom.
area designated as a national nature reserve
An IUCN protected area which 1) primarily consists of ecosystems which are able to maintain their natural composition, structure, and function at a regional scale and which are deemed to be representative of a region's natural bio- and geodiversity, 2) is sufficiently large to allow its constituent ecosystems to function, develop, and recover from natural perturbations without human intervention, and 3) is managed to preserve natural ecosystem integrity and functioning at a regional scale, while allowing human access for the purposes of conservation, cultural and spiritural activities, research, education, tourism, subsistence use by indigenous communities, and recreation.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. These areas often serve as migration corridors between other natural and semi-natural ecosystems and pools of biodiversity. They may have core zones that are similar to IUCN Protected Area classes Ia and Ib.
An island, usually the consequence of the activity of a submarine volcano, that only exists for a short period or short periods of time after its formation, then being eroded or otherwise disappearing beneath the surface of a body of water.
MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A large area of brine on the ocean basin near cold seep vents which release methane into the water. These pools are concentrations of water having an extremely high salinity as compared to the surrounding ocean, caused by the motion of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: Marine brine pools are large areas of brine on the ocean basin. These pools are bodies of water that have a salinity three to five times greater than the surrounding ocean. For deep-sea brine pools the source of the salt is the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. The brine often contains high concentrations of methane, providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool.
A distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet.
A volcano with more than one feature. They form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area. Stratovolcanoes may form complex volcanoes, because they may overlap another from explosive eruptions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and by repeated eruptions, to make multiple summits and vents. Stratovolcanoes could also form a large caldera that gets filled in by multiple small cinder cones, lava domes and craters may also develop on the caldera's rim.
A shield volcano that is formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions rather than relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low-angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after the cessation of explosive activity commonly superposes the vent region.
An area where wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy.
A protected area with the purpose of protecting and managing wild life.
A protected area that is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
An international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB).
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of maintaining water levels in a canal or canals.
The disposition of an environmental system to be covered by liquid water.
inundation disposition
An ice mass which 1) is attached to the coast 2) at least 2 meters in thickness 3) forms where a glacier or ice mass flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface and 4) grows by annual snow accumulation or by the seaward extension of land glaciers.
An ice shelf may grow hundreds of miles out to sea. Usually of great horizontal extent and with a level or gently undulating surface. Nourished by annual snow accumulation and also by the seaward extension of land glaciers. Limited areas may be aground. Ice shelves are much thicker than sea ice often filling embayments in the coastline of an ice sheet.. Currently, nearly all ice shelves are in Antarctica, where most of the ice discharged into the ocean flows via ice shelves. The mass balance of an ice shelf may have significant components of both gain and loss at the base. The seaward edge is termed an ice front. The calving of an ice shelf forms tabular icebergs and ice islands.
A section of the Earths's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole.
That part of the land in immediate contact with a lake.
The channel bottom of a stream; the physical confine of the normal water flow.
The channel bottom of a river; the physical confine of the normal water flow.
The place where a stream discharges into a lagoon, lake, or the sea.
The end of a stream where it enters a standing water body such as a lake, sea or ocean.
A depression which intermittently contains a lake.
This has been moved from the lake hierarchy.
A watercourse whose flow is not continuous.
A wetland ecosystem which is sometimes inundated or saturated by surface or ground water sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
In a strict sense, this class cannot always satisfy the subclass axiom of wetland, requiring soil to always have a wet quality. Perhaps this should be treated more like channel of an intermittent stream.
A spur which is part of a mountain.
An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands. Land bridges are commonly created by regression, in which sea levels fall exposing previously submerged sections of continental shelf. Land bridges are also formed by: (a) upthrust at the edge of continental plates; and (b) glacial retreat alleviating pressure on shallow marine formations.
A long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. An ice tongue forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the ocean or a lake.
A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land.
A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses.
A depressed landform which physically confines a river, slough or ocean strait, and which consists of a bed and banks.
We need a more general channel definition, the current is only for water course channels. We need to refactor the semantics of channels, tunnels and conduits, in a similar way to uberon anatomical channels http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004111. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/147
A channel of a watercourse which contains marine water.
A channel of a watercourse which contains lake water.
Built by fragments (called ejecta) thrown up (ejected) from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater.
A cone that is composed of particles of silt to sand size. Explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with groundwater or the sea (as in an eruption off the coast) produce steam and are called phreatic. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases results in the ejection of mostly small particles called ash. Fallen ash has the consistency of flour. The unconsolidated ash forms an ash cone which becomes a tuff cone or tuff ring once the ash consolidates.
A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.
A volcanic cone formed of molten lava ejected from a vent somewhat like taffy. Expanding gases in the lava fountains tear the liquid rock into irregular gobs that fall back to earth, forming a heap around the vent. The still partly liquid rock splashed down and over the sides of the developing mound is called spatter. Because spatter is not fully solid when it lands, the individual deposits are very irregular in shape and weld together as they cool, and in this way particularly differ from cinder and ash.
A volcano created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Temperatures are much cooler than igneous processes.
A large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides.
A tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite).
An underwater fissures in the earth's surface from which magma can erupt.
An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean.
A volcano produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a lake melted into a glacier or ice mass by the rising lava.
Something more specific than an adjacent_to relation would be better, especially considering the volcano in question may have melted nearby glacial mass.
A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts and hannels. The volcano can usually be seen as a crack in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens.
A large, swirling body of water produced by ocean tides.
An elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kipuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow.
The shallow part of a stream which can be easily crossed.
A watercourse which has the intensity and direction of its flow primarily determined by the tides.
A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter.
Pingos may occur in cold-climate wetland areas, but are not necessarily wetlands themselves.
A natural formation where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath.
A beach or wave cut platform raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level.
A dune which is part of a coast.
A fertile low-lying raised beach found on the some of the coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular in the Outer Hebrides.
A submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged.
A geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast.
A deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms a narrow piece of land between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. They usually form because the island causes wave refraction, depositing sand and shingle moved by longshore drift in each direction around the island where the waves meet. Eustatic sea level rise may also contribute to accretion as material is pushed up with rising sea levels.
The narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves.
A natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement.
seafloor
Seas are smaller than oceans and are usually located where the land and ocean meet. However, these two terms are often used interchangeably.
A bend in a stream. A stream flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meanders as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course.
A biome is an ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
In this definition, there is an assumption that no major perturbations are occurring or have occurred in a time frame affects the successional dynamics of the ecosystem. A "major" perturbation is one which disrupts the community's ability to restore its (near) equilibrium. Usually, pioneer or early secondary successional processes would be in effect in such scenarios.
A ridge which is jagged, narrow and separates glacier valleys or cirques.
The ridge frequently resembles the blade of a serrated knife. A French term referring to the bones in a fish backbone. Aretes are typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. Aretes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col.
A feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone.
A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins.
An isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.
A fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier.
A lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice mass due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.
A deep but narrow valley with a 'U' shaped cross-section and frequently a 'U' shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. It is formed when the edge of an ice mass advances up a slope. Its length may be appropriately measured in centimetres or kilometres, depending on the circumstances of formation.
A steep-sided depression formed by the melting of permafrost; it may contain a lake.
A small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped.
A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff.
A ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of containing a flood, an overflow of water from a body of water that sumerges land.
A tract of land which has few or no trees and is surrounded by more heavily wooded areas.
There should be a better superclass than "field" which should indicate that there are no woody plants in growth form "tree" around.
An aquaduct to transport water from one river basin to another one, to solve problems of hydrographic imbalance. It can decrease floods, moving the water to lands with droughts.
A biome which is primarily or completely situated on a landmass.
An aquatic biome which is determined by a marine water body.
This biome includes open-ocean and unprotected coastal ecosystems, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of generating electricity.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing drinking water.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing water for irrigation.
A lake constructed, or modified, for the chief purpose of providing an amenity.
A lake that is long, narrow, and finger-shaped, usually found in a glacial trough. Its formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. The sharp-edged boulders carried at the bottom of the glacier erode the softer rock more quickly by abrasion, thus creating a hollow called a rock basin. On either side of the rock basin, the more resistant rock is eroded less and these outcrops of harder rock are known as rock bars, which act as dams between which rainwater may accumulate after the retreat of the ice age, filling up the rock basin and creating a ribbon lake. A ribbon lake may also form behind a terminal or recessional moraine, both of which also act as dams, enabling water to accumulate behind them. A ribbon lake may also occur if a tributary glacier joins a main glacier. The increase in power can create a trough, which is filled with water from a river/meltwater to create a ribbon lake.
A lake or estuary that is formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments. It can be maritime (the bar being created by the current of a sea) or fluvial (the bar being created by the flow of a bigger river at the confluence).
A container of an intermittent lake unique to the limestone areas of Ireland, mostly west of the River Shannon. Most turloughs flood in the autumn, usually some time in October, and then dry up some time between April and July.
A mountain lake that is formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn.
A glacier which terminates in a lake or the sea, with terminus either floating or grounded
The adjective indicates geographical setting, and not that tides play a role in the mass balance. Typically, tidewater glaciers calve ice to produce icebergs. There are currently issues in the community about the definition of this glacier type: It is undecided whether or not a) a tidewater glacier has to have a grounded terminus and b) whether glaciers terminating in a lake can be considered to be tidewater glaciers.
A glacier on a plateau or high area, smaller than an ice sheet.
A glacier which 1) flows for all or most of its length within the walls of a valley, in consequence having a distinct tongue and a well-defined outline and 2) descends from either high mountains, from an ice cap on a plateau, or from an ice sheet.
These glaciers typically flow down pre-existing valleys and have ice-free slopes overlooking the glacier surface.
A region of low topographic relief as a consequence of erosion by streams.
A volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted. A pseudocrater is characterised by the absence of any magma conduit which connects below the surface of the earth. Pseudocraters are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters.
A volcanic field of scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous polygenetic volcanoes, are noted for having more than one eruptive event from the same vent(s), rather than the more common monogenetic volcanic field. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last >10 million year period.
A landform which provides shelter from atmospheric weather and marine currents, waves, and other dynamics.
harbor
Harbours are often used to store or shelter ships.
A harbor which is formed by a natural landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage.
An area of land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated.
A dam constructed for the purpose of generating electricity from the water stored behind it.
A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken.
A dam constructed for the purpose of holding water in a reservoir for irrigation.
A dam constructed for the purpose of controlling flooding.
An area of calm water unaffected by the current of a stream.
A quarry from which gravel is extracted.
An excavation of the Earth's surface to provide passage for a road, railway, canal, etc.
An opening of the sea into the land, or of a lake into its shore.
This is not placed under surface landform, as seamounts are also mounts and are submerged.
A field which includes at least two mounts connected by high ground and arranged in an approximately linear fashion.
The exit or point of discharge of a stream into another stream, lake or sea.
A tall, slender, spire-shaped rock projecting from a level or more gently sloping surface.
Meeresboden
fondale marino
fondo marino
ocean floor
seabed
海床
海底
envoPlastics
A hollow eroded by the force of the falling water at the base of a waterfall, particularly by the eddying effect.
Problematic. Does this refer to the depression or the accumulated water?
A sea surface layer which is 1) not covered by ice and 2) laterally surrounded by either pack ice or land and pack ice.
Polyn'ya
A polynya is a Russian term for any non-linear shaped area of open water within the ice pack. Polynyas may contain brash ice and/or be covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; submariners refer to these as skylights. Sometimes the polynya is limited on one side by the coast and is called a shore polynya or by fast ice and is called a flaw polynya. If it recurs in the same position every year, e.g. off the mouths of big rivers, it is called a recurring polynya. A temporary small clearing in pack ice which consists of small floes and brash in continuous local movement is called an unstable polynya; an opening which is flanked by large floes and therefore appears to be relatively stable is called a stable polynya. Polynyas range in size from relatively small to enormous. The largest polynya observed in the Antarctic was the Weddell Polynya of 1975-77, covering an area of 2x105km2. The two main categories of polynya are sensible heat and latent heat, depending on the mechanism responsible for maintaining their presence. Latent heat polynyas are maintained by persistent katabatic winds that drain off the continent. Newly formed ice is advected away by the wind, leaving the surface ice-free and open to more ice formation. In this manner latent heat polynyas can be major sources of new ice production. Coastal polynyas are primarily of this type. Sensible heat polynyas are maintained by upwelling warm water that supplies a sufficiently large oceanic heat flux to the base of the ice to reduce its thickness, or melt it completely. These polynyas are not responsible for large quantities of new ice production. A polynya may also form by a combination of the sensible and latent heat processes. From the remote sensing/sea ice standpoint a polynya is a hole in the ice that ordinarily wouldn't be there - except that either the wind is creating it by pushing the ice away or there is something under the ice that is warmer than its surroundings and melting the ice that would otherwise be there.
Could be a subclass of a class that describes holes in solid material covering water or other liquids. Perhaps a class like "clearing". Logical def can include surrounded_by "ice mass".
That part of the land in immediate contact with a sea, including the intertidal zone.
A two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary which is located between a landmass and a water body.
Küstenlinie
linea costiera
línea costera
海岸線
1) this term is usually used for larger water bodies like lakes and oceans, 2) that the actual spatial extent of a shoreline, and the sharpness of its boundaries, is often arbitrarily or operationally defined, and 3) this term is for the physical shoreline, not the one- or two-dimensional representation of shorelines.
The distinction between shoreline and coastline needs more thought.
One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system.
A lake which is primarily composed of glacial meltwater and which fills a depression formed as a result of a glacial erosion process.
A frost heave which is formed as the result of a perennial ice lens forming under soil, pushing a roughly oval portion land surface upwards.
Palsas typically occur in areas with discontinuous permafrost, frequently peat bogs. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil. Palsas are characteristically found in areas with discontinuous permafrost and in such areas bay be the only reliable surface evidence of permafrost. A palsa needs large quantities of water for the formation of its ice core (i.e. ice lens), which is why they frequently emerge from and are bound by boggy soils, which can store enormous quantities of water in their pores. Palsas develop particularly in moorlands and are therefore also named palsamoors.
A stream whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., a stream that follows the slope of the original land.
A stream whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts.
A stream whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream.
A stream flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.
A stream that has an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock.
A stream or river which flows into another river (a parent river) or body of water but which may not flow directly into the sea.
A narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground.
An intrusive igneous body. Its thickness is usually much smaller than its other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike lies so that the latter becomes horizontal.
A linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rift along the mid-oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough.
An obstruction in a stream constructed by a beaver.
The portion of the ground surface which lies below water.
A depression that is periodically filled with saline water, forming a saline lake.
container of an intermittent saline lake
A depression which is continous with one or more abandoned meander loops of a river channel.
A container of an intermittent water body which, when filled with water, has a well-illuminated surface layer, is subject to complete mixing of the water it holds, and is smaller than the container of a lake.
A gently inclined underground tunnel bringing water for irrigation from an aquifer.
A reservoir that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
The lower terminus of a wadi where it widens into an adjoining floodplain, depression, or water body.
A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls.
A terrace which is located in a marine water body.
A landform which is the narrowest part of a meander.
A peatland whose development is mostly independent of basins or topographical features where water collects; it simply covers the landscape like a blanket. Peat develops due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic or rain fed, and as a result their pH lies between 3.5 and 4.2.
The ground surface that lies beneath a pond.
The ground surface that lies beneath a reservoir.
A generally circular saucer or bowl-shaped depression caused by explosive action.
A patch of ground, distinct from and slightly above the surrounding plain or wetland. Often occurs in groups.
A surface stream that disappears into an underground channel, or dries up in an arid area.
The exit or point of discharge of a ditch.
A terrace which is used for agricultural activities.
A mound of earth material, at the base of a slope and the associated scoured area.
An irregular mass of fallen rock at the base of a cliff or steep slope.
A channel formed as a result of a stream cutting through a meander neck.
A former stream or distributary no longer carrying flowing water, but still evident due to lakes, wetland, topographic or vegetation patterns.
A stream that has been substantially ditched, diked, or straightened.
A deep narrow slot, notch, or groove in a cliff.
A relatively undissected upland between adjacent stream valleys.
A ridge of sand just inland and parallel to the beach, usually in series.
A gentle slope, with a generally smooth surface, particularly found around groups of islands and seamounts.
A depression which is part of an ice cap.
A depression which contains objects and materials discarded by humans or their technologies.
Deponie
discarica
garbage dump
rubbish dump
vertedero
垃圾掩埋場
churn hole
evorsion
kettle
pot
rock mill
eddy mill
giant's kettle
kolk
stream kettle
swirlhole
A depression which 1) has smooth surfaces, 2) has a bowl-like or cylindrical shape, 3) results from the erosion of the rocky bed of a watercourse.
A low obstruction built across the path of s stream to raise its level.
An annular depression that may not be continuous, located at the base of many seamounts, islands, and other isolated elevations.
A high altitude or high latitude bare, flat area covered with large angular rocks.
An undersea area of subdued corrugations.
The low part of a gap or saddle separating basins.
A lake which is primarily composed of brackish water, having a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water.
A pond which is composed primarily of brackish water.
An irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography. When the ice retreats further, the delta kame often collapses. Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are the deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side.
A depression which comprises a low tract of land, especially when moist or marshy.
The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. When created by humans, this open drain system is designed to manage water runoff.
A man-made watercourse, or makeshift aqueduct, often an artificial channel which supplies water to a watermill or its mill pond, collecting water from upstream of the mill so that the natural level of the driving water is above the level of the stream at the mill. Alternatively to may deliver water for mineral washing and concentration, irrigation or to a dye works.
A beach which is armoured with pebbles or small to medium sized cobbles.
Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these.
A pond, often temporary or seasonal, used as a drinking place by mammals and birds.
A field which is composed primarily of gravel.
A depression which is is periodically filled with water when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage.
Despite the relocation from its position under 'water body' and the rewording of the definition, the class was not obsoleted as the entity being referenced is effectively the same.
This was formerly represented as a water body, which would not be valid during dry periods. This class more properly refers to the container of the water body, thusfar always some depression, which periodically contains a water body.
A mountain range which is submerged under a marine water body.
A drainage basin from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material.
An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost.
A dam constructed for more than one purpose.
An auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency.
A dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion.
A dam that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment.
A dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.
A dam designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course.
A region at which weapons, typically military, are tested.
A weapons test site at which nuclear weapons are, or have been, tested.
A region in which military personnel train.
A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation.
A raised walkway over water, supported by piles or pillars.
A place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which is, has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology.
A building or region where sports activities can be carried out.
The inclusion of "region" in this definition is problematic.
A sports facility constructed for skiing and allied sports that require snow and/or ice.
A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea.
A habitat that is in or on a sea or ocean containing high concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (typically >35 grams dissolved salts per litre).
A habitat that is in or on a body of water (as in estuaries) containing medium concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (typically 0.5 to 35 grams dissolved salts per litre).
A habitat that is below the surface of the earth.
An aquatic biome which is determined by a body of freshwater.
obsolete Temperate coniferous forest biome
obsolete Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome
obsolete Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrubland biome
obsolete Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub biome
obsolete Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome
obsolete Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome
obsolete Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrubland biome
obsolete Montane grasslands and shrubland biome
obsolete Deserts and xeric shrubland biome
obsolete Flooded grasslands and savanna biome
A habitat consisting of the spaces within rocks, such as pores between aggregate grains. Inhabited by endolithic organisms.
A freshwater river biome which is determined by a large river.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large rivers" (e.g. the Mekong river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A freshwater river biome which is determined by the headwaters of a large river.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river headwaters" (e.g. the Upper Amazon headwaters) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-headwater-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A freshwater river biome which is determined by the delta of a large river.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river deltas" (e.g. the Niger river delta) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-delta-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A freshwater river biome which is determined by a small river.
"Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small rivers" (e.g. the Salween river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-river-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A freshwater biome which is determined by a large lake.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large lakes" (e.g. African rift lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-lake-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A freshwater lake biome which is determined by a small lake.
"Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small lakes" (e.g. Cameroon crater lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-lake-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A biome which has little permanent surface water and a low relative abundance of springs.
The WWF definition is somewhat ambiguous, but workable.
Please refer to the terms in the neritic pelagic zone and neritic benthic zone branches (PLB: 2010-03-15)
Please use the appropriate terms in the marine biome branch in combination with the marine upwelling feature to specify an environment characterised by a marine upwelling (2010-03-15, PLB)
Please use terms in the marine coral reef branch of the Biome hierarchy (2010-03-15, PLB) to describe marine coral reefs.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
An environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, interstitial gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms.
The various 'has part' and 'has quality' relations may not hold true for all soils; however, I have yet to find counter examples. Require input from a pedologist or similar. [pbuttigieg]
'In engineering terms, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material that lies above the 'solid geology'. Soil is commonly referred to as "earth" or "dirt"; technically, the term "dirt" should be restricted to displaced soil.' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil " The upper limit of soil is the boundary between soil and air, shallow water, live plants, or plant materials that have not begun to decompose. Areas are not considered to have soil if the surface is permanently covered by water too deep (typically more than 2.5 meters) for the growth of rooted plants. The lower boundary that separates soil from the nonsoil underneath is most difficult to define. Soil consists of horizons near the Earth's surface that, in contrast to the underlying parent material, have been altered by the interactions of climate, relief, and living organisms over time. Commonly, soil grades at its lower boundary to hard rock or to earthy materials virtually devoid of animals, roots, or other marks of biological activity. For purposes of classification, the lower boundary of soil is arbitrarily set at 200 cm." Soil taxonomy, 2nd Ed., quoted in http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054280
A lentic water body which is composed primarily of marine water.
A solid astronomical body part which is part of the planetary surface between the peak of an elevation or the bottom of a depression and relatively flat surrounding land.
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence.
The FAO has the following definition for "food": "Any substance, whether processed, semi-processed, or raw, which is intended for human consumption, and includes drink, chewing gum and any substance which has been used in the manufacture, preparation or treatment of "food" but does not include cosmetics or tobacco or substances used only as drugs." (Nutrition Division/Meeting Programming and Documentation Service, FAO, 2013 (MI198) adopted from Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual, Twentieth edition, 2011 (ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/ProcManuals/Manual_20e.pdf). )
An excreta material which is composed primarily of feces, an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation.
This is distinct from classes such as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988 in that it refers to the environmental material composed primarily of feces rather than 'just' feces.
An object which is large enough to be visible to humans, but small enough that humans can handle the object (i.e. transport it, examine it, etc) in its entirety with little to no technological assistance.
This is a legacy class from ENVO's early versions. It will be depopulated and filled in by inference using a PATO quality. Not to be confused with "mesoscopic" as defined in physics, which deals with objects typically between 10e-6 and 10-8 meters in diameter.
obsolete physical object of mesoscopic geological size
The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.
An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form.
Particulate environmental material which is formed as a result of the transport and deposition of particles by flowing liquid.
Sediment is typically deposited on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid.
Particulate environmental material with diameters less than 500 micrometers.
Do not oversimplify the particulate environmental material subclasses with design patterns or similar. The materials have properties that their components do not - write full definitions including these where possible.
Dust occurs in and may be deposited from the atmosphere.
A habitat that is on or at the boundary of the surface of the Earth.
Water which contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts.
The threshold salt concentration for classifying water as saline varies, but typically begins at about 1,000 to 3,000 parts salt per million parts water or 0.1–0.3% salt by weight.
Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride.
The lower bound of solute concentration required for water to be considered freshwater is variable, but is always less than that of seawater, and often cited as less than 1 gram of solutes per 1 litre of water.
Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, surpassing the average salinity of seawater.
We make no commitment to a particular threshold; this should be described on the data/information layer according to the norms of a discipline, accepted standard, or similar reference.
The average salinity of sea water is assumed to be around 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water.
An igneous rock that results from the crystallization of a magma below the surface of the Earth.
An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta.
Due to the general suggestion that volcanic rock simply comes from a volcanic process, it's not immediately clear whether this is interchangeable with igneous rock.
A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.
A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation).
Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine,
Water which has a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water.
A habitat having at least one environmental quality that tends towards either the largest or smallest element of the set. The physical or geochemical extreme conditions found in an extreme habitat are often detrimental to the majority of life on Earth.
A habitat in which the pH is <pH3. Inhabited by acidophilic organisms.
A habitat in which the pH is >pH9. Inhabited by alkaliphilic organisms.
A habitat characterized by high gas or liquid pressure, inhabited by barophilic (piezophilic) organisms.
A habitat characterized by a concentration of salt at least 2M. Inhabited by halophilic organisms.
A habitat characterized by an average temperature of at least 60deg C. Inhabited by thermophilic organisms.
A habitat characterized by an average temperature of 15deg C or lower. Inhabited by psychrophilic (cryophilic) organisms.
A habitat characterized by an average temperature of at least 80deg C. Inhabited by hyperthermophilic organisms.
obsolete extreme high temperature habitat
A habitat characterized by a high osmolarity, typically the result of a high concentration of sugars. Inhabited by osmophilic organisms.
A biome which is determined by a water body and which has ecological climax communities adapted to life in or on water.
A habitat that is in or on an environmental feature or material derived from human activity.
A habitat that is in or on a living thing.
A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum.
A natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with a planetary surface without being destroyed.
A spatial region having environmental qualities which may sustain an organism or a community of organisms.
This class is under development and its definition will be revised and its subclasses may be made obsolete. A habitat's specificity to a species or population will differentiate it from other environment classes.
A habitat that is in or on a body of water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (<0.5 grams dissolved salts per litre).
This grouping class is now obsolete. A subset for wwfBiome classes now gathers all WWF biome classes.
The rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates.
Water that is found on the surface of an astronomical object.
The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes.
Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen.
An excreta material which is composed primarily of urine, a liquid excreta containing water and waste products made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra.
A stony meteorite that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body.
A stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks.
A meteorite that consists of a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals.
A meteorite that overwhelmingly of nickel-iron alloys.
A sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragnoite.
An interesting reasoning error was generated when this class had "composed primariy of some CHEBI:calcium carbonate". As that was a CHEBI:mineral, and minerals are disjoint from ENVO:rock, it led to an unsatisfiable class. The current axiom works around this, but this is requires some sort of geological convention to diffferentiate between masses of minerals and rocks that are composed primarily of minerals.
Limestone which is soft, white, and porous.
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains.
A fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane.
A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture.
A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C.
The result of the unintentional release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity.
Deleted due to multiple occurence of the same term.
The result of the release of natural hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth, including beneath the sea, by natural geological processes.
Mine drainage which is formed as a result of the mining of gold.
Sediment that accumulates in the flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The three main types of deep marine sediment, also known as pelagic sediment, are siliceous oozes, calcareous oozes, and red clays.
Sediment which has increased levels of one or more chemical compounds.
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of petroleum.
A portion of contaminated soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some contaminant.
"contaminant" is more of a disposition - any material entity can be a contaminant in particular circumstances.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of creosote.
A alkaline spring through which groundwater, heated by geothermal energy, flows.
An acidic spring through which groundwater, heated by geothermal energy, flows.
acid hot spring
acidic hot spring
A saline lake which has a high pH.
The formation processes of these lakes would be an interesting project to develop.
The pH of alkaline lakes is typically between 9 and 12. They are characterized by high concentrations of carbonate salts, typically sodium carbonate (and related salt complexes), giving rise to their alkalinity. In addition, many soda lakes also contain high concentrations of sodium chloride and other dissolved salts, making them saline or hypersaline lakes as well. High pH and salinity often coincide, because of how soda lakes develop.
Mud which has elevated concentrations of arsenic.
A biomaterial containment unit which is capable of 1) containing a mass of environmental material which hosts an active collection of organisms and 2) maintaining conditions which are conducive to one or more metabolic activities of the organisms it contains.
A bioreactor in which the contained material is not oxygenated (i.e. void of biologically consequential free oxygen)
A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. A vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic.
A bioreactor in which the contained material is well-oxygenated.
Revise adjacent to. Consider sampled stream sediment. Dry stream sediment.
A sulfur spring through which water at a temperature optimal for the growth of mesophillic microorganism (approximately 20 to 45 degrees Celsius) flows.
The dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline.
The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion.
A cline which is part of a lake and across which temperature changes rapidly with depth.
Especially used in connection with meromictic lakes.
Mud which has no or neglible concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
An estuary which is composed primarily of brackish water.
A piece of rock which is derived from clastic rock and has a grain size of 4 to 64 millimeters.
The grain size classification is based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology.
A piece of rock which has a grain size between 64 and 256 mm.
The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both.
A calcic spring through which groundwater, heated by geothermal energy, flows.
calcic hot spring
A solid surface layer which 1) forms part of the boundary between the cavity of a cave and its solid container and 2) is roughtly perpendicular to the cave floor.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of chromate.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of xylene.
Coal mine lake sediment is lake sediment which covers the bottom of a coal mine lake.
Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean.
When we have more classes representing the various processes which make seawater seawater, we can further axiomatise this class.
This definition refers to water that is actually in a sea or ocean. This water may have a wide range of salinity levels.
Coastal sea water is sea water that is adjacent to a coast.
The limits of what qualifies as "adjacent to" vary greatly. This should be defined on a data level and is left intentionally fuzzy here. The label is "coastal sea water" rather than "coastal water" as some large lakes are often said to have coasts.
A bioreactor which captures and, through the biological processes maintained in the medium it contains, degrades pollutants.
A biofilter which contains compost and avails of the microbial communities within it to degrade pollutants.
A highly contaminated site designated by the United States of America's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
A solid environmental material which is formed by the replacement of organic substances (including those in soils and sediments) with mineral material.
Manure which has been derived from the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials.
A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment.
A zone within a portion of petroleum contaminated sediment within which iron-reducing processes occur.
iron-reducing zone of petroleum contaminated sediment
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of naphthalene.
A neutral spring through which groundwater, heated by geothermal energy, flows.
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of nitrobenzene.
A manufactured container within which oil or other petrochemical products are stored and which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities.
Consider using http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 as a super-class
sub-surface landform
underground physiographic feature
A landform which is located under the surface of a landmass.
A subsurface landform which contains fluid hydrocarbons in porous or fractured rock formations.
oil and gas reservoir
petroleum reservoir
Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine.
Acid mine drainage which has elevated levels of pyritic acid.
An aquarium is a vivarium which simulates the submerged portions of an aquatic environment
A saline water aquarium is an aquarium which contains saline water as its primary ecological medium.
A fresh water aquarium is an aquarium which contains fresh water as its primary ecological medium.
A beach which is primarily composed of sand.
Water ice which has formed by the freezing of sea water.
Parse comment from GCW and new subclases where appropriate.
In the United States, NOAA sea ice operations does not include superstructure icing as being sea ice. In sea ice operations however, sea ice is any form of ice found at sea which has originated from the freezing of sea water. It presents the main kind of floating ice encountered at sea. Except where it forms ridges, sea ice is up to a few metres thick, in which respect it differs from shelf ice. Sea ice may be discontinuous pieces (ice floes) moved on the ocean surface by wind and currents (pack ice), or a motionless sheet attached to the coast (land-fast ice). In brief, it forms first as lolly ice (frazil crystals), thickens into sludge, and coagulates into sheet ice, pancake ice, or into floes of various shapes and sizes. Thereafter, sea ice may develop into pack ice and/or become a form of pressure ice. Sea ice less than one year old is called first-year ice. Perennial ice is sea ice that survives at least one summer. It may be subdivided into second-year ice and multi-year ice, where multiyear ice has survived at least two summers.
Organically enriched sediment which has increased levels of cis-dichloroethane.
cis-dichloroethane contaminated sediment
Chemically-enriched sediment which has increased levels of organic compounds.
Chemically-enriched sediment which has increased levels of inorganic compounds.
An anthropogenic geographic feature which has increased levels of contaminants in its consituent materials.
A dump which contains ammunition, or other material intended for use during combat, that still has the potential to explode.
Saline lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a saline lake.
An aerobic bioreactive which contains microbial communities capable of sulfide oxidation.
An anaerobic biorector which uses elevated temperatures and appropriate chemical substrates to support the production of methane by microbial communities.
thermophilic anaerobic methanogenic reactor
An anaerobic bioreactor which is capable of treating wastewater through the action of methanogenic microbes which form a blanket of sludge due to the upward flow in the reactor.
This can be unpacked with some hierarchies of different bioreactors.
A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely.
A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators.
Currently, this is limited to the Viridiplantae. This may be changed.
A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods.
A shop in which a business offers food products for sale or trade.
Whether food is the primary product offered by the business or simply one of the products it offers is not specified in this class.
Water which has very low concentrations of nutrients.
Water with a nutrient level intermediate between eutrophic and oligotrophic.
A channel which is constructed by removing materials from land or submerged beds.
A habitat that is in or on a body of water containing medium to high concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (>=0.5 grams dissolved salts per litre).
Arenosols are sandy soils, including both soils developed in residual sands after in situ weathering of usually quartz-rich sediments or rock, and soils developed in recently deposited sands such as dunes in deserts and beach lands.
Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic materials or household wastes, irrigation and cultivation.
Alisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have a low base saturation at certain depths and high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon. They lack the albeluvic tonguing as in Albeluvisols. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and warm temperate regions.
Andosols are soils that develop in volcanic ejecta or glasses under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid climates.
Albeluvisols are soils that have, beginning within 1 m of the soil surface, a clay illuviation horizon with an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting in tonguing of bleached soil material into the illuviation horizon.
Acrisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Acrisols have in certain depths a low base saturation and low-activity clays.
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal.
Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes.
Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter.
Durisols are associated mainly with old surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments and accommodate very shallow to moderately deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils that contain cemented secondary silica (SiO2) within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Calcisols are soils in which there is substantial secondary accumulation of lime. Calcisols are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments.
Kastanozems are dry grassland soils, among them the zonal soils of the short-grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall-grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have a similar profile to that of Chernozems but the humus-rich surface horizon is thinner and not as dark as that of the Chernozems and they show more prominent accumulation of secondary carbonates.
Leptosols are very shallow soils over continuous rock and soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. Leptosols are azonal soils and particularly common in mountainous regions.
Lixisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Lixisols have a high base saturation and low-activity clays at certain depths.
Histosols comprise soils formed in organic material. These vary from soils developed in predominantly moss peat in boreal, arctic and subarctic regions, via moss peat, reeds/ sedge peat (fen) and forest peat in temperate regions to mangrove peat and swamp forest peat in the humid tropics. Histosols are found at all altitudes, but the vast majority occurs in lowlands.
Gleysols are wetland soils that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at ped surfaces and/or in the upper soil layer or layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil.
Gypsisols are soils with substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum (calcium sulfate). These soils are found in the driest parts of the arid climate zone.
Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. These soils have diffuse horizon boundaries, a clay assemblage dominated by low-activity clays (mainly kaolinite) and a high content of sesquioxides.
Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils with diffuse horizon boundaries and a subsurface horizon with more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) elements. Weathering is relatively advanced but Nitisols are far more productive than most other red, tropical soils.
Luvisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths.
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems may or may not have secondary carbonates but have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil.
Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is an Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a layer with hard nodules, a hardpan or irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous, fractured or broken sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated nodules or mottles. Pisoliths are discrete strongly cemented to indurated nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening.
Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon.
Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones and to coastal regions in all climates.
Umbrisols are soils in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil (in most cases with low base saturation) to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil.
A soil in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon.
Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that has a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions. Solonetz that contain free soda (Na2CO3) are strongly alkaline (field pH > 8.5).
Regosols form a taxonomic remnant group containing all soils that could not be accommodated in any of the other RSGs. In practice, Regosols are very weakly developed mineral soils in unconsolidated materials that do not have a mollic or umbric horizon, are not very shallow or very rich in gravels (Leptosols), sandy (Arenosols) or with fluvic materials (Fluvisols). Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous terrain.
Podzols are soils with a typically ash-grey upper subsurface horizon, bleached by loss of organic matter and iron oxides, on top of a dark accumulation horizon with brown, reddish or black illuviated humus and/or reddish Fe compounds. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics.
A soil which is composed of approximately equal proportions of sand and silt, with a smaller proportion of clay.
Some authorities consider loam to be any soil material that contains 7 to 27% clay, 28 to 50% silt, and less than 52% sand.
Soil which is part of an ecosystem used for agricultural activities.
Soil which is part of some dune.
A portion of soil which is found in a forested area.
Soil which is primarily composed of clay.
A portion of soil which is found in a garden.
A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process).
This seems more like a role than a material. Anything can be waste. Thus, a "waste" role or disposition will be created and this class can then be populated by inference: any environmental material which has [role,disposition] waste will be considered a waste material.
Wastewater produced in the course of agricultural activities
Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with industrial entities.
A peatland dominated by species of the Bryophyte Sphagnum.
A cline across which temperature changes rapidly.
A cline across which the chemical composition of a fluid changes rapidly.
This cline is typically horizontal, with qualities varying with depth.
A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure.
Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits.
Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching.
Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with animal metabolism.
A depression in the sea floor that results from the collision of continental plates; the weight of the sinking plate causes the overlying plate to stretch and thin, causing a basin in the overlying plate. Sometimes, the Earth's crust in these basins stretches so much it cracks, allowing magma through from the mantle beneath. Hence, basins often contain active volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.
OBSOLETE A material entity which determines an environmental system.
A material entity determines an environmental system when its removal would cause the collapse of that system. For example, a seamount determines a seamount environment, acting as its 'hub'. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A structural basin that is below sea level.
This class is defined in its geological sense: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hydrologically, an oceanic basin may be anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater, but geologically ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level. Geologically, there are other undersea geomorphological features such as the continental shelves, the deep ocean trenches, and the undersea mountain ranges (for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge) which are not considered to be part of the ocean basins; while hydrologically, oceanic basins include the flanking continental shelves and shallow, epeiric seas.
Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.
A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure).
Soil which has been eroded and influenced by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
This should probably be merged with biological waste material.
A manufactuered product which is capable of removing heat and controlling the humidity of the air within a site.
A/C
A/C unit
air conditioner
Soil which has elevated concentrations of oil.
Particulate environmental material which 1) is composed primarily of clay particles, with only minor proportions of other materials, 2) demonstrates plasticity when wet, and 3) is capable of hardening when dried or fired.
This definition is intentionally ambiguous to support the multiple thresholds set by different authorities.The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline. Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 μm (clays being finer than silts), sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of sand, silt and less than 40% clay are called loam. Similar mixtures with greater than 40% clay are often considered clay soils.
An oil which 1) is liquid at room temperature (approximately 20 degrees Celsius) 2) is intended to be burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, 3) is obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue, 4) composed of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics.
Oils having a flash point of approximately 42 degrees Celsius and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners are not typically considered fuel oils. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier than gasoline and naphtha.
A naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the planetary surfaces.
A nonpolar, hydrophobic, and lipophilic material which is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures (about 20 degrees Celsius) or slightly warmer.
obsolete Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrub, or woodlands
obsolete Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets
obsolete Tropical dry or deciduous forests (including Monsoon forests) or woodlands
obsolete Subtropical and temperate rainforests or woodlands
obsolete Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
obsolete Tundra communities and barren Arctic deserts
obsolete Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
obsolete Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
obsolete Subarctic Division - Mountain Provinces (M130)
obsolete Tundra Division - Mountain Provinces (M120)
obsolete Warm Continental Division (210)
obsolete Warm Continental Division - Mountain Provinces (M210)
obsolete Subtropical Division - Mountain Provinces (M230)
obsolete Hot Continental Division - Mountain Provinces (M220)
obsolete Marine Division - Mountain Provinces (M240)
obsolete Mediterranean Division - Mountain Provinces (M260)
obsolete Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division (320)
obsolete Temperate Desert Division (340)
obsolete Temperate Desert Division - Mountain Provinces (M340)
obsolete Temperate Steppe Division (330)
obsolete Temperate Steppe Division - Mountain Provinces (M330)
obsolete Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division - Mountain Provinces (M310)
obsolete Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division (310)
obsolete Rainforest Division - Mountain Provinces (M420)
obsolete Savanna Division - Mountain Provinces (M410)
A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants.
Manure which is derived from the waste products of animals.
This is interesting in that the "role" aspect of "waste" is (or can be) replaced by another role "fertilizer". Thus, the positioning of "manure" under waste may not be totally correct.
A compost which generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together and is the residual compost waste generated by industrial mushroom production.
A house used for sheltering non-human animals.
While humans are animals, this class does not refer to human houses.
An animal house which is used to shelter cows.
byre
cattle shed
cow barn
cow house
cowhouse
cowshed
milking shed
An animal house which is used to house pigs.
A waste treatment plant which equipped to treat sewage such that its potential for environmental contamination is reduced.
sewage treatment plant
sewage treatment works
Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt (NaCl).
It is used (now less popular than historically) to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat.
Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health.
A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products.
obsolete anthropogenic abiotic mesoscopic feature
A function realised by an environmental material when used to bind material entities together.
This sounds more like a role than a material, per se.
Soil which has elevated concentrations of metals.
A portion of enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some material entity.
This could be demoted to an inferred class if issues with double inheritance arise.
A portion of sarcosine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of sarcosine.
A portion of trimethylamine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of trimethylamine.
A portion of skatole enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of skatole.
A portion of ethanol enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of ethanol.
A portion of acetamide enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of acetamide.
A portion of pantothenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of pantothenate.
A portion of testosterone enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of testosterone.
A portion of kynurenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of kynurenate.
A portion of threonine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of threonine.
A portion of salicylate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of salicylate.
A portion of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
A portion of L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of L-(+)-tartrate.
A portion of quinate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of quinate.
A tannery is a building in which the skins of animals are treated with chemicals to alter the structure of their constituent proteins, creating leather.
Manure which is primarily composed of pig feces.
An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered.
It's possible that this will become an inferred class in the future. The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification should be referred to when expanding this branch. ISIC can also be used to identify processes. See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1.
A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption.
'Terminology differs between countries. For example, in the United States, the entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy." The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor." The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house." Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant," also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of dairy products. In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds."' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy
A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms.
The semantics of food are being handled by FOODON http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/foodon.owl
A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself.
A bakery is a food processing building and a 'food shop' at the same time. This needs to be resolved.
An agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed.
A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery.
A manufactured product which has been formulated to modifying the appearance of external human anatomical parts.
A cosmetic product which has been formulated 2) to have a viscous, fatty, liquid consistency resembling the fat-rich component of milk and 2) to be applied to human facial skin to modify its appearance or functioning.
A product which is composed primarily of paper.
A paper product which is used as legal tender in economic or other monetary trasactions.
bank note
A sake brewery is a brewery which produces rice wine by fermenting rice which has been polished to remove the bran.
Soil which has increased levels of chalk.
A building or collection of co-located buildings constructed for the purpose of undertaking scientific research.
A layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid (especially water or molten metal).
A warehouse is a building which is used for the storage of goods.
A tobacco warehouse is a warehouse used to store cured leaves of plants from the genus Nicotiana, primarily N. tabacum and N. rustica.
A creamery is a part of a dairy where cream is separated from whole milk.
An air filter is a device that removes some substance from air.
This is a general definition derived from the definitions for particulate, chemical, and other air filters. Subclasses should be created if needed.
Limestone which is deposited from the water of mineral springs or streams saturated with calcium carbonate.
A building within which logs are cut into lumber products.
A large flat plain in karst territory with areas usually 5 to 400 sqaure kilometres.
An environmental material which has the quality of a foam.
A foamy environmental material which 1) is created by the agitation of seawater, 2) whose stability depends on the content of the seawater.
The lifetime of sea foam can vary from only seconds to several hours or days. The longer-lasting foam are formed in particular when seawater contain higher concentration of dissolved organic matter that derived from sources such as algal blooms.
Soil which is part of a paddy field.
Soil which is part of an alpine environment.
Soil which is capable of supporting the growth of crops.
A portion of soil which is found in a roadside area.
Soil which is part of an allotment garden.
A garden which is made available for individual, non-commercial gardening or growing food plants.
allotment
community garden
Allotments gardens are so named as they are typically subdivisions (lots) of a larger piece of land.
A portion of soil which is found in a savanna.
Soil which has little to no water content and in which minerals and other soluble chemical entities have either bonded or become adsorbed to sold particles due to insufficient water availability.
A portion of soil which is part of a cropland or a rangeland biome.
A portion of soil which is found in a grassland.
Soil which is part of a densely forested area subject to tropical climate patterns.
Soil which is part of a sawah, a wet or irrigated rice field.
A portion of urea enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of urea.
Soil which has been amended with fertilizers.
Soil which is part of an agricultural field.
Soil which is formulated to promote the growth of grasses or other plants used to establish managed areas of vegetation.
A portion of bacteria enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated bacterial abundance.
A portion of alluvial soil which is part of a swamp ecosystem.
Alluvial soil whichi is part of a paddy field.
Soil which has been transformed through a combustion process.
Soil which is part of a meadow.
A portion of chloropicrin enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of chloropicrin.
Soil which 1) has increased levels of humus, 2) has low pH levels, 3) has increased levels of mineral ash.
Soil which is adjacent to a pond.
Compost soil which is frozen.
Soil which has been amended with mineral additives to increase its pH.
Common liming agents include calcium- and magnesium-rich materials in various forms, including marl, chalk, limestone, burnt lime or hydrated lime. Liming often improves plant growth and increases the activity of soil bacteria, but oversupply may result in harm to plant life. Liming can also improve aggregate stability on clay soils. For this purpose structure lime, products containing calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in mixes with calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are often used. Structure liming can reduce losses of clay and nutrients from soil aggregates.
Soil which has, as a part, a portion of either fresh or processed animal manure.
Soil which has properties to which plants in the Family Orchidaceae have adapted, including increased levels of aeration and drainage.
Soil which is part of a forest growing on a mountain.
Soil which is part of a forest whose communites of arborescent plants are dominated the genus Fagus.
Soil which is composed of a large proportion of mud, thus having properties resembling mud.
Soil in which trees from an orchard grow.
Soil which is found in a pasture and in which vegetation, such as the grass used for the grazing of ungulates, grows.
A histosol which is formed by the decomposition of vegetation or organic matter.
turf
Soil which has elevated concentrations of sodium chloride.
Paddy field soil which has increased levels of peat.
A portion of soil which is found in a steppe.
Soil which is part of a tropical environment.
Garden soil which is part of a garden used for the cultivation of vegetables.
A portion of soil which is found in a greenhouse.
Soil which is has been heated such that its chemical, physical, or biological properties are destabilised.
Soil which is formed from avian fecal matter.
Soil which is part of a woodland dominated by leafy trees.
Soil which is part of a forest whose communites of arborescent plants are dominated the genus Picea.
Soil which is part of some elevated land.
Soil which is part of a forest whose communites of arborescent plants are dominated the genus Eucalyptus.
Soil which is part of a rubber plantation.
Bluegrass field soil is a soil which is found in a field of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis).
Soil which has 1) low concentrations of nutrients and humus, 2) low water retention capacity, 3) textural variation from sand to clay, 4) a porous and friable structure, and 5) low concentrations of soluble salts.
Red soil typically derives from crystalline rock in warm, temperate, moist climates under deciduous or mixed forest. It has thin organic and organic-mineral layers, a black brown leached layer resting on an illuvium red layer. The majority of red soils have a loamy texture. Their chemical composition varies across regions, but often includes non-soluble material 90.47%, iron 3.61%, aluminium 2.92%, organic matter 1.01%, magnesium 0.70%, lime 0.56%, carbon dioxide 0.30%, potash 0.24%, soda 0.12%, phosphorus 0.09% and nitrogen 0.08%. On the uplands, they are thin, poor and gravelly, sandy, or stony and porous, light-colored soils on which food crops like bajra can be grown. In contrast, on the lower plains and valleys they are rich, deep, dark colored fertile loam on which, under irrigation, can produce excellent crops like cotton, wheat, pulses, tobacco, jowar, linseed, millet, potatoes and fruits.
Sterile water is water which does not contain lliving organisms.
Water which has physicochemical properties determined by processes which occur beneath the planetary crust.
This class references any water that's under a planetary surface. For water that is in an aquifer, see "groundwater" (ENVO:01001004). Previously, this class included both.
Mud which is part of a marine ecosystem.
Mud which constitutes the bed of a lake.
The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms.
Soil that is not penetrated by the root systems of plants.
The dwelling of an animal or group of similar animals.
This class represents habitations of non-human animals. This distinction may be removed in future releases.
A pile of earth, sand, pine needles, or clay or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their mandibles and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes, and may create nest chambers within the mound.
A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young.
obsolete Tropical and subtropical coniferous forest biome
A habitat that is in or on a living animal. Here "animal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:33208.
A habitat that is in or on a living plant. Here "plant" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:33090 (viridiplantae).
A habitat that is in or on a living mammal. Here "mammal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:40674.
A habitat that is in or on a living animal. Here "animal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:9606.
Used for armpits and other nasty places.
A habitat that is in or on a living insect. Here "insect" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:50557.
An ice rise is an elevation which is part of an ice shelf, typically dome shared, and formed by the ice shelf overriding an obstruction in the seabed. An ice rise may be adjacent only to an ice shelf, or to an ice shelf and a sea. For some features, properly ice rises, the term island has become established through usage.
A glacier covering a coastal strip of low-lying land backed by mountains, and sloping gently seaward over a distance up to 30km or more to terminate in ice cliffs or to merge with an ice shelf.
Fissure at the junction between an inland ice sheet, ice piedmont or ice rise and an ice shelf, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide.
A volumetric density quality which inheres in soil by virtue of some influence exerted by the soil's mass on a given volume.
It is calculated as the dry weight of soil divided by its volume.
soil bulk density
A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms.
A dump for domestic waste. A term used to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life.
A material entity which other material entities in an environmental system are primarily or partially composed of.
Everything under this parent must be a mass noun (i.e. not countable). All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water".
Instances of this class are portions of environmental materials, such as seawater in bucket, a water parcel in the photic zone of a lake, or the concrete that composes a building part. Instances of these portions may have fiat or non-fiat boundaries. For example, a water parcel has not physical boundaries, while the seawater in a bucket is bounded by the internal surfaces of the bucket.
A layer of some material entity which is adjacent to one or more of its external boundaries and directly interacts with its immediate surroundings.
This class is distinct from a geometric surface, which is two-dimensional. The idea of "uppermost" may be problematic. Further, the definition of layer (the superclass of surface in rev 133) references surface. This may be another issue. Perhaps this can be made into an inferred class using 'bounding layer of' some material entity, note that 'bounding layer' implies containment, which may not be valid here.
Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.
Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol"
A mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase).
A manufactured product which has been designed for use in one or more medical procedures.
A vivarium is an enclosure for keeping and raising organisms for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions.
A sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals.
A place where a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes.
A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.
A research facility consisting of instruments that measure the properties of the oceans over time. Usually of at least approximately fixed location.
An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well.
A cave which is part of a karst formation.
Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live.
This class will be depopulated and eventually deprecated. Convenience class.
This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material.
A liquid which is specifically prepared for human consumption.
obsolete distilled fermented grain beverage
obsolete fermented pomaceous fruit beverage
obsolete plant inflorescence food product
Definitions and types from http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm.
obsolete cruciferous inflorescence food product
obsolete amaranthaceous inflorescence food product
obsolete pickled cruciferous food product
This has to be reconciled with "legume". Seems to be a subclass.
According to the FAO: 'The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes.'
obsolete naturally occuring environmental material
A dry valley which was formed as a result of erosion due to stream formation and flow.
A dry stream valley which was formed as a result of erosion due to river formation and flow.
obsolete fermented plant derived beverage
obsolete non-fermented plant derived beverage
Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia.
An environmental material which is a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay particles.
A well which provides access to groundwater held in an aquifer.
A well which has been drilled in order to extract petroleum oil from subterranean reservoirs and bring it to the surface.
The concentration basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome that have higher salinity than bordering oceans due to evaporation. Water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.
concentration basin mediterranean sea biome
MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: An oceanographic feature that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: A marine upwelling is a net flow of marine water to the surface of the water column from deeper regions. This is often a result of surface water displacement off continental coasts by wind action. Localised upwellings may also occur along divergent fronts around eddies and along some of the major oceanographic features. Deeper waters often have higher nutrient content; consequently blooms of primary producers, such as planktonic algae, are generally observed around upwelling zones.
This term is specific to marine upwellings.
An organic object which is formed as a result of the biological processes mediated by microbial assemblages.
A very generic class, intended to be populated by inference. Please avoid use in annotation, opting for a more descriptive term.
organic object formed through microbial activity
A multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts.
obsolete biotic mesoscopic physical object
obsolete abiotic mesoscopic physical object
Particulate environmental material which is primarily composed of silt particles.
This definition is intentionally ambiguous to support the multiple thresholds set by different authorities. Some authorities consider this soil material that contains 80% or more silt and less than 12% clay. In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity.
Particulate environmental material which is composed primarily of particles of sand with only minor proportions of other substances.
This definition is intentionally ambiguous to support the multiple thresholds set by different authorities. Some authorities consider as sands soil material that contains 85% or more sand; the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay does not exceed 15. coarse sand (sable grossier) 25% or more very coarse and coarse sand, and less than 50% any other one grade of sand.
An environmental material which is composed primarily of pieces of gravel.
As with all size-based classifications, there is considerable variation in what is considered gravel.
A solid surface layer which 1) forms part of the boundary between the cavity of a cave and its solid container and 2) is the closest solid boundary to the gravitational centre of the astronomical body of which the cave is a part.
surface layer with role "walking substrate" or similar. Indicate it is some sort of "bottom"
Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt.
Expressions of the mangrove biome are typically found in tropical and sub-tropical tidal areas, in depositional coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. A variety of characteristic trees and shrubs occur here and are able to withstand a high degree of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. These areas include estuaries and marine shorelines.
The marine salt marsh biome comprises marshes that are transitional intertidals between land and salty or brackish marine water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, estuaries). It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. The daily tidal surges bring in nutrients, which tend to settle in roots of the plants within the salt marsh. The natural chemical activity of salty (or brackish) water and the tendency of algae to bloom in the shallow unshaded water also allow for great biodiversity.
The marine pelagic biome (pelagic meaning open sea) is that of the marine water column, from the surface to the greatest depths.
The marine benthic biome (benthic meaning 'bottom') encompasses the seafloor and includes such areas as shores, littoral or intertidal areas, marine coral reefs, and the deep seabed.
The marine neritic zone biome comprises sea floor from the high tide mark to a continental shelf break. This zone generally extends to 200 m below average sea level.
The marine bathyal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 200 m and 3000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental slope.
The marine abyssal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 2500 m and 6000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental rise and the abyssal plain.
The marine hadal zone biome describes sea floor deeper than 6000 m such as that of the oceanic trenches.
A biome expressed by strips or ridges of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of marine water.
The marine hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of a marine biome.
The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column above a continental shelf.
The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column offshore, beyond a continental shelf.
The oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of the marine surface waters occurring offshore, away from a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.
The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The oceanic epipelagic zone biome encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline.
The oceanic mesopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends through the water column from approximately 200-1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases.
The bathypelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below approximately 1000 m water depth - the maximum depth to which detectable daylight penetrates in all but the clearest oligotrophic waters - and extends to about 2500 - 2700 m water depth. In the temperate Atlantic, the beginning of the bathypelagic zone biome approximates to the deep oxygen minimum and the base of the permanent thermocline.
The abyssopelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below the bathypelagic zone biome at approximately 2500 -2700 m and extends either to the hadal pelagic zone biome (at approximately 6000 m) or to the benthopelagic zone biome within ca. 100 m of the seafloor. The depth of 2700 m may be critical for physiological reasons as the change in hydrostatic pressure across this depth may preclude organism migration.
The oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome comprises the water column in oceanic trenches occurring at depths between 6000m and 10,000m.
The benthopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column which usually coincide with the benthic boundary layer (BBL) - the layer of isothermal and isohaline water contiguous to the sea floor. A general reversal in the declining gradient of pelagic biomass may be observed here, perhaps explained by viable nutrition on the sea floor being resuspended by bottom currents. This zone typically extends 100 m above the seafloor, but may reach upto1000 m during benthic storms.
The neritic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of marine surface waters occurring above a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.
The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The epipelagic zone encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline.
The neritic mesopelagic zone biome comprises the marine column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases.
OBSOLETE A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring within the marine water column.
Ambiguous term - please select a more precise term to describe what the feature of interest is.
The epeiric sea (also known as an epicontinental sea) biome comprises a shallow seas that extend over part of a continent. Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the geologic past, which have variously been due to either global eustatic sea level changes, local tectonic deformation, or both, and are occasionally semi-cyclic.
The marginal sea biome comprises parts of an ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds. Many marginal seas are enclosed by island arcs that were formed from the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another.
The mediterranean sea biome comprises mostly enclosed seas that have limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds.
A marine biome which is determined by an ocean.
Ocean biomes are determined by major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt.
The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals.
The marine rocky subtidal reef biome comprises regions of the marine reef biome composed mainly of rock and which harbour abundant communities of algae and invertebrates. These reefs are often very patchy, with alterations of rocks dominated by rich invertebrate assemblages and turf-forming calcareous red algae.
A marine black smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by a black vent plume. This black plume is a consequence of dissolved metals and minerals forming complexes with sulphide and indicates polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits beneath the surface.
A marine white smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by lightly hued plumes, typically containing barium, calcium, and silicon. These vents tend to have lower temperature plumes when compared to black smoker environments.
A marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of themarine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks.
marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome
A marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on basaltic rocks. Basalt generally has a composition of 45 to 55 wt % SiO2, 2 to 6 wt % total alkalis, 0.5 to 2.0 wt % TiO2, 5 to 14 wt % FeO and 14 wt % or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt %, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt %.
A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity.
Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds.
Kelp forests and beds may extend many meters above the sea floor, thus should not be considered a type of "bed".
A bed of a marine, saline water body which is covered by one or more speices of seagrass typically belonging to the families Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, or Cymodoceaceae.
"Seagrass beds are highly diverse and productive ecosystems, and can harbor hundreds of associated species from all phyla, for example juvenile and adult fish, epiphytic and free-living macroalgae and microalgae, mollusks, bristle worms, and nematodes. Few species were originally considered to feed directly on seagrass leaves (partly because of their low nutritional content), but scientific reviews and improved working methods have shown that seagrass herbivory is a highly important link in the food chain, with hundreds of species feeding on seagrasses worldwide, including green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, swans, sea urchins and crabs." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass 2016-01-18
An environmental material which is composed primarily of particles.
Do not oversimplify this branch with design patterns or similar. The materials have properties that their components do not - write full definitions including these where possible.
particulate matter
particulate environmental material
The upper part of the marine water column with generally uniform properties resulting from wind-driven mixing.
Benthic storms are strong benthic (near bottom) currents transporting sediment, created by the input of energy (largely kinetic) to the seabed. In regions with high mesoscale eddy activity, benthic storms are frequent and can create isohaline and isothermal conditions extending as much as 1000m above the seafloor.
A portion of planktonic material is a portion of environmental material primarily composed of plankton.
See Issue #251. Awaiting class creation in PCO to attempt logical definitions.
planktonic material
A marine downwelling describes a net current of marine surface water towards deeper regions of the water column. Marine downwellings are usually caused by differences in the density (and hence, temperature and salinity) of seawater.
A marine water mass which is characterized by having much lower than normal dissolved oxygen concentrations persistently.
Low oxygen rates are typically due to the rate of respiration being greater than the rate of oxygen resupply, and are not necessarily due to anthropogenic activity.
Marine anoxic zones are areas of marine water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange. In most cases, oxygen is prevented from reaching the deeper levels by a physical barrier (sill) as well as by a pronounced density stratification. Anoxic conditions will occur if the rate of oxidation of organic matter by bacteria is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen.
A water current which is maintained by a continuous, directed movement of marine water, generated by forces caused by breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of astronomical bodies. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.
Marine streamers are tongues of cold water that extend > 100 km offshore from upwelling regions. Enhanced primary productivity may occur in these waters as they are typically more nutrient rich than marine surface waters.
Mesoscale marine eddies are characterized by currents which flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic. Ocean eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different to those outside of the eddy. Marine mesoscale eddies are between about 10 and 500 km in diameter, and persist for periods of days to months. They may be formed when an ocean current develops an instability. This instability grows, causing the current to meander, and eventually an eddy is pinched off from the meander.
Sediment comprised of weathered continental rocks, wind blown dust, volcanic ash or other terrestrial material.
An oceanic front is a narrow zone of enhanced horizontal gradients of water properties (temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) that separates broader areas with different water masses or different vertical structure (stratification).
A marine Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in a marine body of water. Currents flowing over shoaling topography such as seamounts are accelerated and destabilised, resulting in Taylor columns. Eddies and internal waves are generated downstream of the topological feature and may extend 1000 m or so above them. This may result in a localised increase in primary production where the Taylor column reaches surface waters.
A marine water mass which is composed primarily of water with low concentrations of nutrients.
On Earth, the nutrients which are of low concentration in these water masses are typically phosphate, nitrate. and organic matter. The result is low primary productivity in such regions. These regions tend to have high dissolved oxygen levels due to a lack of respiration.
A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque).
A thermocline which is part of a marine water body.
Marine thermoclines are usually associated with rapid changes in water density and salinity.
A marine chemocline is a marine cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of marine water. Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formations of anoxic bottom water.
A pycnocline which is part of a marine water body and composed primarily of sea water.
Marine pycnoclines are usually associated with rapid changes in water temperature and salinity.
A nutricline which is part of a marine water body.
The marine lysocline denotes the depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically. As water column depth and therefore pressure increases, the corresponding calcite saturation of seawater decreases and the calcite begins dissolve.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water temperature.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal salinity.
Biogenous sediment is derived from living organisms, typically planktonic organisms possessing shells, frustules or coccoliths.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water density.
A convergence front which is located in a region subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A marine current that generally occurs below the permanent thermocline (where it occurs) or below 400 m depth and that is driven by density and temperature gradients.
A marine current bordered by the surface of the water column and the permanent thermocline, where it occurs. Surface currents are mostly wind driven and mostly limited to the top 400 m of the water column. Ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. Large ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy from the tropics to polar regions. In some cases, currents are transient features and affect only a small area. Other ocean currents are essentially permanent and extend over large horizontal distances.
A marine surface current that flows along an oceanic front.
A warm water, narrow marine surface current flowing from the equator to high latitudes at speeds between 40 and 120 kilometers per day. Western boundary currents are the deepest ocean surface flows, usually extending 1000 meters below the ocean surface.
A cold water, broad marine surface current flowing from high latitudes to the equator at speeds between 3 and 7 kilometers per day.
OBSOLETE A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring on or along marine benthic environments.
Ambiguous term, please consider using a more precise term which describes the feature of tinterest.
A marine thermocline which separates the marine cold-water sphere from the marine warm-water sphere and which does not dissipate seasonally.
The permanent marine thermocline is typically found in temperate to tropical latitudes,
A marine thermocline which is present below the marine wind mixed layer.
The marine cold-water sphere describes a water mass extending from the polar seas and across low latitudes at depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m, which is separated from the marine warm-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline
The marine warm-water sphere describes a water mass extending to depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m in low and middle latitudes. It is separated from the marine cold-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline
Hydrogenous sediment is derived from solutes that precipitate out of sea water by a variety of chemical reactions. These are typically less abundant than other sediment types.
Cosmogenous sediment is derived from extraterrestrial dust and debris in the form of meteorites and similar entities.
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter.
Suspended sediment, or suspended load, is the term for the particles settle slowly enough to be carried in flowing water (such as a stream or coastal area) either without touching the bed or while only intermittently touching it. These particles are generally of the fine sand, silt and clay size, although larger particles may be carried as well depending on the intensity of the flow.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 32 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 2 and 4 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 62.5 micrometers and 2 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 62.5 micrometers.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter below 1 micrometer.
Note that by the particle-size-based definition used here, colloidal sediment need not actually be a colloid. If that is the case, please use "suspended colloidal sediment".
A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals.
The marine sponge reef biome comprises marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders.
The supralittoral zone is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides.
The marine littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends, approximately, from the spray region above the high tide mark to the edge of the coninental shelf.
The marine sublittoral zone is part of the marine littoral zone which is permanently covered by seawater. In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters. In marine biology, the sublittoral refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone.
A marine benthic biome which is determined by a cold seep.
The marine cold seep biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where seepage of methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon rich fluids and other fluids occurs.
The dilution basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome with lower salinity than the surrounding ocean due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers. Water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
A column of solid material which has been progressively deposited around a hydrothermal vent.
A marine hydrothermal vent plume, part of a marine hydrothermal vent, is a high temperature water jet laden with dissolved metals and minerals that is driven by heat generated due to tectonic activity below the vent.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 15-45 degrees Celsius and high-to-low oxygenation. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 45-75 degrees Celsius and low to no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 80-125 degrees Celsius and no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
High temperature water ejected from hydrothermal vents and laden with dissolved metals and minerals as a result of percolation through crustal rocks.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active nitrate reducing microbial communities.
A piece of rock which fell vertically through the water column into finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks.
dropstone
Drop stones range in size from small pebbles to boulders.
An accumulation of organic matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
A accumulation of plant matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
The carcass of an animal that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
Whale fall is the term used for a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a relatively short period of time: within several months. However, in deeper water (depths of 2,000 m/6,600 ft or greater), fewer scavenger species exist, and the carcass can provide sustenance for a complex localized ecosystem over periods of decades.
Seal fall is the term used for a seal carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor.
A wood fall describes an accumulation of woody plant material that has fallen to the ocean floor.
A reef which is located in a marine water body.
A rocky reef which is located in the subtidal zone of a marine water body.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active manganese reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active iron reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active sulphate reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active carbon dioxide reducing microbial communities.
Environmental material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more biomacromolecules.
Material derived from a biofilm, an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides in various configurations.
Material derived from a microbial mat, a multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments.
Marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic pertaining to or derived from living organisms.
Pockmarks are craters in the seabed resulting from the release of gas or liquid. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column.
A marine sponge reef is marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders.
A collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function.
A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The light can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells) , or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism.
Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
A specialised organ found in deep-sea tube worms populating hydrothermal vent environments that is colonised by chemosynthetic bacteria which supply the host worm with organic compounds. The term may be applied to similar organs in other worms.
A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins.
Determinate nodules are root nodules found on tropical (sub)legumes, such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), Lotus, and Vigna. Determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape.
Indeterminate nodules are found on temperate legumes like Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch). They earned the moniker "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis.
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule.
indeterminate root nodule active meristem
A part of an indeterminate root nodule permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted.
indeterminate root nodule infection zone
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where each cell contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. Typically, the plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color.
indeterminate root nodule nitrogen fixation zone
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule.
indeterminate root nodule senescent zone
A forest ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor.
A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs.
A grassland ecosystem in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A woodland biome which has seasonal water availability and includes trees spaced sufficiently far apart to allow an unbroken layer of grass, sedge (Cyperaceae) or rush (Juncaceae) communities to live.
A desert ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
A tundra ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action.
Preliminary definition. Depending on whether mangrove trees or shrubs are present, this class could be a child of shrubland biome or woodland biome. Consider creating the appropriate classes.
A temperate desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to intermediate insolation, low rainfall, and large temperature variations between winter and summer. Winter temperatures may fall below 0 degrees Celsius. Some precipitation in this biome may fall as snow.
Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established.
A tropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, very high insolation due to inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Tropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog.
A subtropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, high insolation (but lower than that of a tropical desert biome), inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Subtropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog.
A montane desert biome is a desert biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A polar desert biome is a desert biome which is subject to low levels of insolation, annual precipitation less than 250 millimeters, and a mean temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius during its warmest month. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water.
A savanna biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A savanna biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A savanna biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A flooded savanna biome is a savanna biome which has very wet to saturated soil moisture content.
A subtropical grassland in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A montane grassland biome is a grassland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A coniferous forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A broadleaf forest ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
A mixed forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A mediterranean forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A tropical broadleaf forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A subtropical broadleaf forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system.
A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional.
A tropical condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives high yearly solar irradiance per unit area and, on Earth, the Sun reaches a subsolar point at least once during the solar year. This results in a hot and moist year-round climate at low elevations, which have a monthly average temperature above 18 degrees Celsius.
A subtropical condition is an environmental condition in which an envrionmental system receives more solar irradiance than those with temperate conditions, but less than those with tropical conditions. At low elevations, this typically results in eight months of the year having average temperatures greater than or equal to 10 degrees Celsius with the coldest monthly temperature averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius.
As with most other climatic zones and conditions, multiple classification schemes have somehat different definitions and criteria. To quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50.0 °F) or above. German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined Warm temperate zones as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between 2 °C (35.6 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Northern Hemisphere and between 6 °C (42.8 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding oceanic and continental climates. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone,[4] which is subdivided into seven smaller areas.[5] According to the E. Neef climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into two parts: Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate.[6] According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into three parts: high-continental, continental, and maritime.[7] According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world.[8]"
A temperate condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives less solar irradiance than those with subpolar conditions, but greater than those with subtropical conditions.
This class' definition is less satisfactory than the other latitudinal conditoins.
A mediterranean condition is a subtropical condition in which hot dry summers and winters with moderate to high rainfall.
These regions are under the constant influence of the subtropical ridge.
A subtropical woodland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
A coniferous forest biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A coniferous forest biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A coniferous forest biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A temperate mixed forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A shrubland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A shrubland biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A shrubland biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A montane shrubland biome is a shrubland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A mediterranean shrubland biome is a subtropical shrubland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity.
A woodland biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A woodland biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A woodland biome which is subject to subtropical climate patterns.
A montane savanna biome is a savanna biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A subtropical grassland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
A subtropical dry broadleaf forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A subtropical moist broadleaf forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome
A tropical dry broadleaf forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A tropical moist broadleaf forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
A savanna biome which is subject to mediterranean climate patterns.
An environmental condition in which annual precipitation is less than half of annual potential evapotranspiration.
Lava is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids which has extruded beyond a planetary crust.
Some use 'lava' to refer to rock that is formed when lava cools. This is not the intended meaning of this class. See 'igneous rock' or similar.
Felsic lava is lava which is high in silica (> 69 percent by weight), aluminium, potassium, sodium, and calcium, forming a polymerized liquid rich in feldspar and quartz. Felsic lava has a higher viscosity than other magma types. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C. Unusually hot (>950 °C) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres
Intermediate lava is lava which, relative to felsic lava, is lower in aluminium and silica (between 52 and 63 percent by weight), and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron. The temperature of intermediate lava ranges from 750 to 950 degrees Celsius, destroying polymerized bonds and promoting more fluid behaviour relative to felsic lavas and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, and also occasionally amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts.
Mafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types other than ultramafic lava, has a high ferromagnesian content and low aluminium and silica content, with silca making up between 45 and 52 percent of its weight.
Mafic lava generally erupts at temperatures in excess of 950 degrees Celsius. The high temperature and low polymerisation in mafic lava favors low viscosity and chemical diffusion, promoting the formation of large, well-formed phenocrysts.
Lava which, relative to other lava types, has very high magnesium oxide content and less than 45 percent silica by weight.
Ultramafic lava generally erupts at temperatures of 1600 degrees Celsius. Due to its high temperature and composition, the viscosity of ultramafic lava is very low.
Basalt is a volcanic rock which is formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava.
A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast.
A polar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area, resulting in colder climatic conditions.
On Earth, polar conditions are such that every month has average temperature lower than 10 degrees Celsius. Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition.
An oak woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of oak trees.
A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae.
A juniper woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the genus Juniperus.
A scrubland which is located in a desert.
A piece of rock with a grain size above 300 millimetres in diameter.
A pinyon juniper woodland is a conifer woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the subsection Cembroides of the genus Pinus and the genus Juniperus.
A cropland ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity.
Villages are also described as agricultural settlements with greater than 100 persons per square kilometre; however, no upper limit is defined.
A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock.
A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use.
An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised.
A coniferous forest biome which includes communities adapted to subpolar conditions.
A subpolar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area and is surrounded by large land masses. This results in very cold winters with temperatures potentially falling to around -40 degrees Celsius and summers which last no more than 3 months of the year with a 24-hour average temperature of at least 10 degrees Celsius.
Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition.
A biome which is determined by a freshwater lake.
A freshwater biome which is determined by a freshwater river.
A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities.
In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A mineral deposit is a physiographic feature which has unusually high concentrations of one or more minerals.
Note that the definition of the term mineral is debatable; however, a mineral generally must be naturally occuring, stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula (unlike rocks, which may include a wide variety of components), are usually formed by geophysical processes (i.e. are abiogenic), and have an ordered atomic arrangement.
A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure.
Look for "mineral" in a chemical or geochemical ontology to formalise the composed primarily of link. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor which emits lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate acetyl thioesters, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them.
A fluid front which is 1) thin in comparison to the fluid mass it is a part of and 2) across which a property of that fluid mass varies greatly over short vertical distance, relative to variation across the entire fluid mass.
A similar term exists in linguistics and mathematics. An ecocline, or biological cline, is a related concept; however, may be better placed as a child of a class like "ecotone". Further, some definitions of "layer" require a layer's constiuent materials to have consistent properties, thus "cline" would not qualify as a subclass. The term "gradient" has been proposed as a more suitable superclass. Discussion in Issue #286)
A cline across which the density of a fluid changes rapidly.
A nutricline which is part of a water body.
nutrient gradient
A cline within a marine water body where the rate of calcite dissolution changes rapidly with depth. The increase in the rate of calcite dissolution with depth is largely due to the concomitant fall in calcite saturation.
A seep is a spring in which water has filtered through permeable earth to the surface.
MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A cold seep is a seep in which methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids rise to the sea floor. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs. Cold seeps are distinct from hydrothermal vents: the former's emissions are of the same temperature as the surrounding seawater, whereas the latter's emissions are super-heated.
A vapour is an environmental material in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point.
Obsoleted. Not really a material. Use PATO's "quality of a gas" on a material to express vapour forms.
A hydrothermal seep is a seep in which diffuse flow of geothermally heated fluids with high methane concentrations. This seep has been proposed as an intermediate between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water.
Perhaps a better relation between water vapour and water can be found in or added to RO?
An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.
Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere.
A sedimentary rock which is composed mainly of silt. This rock has a grainsize in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones.
A clastic sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of clay sized particles.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally.
A mudstone is a clastic sedimentary rock which contains a mixture of at least one third of silt- and one third of clay-sized particles.
There is debate on the usage of mudstone and mudrock, and some ambiguity is to be expected. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks.
Lime mudstone is a limestone which is primarily composed of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks.
Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks.
A structural basin is a geological depression formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying rock strata.
A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions.
Unlike biomes, ecoregions are geographically defined entities. ENVO's sister project, GAZ, contains terms for instances of ecoregions (e.g. Beringia lowland tundra). Requests for new terms should be directed to GAZ. ENVO will only contain this top-level class. The class' definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO.
Water ice can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance. When speaking about ice on Earth, usually water ice is meant - the solid, crystalline form of water found in the atmosphere as snow crystals, hail, ice pellets, etc., and on the earth's surface in forms such as hoarfrost, rime, glaze, sea ice, glacier ice, ground ice, frazil, anchor ice, etc. This form of water is, strictly speaking, called ice Ih, the Roman numeral I distinguishing it from more than a dozen other phases and the letter h distinguishing it from the metastable cubic phase ice Ic. Ice Ih is the only one of the several known phases of water ice that is stable at commonly occurring temperatures and pressures. (Some of the other forms have very unusual properties, ice VII, for example, being stable only at pressures above 22 400 kg/cm^2, but then existing at temperatures up to about 100C.) It has an open structure with a specific gravity of 0.9166 which is slightly less than water; because the water molecules bond to their neighbors covalently only in four directions; it therefore floats on higher density water, where broken molecular bonds permit closer packing. All commonly occurring forms of ice are crystalline, although large single crystals are relatively rare except in glaciers. The ice crystal lattice possesses hexagonal symmetry that manifests itself in the gross forms of such single crystals as are sometimes found in snow. At an air pressure of one atmosphere, ice melts at 0 C by definition of the Celsius temperature scale. (Strictly speaking the equilibrium point among water, ice, and vapor occurs at +0.01C, the triple point.) On the other hand, ice does not invariably form in liquid water cooled below this temperature; it has a tendency to supercool, more so in the absence of ice nuclei. In permafrost regions, ice may occupy voids in soils and rocks and may develop in a variety of forms. Ice may be colourless to pale blue or greenish-blue. It may appear white due to included gas bubbles; in exposures, ground ice may also appear black. In nature ice is formed either by: (a) the freezing of water, (b) the condensation of atmospheric water vapour direct into ice crystals, (c) the compaction of snow with or without the motion of a glacier, or (d) the impregnation of porous snow masses with water which subsequently freeze.
A depression caused by the collapse of a pingo.
An ice mass which is formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates and freezes in a localized zone, wedging soil or rock apart.
Ecozones delineate large areas of a planetary surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.
ENVO contains this top-level class, but all instances will be in GAZ. The definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology. Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
A material entity which 1) is spatially continuous, 2) is composed of material of comparable thickness, composition, and physical properties, and 3) is physically distinct from adjacent portions of environmental material.
A solid layer which is composed primarily of sedimentary rock or soil.
Note that this class does not contain metalimnion as a subclass. The metaliminon is classified as a thermocline.
A lake which is permanently covered by ice, does not mix, and exhibit inverse cold water stratification whereby water temperature increases with depth below the ice surface.
A holomictic lake is a lake which mixes at least once per year. Mixing is caused by a uniform temperature distribution from the upper to lower layers of the lake.
A dimitic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during two mixing periods each year. Mixing typically occurs during the spring and autumn, when the lake is "isothermal" (i.e., at the same temperature from the top to the bottom). At this time the water throughout the lake is about 4°C, and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from top to bottom. These lakes are common in regions with temperate climates.
A polymictic lake is a holomictic lake which is too shallow to allow thermal stratification and which can mix from top to bottom through the ice-free period of the year.
A monomictic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during one mixing period each year.
A monomictic lake which is covered by ice throughout much of the year and only mixes when its surface ice melts and the lake lacks thermal stratification.
A monomictic lake which does not freeze and is thermally stratified throughout most of the year, only mixing in winter when cooler temperatures ease stratification.
A cold polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is covered by ice in winter.
A warm polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is not covered by ice at any point during the year.
Class should be populated by inference and asserted subclasses redistributed.
A layer that is part of a marine water body.
A lake bed which is dry. That is, the bed of a dry lake.
Deliberately disjoint with "lake bed", which must be covered with water.
A slope which is part of the seafloor, descends from the continental crust to the oceanic crust, and comprises the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
On Earth, continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area.
A Taylor column is a column of deflected fluid flow which is formed in a perturbed, rotating fluid, is parallel to the axis of rotation, and extends above the obstacle perturbing the fluid in a rigid manner.
This is an interesting class. It's not really a column in the sense of a water column, nor is it a current, exactly. It may also occur in any fluid, gaseous or liquid.
An atmospheric Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Taylor columns often form above islands resulting in vortex streets in the atmosphere.
Brackish water which is part of an estuary.
A portion of environmental material which protrudes through a surface layer.
This is kept as a general class. One can specify subclasses by identifying the protruding material (e.g. rock outcroup, mineral outcrop, etc ) and the material(s) the protrusion emerges from. Possible logical definition: A portion of ENVO:environmental material which has_quality PATO:"protruding out of" a ENVO:surface layer of an ENVO:environmental material.
An endolithic environment is an environment that exists within solid rock.
A high pressure environment is an environment in which all material entities are exposed to a high ratio of force per unit area.
A high temperature environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to increased levels of heat radiation or which have molecules or atoms moving randomly with increased levels of average kinietic energy.
An aquatic environment which is determined by freshwater.
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by saline water.
An environmental system which is located beyond the Earth's exosphere and away from the Earth's core.
This would need an instance of planet (i.e. Earth) to be fully expressed. Note that this is not necessarily outer space, as it can include planetary environments that are not of Earth.
An environment which has a lower temperature than some local or global average.
The definition of the deprecated 'cold temperature habitat' class, which this class was derived from, quotes an upper threshold of 15 degrees Celsius for 'coldness'.
A haline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of salt, typically above 2 molar.
A cultivated environment is an environment that has been modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops.
A culturing environment is an environment which is maintained by humans for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures.
An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity.
Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic.
A high osmolarity environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of solutes.
An acidic environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to a low pH.
An alkaline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high pH, typically greater than a pH of 9.
An environment whose dynamics are strongly influenced by water.
An extreme high temperature environment is a high temperature environment in which entities are exposed to temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius.
The lower threshold, 80 degrees Celsius, is derived from the definition of the obsolete class "extreme high temperature habitat" which this class replaces.
A rocky slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of rock.
A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body.
An environmental system determined by seawater.
An environment determined by the presence of brackish water.
This may refer to environments submerged in brackish water or those that are determined by its presence, such as a brackish water pond environment.
The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer of an atmosphere which is strongly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface with strong vertical mixing and in which physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence).
A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.
a useful class: this can be used to define sub-terrestrial and sub-marine entities
A layer in a water mass, itself composed primarily of water.
This class will eventually be populated by inference, and its asserted subclasses removed.
A subsurface layer in a water body, typically an ocean or lake, in which chlorophyll concentrations reach their maximum.
Logical def is incomplete. Need to express the idea of maximum chlorophyll. This could follow a pattern like: X has_maximum_levels_of Y relative_to Z, i.e. DCM has_maximum_levels_of chlorophyll relative_to subsurface_aquatic_layer May also be useful to include has_decreased_levels_of light intensity relative_to surface aquatic layer Further discussion in Issue #126.
The DCM may or may not indicate greater abundance of photosynthetic, chlorophyll-bearing cells, as shade-adapted cells may have a greater chlorophyll to biomass ration than surface variants. Further, some DCMs may be formed by the sinking of cells from surface zones or the subduction of surface waters, rather than through biotic, community-level processess.
A strand swamp is a swamp that forms linear drainage channels on flatlands.
A dome swamp is a swamp which occurs in a depression where deeper waters at the centre of the swamp allow trees to grow taller relative to those in shallower regions of the depression. This creates a dome-like shape.
The logical def should be improved with the idea of a vegetation unit growing in a depression expressed.
A cypress dome swamp is a dome swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia
A cypress strand swamp is a strand swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
A cypress swamp is a swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
A gravelly slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of gravel.
A hillside is a slope that is part of a hill.
A talus slope is a slope which has a surface layer composed of scree.
An understory is a layer of plant life which grows below the canopy without penetrating it.
A shrub layer is a layer of vegetation in a woodland or forest consisting of low, woody vegetation of frutescent form.
A herb and fern layer is a layer of a forest or woodland which is composed of all vascular plant life that are one metre or less in height.
This definition is inclusive of non-herbaceous plants that may be transiently present in the "herb layer". See Gilliam FS (2007) The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. BioScience. 57(10):845-858. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B571007) for rationale and a review of definitional and terminological variation.
Refers to the ground layer of a forest or woodland where leaf litter or other plant matter accumulates
A biome which is subject to polar climatic conditions.
This class is primarily for inference and, in general, should not be used directly by annotators. If you're an annotator, please consider using a more informative term such as 'tundra biome'.
An altitudinal condition which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and being located at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline.
Requested term with preliminary def. See Issue 29 on the envo tracker.
An altitudinal condition which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being located at an altitude immediately below the tree line of an elevation.
Requested in Issue 33 of our tracker. The lower boundry of this condition's range, that is, the lower altitudinal limit of an elevation that is considuered subalpine, is not clear in this definition.
An altitudinal condition which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being located at an altitude between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate.
An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude.
Depending on the latitude (and, to a lesser extent, other factors), the actual location of the zones where these conditions are in effect will change.
An altitudinal condition which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having extremely limited vegetation cover, silica-enriched soils, and ground cover dominated by snow and ice at altitudes above the snowline.
An upper montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line.
This definition is somewhat odd in that it doesn't clearly define a lower boundary.
A lower montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately above mid-altitude forests.
This definition does not define an upper boundary.
A montane conifer woodland is a conifer woodland which is located within an altitude range that falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
A field used for the cultivation of corn or related crop plants.
Requested in Issue 112 as part of the curation of metagenome submissions in the European Nucleotide Archive.
An organic material primarily composed of a portion of plant root.
Requested in Issue 115 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive.
Autoclaved sand is sand that has been sterlised by exposure to high pressure saturated steam at at least 121 degrees Celsius.
Requested in Issue 116 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive.
A marine mesoscale eddy is a current of marine water which has a typical horizontal diameter of less than 100 km and persists for approximately one month.
This class was created to accommodate "fields" from agricultural fields to marine mesoscale eddy fields. Thus, it has a very broad definition which makes it less than informative when annotating. Please consider using or requesting an appropriate subclass.
A mesoscale eddy field is an expanse of marine water which includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals and is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline.
An ice cap climatic condition is a polar condition in which the montly average temperature does not exceed 0 degrees Celsius.
A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.
A portion of granite is a portion of igneous rock which is intrusive, felsic, granular, and phaneritic.
Requested in issue 45. Some relations to PATO and SWEET classes suggested.
A portion of alkaline water is a portion of water with a pH greater than 7.
Here, we commit to a threshold of pH as this is almost universally accepted.
A portion of acidic water is a portion of water with a pH less than 7.
A cave formed in limestone, usually by dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater.
Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater.
A cave formed by the dissolution of soluble rock or other solid material such as limestone, chalk, dolomite, gypsum, salt or marble.
A cave formed at the same time as the surrounding rock.
A cave that is formed by the action of pressurised lava pushing against surrounding rock and then draining away.
A cave formed by erosion caused by flowing streams carrying rocks or sediments.
A glacier cave is a cave formed within or under a glacier.
An ice cave is a bedrock cave which contains year-round ice formations.
A talus cave is a cave formed by the openings between large boulders which have fallen into a random heap.
An anchialine cave is a cave which contains an anchialine pool.
An anchialine pool is a landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean and which has fresh water towards its surface with saline water in its deeper layers.
An tundra climatic condition is a polar condition in which at least one month's average temperature exceeds 0 degrees Celsius.
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.
As with other wastes, this is more a role than a material in itself. This should be revised.
Household waste refers to waste material usually generated in the residential environment. Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste.
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with domestic entities.
Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth).
This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being composed primarily of some organic or biological matter.
A dry woodland is a woodland which occurs in areas of rain shadow in a tropical marine climate, receives very little rainfall, typically has rapidly draining soils and trees which have adaptations to dry climates such as thick bark, small leaves, and the disposition to shed their leaves.
A tropical marine condition is a tropical condition in which the ocean strongly influences the climate and a wet and dry season occur.
A semi-evergreen forest is a forest which undergoes a long dry season and, as a consequence, has a two-storey layer structure, a dry canopy, a leaf litter layer that only decays during moist periods trees with very small leaves or which shed their leaves to conserve water and which flower during the dry season and grow during the wet season.
A humid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has hot, humid summers, warm to cool dry winters, and average annual precipitation either evenly distributed throughout the year or marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter
In cases where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, this condition falls into the Cfa category of the Köppen climate classification. In cases marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter, this condition falls into the Cwa category of the Köppen climate classification. Environmental systems with this condition usually occur on the eastern side of continents.
An arid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has an annual average temperature near 18.2 degrees Celsius with their coldest month averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity.
Mild variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents.
A highland subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which increased elevation results in mild summers, cooler winters, and, in some instances, snowfall associated with montly temperature averages below 22 but above -3 degrees Celsius.
This is an interesting overlap of a latitudinal and altitudinal condition. Some link between this condition and the altitudinal conditions should be considered. This condition corresponds to the Cfb and Cwb categories of Köppen climate classification.
An oceanic temperate condition is a temperate condition which is strongly influenced by oceans and oceanic winds. Summers are cool and winters are cool, but not cold, and there is little frozen precipitation at lower elevations.
This condition is typically present on the western coasts of large continental landmasses.
A continental temperate condition is a temperate condition which is influenced by large land masses. Summers are warm to hot and winters are often long, cold, and snowy.
A cold desert is a desert which has hot summers and cold, dry winters with temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius
This variant of the desert climate is somewhat rare outside of Asia. A cold desert climate is typically found in temperate zones, almost always in the rain shadow of high mountains which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds, or in the case of Central Asia, from the monsoon. The Gobi desert in Mongolia is a classic example of a region with a cold desert climate. Though hot in summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. The Kyzyl Kum and Taklamakan deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, lying in the Great Himalayas in India also has a cold desert climate.
An evergreen needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000).
A broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns with high rainfall, is located in a lowland area, and is dominated by plants which retain their leaves throughout the year.
tropical lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest
A deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A deciduous needleleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made.
A semi-deciduous broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made.
tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest
A temperate mixed forest which has communities of trees composed primarily of species with broad leaves.
This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made.
A temperate mixed forest which has communities of trees composed primarily of species with needle-like leaves (e.g. conifers).
This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made.
tropical semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest
A montane forest which is located in a region subject to tropical climate patterns modulated by sufficient elevation to encounter upper montane climate patterns.
A montane forest which is located in a region subject to tropical climate patterns modulated by sufficient elevation to encounter lower montane climatic patterns.
A freshwater swamp forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A sclerophyllous forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A sclerophyllous forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A broadleaf evergreen forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
A freshwater swamp forest which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). It is currently unclear how to relate forests and swamps.
A needleleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
A mixed needleleaf forest which has communities of trees composed primarily of species with needle-like leaves (e.g. conifers).
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made.
A tropical mixed broadleaf forest which has communities of trees composed primarily of species with broad leaves.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. The relationship between this "forest" class and the mangrove swamp must be clarified.
OBSOLETE A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight.
This term has been replaced by "synthetic plastic" as part of a more coherent set of classes as part of the SDG14.1.1 project (see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/projects/17)
A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less.
respirable suspended particulate matter
Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice.
An aquatic environment which is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore.
The adjacency of water has many consequences including the generation of microclimates and impacts on the biology. This class is intended to capture littoral zones that are associated with marine, freshwater, and any other aquatic environments. Note that there is no single definition of the extent of the "littoral zone", associated with any water body. Here, we use definitions that will be more familiar to marine biologists rather than military organisations, although the latter can be added on request. This class will likely be superceded by a CMECs compliant class.
A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein.
Formerly, this class was an experimental class and a subclass of "environmental feature". It is now aligned to BFO. The class was not obsoleted as the core semantics maintained their stability through its transition.
A freshwater littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends offshore from the shore of a freshwater body of water to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants.
The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
The eulittoral zone extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shapes and reforms cliffs, gaps, and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms.
A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by algae. This zone usually extends up to five metres below the low water mark.
A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by sessile animals such as oysters. This zone usually begins at a depth greater than the infralittoral zone.
A whole plant which is relatively young.
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less.
fine respirable suspended particulate matter
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less.
Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter
A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity.
The provisioning of a dwelling-place can perhaps be modelled as a role.
A human house is a house which provides a dwelling-place for humans.
A garden that is associated with a human house. This association is generally one of spatial proximity or parthood.
A building part is a construction which is part of a building.
Not recommended for annotation. This class is likely to be made into an inferred class as its subclasses are distributed among more meaningful superclasses (i.e. ceiling is_a surface layer). See for example, "building floor". The boundaries between building parts may be bona fide or fiat.
An indoor kitchen is a room or part of a room primarily used for cooking or food preparation, but which may have other funcitons such as dining, food storage, dishwashing, or laundry.
Not a sublcass of room as this may just be part of some room.
A bathroom is a room which contains a washbasin or other fixture, such as a shower or bath, used for bathing by humans.
A living room is a room in a human house which is used for social and domestic leisure activities.
The logical definitions must state which social and leisure activities are included here. Jet-skiing and mass rallies are probably not the range.
A patio is a paved outdoor area, adjacent to a human house, and used for dining or recreation.
An indoor toilet is a room which contains a sanitation fixture used primarily for the disposal of human urine and faeces.
restroom
A building part which is separated from other building parts by one or more interior walls and, optionally, outdoor areas by one or more exterior walls.
A portion of carbon nanotube enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of carbon nanotubes.
Logical definition will be created pending import of "carbon nanotube" from CHEBI
A rocky shore is an intertidal area of a seacoast where solid rock is the predominant substrate.
This label is usually used to refer to 'rocky intertidal shores', i.e. a marine environment. Other types of rocky shore should be requested explicitly. Additionally, "rocky" could be a quality, this would link this with rocky deserts etc.
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion
Should be better defined logically aggregating 'hole' or 'tunnel' with some sort of relation to 'habitation' etc.
A forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending.
A forest ecosystem which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf and coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. The subclasses of this class need to be checked: are they properly placed under other classes or is this corrected and the dominant form of mixed vegetation noted in the label?
Particulate environmental material in which small portions of solid material are surrounded by water.
This class should be populated by inference, relying on 'composed primarily of', many 'pieces of solid material' and 'surrounded by' some 'water'.
waterborne particulate matter
A lava field is an expanse of flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.
A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption.
A volcano which has been formed as a result of the eruption of andesitic lava.
A volcano which has been formed as a result of the eruption of dacitic lava.
Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.
In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts.
Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites.
An accumulation of a salt, typically sodium chloride.
salt mass
Lava which is high in silica and low in alkali metal oxides.
Rapid solidification of this lava forms dacite.
An ecosystem which has been subject to a perturbation, that is, the ecosystem has undergone a pronounced change in response to a change in environmental conditions or other perturbation.
This is often used by plant collectors when early successional species are observed in an area.
A ravine is a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water.
An environmental zone of varying area which is adjacent to a road.
A grassland which contains a mixture of tall and short grasses.
A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated with water for part or all of the growing season.
Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Wet meadows may occur because of restricted drainage or the receipt of large amounts of water from rain or melted snow. They may also occur in riparian zones and around the shores of large lakes. Unlike a marsh or swamp, a wet meadow does not have standing water present except for brief to moderate periods during the growing season. Instead, the ground in a wet meadow fluctuates between brief periods of inundation and longer periods of saturation. Wet meadows often have large numbers of wetland plant species, which frequently survive as buried seeds during dry periods, and then regenerate after flooding. Wet meadows therefore do not usually support aquatic life such as fish. They typically have a high diversity of plant species, and may attract large numbers of birds, small mammals and insects including butterflies.
A mass of salt which has erupted onto a planetary surface, usually through sedimentary rock.
salt glacier
Adapted from URL:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86861
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in an atmosphere.
This could also be considered a part of an environmental material like air.
A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof.
This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind.
The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store carbon.
The disposition of an environment to sequester carbon dioxide, subsequently storing the carbon component thereof.
The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store some material entity.
A concrete masonry unit is a large, rectangular masonry unit primarily composed of concrete.
A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob.
Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.
Missing the class for "aggregate" - tricky to define what it is, exactly. Again, seems more like some sort of material/disposition hybrid.
Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement.
Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
This class refers to naturally-occuring asphalt or bitumen.
Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.
Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together.
"Cement" refers more to a disposition than a specific material.
Hydraulic cement is a masonry cement which contains activated aluminium silicates or pozzolans, such as fly ash, allowing it to set in wet conditions or underwater.
Non-hydraulic cement is a cement which sets by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and will not set in wet conditions or underwater. It is susceptible to attack by aggresive chemicals after setting.
Building walls are bulding parts which serve to support roofs, floors and ceilings; enclose a space as part of the building envelope; give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security.
This is a building part and not the same as a standalone wall, which is a building in its own right.
A boundary wall is a constructed barrier which is usually opaque, constructed from masonry, and of greater structural strength than a fence.
This is not the same as a wall that is part of a building. use ENVO:01000420 for the latter.
A constructed barrier is a freestanding wall, berm, or fence built to limit movement of entities across a boundary.
A fence is a constructed barrier which is generally of lighter construction than a wall and used to provide visual sectioning of spaces.
An exterior wall is a building wall which separates the interior of a building from the buildings surrounding environment.
A building envelope is a building part composed of those building parts which physically separate the interior of a building from its surrounding environment. The building envelope provides resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The three basic elements of a building envelope are a weather barrier, air barrier, and thermal barrier.
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the floor or roof structure above.
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight. A roof is also the framing or structure which supports the covering
This class is meant to represent roofs which are parts of buildings, rather than a roofs of cave and other natural formations.
Thatch is material composed of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather.
Some sort of logical definition towards: composed_primarily_of some ((straw or 'water reed' or rushes or sedge or heather) and has_quality dry) should be considered, where "rushes", "sedge", etc are represented as materials rather than some sort of taxon.
A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried.
A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried.
Generally used to refer to the masonry unit rather than a material.
Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used.
Gypsum plaster is a plaster which is formed by partially dehydrating gypsum by heating it to approximately 150 degrees Celsius and grinding the product into a powder. Gypsum anhydride - formed by heating gypsum above 200 degrees Celsius - may also be used as plaster.
Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set.
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent.
This class refers to all forms of glass. For the familiar form present in window panes and drinking glasses, consider silica-based glass.
Silica-based glass is a glass composed primarily of silicon dioxide, the primary constituent of sand.
Silica-based glasses are the most common manufactured variety of glass.
Soda-lime glass is a silica-based glass which is composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide, with sodium oxide and calcium oxide consituting most of its remaining composition.
This type of glass constitutes 90% of manufactured glass.
Flat glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 73% silicon dioxide (silica), 14% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 4% magnesium oxide, 0.15% aluminium oxide, 0.03% potassium oxide, 0.02% titanum dioxide, and 0.01% iron III oxide.
Most flat glass is soda-lime glass produced by the float glass process. It is more water soluble than container glass.
Container glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 74% silicon dioxide (silica), 13% sodium oxide, 10.5% calcium oxide, 1.3% aluminium oxide, 0.3% potassium oxide, 0.2% sulphur trioxide, 0.2% magnesium oxide, 0.04% iron III oxide, and 0.01% titanum dioxide.
Container glass is less water soluble than flat glass.
Quartz glass is a glass which is composed of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.
This is "pure" silica glass. As an ENVO:"environmental material" this class assumes that there remains some possibility that 'contaminants' being present.
A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking.
To be more precise, a subfloor and a floor covering may be specified. Please request these classes and propose definitions if they are needed.
A brick building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of brick material or is built from bricks.
A wooden building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of wood.
A concrete building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of concrete
At times, this is called a cement floor, although that is probably not accurate.
A sandy building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of sand.
A glass building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of glass.
A dung building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of dried animal feces.
A stone building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of rock.
A thatched exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of thatch.
A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock.
A straw exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of straw.
A mud exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of mud.
A solid, cylindrical object or column with its length greater than its diameter.
This was created in response to a user request, but it is an odd class in that it specifies a shape rather than a particular material entity. It may, therefore, be deprecated when more meaningful or sensible alternatives become apparent.
A pole-reinforced mud exterior wall is a mud exterior wall which is supported and reinforced by poles.
A brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from bricks.
A burnt brick is a brick which has been dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology .
An unburnt brick is a brick which has been air dried rather than dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology .
A burnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from burnt bricks.
An unburnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from unburnt bricks.
A dome-shaped mass of salt formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir.
salt dome
A concrete exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of concrete.
An iron sheet is a mass of iron which has been forged into a roughly planar form of less than 6 millimetres in thickness.
salt material
A sheet-iron exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from sheets of iron.
A sheet-iron building roof is a building roof that is built from sheets of iron.
A thatched building roof is a building roof that is built by thatching (or out of thatch).
A wooden building roof is a building roof that is built from wood.
An asbestos building roof is a building roof that is built from asbestos.
asbestos exists in CHEBI and will be imported to complete this class' logical def.
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications.
A tile building roof is a building roof that is built using tiles.
A fixture which is used primarily for the collection and, in some cases, disposal of human urine and feces.
"disposal" may not be the most precise way to describe fill-in latrines. Note that no assertion is made on whether these fixtures are in- or outdoors.
A pit latrine is a latrine which is constructed by digging a hole in the ground.
This class refers to human latrines. Note that some pit latrines can use pour-flush mechanisms. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine
A diapir is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks due to its higher buoyancy.
Unclear whether this should be a subclass of intrusion, as diapirism can actually cause fracturing.
diapir
A latrine is a toilet which is of simple construction (relative to a flush or chemical toilet) and typically intended for communal use.
A latrine slab is a broad, flat, thick piece of solid material (typically stone or concrete) used as the floor of a latrine and which includes a hole through which excreta are deposited into a latrine pit.
This could be moved to "surface layer" like other floors, although more thought has to be given to "floor": a role of a surface layer? "The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine
A batholith is an area of mostly continuous plutonic (igneous intrusive) rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers, formed in the planetary crust, and exposed by erosion. On Earth, Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite.
The form of erosion should be further specified.
batholith
A latrine pit is an artificial hole or cavity in the ground used to collect human excreta.
A latrine pit is typically at least 3 metres (10 feet) deep and 1 metre (3.2 feet) across.
A pit latrine with a slab floor is a pit latrine which has a latrine slab as a floor.
This class refers to human latrines. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine
An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit latrine or a dry toilet.
"Outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet but to outbuildings in a general sense."
An intrusion which is primarily composed of rock which has been formed within a pre-existing fracture in a larger mass of rock.
While some intrusions are still located in the fracture where they formed, others may be (partially) exposed by erosional processes.
rock intrusion
A rock intrusion which is composed primarily of sedimentary rock.
Subclasses of this class will be created by inference.
sedimentary intrusion
A toilet fixture which uses water to flush liquid and solid excreta into a sewage containment or processing facility through a drainpipe.
A toilet fixture which uses little to no water; excreta is removed manually or composted in situ.
Subclasses will probably be filled in by inference.
A chemical toilet fixture is a toilet fixture which uses chemicals to deodorise and treat excreta which is stored in the fixture.
"In the past, disinfection was generally carried out by mixing formaldehyde, bleach or similar chemicals with the toilet water when flushed...[F]ormaldehyde is very irritating to the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and throat, it is being replaced by other proprietary blends such as glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds, with non-staining dyes and nature-identical perfume oils. Additionally, enzyme hybrids are sometimes used." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet
A ventilated improved pit latrine is a pit latrine which includes a vent pipe fitted to the pit with a flyscreen covering the pipe's outlet. Air currents moving across the outlet of the vent pipe create a vaccum which draws odors out of the latrine's superstructure.
A covered latrine is a building which comprises a latrine sheltered by an outhouse.
A covered pit latrine is a building which comprises a pit latrine sheltered by an outhouse.
A covered pit latrine with slab is a building which comprises a pit latrine with a slab floor sheltered by an outhouse.
A flush toilet fixture into which water is manually poured to dispose of excreta.
A pit latrine which includes a water seal (U-trap or siphon) used over one or two offset pits instead of a plain hole or seat. Water is manually poured through the trap to flush excreta into the latrine pit.
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.
Atmospheric ozone is an environmental material primarily composed of ozone in its gaseous form and present in an atmosphere.
The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT)
Definition from GEMET - will be refined.
The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum
The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT)
The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height
The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the stratosphere which contains high concentrations of ozone gas relative to other parts of the atmosphere.
"The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically"- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer
ozone layer
This could be made into an inferred class, rather than having asserted subclasses.
atmospheric layer
A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.
boundary layer
The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere which extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the planetary surface and is ionised by solar radiation. It includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
ionosphere
The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere.
exosphere
A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface.
glaze ice layer
eutrophic lake
mass of biological material
A composting toilet fixture is a dry toilet fixture in which managed, aerobic decomposition converts human excreta into organic matter suitable for the fertilisation or amendment of soils.
composting toilet
A fuel oil which is 1) composed primarily of alkanes having between 5-15 carbon atoms with the general formula CnH2n+2, 2) is generally odorless or has only a slight odor, 3) produces only small amounts of soot relative to other fuel oils, 4) is highly refined.
paraffin oil
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years.
natural gas
Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
liquefied petroleum gas
A gas that is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecules.
hydrocarbon gas
Compressed natural gas is a natural gas stored at high pressures, typically 20–25 Megapascals.
compressed natural gas
Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water, and siloxanes.
This is distinct from natural gas which is a fossil fuel product.
biogas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel.
liquefied natural gas
liquefied hydrocarbon gas
Compressed biogas is biogas stored at increased pressures.
This is distinct from compressed natural gas, which refers to the compressed form of a fossil fuel.
compressed biogas
Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen.
charcoal
A paraffin lamp is a type of lighting device which burns paraffin to generate light and heat.
paraffin lamp
A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of paraffin lamp, which burns paraffin drawn up through a wick by capillary action.
flat-wick lamp
A central-draught lamp is a paraffin lamp which burns a parrafin saturated, tubular wick contained between two structural tubes and supplied with oxygen by a central draught of air through the innermost of these tube.
central-draught lamp
A mantle lamp is a central-draught lamp which includes a pear-shaped, fabric mesh containing thorium or other rare-earth salts placed over the burner. On first use the fabric burns away and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame.
mantle lamp
A lantern is a portable device or mounted fixture comprising a light source protected by a translucent case.
lantern
A lamp is an object which generates heat, light, or any other form of radiation.
lamp
A paraffin lantern is a lantern which houses a parrafin lamp in a structure of soldered or crimped-together sheet metal stampings and glass or other translucent material.
paraffin lantern
A tubular paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which includes metal tubes in its casing that direct air to the burning wick.
tubular paraffin lantern
A dead-flame paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which has a wick housed in a glass globe with airflow channelled upwards by vents below the burning wick and an open chimney above it.
dead flame paraffin lantern
A hot-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects hot air from the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick.
hot-blast paraffin lantern
A cold-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects cool air from around the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick.
cold-blast paraffin lantern
An electric lamp is a lamp which produces light from electricity.
electric lamp
A battery-powered electric lamp is an electric lamp which draws its power from a device composed of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
battery-powered electric lamp
A candle is a lamp composed of a wax within which an ignitable wick is embedded.
candle
A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius.
wax
An apiary is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept and maintained by beekeepers.
apiary
A device capable of receiving and/or transmitting information encoded in electromagnetic radiation through wave modulation.
radio device
A cassette deck is a device capable of playing and recording audio compact cassettes.
cassette player
A television set is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of converting digital or analog information signals into moving images and sound.
television set
A telephone is a telecommunications device which converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media, and reconverts such signals into sound waves.
telephone
A mobile phone is a telephone which transmits sound information to a mobile phone network via radio transmissions.
mobile phone
A landline telephone is a telephone which is connected to a telephone network with wires through which electronic signals are carried.
landline telephone
A refrigerator is a device which consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a mechanical, chemical, or electronic heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment such that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room
refrigerator
A table is a form of furniture with a flat horizontal upper surface used to support objects, for storage, show, and/or manipulation.
table
A desk is a table which is intended for information-manipulation tasks, including writing and use of interactive electronics.
The intentional nature of this definition is problematic, but the restricted range of activities visited upon a desk is of interest.
desk
A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface commonly used to seat a single person.
This class, along with benches, stools, and the like, can be grouped under "seating furniture" or similar. However, this is probably better as an inferred class using some sort of BFO:function in the subclass annotation.
chair
A piece of furniture is a movable object intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., chairs, stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g., beds).
The assumption is that furniture is manufactured, which is arguable. Further, according to Black's Law Dictionary (http://thelawdictionary.org/furniture/) many classes can be subclasses of 'piece of furntiure': "This term includes that which furnishes, or with which anything is furnished or supplied; whatever must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make it habitable, convenient, or agreeable; goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages necessary or convenient for housekeeping; whatever is added to the interior of a house or apartment, for use or convenience. Bell v. Holding, 27 Ind. 173.The term “furniture” embraces everything about the house that has been usually enjoyed there, including plate, linen, china, and pictures. 1 Endicott v. Endicott, 41N. J. Eq. 96, 3 Atl. 157.The word “furniture” made use of in the disposition of the law. or in the conventions or acts of persons, comprehends only such furniture as is intended for use and ornament of apartments, but not libraries which happen to be there, nor plate. Civ.Code La. art. 477." However, this would eventually be absurd and limit other groupings. Perhaps some sort of 'furnishing' BFO:function would be a better way to handle this.
piece of furniture
A sofa is a bench which is partially or entirely upholstered, and often fitted with springs and tailored cushions.
sofa
A bench is a piece of furniture, on which several people may sit at the same time.
bench
A mattress is a mass of material which is able to cushion and support a reclining body and is used as or on a bed.
mattress
A bed frame is a piece of furniture which is used to position a mattress and bed base and may include a means of supporting a canopy.
bed frame
A bed base is a piece of furniture which supports a mattress.
bed base
A framed bed is a piece of furniture which is composed of a mattress supported by a bed base and held in place by a bed frame.
framed bed
A cabinet is a roughly cuboidal piece of furniture which is used to store miscellaneous items in compartments accessible through doors or drawers.
cabinet
A cupboard is a cabinet which is used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and to protect them from dust and dirt
cupboard
A clock is an instrument which may indicate, keep, and/or co-ordinate time.
clock
A pressure lamp is a portable paraffin or oil lamp in which fuel is forced up into the mantle or burner by air pressure in the reservoir, which can be increased by pumping with a plunger.
This may be a paraffin or an oil lamp. It can potentially be filled by inference if we can express that any lamp with pressurised fuel in the lamp reservoir is a pressure lamp. See Issue #228.
pressure lamp
A spring through which fresh water flows.
freshwater spring
river water
Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour.
rainwater
A motor vehicle is a vehicle which is propelled by an engine or motor and that does not operate on rails.
motor vehicle
A truck is a motor vehicle which, as its primary funcion, transports cargo rather than human passangers.
truck
A water truck is a truck which transports water.
water truck
A vehicle is a mobile machine which transports people or cargo.
vehicle
A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used primarily for the transportation of human passengers. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
car
A cart is a vehicle which has two wheels and is designed to transport human passengers or cargo.
NB: "[A cart]...is different from a dray or wagon, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more horses, or a carriage, which is used exclusively for transporting humans...Over time, the term "cart" has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, from shopping carts to golf carts, without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart
cart
An animal-drawn cart is a cart which is attached to one or more working or draught animals.
animal-drawn cart
A boat is a watercraft of any size which is able to float or plane on water.
Difficult to distinguish from "ships". Similar to mountains and hills. " In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat
boat
A motor boat is a boat which is propelled by a motor.
motor boat
A motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
motor
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.
bus
A taxicab is a car which may be hired, along with its operator, to transport passengers between locations of their choosing.
Depth can be added with specifications of BFO:role for both the car and the human operator.
taxicab
A watercraft is a vehicle which is able to travel on or through water.
Ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines are all considered watercraft. The term would normally imply some propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence is distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft. - Wikipedia
watercraft
A bicycle is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.
bicycle
A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle.
motorcycle
A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet.
motorscooter
A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow.
lentic water body
A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing.
lotic water body
A closed ecological system is a vivarium which does not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system.
This class refers to strictly sealed enclosures such as Biosphere 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2), rather than vivaria which allow matter exchange with external environmental systems.
closed ecological system
A mesocosm is a vivarium that is embedded within a natural environment and is used to place a relatively small part of that environment under experimental control for the purposes of scientific investigation.
mesocosm
A microcosm is a vivarium within which a simple ecosystem is artificially established and used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions.
microcosm
Vaporisation of an element or compound is process whereby that element or compound undergoes a phase transition from the liquid to vapor.
Note that a vapor describes an element or compound in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point,
vaporisation
Boiling is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure.
boiling
Hydrological condensation is a process in which atmospheric water vapour undergoes a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
"process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the condensed material (e.g. water droplets, window fog)
hydrological condensation process
A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something.
manufactured cage
A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock.
drylot
A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
feedlot
Leaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground.
plant litter
The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.
Definition vebatim from GEMET. Will need to be refined. Further, distinction between "climate change" and (one or many) "climate change process" will need to be discussed. Fluctuations are not processes, per se.
climate change
Acidification of an aquatic environment is a process whereby the pH of an aquatic environment, biome, or water body is lowered.
acidification of an aquatic environment
Ocean acidification is a process during which the pH of a sea or ocean is lowered.
On Earth, the major cause of ocean acidification is the update of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
ocean acidification
A chonolith is an igneous rock intrusion of irregular shape with a demonstrable base, absent in other types of irregularly-shaped intrusions.
chonolith
A process which consists of all aerobic respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem.
ecosystem-wide aerobic respiration
A volcanic eruption is a process during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure.
volcanic eruption
planetary landmass
Adpated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface
A liquid planetary surface is a planetary surface layer where a liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space.
liquid planetary surface
Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies.
outer space
A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's crust would be an instance.
planetary crust
A planetary structural layer is laminar part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. Planetary layers have differing physicochemical properties and composition.
Label should be improved to match definition.
planetary structural layer
A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's mantle would be an instance.
planetary mantle
A planetary core is the innermost structural layer or layers of a planet. The core may be entirely liquid, entirely solid, or have both liquid and solid parts.
"Not to be confused with planetary core in the core accretion theory, referring to a central accretionary body surrounded by a halo of dust and gas which serves to trap debris and increase the rate of accretion.." WIkipedia:Planetary_core. This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's core would be an instance. The "layer" aspect of cores may be problematic.
planetary core
Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets.
outer planetary core
inner planetary core
A liquid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of liquid material.
liquid planetary core
A solid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of solid material.
solid planetary core
A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle.
lithosphere
An asthenosphere is a layer of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is highly viscous, mechanically weak, and ductilely deforming.
asthenosphere
Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles.
magma
A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully or ditch), and narrow compared to its length (as opposed to a simple hole).
trench
A channel of a watercourse which contains a stream.
stream channel
An ocean strait is a strait which connects two oceans.
ocean strait
A stream channel which contains a river.
river channel
A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure.
slum
Definition linked to a UN Habitat report entitled "What are slums and why do they exist?" as well as sources from the MDGs and Communitas.
An undersea trough is a trough which is below a marine water body.
undersea trough
An explosive eruption is a volcanic process in which pressurised magma is violently expelled and froths into volcanic ash. Explosive eruptions can eject a cloud of rocks, dust, gas, and pyroclastic material which may then collapse, creating a pyroclastic flow of hot volcanic matter.
explosive eruption
An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption during which lava flows onto the ground.
effusive eruption
A process whereby rising magma cools and solidifies without reaching the surface. Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion.
igneous intrusion process
A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants.
See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
dense settlement
An igneous intrusion is a mass of rock and minerals formed when magma cools, solidifies, and undergoes fractional crystallisation without reaching the surface.
"Intrusion" can refer to the solidified mass or the molten rock.
igneous intrusion
Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism.
tephra
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.
tuff
Scoria is a highly vesicular, dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals.
Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser.
scoria
Pumice is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals.
pumice
A cone that is composed of consolidated volcanic ash.
tuff cone
A role that is realized in some process wherein the bearer is discarded or not utilized further.
waste role
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of open water generally have less than 25% cover of vegetation or soil. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition.
area of open water
A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces.
geological fracture
A geological fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement.
The relationship between faults and active plate boundaries must be further developed, as there is some overlap.
geological fault
An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years.
active geological fault
A vein is a geological fracture which is filled with minerals precipitated out of an aqueous solution.
vein
A sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body.
dike
Adpated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)
A joint is a geological fracture which has no measureable shear displacement
geological joint
A geological fracture across which shear displacement has occurred
Sounds like this should be populated by inference.
shear fracture
A microfracture is a small fracture which is found in a portion of solid material along which further fracturing tends to occur. Microfractures are considered imperfections which to pre-exist any fractures formed by the application of stress to a material.
microfracture
A fiat part of an atmosphere which is defined as a vertical, three-dimensional pillar extending from a unit area on a planetary surface and bounded by the top of the atmosphere.
Once defined, an atmospheric column can be used to quantify an atmospheric parameter such as pressure, ozone or precipitable water.
atmospheric column
Contaminated air is air which has sufficient concentrations of environmental pollutants such that it may adversely affect a given ecosystem.
contaminated air
An earthquake is a process during which energy is released in an astronomical body's crust, causing the displacement of crustal parts and the generation of seismic waves.
Elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies can produce earthquakes.
earthquake
Adapted from URL:http://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology
An earthquake caused by the sudden release of energy accumulated in an astronomical body's crust, as the elastic strain placed on constituent rock masses causes them to fracture.
tectonic earthquake
A megathrust earthquake is a tectonic earthquake which occurs at subduction zones at destructive plate boundaries (convergent boundaries). These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0.
megathrust earthquake
A lake which has concentrations of environmental contaminants high enough to harm the ecosystems associated with it.
polluted lake
A mineral material composed primarily of sodium chloride.
This class is for material primarily composed of sodium chloride. For other pure chemical salts, consider a CHEBI class. Request new ENVO terms for environmental samples of other chemical salts.
sodium chloride salt
A glacial abrasion process is an erosional process during which debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood.
glacial abrasion
Glacial plucking is an erosional process during which pieces of bedrock are cracked off due to the mechanical force of a moving glacier.
glacial plucking
Glacial ice thrusting is an erosional process during which a moving glacier which has frozen to its bed surges forward and moves large sheets of sediment frozen to the glacial mass.
glacial ice thrusting
water mass
marine water mass
A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake.
Used for both marine and lake coasts. The boundary of the coast is fuzzy and it overlaps both the water body and land in quesiton. Compared to 'shore'
coast
The general region of indefinite width that extends from a lake inland to the first major change in terrain features.
lake coast
A tsunami is a process during which a series of waves is generated in a water body, typically an ocean or large lake, by the displacement of a large volume of water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
tsunami
Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides.
Of interest for future development: Some causes of mass wasting earthquakes, increased overburden from structures, increased soil moisture, reduction of roots holding the soil to bedrock, undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion, weathering by frost heave, bioturbation, volcanic edifice over-steepening. Some processes that reduce mass wasting: Afforestation, Reforestation, Terracing steps on slopes (reduce angle of slope). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting.
mass wasting
A mass wasting flow during which snow rapidly flows down a sloping surface.
avalanche
A landslide is a process whereby a large mass of earth and rocks moves down a hill or a mountainside.
landslide process
rockfall
A material transport process during which a geological surface shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level.
geological subsidence
mudslide
A mass wasting flow is a form of mass wasting during which the moving materials behave similarly to a flowing fluid. Water, air and ice are often involved in enabling fluidlike motion of the material.
mass wasting flow
A mudflow is a form of mass wasting which involves very rapid to extremely rapid surging flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquified by the addition of significant amounts of water to clay-rich source material.
"Mudflows are often called mudslides, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events. Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called flow slides." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflow
mudflow
A mass wasting flow during which water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock rush down the slopes of elevations, funnel into stream channels, entrain objects in their paths, and form thick, muddy deposits on valley floors.
debris flow
A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.
lahar
A sturzstrom is a landslide consisting which has a great amount of kinetic energy resulting in greater horizontal movement when compared to its initial vertical drop — as much as 20 or 30 times the vertical distance. By contrast a normal landslide will typically travel a horizontal distance that is less than twice the distance that the material has fallen.
sturzstrom
Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents.
volcanic ash
An ash fall process is a process in which volcanic ash formed during an explosive volcanic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption, or during material transport in pyroclastic density currents is pulled towards the planetary surface by gravity.
ash fall process
Hydrological precipitation is a process during which any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour is pulled to the planetary surface by gravity.
"process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the precipitated material (e.g. snow, rain, sleet)
hydrological precipitation process
Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.
hydrological evaporation
Soil degradation is a process which results in a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem in which the soil occurs to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries.
soil degradation
Soil erosion is a process in which exogenic processes remove soil from one location on the Earth's crust and transport it to another location where it is deposited.
"Soil Erosion is a common term that is often confused with soil degradation as a whole, but in fact refers only to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients. This is indeed the most visible effect of soil degradation, but does not cover all of its aspects. Soil erosion is a natural process in mountainous areas, but is often made much worse by poor management practices." http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/
soil erosion
Coastal flooding is a process in which normally dry, low-lying land near a coast is flooded by sea water.
coastal flooding
Riverine flooding is a process in which the flow rate of river water exceeds the capacity of its channel, thus flooding neighbouring land. Bends and meanders in a river channel are particularly disposed to such flooding.
A disposition class such as 'flooding disposition' may be interesting, especially when attached to things like meanders and bends.
riverine flooding
Flash flooding is a process in which low-lying land is inundated with water for a short period of time and are usually the result of precipitation or a breach in the container of a water body.
Flash floods generally last no more than six hours. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php
flash flooding
An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas.
flood
A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity.
coastal flood
A riverine flood is a flood which is formed as a result of a river's flow rate exceeding the capacity of its channel.
riverine flood
A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours.
flash flood
A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Needs links to weather when these phenomena are added.
storm surge
A meteotsunami is a tsunami caused by atmospheric processes and differences in air pressure.
Ambiguity as to whether this label refers to the process or the material entities (the waves). The material entities are a type of severe storm surge.
meteotsunami
A storm surge process is a coastal flooding process which is caused by low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Should be linked to the relevant weather classes when these are created.
storm surge process
Areal flooding is a flooding process in which flat or low-lying areas become inundated with water due to water input exceeding infiltration, evaporation, or run off.
areal flooding
Urban flooding is a flooding process in which land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, is inundated due to the rate of water input exceeding that of water drainage provided by the environment's drainage systems.
Relevant to built environments and can be linked to urban flows. Also relevant to water and sanitation SDGs.
urban flooding
Snowmelt is a hydrological melting process in which water is produced by the melting of snow and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff.
The assertion that the output is freshwater seems reasonable; however, this can certianly be changed if a counter example is provided.
snowmelt
A melting process during which water-based ice, snow, or other solid phase water transitions into a liquid phase.
Here, we've nexted melting within thawing as one approach to resolve the semantics of thawing of ice-free materials. Expert group revision is requried.
hydrological melting process
Icemelt is a hydrological melthing process in which water is produced by the melting of ice and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff.
icemelt
Meltwater is the water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans.
meltwater
Melting is a material transformation process which results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.
could replace with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REX_0000177
Note that melting need not be due to warming, thus the classes are separated.
melting
Condensation is a process during which a gas undergoes a phase transition into a liquid.
condensation process
Chemical precipitation is a process in which a portion of some solid substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. Segregation may occur due to the solubility limits of the precipitating substance being exceeded or due to a chemical reaction that forms a solid product from aqueous reagents.
chemical precipitation process
Desublimation is a process in which a portion of some gas undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some solid.
desublimation process
Sublimation is a process during which a portion of some solid undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some gas.
sublimation process
A tectonic uplift process is a geomorphologic process in which a geological surface shifts upward relative to a datum such as sea-level due to forces other than isostatic responses to unloading.
tectonic uplift process
A material transport process during which a mass of air moves through an atmosphere towards a planetary surface.
This process usually refers to large-scale air motion, rather than local winds.
atmospheric subsidence
A process in which a volume of lava emitted during an effusive eruption moves along a solid surface.
lava flow process
A mass of igneous rock formed when hot magma flows out (extrudes) onto a planetary surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.
igneous extrusion
A dike formed when sediment fills a pre-existing fracture in a mass of rock.
clastic dike
A stock is a discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 100 square kilometres. Stocks differ from batholiths only in being smaller.
Some assertion to indicate that stocks are smaller than batholiths should be made.
stock
A sheet intrusion (or concordant pluton) that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure of the magma is high enough that the overlying strata are forced upward, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form with a generally planar base.
laccolith
Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccolith
A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region.
lopolith
Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopolith
A phacolith is an intrusion parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped intrusion that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline.
phacolith
Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacolith
A tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock.
sill
A process whereby the precursors of rock, such as magma or sedimentary particles, fill a fracture in a mass of rock.
rock-precursor intrusion process
An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population.
A habitat's specificity to an ecological population differentiates it from other environment classes.
habitat
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class covers part of the NLCD "Perennial Ice/Snow" class.
area of perennial water ice
A process during which materials deemed as waste are separated and converted into a form which can be used as input by the same processes which generated them.
Recycling-Prozess
proceso de reciclaje
processo di riciclo
資源回收
This has been created for SDGIO. Revision is likely, but the general meaning should be stable. The frame of reference for determining what is 'waste' and what is a 'resource' is unclear.
recycling process
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which outputs a carbon-bearing gas.
Requested for SDGIO. Likely to be revised.
carbon-bearing gas emission process
A process in which natural ecosystems present over an expanse of land are removed and replaced with anthropogenic ecosystems.
An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. This looks like an aggregate class, subsuming a range of processes which can lead to degradation.
These anthropogenic ecosystems may include urban or other built-up settlements or anthropogenic ecosystems used for activities such as forestry or agriculture.
land consumption process
Adapted from EEA (1997) The concept of environmental space, Copenhagen, URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-078-2/at_download/file
A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work.
human dwelling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwelling accessed 11/25/2015
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
area of perennial snow
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow or water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, these areas are characterised by ice and/or snow cover generally greater than 25% of total cover. The definition of perennial needs clarification.
area of perennial ice or snow
A solid layer which is composed primarily of loose, heterogeneous, superficial material covering solid rock.
The various parts of the regolith are highly variable. Perhaps some sort of "unconsolidated" quality should be used here with "environmental material" to cover this scope. Note that organisms, their parts, or their derivatives are also included.
Regolith typically includes dust, soil, broken rock, and similar materials, but can be highly variable.
regolith
A layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
This is an Earth-centred class, but can be generalised to include other planetary bodies.
On Earth, all continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons.
continental crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate.
oceanic crust
The Mohorovicic discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, indicating a change in composition.
This is and Earth-centred definition, but can likely be applied to other differentiated planetary bodies.
Mohorovicic discontinuity
A lithified mass of rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet.
bedrock
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
The range of entities that are considered "barren land" are not exhaustive, making axiomatisation risky at this stage.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of barren land generally have less than 15% cover of vegetation. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition.
area of barren land
A temperature that inheres in some portion of air.
Draft class. In discussion in Issue #278.
obsolete air temperature
A hollow tower of ice formed by the freezing of steam escaping a fumarole.
fumarole-derived ice tower
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of gaseous or aerosolised material held in shape by one or more environmental processes.
This may not need to be in the atmosphere, also note that "meteor" will do much of the same work.
Similar, in spirit, to landform. This class may need to be split into aerosols and 'pure' volumes of gas.
aeroform
This class represents a somewhat arbitrary grouping of plant products which varies along various axes (socio-political, economic, cultural, etc). It's likely we'll need to create more informative subclasses and use synonomy to tie them together.
According to the FAO definition, vegetables grown principally for animal feed or seed should be separated from those grown for human consumption. They both, however, fall under the label "vegetable".
obsolete vegetable
obsolete fruit
This class represents a somewhat arbitrary grouping of plant products which varies along various axes (socio-political, economic, cultural, etc). It's likely we'll need to create more informative subclasses and use synonomy to tie them together. The definition, too, requires greater refinement.
obsolete nut
obsolete legume
A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.
On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Please use the "water-based cloud" class and its subclasses for Earth's clouds. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers only to clouds made up of a water-based material.
cloud
Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds which form in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 metres and which support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine and remove gaseous nitric acid, catalysing ozone destruction.
This class should be linked to ozone layer depletion processes.
polar stratospheric cloud
A settlement with a low density of buildings and inhabitants.
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "sparsely populated" can be determined as needed. These are usually "sparse" in relation to urban environments. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
sparsely populated settlement
A settlement which has lower population density than a town, city, or other urban environment and is primarily used for agricultural or pastoral activity.
A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272.
rural settlement
A settlement which has been established and is managed through officially sanctioned processes and is recognised as legal by a competent authority.
This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses.
formal settlement
A settlement which is not associated with or directed by official planning processes and which typically lacks municipal services and infrastructure such as sanitation, water services, and waste management services.
Can a formerly formal settlement become an informal settlement?
Informal settlements need not be illegal.
informal settlement
A settlement on land that the inhabitants have a legal claim to.
legal settlement
A settlement on land that the inhabitants have no legal claim to or occupy illegally.
illegal settlement
Forest which originally covered a region before changes in the environment brought about by people. (Source: PHC)
primary forest
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which releases carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.
Requested for SDGIO. This class may be revised in future once the offical definitions become more clear.
carbon dioxide emission process
A volume of carbon dioxide gas emitted by a carbon dioxide emission process.
This is a working definition for #280. Which processes will ultimately be included in the axioms is still open.
carbon dioxide emission
A road which is usable across all seasons.
Created for SDGIO, indicator 9.1.1. See #272.
all season road
An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements.
rural area
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement.
This class may be split. "urban village" doesn't sit well and prevents relations to village biomes.
village
oligotrophic lake
A lake with medium nutrient levels, which allow moderate productivity.
What constitutes a "medium" nutrient level is subject to debate. The thresholds should be set either on a data level or through new subclasses.
mesotrophic lake
A mass of solid material which is primarily composed of plastic.
Plastikstück
pedazo de plástico
pezzo di plastica
piece of plastic
A plastic pellet which is produced such that its size allows it to be rapidly melted and used as input for further downstream manufacturing processes.
nurdle
An environmental zone which contains, as determined by an officially mandated selection process, one or more ecosystems which include, as parts, ecological communities of global significance for conservation due to their vulnerability and irreplaceability.
The narrow synonyms will be made into subclasses in their own right.
Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area
IUCN Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity
Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity
The selection process which determines the whether an area is an important site must follow the best practice specifications and guidelines developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), using globally standardised criteria and thresholds. Note that the label 'important site' is chosen to align with SDGIO. The definition is that of "key biodiversity area".
The system of public works in a country, state or region, including roads, utility lines and public buildings.
We label this as 'public infrastructure', as the OECD definition refers specifically to public constructed features. The parts of public infrastructure are not exhaustive and should be extended as needed.
public infrastructure
This class is created for the SDGIO and the 'public infrastructure' class. The publically accessible attribute could be axiomatised.
public road
A building which is publically accessible.
Created for SDGIO, we treat "public" as "publically accessible" where the semantics of access are dealt with in SDGIO.
public building
A cable used to trasmit electricity from its point of production to its point of consumption.
utility line
A utility line which services the public power grid.
public utility line
A populated place where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally, or where dwellings are not in compliance with current planning and building regulations.
Informal settlements may be urban or rural.
illegal informal settlement
A planned process during which a portion of environmental material is removed from a material entity.
Created for SDGIO and intended to be a more general form of resource extraction process.
material extraction process
A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products.
Not to be confused with a flame - the visible portion of gas released by a fire . Oxidation processes such as rusting or biological digestion are not subsumed here.
fire
A conflagration which is uncontrolled and combusts material in a vegetated area, be it rural or wild.
The definition of "wildland" or "wild" is ambiguous.
wildfire
A fire which occurs in a large spatial area poses a risk to human life, animal life, health, and/or property.
conflagration
A portion of gas which is emitted by a fire or other exothermic reaction, is of increased temperature, and typically emits light in the visible range.
flame
A flame which is produced by the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel.
hydrocarbon flame
A wildfire which occurs in a forest, primarily consuming vegetation as fuel.
forest fire
A process whereby a large volume of gas moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
This class refers to all forms of "wind": from the familiar movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere to the solar wind. Use a subclass to be more precise.
mass gaseous flow
A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria.
atmospheric wind
A stream of plasma primarily composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star.
stellar wind
A mass gaseous flow in which planetary atmospheric gases flow into outer space.
planetary wind
A process whereby a large volume of plasma moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
mass plasma flow
A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.
This class is to be populated by inference.
gaseous environmental material
A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields.
An NTR for `quality of a plasma` has been posted on the PATO tracker: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/88
plasma
An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space.
Astronomical bodies are usually cohesive, thus the use of the term 'object' sensu BFO 'object'.
astronomical body
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.
Considerable debate on the definition of planet exists.
planet
An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces.
Add qualities such as spherical. Request NTRs if not available in PATO.
star
An astronomical body which orbits a planet of comparatively greater mass.
At times, a moon is equated to a natural satellite, however, the latter class includes a broader range of entities. Here, we currently separate moons from other satellites. We can create a logical definition of satellite using an orbital process class.
planetary moon
This class is hard to define and is sometimes treated as equivalent to 'minor planet'.
asteroid
An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space.
If there is only one astronomical body involved, this class is equivalent to ENVO:01000799. This may be problematic with reasoning, but it seems to be true to the rather fuzzy definitions found thus far.
astronomical object
There is a need to account for open star clusters which are not gravitationally bound. This would need a superclass other than 'astronomical object', as currently defined.
globular star cluster
An interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases
nebula
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
galaxy
An astronomical body which is in direct orbit of a star and is massive enough for its own gravity to compress it into a shape preserved by hydrostatic equilibrium (usually a spheroid), but which shares its orbit with other bodies, such as asteroids or comets.
Considerable debate on this definition exists.
dwarf planet
A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and other trans-Neptunian objects.
This definition is in need of revision - it relies on negation and seems to straddle class and instance level. The definitional space here is contested and quite inhomogeneous.
"Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet. During its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSB). Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium and form an ellipsoidal shape. All other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the term minor planet may still be used, but the term small Solar System body will be preferred. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the traditional distinction between minor planet and comet is still used."
minor planet
planetary atmosphere
A planetary atmosphere which is composted primarily of dinitrogen and dioxygen gas.
An instance of this class would be Earth's atmosphere.
nitrogen-oxygen planetary atmosphere
A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size.
desert pavement
A material part of an astronomical body.
Also note that some astronomical body parts (ABPs) may have fiat boundaries: if there's strong debate about where an ABP begins or ends (over and above fuzzy boundaries), with different official classifications setting different thresholds or limits, axiomatise the class with fiat boundaries of the appropriate dimension.
Note that material entities may have immaterial entities (e.g. sites) as parts.
This class includes material parts of astronomical bodies. Immaterial parts, such as magnetospheres, are represented as sites under the influence of magnetic fields.Please post countercases in the ENVO tracker for revision of this hierarchy if needed.
Material parts of astronomical bodies generally have boundaries formed by discontinuities in qualities, composition, or other physical characterisitcs. These boundaries are sometimes sharp, and sometimes diffuse, with different classification systems and communities declaring varying thresholds (e.g. for where a shoreline, forest, or other entity begins and ends). However, some boundaries are declared by fiat - that is, by arbitrary human convention or decree - particularly by regulatory or other authorities and communities of practice. The classes in this hierarchy attempt to offer generalisable definitions that allow multiple classfiication systems to map to and interoperate through. If desired, we can create classes that declare thresholds used by a given authority or community under the more generic ones, annotated with source information.
astronomical body part
An environmental material which is in a solid state.
This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference.
solid environmental material
An environmental material which is in a liquid state.
This is a defined class: most of its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference.
liquid environmental material
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of deciduous forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of deciduous forest
An astronomical body part which includes all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body, as well as the non-living and dead entities with which they interact.
Whether this class should be grouped with classes such as "hydrosphere" and "cryosphere" requires some discussion.
The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations.
biosphere
A cryosphere is that part of a planet which is primarily composed of water is in solid form.
obsolete this term. Replace by new term for planetary cryosphere.
This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class.
obsolete cryosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
hydrosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of soil, subject to soil formation processes, and found on the surface of a lithosphere.
pedosphere
An astronomical body part which is composed of those parts of a star, distal from the star's core, from which light is radiated into space.
photosphere
A planetary part which is exposed, at least periodically, to light.
In some literature, the term photosphere is used; however, this is more correctly reserved for a part of a star.
planetary photic zone
An astronomical body part which includes those parts of a biosphere that are, at least periodically, illuminated and in which photosynthesis may occur.
Somewhat awkward at the moment, see #314.
illuminated biosphere part
A lake from which water constantly flows out of under almost all climatic circumstances, maintaining low concentrations of dissolved solid relative to endorheic lakes.
exorheic lake
A part of a building roof which overhangs the face of a wall and, normally, projects beyond the side of a building.
The primary function of the eaves is to keep rain water off the walls and to prevent the ingress of water at the junction where the roof meets the wall. The secondary function is to control solar penetration; the eaves overhang can be designed to adjust the building's solar heat gain to suit the local climate, the latitude and orientation of the building, refer to passive solar building design. The eaves overhang may also shelter openings to ventilate the roof space.
eaves
Overhanging eaves where the rafters and underside of the roof are visible from below.
open eaves
Eaves in which projecting roof members are not visible, being closed from view by boarding.
closed eaves
Air which has increased levels of water vapour.
humid air
Air which has a partial pressure of water vapour equal or near equal to its equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature.
"Near equal" is meant to reflect that there will be fluctuations around the equilibrium point.
water vapour saturated air
A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity.
This is the process which typically happens on Earth. Other planets may have different liquids involved in the process.
water-based rainfall
A droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces which maintains its shape due to the surface tension of the liquid.
No attempt is made to differentiate between drops and droplets. This may be added, if requested.
droplet
A droplet formed by condensation of vapour in an atmosphere and which is sufficiently massive to overcome atmospheric resistance and fall to a planetary surface due to gravity.
raindrop
A defined class which should be filled by inference.
water droplet
This is the class intended for use when describing raindrops on Earth. These typically have a diamter of 0.1 to 9 millimetres.
water raindrop
A droplet which is spherical in shape and suspended in an atmosphere, being of too small a mass to be pulled to a planetary surface by gravity.
cloud droplet
A cloud droplet composed primarily of water.
water-based cloud droplet
A process in which precipitation falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before making contact with a planetary surface.
virga
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass
smoke
Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Unlike the "combustion" class in the Chemical Methods Ontology, this class is not necessarily a planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473
combustion process
A chemical decomposition (the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler compounds) caused by heat.
thermolysis
A thermolysis process in which organic material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen.
pyrolysis
A fog which is intermixed with smoke or other combustion products and their derivatives.
smog
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of evergreen forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should maintain their foliage despite seasonal change - the canopy is never without green foliage. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of evergreen forest
A visible mass of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the surface of an astronomical body.
Fog is more opaque than mist, reducing visibility to under one kilometre. This class refers only to fog formed by materials primarily composed of water. "Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog
fog
A solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
This class refers to a portion of crystal and not an individual crystal.
crystal
A crystal which is primarily composed of water ice.
Any one of a number of macroscopic, crystalline forms in which ice appears, including hexagonal columns, hexagonal platelets, dendritic crystals, ice needles, and combinations of these forms. The crystal lattice of ice is hexagonal in its symmetry under most atmospheric conditions.
water ice crystal
A type of water ice that forms on dead wood with the assistance of the fungus Exidiopsis effusa and takes the shape of fine, silky hair.
hair ice
A vegetated area which includes a community of flowering plants that provide food for local pollinators.
This may or may not be an anthropogenic environment, but its boundaries are maintained by human activity.
Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services.
flower strip
A flower strip which is present at the margins of cultivated fields.
flower-rich field margin strip
A material which is primarily composed of a substance arranged as a lattice which can trap or contain other molecules.
Not sure if this should be a subclass of crystal. If it is removed, remember to assert that it is a solid.
This class is not to be confused with CHEBI's "clathrate". The latter refers to the pure substance, while this class refers to clathrates found in nature. "Traditionally, clathrate compounds are polymeric and completely envelop the guest molecule, but in modern usage clathrates also include host-guest complexes and inclusion compounds." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound
clathrate material
A clathrate material in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice.
methane clathrate
An environmental process in which coral expels the symbiotic algae living in its tissue as a result of stress, causing the coral to turn white.
Add relations to coral organisms in NCBI taxonomy.
coral bleaching process
Marl is a mass of calcium carbonate derived from mollusk shells and mixed with silt and clay.
A request from the Agronomy Ontology in Issue #345.
marl
A marine coral reef biome which is located in a region with a tropical climate.
tropical marine coral reef biome
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the trees are a mixture between those that lose and retain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of mixed forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that neither deciduous or evergreen trees make up more than 75% of the total tree cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of mixed forest
A marginal sea biome which is located in a region with a temperate climate.
A component of the WWF Temperate Shelf and seas ecoregions grouping
temperate marginal sea biome
A mediterranean sea biome which is subject to temperate climate patterns.
temperate mediterranean sea biome
A marine biome which contains communities adapted to living in an environment determined by an upwelling process.
marine upwelling biome
A marine upwelling biome which is subject to tropical climate patterns.
tropical marine upwelling biome
A marine upwelling biome which is located in a region subject to temperate climate patterns.
temperate marine upwelling biome
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by shrubs with ground-hugging stems or low growth habit, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub"
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of dwarf scrub are dominated by shrubs less than 20 centimeters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This type is often co-associated with grasses, sedges, herbs, and non-vascular vegetation. The NLCD 2011 notes that this is intended as an Alaska only land cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of dwarf scrub
A turbulent surface layer of a water body maintained by strong currents setting over submerged ridges or shoals or by winds opposing a current.
This should likely be a part of the surface layer rather than a subclass.
turbulent aquatic surface layer
A structure which is built into the container of a water body which allows water to flow out of the container when the volume of the water contained exceeds that of its cavity.
overflow structure
A site at the terminus of a liquid conveyance conduit where the liquid carried is discharged into the sea or a river.
mouth of liquid discharge conduit
An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transfer and use electric power.
electric power system
A photovoltaic system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.
photovoltaic system
A group of solar panels, typically belonging to the same photovoltaic system, arranged to maximise interception of solar radiation.
solar panel array
A solar panel array that is integrated into the power system of a human dwelling.
domestic solar panel array
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a shrubs, young trees, or stunted trees.. The surfaces of this area are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of scrub or shrub are dominated by shrubs; less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of scrub
A process in which a solid planetary surface is deformed.
This is a class to be filled by inference.
ground deformation process
A puddle is a small accumulation of water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat surface.
This class refers only to puddles of water, see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/337
puddle of water
Ballast water is water contained in the ballast tanks of sea-going vessels.
This definition could be improved, as ballast water is often used in more general ways, beyond the water contained in a ballast tank at any given time. For example, water which has just been released from a ballast tank is often still refered to as ballast water.
ballast water
A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide stability for a vessel.
ballast tank
A hydrological process during which hail stones fall to the surface of an astronomical body.
This is Earth-centric for the moment, other types of hail (methane etc) exist
hailfall
A precipitation process is a process in which a portion of some substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved or suspended in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force.
precipitation process
A storm is an environmental process in which an environmental system and the processes it participates in are strongly perturbed by external forcings. These forcings typically increase the rates of processes unfolding in the system, relative to their normal rates.
The threshold of what constitutes "strong" perturbation is not defined here due to considerable semantic variation. If a specific threshold is required, please request a new term.
storm
An atmospheric storm is a process in which a portion of an astronomical body's atmosphere is strongly perturbed from its prevaling weather.
atmospheric storm
An atmospheric storm which occurs in cumulonimbus clouds and during which lightning and thunder occur.
Thunderstorms may or may not involve processes which result in strong winds, heavy rain, snow, sleet, hail, or other forms of precipitation.
thunderstorm
An atmospheric storm during which intense rainfall occurs.
rainstorm
An atmospheric storm during which intense hailfall occurs
hailstorm
An atmospheric storm during which intense snowfall occurs.
snowstorm
An atmospheric storm during which freezing rain falls and accumulates as ice on exposed surfaces.
Note it is a hazard, could perhaps later link to https://github.com/Vocamp/Hazard or https://github.com/Vocamp/Hazard/blob/master/concept-map/ModifiedHazardousSituation.png and https://github.com/SDG-InterfaceOntology/sdgio/issues/14
glaze storm
ice storm
silver storm
glaze event
silver thaw
Icestorms are associated with multiple hazards. Significant accumulations of ice pull down trees and utility lines resulting in loss of power and communication. These accumulations of ice make walking and driving extremely dangerous. Significant ice accumulations are usually accumulations of 0.25 inch or 0.60 cm or more. Has synonyms silver storm, glaze storm.
The U.S. National Weather Service defines an ice storm as a storm which results in the accumulation of at least 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) of ice on exposed surfaces.
icestorm
Hauer RJ, Dawson JO, Werner LP (2006) Trees and Ice Storms - The Development of Ice Storm-Resistant Urban Tree Populations (2 ed.). College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, and the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and the Office of Continuing Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/forestry/publications/pdf/urban_community_forestry/trees_and_ice_storms_2006.pdf
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation planted for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes interspersed by constructed or manufactured objects and materials. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed open space are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover less than 20% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition.
area of developed open space
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation and by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering up to approximately half its extent. Such areas are used for low intensity purposes such as accommodating collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under low intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 20 - 49% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of developed space with low usage intensity
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering from half to three-forths of its extent and by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for medium intensity purposes such as accommodating dense collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under medium intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 50 - 79% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of developed space with medium usage intensity
An area of developed space used for high intensity purposes such as accommodating dense and multi-occupant residential, commercial, and industrial units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under high intensity usage are dominated by constructed features where humans reside and work. Examples include apartment complexes, row houses and commercial/industrial facilities. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 80 - 100% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of developed space with high usage intensity
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by sedges or forbs, possibly interpersed with grasses or grass-like plants. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by sedge or forbs. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that land covered by sedge tundra and sedge tussock tundra are subsumed in this category. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of sedge- and forb-dominated herbaceous vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation and which is not subject to intensive management by humans. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by grasslands or non-woody, herbaceous plants. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that, while no "intensive" management such as tilling is performed in these areas, they may be used for grazing.
area of gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by fruticose or foliose lichens and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by lichens. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of lichen-dominated vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by mosses and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by mosses. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category.
area of moss-dominated vegetation
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by planted grasses, legumes, or mixtures of grass and legumes and used for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by pasturelands or hayfields. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD also notes that the crops are grown on a perennial cycle in these areas.
area of pastureland or hayfields
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered either by annual crops and perennial woody crops or by actively tilled land. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by croplands or actively tilled land. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD provides corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton as examples of annual crops and the trees and vines in orchards and vineyards as examples of perennial woody crops.
area of cropland
An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by forest or shrubland vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by forest or shrubland vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of woody wetland
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by perennial herbaceous vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction.
According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by herbaceous vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition.
area of emergent herbaceous wetland
A hydrological process in which irregular aggregates of snow fall to the surface of an astronomical body.
This is currently bound to water-based snow on Earth, may need revisions for interplanetary applications
snowfall
Water-based rainfall which freezes either 1) on impact with a surface to form a coating of clear ice (glaze) or 2) after percolating through surface layers.
This term exists, we're revising the definition with ESIP semantic Harmonization group, delete the old one. Consider adding axioms like PATO:"decreased temperature" to this and other cold forms of precipitation, such that we can create a grouping class to be filled by inference (with hail, sleet, snow, freezing rain). Something like precipitation below the liquid-solid phase transition point of water.
A surface temperature inversion is usually required. In such an inversion, the surface must have a temperature below freezing, while the temperature of the atmosphere where the precipitation forms is above freezing. Alternately, if the temperature of the ground surface and glazed objects is typically near or below freezing (0C or 32F), it is necessary that the water drops be supercooled before striking. Freezing rain can sometimes occur on surfaces exposed to the air (such as tree limbs) with air temperatures slightly above freezing in strong winds. Local evaporational cooling may result in freezing. Freezing rain frequently occurs, therefore, as a transient condition between the occurrence of rain and ice pellets (sleet). When encountered by an aircraft in flight, freezing rain can cause a dangerous accretion of clear icing. In aviation weather observations, this hydrometeor is encoded ZR by NOAA.
freezing rainfall
A process during which a sudden flow of electricity occurs, often accompanied by a visible release of photons, between two electrically charged objects due to contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown.
This should probably be moved to an ontology of physical processes when one is created, and be imported back into ENVO.
electrostatic discharge process
A sudden electrostatic discharge which occurs during an electrical storm as differentially charged atmospheric entities equalise their charge.
atmospheric lightning
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between at least two clouds.
intercloud lightning
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud.
intracloud lightning
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between a cloud and an object on a planetary surface, or a planetary surface itself.
lightning strike
A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud or between multiple clouds.
lightning flash
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm during which snowfall is transported by strong winds, sustained for several hours.
boulbie
buran
purga
The U.S. National Weather Service specifies sustained wind or frequent gusts of 16 m per second (30 kt or 35 mi per hour) or greater, accompanied by falling and/or blowing snow, frequently reducing visibility to less than 400 m (0.25 mi or 0.4 km) for 3 hours or longer. Earlier definitions also included a condition of low temperatures, on the order of -7C (20F) or lower, or -12C (10F) or lower (severe blizzard). The name originated in the United States but it is also used in other countries. In the Antarctic the name is given to violent autumnal winds off the ice cap. In southeastern France, the cold north wind with snow is termed blizzard (see also boulbie). Similar storms in Russian Asia are the buran and purga. In popular usage in the United States and in England, the term is often used for any heavy snowstorm accompanied by strong winds.
To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards.
blizzard
A ground blizzard is a storm during which snow which has settled on a planetary surface is resuspended in and transported through its atmosphere by strong winds, sustained for several hours.
This form of blizzard does not involve snowfall as the snow which is blown by the winds is already present on the ground. To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards.
ground blizzard
A lentic water body which is used for the artificial culture of shrimp.
There are multiple subclasses possible for this term, including ponds managed by the traditional (extensive), improved traditional (semi-intensive), and intensive methods of cultivation.
"Shrimp" is a common language term that may refer to multiple crustacean species, typically in the groups Caridea or Dendrobranchiatamarine. These may be marine or freshwater organisms.
shrimp pond
A process during which humans rear animals or plants in bodies of water for harvest and consumption.
Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge.
In 1988, the FAO introduced a definition of aquaculture which reduces its confusion with capture fisheries: Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common property resources, with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of fisheries.
aquaculture process
An archeological site which contains holes humans had dug in the ground, or their remnants, for the purpose of storing and distributing food, drink, and both functional or ritualistic implements during communal eating and drinking.
Feasting pits had a wide variety of social functions throughout time, which extended in scope from the single family group to multiple tribes or villages.
feasting pit site
Pappa, M., Halstead, P., Kotsakis, K., & Urem-Kotsou, D. (2004). Evidence for large-scale feasting at Late Neolithic Makriyalos, N Greece. Food, cuisine and society in prehistoric Greece, 5, 16.
Romero, D., & Lauzon, A. (2015). The Art of Feasting: Style and Identity in a Ritual Area at the Harris Site. In. In L. Ludeman (Ed.), Collected Papers from the 18th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference (pp. 43-50). Las Cruces, New Mexico: Privately published by Lonnie Ludeman.
A river which is heated by geothermal processes such as heat exchange with lava or hydrothermal percolation.
A key example is the Boiling River, or Shanay-timpishka, of the Peruvian Amazon. This river is of high cultural significance and is protected by the shaman of the small town Mayantuyacu, a secluded healing center.
geothermally heated river
A surface layer of a solid environmental material which is formed by the presence and activity of photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising it.
biocrust
A biocrust which is formed by photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising the surface layer of a portion of arid soil. Through their successional dynamics, these communities reduce the soil surface's albedo, impart it with stability against erosion, modify its hydrology, and promote its fertility.
Couradeau et al. (2016) assert that any albedo reductions associated with biocrust development are due largely to the accumulation of the microbial sunscreen, scytonemin.
soil biocrust
An electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller.
automated teller machine
A solid or liquid particle, usually 0.2 micrometers in diameter, on which water vapour condenses, seeding cloud formation.
cloud condensation nucleus
A process during which a solid particle or liquid droplet catalyses the condensation of water vapour in an atmosphere.
nucleation of cloud condensation
An environmental zone which overlaps a glacier or an ice sheet, and in which ice loss exceeds ice gain.
ice ablation zone
A material decumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass decreases in size.
Ice loss could likely become a defined class with some equivalence axioms linking it to processes, along the lines of: 'has part' some (icemelt or 'ice calving process' or 'water ice sublimation process').
ice loss process
A mass wasting process during which refuse from human activities, usually accumulated at a dumping site, falls down a slope under the force of gravity.
Of interest to sustainable development goals, linking production and consumption to human health and environmental impacts.
"At least 48 people have been killed in a landslide at a vast rubbish dump on the outskirts of Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, officials say...Hundreds of people attempt to make a living by scavenging at the landfill site, sifting through the rubbish for items they can sell, the BBC's Emmanuel Igunza in Addis Ababa reports" BBC Africa reports
rubbish landslide
A process during which a part of an ice mass breaks away from the main mass.
ice calving process
An animal house which is only partially surrounded by a building envelope.
open animal house
An ice loss process which occurs in the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below the firn layer.
glacial ice ablation process
A sublimation process during which water ice transitions into a gaseous state.
water ice sublimation process
An animal house which has a complete building envelope.
closed animal house
A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal.
animal cage
A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed.
Petting zoos are often nested within a zoological garden featuring wild non-human animals, not docile enough for humans to touch.
petting zoo
An artificial channel which transports unwanted water or waste liquids away from their source, either to a more useful area, a receptacle, or into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed.
plumbing drain
A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption.
slaughter plant
butchery
abattoir
A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed, but not for human consumption.
Animals killed in knacker's yards are not fit for human consumption or can no longer be used to perform work.
knackery
A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians.
daycare building
This is a kind of day care facility. A facility need not be a building.
day care building
A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption.
This is a kind of fish processing facility. Facilities need not be buildings, factory ships may be considered fish processing facilities.
fish processing building
An environment determined by the presence of a mushroom.
mushroom environment
An ecosystem which bridges two or more adjoining ecosystems and through which organisms may move or propagate.
Ecological corridors may or may not provide habitats for the organisms which move through them. They serve to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation by allowing genetic exchange between populations that would otherwise be separated by, e.g., human activity.
ecological corridor
An ecological corridor through which organisms move during a migration process.
Should be axiomatised with PCO's migration process once it is released.
This term refers to the ecosystem(s) the organisms traverse, rather than the spatial track they cover. The latter is better placed in a geospatial ontology.
migration path
A building in which nursing aides and skilled nurses provide care and treatment to residents who have significant difficulty coping with the required activities of daily living.
old people's home
nursing home
A human house which serves as a long-term shelter for its inhabitants and within which they store personal property.
This is under "human house" due to the broad definition of "house".
This term is not to be used for hotels, hostels, inns and the like, which provides shorter-term stays.
residential building
A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services.
restaurant
A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters.
This is a very ambiguous term with wide-ranging usage patterns across cultural groups and regions.
campground
A campground which has been modified by humans to provide and maintain facilities for camping such as fire pits, road access, latrines, and garbage bins.
dedicated campground
A campground which has no pre-existing facilities installed or maintained by humans, usually found outside of anthropised ecosystems.
impromptu campground
A manufactured product which may hold a volume of heated water suitable for one or more humans to bathe in, usually for the purposes of hydrotherapy or pleasure.
hot tub
An open system in non-equilibrium with its environment that exhibits time translation symmetry breaking.
While the usage of the term is still debated, the general idea is that time crystals (which have been made using ytterbium ions and defect-bearing diamonds) break temporal symmetry analogously to how mineral crystal break spatial symmetry. While spatial crystals are inhomogeneous in space (vs a gas, which is distributed evenly) due to the ordering of their atoms, the properties of atoms in a time crystal are inhomogeneous in the time dimension.
time crystal
Water which is partially contained within a fissure or a geological fracture.
The axiomatisation should be more tuned to the site within the fissure.
While containment is often enough to classify this subtype of water, it is expected that the water's composition is altered by contact with the solid material bounding the fissure's site.
fissure water
Regions of a planet which are not exposed to the planet's atmosphere or space, often comprising parts of one or more planetary structural layers.
planetary subsurface zone
A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below a continental landmass.
We may have to soften dependence on planetary structural layers as some planets haven't differentiated by density.
continental subsurface zone
A hill which has a surface that is partially or wholly covered by plant communities.
This class will be axiomatised to coordinate with the 'vegetated area' class.
vegetated hill
A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than five millimetres.
This classification is based on the thresholds detailed in GESAMP report # 99 on recommendation from the SDG 14 indicator team. While the definition is in accordance with the common use of this term (as per GESAMP report # 99), alternative size classifications exist. Alternative classifications are a piece of plastic which is between 1 and 5 millimetres in diameter, a piece of plastic which has a diameter less than 1 millimetre, or a piece of plastic which has a diameter greater than 330 micrometres. The use of the word diameter in this case was understood to mean the generalised form of diameter, i.e. the largest distance between two points belonging to an object.
microplastic particle
A microplastic particle which is the direct output of a manufacturing process.
Primäres Mikroplastik
microplastica primaria
microplástico primario
primary microplastic particle
A microplastic particle which is derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris.
Sekundäres Mikroplastik
microplastica secondaria
microplástico secundario
The debris that make up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch constantly release microplastics as they break down.
secondary microplastic particle
An envirommental system which bridges two or more biomes and which includes ecological communities which blend these biomes' phylogenetic and phenotypic compositions.
There are many subtypes of ecotone, some with sharp transitions and others with gradual, patchy transitions between communities. From Wikipedia:Ecotone - The word ecotone was coined from a combination of eco(logy) plus -tone, from the Greek tonos or tension – in other words, a place where ecologies are in tension.
ecotone
An ecotone which bridges a subpolar coniferous forest biome and a tundra biome.
This assumes, of course, that the planet's or planetoid's poles receive less stellar radiation and/or thermal energy than equatorial regions.
Major vegetational ecotones such as that between the northern edge of the Boreal Forest in North America (or taiga in Russia) and the arctic tundra, known as the arctic tree-line ecotone, are controlled largely by large-scale airmass contrasts and are sensitive to climatic change, as noted by R. A. Bryson (1966). Harvey Nichols, Ph.D. , April 23, 2017 Emeritus Professor of Biology.
polar tree-line ecotone
A woodland which has an understory partially covered by lichen mats and tundra-like vegetation.
lichen woodland
A material transformation process during which water ice is formed.
water ice formation process
An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition.
In most contexts, 'natural' is defined by the lack of intervention or influence by humans and their activities. On Earth, most environments fall on a scale between completely natural and anthropised.
natural environment
A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action.
An area may be classified as anthropized even though it looks natural, such as grasslands that have been deforested by humans. It can be difficult to determine how much a site has been anthropized in the case of urbanization because one must be able to estimate the state of the landscape before significant human action.
anthropisation
An ecotone which overlaps at least one biome which supports the growth and persistence of trees and at least one that does not. Before ceasing altogether, tree growth becomes sparse and trees appear stunted as conditions become less favourable along this ecotone.
tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to the low temperatures or duration of snow cover that occur at increased elevations above mean sea level.
alpine tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability due to a lack of water-based precipitation.
desert tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability caused by exposure to increased solar radiation and a lack of rainfall.
The lack of rainfall in these ecotones is often due to their elevation above the condensation line of atmospheric water vapour.
desert-alpine tree line ecotone
A tree line ecotone which contains gaps in tree coverage due to decreased biodiversity in tree-forming plant species: gaps are above the alpine tree line for some species yet below the desert tree line for others, and no species with intermediate tolerances are present.
Mountain ranges isolated by oceans or deserts may have restricted repertoires of tree species and contain double tree lines.
double tree line ecotone
A planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals.
terrestrial planet
A planetary atmosphere which is formed as a result of the accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's star.
Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet.
primary atmosphere
A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of its planet's volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts.
A secondary atmosphere is found on many terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's. Earth has a tertiary atmosphere due to biotic processes.
secondary atmosphere
A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of biotic processes modifying a secondary atmosphere.
This definition cites biotic processes; however, the source indicated that other processes may cause a secondary atmosphere to transition into a tertiary one. More input is needed.
Further processing of a secondary atmosphere, for example by the processes of biological life, can produce a tertiary atmosphere, such as that of Earth.
tertiary atmosphere
A sedimentary rock which is primarily composed of the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals.
This material is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide.
diatomite
A piece of rock which is primarily composed of diatomite: the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals.
Diatomite is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide.
diatomite particle
Wastewater which is produced by industrial activity and which contains chemical contaminants other than those associated with urine and fecal matter.
industrial wastewater
A construction which is designed to hold water in which humans may swim or perform other leisure activities.
constructed swimming pool
A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a non-governmental legal entity or a collective of such entities.
private swimming pool
A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a governmental or state entity.
public swimming pool
A hydraulic-engineering installation which transports water - in specified amounts, of a specified quality, and in accordance with a water-consumption plan - from a source of supply into a conduit.
Sources of water include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies. Conduits include canals, pipelines, and tunnels. Water intakes typically transport water for purposes of hydroelectric power engineering, water supply, or irrigation.
water intake
A building which provides the site for food services with little or no waiting staff furnishing table service.
canteen
cafeteria
A food shop which sells a selection of food products that are not typical dietary components of the human population it is co-located with.
deli
The food products sold in a delicatessen are often considered unusual by the majority of its customers and may come from foreign food supplies which are not widely imported into its region of operation.
delicatessen
A truck which is equipped to cook and sell food.
Due to the facilities on board, food trucks are often larger than other trucks with comparable mechanics.
food truck
A restaurant which provides prepared meals or other food products that the purchaser must eat off its premises.
take-out restaurant
A booth with an open window on one side.
The relation between booths and buildings needs to be clarified. Booth should be its own class.
This definition of kiosk is characteristic of the Western hemisphere and used in English-speaking countries.
kiosk
A kiosk from which food products are sold.
food kiosk
A manufactured product which is designed to catch and hold animals.
animal trap
An animal trap which consists of a container set flush with the ground such that animals moving along the ground may fall in and be available for examination or collection.
pitfall trap
Barber H (1931) Traps for cave-inhabiting insects. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc. 46:259–266.
Hertz M (1927) Huomioita petokuoriaisten olinpaikoista. Luonnon Ystava. 31:218–222.
Mitchell B (1963) Ecology of two carabid beetles, Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Trechus quadristriatus (Shrank). J Animal Ecol. 32(3): 377-392.
A pitfall trap in which a glass, plastic, or metal container devoid of accumulations of any liquid is used to contain any animal that falls inside.
dry pitfall trap
A pitfall trap in which the container used to hold trapped animals is filled with a liquid solution formulated to hold, kill, and preserve any animal or animals which falls within it.
Aqueous solutions used in these traps include: formalin (10% formaldehyde), alcohol, methylated spirits, trisodium phosphate and picric acid.
wet pitfall trap
A channel of an intermittent stream which contains a river when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage.
channel of an intermittent river
A channel through which a directional flow of water periodically occurs, ceasing when bed seepage or evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply.
channel of an intermittent stream
A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
This class can refer to the flow of any material in a liquid phase.
mass liquid flow
A material transport process during which a volume of liquid water is transported due to a disequilibria in physical forces.
water flow process
A part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology and which are within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body.
technosphere
A food shop in which food products are the primary offer for sale or trade.
grocery store
A part of an ecosystem which has been allocated to host a gathering of people for multiple entertainment or commercial activities.
A good candidate to draft land use semantics around
Fairgrounds, or parts thereof, may be constructed (e.g. concreted over) or be natural (e.g. clearings or heaths), thus land use is the key differentia.
fairground
A fairground which is used to exhibit agricultural technology, livestock, and farm-related activity.
agricultural fairground
A part of an ecosystem where people gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods.
Hierarchies based on land use should replace the anthropogenic feature class once we have a stable rationale.
public market
As with campgrounds and fairgrounds, land use is the key differentia here. The regularity of marketplace activities may provide a differentia for further growth of this branch.
market
A food shop in which the food products on offer are restricted to those produced in a region and cultural setting other than that of the shop's locality.
ethnic food shop
An exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water.
plumbing fixture
A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped and used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes.
sink fixture
A plumbing fixture which may serve as a container for water in which humans or other animals may bathe.
Of course, there are other uses for bathtubs.
bathtub fixture
A plumbing fixture within which a human or other animal may bathe under a spray of water.
As some showers have no drain, this may cause issues with the definition of plumbing fixture.
Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. Showering is common in Western culture due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice. A shower uses less water on average than a bath: 80 litres for a shower compared with 150 litres for a bath.
shower fixture
A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
manufacturing process
A manufacturing process which occurs on a planet.
Whether this is within the planet's Hill sphere, the region which extends from its exosphere to its core, or some other planetary region is not clear.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/513 for discussion.
planetary manufacturing process
A dry stream channel through which a river had flowed, but now contains no appreciable accumulations of water.
See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000979 for the channel of an intermittent river.
dry river
An process during which natural or manufactured materials and products are processed and arranged by humans or their technology into structures.
The nature of "structures" must be further specified.
human-directed construction process
An environmental system which is determined by materials bearing roughly homogeneous qualities.
Organisational class. Not intended for annotation.
environmental system determined by a quality
An environmental system within which an environmental material strongly influences the system's composition and properties.
Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. Subclasses describe environments which are usually permeated by an environmental material. They may also describe environments which are sufficiently close to a material, that their dynamics are strongly influenced by it (e.g. a patch of forest ecosystem neighbouring a uranium dump).
environmental system determined by a material
An environmental system determined by the presence of a plant rhizosphere.
rhizosphere environment
An environmental system which is determined by a living organism.
environmental system determined by an organism
An environmental system determined by a green plant.
plant-associated environment
An environmental system determined by an animal.
animal-associated environment
This class (term) is defined by the lack of a quality (i.e. the lack of salinity or increased osmolarity), which is not best-practice ontologically. Use for annotation is generally discouraged and users should use classes which positively describe the material or environment sampled (i.e. stating the qualities the entity has, rather than those it does not).
non-saline environment
Underground water which is located in pore spaces found in rock or unconsolidated deposits such as soil, clay, or gravel.
The definition of aquifer is quite permissive, referencing any water bearing rock or unconsolidated material.
groundwater
A lunar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light, which has been reflected from a moon's surface, by water droplets in an astronomical body's atmosphere.
lunar rainbow
A rainbow is a photometeor which consists of a spectral separation of light, formed as a result of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere.
The term 'rainbow' is usually used to refer to solar rainbows, but greater specificity should be used when possible.
rainbow
A solar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light. which has been emitted by a star, by water droplets in the atmosphere of an astronomical body.
The astronomical body where the rainbow occurs is understood to orbit the star which produces the light which forms the rainbow.
solar rainbow
A meteor is any matter- or energy-based entity which is located in the atmosphere of an astronomical body.
meteor
A meteor that is primarily composed of light.
Requires radiative phenomena to be added for axiomatisation.
photometeor
A meteor which is primarily composed of water.
hydrometeor
A photometeor which is formed as a result of sudden electrostatic discharge in the atmosphere.
This phenomenon is often treated as interchangeable with the process of electrostatic discharge that causes it.
light emitted by lightning
A meteor which is primarily composed of rock.
lithometeor
A rainbow which forms from sunlight which has been reflected off a body of water prior to its interaction with water droplets in an atmosphere.
Not to be confused with a reflected rainbow, which is not a photometeor.
reflection rainbow
A solar rainbow which is formed by a narrow band of wavelengths, the rest of the spectrum having been scattered away by an atmosphere.
monochrome solar rainbow
A rainbow which forms through the interaction of sunlight with the water droplets which constitute fog or clouds; light is diffracted by these droplets such that the photometeor appears almost white with faint reds on the sky-facing side and faint blues on the planet-facing side of the bow.
Often, fogbows are treated as separate from rainbows; however, as the formation processes are much the same, we currently classify these as a subclass of rainbow pending input from domain experts.
fogbow
A photometeor which is formed by wave interference of light refracted within water droplets which constitute mist or clouds and consists of one or more concentric, successively dimmer rings, each of which has red wavelengths distant to the glory's centre and blue wavelengths towards the centre.
This is not to be confused with a circular rainbow, which is formed through different processes.
glory
A photometeor which is produced by light that is reflected, refracted, and dispersed by ice crystals, capable of acting as prisms and mirrors, suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere.
halo
Water which has a very high concentration of nutrients.
The thresholds of eutrophy are fluid and often locally defined.
hypereutrophic water
A lake which is composed primarily of water with very high nutrient concentrations.
hypereutrophic lake
A lake which is primarily composed of water with a concentration of dissolved salts greater than that of ocean water.
hypersaline lake
A lake which is composed primarily water with high concentrations of humic substances and organic acids, resulting in brown- or tea-coloured colouration.
In response to historical misuse of the term in literature, these lakes are better referred to as "humic lakes". Although dystrophic lakes are often considered acidic and nutrient-poor (oligotrophic), these lakes actually vary greatly in terms of both pH and productivity. Due to the low pH associated with dystrophic lakes, few bacterial species and other aquatic life are able to survive. They are common in the taiga of North America and Eurasia.
humic lake
A lake which has formed as the result of processes that are not or are only minimally driven by human activity.
This class is to be filled by inference.
natural lake
A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
Requires addition of waves for full axiomatisation. This should be linked to "subatomic particle" with an "or". Note that ENVO represents space as an environmental material (a hard vacuum with sparse material inclusions).
radiation
A radiation process during which energy is transmitted or emitted by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.
particle radiation
A particle radiation process during which subatomic particles move in the same direction.
particle beam radiation
A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy.
Note that this class is concerned only with active radiative processes: static electric and magnetic fields are not inlcuded. All electromagnetic radiation carries radiant energy.
electromagnetic radiation
A radiation process during which mechanical waves generated by oscillations radiate through an environmental material.
The mechanical waves generated by this process are also referred to as pressure waves.
acoustic radiation
Sediment which has its porespace filled by water which has very low levels of sodium chloride and/or other salts.
We do not specify numeric thresholds for saline vs. non-saline here, as this is variable. Consider specifying this on the information and/or data layer for your purposes. If you require an ENVO class with a fixed threshold, please request one using our issue tracker.
sediment permeated by freshwater
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by feces.
fecal environment
The label of this EMPO class is ambiguous, but pers. comm. with L Thompson (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-1280) reveals that this is essentially limited to fecal samples.
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a bodily secretion of a metazoan.
environment determined by a metazoan secretion
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a substance produced by a plant.
environment determined by a plant substance
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a plant.
environment determined by a biofilm on a plant surface
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a digestive tract.
digestive tract environment
This EMPO class includes examples of microbial environments determined by the "gut intestine, gizzard, crop, lumen, [and] mucosa".
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a animal.
environment determined by a biofilm on an animal surface
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a fungus.
environment determined by a biofilm on a fungal surface
Sediment which has its porespace filled by water with increased levels of sodium chloride and other salts.
sediment permeated by saline water
Water which contains a slightly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater.
The United States Geological Survey classifies slightly saline water as having around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%) of dissolved salts.
slightly saline water
Water which contains a moderately increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater.
The United States Geological Survey classifies moderately saline water as having around 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) of dissolved salts.
moderately saline water
Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater.
The United States Geological Survey classifies highly saline water as having around 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%) of dissolved salts.
highly saline water
An environment which is determined by materials which bear significant concentrations of salts.
The thresholds for "significant" concentrations of salts vary widely and thus no committment is made in this class. Subclasses with more explicit thresholds can be made upon request.
saline environment
An environmental system determined by a fungal structure.
fungi-associated environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sterile water.
This term can be understood as a negative experimental control primarily composed of sterile water. The quantity of sterile water used may be contaminated; to express pure sterile water, please use http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00005791
sterile water environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by hypersaline water.
hypersaline water environment
Examples inlcude water from hypersaline samples or brines (>50 psu)
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by soil.
soil environment
A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below an oceanic plate.
oceanic subsurface zone
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by the subsurface zone of a planet.
planetary subsurface environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by those parts of a planetary subsurface zone which are not saline.
non-saline planetary subsurface environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment.
sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by non-saline water.
non-saline sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by saline water.
saline sediment environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to non-saline materials.
environment determined by a biofilm on a non-saline surface
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol.
aerosol environment
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a saline aerosol.
saline aerosol environment
seaspray or other aerosolized saline material (>5 psu)
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol with a low concentration of dissolved solutes.
non-saline aerosol environment
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal.
environment associated with an animal part or small animal
An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to saline materials.
environment determined by a biofilm on a saline surface
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead plant, or a whole small plant.
environment associated with a plant part or small plant
An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead fungus.
environment associated with a fungal tissue
A cell culture which is composed of a microbial community of known composition.
Mock communities are typically used as positive controls in experiments.
mock community culture
A cell culture which is composed of a single population of bacterial or archaeal cells.
single strain cell culture
A lake which is contained within a caldera.
caldera lake
Note that this class does not commit to what kind of crater contains the lake in question. Please see the subclasses for more specificity.
crater lake
Water which has an appreciable concentration of dissolved oxygen.
The threshold dissolved oxygen concentration past which water is considered oxic is variable. Typically, this is understood as the concentration at and beyond which organisms inhabiting that water can sustain aerobic metabolism and good health. For most systems, this is above 80% oxygen saturation. Input is welcome here https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/536
oxic water
Water which has low levels of dissolved oxygen.
As with oxic and anoxic water, the thresholds for hypoxia are variable. Typically, a hypoxic state is asserted when dissolved oxygen levels decrease to a level where they have detrimental effects on aerobic aquatic organisms, typically below 30% oxygen saturation.
hypoxic water
A lake which is contained in a crater formed by a meteorite impact.
meteorite lake
An impact event is a collision between astronomical bodies.
impact between astronomical bodies
QCR: 'has participant' min 2 'astronomical body'
An impact event during which a meteoroid collides with another astronomical body.
meterorite impact
An astronomical body which is composed of rocky or metallic materials and is considerably smaller than asteroids.
meteoroid
A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties.
Far more axiomatisation can be done should the qualities of metals be added to PATO or a similar quality ontology. However, note that there are many exceptions to the typical qualities of the majority of metals.
While this class allows for some degree of contamination by non-metal substances, the material represented should show at least some of the typical features of a pure metal: hardness (except for liquid metals), opacity, lustre, malleability, fusibility, ductile and good electrical and thermal conductivity.
metallic material
A lake which is contained in a crater formed by an impact event.
impact crater lake
A crater which was formed as a result of the impact of one astronomical body on another.
impact crater
A lake which is primarily composed of anoxic water.
anoxic lake
A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water.
lake with an anoxic hypolimnion
A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of hypoxic water.
lake with a hypoxic hypolimnion
A lake which is primarily composed of hypoxic water.
hypoxic lake
A lake which is primarily composed of oxic water.
oxic lake
A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of oxic water.
lake with an oxic hypolimnion
Environmental variability which inheres in an astronomical body part or in outer space.
This class refers to all weather, including atmospheric and space weather. Please use a subclass for more specificity.
weather
This class refers to the common usage of "weather", referencing the state of a (part of) an astronomical body's atmosphere.
atmospheric weather
space weather
A condition which inheres in an environmental system by virtue of that system undergoing variation in its composition, the distribution of the qualities its components bear, and/or in the processes which occur within it and which it participates in.
This class is very general, but the nature of environmental variability is indeed quite variable. This class may be refined once we have more subclasses to consider.
environmental variability
The disposition of an environmental system, particularly those influencing atmospheres, to manifest a cyclic pattern of weather over time.
The current alignment of "climate" under BFO:disposition is drawing from its very useful etymology (Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination). The climatic conditions currently used to axiomatise biomes (polar, tropical, etc) may be better placed under this class.
Climate is commonly defined as the weather averaged, or otherwise summarised, over a period of time much longer than the duration of any phenomenon that constitutes weather. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose.
climate
A process during which water vapour condensing in the atmosphere aggregates into clouds.
cloud formation process
A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed.
particulate matter formation process
An aerosol formation process which occurs in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosol formation
A process during which an aerosol, consisting of solid particulates suspended in a gas, is formed in an atmosphere.
formation of solid particles in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol in an atmosphere
A process during which an aerosol, consisting of droplets of liquid suspended in gas, is formed in an atmosphere.
formation of liquid droplets in an atmosphere
formation of liquid particles in an atmosphere
formation of a liquid aerosol in an atmosphere
An aerosol which has non-gaseous parts that are primarily composed of liquid droplets.
aerosolised liquids
An aerosol which has non-gaseous parts that are primarily composed of solid particles.
aerosolised solids
A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere.
atmospheric formation of a solid aerosol
formation of a solid aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere
A process during which microscopic liquid droplets are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere.
atmospheric formation of a liquid aerosol
formation of a liquid aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of liquid droplets from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of liquid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of a liquid aerosol from gaseous material in an atmosphere
A lake which is contained in a depression formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of a lithosphere.
tectonic lake
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move.
tectonic movement
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move towards one another.
convergent tectonic movement
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move away from one another.
divergent tectonic movement
A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move along each other in a predominantly horizontal manner, either in a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction.
transform tectonic movement
A part of a lithosphere which is separated by other such parts by geographic faults or similar geomorphological discontinuities.
tectonic plate
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates move towards, away from, or along one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere.
tectonic plate boundary
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving away from one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forms rifts or ridges.
divergent plate boundary
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving towards one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forces one plate below the other where it melts in the mantle.
convergent plate boundary
A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving along one another in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) horizontal direction.
This class overlaps with the semantics of geographic faults and further work needs to be done to disentangle them.
transform plate boundary
A convergent tectonic movement process during which one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into a mantle.
tectonic plate subduction
An organic material which is primarily composed of dead particulate matter.
A compound astronomical body part in which extensional tectonic processes occur and where the lithosphere is being pulled apart.
rift zone
A lake which fills a basin that has been dammed by wind-blown sand, formed between sand dunes oriented by winds; or formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments.
aeolian lake
A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a landslide.
landslide lake
A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a rockslide.
rockslide lake
A rockslide is a process whereby a large mass of rock moves down a hill or a mountainside.
rockslide process
A succession of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around one or more blunt bodies.
These vortices are responsible for such phenomena as the "singing" of suspended telephone or power lines, and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds.
Karman vortex street
An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components.
This class will be primarily filled by inference, any environmental system which necessarily includes living parts should be autoclassified here.
ecosystem
A channel which was formed as a result of an annelid burrowing through soil, where organic residues lining the burrow have subsequently initiated fossilization.
fossil worm burrow
A process during which organic substances are replaced with mineral substrances, maintaining part of their anatomical organisation.
fossilization of organic material
Material which is primarily conposed of the vegetation present in tended pastures: mainly grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs.
forage material
A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal feed for agricultural purposes.
This should be moved to "zone", and inference should be used to link to agricultural feature.
feed storage space
A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal manure for agricultural purposes.
manure storage space
Manure which has been collected directly or indirectly from dairy cattle, as from flushing of manure from concrete feed lanes, free stalls, and milking facilities.
bovine dairy liquid manure
Manure which is composed primarily of the feces of poultry.
poultry manure
Manure which has been subjected to heat treatment for solidification and/or sterilization purposes.
heat-treated animal manure
Manure which has been subjected to a natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of its organic matter content by microorganisms under controlled conditions.
composted animal manure
A product which is composed primarily of animal manure that has been heat treated and packaged as a product for commercial or consumer use.
animal manure product
Organic material which is primarily composed of plant structures, living or dead.
plant matter
A planet which is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.
Gas giants are composed of about 90% hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are examples of gas giants.
gas planet
A gas planet which 1) is considerably smaller than a gas giant and 2) has a rocky core around which a thick envelope primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and smaller proportions of volatiles.
The physical make-up of gas dwarfs limit their size, which gravitate towards a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii.
dwarf gas planet
A gas planet which has mass and size comparable to Jupiter and Saturn.
The definition should be revised to avoid relativisation to instances.
giant gas planet
An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure.
Note that ice may be formed at very high temperatures, due to gravitational effects and/or pressure.
ice
An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with freezing points above an approximate threshold of 100 Kelvin.
This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Water, ammonia, and methane are considered "ices" with freezing points of 273 K, 195 K, and 91 K, respectively.
astrogeological ice
A giant planet which is primarily composed of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 Kelvin.
Uranus and Neptune are considered ice giants, a separate class relative to the gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass. A large portion of the mass in an ice giant was incorporated by the capture of ice (as defined in planetary science) or as gas trapped in water ice.
ice giant
A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium - probably with deep layers of ice, rock or liquid oceans (made of water, ammonia, a mixture of both, or heavier volatiles) - and a small core made of low-density volatiles.
These planets have a mass up to 10 Earth masses, notably smaller than Uranus or Neptune, which are about 14.5 and 17 Earth masses, respectively.
mini-Neptune
An astronomical object which is more massive than the planet Jupiter.
Due to their immense size, super-Jupiter class objects straddle the space between planets and other objects such as brown dwarfs. While they may be more massive than Jupiter, super-Jupiters tend to be the same approximate size, with increasing density as their mass increases up to about 80 Jupiter masses.
super-Jupiter
A process during which one or more entities move along geodesics in a region of spacetime that has been sufficiently curved towards an entity with sufficient mass and/or energy.
gravitational motion
A giant gas planet which has a jovian-scale mass (0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses), a short orbital period (1.3–111 Earth days), and which is close to the star it orbits, resulting in extreme and exotic atmospheric properties.
It is assumed that the mass of a hot Jupiter cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses, beyond which the planet would start burning deuterium and become a brown dwarf.
hot Jupiter
A gas planet which has a mass similar to that of Neptune or Uranus and which closely orbits its star (normally at a distance less than 1 Astronomical Unit).
Whether this should be classified as a gas planet or an ice giant must be explored.
hot Neptune
A terrestrial exoplanet which is at least ten times the mass of Earth.
mega-Earth
A terrestrial planet which has a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the masses of Uranus and Neptune (15 and 17 Earth masses, respectively).
The upper bound of a super-Earth's mass is generally agreed on as 10 Earth masses. In general, super-Earths are defined exclusively by their masses, and the term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments.
super-Earth
A terrestrial planet which has a surface dominated by hot deserts.
This class of planet is still mostly theoretical.
desert planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by water, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of water.
An axiom to express that the planet has a 'substantial' proportion of its mass in the form of water wound enhance this class.
While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as the extrasolar planet GJ 1214 b and ocean planet candidate Kepler-22b.
ocean planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by ice, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of ice.
While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Pluto was considered an ice planet until its reclassification in 2006 CE. Surface temperatures of ice planets would have to be below 260 K (−13°C) if composed primarily of water, below 180 K (−93°C) if primarily composed of CO2 and ammonia, and below 80 K (−193°C) if composed primarily of methane.
ice planet
Ice which is primarily composed of carbon dioxide.
carbon dioxide ice
Ice which is primarily composed of methane.
methane ice
Ice which is primarily composed of ammonia.
ammonia ice
Ice which is primarily composed of carbon monoxide.
carbon monoxide ice
A planet which in primarily composed of an iron-rich core with little to no mantle
Mercury is the largest iron planet in the Solar System, the other terrestrial planets being composed of silicate rocks. Some extrasolar planet candidates that may be composed mainly of iron are KOI-1843 b,[5] Kepler-70b and Kepler-10b.
iron planet
A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by lava, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of lava.
This class of planets is still mostly theoretical, however, lava planets are thought plausible shortly after a terrestrial planet is formed, soon after a terrestrial planet has suffered a large collision event, or if a terrestrial planet is orbiting very close to its star, causing intense irradiation and tidal forces. Likely lava exoplanets include COROT-7b, Kepler-10b, Alpha Centauri Bb, and Kepler-78b.
lava planet
A terrestrial planet which has a mass smaller than Earth's, such that 1) it lacks a magnetic field strong enough to shield its atmosphere from erosion by stellar wind and 2) it has comparatively short periods of geological activity unless it is subject to gravitational tidal forces from a much more massive object.
The first sub-Earths were discovered by the Kepler Orbiting Observatory space telescope on 2012-01-10, orbiting the star Kepler-42. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of less than 1 Earth radius, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii.
sub-Earth
A planet which is formed as a result of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere, as well as its outer layers, being stripped away by a stellar wind through photoevaporation and hydrodynamic escape.
This class is largely theoretical, however, some likely candidates exist. HD 209458 b and Gliese 436b are examples of a gas giants that are in the process of having their atmospheres stripped away. COROT-7b is the first exoplanet found that might be chthonian.
chthonian planet
A process during which energetic radiation ionises gas and causes it to disperse away from the ionising source.
This process is responsible for the stripping away of gases from the atmosphere of planets and related bodies by acceleration on interaction with high energy photons and other electromagnetic radiation.
photoevaporation
A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed primarily of helium.
The placement of this class assumes that some traces of hydrogen are left in the atmosphere. If this is not the case, the axiom on gas planet must be updated.
A helium planet might form via hydrogen evaporation from a gaseous planet orbiting close to a star. Low-mass white dwarfs may transition into objects which are essentially helium planets by hydrogen depletion through mass transfer to a massive object such as a neutron star. Gliese 436 b is a candidate helium planet.
helium planet
An astronomical body which 1) is held together by its own gravity, 2) can attract other, similar bodies through mutual gravitational influence, and 3) has orbital dynamics that are not significantly affected by gas drag.
In the Solar nebula, planetesimals are usually larger than approximately 1 kilometer.
planetesimal
An astronomical object that forms within a protoplanetary disc when planetesimals and other solid debris aggregate and, due to gravitational forces, fuse and initiate internal melting to produce a differentiated interior.
State that this is derived from a collection of planetesimals.
Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant planets. The exact sequence of events which lead to planetary formation from protoplanets is not fully understood.
protoplanet
An astronomical object which is composed of dense gas and dust rotating around a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or a Herbig Ae/Be star in a disk-shaped configuration.
protoplanetary disk
A protoplanetary disk which is externally illuminated and undergoing photoevaporation.
proplyd
A planet which is smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres.
mesoplanet
Because of the short orbits of some binary stars, the only way for planets to form is by forming outside the orbit of the two stars.
circumbinary planet
A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds with relatively low boiling points, equilibrium condensation temperatures below 1300 Kelvin, and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet.
Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust
Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets.
volatile astrogeological material
An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with boiling points around those of hydrogen and helium.
This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.271 Kelvin and a melting point of 13.99 Kelvin. Helium has a boiling point of 4.222 Kelvin and a melting point of 0.95 Kelvin.
astrogeological gas
A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds which have equilibrium condensation temperatures above approximately 1300 Kelvin and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet.
The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial planets and asteroids in the inner belt.
refractory astrogeological material
A process during which gases that constitute a planetary atmosphere escape that planet's gravitational field and move away into outer space.
atmospheric escape
An atmospheric escape process during which atoms that are parts of a planetary atmosphere escape into outer space through numerous collisions with lighter atoms in that atmosphere.
hydrodynamic escape
A cloud which is cirriform and is formed by condensation events centred on an aircraft's contrail.
cirrus homogenitus cloud
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into detached fibrous filaments, 2) is almost exclusively composed of ice crystals, 3) is located in the high level of the atmosphere (high étage).
Add more PATO qualities once they have been added to PATO.
(Eis)-Federwolke
Cirruswolke
Zirruswolke
envoCloudAtlas
When present in aggregates, individual cirrus clouds are organised in patches or narrow bands. When organised in sheets of fibres they can give a silky sheen. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) cirrus clouds appear white or mostly white. Absence of any precipitation.
cirrus cloud
obsolete newCloud
An IUCN protected area in which human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection and conservation of natural biodiversity and/or geodiversity, natural ecosystem assemblages and processes, and any associated cultural and spiritual values.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Previous anthropogenic impacts (e.g. by early human settlement) may be present in these sites; these should be reversible by either natural processes or brief restorative interventions. Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas.
IUCN strict nature reserve
An IUCN protected area which 1) is dominated by natural ecosystems, 2) is sufficiently large to allow those ecosystems to function and develop without local anthropogenic perturbation, 3) is managed to prevent perturbations by proximate or local anthropisation, including those caused by local and/or indigenous human communities or human visitation.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. These areas exclude permanent built infrastructure, activities by extractive industries, commercial or intensive agriculture, extensive access by motor vehicles, unregulated visitation supported by any infrastructure, as well as other activities that may lead to significant ecosystem perturbations.
IUCN wilderness area
A quality which inheres in a astronomical body or astronomical body part by virtue of the variation in its material composition, participation in geological processes, and the variation in is land- and hydroforms.
Materials which are usually assessed when appraising geodiversity include minerals, rocks, sediments, fossils, soils and water. Landforms factored into geodiversity metrics typically include folds, faults, and other expressions of morphology or relations between units of earth material. Natural processes that are included in measures of geodiversity are those which either maintain or change materials or geoforms, including tectonics, sediment transport, and pedogenesis. Geodiversity does not usually factor in anthropogenic entities.
geodiversity
An IUCN protected area which includes a primarily natural formation designated to be of high natural heritage value and the environmental systems which it determines (e.g. the spray zone of a waterfall monument).
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Further, note that the use of "natural" in the IUCN definition may allow for some anthropisation such as the presence of cave dwellings or spiritual sites. These areas tend to be smaller than other IUCN protected areas and are sites of frequent human visitation and high tourism value. They often serve to conserve natural heritage in land- or seascapes which have otherwise been anthropised. Frequently, these areas have high spiritual and cultural value as well as bio- and geodiversity value. It is not clear what would happen to the status of a IUCN Category III protected area if its key natural monument dies or degrades. IUCN acknowledges that larger ecosystem areas may need protection or management to sustain the area given Category III protection.
IUCN natural monument or feature
An IUCN protected area within which the habitats of or ecosystems used by floral and faunal species deemed to be of international, national, or local importance are maintained, conserved, or restored such that their composition and functional integrity are maintained.
Clarify what is encompassed by floral and faunal. Do microbial and fungal species (e.g. of importance to many marine systems) fall within these categories? Further, create subclasses for habitat and species conservation separately.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Note that many Category IV sites require frequent interventions to maintain habitats for the species conserved, particularly as many of these areas are ecosystem fragments which are unable to sustain themselves. Additionally, many are used for public outreach, education, and recreation, implying regular human visitation. What qualifies a species as important is variable and often ill-defined.
IUCN habitat/species management area
An ecosystem which has been causally isolated from a larger ecosystem within which it was previously embedded, such that the direct exchange of materials, resources, and energy between these systems is severely or entirely curtailed.
Often, ecosystem fragments are unable to sustain themselves without human intervention and management as they are not large enough to perform self-sustaining functions (e.g. nutrient recycling) or hold sufficient ecological resources such as genetic diversity of populations.
ecosystem fragment
A process during which one or more parts of an ecosystem become causally isolated such that the direct flow or exchange of materials, resources, and energy between a given fragment and the remainder of the original system is severely curtailed or entirely halted.
ecosystem fragmentation process
A protected area in which management objectives have been declared, by a local governing body or authority, to adhere to the guidelines set forth by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Axiomatise with SDGIO classes once available: https://github.com/SDG-InterfaceOntology/sdgio/issues/114
IUCN protected area
The international recognition of an area as an IUCN protected area generally depends on the assigning government or authority reporting its assignments to the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
area protected according to IUCN guidelines
A process during which an ecosystem, its parts, or the processes it participates in are modified by human intervention to accomplish an objective.
Umweltmaßnahme
active ecosystem management process
An active management process which has the conservation of an ecosystem, or a part thereof, as its primary objective.
Umweltschutz
conservation-focused active ecosystem management process
An IUCN protected area which 1) includes entities that have been deemed to be of high scenic quality, 2) is composed of a historically stable assemblage of causally interlinked natural and anthropised ecosystems that provides cultural ecosystem services, and 3) hosts traditional and sustainable human activities.
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. The IUCN note that the integrity of balanced natural and anthropogenic ecosystems may be compromised in some Category V areas, as long as "there is reasonable hope of restoring that integrity".
IUCN protected landscape/seascape
A fiat object part which contains entities of high spiritual or cultural significance to one or more human groups.
sacred site
A process during which an ecosystem fragment loses its system integrity, with many of its resident ecological populations 1) losing their habitats, 2) undergoing a loss of functional and phylogenetic diversity, and 3) undergoing a subsequent genetic destabilisation through inbreeding.
This process may be caused by direct anthropisation (i.e. the fragmentation of ecosystems due to the establishment of cropland) or by more natural events such as forest fires or erosion of land bridges.
ecosystem decay
An ecosystem fragmentation process during which discontinuities emerge in the habitats of one or more ecological populations.
habitat fragmentation process
An environment which has its properties and composition largely determined by the presence of a metazoan which lacks a vetebral column and which has a habitat that is found in an aquatic environmental system.
environment associated with an aquatic invertebrate
Not currently live, may need to be switched to alternative PURLs.
Land which is regularly manipulated by human activities, such as plowing or tilling, in order to grow crops.
Consider moving axioms to the quality 'arable' directly. The discontinuous quality on tillage can likely be improved or refined. Also, add axioms for ploughing once it is added to AgrO: https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/agro/issues/34
arable land
Land which hosts a community of herbaceous plants - such as grasses and forbs - upon which animals may graze.
See this issue for requests regarding surrounding semantics of grazing: https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/agro/issues/32
pasturable land
An environmental system determined by a cnidarian or part of a cnidarian.
cnidarian-associated environment
An environment which has its properties and composition determined by a portion of Bondon cheese.
This class was cross-axiomatised with FOODON, but recent changes in FOODON's alignment (e.g. Bondon cheese as a subclass of an information artifact) have caused reasoning errors. We await FOODON to stabilise these semantics before attempting a reimport and will work with them to this end.
Bondon cheese environment
A surface layer which is composed of the external surface of a root, together with closely adhering soil particles and debris
rhizoplane
Pasturable land which is maintained by human activities in order to provide grazing oppoturnities for livestock.
tended pasturable land
Land which either hosts plant communities upon which animals may graze has been manipulated by tilling, ploughing, or other human activity for the purposes of seed sowing or planting crops.
Add semantics to support "land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category."
This class does not refer to the land that is potenitally cultivable, only referencing land that is being managed for cultivation. This class has been created to support the FAO definition of arable lands in FAOSTAT.
arable or pasturable land
A quality inhereing in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being periodically and mechanically manipulated to loosen and mix any soil which it has as a part.
arable
Soil which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7.
acidic soil
Volcanic ash which has increased levels of molecules or ions capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion) to other chemical entities, or, alternatively, capable of forming covalent bonds with other chemicals via the acceptance of an electron pair, resulting in a bulk pH measurement of less than 7.
acidic volcanic ash
A digestive tract environment which has its properties and dynamics determined by the digestive tract of an echinoderm from the class Holothuroidea.
holothurian digestive tract
A bodily fluid which is present in the digestive tract of a member of the Holothuroidea.
holothurian digestive tract contents
This class will be axiomatised with "alga" once an approach to handle this term's ambiguous semantics has been agreed with PCO.
An organic material which is primarily composed of living or dead algae, along with their exudates.
algal material
Sea ice which has a brown colouration, either due to 1) the presence of pigments which are or were contained in the members of ecological assemblages, such as algal communities, living or trapped within the ice or 2) due to the presence of trapped sediments.
brown sea ice
water surface
The surface layer of a mass of sediment.
sediment surface
A liquid planetary surface which is composed primarily of water.
This includes the surface layers of all volumes of water exposed to space or the planet's atmosphere.
water-based planetary surface
A site in which charged particles are influenced by an astronomical body's magnetic field.
The original definition referenced astronomical objects, however, the text suggests that reference to an astronomical body is more accurate.
Magentospheres are generated by the motion of active hot iron and nickle or metallic planetary cores or by the interactions of plasma in stars.. The magnetic field near the surface of many astronomical bodies resembles that of a dipole. The field lines farther away from the surface can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting plasma emitted from a nearby star. The structure and behaviour of magnetospheres depend on numerous variables, including the type of astronomical body which generates it, the period of the object's spin, the properties of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of stellar wind.
magnetosphere
An environmental disposition which inheres in an entity that intercepts, attenuates, or blocks radiation.
radiation shielding disposition
A radiation shielding disposition which inheres in a material or immaterial entity which attenuates or blocks cosmic rays.
cosmic ray shielding disposition
A magnetosphere which either 1) cannot withstand the pressure of the stellar wind interacting with it, thus allowing the stellar wind to interact with the ionosphere, atmosphere, or surface of the planet generating it or 2) is formed by the interaction of the stellar wind with an astronomical body unshielded by its own magnetosphere.
induced magnetosphere
A magnetosphere which shields the body generating it from the stellar wind by withstanding the stellar wind's pressure before it reaches the body.
intrinsic magnetosphere
An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a land mass or the atmosphere or space adjacent to it.
terrestrial environmental zone
A terrestrial zone which is bounded by constructed, manufactured, or other anthropogenic material entities.
anthropised terrestrial environmental zone
An astronomical body part which is part of a marine environment.
This class will eventually be populated by inference alone, with its subclasses distributed in more process-linked hierarchies to improve semantic density.
marine environmental zone
Soil or sediment which has been eroded and influenced by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
alluvium
Sediment which has been transported by flowing water and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
alluvial sediment
A rock which is formed as a result of the lithification of alluvium.
alluvial deposit
A process during which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid sedimentary rock.
lithification
An ecosystem in which grasses (Graminae) are the dominant form of vegetation and determine the system's structure and dynamics.
grassland ecosystem
An area of land used for the herding and grazing of livestock.
ranch
An area of wetland which overlaps a swamp ecosystem.
swamp area
A terrestrial ecosystem which is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
wetland ecosystem
A planned process during which an environmental system is modified to mitigate or nullify the impacts of flooding.
defence against flooding
An electromagnetic radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star.
stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
This definition focuses on the properties of microwaves rather than their wavelength or frequency limits. Considerable ambiguity exists around the wavelength and frequency thresholds of microwaves. The ISO 21348 definition bounds these waves at 1 mm and 15 mm, with frequencies between 100 GHz and 0.225 GHz.
microwave stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales.
As with microwaves, considerable variation exists in the delimitation of frequency and wavelength thresholds for radiowaves. The ISO 21348 standard allows a wavelength range of 0.10 mm to 100 m and a frequency range of 300 GHz to 3 MHz. However, much lower thresholds also exist.
radio wave stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star when molecules change their rotational-vibrational movements, usually at wavelengths between 760 nm and 1 mm.
infrared stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm.
visible spectrum stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.
ultraviolet stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons as they fall into a lower state of energy.
Ambiguity exists in the definition of x-rays and their differentiation from gamma rays. Photons with sufficient energy to be classified as x-rays may be emitted by other processes than electrons falling to lower energy states. Most x-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV.
X-ray stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the radioactive decay (gamma decay) of atomic nuclei.
Ambiguity exists in the definition of gamma rays. As a rule of thumb, gamma rays have energies above 100 keV, frequencies above 10 exahertz, and wavelengths less than 10 picometers. However, regardless of the energy released, electromagnetic radiation from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei is referred to as "gamma rays". In astronomy, however, gamma rays are defined by their energy, and no production process needs to be specified.
gamma-ray stellar radiation
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms.
ionizing stellar radiation
A process during which liquid water accumulates in a site, most often in some form of container.
water accumulation process
A commercial building which contains parts used as workplaces primarily for administrative and managerial workers.
"An office building will be divided into sections for different companies or may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, as well as toilets."
office building
A building which is primarily used to facilitate the buying or selling of goods or services.
"Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or internationally."
commercial building
A process during which wood is processed into beams or planks.
lumber production process
A building part within which administrative work is done by an organisations users in order to support and realise the objectives of that organization.
office
An IUCN protected area within which 1) natural ecosystems and their resources are either conserved or used through non-industrial human activities, 2) usage activites contribute to conservation goals, ensuring inter-generational security for local communities' livelihoods, and 3) the majority of benefits derived from the use of ecosystems are received by communities living near or in the area.
protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
Note that this ENVO class is not authoritative: see the associated IUCN references for a complete definition of all Protected Areas. Note, that the IUCN recommends that a proportion of the area is retained in a natural condition (e.g. a no-take management zone). As this is a recommendation rather than a rule, this ENVO class does not include IUCN categories with strict conservation regimes as necessary parts. An emphasis is placed on the integration of cultural approaches, belief systems and world-views possessed by human populations in and around the protected area into the conservation approaches used. Further, these areas host activities which facilitate scientific research, environmental monitoring, recreation, and "appropriate" small-scale tourism.
IUCN protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
A natural environment which is located on a land mass.
terrestrial natural environment
A natural environment which is within a water body.
aquatic natural environment
A site in which the attraction of satellites by gravitation is dominated by an astronomical body, bounded by a zero-velocity surface.
Hill sphere
QCR: 'process has causal agent' max 1 'astronomical body'
A site in which the combined gravitational pull of the two large astronomical bodies is such that a smaller body, affected only by gravity, can maintain a stable position relative to those two large bodies and orbit with them due to centripetal force.
Lagrangian point
A marginal sea biome which is located in a region with a tropical climate.
A class which is complementary to the WWF Temperate Shelf and Seas ecoregions grouping
tropical marginal sea biome
Organic material which is in a solid phase and contained in sedimentary rock.
kerogen
Kerogen which cotains alginite, amorphous organic matter, cyanobacteria, freshwater algae, and land plant resins, thus having a hydrogen to carbon ratio above 1.25, and oxygen to carbon ratio below 0.15, readily produces liquid hydrocarbons, has reduced concentrations of aromatic structures, and primarily derived from proteins and lipids.
sapropelic kerogen
Kerogen from which heavy hydrocarbons (such as oils) are derived following chemical break down.
labile kerogen
Kerogen from which light hydrocarbons (such as hydrocarbon gases) are derived following chemical break down.
recalcitrant kerogen
Kerogen which is enriched in sulfur compounds, has a hydrogen to carbon ratio under 1.25, an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.03 and 0.18, derives into mixtures of hydrocarbon gas and oil, and derives from marine organic materials (primarily lipids) which are formed in reducing environments.
planktonic kerogen
Planktonic kerogen which has high concentrations of sulfur compounds.
sulfrous kerogen
Kerogen which derives from land plants, resembles wood or coral in structure, has a hydrogen to carbon ratio under 1, an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.03 to 0.3, and which primarily produces coal or hydrocarbon gas on degradation.
humic kerogen
Kerogen which has a hydrogen to carbon ratio less than 0.5 and primarily composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
residual kerogen
forest canopy
A canopy which is part of a woodland ecosystem.
woodland canopy
A canopy which is composed of the aboveground portion, or crowns, of a community of crop plants.
crop canopy
A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the aboveground portion of a plant community.
canopy
An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities form continuous or discontinuous regions of canopy cover.
The correct usage of FLOPO terms in the axiomatisation needs to be confirmed.
forest ecosystem
An ecosystem which 1) is determined by communities of annual crops, perennial woody crops, or by actively tilled land, 2) is primarily used for agricultural activity, and 3) contains no village or larger human settlement.
cropland ecosystem
An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities are spaced sufficiently far apart to allow sunlight to illuminate the understory.
Woodland understories are often populated with communities of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. There are varying distinctions between woodland and forest, with a large degree of ambiguity.
woodland ecosystem
A process during which humans rear animals or plants on land for harvest and consumption.
agricultural process
An agricultural process during which humans rear plants on land for harvest and consumption.
agronomic process
An agricultural process during which humans rear animals on land for harvest and consumption.
animal husbandry
An aquaculture process during which humans rear crustaceans.
crustacean farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear finfish.
finfish farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear molluscs.
mollusc farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear seaweed.
seaweed farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear freshwater macrophytes.
freshwater macrophyte farming process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear animals.
animal aquaculture process
An aquaculture process during which humans rear plants.
This is unlikely to be limited to Viridiplantae, better axiomatisation should be sought in revisions.
plant aquaculture process
A shrimp pond which is embedded in a coastal water body.
coastal shrimp pond
Saline water which is derived from sea water and used during the cultivation of crustaceans.
saline shrimp pond water
A fog which is composed of liquid aerosols and gases derived from volcanic gas emissions (primarily sulfur oxides), formed when sulfur-bearing gases react with sunlight, oxygen, and moisture in an atmosphere.
"Vog and smog are different. Vog is formed when sulfur oxides emitted by a volcano react with moisture to form an aerosol. The aerosol scatters light, thus making the vog visible. Smog is formed largely from the incomplete combustion of fuel, reacting with nitrogen oxides and ozone produced from carbon monoxide by reactions with sunlight. The result is also a visible aerosol."
vog
A process during which materials deemed to be waste are removed from a site and transported to another site designated for its storage.
transport of waste to a designated storage site
A process during which materials deemed to be waste are transported away from a site.
Abfallentsorgungsprozess
proceso de eliminación de residuos
processo di smaltimento rifiuti
waste disposal process
A waste disposal process during which the feces of human children is transported to a designated storage site.
transport of child feces to a designated site
A process during which materials used in a household and deemed to be waste are removed from the housing unit and transported to another site designated for its storage.
transport of household waste to a designated storage site
A site which has been designated as a place where humans may defecate.
area designated for human defecation
A site which has been designated for the storage of waste material.
area designated for waste storage
An environmental pollution process during which the temperature of an environmental system, or parts thereof, is raised above its natural levels.
thermal pollution
A thermal pollution process which occurs in a water body or aquatic environment.
thermal pollution of an aquatic system
Water which accumulates on a solid surface during precipitation events and snow/ice melt.
"Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate), be held on the surface and evaporate, or runoff and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies (surface water)."
stormwater
Stormwater which accumulates in an urban ecosystem.
urban stormwater
An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials, possibly interspersed with cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation.
area of developed space
Stormwater which accumulates in a rural ecosystem.
rural stormwater
A surface layer through which liquids or gases cannot pass.
impermeable surface layer
A construction which comprises a durable surface layer overlying a solid surface intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic.
constructed pavement
A layer which is primarily composed of some liquid material.
liquid layer
A layer throughout which one or more qualities (e.g. pressure, temperature, velocity, density) maintain an approximately constant value.
Isosurfaces are not equivalent to a "surface layer" in the sense of overlapping an external boundary. Further, this class is concerned only with material isosurfaces, not with mathematical abstractions.
material isosurface
A layer which is primarily composed of some solid material, allowing for non-solid parts such as interstitial pockets of gas or liquid.
solid layer
A solid layer which is primarily composed of some water-based ice.
water ice layer
A road which is primarily composed of asphalt.
asphalt road
A road which is primarily composed of concrete.
concrete road
A constructed pavement which is built on the side of a road and intended for foot traffic.
"In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park."
sidewalk
A road which is used for local access to one or more structures, and is privately owned and maintained by an individual or group.
driveway
A constructed pavement which is used for parking vehicles.
paved parking lot
Dust which is composed primarily of slicon dioxide.
silica dust
Dust which is primarily composed of aluminium particles.
aluminium dust
Dust which is primarily composed of barium particles.
barium dust
Dust which is primarily composed of hydrated magnesium silicate (talc) particles.
talc dust
Dust which is primarily composed of slate particles.
slate dust
A fire which occurs in an industrial area or building.
industrial fire
Dust which is primarily composed of kaolinite particles.
kaolin dust
A land fire which consumes low-growing plants such as scrub and brush.
brush fire
A land fire which occurs in a large uncleared or sparsely settled area (as in Australia) usually scrub-covered or forested.
"Bush" is a rather loosely defined regional term, primarily used in Australia.
bush fire
pasture fire
A fire which occurs on land, typically consuming a terrestrial ecosystem as fuel.
land fire
A vegetated area which has not been cleared or is sparsely settled, usually scrub-covered or forested
bush area
An atmospheric storm which is generated by the heating and convection of moist and unstable air masses.
"Convective storms range from localised thunderstorms (with heavy rain and/or hail, lightning, high winds, tornadoes) to meso-scale, multi-day events."
convective storm
A warm-core cyclone which occurs in the middle and high latitudes, primarily drawing energy from horizontal temperature contrasts between atmospheric fronts.
"When associated with cold fronts, extratropical cyclones may be particularly damaging (e.g. European winter/windstorm, Nor’easter)."
extra-tropical cyclone
A an atmospheric storm which originates over tropical or subtropical waters and possesses a warm-core, non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone with a low pressure centre, spiral rain bands and strong winds.
tropical storm
An atmospheric storm during which a large mass of atmospheric gas rotates around a centre of low atmospheric pressure, generating high winds which spiral towards that centre.
cyclone
A cyclone which rotates around an area low atmospheric pressure with increased temperature.
The threshold of what is "warm" is variable, and thus data-level thresholding should be applied when using this class.
warm core cyclone
An environmental zone which is part of an atmosphere.
atmospheric zone
A gaseous part of an atmosphere in which gases have reduced atmospheric pressure.
Air is not specified directly (although the definition subsumes air masses) to allow for other forms of low pressure areas in planetary atmospheres.
area of low atmospheric pressure
A layer of liquid that is part of an estuary.
aquatic estuarine layer
A layer of estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
estuarine coastal surface layer
A role which is may be realised by an environmental system
An oasis is a vegetated area located in a desert, supplied with water from a water source which it surrounds, and surrounded by arid soil, sand, or rock.
A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities.
An environment which is determined by a bone element.
A liquid astronomical body part which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid water and is held in shape or sustained by an environmental process.
Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by"
A liquid surface layer which is in contact with air.
liquid air-water interface layer
A surface layer which is composed primarily of some liquid.
liquid surface layer
A surface layer which is composed primarily of solid environmental material.
solid surface layer
A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
"Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement.
estuarine coastal upper water column
A pycnocline which is part of an estuarine water body, spanning from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
estuarine coastal pycnocline
A layer of estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuarine bed and from the shore to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
estuarine coastal lower water column
A layer of estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water surface layer
A layer of estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water upper water column
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal surface layer
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
"Mid-depth", present in many CMECS classes, is ambiguous and needs refinement. What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal upper water column
A body of water which is primarily composed of saline water.
This class has its subclasses populated by inference.
saline water body
A body of water which is primarily composed of freshwater, with low solute content.
This class has its subclasses primarily populated by inference. The threshold for what constitutes "fresh" water is variable and should typically be deferred to an applicatoin layer resource.
fresh water body
A body of water which is primarily composed of brackish water.
brackish water body
A layer of estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters to end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water lower water column
A pycnocline which is part of an estuarine water body, spanning from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine open water pycnocline
An estuarine coastal pycnocline which is composed primarily of fresh tidal water.
What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. Further, the original definition and label do not clearly state whether this is a pycnocline in its own right, or just the tidal freshwater part of the pycnocline. In this ENVO class, we follow the semantics suggested by the label and treat this as a type of estuarine coastal pycnocline.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal pycnocline
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuarine bed and from the land-water interface to a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters.
estuarine tidal riverine coastal lower water column
A layer of fresh, tidal estuarine water which extends a few centimeters from the surface of the water column towards the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine tidal riverine open water surface layer
A layer of fresh, tidal estuarine water which extends from the surface of the water column to the pycnocline or mid-depth and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters until the end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine tidal riverine open water upper water column
An estuarine open water pycnocline which is composed primarily of fresh tidal water.
What causes this freshwater layer to be "tidal" is not clearly specified in the current CMECS definition. Further, the original definition and label do not clearly state whether this is a pycnocline in its own right, or just the tidal freshwater part of the pycnocline. In this ENVO class, we follow the semantics suggested by the label and treat this as a type of estuarine open water pycnocline.
estuarine tidal riverine open water pycnocline
A layer of fresh estuarine water which extends from an estuarine pycnocline or mid-depth to the estuary bed and from a fiat boundary where the estuary bed below the water column reaches a depth of 4 meters to end of the estuary most distal from the coast.
estuarine tidal riverine open water lower water column
A biogeochemical cycle which has nitrogen-bearing chemical entities as participants.
nitrogen cycling
A biogeochemical cycle which has sulfur-bearing chemical entities as participants.
sulfur cycling
A biogeochemical cycle which has phosphorous-bearing chemical entities as participants.
phosphorous cycling
A tidal flow process which occurs in an ocean or sea and during which tidal movements generate advective flows, often amplified in velocity when moving through an inlet, pass or channel.
marine tidal flow process
A material transport process during which a volume of material is displaced due to a disequilibrium in physical forces and during which 1) the qualities that inhere in that volume and 2) the processes that are unfolding within it are largely unchanged.
Advective processes are disjoint from diffusive processes. Typically, fluids are advected.
advective transport process
An ice mass which is attached to a bed underneath a body of water.
anchor ice
A marine current which is maintained by a tidal flow process.
This class aligns to an ambiguously defined unit of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS), "Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/643.html). In CMECS, this is treated as a hydroform, but is defined as a process (while some of its subclasses are not). In ENVO, we have aligned the CMECS unit according to its definition as a process (ENVO:01001333); however, we maintain this class to allow reference to the hydroform maintained by that process.
marine tidal flow
Anchor ice which is attached to a riverbed.
riverine anchor ice
A marine zone in which ocean waters undergo a diurnal (once per day) tidal oscillation - with one high and one low tide per day - due to the supression of a second daily oscillation by the geometry of the ocean basin and obstructions presented by land masses.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. In this case, the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. Alternate classes have been created to accommodate the process of diurnal tidal flow. The as the frequency of the process does not influence the semantics of the resulting hydroform, please use ENVO_01001336 to reference the hydroform rather than the zone or the process. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
diurnal marine tidal flow zone
A tidal flow process which occurs once per day in ocean waters where a second daily oscillation is blocked by land masses or ocean basin geometry.
This class broadly aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). This class is provided as the processual equivalent of CMECS unit 664 "Diurnal Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/664.html); however, based on its definition, CMECS:664 is more accurately mapped to ENVO:01001338 as the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. A class has been created to accommodate the semantics of the resulting hydroform (ENVO:01001336). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
diurnal marine tidal flow process
A marine tidal flow zone in which ocean waters undergo a semi-diurnal (twice per day) tidal oscillation - with two high and two low tides per day of roughly equal amplitude.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. In this case, the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. Alternate classes have been created to accommodate the process of diurnal tidal flow. The as the frequency of the process does not influence the semantics of the resulting hydroform, please use ENVO:01001336 to reference the hydroform rather than the zone or the process. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
semi-diurnal marine tidal flow zone
An environmental zone in which varying gravitational forces from astronomical bodies, combined with the rotation of the astronomical body containing the zone, cause marine waters to undergo periodic depth oscillations (tides).
marine tidal flow zone
A water flow process during which movements of water masses caused by varying gravitational and rotational forces from astronomical bodies, combined with the rotation of the astronomical body containing the water mass, cause waters to undergo periodic depth oscillations (tides).
tidal flow process
A marine tidal flow process which occurs twice per day, resulting in two high and two low tides per day, both of roughly equal amplitude.
This class broadly aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). This class is provided as the processual equivalent of CMECS unit 666 "Semi-diurnal Tidal Flow" (https://cmecscatalog.org/cmecs/classification/unit/666.html); however, based on its definition, CMECS:666 is more accurately mapped to ENVO:01001340 as the definition aligns with ENVO's "environmental zone" semantics. A class has been created to accommodate the semantics of the resulting hydroform (ENVO:01001336). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
semi-diurnal marine tidal flow process
Anchor ice which is attached to a riverbed where a river flows into a marine water body and which is formed by the freezing of freshwater seeping out of the riverbed's sediments.
fresh water seep riverine bottom-fast ice
freshwater seep riverine bottom-fast ice
freshwater seep riverine anchor ice
An ice mass which is suspended in a water body, being sufficiently buoyant for part of the mass to breach the surface of that water body.
floating ice mass
An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one location on the surface of an astronomical body, transporting it to another location where it is deposited.
erosion
A zone on a glacier which is roughly linear and where the rates of ice ablation and accumulation are approximately equal.
glacial equlibrium line
A zone in which the deposition and accumulation of an environmental material occurs.
material accumulation zone
A zone in which processes resulting in the removal of one or more environmental materials have higher rates than pocesses which result in their deposition and accumulation.
material decumulation zone
A material accumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes exceed those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net icrease in some mass of ice.
ice accumulation zone
A material decumulation zone in which the rates of ice formation processes are below those of ice decumulation processes, leading to a net decrease in some mass of ice.
ice decumulation zone
An ice accumulation zone which overlaps part of a glacier.
This zone usually occurs at higher elevations and generally overlaps the conversion of snow to glacial ice.
glacial ice accumulation zone
An environmental zone in which the rates of two or more processes are roughly equal to one another.
environmental zone of processual equilibrium
QCR: 'contains process' min 2 'environmental system process'
A glacier which is contained in the site bounded by a volcanic crater.
volcanic crater glacier
crater zone
The site which is located in a volcanic crater.
volcanic crater zone
A landform which has been rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall, and which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation.
desert
A climate which is realised through hydrological processes.
hydroclimate
An aerosol formation event which occurs in an atmosphere.
rapid formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
Note that the detection of such events, and thus the thresholds used to define them in the field, are operational and dependent on the technology and observation strategy used. The event must be intense enough, occur in a large enough area, and persist for enough time to allow the formed particle population to be observed. There are no exact or universally agreed upon thresholds for the intensity, area and duration of such events. If elevated new particle formation rate is observed in the atmosphere (away from direct sources of the related gas-phase molecules) for an operationally defined period of time, practitioners often declare that such an event has taken place.
atmospheric aerosolised particle formation event
An alpine tundra ecosystem which exists above the continuous timberline but below the permanent snowline on elevated land in tropical regions.
Paramo ecosystems are known to be evolutionary hotspots and large daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity, often resulting in dialy freez-thaw cycles.
Paramo
A direction which inheres in an atmospheric wind, typically expressed as the inverse of the direction the wind is moving in.
atmospheric wind direction
atmospheric wind speed
The volume of water which has fallen during a precipitation process.
Niederschlagsmenge
While the precipitated material may be water in any of its forms, the volume that this class refers to is that of liquid water.
volume of hydrological precipitation
A system which consists of an atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere, forced or influenced by external processes.
This class, from the IPCC report, is naturally focused on the Earth's climate. The report cites the Sun as the agent of the most important forcing processes. It also considers the direct effect of human activities on the climate system an external forcing
climate system
A process during which gas-phase molecules form solid or liquid particles that are stable enough to continue growing in size - via the condensation or aggregation of other gas-phase molecules - at a greater rate than their constituents re-enter gas phase.
formation of liquid or solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
formation of an aerosol in an atmosphere
formation of an aerosol in the atmosphere
formation of particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere
atmospheric secondary aerosol formation process
A process during which particles suspended in a gaseous medium are formed.
aerosolised particle formation process
A material transport process during which solid or liquid particles are directly introduced into a volume of gas.
primary aerosol formation process
An aerosol formation process during which solid or liquid particles are either 1) formed in a volume of gas through gas-to-liquid or gas-to-solid conversions or 2) increase in size through aggregation with other particles.
secondary aerosol formation process
A shrubland biome which is densely vegetated by dwarf or short mangroves (and associates) that are generally less than 6 meters in height, is tidally influenced, is located in tropical or subtropical areas.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. CMECS provides the following notes: "Commonly found on intertidal mud flats along the shores of estuaries. Tidal mangrove shrublands may include immature stands or stunted mature trees that indicate a harsh growing environment. Areas characterized by tall mangroves (> 6 meters) are placed in the Tidal Mangrove Forest Biotic Group. Where tidal amplitude is relatively low, the vegetation forms narrow bands along the coastal plains, and it rarely penetrates inland more than several kilometers along rivers. Where tidal amplitude is greater, mangroves extend further inland along river courses, forming extensive stands in the major river deltas. Also, mangrove cays may occur within the lagoon complex of barrier reefs. The list of biotic communities for this group is long: a few examples are provided below, and the complete list is available in Appendix F"
tidal mangrove shrubland
An ecosystem which 1) typically has monthly average temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius 2) has a low evapotranspiration ratio 3) is dominated by treeless terrain, covered by communities of low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens, 4) contains areas of soil underlain by permafrost with a thin active layer and 5) occurs in both polar and alpine regions (i.e., both high latitudes and high altitudes), and 5) does not have permanent snow or ice cover.
Tundra ecosysems are often underlaid by permafrost, with the result that drainage is bad and the soil may be saturated for long periods. It does not have a permanent snow-ice cover. Productivity is low in this biome because of the extremes of climate.
tundra ecosystem
This definition is a synthesis of the following sources: NSIDC Glossary accessed 2016, IPCC WGII AR5 2014, Van Everdingen International Permafrost Association 2005, AMS - glossary of meteorology, PhysicalGeography.net
A tundra ecosystem which exists at high altitudes and where vegetation is stunted due to low temperatures and high winds.
alpine tundra ecosystem
An aerosol formation process during which the rate of particle formation exceeds that which is normally present in the site of its occurrence.
This is similar to the semantics of storms, where increased rates are observed due to external forcings.
aerosolised particle formation event
A secondary aerosol formation process which occurs in an atmosphere at an increased rate relative to background processes of the same kind.
atmospheric new particle formation event
secondary atmospheric aerosol formation event
A physical quality which inheres in a marine water body by virtue of the height, wavelength, period, and directional energy flux of its waves which evolve into swell through nonlinear dynamics.
sea state
A variability quality which inheres in sea ice, particularly in its concentration, area and extent, type, motion, deformation, age, thickness, and volume.
The EOV specification sheet is simply titled as "sea ice", but the description of the EOV is of the variability of sea ice.
sea ice variability
A marine bed which is covered by animals which have benthic habitats, including attached, clinging, sessile, infaunal, burrowing, laying, interstitial, and slow-moving animals, but not animals that have created substrate.
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. An excerpt of the CMECS description: "Faunal Beds are highly dependent on substrate type. Individual species and entire biotic communities have adapted specialized anatomies and behaviors for survival on hard substrates; other species and communities have specialized and developed adaptations for life on soft substrates. Generalist fauna also occur (e.g., certain holothurians, crustaceans, and sponges) that can succeed on both substrate types. However, substrate type is such a defining aspect of the Faunal Bed class that CMECS Faunal Bed subclasses are assigned as physical-biological associations involving both biota and substrate."
marine faunal bed
A elevation quality which inheres in a marine water body by virtue of the position of that water body's surface layer (adjacent to an atmosphere) relative to some reference elevation.
sea surface height
A submerged bed which underlies a marine water body.
sea bottom
marine bed
A marine faunal bed which is dominated by mussels of the Mytilus or Modiolus genera either 1) resting on the sediment surface, 2) partially embedded in the sediment, 3) attached to conspecifics (by using their byssal threads), or 4) attached to a piece of gravel in slightly gravelly fine sediments.
If individual mussels are present in densities sufficient to construct biogenic substrate, please use the mussel reef class.
mussel bed
A marine reef which is located on a shelf (i.e. in the neritic zone) and primarily composed of self-adhered or conglomerated mussel shells.
The CMECs classification references shelf reefs in the definition. Thus this term is focused only on mussel reefs that are neritic.
neritic mussel reef
A marine reef which is present in the depths beyond (offshore relative to) the continental shelf and primarily composed of self-adhered or conglomerated mussel shells.
This class is an extension of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). It provides an oceanic analogue to the neritic mussel reef class (CMECS:338). Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
oceanic mussel reef
An area which is dominated by dense accumulations of mussels attached to a substrate other than conspecifics, including the associated faunal communities and predators present on the mussels (e.g., starfish).
This class aligns to the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions. From the CMECs definition: "Areas where mussels have constructed substrate are classified as Mussel Reef. Areas where mussels are not attached to a hard substrate are classified as Soft Sediment Fauna, Mussel Bed."
area of attached mussel assemblages
An area which is dominated by dense accumulations of mussels, of the genus Modiolus, attached to a substrate other than conspecifics, including the associated faunal communities and predators present on the mussels (e.g., starfish).
area of attached Modiolus assemblages
An environmental zone within which ecological communities of animals are attached to some substrate.
area of attached faunal communities
An oceanic mussel reef which is primarily settled by mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus and primarily composed of self-adhered or conglomerated mussel shells
Bathymodiolus-dominated oceanic mussel reef substrate
This class is an extension of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). It provides an oceanic analogue to the neritic mussel reef class (CMECS:338), with a focus on Bathymodiolus communities. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
Bathymodiolus-dominated oceanic mussel reef
A marine reef which is primarily composed of self-adhered or conglomerated mussel shells.
mussel reef
obsolete Bathymodiolus-dominated oceanic mussel bed
A mussel bed which is located in benthic regions beyond (offshore to) a continental shelf.
This class extends the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). In ENVO, we may adapt the definition for consistency, but the semantics (meaning) of the term should be unaffected. Please consult the CMECS catalogue (https://cmecscatalog.org/) for authoritative and semantically unconstrained definitions.
oceanic mussel bed
A mussel bed which is located in benthic regions that are part of a continental shelf.
neritic mussel bed
An oceanic mussel bed which has mussel communities dominated by members of the genus Bathymodiolus.
Bathymodiolus-dominated oceanic mussel bed
An organic environmental material which is primarily composed of gill tissue.
gill tissue material
Gill tissue material which is part of salt-water mussel in the family Mytilidae
mussel gill tissue material
Mussel gill tissue material which is part of a member of the genus Bathymodiolus.
Bathymodiolus gill tissue material
A material accumulation process during which the solid or liquid parts of an aerosol increase in mass due to mechanical aggregation of existing particles or through chemical conversion of gas-phase material.
accumulation of matter on aerosolised particles
Biomass which is composed primarily of dead organisms, their parts, or their organic derivatives.
necromass
abyssal clay
A soil which has high mineral content and which contain no calcareous material, have less than 10% weatherable minerals its surface layer, and have less than 35% base saturation throughout its volume.
The word "ultisol" is derived from "ultimate", because ultisols were seen as the ultimate product of continuous weathering of minerals in a humid, temperate climate without new soil formation via glaciation.
ultisol
A primary aerosol formation process during which dust particles are suspended in a gaseous medium.
aerosolisation of dust
A process during which dust is aerosolised in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosolisation of dust
An aeroform which is formed as a result of strong upper winds spreading a cirrus homogenitus cloud in the atmosphere and, in turn, causing internal tranformations which result in the cloud taking on the appearnce of natural cirri-form clouds.
Once these clouds resemble natural cirri-form clouds (Cirrus, Cirrocumulus, Cirrostratus), they are classified as such.
homomutatus cloud
An environmental process during which a haze is formed by the aerosolisation of solid particles, including natural materials and anthropogenic pollutants, in an atmosphere.
haze formation process
An aersolised mass of dust, smoke, or other dry particulates which scatters visible light thus obsscuring visibility through an atmosphere.
haze
A haze formation process which has an increased rate relative to that which is usually present in a given site.
haze formation event
An ecosystem which is of larger scale than an ecoregion and which includes smaller ecosystems determined by the presence of ecological assemblages that have at least some cohesion over evolutionary time frames.
Assemblages within provinces will show endemism, principally at the level of species. While this may be partly explained by historical isolation, abiotic environmental features and coniditions will play a strong role. These may include geomorphological features (isolated island and shelf systems, semi-enclosed seas); hydrographic features (currents, upwellings, ice dynamics); or geochemical influences (broadest-scale elements of nutrient supply and salinity).” Examples include Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic, and Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific.
ecological province
An anthropogenic environment which is bounded by the building envelope of a laboratory and in which a system of manufactured products exert control on one or more of its environmental conditions.
laboratory environment
A research facility in which systems of manufactured products control internal conditions and in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
research laboratory
laboratory facility
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into structural elements resembling grains or ripples, 2) is almost exclusively composed of ice crystals, 3) is located in the high level of the atmosphere (high étage).
Cirrocumulus-Wolke
Hohe Schäfchenwolke
Zirrokumulus
When present in aggregates, individual cirrocumulus clouds are merged or separate, and regularly arranged in a thin patch, sheet or layer. Most of the small structural elements have an apparent width of less than one degree. Strongly supercooled water droplets may occur but are usually rapidly replaced by ice crystals. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) cirrocumulus clouds appear white. Absence of any precipitation.
cirrocumulus cloud
A cloud which 1) occurs in the form of a smooth or fibrous veil, 2) is composed of few small ice crystals, 3) is located in the high level of the atmosphere (high étage).
Cirrostratus
Hohe Schleierwolke
Zirrostratus
Cirrostratus clouds totally or partly cover the sky and are always thin enough to show the disc of the local star. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) cirrostratus clouds appear transparent or whitish. Cirrostratus clouds generally produce halo phenomena; sometimes the veil of cirrostratus is so thin that a halo provides the only indication of its presence. Absence of any precipitation.
cirrostratus cloud
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into laminae, rounded masses or rolls, 2) is exclusively composed of water droplets, 3) is located in the middle level of the atmosphere (middle étage).
This definition is very odd, it seems to allow for such a wide range of variation that the boundaries of this class become suspect. Add more PATO qualities once they have been added to PATO.
Altocumulus-Wolke
Grobe Schäfchenwolke
Altocumulus clouds are sometimes fibrous or diffuse and may or may not be merged. When present in aggregates, individual altocumulus clouds are organised in patches, sheets or layers. Most of the regularly arranged small elements in this cloud type often have an apparent width of between one and five degrees. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) altocumulus clouds appear white, grey, or both white and grey, often with shading. The composition of altocumulus clouds leads to low transparency and sharp outlines of the elements. Absence of any precipitation.
altocumulus cloud
A cloud which 1) occurs in the form of a striated, fibrous, or uniform sheet or layer, 2) is composed of water droplets and ice crystals, 3) is located in the middle level of the atmosphere (middle étage).
Altostratus-Wolke
Mittelhohe Schichtwolke
Striation occurs in the form of grooves or channels in cloud formations, arranged parallel to the flow of the air. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) altostratus clouds appear greyish or bluish. Altostratus clouds do not show halo phenomena when scattering visible range stellar radiation. Altostratus clouds have parts thin enough to reveal the local star at least vaguely, as through ground glass or frosted glass. Altostratus may produce rain, snow or ice pellets. Altostratus is usually found in the middle level, but it often extends higher. Altostratus is generally a layer of great horizontal extent (several tens or hundreds of kilometres) and fairly considerable vertical extent (several hundreds or thousands of metres). In the most complete case, three superposed parts can be distinguished: (a) An upper part, composed wholly or mainly of ice crystals, (b) A middle part, composed of a mixture of ice crystals, snow crystals or snowflakes and supercooled water droplets, (c) A lower part, composed wholly or mainly of ordinary or supercooled water droplets or drops. Sometimes the cloud may consist of only two parts, either: 1) An upper part like (a) above and a lower part like (c) or, 2) An upper part like (b) and a lower part like (c). Less frequently, the entire cloud may also be like (a) or like (b) alone.
altostratus cloud
A cloud which 1) occurs in the form of a layer, 2) is composed of water droplets (sometimes supercooled) and raindrops, or snow crystals and snowflakes, or of a mixture of these liquid and solid particles, 3) is located in the middle level of the atmosphere (middle étage).
Nimbostratus-Wolke
Regen-schichtwolke
Low, ragged clouds frequently occur below the nimbostratus layer, with which they may or may not merge. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) nimbostratus clouds appear grey, often dark grey in colour. Nimbostratus clouds usually have no discernible base. Nimbostratus generally covers a wide area and is of great vertical extent. Nimbostratus is diffused by more or less continuously falling rain or snow or ice pellets, which in most cases reaches the ground. Sometimes nimbostratus clouds have the appearance of being illuminated from the inside. Nimbostratus is almost always found in the middle level, but it usually extends into the other two levels. Nimbostratus is thick enough throughout to blot out the local star.
nimbostratus cloud
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into non-fibrous tessellations, rounded masses, or rolls, 2) is primarily composed of water droplets, and may contain raindrops or, more rarely, snow pellets, snow crystals and snowflakes, 3) is located in the low level of the atmosphere (low étage).
Haufenschichtwolke
Stratocumulus-Wolke
When present in aggregates, individual stratocumulus clouds are organised in patches, sheets or layers. Most of the regularly arranged small elements in this cloud type often have an apparent width of more than five degrees. When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) stratocumulus clouds appear grey or whitish, or both grey and whitish in colour. The cloud almost always has dark parts. Fibrous structural elements may emerge when virga is formed. Stratocumulus can have weak falls of rain, snow or snow pellets. Stratocumulus may also be shaped into structural elements which are similar to but do not exactly resemble the ones noted in the definition.
stratocumulus cloud
A cloud which 1) occurs in the form of a layer with a fairly uniform base or, less frequently, ragged patches, 2) is composed of small water droplets, 3) is located in the low level of the atmosphere (low étage).
Stratus-Wolke
niedere Schichtwolke
When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) stratus appears grey in colour. Stratus clouds only produce halo phenomena at very low temperatures. Stratus can have weak falls of drizzle, snow or snow grains. Stratus may allow a clearly visible outline of the local star to be seen through its mass.
stratus cloud
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into rising mounds, domes, or towers with a bulging upper part resembling a cauliflower and a near horizontal or ragged base, 2) is mainly composed of water droplets, 3) is located in the low level of the atmosphere (low étage).
Add more PATO qualities once they have been added to PATO. Note that the domed quality refers to the cauliflower shape (which is itself a variant of domed). This should be replaced with cauliflower shaped once in ENVO.
Cumuluswolke
Haufenwolke
Kumuluswolke
Quellwolke
When well-illuminated by sunlight (excluding during sunrise and sunset) cumulus has has brilliant white sunlit parts and a dark grey base. Cumulus clouds have sharp outlines. When of great vertical extent, cumulus may release precipitation in the form of showers of rain, snow or snow pellets. Cumulus clouds usually have their bases in the low atmospheric level (low étage), but their vertical extent is often so great that their tops may reach into the middle and high atmospheric levels (middle and high étage).
cumulus cloud
A cloud which is formed by condensation events triggered by some anthropogenic processes or the outputs thereof, such as aircraft contrails or emissions from chimneys.
homogenitus cloud
A mining process during which materials are extracted from benthic environments deep below the ocean surface, where no stellar radiation reaches..
"The most valuable of the marine mineral resources is petroleum. About 15% of the world's oil is produced offshore, and extraction capabilities are advancing. One of the largest environmental impacts of deep sea mining are discharged sediment plumes which disperse with ocean currents and thus may negatively influence the marine ecosystem. Coal deposits known as extensions of land deposits , are mined under the sea floor in Japan and England."
benthic deep-sea mining
A cloud which develop locally over forests as a result of increased humidity due to evaporation and evapotranspiration from the tree canopy.
These special clouds will be given the name of the appropriate genus, followed by any appropriate species, variety and supplementary feature, and followed by the special cloud name “silvagenitus” (for example, Stratus silvagenitus).
silvagenitus cloud
A cirrus cloud which occurs as a detached unit or a thin veil and consists of nearly straight or irregularly curved filaments that do not terminate in hooks or tufts.
The species-level term, 'fibratus', applies mainly to clouds of the Cirrus and Cirrostratus genera
cirrus fibratus cloud
A cloud which 1) has been shaped into dense, mountain-like forms or one or more tower-like forms with a flattened upper portion, which often spreads out in the shape of an anvil or plume, 2) is composed of water droplets and, especially in its upper portion, ice crystals, 3) is located in the low level of the atmosphere (low étage), but can extend into the middle and high level of the atmosphere.
Cumulonibus-Wolke
Gewitterwolke
Cumulonimbus clouds have a very dark base which may be merged with low ragged clouds which frequently form underneath this cloud. The upper portion may be smooth, fibrous, or striated. Cumulonimbus also contains large raindrops and, often, snowflakes, snow pellets or hailstones. The water droplets and raindrops may be substantially supercooled. Cumulonimbus is frequently associated with precipitation, sometimes in the form of virga. Cumulonimbus is often accompanied by lightning, thunder or hail. Cumulonimbus usually have their bases in the low level, but their vertical extent is often so great that their tops may reach into the middle and high levels.
cumulonimbus cloud
A mining process during which materials are extracted from the surface, or below the surface, of the ocean floor.
sea bed mining
A cirrus cloud which does not have grey parts and which is often shaped like a comma, terminating at its highest point in a hook, or in a tuft, the upper part of which is not in the form of a rounded protuberance.
cirrus uncinus cloud
A cirrus cloud which 1) is structurally organised in patches, 2) is sufficiently dense to appear greyish when viewed towards the local star and 3) may veil, the local star, obscure its outline, or even hide it entirely.
Cirrus spissatus often originates from the upper part of a Cumulonimbus.
cirrus spissatus cloud
A cirrostratus cloud which occurs as a detached unit or a thin veil and consists of nearly straight or irregularly curved filaments that do not terminate in hooks or tufts.
cirrostratus fibratus cloud
A stratocumulus cloud which 1) has linearly arranged cumuliform protuberances which resemble crenellated turrets or towers, some of which are taller than they are wide in some portion of their upper parts, 2) possess a lower region or base which connects these protuberances.
The species-level term, 'castellanus', applies to Cirrus, Cirrocumulus, Altocumulus and Stratocumulus genera. The castellanus character is especially evident when the clouds are seen from the side.
stratocumulus castellanus cloud
A cirrus cloud which 1) has linearly arranged cumuliform protuberances which resemble crenellated turrets or towers, some of which are taller than they are wide in some portion of their upper parts, 2) possess a lower region or base which connects these protuberances.
cirrus castellanus cloud
A cirrocumulus cloud which 1) has linearly arranged cumuliform protuberances which resemble crenellated turrets or towers, some of which are taller than they are wide in some portion of their upper parts, 2) possess a lower region or base which connects these protuberances.
cirrocumulus castellanus cloud
An altocumulus cloud which 1) has linearly arranged cumuliform protuberances which resemble crenellated turrets or towers, some of which are taller than they are wide in some portion of their upper parts, 2) possess a lower region or base which connects these protuberances.
altocumulus castellanus cloud
A cloud which is primarily composed of water-based aerosols.
On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers only to clouds made up of a water-based material.
water-based cloud
An anthropisation process during which terrestrial environments - natural or anthropised - or parts thereof are altered to facilitate human activities such as agriculture, settlement, or commerce.
Further examples include subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes and converting unused factories into condominia.
land conversion process
A land conversion process during which terrestrial ecosystems are altered to facilitate agricultural activities such as crop cultivation or the rearing of livestock.
This process typically relies on the conversion and development of forests, savannas or grassland. Creation of farmland from wasteland, deserts or previous impervious surfaces is considerably less frequent because of the presence of degraded soil or the lack of fertile soil.
agricultural land conversion process
An anthropogenic environmental process which includes all human activities undertaken in a natural, semi-natural, or anthropised environment.
There are multiple systems of land use classification. This hierarchy aims to be generally applicable, but national systems can be added on request.
land use process
A land use process during which humans access and manage forest ecosystems for 1) the provisioning of wood, forages, water, wildlife, and recreation as well as a broad range of other ecosystem services or 2) the maintenance of the forest ecosystem's health.
"Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as 'sinks' for atmospheric carbon dioxide. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Other common terms are: a verderer, or a silviculturalist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry."
forestry
A land use process during which materials of economic value are extracted from a planet, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
terrestrial mining
A process during which an ecosystem - natural or anthropised - is changed by the actions of humans.
anthropogenic ecosystem conversion process
Deforestation which is planned and executed by humans.
planned deforestation
A planned process during which humans access and obtain resources, benefits, or services from a natural or anthropised ecosystem.
planned environmental usage process
A planned environmental usage process during which a non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or water is extracted from an ecosystem.
mining
A mining process during which rock or mineral deposits are extracted from the terrestrial surface layers of an astronomical body.
quarrying
A mining process which occurs in a marine ecosystem.
marine mining
A mining process during which coal is extracted from the rocky portion of an astronomical body.
This may be either terrestrial or marine.
coal mining
A mining process during which metal ores and minerals that lie near the terrestrial surface of an astronomical body are extracted by removing the overlying material and breaking and loading the ore.
opencast mining
A land use process during which terrestrial environments are modified such that they can grow crop plants or allow the rearing of animals to provide food, fiber, medicines, or other products used by humans.
"Agriculture includes horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming, the breeding and keeping of livestock (including any creature kept for the production of food, wool, skins or fur), the use of land as grazing land, meadow land, osier land, market gardens and nursery grounds, and the use of woodlands where that use is ancillary to the farming of land for other agricultural purposes."
agriculture
A planned environmental usage process during which humans access an environment in order to promote the refreshment of their physical and psychological health through relaxation and leisure activities.
usage of an environment for recreation
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment facilitates the movement of materials and material objects (persons or goods) from place to place, typically with the assistance of a vehicle.
usage of an environment for transportation
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports 1) enterprises concerned with the provision to the public of essentials, such as electricity or water or 2) the basic network or foundation of capital facilities or community investments which are necessary to support economic and community activities.
usage of an environment for infrastructure and utilities
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports the settlement and dwelling of a community of humans.
This class does not include environments which are primarily used for commerce or industry.
usage of an environment for residential activity
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports welfare activities organised by the state or a local authority and carried out by trained personnel.
Services include those provided by health care facilities, places of religious worship, educational facilities, police stations, fire stations, coastguard facilities, public sanitation, non-human animal welfare services, detention services, and other public services.
usage of an environment for community and social services
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports the sale of goods to ultimate consumers, usually in small quantities.
This class includes activities carried out in shops, showrooms, cafes, travel agents, hairdressers, facilities providing financial and professional services, restaurants, public houses, and bars.
usage of an environment for retail activity
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports activities which aim to protect citizens or any geographical area by preparing for or by using military means to resist the attack of an enemy.
This class includes activities carried out in defence establishments, including camps, airfields, and live firing training areas. It excludes sites where defence personnel reside, such as barracks.
usage of an environment for defence
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports manufacturing facilities producing commodities that are sold with the expectation of recovering the total cost of production.
This class includes environments used to support the facilities engaged with a broad variety of manufacturing activities from food and tobacco, to textiles, metals, vehicles, and chemicals.
usage of an environment for industry
A planned environmental usage process during which an environment supports facilities associated with commerce or the earning of a livelihood through means other than manufacturing or the provision of a public service.
This class includes activities carried out in commercial offices, meeting centres, art studios, recording studios, film sets, warehouses, and distribution centres.
usage of an environment for business
A habitat which supports the persistence and growth of a population of Calyptra moths and which overlaps mesic meadows and edges and clearings in vegetated areas.
Calyptra habitat
A mountain which is located on land and which is bounded by an atmosphere or outer space.
terrestrial mountain
A mountain that is part of a polar environment.
polar mountain
A mountain that is part of a temperate environment.
temperate mountain
A mountain that is part of a tropical environment.
tropical mountain
A montane forest ecosystem which 1) is evergreen, 2) present on mountains where there is frequent cloud and mist cover, 3) which has a large proportion of ferns and mosses in its plant communities, growing on all tree trunks and branches present in the ecosystem, and 3) harvests aerosolised water and adds it to the terrestrial water supply.
cloud forest
A visible mass of water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near a planetary surface, formed when humid air cools rapidly.
This class refers only to mist formed by materials primarily composed of water. Mist is less dense than fog, and visibility is typically greater than one kilometre.
mist
A mountain which has a maximum elevation greater than 2500 metres above sea level.
On Earth, mountains in this category cross the atmospheric oxycline above which oxygen concentrations fall below the physiological tolerance threshold of most humans. Note that the threshold elevations are inconsistent between the various reports which list this classification: while some have overlapping thresholds, others are non-overlapping. The latter model is used in ENVO for coherence and to adhere to the Kapos et al. 2000 reference.
high-elevation mountain
A mountain which has a maximum elevation between 300 and 2499 metres above sea level and slopes greater than or equal to two degrees of inclination.
On Earth, mountains in this category are below the atmospheric oxycline above which oxygen concentrations fall below the physiological tolerance threshold of most humans. Note that the threshold elevations are inconsistent between the various reports which list this classification: while some have overlapping thresholds, others are non-overlapping. The latter model is used in ENVO for coherence and to adhere to the Kapos et al. 2000 reference.
mid-elevation mountain
A high-elevation mountain which has a maximum elevation greater than 4500 metres above sea level.
UNEP-WCMC class 1 mountain
A high-elevation mountain which has a maximum elevation between 3500 and 4500 metres above sea level.
UNEP-WCMC class 2 mountain
A high-elevation mountain which has a maximum elevation between 2500 and 3500 metres above sea level.
UNEP-WCMC class 3 mountain
A mid-elevation mountain which has a maximum elevation between 1500 and 2499 metres above sea level and a slope greater than or equal to two degrees.
UNEP-WCMC class 4 mountain
A mid-elevation mountain which has a maximum elevation between 1000 and 1499 metres above sea level and either 1) a slope greater than or equal to five degrees or 2) a local elevation range, within a 7 kilometre radius, of greater than 300 metres above sea level.
UNEP-WCMC class 5 mountain
A mid-elevation mountain which has a maximum elevation between 300 and 999 metres above sea level and a local elevation range, within a 7 kilometre radius, of greater than 300 metres above sea level.
UNEP-WCMC class 6 mountain
An elevated inner basin or plateau surrounded by mountains, but not - itself - a mountain.
This is an odd class, as it's not a mountain in itself but is used to classify elevated basins and plateaus surrounded by mountains.
UNEP-WCMC class 7 mountain
An ecosystem which overlaps those areas of the foreshore and seabed that are exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide.
These semantics link with those of environmental zones. Use this class to refer to the ecosystem rather than the area that it occupies.
intertidal ecosystem
A system of constructed and manufactured products which are used by humans to produce data, information, or knowledge about material, immaterial, or processual entities.
observing system
An observing system which generates long-term data about one or more entities of interest, typically using standardised methodology.
observatory system
atmospheric observatory system
marine observatory system
terrestrial observatory system
astronomical observatory system
An observatory system which includes components used to generate (meta)genomic, (meta)transcriptomic, (meta)proteomic, metabolomic, and other omic data, information, and knowledge.
omics observatory system
A liquid astronomical body part which is continuous and is delimited by physical discontinuities or non-liquid boundaries.
body of liquid
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of liquid material.
liquid astronomical body part
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of gaseous material.
gaseous astronomical body part
A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of fluid.
fluid astronomical body part
A building which is primarily used for the long-term habitation of humans.
domestic building
A prison facility which is owned and operated by a state.
public correctional center
public correctional centre
public correctional facility
public detention center
public detention centre
public gaol
public jail
public lock-up
public penitentiary
public remand center
public remand centre
detention center
gaol
penitentiary
remand center
public prison
A tornado is an aeroform consisting of at least one rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of an astronomical body and pendant from within or beneath a cumulonimbus or cumulus cloud.
twister
whirlwind
This class refers to tornados on Earth, but can be used as the basis for a more generalised class for tornados which a composed of gaseous materials other than air.
tornado
A surface layer where the solid or liquid material of an astronomical body comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.
land surface
surface of an astronomical body
A fire whirl is a whirlwind induced by the contraction and rotation of intense, rising heat and turbulent, eddying air masses resulting from a large fire and made up of a core of burning matter surrounded by a rotating pocket of air.
fire devil
fire swirl
fire tornado
fire twister
firenado
Note that this not a sublcass of "tornado": this is a different phenomenon formed as a result of convection induced by fire.
fire whirl
A tornado which comprises two or more columns of spinning air rotating about their own axis and at the same time around a common center.
multiple vortex tornado
A tornado which a) is not associated with a mesocyclone and is thus relatively weak and short-lived, b) is centred on a small, smooth condensation funnel which often does not reach the planetary surface, and c) forms a distinctively laminar cloud of dust when it makes contact with the land.
dust-tube tornado
fair weather waterspout on land
land spout
landspout
A tornado which connects a cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud to a body of water, often transporting water from that water body along the spiraling winds constituting its vortex.
water spout
Wikipedia notes that there is disagreement over whether to classify waterspouts as true tornadoes.
waterspout
A vehicle which is able to travel through air in an atmosphere.
aircraft
A slope of land descending laterally from a hill, mountain or main crest of a ridge.
spur
A mass of environmental material which has been formed as the result of its transport into an existing mass of another material.
intrusion
An elevation which is flattened across its highest surface.
flattened elevation
A remote sensing process during which image data about an astronomical body or object is generated by sensors mounted on a satellite.
satellite imaging
A remote sensing process during which image data about a planet is generated by sensors mounted on a satellite.
satellite imaging of a planet
moonmoon
Dioxygen which is the solute in a solution with ocean water as its solvent.
dioxygen dissolved in marine water
This is the label that GOOS uses in its EOV specification sheet, found here: https://www.goosocean.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=download&id=35904&version=2.0&lang=1&format=1
A macronutrient role which inheres in nitrate, nitrogen dioxide, ammonium, silicon, or phosphate dissolved in ocean water.
inorganic macronutrient dissolved in ocean water
A system which is composed of carbon-based chemical entities dissolved in or otherwise part of an ocean or sea and the atmosphere adjacent to it, undergoing constant exchange through biogeochemical cycling.
To measure the state and dynamics of the ocean's carbonate system, at least two of the following qualities must be measured: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA), Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and pH.
carbonate system of ocean water
A process by which landforms are formed from the thawing of ice-rich permafrost or the melting of massive ground ice.
Landforms found in Thermokarst terrain include alases, thermokarst lakes, and thermokarst mounds. Landscape dominated by depressions, pits, and caves that is created by the thawing of ground ice in high latitude locations. Resembles karst landscape but is not created by chemical weathering.
thermokarst formation process
An active ecosystem management process which targets an agricultural ecosystem.
Agrarumweltmaßnahme
agricultural environment management
active agri-ecosystem management process
A pollution process during which artificial light with wavelengths in the visible spectrum is released into the environment.
Lichtverschmutzung
This form of pollution is typically the result of urbanisation or similar land use change.
anthropogenic light pollution
An electromagnetic radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a manufactured product.
radiation from a manufactured product
Radiation from a manufactured product during which light between the wavelenghts of 380 nm and 760 nm is emitted.
optical radiation from a manufactured product
visible spectrum radiation from a manufactured product
A solid surface layer which is that part of a glacier in contact with a planetary atmosphere, water body, or solid material partially surrounding that glacier.
glacial surface layer
A velocity quality which inheres in the surface layer of a glacier.
glacial surface layer velocity
A tundra biome which exists at high altitudes and where vegetation - dominated by a few species of dwarf shrubs, a few grasses, sedges, lichens, and mosses - is stunted due to low temperatures and high winds.
The absence of trees in this biome is primarily due to high altitude rather than high latitude. On Earth, it lies roughly between the summer isotherm of 10 degrees Centigrade and the snow line. Primary productivity is low in this biome because of the extremes of climate.
alpine tundra biome
An ice mass which has calved off an larger mass of ice.
This definition is intentionally broad to include the multiple existing and used definitions of ice calfs.
ice calf
An ice calf which is suspended in a water mass, being partially exposed to an atmosphere.
floating ice calf
An ice calf which is frozen to the bed of an ocean or other water body.
anchored ice calf
terrestrial ice calf
A material transformation process during which a material's viscosity increase either through a reduction in temperature, through chemical reactions, or other physical effects.
Sometimes the increase in viscosity is great enough to crystallize or solidify the substance in question.
material congelation process
Water ice which is formed by the freezing of fresh water.
freshwater ice
Sea ice which 1) has formed on the submerged surface (i.e. the base) of an existing mass of sea ice and 2) is composed of columnar crystals due to the downward growth of the crystals into the water.
Congelation ice usually forms through the fusion/coalescence of platelets into solid ice.
congelation sea ice
Common in limnology, but frequently used in other contexts (e.g. on roads).
Water ice which has formed in a mass of permafrost.
permafrost congelation ice
Freshwater ice which forms downward from the surface of a freshwater water body and is transparent due to a reduced number of air bubbles trapped in its mass.
congelation ice in a fresh water body
Freshwater ice which forms on a solid substrate through the freezing of freshwater.
freshwater congelation ice
Freshwater congelation ice which has formed on a solid substrate in an ice cave.
ice cave congelation ice
A floating mass of ice which is 1) unattached to land or land-fast ice and 2) moved by the action of winds or currents.
Prior to approximately 2014, drift ice was synonymous with the various grades of pack ice, described as very open (with an ice concentration of 1/10 to 3/10), open (4/10 to 6/10, with many leads and polynyas and the floes generally not in contact with one another), close (7/10 to 8/10, composed of floes mostly in contact), very close (9/10 to less than 10/10), and compact (10/10, with no water visible, called consolidated pack ice if the floes are frozen together). This is deprecated, with pack ice now referring to drift ice with a concentration equal to or above 7/10; however, other usages are still common.
drift ice mass
A drift ice mass which is composed primarily of sea ice.
drifting sea ice mass
Researchers of sea ice typically refer to this class simply as "drift ice".
An area in which masses of drift ice aggregate such that they cover a minimum of 7/10ths-8/10ths of the surface the water body they are floating in.
area of pack ice
An environmental zone that overlaps that part of a water body covered or partially covered by sea ice.
area of sea ice
An area in which masses of drift ice aggregate such that they cover less than 7/10ths of the surface the water body they are floating in.
area of drift ice
A mass of sea ice which 1) is less than 2 meters in thickness and 2) forms along the coast, where it is attached to the shore, to an ice wall, to an ice front, or between shoals or grounded icebergs.
Fast ice is central to the livelihoods of Arctic coastal communities who use it to access fishing and hunting grounds. Vertical fluctuations may be observed during changes of sea level. Fast ice may be formed on site from sea water or by freezing of pack ice of any age to the shore, and it may extend a few yards (meters) or several hundred miles (kilometers) from the coast. Fast ice may be more than one year old and may then be prefixed with appropriate age category (old, second- year, or multiyear). If it is thicker than about 7 ft (2 m) above sea level, it is called an ice shelf.
fast ice
Small, needle-like (spicules), plate-like, or discoid crystals derived from nearly pure fresh water, suspended in a water body.
Needs to have axioms added pertaining to the semantics of colloids and suspensions once they have been resolved see: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/91#issuecomment-290711238 Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice.
Typically 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. These may form in both marine water and fresh water. They represent the first stages of sea ice growth; they merge under calm conditions to form thin sheets of ice on the surface (frazil ice), and consist of nearly pure fresh water. In fresh water, they form in supercooled water that is too turbulent to permit coagulation into sheet ice. This is most common in swiftly flowing streams. They may accumulate as anchor ice on submerged objects obstructing the water flow.
frazil
Land which is below the freezing point of water.
Perennially and seasonally frozen ground can vary from being partially to extensively frozen depending on the extent of the phase change. It may be described as hard frozen ground, plastic frozen ground, or dry frozen ground, depending on the pore ice and unfrozen water contents and its compressibility under load.
frozen land
Frozen soil which is firmly cemented by water ice, is subject to brittle failure, and exhibits practically no consolidation under load.
hard-frozen soil
Soil which is below the freezing point of water.
frozen soil
Frozen soil which is cemented by water ice but has viscous properties due to its high, unfrozen water content and therefore will compress and deform under load.
plastic-frozen soil
Frozen soil which has very low total water content and is not cemented by ice; its compressibility is the same as that of unfrozen soils having the same composition, total water content and density.
friable-frozen soil
An ice mass which constitutes that part of a glacier which has the lowest elevation.
glacier snout
An ice mass which has been drilled from an accumulation of snow and ice that has built up over many years and that has recrystallized and has trapped air bubbles from previous time periods.
TODO: add axiom to show this is the output of a "sampling process"
The composition of an ice core can be used to reconstruct past climates and climate change; typically removed from an ice sheet (Antarctica and Greenland) or from high mountain glaciers elsewhere.
water ice core
An ice field which is primarily composoed of sea ice floes greater than 10 kilometers across.
The floes in a sea ice field must be greater than 10 km across, at least at one location in the field.
sea ice field
Note that SWEET's IceField only refers to sea ice fields.
An ice field which is constituted by a continuous accumulation of snow and glacier ice that completely fills a mountain basin or covers a low-relief mountain plateau.
The definition in the GCW assessment notes that the depth of snow or ice must be of "a substantial depth". This is in need of specification. When the thickness become great enough, tongues of ice overflow the basins or plateaus as Valley Glaciers.
glacier ice field
An advective transport process during which a mass of ice is transported from one location to another.
mass ice flow
An iceberg which 1) has a flat upper surface, 2) is derived from an ice shelf, ice tongue, or floating tidewater glacier via detachment.
Newly formed tabular icebergs have nearly vertical sides and flat tops. In the Antarctic, they may be tens of kilometers wide, up to 160 km (100 miles) long, and as much as 300 m (1000 ft) thick, with about 30 m (100 ft) exposed above the sea surface. In the Arctic, large icebergs of this type are called ice islands, but they are considerably smaller than the largest of the antarctic variety. Has synonyms tabular berg, table iceberg. Formerly called barrier iceberg.
tabular iceberg
This synonym is no longer in common use.
An ice mass which is composed of a large amount of sea ice in the form of a hummock or a group of such hummocks, frozen together and separated from any surrounding ice by sea water.
Floebergs may float up to 17 ft (5 m) above sea level.
floeberg
An ice mass which is composed primarily of sea ice.
sea ice mass
An elevation which is formed by pressure at the point of contact between ice floes, resulting in a conglomeration of broken ice.
Sea ice hummocks may be fresh or weathered. The weathering of hummocks is similar to young mountain peaks with steep slopes that erode into smooth, rolling hills, in this case during the summer melt season. The submerged volume of broken ice under the hummock, forced downwards by pressure, is termed a bummock.
sea ice hummock
A hummock which is primarily composed of soil that has been pushed up by frost action.
Permafrost hummocks are often found in uniformly spaced large groups. Hummocks can form in areas of permafrost or seasonally frozen ground, and are one of the most common surface features of the Arctic.
frost-formed hummock
A valley glacier which has one or more tributary glaciers as parts.
branched valley glacier
A valley glacier which does not have any tributary glaciers flowing into it.
Definition should be revised in a positivist mode.
simple valley glacier
A glacier which flows into a larger glacier.
Tributary glaciers usually merge into a glacier which is at lower elevation.
tributary glacier
A surface layer which is composed primarily of ice.
ice surface layer
An ice surface layer which is primarily composed of water ice.
water ice surface layer
An two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary which overlaps the surface layer of a mass of ice.
This class was created during a semantic harmonisation exercise with the SWEET resource, currently adminstered by Earth Science Information Partners. Its subclass(es) are mapped to the corresponding SWEET terms, which were determined to align with fiat boundaries rather than physical ones.
two-dimensional fiat ice surface
A two-dimensional fiat ice surface which overlaps the surface layer of a mass of water ice.
This class was created during a semantic harmonisation exercise with the SWEET resource, currently adminstered by Earth Science Information Partners. It is mapped to the corresponding SWEET term, which was determined to align with fiat boundaries rather than physical ones.
two-dimensional fiat water ice surface
An ice mass which has broken away from a larger ice mass on land, such as a glacier or ice shelf, and may be either afloat or aground.
The greater part of an iceberg's mass (4/5 to 8/9) is below sea level, which makes them dangerous to shipping in high and mid-latitude regions of the ocean. The top of an ice berg usually protrudes more than 5 m above water-level and typically extends from tens of meters to many tens of kilometres across. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled, dry-docked, blocky, weathered or glacier bergs in addition to having a size qualifier. Icebergs are not sea ice, when they melt they add fresh water to the ocean. The unmodified term "iceberg" usually refers to the irregular masses of ice formed by the calving of glaciers along an orographically rough coast, whereas tabular icebergs and ice islands are calved from an ice shelf, while bergs formed from sea ice are called floebergs. In decreasing size, they are classified as: ice island (few thousand square meters to 500 km^2 in area); tabular iceberg; iceberg; bergy bit (less than 5 m above sea level, between 1 and 200 m^2 in area); and growler (less than 1 m above sea level, about 20 m^2 in area). Alaskan icebergs rarely exceed 500 feet in maximum dimension. Antarctic icebergs originate from the ice mass of the Antarctic continent that has accumulated over many thousands of years.
iceberg
Land ice is any part of the Earth's seasonal or perennial ice cover that has formed over land as the result, principally, of the freezing of precipitation; opposed to sea ice formed by the freezing of seawater. Thus, an iceberg or tabular iceberg is land ice as well as its parent glacier, ice sheet, or ice shelf. The two major concentrations of land ice are the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. Glaciers and ice caps are the other important forms; however, some members of the glaciology community hold that glaciers (i.e. rock glaciers) need not have any ice.
land ice mass
A material congelation process during which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its melting point.
freezing
A freezing process during which liquid water is transformed into water ice.
freezing of water into water ice
An ice lead which occurs in a marine water body and is bounded by sea ice.
sea-ice lead
Alignment uncertain, to be revised pending SWEET clarification.
A surface layer of a water body which has been formed as the result of surface ice fracturing and moving apart.
Generally, leads are wide enough (and deep enough) for navigation by surface vessels. The term is generally applied to linear features. If the open area is very large it may be called a polynya, although the application of these terms is under debate.
ice lead
An ice lead between a mass of fast ice and a mass of pack ice.
flaw lead
An ice lead which occurs between the shore and pack ice.
shore lead
A water surface that is part of a water body.
surface layer of a water body
An ice lead within which new, nilas, and young ice has formed.
frozen lead
A drift ice mass which has an ice concentration above or equal to 7/10: which covers 70% or more of a given area of a water body.
pack ice mass
Prior to approximately 2014, "pack ice" was used for all ranges of drift ice concentrations, thus the terms were in close synonymy.
Ice which has formed as the result of freezing of water which was part of a water body.
In the United States, NOAA considers ice formed from the freezing of the waters of the Great Lakes as being the same as sea ice. This class attempts to provide a distinction for clarity.
water-body-derived ice
An environmental zone which overlaps that part of an ocean or sea within which 1) sea ice is present only part of the year, 2) extends from the permanent ice zone to the boundary where winter sea ice extent is at a maximum, and 3) primarily overlaps first-year ice when seasonal ice is present.
As this part of the environment is defined by a seasonal process, some of its differentia aren't physically there at all times of its existence.Thus, all boundaries of this entity are fiat.
area of seasonal sea ice
A layer which is composed of ground that 1) remains unfrozen due to increased solute concentration and 2) is present within a mass of permafrost.
cryopeg
An environmental material which is primarily composed of a dispersed phase of insoluable particles, approximately between 1 nanometer and 1 micrometer in maximum dimension, distributed throughout a material acting as a medium of suspension.
Wikipedia lists several forms of colloidal suspension such as colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols.
colloidal suspension
An environmental material which is solid, jelly-like, and exhibits no flow when in steady state material and which contains liquid dispersed in and held in place by cross-linked structures of a solid medium.
gel
A gel which is primarily composed of a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.
hydrogel
Particulate environmental material which 1) is primarily composed of a fine, granular material such as sand, silt, or clay suspended in and saturated by water and 2) readily liquefies when weight is applied, losing strength and permitting objects to sink until their weight and buoyancy offset the weight of the displaced quicksand.
quicksand
An aggregate of raindrops falling to a planetary surface during a precipitation process.
rain
Rain which is composed of water droplets falling to a planetary surface during a rainfall process.
water-based rain
Sound which is lower in frequency than 20 Hertz, or cycles per second.
20 Hertz is the average limit of human hearing.
infrasound
An environmental zone which 1) contains ecosystems, constructed features, or other entities deemed to be of natural, historical, cultural, or other significance and 2) has been afforded legal protections restricting one or more forms of use by a competent authority.
protected area
An elevation which is formed as an ice mass forms under soil, resulting in upwards deformation of the land surface.
frost heave
An ecoregion which is located on a landmass.
terrestrial ecoregion
A surface layer which is part of an ocean or sea.
At this level, the depth of this layer is ambiguous. Some methods (telemetry) measure only the first few centimeters of the sea or ocean surface. In situ methods often sample the first few meters. Subclasses can be created for such cases. Sea surface layer is also used to refer to the surfaces of oceans.
sea surface layer
Land which is present within a forest biome.
forest floor
speed of a water current
The original label in the NERC VS P01 was: "Speed of water current (Eulerian measurement) in the water body". We don't address the methodological dimension here.
A hydroform which is maintained by a continuous, directed movement of water, generated by disequilibria in a water mass.
Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.
water current
A fuel oil which 1) is derived from petroleum oil, 2) has a strong odor, 3) produces large quantities of soot relative to other fuel oils, 4) is less refined than fuel oils such as paraffin.
For speakers of British English, kerosene is often referred to as paraffin.
kerosene oil
cryospheric layer
A layer of environmental material which is subject to freeze-thaw cycles.
active layer in a cryosphere
A warming process during which the thermal energy in a portion of environmental material is sufficient to melt water-based ice or snow.
Note that ice or snow need not be present in the material in order for it to undergo thawing. The semantics of 'thaw' vs 'melt' are debated in fields such as permafrost geology/physics. This module is thus likely to be dynamic.
thawing process
A process during which the temperature of a portion of environmental material is increased, along with the kinetic energy of its constituent molecules.
Note that melting need not involve warming (e.g. due to extreme gravitational effects). See the melting hierarchy for more terms.
material warming process
A thawing process during which permafrost is warmed beyond the melting point of water-based ice, snow, or other forms of solid water.
permafrost thawing process
Permafrost which contains inclusions of water-based ice.
ice-bearing permafrost
A process during which the temperature of a portion of environmental material is decreased, along with the kinetic energy of its constituent molecules.
Note that ice formation, freezing, etc may have this process as a part, but may also occur without temperature decreases (e.g. through extreme gravitational effects). See the material congelation process hierarchy for more.
material cooling process
Soil which is directly exposed to the atmosphere - with no intervening layer of plant life or other cover - and thus the effects of weathering and erosion.
bare soil
A material accumulation process during which the mass of snow on a surface increases.
This term is used both as a process and as an amount of mass added. Semantically speaking these are two distinct concepts (e.g., accumulation results in accumulation_amount of ice or snow gain), though accumulation_amount would more likely be an attribute. The scope of this term varies depending on the definition. Some definitions constrain themselves snow or ice added to glaciers; while others also include ice fields, snow cover, and/or floating ice. How to resolve this depends on the scope desired. Some definitions include additional discussion of the the physics involved which would be useful for connecting glacier ontologies to atmospheric, hydrologic, etc. ontologies. This information should be captured no matter how the inconsistencies above are resolved.
snow accumulation process
A material accumulation process during which ice forms in an environmental material or an existing accumulation of ice increases in mass.
ice accumulation process
A material accumulation process during which a accumulation of snow and ice forms or increases in mass.
snow and ice accumulation process
A object which is composed primarily of water-based snow and ice.
mass of ice and snow
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being located within a glacier or ice sheet, between their summer surface or bed.
englacial
An environmental system process which occurs within a glacier or ice sheet.
englacial process
A glacial surface layer which is present at the point in time where any given part of a glacier reaches its minimum annual mass.
Note that the glacial summer surface is diachronous. The time that the summer surface is present on a glacier can vary from point to point along the entire glacier. That is, while a high-elevation region of a glacier may have reached its minimum, lower elevation regions may still be ablating. The summer surface is the surface on which the first snow of the new balance year falls. It is easily detectable when it consists of glacier ice, which now includes superimposed ice added during the previous balance year. In the firn area it is recognizable as a well-marked crust, that is, a thin, relatively strong layer with a density near that of ice, and sometimes also (or instead) as a layer of depth hoar at the base of the current year's accumulation. The crust typically originates by recrystallization of the surface snow in late summer to form glaze. It may also be marked by an accumulation of sediment or wind-blown dust. It can be difficult to detect when melting and snowfall alternate during the transition between the ablation season and the accumulation season. In some mass-balance programmes the summer surface is 'labelled' in the vicinity of stakes with a distinctive material, such as sawdust, during a visit late in the ablation season.
glacial summer surface
A glacial surface layer which is adjacent to the bedrock or debris over which a glacier flows.
glacial bed
A tundra ecosystem which is subject to polar climatic conditions.
polar tundra ecosystem
An ecosystem which is determined by the presence of rounded mineral concretions primarily composed of manganese hydroxides on the seafloor.
These are typically found in deep-sea environments - where polymetallic nodules (rounded mineral concretions containing manganese hydroxides and a variety of other minerals) are found at the surface at densities of up to 70 % of the surface area. The nodules provide a substrate for attached hard-bottom fauna to settle in areas where soft-sediments prevail.
polymetallic nodule ecosystem
A water flow process during which fresh or brackish groundwater flows from from a landmass into the sea.
submarine groundwater discharge process
A water flow process during which water flows out of an aquifer.
groundwater discharge process
A water flow process during which water is transported through an aquifer.
groundwater flow
An environmental pollution process during which contaminants derived from agricultural activity are released into an environmental system.
Verschumutzung durch Landwirtschaft
Examples include the release of pesticies and/or antibiotic-laden animal waste into water bodies.
agricultural pollution
An active agri-ecosystem management process during which the variability of land use types or the spatial structure of land under agricultural production is increased.
Agrarlandschaftsdiversifizierung
This includes the introduction or balancing of cover types such as forests, crops, grassland, or land covered by crop cultivars such as wheat, maize, legumes, vegetables.
agricultural landscape diversification process
A conservation process during which the variability of life - from genes to ecosystems - is preserved.
biodiversity conservation process
A biodiversity conservation process during which the variability of insect communities, or parts thereof, is preserved.
Like other forms of conservation, planned management actions (i.e. preservation, maintenance, sustainable use, recovery, enhancement) of natural resources or of a particular ecosystem is typically employed to halt, reverse or slow-down the die off of insects from the impacts of anthropic exploitation or pollution.
insect conservation process
An active agri-ecosystem management process during which an ecosystem is modified for the production of one or a small collection of crops or other agricultural products.
Spezialisierung der Landwirtschaft
Agricultural specialisation is often a means to produce sufficiently large quantities of crops to compete in global markets. Entire landscapes and regions are often dedicated to such production.
agricultural specialisation process
Soil in which segregated ice will form (causing frost heave) under the required conditions of moisture supply and temperature.
The label would apply to all soils in which frost can form, however, the definition of this class suggests that ice segregation is a key property that differentiates this type of soil from others.
frost-susceptible soil
The authoritative definition can be found in the USPA Glossary. Note that the original definition references "earth materials" rather than "soil".
A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from liquid materials in an atmosphere.
formation of solid particles from liquid material in an atmosphere
formation of a solid aerosol from liquid material in an atmosphere
A process during which supercooled water droplets in a cloud freeze into ice crystals.
glaciation of water droplets in a cloud
An interval of time within an ice age and during which temperatures fall resulting in planet-wide glacier advances.
Note that there has been long debate over the usage of this term, leading to some of the ambiguity resolved across the various classes featuring 'glaciation' as a label or synonym in ENVO. For example, see https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/glacierization/354F9D3447C4AE8159D984B235114DE6/core-reader
glaciation
An interval of time within an ice age and during which temperatures rise and result in planet-wide glacier retreat.
interglacial
A temporal interval during which a planet's surface and atmospheric temperatures fall, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets or alpine glaciers.
ice age
Carbonate which is formed as the result of some biological process.
material primarily composed of biogenic carbonates
That part of an atmosphere which is composed of gaseous material.
gaseous part of an atmosphere
A solid material which does not have a regularly organised internal structure.
amorphous solid
A colloidal suspension which is dispersed through a part of a hydrosphere.
colloid suspended in a hydrosphere
Colloidal sediment which is suspended in a part of the hydrosphere.
suspended colloidal sediment
An environmental material which is denser than bromoform.
Axiomatising this with relational density qualities pinned to bromoform would be the next step.
heavy fraction material
An environmental material which is less dense than bromoform.
light fraction material
Waterborne particulate matter which is part of a hydrosphere.
particulate matter in a hydrosphere
An aerosol that is suspended in an atmosphere.
atmospheric aerosol
An estuary in which mixing by tidal forcing exceeds the force of riverine output, resulting in thorough homogenisation of the estuary's water column and the disappearance of a vertical salinity gradient and the freshwater-seawater boundary.
well-mixed estuary
A material transformation process during which solid or liquid particles form and are suspended in a mass of air, thus creating an aerosol.
aerosol formation process
An environmental process which involves glaciers or ice sheets.
Note that ice sheets and glaciers are confounded and confused in multiple communities and across multiple sources.
glacial process
A glacial ice loss process during which the snout (toe) of a glacier shrinks following successive years of negative mass balance.
Glacial retreat is usually evident from the recession of the ice margin on land, or calving in the sea, but also from down-wasting.
glacial retreat
An ice calving process during which a mass of ice falls from a larger mass onto land.
calving of ice onto land
An ice calving process during which a mass of ice falls from a larger mass into a body of water.
calving of ice into water
A frost action process which occurs in cold environments which are not part of a glacier.
Past usage of this term referenced climatic and geomorphic conditions in areas periperal to Pleistocene ice sheets and glaciers. Modern usage refers, however, to a wider range of cold climatic conditions regardless of their proximity to a Glacier, either in space or time. Many, but not all, Periglacial Environments possess Permafrost; all are dominated by Frost Action processes.
periglacial process
A material transport process during which alternate freezing and thawing of moisture in soil, rock and other materials results modifications of those materials and in the formation of structures on, or in, the ground.
Frost action in soils describes the processes of Frost Heave that occurs in the ground during the freezing period, and Thaw Weakening that occurs as the seasonally Frozen Ground thaws. Although it normally refers to seasonal freezing and thawing processes and effects, the term Frost action has also been used to describe the long-term heaving that occurs when soils are subjected continuously to a freezing temperature over a long period of time (years). Frost action contributes to the mechanical weathering (disintegration or breakdown) of soil and rock materials, by frost wedging, Cryoturbation activity, and to the development of cryotexture and cryogenic fabric in soils.
frost action process
A frost action process during which objects embedded in the ground are cumulatively displaced upwards.
frost jacking
A frost action process during which the soil particles are differentially displaced according to their size ranges.
frost sorting
A frost action process during which the pressure of water freezing in cracks, crevices, pores, joints or bedding planes results in the mechanical disintegration, splitting or break-up of rock.
frost wedging
A frost action process during which soil is displaced.
The processes that form irregular structures in earth materials characterized by folded, broken and dislocated beds, and lenses of unconsolidated deposits, including organic horizons and even bedrock. These processes include deep frost penetration, frost action, frost heaving, thaw settlement and all differential movements, including expansion and contraction due to temperature changes and the growth and disappearance of ground ice bodies, whether perennial or seasonal. Low temperatures alone are not enough to produce cryoturbation; the water-ice phase change is necessary. Cryoturbation is an important process in the development of patterned ground.
cryoturbation of soil
A mass of soil moved or disturbed by frost action.
soil cryoturbate
A water flow process which comprises a sudden‐onset high‐magnitude discharge of water and sediment from a glacial source
Glacial runs occur in virtually all glaciated regions of the world and are most commonly directly sourced from any part of a glacier where water can accumulate into a lake. A jökulhlaup usually occurs because a glacial lake drains rapidly due to failure of an ice dam or moraine dam.
glacial run
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being derived from, part of, or otherwise dependent on the seas or oceans.
This class takes the broader meaning of this term. Note that some usages refer to smaller bodies of water, as seas and gulfs, as distinguished from large oceanic bodies.
thalassic
Part of an atmosphere which contains a weather front, bounded by frontal surfaces.
frontal zone
atmospheric frontal zone
An aquaculture process during which marine organisms are cultivated in the open ocean, an enclosure in the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater.
mariculture process
A mariculture process during which organisms are cultivated in cages which allow the passage of materials such as wastes, pathogens, antibiotics, and - should a containment breach occur - cultivated organisms themselves to and from the surrounding marine environment.
open cage mariculture process
A construction which contains the equipment needed to perform mariculture in open cages - permitting the exchange of material with the surrounding marine water.
open cage mariculture facility
A gaseous surface layer which is composed of the warmer air mass(es) along the horizontal density and temperature discontinuity in a weather front.
frontal surface
As stated in the AMS Glossary, this is one interpretation of the term "front", namely "frontal surfaces across which the horizontal density gradient is discontinuous (frontal surface usually refers specifically to the warmer side of the frontal zone);"
frontal surface of a weather front
A surface layer which is composed primarily of some liquid or gas.
fluid surface layer
A cline across which one or more solid environmental materials dissolve into their surrounding fluid.
lysocline
A cline across which nutrient content of a fluid changes rapidly.
nutricline
A cline which is part of a marine water body.
marine cline
A surface layer which separates two portions of fluid with respect to either 1) a discontinuity of some fluid property or 2) some derivative of one of these properties in a direction normal to the interface.
fluid interface layer
A layer which is composed primarily of some fluid.
fluid layer
A fluid interface which separates two fluid masses with differing properties.
fluid front
A fluid front which is composed primarily of gaseous material and separates at least two gaseous masses.
gaseous front
A gaseous front which separates two masses of air with different densities and is a principal cause of meteorological phenomena.
This class refers to Earth's weather fronts. Other forms, not composed of air, are present on other planets and can be created on request. Note: "Since the temperature distribution is the most important regulator of atmospheric density, a front almost invariably separates air masses of different temperature. Along with the basic density criterion and the common temperature criterion, many other features may distinguish a front, such as a pressure trough, a change in wind direction, a moisture discontinuity, and certain characteristic cloud and precipitation forms."
weather front
An object which is composed of a continuous mass of air.
air mass
A fluid surface layer which is composed primarily of some gaseous material.
gaseous surface layer
A layer which separates two portions of environmental material which possess 1) differing compositions, 2) a discontinuity of some property, or 3) some derivative of some property in a direction normal to the interface.
interface layer
A mass of gas which is separated from its surroundings by either 1) a thin liquid layer or 2) a physical or compositional discontinuity.
The thin liquid layer case applies to, e.g., soap bubbles in air. The physical or compositional discontinuity case applies to, e.g., bubbles of CO2 in air or bubbles of air in water.
bubble
An object which is composed primarily of an environmental material
This class and its subclasses refer to objects that are discrete accumulations of environmental materials, generally primarily composed of one or a few main material types.
mass of environmental material
An mass of environmental material which is composed primarily of a solid environmental material
mass of solid material
An object which is composed primarily of a fluid.
fluid mass
mass of fluid
An object which is composed primarily of a gas.
gaseous mass
mass of gas
An object which is composed primarily of a liquid.
liquid mass
mass of liquid
An mass of environmental materials which has appreciable quantities of several individual materials, such that the removal of one would convert the mass into a different entity.
mass of compounded environmental materials
A bubble which is composed primarily of methane.
methane gas bubble
A material isosurface within which pressure is approximately constant.
isobaric surface
A material isosurface within which salinity is approximately constant.
isohaline surface
A material isosurface within which density is approximately constant.
isopycnal surface
A material isosurface within which temperature is approximately constant.
isothermal surface
An isobaric surface that is part of an atmosphere.
envoAtmo
atmospheric isobaric surface
A weather front which separates air masses of tropical and polar origin.
envoPolar
polar front
An environment which has a climate with continually high temperatures and with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year.
tropical environment
An environment which has a climate with warm temperatures and with meagre precipitation.
subtropical environment
An environment which is located in a part of an astronomical body subject to polar climatic conditions.
polar environment
An environment which is located in a part of an astronomical body subject to subpolar climatic conditions.
subpolar environment
An environment which is located in a part of an astronomical body subject to temperate climatic conditions.
temperate environment
A weather front which is nonoccluded and which moves in the direction of the warmer air mass it is adjacent to, such that colder air will occupy the site where warmer air was previously present.
The direction of motion determines whether fronts are "cold", "warm", etc. A front is said to be cold if it's moving in the direction of the warmer air mass it is adjacent to. From the perspective of an observer on the ground, this appears as though the colder air "replaces" the warmer air mass.
cold front
A weather front which is nonoccluded and which moves in the direction of the colder air mass it is adjacent to, such that warmer air will occupy the site where colder air was previously present.
warm front
A weather front at which warm air is ascending to high altitudes along the frontal surface.
anafront
A weather front at which warm air is descending to lower altitudes along the frontal surface.
katafront
A weather front which exists in an equatorial trough separating the air of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of an astronomical body.
tropical front
Note there is controversy if such fronts exist or at least are compatible with frontal theory.
intertropical front
An air mass which is part of the free atmosphere, including the troposphere and stratosphere.
upper air
An atmospheric layer which 1) is located above the planetary boundary layer, 2) in which the effect of friction between moving air masses and the planetary surface is negligible, and 3) in which the air is usually treated (dynamically) as an ideal fluid.
"The base of the free atmosphere is usually taken as the geostrophic wind level."
free atmosphere
A weather front which is part of a mass of upper air.
upper front
A weather front which separates air behind a cold front from air ahead of a warm front.
occluded front
An occluded front which is adjacent to a cold front 1) that is moving away from the coldest air in the vicinity, 2) where the neighbouring cold front undercuts the neighbouring warm front in the occulsion zone, and 3) where the coldest air in the vicinity replaces less cold air towards the surface of the astronomical body.
cold occluded front
An occluded front which is adjacent to a warm front 1) that is moving in the direction of the coldest air in the vicinity, 2) where the original cold front is forced aloft at the warm front surface, and 3) where the coldest air is replaced by less cold air at the surface of the astronomical body.
warm occluded front
An occluded front which is 1) adjacent to a cold and a warm front with no appreciable difference between the temperatures of their bordering air masses and 2) which creates a pressure trough, a wind-shift line, a band of cloudiness, and precipitation at the surface of the astronomical body.
neutral occluded front
A cold front which forms behind a frontal cyclone and within a cold air mass with an appreciable horizontal temperature gradient.
secondary cold front
An atmospheric wind during which cold atmospheric gas flows downwards towards the surface of an astronomical body.
"From its etymology, the term means simply "going down" or "descending," and thus could refer to any descending flow; some authors have further generalized it to include downslope flows such as the foehn or chinook even though they do not represent a flow of cold air. This concept has given rise to the expression katafront, which indicates flow down a sloped cold-frontal surface."
katabatic wind
A katabatic wind during which atmospheric gas flows down the slope of an elevation, typically during periods of light larger-scale winds.
"The many synonyms for downslope flow are sometimes used interchangeably, and this gives rise to ambiguity and confusion. Downslope can be used generically to denote any wind flow blowing down a slope, or it is used specifically for katabatic flows on any scale, such as the nocturnal slope-wind component of mountain–valley wind systems or mountain–plains wind systems." Note also that slope winds are typically classed separately from fall winds, which occur at larger scales.
downslope katabatic wind
A katabatic wind which is driven by the cooling and subsequent sinking of atmospheric gas masses.
cooling-driven katabatic wind
A downslope katabatic wind during which warm, dry atmospheric gas descends along the lee side of a mountain range as a result of synoptic-scale, cross-barrier flow over that range.
foehn wind
An environmental process during which a system does not thermally interact with its surroundings by virtue of a temperature difference between them.
"In an adiabatic process any change in internal energy (for a system of fixed mass) is solely a consequence of working. For an ideal gas and for most atmospheric systems, compression results in warming, expansion results in cooling."
adiabatic process
An adiabatic process during which no condensation of water vapor occurs and no liquid water is present.
dry-adiabatic process
An adiabatic process which involves air saturated with water vapour and the presence of liquid water.
moist-adiabatic process
A katabatic wind during which the low temperature and increased density of a cold mass of atmospheric gas accelerates its descent.
"A fall wind is a larger-scale phenomenon than the individual-slope scale and is produced by accumulated cold air spilling down a slope or over a mountain range. The cold air often either accumulates on a plateau or other elevated terrain, or is part of an extensive cold air mass approaching a mountain range as a cold front."
fall wind
A fall wind which has a source so cold that, when the atmospheric gas reaches the lowlands or coast, the dynamic warming is insufficient to raise its temperature to the normal level for the region; hence it appears as a cold wind.
bora
An atmospheric wind which rapidly forms, lasts for a duration in the order of minutes, and then rapidly decreases in speed.
squall wind
A storm which is nautical, localised, and of high severity local storm considered as a whole: that is, winds and cloud mass and (if any) precipitation, thunder and lightning.
nautical squall
A wind which is driven by the acceleration of flow through a gap, constriction, or channel resulting from large-scale pressure gradient, or by Venturi acceleration through a constricting passage.
jet-effect wind
A jet-effect which passes through a gap, constriction, or channel between mountains in a mountain range or between ranges themselves.
mountain-gap wind
An atmospheric wind which moves up or down a slope and is driven by heating or cooling of that slope.
slope flow
An upslope wind driven by heating at the slope surface under fair-weather conditions.
Unlike the term "katabatic wind", anabatic wind has a focused meaning and suffers from less ambiguity, thus the more precise treatement of this term and its place deeper in the hierarchy.
anabatic wind
A process during which direct stellar radiation interacts with a planetary surface.
insolation process
The broader term can also refer to the amount of radiation received, rather than the process.
A material cooling process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material loses thermal energy to its surroundings.
cooling of a gas
A material cooling process during which a portion of liquid environmental material loses thermal energy to its surroundings.
cooling of a liquid
A material cooling process during which a portion of solid environmental material loses thermal energy to its surroundings.
cooling of a solid
A material cooling process during which a portion of fluid environmental material loses thermal energy to its surroundings.
cooling of a fluid
A material warming process during which the thermal energy in a volume of fluid increases.
warming of a fluid
A process of warming a fluid during which the thermal energy in a volume of gas increases.
warming of a gas
A process of warming a fluid which includes a volume of liquid as a participant.
warming of a liquid
A material warming process during which the thermal energy in a mass of solid material increases.
warming of a solid
A fluid astronomical body part which is plume shaped.
plume
A downslope katabatic wind which is generated by the cooling of atmospheric gas in contact with terrain surfaces.
Note that slope winds are typically classed separately from fall winds, which occur at larger scales.
drainage wind
A front which shows very little mobility.
"Conventionally, a front that is moving at a speed less than about five knots is generally considered to be quasi-stationary. In synoptic chart analysis, a quasi-stationary front is one that has not moved appreciably from its position on the last previous synoptic chart (three or six hours before)."
quasi-stationary front
A drainage wind which flows along the icy surface of a glacier.
glacier wind
An advective transport process during which a fluid moves.
mass fluid flow
A mass fluid flow which moves in the same direction as a planet's rotation, rotating due to a Coriolis effect.
cyclonic circulation
An atmospheric storm during which winds flow with increased rates.
wind storm
A wind storm during which strong gusts of wind occur, transporting atmospheric gas in a linear fashion.
straight-line wind
A downdraft which is of high intensity and which spreads radially, with high speed, across the planetary surface upon reaching it.
downburst
A macroburst during which no or very little rain is generated.
dry macroburst
A macroburst during which large amounts of rain are generated.
wet macroburst
A downburst during which high winds occur over an area less than four kilometres in diameter.
microburst
A downburst during which high winds occur over an area larger than four kilometres in diameter.
macroburst
A microburst during which large amounts of rain are generated.
wet microburst
A microburst during which no or very little rain is generated.
dry microburst
A katabatic wind which is sudden and strong.
downdraft
A material transport process during which parts of an elastic material oscillate around their positions of equilibrium.
vibration process
A vibration process which occurs in the solid parts of an astronomical body as low-frequency acoustic waves pass through them.
seismic vibration process
A seismic vibration process which is caused by a volcanic eruption.
volcanic seismic vibration
A seismic vibration process which is caused by the impact of a solid object on the surface of an astronomical body.
impact-driven seismic vibration
An impact event is a collision between material entities, resulting in changes in one or both of those entities.
This class is valid for impacts of celestial bodies as well as impacts of missiles, etc. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/860
impact event
A seismic vibration process which is caused by an explosion.
explosion-driven seismic vibration
A seismic vibration process which is caused by mass wasting.
mass-wasting-driven seismic vibration
A seismic vibration process which is caused by the collapose of a material entity, sending kinetic energy into astronomical body.
collapse-driven seismic vibration
A process during which the ability of a material entity to maintain its internal organisation fails, resulting in deformation and a breakdown of that organisation.
This is a very general concept, and should likely be elevated to OBO Core rather than held in ENVO.
structural collapse process
A structural collapse process during which the walls of cave are unable to support the load placed upon them.
cave collapse
A seismic vibration process which is caused by an earthquake.
earthquake-driven seismic vibration
A tectonic earthquake which precedes the strongest tectonic earthquake in a series, linked to the same release of energy in the crust.
foreshock
A tectonic earthquake which 1) is embedded in a series of tectonic earthquakes, linked to the same release of energy in the crust and 2) has the largest magnitude of the series.
mainshock
A tectonic earthquake which 1) is embedded in a series of tectonic earthquakes, linked to the same release of energy in the crust and 2) occurs after the mainshock.
aftershock
A fault across which older rocks are pushed above (away from the core of an astronomical body) younger rocks.
thrust fault
A tectonic earthquake which occurs along a thrust fault which does not breach the surface of an astronomical body.
blind thrust earthquake
A thrust fault which does not breach the surface of an astronomical body.
blind thrust fault
An environmental zone which includes those regions of an astronomical body which are not exposed to its atmosphere or space.
subsurface zone of an astronomical body
A tectonic earthquake which has two or more mainshocks of similar magnitude, and which originate from the same fracture zone and stress field.
The mainshocks may be separated by seconds or years. Mainshocks must be within 1.2 units of magnitude of one another and have nearly identical seismic waveforms.
multiplet tectonic earthquake
A tectonic earthquake which occurs at the boundary between two tectonic plates.
interplate earthquake
QCR: 'has participant' min 2 'tectonic plate'
A tectonic earthquake which occurs within the interior parts of a tectonic plate.
intraplate earthquake
QCR: 'has participant' max 1 'tectonic plate'
An ecosystem in which the composition, structure, and function of resident ecological assemblages are primarily determined by a desert.
desert ecosystem
A solid astronomical body part which is part of the landmass of that body.
part of a landmass
A large continuous area of land, either surrounded by sea or contiguous with another landmass.
landmass
A surface of an astronomical body which is part of a water body present on that body.
liquid surface of an astronomical body
A part of an astronomical body which is composed of a continuous medium bearing liquid, gaseous, and solid material in variable quantities.
compound astronomical body part
A surface layer of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of solid material and is not covered by oceans or other bodies of water.
land
A sea which shalowly covers central areas of continents during periods of high sea level that result in marine transgressions.
inland sea
aquatic ecosystem
marine ecosystem
freshwater ecosystem
An ecosystem which primarily occurs on land.
terrestrial ecosystem
A forest ecosystem which includes communities adapted to 1) hot to warm, dry summers, 2) mild to cold, rainy winters, and 3) the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
mediterranean forest
A broadleaf forest which is subject to tropical climate conditions.
tropical broadleaf forest
A broadleaf forest which is subject to subtropical climate conditions.
subtropical broadleaf forest
A broadleaf forest which is subject to temperate climate conditions.
temperate broadleaf forest
An environmental process either driven by or primarily impacting the parts or emergent properties of an ecosystem.
ecosystem process
A mixed forest which is subject to temperate climatic conditions.
temperate mixed forest
A mixed forest which is subject to tropical climatic conditions.
tropical mixed forest
A tropical mixed forest in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state.
tropical mixed forest biome
A tropical broadleaf forest which 1) s subject to a year-round warm climate 2) may receive several hundred centimeters or rain per year and 3) are subject to long dry seasons which last several months.
tropical dry broadleaf forest
A tropical broadleaf forest which 1) has low variability in annual temperature, 2) high levels of rainfall (>200 centimeter annually), and 3) has tree communities dominated by semi-evergreen and evergreen species.
tropical moist broadleaf forest
A subtropical broadleaf forest which 1) s subject to a year-round warm climate 2) may receive several hundred centimeters or rain per year and 3) are subject to long dry seasons which last several months.
subtropical dry broadleaf forest
A subtropical broadleaf forest which 1) has low variability in annual temperature, 2) high levels of rainfall (>200 centimeter annually), and 3) has tree communities dominated by semi-evergreen and evergreen species.
subtropical moist broadleaf forest
A forest ecosystem which is subject to tropical climate conditions.
This class is primarily to be populated by inference.
tropical forest
A forest ecosystem which is subject to subtropical climate conditions.
subtropical forest
A forest ecosystem which is subject to temperate climate conditions.
temperate forest
A grassland ecosystem which is subject to tropical climatic conditions.
tropical grassland
flooded grassland
montane grassland
A grassland which is subject to subtropical climatic conditions.
subtropical grassland
A grassland which is subject to mediterranean climatic conditions.
mediterranean grassland
temperate grassland
subpolar grassland
A material entity which has been assembled through the intentional, instinctual, or deliberately programmed efforts of an organism or machine.
construction
An object which is formed as a result of one or more biological processes and is composed primarily of organic material.
organic object
Cell culturing is the aseptic maintainance and growth of collections of cells outside of an organisms or natural environment in a suitable culture medium.
cell culturing
A manufactured product which has been designed to contain a mass of biomaterial.
biomaterial containment unit
A biomaterial containment unit which is designed to allow the growth and propagation of the biomaterial it contains.
biomaterial culturing unit
A biomaterial culturing unit which is designed to promote the growth of selected cell populations (often at the expense of others) within a community by altering the conditions of the environment within its confines.
enrichment culturing unit
A biomaterial culturing unit which is designed to promote the growth and propagation of cells in an artificial medium.
cell culturing unit
cultured organic material
Sediment through which hydrothermally modified fluids flow, altering its properties through interaction with their own.
hydrothermally-influenced sediment
An enrichment culturing unit which contains environmental material bearing ecological assemblages undergoing selection through experimentally imposed conditions.
active enrichment culturing unit
A plume which is composed primarily of bubbles.
bubble plume
An ecosystem process during which the species composition of an ecosystem gradually changes as species which are more adapted to the prevailing conditions in the ecosystem replace those which are less adapted.
ecological succession
An active enrichment culturing unit which contains environmental material maintained under conditions with no free oxygen.
active anaerobic enrichment culturing unit
An active enrichment culturing unit which contains environmental material maintained under conditions that favour the reduction of sulphate.
active sulphate-reducing enrichment culturing unit
An ecological succession process during which 1) organisms in ecological communities possess high adaptation to the conditions in the ecosystem, 2) participant communities largely fill available niches, 3) individual organisms are typically replaced by others of the same species, 4) a near equilibrium is maintained between gross primary production and total respiration and across biogeochemical cycles.
climactic ecological succession
An ecosystem which is formed as a result of human activity or impact.
anthropised ecosystem
An anthropised ecosystem which is determined by the presence of humans and their constructions.
human settlement
A biome which is subject to tropical climatic conditions.
tropical biome
A biome which is subject to temperate climatic conditions.
temperate biome
A biome which is subject to subtropical climatic conditions.
subtropical biome
A biome which is subject to mediterranean climatic conditions.
mediterranean biome
A biome which is subject to subpolar climatic conditions.
subpolar biome
A biome which is subject to alpine altitudinal conditions.
alpine biome
A biome which is subject to montane altitudinal conditions.
montane biome
A biome which is subject to subapline altitudinal conditions.
subalpine biome
A biome which is subject to arid environmental conditions.
arid biome
An environment in which living organisms have a low likelihood of being harmed or killed
safe environment for living organisms
An environment in which material entities have a low likelihood of being damaged or destroyed.
This branch will be axiomatised in subsequent revisions, most likely using classes from NBO and OAE. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/pull/899 for a link trail.
safe environment
An andosol which derives its silica content from glass and tephra ejected during a volcanic eruption.
volcanic soil
An environmental process during which momentum is transferred from one material entity to another.
Momentum is a bit tricky, it's the product of mass and velocity thus can be understood as rest energy and kinetic energy. But this is variable.
momentum transfer process
QCR: 'has participant' min 2 'material entity'
A momentum transfer process which unfolds as winds generate drag at the bottom of the atmosphere,coupled to dynamical forcing at the surface of the ocean.
atmosphere-ocean momentum transfer process
A rate which inheres in an atmosphere-ocean momentum transfer process.
ocean surface stress
Frost which is composed of interlocking ice crystals formed by vapour transfer (sublimation followed by deposition) of water vapour on some surface.
hoar
Hoar which is usually cup-shaped and facetted and which forms within dry, low-density snow beneath the snow surface.
Depth hoar is associated with very fast crystal growth under large temperature gradients. Sometimes a layer of depth hoar forms just above, and may assist in identifying the summer surface. The low density and low strength of depth hoar can make it difficult to retrieve unbroken core sections during coring, and can complicate estimates of accumulation by microwave remote sensing. Layers of depth hoar also increase the likelihood of avalanching. This is one way in which firn formation may begin. Depth hoar is similar in physical origin to crevasse hoar.
depth hoar
hoarfrost
Water ice which 1) has a white or milky and opaque appearance, 2) has a granular texture, and 3) is formed as a result of the deposition and rapid freezing of supercooled water drops as they make contact with an exposed object.
The previously use definition was: Frost which is 1) composed primarily of granular ice tufts, 2) formed on the windward sides of exposed objects through contact with supercooled fog or cloud, and 3) built out directly against the wind.
Rime is denser and harder than hoarfrost, but lighter, softer, and less transparent than glaze. Rime is composed essentially of discrete ice granules and has densities as low as 0.2-0.3 g cm-3. Glaze is generally continuous but with some air pockets and has much higher densities. Factors that favor rime formation are small drop size, slow accretion, a high degree of supercooling, and rapid dissipation of latent heat of fusion. The opposite effects favor glaze formation. Both rime and glaze occur when supercooled water drops strike an object at a temperature below freezing. Such formation on terrestrial objects constitutes an ice storm; on aircraft, it is called aircraft icing (where rime is known as rime ice). Either rime or glaze may form on snow crystals, droxtals, or other ice particles in the atmosphere. When such a deposit is wholly or chiefly of rime, snow pellets result; when most or all of the deposit is glaze, ordinary hail or ice pellets result. The alternating clear and opaque layers of some hailstones represent glaze and rime, deposited under varying conditions around the growing hailstone.
rime
glaze
An environmental material which is primarily composed of minute ice crystals forming a fuzzy layer over a cold surface by direct deposition of water vapor.
In British usage, a day on which the minimum temperature at the level of the ground or on the tops of low, close-growing vegetation falls to -0.9C (30.4F) or below (also called a "day with ground frost"). In more general usage, "frost" can refer to the condition that exists when the temperature of the Earth's surface and Earthbound objects fall below the melting point of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit). Depending upon the actual values of ambient-air temperature, dewpoint, and the temperature attained by surface objects, frost may occur in a variety of forms. These include a general freeze, hoarfrost (or white frost), and dry freeze (or black frost). If a frost period is sufficiently severe to end the growing season (or delay its beginning), it is commonly referred to as a killing frost.
frost
A field in which geothermal processes occur.
This will usually be a part of a rocky planet's crust, with that planet being of sufficient size and age to allow geothermal activity. Such activity may also arise from gravitational effects of large bodies near a rocky astronomical body.
In many geothermally active fields, wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy.
geothermally active field
A process during which one entity loses energy to another entity.
energy transfer process
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being located in the vicinity of - but not adjacent to or within - a glacier or ice sheet.
periglacial
A geothermally active field within which geothermally heated aqueous fluids are discharged from the the surface of a rocky planet.
Hydrothermal activity in such fields often forming hot springs, geysers or other features at which anomalously hot water is released.
hydrothermal field
A material accumulation process during which the volume of liquid entity increases.
liquid accumulation process
An infrared radiation process which 1) transmits radiant energy has wavelengths between 3.0 and 100 μm, 2) is emitted from a planet and its atmosphere out to space in the form of thermal radiation.
In the Earth's climate system, long-wave radiation involves processes of absorption, scattering, and emissions from atmospheric gases, aerosols, clouds and the surface.
outgoing longwave radiation
An area density which inheres in a clouds by virtue of some influence exerted their mass exerts on a given area.
Positioning under area density may need discussion.
cloud cover
A temperature of air at which air become saturated with water vapour and below which airborne water vapour will condense to form liquid water (dew).
dew point
An atmospheric wind which 1) has an increased rate relative to other winds in the same region and 2) is followed by a lull.
According to U.S. weather observing practice, gusts are reported when the peak wind speed reaches at least 16 knots and the variation in wind speed between the peaks and lulls is at least 9 knots. The duration of a gust is usually less than 20 seconds.
wind gust
An electromagnetic radiation process during which radiant energy with wavelengths in the visible, near-ultraviolet, or near-infrared spectra is realised.
There is no standard cut-off for the near-infrared range; therefore, the shortwave radiation range is also variously defined. It may be broadly defined to include all radiation with a wavelength of 0.1 micrometers and 5.0 micrometers or narrowly defined so as to include only radiation between 0.2 micrometers and 3.0 micrometers.
shortwave radiation
Electromagnetic radidation which involves radiant energy in a spectral range (wave band) between 400 to 700 nanometers, that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis.
Many definitions specify that this is Solar radiation, but consistency is lacking.
photosynthetically active radiation
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in air that is part of an atmosphere.
concentration of carbon dioxide in an atmosphere
A planned process during which an oil or gas well is modified.
Interventions may change state of the well or well geometry, provide well diagnostics, or manage the production of the well.
well intervention
A well intervention during which the production of an oil or gas well is increased by improving the flow of hydrocarbons from the reservoir into the well bore.
well stimulation
A well stimulation technique during which bedrock formations are fractured through the injection of pressurized proppant-bearing liquid into a well-bore.
When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open.
hydraulic fracturing
A liquid environmental material which is composed primarily of water ammended with thickening agents and proppants.
fracking liquid
A well which has been drilled in order to extract natrual gas from subterranean reservoirs and bring it to the surface.
gas well
A depression in the ground resembling a hole or cavity, either natural or anthropogenic.
pit
A pit which is used for the collection and storage of manure.
manure pit
A construction in which eggs are hatched under artificial conditions.
hatchery
A hatchery in which the eggs of poultry are hatched under artificial conditions.
poultry hatchery
A debris flow which is causally preceded by rainfall.
debris flow following rainfall
Snow which is composed of heavily rimed particles typically 2 to 5 millimeters in diameter (0.1 to 0.2 inch).
Subclass by shape into conical, hexagonal, and lump (irregular) graupel. Mark Parsons notes that the formational processes may be a source of useful differentia to distinguish graupel from other snow types.
snow pellets
Often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except for the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm. Sometimes distinguished by shape into conical, hexagonal, and lump (irregular) graupel.
graupel
transient tracer
A transient tracer role which inheres in chemical entities in seawater.
The axiomatisation includes the tracers mentioned in the corresponding GOOS EOV specification sheet, viewable here: https://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=17476
marine transient tracer
Compounds which realise this role can be used in the ocean to quantify ventilation, transit time distribution and transport time-scales. These compounds are all conservative in seawater, or have well-defined decay functions, and a well-established source function over time at the ocean surface.
oceanic transient tracer
A positional quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer in being in physical contact with, or close to, a glacial margin.
The meaning of "close to" is hard to represent accurately. Community agreement on this is not visible.
proglacial
In SWEET this is modelled as a process, however the GCW definitions to not support this understanding.
A positional quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer in being in physical contact with or below a glacial bed.
The lower bound of "below" is ambiguous.
subglacial
A positional quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer in being in physical contact with the upper surface of a glacier or objects on top of the glacier.
supraglacial
Hoar which a) forms on surfaces, b) occurs when the temperature of the surface is colder than the air above and colder than the frost point of that air.
When buried by snowfall, surface hoar may be considered depth hoar. The crystals formed by surface hoar are usually leaf-, fern- or plate-shaped and facetted. Two types of surface hoar are the fernlike ice crystals deposited directly on a snow surface and the hoarfrost that has grown primarily in two dimensions, as on a window or other smooth surface.
surface hoar
A water ice crystal which is a part of a deposit of hoarfrost and which only grows by desublimation.
hoar crystal
A landform which occurs on the surface of an astronomical body.
geographic feature
The usage of "surface" here aligns with that of planetary surface: in contact with the atmosphere or space. The extent of the "surface" can vary. For rocky planets like Earth, astrogeologists consider the crust as the surface.
surface landform
A landform which is submerged underneath a body of liquid.
submerged landform
A solid astronomical body part which has been formed from and is composed primarily of the matter of that astronomical body.
Landforms may be natural or anthropogenic. This term has often has loose usage when referencing entities which are either subterranean or submerged below water bodies. In some cases, oceans themselves are considered landforms. Here, we have provided subclasses to resolve this ambiguity, but place oceans and other water bodies elsewhere.In later revisions, this hiearchy is likely to be reordered based on the formation processes of the entities within it.
landform
A paper product which has been manufactured to facilitate the writing of letters.
letter paper
A mineral spring through which water with elevated concentrations of calcium hydroxide flows.
calcic spring
A mineral spring through which water with elevated concentrations of lithium salts flows.
lithia spring
A spring through which water with elevated concentrations of iron salts flows.
chalybeate spring
A spring through which water with elevated concentrations of hydrated double sulfate aluminium salts flows.
alum spring
A mineral spring through which water with elevated concentrations of sodium, calcium, or magnesium salts flows.
saline spring
salt spring
A mineral spring through which water with a high pH flows.
alkaline spring
A mineral spring through which water with elevated levels of dissolved carbon dioxide gas flows.
soda spring
A mineral spring through which water with elevated levels of radioactive material flows.
radioactive spring
A spring through which water with a neutral pH flows.
neutral spring
A spring through which water with a low pH flows.
acid spring
acidic spring
reef
A vehicle designed to fly in outer space.
spacecraft
A disposition of a material entity which is realised when it is saturated with liquid water.
water-holding capacity
A mass of solid material which is either 1) a minute fragment of a larger mass or 2) one of a collection of small masses composing an aggregate.
particle
A particle which 1) is composed primarily of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals, in turn composed of aluminium and silicon ions bonded into tiny, thin plates by interconnecting oxygen and hydroxide ions, and 2) is or was part of a portion of clay.
clay particle
particle of clay
A one-dimensional temporal region which spans the duration an astronomical body completes one rotation on its axis.
day
A day during which water-based rainfall occurs.
The threshold of precipitation at which humans consider a day 'rainy' is aribitrary.
rainy day
Percolation during which water moves through the interstices of soil.
water percolation through soil
percolation of water through soil
A material transport process during which a fluid is filtered through porous soild or semi-solid materials.
This is not necessarily advective, and the properties of and processes participated in by the fluid may change.
percolation
A material transport process during which a liquid which is not absorbed or otherwise held in place by a material is transported away from its location.
Drainage may occur due to natural (e.g. gravitational) or artificial processes (e.g. pumping)
drainage process
A material transport process which arises spontaneously due to physical heterogeneities in a portion of a material and forces which act throughout its volume.
Most commonly, convective flows are generated by heterogeneities in density or the effects of gravity. When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection frequently occurs in fluids, but may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow.
convective transport process
A physical quality of a process which is characteristic of processes that transport material within a volume due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces across that volume.
convective
A physical quality of a process which is characteristic of process that transport material without, themselves, changing the qualities of those materials or the processes that are unfolding within them.
advective
A material transport process during which material moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
diffusion
Diffusion is also applied to the movement of energy, thus the more specific label. This class will be repositioned (but with the core of its definition intact) if we include other forms of diffusion in ENVO.
material diffusion process
An energy transfer process during which a material entity receives energy through radiation.
The term irradiation usually - but not always - excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infrared, visible light, microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and TV receivers and power supplies. Please use the subclasses of this term for precision.
irradiation
Irradiation during which a material entity receives energy through ionizing radiation.
irradiation by ionising radiation
Usage of this term typically excludes low or background levels of exposure, and is often linked with a purpose such as sterilisation. This class does not differentiate on such a basis, and subclasses - e.g. "irradiation by ionizing radiation for sterilization" can be created for specific applications if required.
irradiation by ionizing radiation
Irradiation during which a material entity receives energy through non-ionizing radiation.
irradiation by non-ionising radiation
Note that some forms of ultraviolet radiation can be ionising, thus it is not included in the logical axioms of this class.
irradiation by non-ionizing radiation
Irradiation during which a material entity receives energy through photosynthetically active radiation.
irradiation by photosynthetically active radiation
Wave energy which inheres in perpendicular electric and magnetic fields and which is realised when they oscillate and propagate.
electromagnetic radiant energy
electromagnetic wave energy
Energy which inheres in a wave and is realised during its propagation.
wave energy
A part of an environmental system whose boundaries are determined by fiat.
Subclasses of this class have fiat (and only fiat) boundaries - that is, boundaries which are determined by human consensus or opinion rather than (and sometimes in contrast to) well-defined physical discontinuities. We distinguish these from entities that have fuzzy or hard to define boundaries that do overlap some form of physical discontinuity.
fiat part of an astronomical object
A gaseous part of an atmosphere in which gases have increased atmospheric pressure.
area of high atmospheric pressure
A hypodermic needle is a medical instrument made from a hollow needle. It is commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body of an organism.
A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn).
Bedclothing is a textile covering used on a bed as a sheet, blanket, or pillowcase.
A pockmark field is an undersea feature formed by shallow seabed depressions, typically several tens of metres across and a few metres deep. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column.
Nesting material is an animal habitation consisting of matierals used to cushion, insulate and protect the young of the organism. The adult will use the material to form a protective structure to house and raise their young. Nests are built primarily by birds, but also by mammals, fish, insects and reptiles.
Livestock is an animal-associated habitat consisting of any domestic or domesticated animal intentionally raised for food or in the production of food or raised as stock to produce food or fibre, in an agricultural setting or for its labour or pen-raised animals raised on licensed game farm operations. Livestock include: bovine animals (including buffalo and bison), ovine animals, porcine animals, caprine animals, , poultry, bees, equine animals, cervidae animals; animals of the genus Lama; ratites (Emu, Ostrich, and Rhea), fish or shellfish in aquaculture facilities, and enclosed domesticated rabbits or hares raised for human food or fiber.
Cultured habitat is an controlled habitat created by humans through laboratory techniques usually for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures.
Tissue culture is the culture of cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions.
This branch should be moved to OBI or a more appropriate ontology.
A cell culture is a growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for experimental research.
Plant tissue culture is the growth or maintenance of plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants in vitro.
Organ culture is the aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium. Animal organs must be small enough to allow the nutrients in the culture medium to penetrate all the cells.
An organic material which is primarily composed of some natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood, a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of amniotic fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of excreta, bodily fluids consisting of matter which contains the waste products of biological processes, including urine or feces, discharged from an organism's body.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of bile, a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of aqueous humour, a bodily fluid consisting of a thick watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea.
An excreta material which is composed primarily of sweat, an excreta consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of chyme, a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of blood plasma, a bodily fluid that comprises the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of ear wax, a bodily fluid consisting of a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of cerebrospinal fluid, a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. CSF is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of chyle, a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of breast milk, is a bodily fluid produced that is secreted from two milk-secreting glandular organs on a female's chest.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of vitreous humor, a bodily fluid consisting of a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of a pleural effusion, a bodily fluid that is produced in excess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of a volume of tears, a bodily fluid consisting of a drop of the clear salty liquid secreted by glands (lacrimal glands) in the eyes. Tears wet the membrane covering the eye and help rid the eye of irritating substances.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of an oronasal secretion, a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of saliva, a slightly alkaline secretion of water, mucin, protein, salts, and often a starch-splitting enzyme (as ptyalin) that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands, lubricates ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of sebum, an oily bodily fluid secreted from the sebaceous glads that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of pus, a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of synovial fluid, a bodily fluid secreted by the synovial membrane into the joint cavity to form a thin layer at the surface of cartilage.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of mucus, a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of lymph, a bodily fluid consisting of a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets.
A bodily fluid material which is composed primarily of interstitial fluid, a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
A biological product is an environmental substrate comprised of any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product available to prevent, treat or cure diseases or injuries in man.
This definition should be revised, it is currently too ambiguous.
Siliceous ooze is a marine sediment composed of the debris of plankton with silica shells, such as diatoms and radiolaria. This ooze is limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2-1 cm / 1000 yr.
Red clay, also known as pelagic clay, accumulates in the deepest and most remote areas of the ocean. Containing less than 30% biogenic material, its composition is a varied mix of very fine quartz and clay minerals, authigenic deposits precipitated directly from seawater, and micrometeorites. Though called "red" because it sometimes takes the color of oxidized iron minerals, it is usually brownish in color. Its ultimate origin is uncertain, but red clay seems to be mostly derived from distant rivers, and windblown dust. Covering 38% of the ocean floor, it accumulates more slowly than any other sediment type, at only 0.1-0.5 cm / 1000 yr.
Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr.
Food material which can be used to meet nutritional requirements of animals, particularly livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs.
Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes.
Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals.
Coastal water is a marine water body bordering a coast.
Raw milk which has not undergone the pasteurization process.
A canopy designed to protect against precipitation or sunlight.
A skin obtained from animals for human use typically from deer or cattle sources used to produce leather, shoes, fashion accessories, musical instruments.
A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed.
Food material which can be used to meet nutritional requirements of plants.
A textile comprised of a pliable material made usually by weaving, felting, or knitting natural or synthetic fibers and filaments.
A soil consisting of the upper layer of soil on the surface consisting of loose material capable of supporting life composed of a mixture of mineral and organic matter.
A written message from one person to another addressed to a person or organization.
This is a legacy term, formerly in the manufactured product hierarchy under "paper product". A "letter paper" term is now present where this term once was. ENVO is not the right ontology for the generically dependent continuant class, but will host it for now.
obsolete unpasteurized sheep milk cheese
An environmental material that is the non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something is burned.
ash
A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock.
The primary uranium ore mineral is uraninite
Dust which is derived from mineral material.
Dust which is composed of fibrous material.
Dust which is composed primarily of some metallic material.
Dust which is derived from clay material.
Dust that comes from grain and all the other substances associated with its cultivation & harvesting.
A surface mine that utilizes a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
A gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale.
A wax that is naturally synthesized by a plant or animal.
A white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
An organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil can be produced.
A drainage process during which water is transported away from peat.
Any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects.
A planned process that is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another.
the residue powder that is derived from the combustion of wood.
wood ash
Ash that is produced from the burning of coal.
coal ash
A very fine, powdery material composed mostly of silica made from the burning of finely ground coal in a boiler.
fly ash
a coarse, angular ash particle that is too large to be carried up into the smoke stacks so it forms in the bottom of the coal furnace.
bottom ash
molten bottom ash from slag tap and cyclone type furnaces that turns into pellets that have a smooth glassy appearance after it is cooled with water.
boiler slag
a material leftover from the process of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from a coal-fired boiler that can be a wet sludge consisting of calcium sulfite or calcium sulfate or a dry powered material that is a mixture of sulfites and sulfates.
flue gas desulfurization material
A human construction which serves as a memorial.
Monuments can commemorate people, animals, populations, events, or any other entity.
constructed monument
A human construction which is used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions.
nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor which uses a neutron moderator to slow neutrons until they approach the average kinetic energy of the surrounding particles.
The term fast neutron may later be added to an ontology external to ENVO. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/pull/1184 for comments.
thermal nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons.
Fast neutrons are neutrons carrying energies above 0.5 MeV or greater, on average. They are defined as in opposition to thermal neutrons used in thermal-neutron reactors.
fast neutron reactor
A nuclear reactor which serves primarily as a neutron source for purposes other than power.
An example use of a research nucelar reactor is the production of radioisotopes for medicine and industry
Research reactors are simpler than power reactors and operate at lower temperatures. They need far less fuel, and far less fission products build up as the fuel is used
research nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor which is used as a source of power.
nuclear power reactor
Soil which is located in a mangrove biome.
Mangrove soils are typically saline, anoxic, acidic and frequently waterlogged.
mangrove biome soil
An environmental material which is unable to resist shear forces and continuously deforms when subject to them.
fluid environmental material
A human construction which is used to process materials into forms that have increased value or utility in downstream processes.
refinery
A refinery which is capable of processing petroleum oil.
Petroleum processing is an industrial process in which crude oil is transformed and refined into useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.
petroleum oil refinery
A refinery which is capable of processing raw sugar. Raw sugar is processed from cane or beets into white refined sugar.
sugar refinery
A refinery which is capable of processing natural gas. Natural-gas processing encompasses a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing impurities, contaminants and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas
natural gas processing plant
A planned process which has the intention of producing, consuming, or transforming materials via the execution of chemical reactions.
chemical engineering process
A planned material transformation process which takes as input a material and removes impurities.
refinement process
A chemical engineering process that produces ammonia en masse via artificial nitrogen fixation.
This process is the primary synthetic means of producing fertilizer
Haber-Bosch process
A chemical engineering process which generates hydrogen gas.
hydrogen production process
A mineral deposit that contains uranium ore.
uranium deposit
A uranium deposit where self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions have occurred.
Oklo is the only known location for this in the world and consists of 16 sites at which self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions are thought to have taken place approximately 1.7 billion years ago, and ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging probably less than 100 kW of thermal power during that time
natural nuclear fission reactor
A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants.
This is a convenience class for organisation and should not be used for annotation.
environmental system process
A type of land degradation in which terrestrial ecosystem becomes increasingly dry, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
desertification
A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water.
flooding
GEMET: http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3301
A process which occurs within an atmosphere.
This class will be populated by inference and is primarily organisational.
atmospheric process
A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.
greenhouse effect
A process which diminishes the functioning of an ecosystem located on land.
An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised.
This could include, for example, reducing soil health, pollinator activity, or an ecosystem's ability to sequester carbon.
A process which consists of all photosynthesis processes instantiated in an ecosystem.
A process which consists of all respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem.
A biogeochemical process during which one or more chemical compounds are sequentially converted into a series of related compounds in a regularly repeating, periodic fashion.
A biogeochemical cycle which has carbon-bearing chemical entities as participants.
Establishment of a new forest by seeding or planting of nonforested land.
Prior to afforestation, the land cover of a region must not include forests.
An ecosystem process during which the flora and fauna belonging to a forest are removed or destroyed.
The planting of trees in areas in where forests have previously been cleared.
reforestation is reestablishment of forest where the forest recently existed[IPCC]
Adapted from GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/6979
To be populated through inference. Do not use for annotation.
A process during which the populations in a community of algae in a marine or freshwater ecosystem undergo rapid growth, resulting in high concentrations of algal cells that occur only periodically and briefly in that ecosystem, relative to their concentrations through the majority of the planetary orbital period.
This class is under development. Note that cyanobacterial blooms are often confused with algal blooms. There is no globally recognised threshold beyond which community density enters a bloom state.
A process during which the rapid growth of algal populations that result in an algal bloom ceases, and cell densities begin to fall due to death, predation, and transport.
A process during which the algal cells constituting an algal bloom produce biomass from abiotic components during photosynthesis.
TODO; add axioms pointing to GO organismal process; Add axioms pointing to toxin role
accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process
degradation of toxins from algal bloom process
A process during which humans apply technology to alter the magnitude, duration, rate, or impact of an environmental process.
Relabel the obo foundry unique label to be generic process
anthropogenic modulatory intervention process
An environmental process which is driven by the action of humans.
An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove environmental material from one part of a planet's crust, transporting it to another location where it is deposited.
An erosional process in which bedrock is converted from its solid form into a solute by the action of some solvent.
A process during which chemicals that are involved in natural ecosystem processes are transported or transformed, and which impact the activity of biological entities
An environmental process which has water - in any of its states - as a participant.
This classes asserted subclasses will be moved away as it should be an inferred class.
A planned process during which human agents establish plant communities in ecosystems which have previously been, partially or wholly, stripped of existing plant communities.
Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere.
Evaporation is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a portion of the surface layer of a liquid in contact with a gaseous material, which is not saturated with the evaporating substance, vaporises.
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts of that plant, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers.
Needs a process part "water transport" or similar and some link to plants to be complete.
An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment.
Pollutants may be material or immaterial (e.g. heat energy)
A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into water.
A pollution process during which plastic contaminants are released into an environmental material.
An process in which environmental parameters and variables are continually assayed.
A planned process during which the amount of pollutants released into an environmental system is regulated.
A monitoring process that assays the level of environmental pollutants to determine the presence of effect of environmental pollution.
A pollution process that results in increased levels of pollutants in an urban environment.
Partially compacted granular snow, which has undergone several cycles of melting and refreezing while being compacted, usually found on the atmosphere-exposed surface of a glacier.
Névé that survives a full season of ablation turns into firn.
neve
Granular snow which contains a proportion of fused granules formed through melting and re-thawing while being compacted by the weight of overlying material and which contains interconnected gaseous pores.
Firn derives from névé which has survived a full season of ablation and has undergone a metamorphic transition.
firn
A material transformation process during which recently precipitated, powdery snow transitions into firn or névé through compaction and/or through cycles of freezing and thawing.
Often, the weight of material deposited on top of powdery snow by, for example, mass wasting, can lead to nivation.
nivation
Any water ice that is part of a glacier.
It is suggested that users complement this term with ice terms that are more descriptive of the ice itself, rather than its location/parthood.
glacial ice
Glacial ice which contains material liberated during a glacial erosion process.
erosionally enriched glacial ice
An erosion process during which the movement of a glacier across a terrestrial surface causes the removal of material from that surface.
glacial erosion process
Water ice containing little to no air bubbles resulting in a reduction of internal light scattering and, given sufficient volume, a blue appearance.
The blue 'appearance' is to be understood as that within the visual range of humans.
blue ice
A physical process during which atoms, molecules, or other consituents of a material entity are forced closer together.
compaction process
A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, increases.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material accumulation process ends a material transport process.
material accumulation process
A process during which material is displaced from its original location and transported either to a new location or back to the original location.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation.
material transport process
A material accumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass increases.
ice gain
A material transport process during which the snow and ice constituting a glacier, and anything contained within it, is transported down a slope by gravitation.
This must be differentiated from small ice masses simply falling or moving down slopes. In ENVO, this is a subclass of advective transport process, however, this may not be universally accepted by some which strictly limit advection to fluids.
glacial transport process
A small glacier contained within a cirque basin.
cirque glacier
A depression which is part of a planetary crust, is of geographic scale, and is partially or completely enclosed.
The general semantics of depression and geographic basin are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
geographic basin
A process during which a mass composed of one or more environmental materials, present within a given site, decreases.
material decumulation process
A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier decreases.
glacial ice loss
A stream which is primarily composed of meltwater and which flows within a glacier or ice sheet.
englacial stream
A material transport process during which one or more environmental materials are transported by the action of wind.
aeolian transport process
Particulate environmental material which is composed primarily of carbon particles formed through the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
soot
Water ice which contains material liberated during an erosion process.
erosionally enriched ice
Uncompacted snow containing trapped atmospheric gases.
Described as having a fluffy appearance.
powdery snow
A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier increases.
glacial ice gain
A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass.
Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers.
glacial ice calving process
A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg.
iceberg calving process
A process during which a part of an iceberg breaks away from the main mass.
It would be ideal to express that the size of the icemass calved must be smaller than an iceberg.
calving of ice from an iceberg
Sediment which has been transported through the marine water column, settling on the seafloor.
Particles of marine sediment are primarily generated by 1) processes in terrestrial systems and transported to the marine realm by the action of rivers or aeolian processes (amongst other routes) , 2) marine organisms, 3) chemical processes in seawater, or 4) cosmogeneous input.
marine sediment
Marine sediment soured from either terrestrial systems, marine organisms, seawater and or cosmogeneous sources, which is transported through the marine water column, and accumulates within shallow regions of the oceanic basin close to continents, such as the continental shelf, or continental slope.
In this definition we refer to sedimentation processes that occured above the shelf, however this should be relaxed to include the continental shelf and slope.
output of sedimentation process which occured in neritic zone biome
shallow marine sediment
A water body which is located in a depression within the surface of a glacier.
supraglacial lake
A material accumulation process during which solid particles are pulled through a water body by gravitation or centrifugal force and which ends when they settle on a solid surface.
sedimentation in a water body
An ablation zone which is part of a glacier.
This class is more fully defined as: "The part of the glacier, usually at lower elevations, where ablation exceeds accumulation in magnitude, that is, where the cumulative mass balance relative to the start of the mass-balance year is negative. Unless qualified, for example by giving a date within the year, references to the ablation zone refer to its extent at the end of the mass-balance year. The extent of the ablation zone can vary strongly from year to year. A synonym of ablation area." - GCW Terminology and Vocabulary Assessment Report 2018”, GCW report #23/2018
glacial ice ablation zone
SWEET asserts this to be a subclass of cryo:GlacialRegion, thus the lack of link to ice sheets.
Particulate environmental material which is composed primarily of dust, rock, and soot, as well as the microbial communities associated with these materials, deposited on an ice mass by an aeolian process.
This actually is formed as a result of an accumulation process involving the constituents of cryoconite. When their semantics are more stable, we can axiomatise this fully.
cryoconite deposit
A vertical thaw hole within an ice mass, formed as a result of ice melt associated with local temperature increases, due to increased absorption of solar radiation by cryoconite deposits.
The general semantics of depressions are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486
This class doesn't refer to the site but instead the depression or hole and therefore the adjacency to the cryoconite itself.
cryoconite hole
A water body which forms as a result of localised melting taking place on the surface of a glacier or a mass of sea ice and which is contained in the cavity formed by such melting.
melt pond
brine channel
A material accumulation process during which brine droplets, trapped between ice crystals formed during seawater freezing, form brine channels.
This process may be considered a material accumulation process as it is the accumulation of brine droplets which form the channels.
brine channel formation process
A process during which a portion of some environmental material is converted into a different material or a collection of materials.
A different material transformation process class (or similarly named class) pertaining to the conversion of a specific chemical into another belongs in CHEBI and or REX ontologies.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material transformation process only refers to ENVO:environmental material classes (e.g. bulk and typically impure substances), rather than transformations converting a specific chemical into another.
material transformation process
A material transformation process during which seawater freezes into sea ice.
sea ice formation process
A material transformation process during which brine is formed due to the expulsion of salt during frazil formation or a seawater freezing process.
Expelled salt accumulates in brine droplets, which remain in a liquid state due to their increased salinity.
brine rejection from seawater
New ice which is composed frazil which has congealed into a thin sheet.
Typically 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system.
frazil ice
A new ice formation process during which small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water, form due to the freezing of open, turbulent, supercooled water.
frazil ice formation
A channel which traverses an ice mass floating on a water body and bridges the atmosphere to the underlying water through its internal cavity.
thaw hole
A melt pond which has a surface exposed to the atmosphere.
atmosphere-exposed melt pond
A melt pond which is completely encased in ice and thus not directly exposed to the atmosphere or underlying water.
In practice, there may be some openings which are small relative to the surface footprint of the meltpond.
ice-encased melt pond
A lake which is comprised of meltwater located underneath or within a glacier.
Add axioms to show that this is on the larger side in a size continuum between ice-encased meltponds and intraglacial lakes.
intraglacial lake
A process during which material entities are added to a landform or to a feature upon the landform.
depositional process
A desublimation process during which water vapour is frozen into water ice.
desublimation of water vapour into ice
An ice formation process during which water is frozen into a form of new ice such as frazil, grease ice, slush, or shuga.
Make this class the union of the following processes: frazil ice formation, grease ice formation process, slush formation process, and shuga formation process.
new ice formation process
An ice formation process during which seawater is frozen into a sea ice.
obsolete sea ice formation process
A sea ice formation process during which new ice crystals freeze together, forming nilas, a thin, elastic, continuous, ice sheet of a transparent gray color.
nilas formation process
A sea ice formation process during which water freezes to the bottom of an existing nilas ice floe creating a thicker ice floe known as young ice.
young ice formation process
A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto young ice during the cold season, forming first year ice.
First year ice that survives melting during spring and summer can transition to second year ice.
first year ice formation process
A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto first year ice during the cold season, forming second year sea ice.
Second year ice forms from first year ice which has previously survived one melt season.
second year ice formation
A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes into second year ice during the cold season, forming multiyear ice.
Multiyear ice forms from second year ice which has previously survived at least two melt seasons.
multiyear ice formation process
Water ice which is formed from freezing water and is suspended in a water body.
Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice.
sea ice types include frazil, grease ice, slush, and shuga. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system.
new ice
An ice mass which forms a cohesive and contiguous sheet of water ice, floating upon the surface of a water body.
Ice floes can exist in sea ice, in rivers or lakes. The WMO offers the following extent-based classification. Floe giant: Over 10 km across. Floe vast: 2-10 km across. Floe big: 500-2000 m across. Floe medium: 100-500 m across. Floe small: 20-100 m across. Ice cake: Less than 20 m across. Small ice cake: Less than 2 m across.
ice floe
An ice floe which is formed from frozen sea water, and floats upon the surface of a marine water body.
sea ice floe
A sea ice floe which has a rounded or circular shape and raised rims.
pancake ice
A sea ice floe which is thin, elastic, continuous, and of a transparent gray color, which results from the freezing of new ice.
nilas
A sea ice floe which is inflexible and thicker than nilas.
young ice
Sea ice which has formed over a single freezing season.
Sea ice develops from young ice; thickness from 0.3 to 2 meters (1 to 6.6 feet). Sea ice be subdivided into thin first-year ice (white ice), medium first-year ice, and thick first-year ice. First-year ice is distinguished from older ice primarily by having a higher salinity. Undeformed first-year ice differs from older ice in that it is smoother and lacks refrozen melt ponds. Characteristically level where undisturbed by pressure, but where ridges occur, they distinguished by being larger, more angular, and more porous than multiyear ridges.
first year ice
First year ice which melts before the next freezing season is often referred to as seasonal ice. By definition, seasonal ice cannot become second year ice.
Sea ice which is thicker than first year ice, and has survived a seasonal melting process.
second year ice
Sea ice which is thicker than second year ice, and has survived more than two seasonal melting process.
multiyear ice
A layer which consists of a thin aggregate of frazil ice crystals, which float upon the surface of a water body.
Within a marine system, grease ice makes the ocean surface resemble an oil slick.
grease ice layer
New ice, which is spongy, lumpy and opaque, and forms from water which freezes in an agitated water body.
These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system.
shuga
A slurry of frazil, snow, and liquid water.
slush ice
slush ice layer
A new ice formation process in which slush ice is formed.
slush formation process
A new ice formation process in which shuga is formed.
shuga formation process
A freshwater lake which fills a depression formed by the erosion of thermokarst caused by permafrost thaw.
Continued thawing of the permafrost substrate can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of thermokarst lakes, leaving only the landform, thermokarst depression behind.
thermokarst lake
A thermokarst lake through which methane gas released from thawing permafrost, or other methane stores, rises and escapes to the atmosphere.
On Earth, the bright blue appearance, in the light spectrum visible to humans, is due to increased abundances of microorganisms attracted to sulfur compounds associated with the methane release.
methane-releasing thermokarst lake
A geographic basin which is formed due to the erosion of thermokarst by meltwater released from thawing permafrost.
thermokarst depression
An irregular land surface which consists of marshy hollows, hummocks, thermokarst depressions and thermokarst lakes formed from the erosion of ice-rich thawing permafrost areas.
Thermokarst is usually found in Arctic or mountainous areas.
thermokarst
A permafrost thawing process during which water-based ice or snow present in permafrost is converted into meltwater.
ice-bearing permafrost thawing process
Permafrost which contains pockets of trapped methane gas.
It would probably be better to assert parthood between the permafrost and cavities filled with gas rather than the gases themselves.
Other hydrocarbon gasses such as carbon dioxide may also be present. These pockets can be sufficently large that the permafrost surface will undulate when pressure is applied.
methane-laden permafrost
A crater which is found in permafrost and formed as a result of an explosion fuelled by methane formerly contained in that permafrost.
permafrost crater derived from a methane explosion
A process during which a material entity undergoes a rapid increase in volume, releasing gasses and various forms of energy, often including thermal, light and sound energy.
Supersonic explosions are known as detonations and subsonic explosions as deflagrations.
explosion process
An explosion during which methane-rich gas trapped in permafrost combusts.
permafrost methane explosion
A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere.
gas emission process
A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere.
Some hydrocarbon gasses within the atmosphere contribute to the planetary green house gas effect by increasing absorption of solar energy.
hydrocarbon gas emission process
A hydrocarbon gas emission process during which a portion of methane gas is transported into the atmosphere.
Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
methane gas emission process
A process during which the intesity of stellar radiation received by a planet's surface varies in a cyclical regime due to the planet's orbital motion around the barycentre of a planetary system and/or the tilt of its rotational axis relative to its orbital plane.
The seasons that are generated by this process are divisions of time between warm (maximal radiation exposure) and cold (minimum radiation exposure) extremes. Depending on the planet's makeup, the resulting seasonal dynamics may include ecological and meteorological cycles which may form the basis for further divisions of the cycle (e.g. rainy season, dry season, wildfire season).
season generating process
A one-dimensional temporal region which is delimited by the occurrence of processes which serve as its delimiters.
Season could be implemented as a subclass of one-dimensional temporal region, however, this will need further thought and discussion with BFO editors.
season
A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part exceeds that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process.
The boundaries of seasons are typically fiat and should be defined on a data/information layer. This also pertains to the amount of time included when averaging measured values of qualities like temperature.
warm season
A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part is below that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process.
cold season
A material transformation process during which a material entity melts during a warm season.
seasonal melting process
A compaction process during which a material entity subjected to heat and/or pressure is compacted into a solid mass without undergoing melting.
We should add the subclass axiom: 'has output' some ('environmental material' and 'has quality' some 'decreased porosity') once PATO:decreased porosity is available see ENVO issue #497 Additional axioms could also refer to object aggregates becoming objects within an environmental material.
solid-phase sintering
A sintering process during which snow is compacted into glacial ice.
Axioms will probably need to be updated if the axiomatisation of solid-phase sintering changes.
glacial sintering
An aeolian transport process during which powdery snow is displaced and moved.
aeolian transport of snow
An accumulation process during which a powdery snow carried on the wind settles on a solid surface, forming a mound.
snow drift formation
A mass wasting process during which slab snow rapidly moves down a sloping surface.
Slab avalanches account for most back-country fatalities.
slab avalanche
An avalanche during which powdery snow rapidly flows down a sloping surface.
powdery snow avalanche
An avalanche during which a suspension of water and snow flows down a sloping surface.
Wet snow avalanches travel at a lower velocity than other types of avalanches.
wet snow avalanche
Snow which is cohesive, hard and overlies weaker snow.
slab snow
A solid astronomical body part which is primarily composed of a continuous mass of snow and/or ice.
Place holder class. Also the axiom should be changed to something along the lines of 'primairly composed of’ some ‘environmental material’ and ‘has quality’ frozen once PATO:frozen is imported.
cryoform
snow mass
An accumulation of powdery snow which was transported and deposited via a snow drifting process.
snow drift
An accumulation of snow and firn which rests upon land.
snow patch
A snow patch which forms during a cold season and melts away during the succeeding warm season.
Need to find a way of expression the fact that it 'ends during' some 'warm season' (but not with that axiom as that is for processes not a material entity).
seasonal snow patch
A snow patch which persists through at least one seasonal cycle.
Need to find a way of expression the fact that it has survived two or more melt seasons.
A snow patch is defined as perennial if it survives two or more melt seasons.
perennial snow patch
A snow mass which is large enough, and persists long enough, to undergo compaction under its own weight, leading to layer-like structural differentiation.
Given that SWEET considers the term to be a thickness and ENVO currently considers it a mass of snow. We have mismatch with the SWEET class, however, in ENVO we will take this term to be a mass of environmental material not a quality based on the harmonized GCW definition. See https://github.com/ESIPFed/sweet/issues/236#issue-805822974.
snow pack
Snowpack is found in geographic regions experiencing cold weather for extended periods of time.
The GCW analysis of multiple glossaries found eight definitions of snowpack, with many commonalities but also disagreements. Please see the corresponding report "WMO GCW Nomenclature Assessment" for more information.
snowpack
A structure which traverses a mass of one or more environmental materials, and encloses a roughly tubular site.
Intended to be a top level class for wide variety of channel-like entities. It’s particulars may change once more subclasses are accumulated. This is distinct from 'channel of a watercourse', which is a depression.
channel
A melt pond which and is exposed to the atmosphere and to a lesser degree water underlying the ice mass which contains it.
It would be good to add an axiom such as 'continuous with' some 'water body'.
atmosphere and water column exposed melt pond
A melt pond which is formed close to that part of an ice mass which is in contact with some underlying water body, and which has channels connecting it to that water body.
water column exposed melt pond
A lake which is situated beneath a glacier.
subglacial lake
An erosion process during which rock or soil is removed or degraded due to alternative thawing and freezing of meltwater beneath and at the margins of snowbanks.
erosion through nivation
A fire which is planned and executed deliberately under human supervision.
Fire-stick farming was the practice of Indigenous Australians who regularly used fire to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. Aboriginal people may have been able to aim the burning of the scrub to avoid growing areas. There may have been a ritual taboo against burning certain areas of jungle. This type of farming directly increased the food supply for Aboriginal people by promoting the growth of bush potatoes and other edible ground-level plants.
Planned burns are conducted for a variety of reasons such combating or preventing uncontrolled wildfires in order by reducing the fuel load in a wooded or similar areas with combustible vegetation. Alternatively planned burns, such as those practiced by various indigenous people, are conducted for a variety of reasons including facilitating agriculture, hunting and or traveling. As well as managing populations of parasitic species or game animals by decreasing or increasing the size of their habitats respectively.
planned burn
The concentration of nitrate and nitrite when measured in liquid water.
liquid water nitrate and nitrite concentration
concentration of nitrate and nitrite in liquid water
A water-based rainfall process during which water droplets with increased acidity fall towards a planetary surface.
On Earth, the acidity of raindrops is typically increased through interactions of water molecules with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide, released into the atmosphere by natural or anthropogenic processes.
acid rainfall
Water-based rain which has increased acidity.
acidic water-based rain
A season during which changes in atmospheric circulation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea cause moisture to be brought inland by monsoon winds, leading to increased rainfall as moisture-laden air rises and cools over land.
Pending decision of placement of season as one-dimensional temporal region, we should add axioms cross linking to monsoon winds, as well as increased prevalence of water-based rainfall.
On Earth, monsoon seasons typically occur in West Africa, Asia and Australia.
monsoon season
An atmospheric wind during which air masses over an ocean flow towards a land mass, driven by disequilibria between land and ocean surface temperatures.
monsoon wind
A fire which occurs in a grassland, combusting biomass stored in grasses as its primary fuel.
grass fire
A woodland clearing which is large enough to starve land fires of fuel, impeding their progress through wooded areas.
Firebreaks are typically elongated in shape and may be artificially constructed or result from a naturally occurring obstacle to a fire. Such obstacles include naturally occurring astronomical body parts such as a as rivers, lakes or canyons, or alternatively anthropologically constructed features such as roads.
firebreak
An agricultural environmental material which 1) is composed of a mixture of materials such as peat, composted bark, sand, perlite, or compost, and 2) serves as a medium in which to grow plants.
Potting soil can be composed of a wide range of materials in varying ratios, often containing little or no actual soil.
agricultural potting mixture
A blizzard which 1) lasts at least 3 hours, 2) combines below freezing temperatures and very strong wind, laden with blowing snow.
Blizzards typically reduces visibility to less than 1 km
WMO blizzard
A blizzard which has 1) winds of 35 miles per hour (approximately 56 kilometers per hour), 2) lasts for a period of at least three hours, and 3) occurs in extremely cold temperatures.
The original definition has been edited to conform to ENVO's textual pattern. Subjective/observer-based differentia (e.g. visibility) have been moved to comments. The NSIDC definition notes that blizzards involve snow reducing visibility to less than one-quarter mile (0.4 km) and are associated with dangerous blizzard conditions.
NSIDC blizzard
A blizzard which occurs in winter.
The original definition has been edited to conform to ENVO's textual pattern. Subjective/observer-based differentia (e.g. visibility) have been moved to comments.
winter blizzard
A fog the droplets of which freeze upon contact with exposed objects, forming a coating of rime or glaze.
Freezing fog forms when the air temperature is below freezing and the water droplets in the fog become supercooled.
freezing fog
A particle which is 1) primarily compposed of water ice, 2) on the order of 1 milimeter or less, 3) has a white and opaque appearance, and 4) is formed as a result of water droplets freezing during precipitation.
Need to add a computable size constraint.
grain of snow
granule of snow
snow grain
snow granule
snow particle
granular snow
Precipitation in the form of very small, white opaque particles of ice; the solid equivalent of drizzle. They resemble snow pellets in external appearance, but are more flattened and elongated, and generally have diameters of less than 1 mm; they neither shatter nor bounce when they hit a hard surface. Descriptions of the physical structure of snow grains vary widely and include very fine, simple ice crystals; tiny, complex snow crystals; small, compact bundles of rime; and particles with a rime core and a fine glaze coating. It is agreed that snow grains usually fall in very small quantities, mostly from stratus clouds or from fog, and never in the form of a shower.
particle of snow
Fog which is composed of particles of ice.
In future will add computable renditions of size and temperature constraints. The synonyms of this class can be quite confusing, as they reference entities like frost (which requires a surface for deposition). Might need to add a new droxtal class see https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Droxtal.
frozen fog
ice-crystal fog
pogonip
air hoar
frost flakes
frost fog
rime fog
The suspended particles may be partly ice crystals 20 to 100 micron in diameter, but chiefly, especially when dense, droxtals 12-20 micron in diameter. Ice fog is formed by direct freezing of supercooled water droplets with little growth directly from the vapor. It occurs at very low temperatures, and usually in clear, calm weather in high latitudes. The sun is usually visible and may cause halo phenomena or luminous pillars. Ice fog is rare at temperatures warmer than -30 °C, and increases in frequency with decreasing temperature until it is almost always present at air temperatures of -45 °C in the vicinity of a source of water vapor. Such sources are the open water of fast-flowing streams or of the sea, herds of animals, volcanoes, and especially products of combustion for heating or propulsion. At temperatures warmer than -30 °C, these sources can cause steam fog of liquid water droplets, which may turn into ice fog when cooled.
ice fog
A climate which 1) has a mean temperature for the warmest month of less than 10°C (50°F), but higher than 0°C (32°F), 2) is not conducive to a permanent surficial cover of snow or ice, and 3) supports a tundra ecosystem.
Might need to add the Köppen climate classifications. Climate conditions might be obsoleted. Warmest month and mean temperature are operationally defined, will need to sort these out. Focusing on physical differential like surface cover would be preferable, (but maybe not practical).
In W. Köppen's 1936 climatic classification it is one of the polar climates, defined as having a mean temperature for the warmest month of less than 10°C (50°F) (in contrast to snow forest and temperate rainy climates) but higher than 0°C (32°F) (which is the limit of perpetual frost climate). Tundra is designated ET. Tundra climate appears as a temperature province in C. W. Thornthwaite's 1931 classification.
tundra climate
A cryospheric layer which is primarily composed of snow.
snow cover
Follows from the GCW's snow cover definition 2: In general, a layer of snow on the ground surface. Compare snowfield, snowpack. Given the SWEET terms location in its heirarchy I think only the 3rd definition is meant.
snow layer
A depth which inheres in a layer of liquid water derived from the complete melting a mass of snow contained in an area.
In an area of melted snow it's the thickness of acumulated water. This involves a processing step for measurement, may be more appropriate in OBI (if it extends beyond biomedicine).
The quantification of snow water equivalent can be done through direct melting of snow in a defined area, or through the derivation of such a value from the processing of remote sensing data of, e.g., snow density and coverage.
snow water equivalent
An astronomical body part which is composed primarily of environmental materials in their frozen form.
For the moment the definition links to liquid water but in the future we might need to link to other materials for other planets, e.g., Mars. Need to make this planet agnostic. Might want to not have the definition link to years as some astronomical body parts might not be in systems with years. Note that in a strict sense, rocks are also frozen but in a practical sense we use terms like "solidified". This maybe something to revist if we add more astrogelogical content.
The term generally refers to the portions of the Earth where water is in solid form, including snow cover, floating ice, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, seasonally frozen ground and perennially frozen ground (permafrost). The Cryosphere may be divided into the cryoatmosphere, the cryohydrosphere (snow cover, glaciers, and river, lake and sea Ice) and the cryolithosphere (perennially and seasonally cryotic ground, rock glacier). Some definitions consider the cryosphere to include any area of Earth which is sufficiently cold for pure water to freeze for at least a part of each year. It should be noted that "Some authorities exclude the earth's atmosphere from the Earth's Cryosphere; others restrict the term Cryosphere to the regions of the earth's crust where Permafrost exists." Definitions of Cryosphere come from several glossaries including: - PhysicalGeography.net http://physicalgeography.net/ - van Everdingen, Robert, ed., 2005 (1998 revised May 2005). Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology. [https://globalcryospherewatch.org/reference/glossary_docs/Glossary_of_Permafrost_and_Ground-Ice_IPA_2005.pdf] - American Meteorological Society, 2015. Glossary of Meteorology [online], Available at: http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page. [Accessed 27/01/2017]. - EU Climate-ADAPT (The European Climate Adaptation Platform), no date, Glossary, Available from: http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/glossary - IPCC, 2014: Annex II: Glossary [Agard, J., Schipper, E. L. F., (ed.)]. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Birkmann, J., Campos, M., Dubeux, C., Nojiri, Y., Olsson, L., Osman-Elasha, B., Pelling, M., Prather, M. J., Rivera-Ferre M. G., Ruppel, O. C., Sallenger, A., Smith, K. R., St. Clair, A. L.,]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. [Link] - NSIDC, The National Snow and Ice Data Center glossary is available at https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary, Last accessed [26/01/2016]. - Trombotto, D., P. Wainstein & L. Arenson, 2014, Guía Terminológica de la Geocriología Sudamericana” / “Terminological Guide of the South American Geocryology, 1a ed. 128 pp. [Link] - UNESCO-WMO, 2012, International Glossary of Hydrology, 3rd edition, WMO-No. 385. [Link]
cryosphere
A cryosphere which is part of a planet.
Replacement for ENVO:01000818
planetary cryosphere
Land which is covered or partially covered by snow.
area of snow cover
land covered by snow
snow covered land
The threshold at which land is considered covered by snow varies. Please define such thresholds on the instance level, or request a subclass of this class if a threshold you know of is used by a large community of practice or in an official definition. This is one of three classes representing the idea of snow cover in the GCW glossary in addition to depth of snow and snow cover. In the GCW this refers to 1. The areal extent of snow-covered ground, usually expressed as percent of total area in a given region.
snow-covered land
A material transport process during which liquid water is circulated in the vicinity of a heat source in order to absorb thermal energy and transport it away form that source.
water cooling
The thickness of some snow.
snow thickness
thickness of snow
Please also see "snow cover" in ENVO which maps to an alternative snow cover in SWEET.
An area of tundra which is present in a region subject to alpine conditions.
area of alpine tundra
An area of tundra which is present in a region subject to polar conditions.
area of polar tundra
An area density which inheres in snow distributed over an area of a landmass or other substrate.
The superclass "area density" is somewhat awkward and this positioning requires further discussion.
1. The areal extent of snow-covered ground, usually expressed as percent of total area in a given region. 2. In general, a layer of snow on the ground surface. Compare snowfield, snowpack. 3. The depth of snow on the ground, usually expressed in inches or centimeters.
Snowfall which has an increased rate.
intense snowfall
heavy snow
intense snow
This generally means snowfall accumulating to 4 inches or more in depth in 12 hours or less; or snowfall accumulating to 6 inches or more in depth in 24 hours or less. In forecasts, snowfall amounts are expressed as a range of values, e.g., "8 to 12 inches." However, in heavy snow situations where there is considerable uncertainty concerning the range of values, more appropriate phrases are used, such as "...up to 12 inches..." or alternatively "...8 inches or more...".
heavy snowfall
An ice mass which is 1) transparent or translucent, 2) rounded, spherically, or cylindrically shaped, and 3) less than 5 milimetres in diameter.
grain of ice
ice grain
sleet
small hail
They may be spherical, irregular, or (rarely) conical in shape. Ice pellets usually bounce when hitting hard ground and make a sound upon impact. They can fall as continuous precipitation or in showers. Now internationally recognized, ice pellets includes two basically different types of precipitation, known in the United States as 1) sleet or grains of ice, generally transparent, globular, solid grains of ice that have formed from the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing of largely melted snowflakes when falling through a below-freezing layer of air near the earth's surface; and 2) small hail, generally translucent particles, consisting of snow pellets encased in a thin layer of ice. The ice layer may form either by the accretion of droplets upon the snow pellet or by the melting and refreezing of the surface of the snow pellet.
ice pellet
Snowfall which 1) is localized, 2) is convective, and 3) occurs as a result of a cold, dry air mass absorbing heat and moisture as it flows over a lake with warmer waters.
The factors involved in this process are complex, and expert input is needed to refine this. Similar input is needed to create bay-effect and ocean-effect snow. @Brandon: add axioms to relate this concept to proximity to a `lake`; perhaps using colocation and spatial region?
lake effect snow
lake-effect snow
The formation of lake-effect snow depends on multiple factors, effecting the thresholds of temperature needed in the air and water masses. In the United States this phenomenon is most noted along the south and east shores of the Great Lakes during arctic cold-air outbreaks.
lake-effect snowfall
A snowstorm during which intense lake-effect snowfall occurs.
Add axioms to nest the lake-effect snowfall process in this one
lake effect snow storm
Please see "lake-effect snowfall" for further definition. A lake effect snowstorm is a snowstorm occurring near or downwind from the shore of a lake resulting from the warming (destabilization) and moistening of relatively cold air during passage over a warm body of water.
lake-effect snow storm
A snowfall which occurs during springtime and is of low intensity.
Link this to spring once seasons are added to ENVO
Strictly, there is no increased rate of snowfall here, but of lamb death. We're not likely to add "lamb-death storm" to ENVO. Maybe AGRO would.
lamb storm
lamb-blasts
lamb-showers
This term is primarily used in England and refers to snowfall in lambing season. It is referred to as a "storm" as it may adversly affect or kill newborn lambs.
lambing storm
An object aggregate which is primarily composed of particles of water in liquid, frozen, or partially frozen states.
WMO METEOTERM notes that other regions define this as a sudden brief rainfall with wind and hail but they don't state what those other regions are. WMO, METEOTERM is available at https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/lsp/meteoterm_wmo_en.html, Last accessed [26/01/2016].
falling sleet
Water-based rain which is composed of supercooled water droplets, which freeze on contact with surfaces.
Could make a freezing rain process class to mirror this in the process hierarchy as subclass to hydrological precipitation process.
There are communities which consider rain with droplets above the liquid-solid phase transition point of water to be freezing rain should they freeze on contact with a supercooled surface.
freezing rain
Precipitation which is composed primarily of hail stones.
Individual units of hail are called hailstones. Thunderstorms that are characterized by strong updrafts, large liquid water contents, large cloud-drop sizes, and great vertical height are favorable to hail formation. The destructive effects of hailstorms upon plant and animal life, buildings and property, and aircraft in flight render them a prime object of weather modification studies. In aviation weather observations, hail is encoded A. Smaller particles of similar origin, formerly called small hail, may be classed as either ice pellets or snow pellets.
hail
An ice mass which 1) occurs in a ball-shape or irregular lump, 2) has a minimum diameter of 5 millimeters (or 0.2 inches), and 3) is formed within convective clouds.
Nearly always formed within cumulonimbus clouds. Typically have a diameter ranging between 5 and 50 millimeters.
hail stone
An object aggregate which is composed primarily of snow falling through an atmosphere.
falling snow
A hydrological precipitation process during which water falls in both liquid and frozen form.
sleet fall
In nature, water-based precipitation will likely always have some liquid and solid/frozen components (especially in higher atmospheric layers) - sleet is generally composed of these phases in comparable proportions. Note that formation processes differ between sleet and other frozen precipitation. For example, hail, being larger in size than sleet or ice pellets, is formed by the accumulation of layers of freezing water in the clouds. Sleet, however, is formed due to temperature difference in the atmosphere
precipitation of sleet
An ice mass which is primarily composed of frozen or mostly frozen raindrops or refrozen partially melted snowflakes.
The size of sleet pellets are considered to be, at most, the size of a pea, although thresholds vary across cultures.
sleet pellet
An environmental zone which is covered or partially covered by ice.
area of ice cover
The depth of some water ice.
depth of water ice
A park which has been designed for the recreation of children.
playground
A park which is owned by a governmental or state entity and which is accessible by its citizenry (i.e. the public).
public park
A sports facility which has been constructed for sports that require large outdoor spaces and is owned by a governmental or state entity and which is accessible by its citizenry (i.e. the public).
public sports field
A constructed pavement which is intended for bicycle traffic
bike path
A material entity which has been discarded outside waste management systems by humans or their technologies.
basura antropogénica
rifiuti antropogenici
anthropogener Abfall
menschengemachter Abfall
Very large objects that are discarded are typically considered "debris", but this term is loosely defined and there are no standard size classifications which can be used to distinguish debris from litter.
anthropogenic litter
An anthropogenic environment in which populations of humans have limited acess to affordable and nutritious food.
food desert
An environment in which entities are exposed to either excessive or constant sound.
noisy environment
An environment in which humans have a low likelihood of being harmed or killed.
safe environment for human presence
An environment which includes components which are deemed to be aesthetically pleasing by a population of humans.
attractive environment
An environmental system which is shielded from direct stellar irradiation by material entities.
Requested a "shaded" quality in PATO: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/285
Typically, the material entities which intercept the star's radiation are located far closer to the shaded environment than the star itself. For example, trees shading the understory or awnings shading restaurant seating.
shady environment
An environment in which humans are exposed to regularly occurring physical or emotional violence.
violent environment
An acoustic radiation process during which waves that transmit sound energy at frequencies above 20 kHz are emitted by a source.
An infrared radiation during which waves with frequencies between 30 THz and 120 THz and with wavelengths between 10 micrometers and 2.5 micrometers are emitted by a source.
An infrared radiation during which waves with frequencies between 120 THz and 400 THz and with wavelengths between 2.5 micrometers and 750 nanometers are emitted by a source.
An infrared radiation which consists of waves with frequencies between 300 GHz and 30 THz and with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 micrometers are emitted by a source.
A merchant vessel which is used to carry passengers, vehicles, or cargo across a body of water.
ferry
An environmental system which is not sheltered.
outdoor environment
An industrial building made from steel and covered in polyethylene used for plant cultivation.
grow tunnel
high tunnel
hoop greenhouse
hoophouse
polyhouse
These tunnels are usually semi-circular, square or elongated in shape. These are not subclasses of ENVO:tunnel as they are not built underground or underwater.
polytunnel
A motor vehicle which is equipped with medical equipment and can be used to transport humans to treatment facilities.
ambulance
A boat which provides short-term residential and entertainment facilities to passengers.
cruise ship
recreational cruise ship
A transport boat which can be hired.
merchant ship
merchantman
trading vessel
merchant vessel
A vehicle which locomotes using rails and consists of a series of connected compartments used to transport passengers or cargo.
train
A train which is capable of and used for passenger transport.
passenger train
A passenger train which runs along an undergroud rail system.
subway
tube train
underground train
London Underground
SkyTrain
Tube
U-Bahn
Underground
metropolitana
subway train
A system which has components that have been constructed to allow the movement of people or goods.
constructed transport system
A constructed transport system which is owned by a government or other form of public representation.
public transport
public transportation
public transit system
A bus which is part of public infrastructure.
public autobus
public motorbus
public multibus
public omnibus
public bus
A ferry which is owned by a government or other form of public representation.
public ferry
A train which is owned by a government or other form of public representation.
public train
A subway train which is owned by a government or other form of public representation.
public subway train
A public transit system which is owned by a government or other form of public representation.
MRT
mass rapid transit
metro
heavy rail
light rail
medium-capacity rail
rapid transit system
A place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles or/and between transport modes.
transport interchange
transport hub
A transport hub which is part of public infrastructure.
public transport interchange
public transport hub
A research station in which food production and/or agribusinness research is performed.
AES
ARS
agricultural research station
research farm
agricultural experimental station
A farm which produces milk or products derived from milk.
dairy farm
A building part which is a narrow hall or passage in a building with rooms leading off it.
hall
passage
hallway
building corridor
A human construction with extended facilities from which aircraft flight operations take place.
aerodrome
airdrome
The "airport" term is usually associated with commercial air transport, while "militairy airport" and "airbase" cover militairy air force facilities.
airport
An industrial building in an airport where passengers transfer between facilities and vehicles.
airport terminal
An industrial building which provides travelers with access to airplanes.
airport concourse
A room in an airport where en-route passengers can wait between flights..
transit lounge
airport transit room
airport transit lounge
A building which is primarily used for Christian religious activities.
church
church house
church building
A building which accomodates conferences.
conference center
conference centre
conference venue
A room which accommodates conferences.
conference hall
meeting room
conference room
A human construction in which people are educated.
educational facility
An institutional building in which students are educated.
school
school building
An institutional building in which university services are performed.
campus building
university college building
university building
An institutional building in which firefighting apparati are stored, and which may include staff living spaces.
engine house
fire hall
fire house
firemen's hall
fire station
An institutional building which temporarily houses homeless people.
homeless shelter
A human construction in which healthcare is provided.
health facility
medical facility
healthcare facility
A healthcare facility which is used for short-term patient care.
ACC
ACF
acute care center
acute care facility
A healthcare facility in which patients are medically assessed.
CAC
clinical assessment centre
clinical patient assessment center
clinical patient assessment centre
clinical patient assessment facility
A healthcare facility which 1) is located in part of a hospital and 2) is used by an organizational unit within a hospital.
hospital ward
hospital unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used for anaesthetic service provision.
anaesthesia unit
anaesthesia ward
anaesthetics unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used for breast cancer screening.
breast assessment unit
breast screening ward
mammography unit
breast screening unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide nondemoninational religious services.
chaplain unit
chaplain's unit
chaplaincy unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide cardiac patient care.
CCU
CCW
CICU
cardiac care unit
cardiac care ward coronary care ward
cardiac intensive card ward
cardiac intensive care unit
coronary care unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide diagnostic imaging services.
diagnostic imaging ward
medical imaging unit
medical imaging ward
diagnostic imaging unit facility
A hospital unit facility which houses patients ready to leave the hospital facility.
discharge lounge
discharge ward
discharge unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide emergency medicine services.
A&E
accident & emergency department
casualty department
emergency department
emergency room
emergency ward
emergency unit facility
A room in which emergency medical care is provided.
A&E room
ER room
EW room
accident & emergency department room
casualty department room
emergency department room
emergency room room
emergency ward room
emergency unit room
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide gastroenterology medical services.
gastroenterology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide surgical services.
general surgery ward
general surgical unit
general surgical ward
surgery unit
surgery ward
surgical unit
surgical ward
general surgery unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide geriatric medical services.
elderly unit
geriatric care ward
geriatric unit
geriatric ward
geriatric care unit facility
An intensive care unit facility which is used to provide care of critically ill elderly patients.
GICU
geriatric intensive care ward
geriatric intensive care unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide gynaecologic medical services.
gynaecology ward
gynaecology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide haematological medical services.
haematology ward
hematology unit
hematology ward
haematology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide intensive medical care.
Subclasses of this term are valid subclasses of their non-intensive care unit equivalents, e.g. psychiatric care unit. Equivalence axioms may resove this.
ICU
ICW
ITU
critical care unit
critical care ward
intensive care ward
intensive therapy unit
intensive treatment unit
intensive treatment ward
intensive care unit facility
An intensive care unit facility which is used to provide surgical services for critically ill patients.
SCCU
SICU
surgery critical care unit
surgery critical care ward
surgical critical care unit
surgical critical care ward
surgical intensive care ward
surgical intensive care unit facility
An intensive care unit facility which is used to provide medical care for trauma patients.
TICU
trauma intensive care unit
traumatic critical care unit
traumatic intensive care unit facility
A room in which intensive medical care is provided.
CCU room
CCW room
ICU room
ICW room
ITU room
critical care unit room
critical care ward room
intensive care ward room
intensive therapy unit room
intensive treatment unit room
intensive treatment ward room
intensive care unit room
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide materinity care.
materinity care unit
maternity ward
obstetrics unit
obstetrics ward
maternity unit facility
An ambulance which is equiped to enable intensive care service provision.
MICU
mobile ICU
mobile intensive care unit
mobile intensive unit
mobile intensive care ambulance
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide medical microbiology services.
clinical microbiology unit
clinical microbiology ward
microbiology ward
micobiology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide neonatal medical services.
neonatal ward
neonatal unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide intensive neonatal medical care.
neonatal intensive care ward
neonatal intensive care unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide nephrological medical services.
general nephrology unit
general renal unit
general renal ward
generalnephrology ward
nephrology ward
renal unit
renal ward
nephrology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide neurological medical services.
general neurology unit
general neurology ward
neurology ward
neurology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide nutrition and dietetics services.
NDU
nutrition and dietetics ward
nutrition and dietetics unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide occupational therapy.
OT unit
OT ward
occupational therapy ward
occupational therapy unit facility
A hospital unit facility which provides treatment for cancer.
cancer unit
cancer ward
oncology ward
oncology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide ophthalmological services.
ophthalmology ward
ophthalmology unit facility
A hospital unit facility in which orthopaedic medicine is performed.
orthopaedics ward
orthopedics unit
orthopedics ward
orthopaedics unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide pain management.
pain management unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide pediatric services.
children's unit
children's ward
pediatric ward
pediatric unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide pediatric intensive care.
pediatric intensive care unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide pharmacy services.
pharmacy ward
pharmacy unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide physiotherapy.
physiotherapy ward
physiotherapy unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide care for patients recovering from anesthesia.
PACU
PAR
post-anesthesia care ward
post-anesthesia recovery
post-anesthesia unit
post-anesthesia ward
post-anesthesia care unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide high dependency care.
HDU
high dependency ward
progressive care unit
progressive care ward
progressive intensive recovery unit
step-down unit
step-down ward
high dependency unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide psychiatric medicine.
psych unit
psych ward
psychiatric ward
psychiatric unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide intensive psychiatric care.
PICU
PsICU
psychiatric intensive care ward
psychiatric intensive care unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide radiation therapy.
radiation therapy unit
radiation therapy ward
radiotherapy ward
radiotherapy unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide rheumatic medical services.
rheumatology ward
rheumatology unit facility
A hospital unit facility which is used to provide urological medicine services.
urology ward
urology unit facility
A room which is used for patient care during a patient's visit or stay in a healthcare facility.
patient-care room
examination room
patient bed room
patient room
A hospital which is used to provide tertiary care.
tertiary care center
tertiary center
tertiary hospital
tertiary referral center
tertiary referral hospital
A facility which is used to provide treatment, remedial work, and/or instruction.
This sense of clinic does not necessarily involve medical services. For medical services see "medical clinic".
clinic
A healthcare facility which is used to provide outpatient health care services.
ambulatory care clinic
outpatient clinic
medical clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide chiropractic services.
chiropractic office
chiropractor clinic
chiropractor office
chiropractic clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide medical services focused on maintaining and improving the oral health of clients.
dental office
dentist clinic
dentist office
dental clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide family medicine services.
GP clinic
GP office
family care clinic
family doctor clinic
family doctor office
family medicine clinic
family medicine office
general medicine clinic
general practice clinic
general practice office
family practice clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide massage therapy services.
massage therapist clinic
massage therapist office
massage therapy office
massage therapy clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide ophthalmology services.
ophthalmologist clinic
ophthalmologist office
ophthalmology office
ophthalmology clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide optometry services.
eye doctor office
optometrist clinic
optometrist office
optometry clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide pain management services.
pain management clinic
chronic pain clinic
pain clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide physical therapy services.
physical therapy clinic
physical therapy office
physiotherapy office
physiotherapy clinic
A medical clinic which is used to provide services to walk-in patients.
walk-in centre
walk-in clinic
A healthcare facility which is used to prepare, dispense, or sell medical drugs.
apothecary
pharmacy
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved August 11 2020 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/pharmacy
A residential building which is used to provides long-term care for residents.
An equivalence axiom to show that this building is used for health care can be used to position this under health care facility.
LTC center
LTC centre
LTC facility
long-term care center
long-term care centre
long-term care facility
A long-term care facility which is used to provide care for people with disabilities or for adults who cannot or who choose not to live independently.
ALF
assisted living residence
assisted living facility
A long-term care facility which is used to provide care for people with complex health needs, and which typically has at least one caregiver in attendance twenty four hours a day.
residential care facility
group home facility
A building which is used by an organization which serves a long-established role in human society.
This term needs further consideration and development as semantics of institution are ambiguous at scale - e.g. are hotels institutional buildings?
institutional building
A market which is used for the sale and purchase of perishable goods.
wet market
A market which is used for the sale and purchase of durable goods.
dry market
An institutional building which is used to provide policing services.
station house
police station
A human construction which contains one or more polling stations
voting facility
polling place
A human construction which is that part of a polling place where voters cast their ballot
polling station room
polling station
A booth which enables a voter to vote confidentially.
voting booth
polling booth
A human construction which is used to forcibly confine humans.
correctional center correctional centre
correctional facility
detention centre
jail
lock-up
remand centre
prison facility
A prison facility which is owned and operated by a private corporation.
for-profit correctional center
for-profit correctional centre
for-profit correctional facility
for-profit detention center
for-profit detention centre
for-profit jail
for-profit lock-up
for-profit penitentiary
for-profit prison
for-profit remand center
for-profit remand centre
private correctional center
private correctional centre
private correctional facility
private detention center
private jail
private lock-up
private penitentiary
private remand center
private remand centre
private prison
A commercial building in which the majority of commerical activity occurs in shops occupying parts of the building.
shopping centre
shopping center
A shopping center in which a large indoor pedestrian promenade provides access to stores and other facilities.
mall
shopping mall
A manufactured product consisting of a duct opening which allows air to circulate.
vent
air vent
A poll which is attached to the head, foot, or side of a bed frame.
adult portable bed rail
assist bar
bed handle
bed rail
bed side rail
grab bar
half rail
hospital bed rail
safety rail
side rail
bedrail
A manufactured product consisting of a panel on which control or monitoring instruments are set.
console
control board
control unit
display board
display panel
indicator panel
instrument board
instrument panel
panel
control panel
A manufactured product consisting of a handle used to open or close a door.
door knob
door handle
A pole which provides stability or support when grasped by the hand.
rail, railing
hand rail
handrail
A switch which turns a light on or off.
switch, dimmer switch
lightswitch
light switch
A manufactured product which is a storage compartment with a lock.
lockable cabinet
lockable cupboard
locking cabinet
locking cupboard
locker
A switch which allows patients in health care settings to alert a nurse or other health care staff member.
nurse call cord
nurse call button
Steel which is composed primarily of a corrosion resistant alloy of iron and chromium.
inox steel
stainless
stainless steel
A paper product which is thin translucent paper.
tissue
Tissue paper is often used for wrapping or for protecting delicate articles.
tissue paper
A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped, part of a toilet fixture, and capable of contain human waste until it is disposed of.
lavatory bowl
toilet bowl
A manufactured product which is composed of one or more glass or other transparent or semi-transparent materials set inside a frame, and installed in wall, door, roof or vehicle surfaces to allow the passage of light, and sometimes air.
casement
casement window
pane
sash
sash window
windowpane
window
A manufactured product which is composed of a hinged, sliding, or revolving barrier which is installed at the entrance to a building, room, vehicle, or in the framework of a cabinet.
door
A restaurant which is of French cultural origin and which has a short menu and limited seating space.
bistrot
bistro
A type of restaurant which is of French cultural origin and which provides more service or food variety than a bistro.
brasserie
A restaurant which provides customers with cooked meat freshly sliced to order.
carvery
A restaurant which primarily serves coffee.
café
coffee shop
coffeehouse
A restaurant which is small, inexpensive, and typically specializing in fried foods and/or home-cooked meals.
greasy spoon
A restaurant which specializes in serving steaks and pork chops.
chophouse
steak house
steakhouse
A restaurant which is of Italian cultural origin and which is generally less formal than an Italian ristorante, but more formal than an osteria.
trattoria
A healthcare facility which is a temporary hospital or mobile medical unit that takes care of casualties on-site before they can be safely transported to more permanent facilities.
field hospital
A healthcare facility which provides palliative care for the terminally ill.
hospice
A commercial building which contains auditoria for viewing films.
cinema
cinema hall
picture house
movie theater
An industrial building which is used to store goods.
warehouse
An office building which is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality.
Rathaus (German)
city hall
civic centre
guildhall
town hall
A public building or site which provides facilities used by people to keep fit or relax.
leisure centre
An area of developed space which is reserved for office buildings.
office park
business park
A terrestrial environmental zone where wild animals live safely or are hunted in a controlled way for sport.
game park
wildlife preserve
game reserve
A hill which is small and usually separated from a larger group of hills such as a range.
knoll
Hillocks are similar in their distribution and size to small mesas or buttes.
hillock
A shore along a river.
riverfront
An island which is small, principally composed of rock, and usually too small for human habitation.
islet
skerry
A power plant which is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity.
wind park
wind power plant
wind power station
wind farm
An island that is not permanently populated by humans.
uninhabited island
atoll
desert island
A store which is physically large and is part of a retail chain.
megastore
supercenter
superstore
big-box store
A bridge which is a truss bridge, pre-fabricated, and portable.
Bailey bridge
A bridge which is hinged and can be raised.
draw-bridge
drawbridge
A bridge designed solely for pedestrians.
pedestrian bridge
pedestrian overcrossing
pedestrian overpass
footbridge
A bridge which arches in the center, and has a span which is higher than the ramps on either side, forming a hump-like arrangement.
humpback bridge
A bridge which is used for transportaiton, and which crosses over another road or railway.
flyover
overbridge
overpass
A bridge which has its deck hung on vertical suspenders via suspension cables.
suspension bridge
A bridge which is movable and has a vertical locating pin as its primary structural support, and a support ring about which it can pivot horizontally.
swing bridge
A device that causes suction in order to remove debris from surfaces.
vacuum
hoover
vacuum cleaner
Poultry manure made of chicken feces.
chicken manure
A soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate.
gypsum
A container for storing water.
water tank
An anthropogenic geographic feature consisting of a receptacle intended to provide drinking water to animals.
artificial watering point
water trough
A paper product which is a thin sheet material made of processed cellulose fibres.
paper
paper sheet
sheet of paper
An agricultural building used for crop storage or animal husbandry.
barn
An animal house where fowl are kept.
chicken coop
hen house
chicken house
Environmental material consisting of waste products that have been discarded at an unsuitable location.
litter
A manufactured product consisting of a table or desk used for sewing.
work table
sewing desk
sewing table
A manufactured product consisting of a disk-shaped material that rotates around an axle bearing placed through a hole in its center.
wheel device
wheel
A manufactured product consisting of a shallow platform designed for the carrying of items.
tray
A manufactured product which has been designed to 1) allow a human to do work more efficiently and 2) be used in a hand-held fashion.
hand tool
A tool with a flat, smooth rubber blade, used to remove or control the flow of liquid on a flat surface.
squilgee
squeegee
An indoor toilet that is available for public use.
public toilet
A device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
pump
A hand tool used to remove the outer layer of vegetables and fruit, consisting of a handle attached to a metal blade with a slot with a sharp edge.
vegetable scraper
peeler
A manufactured product which is a flat transport structure that supports goods in a stable fashion while being lifted and/or moved.
skid
pallet
A device used in packaging operations.
packing machine
packaging machine
A building or room that is part of a cathedral, monastery or collegiate church, in which larger meetings are held.
chapterhouse
chapter house
A building which is at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Great Mosque of Mecca.
Kaaba
A building which is a place of worship for Muslims.
masjid
mosque
A building that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, Cadw in Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland.
listed structure
protected structure
listed building
A residential building containing bunks or beds which are often not separated by walls.
bunkhouse
A commercial building where merchants trade grains.
grain exchange
corn exchange
A commercial building designed for kilning (drying) hops.
hop kiln
oast
oast house
A building that formed a very large fruit tree green house, or conservatory, on the grounds of fashionable residences from the 17th to the 19th centuries.
orangerie
orangery
A building which historically has at least 10 floors.
skyscraper
A residential building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access.
tenement
A public building constructed as a external, free-standing monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people.
mausoleum
A sports facility where bowling is played.
bowling arena
bowling center
bowling lounge
bowling alley
A transport feature consisting of a closed building structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft.
hangar
A device consisting of a continuous flexible band moved by a series of rollers to transport objects or material from one place to another.
belt conveyor system
conveyor
belt conveyor
conveyor belt
A device designed to remove water or humidity.
dryer
A dryer that is used to remove moisture from textiles.
tumble dryer
clothes dryer
A cow shed for baby cows/bulls.
calf house
calf-rearing shed
calfshed
calf shed
An animal house used for housing livestock.
livestock shelter
livestock structure
livestock house
A human construction specially designed for a specific purpose.
facility
A hand tool for making rotational adjustments.
spanner
wrench
A self-service shop offering a wide variety of food, beverages and household products, organized into sections.
supermarket
A part of an oven or a small stove used to broil food.
grill
broiler
A portable, box-type industrial storage product used for the storage and handling or parts and materials, that may collapse to conserve space when not in use.
storage bin
storage box
tote
tote box
tote bin
A large bag with parallel handles that emerge from the sides of its pouch.
bag
tote bag
A factory where raw or preprocessed materials are transformed into finished parts or products.
preprocessing factory
preprocessing plant
A factory where raw materials are treated or prepared for final processing.
processing factory
processing plant
A factory for processing, packaging, labelling, handling, and storing cheese.
cheese factory
cheese plant
cheese processing plant
A processing plant for slaughtering, processing, packaging, labelling, handling, and storing of food animal carcasses, parts of carcasses, and meat products.
meat factory
meat plant
freezing works
meat packaging plant
packinghouse
slaughterhouse
meat processing plant
A bandage wrap used on the lower legs of a horse.
stable bandage
standing bandage
standing wrap
stable gauze
stall gauze
A stable bandage runs from just below the knee or hock, to the bottom of the fetlock joint, and protects the cannon bone, tendons of the lower leg, and fetlock joint.
A delicatessen which prepares and sells preserved meat products.
charcuterie
charcuterie shop
An environmental material consisting of organic matter from plants and/or animals that is used in agriculture as fertilizer.
animal manure
compost
farm slurry
green manure
liquid manure
Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure.
manure
A building part consisting of a board covering the joint between the lowest part of an interior wall surface and the floor.
Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor.
baseboard
Plant matter consisting of an impermeable buoyant material, the phellem layer of bark tissue.
cork
Macromolecules that are obtained naturally from plants or animals.
natural-based polymer
A thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose.
Plastic Wrap
Cellophane is used for food packaging.
cellophane
Synthetic plastic which is composed of a glossy, moistureproof membrane made of rubber hydrochloride.
pliofilm
A polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
BoPET (Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate)
mylar
A solid environmental material that is hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant, made by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral at a high temperature.
ceramic
A human construction which is an enclosure or compartment designed for service provision.
"an enclosure or compartment that allows privacy or seclusion, for example when voting, broadcasting or recording sound, or making a phone call." OED I like this one more - except it doesn't fit "ticket booth", "gas station booth" etc.
booth
A device which can connect, disconnect, or divert current in an electrical circuit.
switch
An environmental system where environmental monitoring processes are in effect.
environmental monitoring area
An environmental monitoring area which is under observation by humans belonging to organisations with a legislative mandate to monitor the area.
environmental monitoring program area
An environmental monitoring program area within a food production facility.
food production environmental monitoring zone
An object aggregate which comprises objects whose surfaces are in contact with food during its processing in a food production facility
Zone 1
environmental monitoring zone 1
This can be axiomatised with "'has part' min 1 'food contact surface'" . This can also have the axiom "'part of' some 'food production environmental monitoring zone'"
food production environmental monitoring zone 1
An object aggregate which comprises objects whose surfaces are not in contact with food during its processing, but which are in close proximity to those in food production environmental monitoring zone 1.
Zone 2
This can be axiomatised with "'has part' min 1 'food contact surface'" . This can also have the axiom "'part of' some 'food production environmental monitoring zone'". The threshold for "close proximity" can vary based on local or national legislation. 'adjacent to' axioms may also be used for neighbouring zones.
food production environmental monitoring zone 2
An object aggregate which comprises a facility's set of more remote non-food-processing-contact surfaces that are in or near the processing areas (food productions environmental monitoring zones 1 and 2) and could lead to their contamination, especially through human movement.
Zone 3
food production environmental monitoring zone 3
An object aggregate which comprises objects in proximity to food production environmental monitoring zone 3.
Zone 4
food production environmental monitoring zone 4
An environmental system which is part of a food production facility and whose boundaries are defined by hygienic requirements.
hygienic zone
This class is more a convenience grouping class, but can be axiomatised if a hygienic assessment process is completed.
hygienic food production area
A hygienic food production area which is not an immediate part of a food manufacturing process area.
food prossessing non-production area
A hygienic food production area containing products having a low risk of contamination.
This class includes manufacturing areas in which raw materials and/or finished products (within their primary packaging) and packaging/labeling materials are received, sampled, or stored prior to dispatch.
food production low-risk contamination area
A hygienic food production area in which general food processing occurs.
This class includes areas in which raw materials are received, sorted, and sampled; areas within the plant where products susceptible to contamination and/or microbial growth are processed, treated, or handled; areas in which animal carcasses are cut into fresh meat products and areas in which vegetables and produce are packed. Food processing that prepares products for cooking by the consumer (e.g., raw meats, fish, and vegetables) or produces RTE products that are effectively preserved (e.g., canned or baked products) will require procesing in medium-risk hygiene areas.
food production medium-risk contamination area
A hygienic food production area containing food products that are not subjected to subsequent microbial decontamination, and where there is a risk of pathogen or microbial spoilage growth.
food production high-risk contamination area
An anthropogenic environment which provides long-term shelter for its inhabitants.
residential environment
A stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium.
Natural rubber, India rubber, Gum elastic, Non-vulcanized rubber
Latex is made by some plants, but synthetic latexes can be manufactured as well.
latex
A boat which is used to transport cargo or carry passengers.
transport boat
A container which is typically made of glass or plastic and having a tapered neck, used primarily for holding liquids.
bottle
A hand tool for domestic use, especially in the kitchen.
utensil
An eating utensil with spikes used to put solid food into the mouth, or to hold food down while cutting.
fork
An eating utensil with a scooped end and a long handle.
spoon
A utensil which is a hand-sized container with an open top.
A cup may be used to hold liquids for pouring or drinking, or to store solids for pouring.
cup
An anthropogenic environment which is bounded by a healthcare facility in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment.
healthcare environment
An anthropogenic environment which is the product of a particular human occupational acitivity.
work environment
occupational environment
An anthropogenic environment which is designed for child care.
childcare environment
day care environment
daycare environment
child care environment
A human construction in which child care services are provided to a human child by specialized staff and equipment.
childcare facility
day care facility
daycare facility
child care facility
A child care facility in which day care services are provided, by specialized staff and equipment, to a human child during the working day.
daycare
A human construction in which individuals or a group of people such as a congregation come to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or religious study.
place of worship
A building reserved in which religious or spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice are performed.
"The term typically used for such buildings belonging to all faiths where a more specific term such as church, mosque or synagogue is not generally used in English." [Wikipedia]
temple
A child care facility in which child care services are provided to young children and babies.
human nursery
An anthropogenic environment which is bounded by a human dwelling.
household environment
A public building in which health, recreation or other public services to a local community are provided.
community service centre
A healthcare facility which is used by a group of general practitioners and nurses to provide healthcare services to people in a certain area.
health center
healthcare center
cottage hospital
community health centre
A room which contains 1) a number of beds for sleeping and 2) often some other furniture and/or residential utilities.
A dormitory is often used to describe student and backpacker accommodation of this kind.
dormitory
A political entity which is defined by contract between the Canadian state ("the Crown") and a First Nations people.
"[First Nations reserves] are not to be confused with land claims areas, which involve all of that First Nations' traditional lands: a much larger territory than any other reserve." [Wikipedia]
first nations reserve
A human dwelling which may be unsustainable over the long term for an inhabitant because of financial, livability, overcrowding or other factors.
insecure housing
A human dwelling which is provided to one or more persons on a short-term basis.
temporary residence
An eating utensil which is a thin stick used in equal length pairs to manipulate food and bring it into a mouth.
chopstick
A building which 1) containing multiple dwellings of pre-furnished accomodation and 2) is rented on a short term and/or longer-term basis.
hotel
A healthcare facility which is used to provide healthcare services to animals.
veterinary facility
An aircraft which 1) has fixed wings and 2) is propelled by a thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine.
plane
airplane
A healthcare facility which is the office of a physician.
doctor's office
doctor's practice
doctor's surgery
physician office
A constructed transport system which is designed to transport people or objects over land, but not water or air.
ground transport
An animal house which houses stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals.
animal shelter
pound
An animal rescue shelter typically houses mostly dogs and cats.
animal rescue shelter
A utensil used for consuming food.
cutlery utensil
eating utensil
A manufactured product which is an alloy of iron and which typically contains a few tenths of a percent of carbon.
steel
A prison facility which is owned by the state and operated by a private corporation.
public-private prison
A system which is composed of one or more machines that can continuously transport material from one location to at least one other location.
conveyor equipment
connveyor belt
A manufactured product which is capable of some manufacturing process.
A system which consists of manufacturing equipment that performs manufacturing processes in a linear fashion.
production line
A manufactured product which is a structural system on which equipment components are mounted.
A manufactured product which positions a piece of equipment above a surface.
A conveyor system which uses conveyer belt machines to transport material.
A manufactured product which is 1) an endless belt of flexible material stretched between two drums; 2) conveys material between drum locations.
A manufacturing equipment piece which is used to package material.
A conveyor system which is used to transport granular material vertically in open containers.
A conveyor system which consists of a helicoid flight mounted in a tube or shaft.
A conveyor system which transports dry bulk particulate or granular material through a pipeline by a stream of gas.
A manufactured product which is a cylindrical (or approximately cylindrical) item used under a heavy object to facilitate moving it.
Usually several conveyor rollers are organized in a linear fashion to convey an object between locations.
An interface layer which is formed where either two parts of a material entity or two separate material entities touch or are attached to one another along some length.
A liquid water which has no current or flow and is susceptible to contamination by pathogens or pathogenic vectors.
wet
Dust which is 1) generated when wood is processed and 2) composed primarily of cellulose, polyoses, and lignin.
Wood dust is typically generated through processes where wood is chipped, sawed, turned, drilled or sanded. The chemical composition of wood dust depends on the species of tree. Wood dust is not typically produced for specific uses. However, it is used commercially for wood composts. The primary routes of potential human exposure to wood dust are inhalation and dermal contact. It is known to be a human carcinogen.
wood dust
A hydraulic fluid which is 1) used in hydraulic brake and hydraulic clutch applications in vehicles to amplify braking force and 2) composed primarily of ethylene glycol, polyglycols, silicone fluids, and isobutyl alcohol.
brake fluid
Fluid used for valve operation, brake band friction, and gear lubrication within an automatic vehicle transmission.
automatic transmission fluid
An environmental system process during which populations have reduced access to food, causing increased hunger, malnutrition, and consequent mortality.
A medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery.
Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water.
hydraulic fluid
A lubricant for internal combustion engines which 1) reduces friction and wear 2) cleans the engine 3) neutralizes acids 4) improves sealing of piston rings, and 5) cools the engine.
motor oil
A liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel.
diesel fuel
A clear petroleum-derived flammable liquid which is used as fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
Gasoline consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
gasoline
A gas which results from the incomplete or complete combustion of diesel fuel.
diesel exhaust
A gas which results from the complete or incomplete combustion of gasoline fuel.
gasoline exhaust
A coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied
dye
Pigments carried by solvents or water which are applied to leather to be absorbed into the pores of the leather to deposit coloration.
leather dye
Dyes used for the coloration or brightening of paper.
paper dye
Dyes utilized for coloring textiles such as wool or cellulose fibers.
Textile dyes may include acid dyes, substantive dyes, mordant dues, sulfur dyes, azoic dyes, and disperse dyes.
textile dye
A black or colored ink which is 1) used for writing, printing, and drawing and 2) made from fine soot (lampblack) and water.
India ink
A polysaccharide that functions as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener in mixtures.
xanthan gum
A naturally occurring plant-based gum, which functions as a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble mixture of polysaccharides that absorbs water to become a gel/paste.
Tragacanth has many uses, including as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer, and texturant additive for foods, pharmaceuticals, and art materials.
tragacanth
Water based ink intended for use with fountain ink pens.
fountain pen ink
A solid or highly viscous plant or synthetic based substance that is typically convertible into polymers.
resin
A liquid, powder, spray, or granule used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells, and clutter on surfaces.
cleaning agent
A cleaning agent which 1) contains organic solvents and 2) dissolves oils and fats for the removal of grease.
degreaser
A clear transparent hard protective film or finish, primarily used for wood finishing applications.
Varnish is traditionally composed of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
varnish
A varnish containing a natural, plant- or insect-derived substance dissolved in a solvent, called spirit varnish or solvent varnish.
resin (gum) varnish
A resin secreted by the female lac bug, which is dissolved in alcohol to be used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze, and wood finish.
shellac
A category of hard and potentially shiny (clear or colored) finishes which can be applied to materials including wood or metal.
lacquer
A solvent that can dissolve paint and reduce viscosity of paint or "thin" it.
Paint thinners can aid in removal of paint from brushes, rollers, or in spill cleanup.
paint thinner
A liquid, gel, or paste that can be mixed into acrylic paint to alter paint consistency and properties.
acrylic paint medium
A paint thinner specific for altering the viscosity of enamel paints.
enamel thinner
A solvent used to thin oil-based paints or clean up after their use.
oil paint thinner
A paint product which adheres to surfaces and forms a binding layer, preparing it to receive paint.
primer (paint)
A smooth, durable vitreous coating which is made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate.
Enamel can be used on metal, glass, ceramics, stone, or any material able to withstand the fusing temperature. Enamel is made by 1) firing, melting the powder and 2) allowing allowing it to flow across a surface to then harden.
vitreous enamel
A slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil.
oil-based paint
A water soluble, fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion.
acrylic paint
A paint that exhibits luminescence, giving off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.
luminescent paint
A fluid obtained by the distillation of resin harvested from living trees, primarily used as a solvent.
turpentine
A flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.
Light and heavy varieties may consist of distinct quantities of carbon atoms per molecule.
naphtha
Dust which is composed of minerals and trace elements, generated by finely crushed rock.
Rock dust is widely used in mining to prevent coal dust explosions, or in agriculture for organic farming uses.
rock dust
Any material containing unstable atoms that emit ionizing radiation as it decays.
radioactive material
An environmental material which is primarily composed of cyanoacrolate.
Cyanoacrylates have industrial, medical, and household uses. A strong fast-acting adhesive which is an ester of cyanoacrylic acid.
volume of cyanoacrylate
OBSOLETE A compound utilized for the production of plastics or polymers.
This term is ambigious, as it could refer to the compound the plastic is (supposed to be) made of, additives, contaminants, etc. Please instead directly refer to the compound of interest.
obsolete plastic production compound
A preparation with dye or pigment used to deposit coloration to a substrate.
stain
A stain which has colorants dissolved and/or suspended in a vehicle or solvent, used to add color to wood.
Wood stain is designed to add color to substrates, while still leaving some of the substrate visible.
wood stain
An environmental material which is composed of elastic polymers mixed in a solvent.
cow gum
Solvents typically used include acetone, hexane, heptane or toluene.
rubber cement
An environmental material which is 1) composed primarily of methyl cellulose and water, and 2) formulated to fix wallpaper to walls.
wallpaper adhesive
wallpaper paste
An environmental material which is 1) manufactured and 2) primarily composed of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, and 3) when applied to hair, can alter the natural hair pigments for 6-8 weeks.
hair color
permanent hair dye
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured and 2) composed of alcohol, titanium dioxide, and propylene glycol.
pharmaceutical ink
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured and 2) composed of copper phthalocyanine, iron oxides, water, and biopolymers.
gel ink
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured and 2) primarily composed of soybean oil, as well as pigment, resin, and wax.
soy ink
A colorant fluid which is 1) manufactured, 2) primarily composed of water, as well as glycol, and dye, and 3) intended for use in inkjet printers.
aqueous inkjet printer ink
An environmental material which is composed primarily of gases and particles produced by the combustion of petroleum fuels.
emissions from petroleum combustion
A liquid environmental material which 1) contains at least one substance which can act as a chemical colorant.
colorant fluid
A function which is realised by a chemical when applied to a material, such that it alters the material's colour.
chemical colorant
Waste which contains toxic components (e.g., heavy metals or radiation) which can cause harm to organisms and/or the environment.
To be revised when we have information about the real definition. The definitions given by WMO cloud atlas are entered as comment, as these are not the defining features of the levels but the result of whatever it is that defines the levels (I assume temperature, density, etc. but have not yet found clear information about this). The german wikipedia page notes layers that coincide with the extent of the low étage, however, I have not yet seen further mention of them elsewhere and am thus hesitant about adding them.
low étage
A part of the troposphere which extends from the Earth's surface to 2 km (0 - 6500 ft) height.
low atmospheric level
To be revised when we have information about the real definition. The definitions given by WMO cloud atlas are entered as comment, as these are not the defining features of the levels but the result of whatever it is that defines the levels (I assume temperature, density, etc. but have not yet found clear information about this).
middle étage
A part of the troposphere which extends from 2 km to 4 km (6 500 – 13 000 ft) height in the polar region, from 2 km to 7 km (6 500 – 23 000 ft) height in the temperate region, and from 2 km to 8 km (6 500 – 25 000 ft) height in the tropical region.
middle atmospheric level
high étage
A part of the troposphere which extends from 3 km to 8 km (10 000 – 25 000 ft) height in the polar region, from 5 km to 13 km (16 500 – 45 000 ft) height in the temperate region, and from 6 km to 18 km (20 000 – 60 000 ft) height in the tropical region.
high atmospheric level
A part of a cloud.
This definition is practical but may need refinement.
cloud part
A cloud part which is closest to the surface of the astronomical body local to the cloud.
cloud base
A cloud part which is furthest from the surface of the astronomical body local to the cloud.
cloud top
A water droplet which exists at temperatures below 0°C (273.15K).
supercooled water droplet
A water ice crystal which is constituted by water molecules aligned in a hexagonal array.
snowflake
snow crystal
Snow crystals and snowflakes are often noted as synonyms, however, the term "snowflake" is generally used more loosely. Some sites mention that snow crystals refer to individual crystals of ice, while the term "snowflake" can refer both to an individual crystal of ice and to a bundle of snow crystals. Please see here [https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/998#issuecomment-685649444]
A building part which is maintained such that the number of foreign particulates within it is controlled.
clean room
The cleanliness level of a cleanroom is quantified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a predetermined molecule measure. Cleanrooms are designed to maintain extremely low levels of particulates, such as dust, airborne organisms, or vaporized particles. Cleanroons are used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical items, integrated circuits, CRT, LCD, OLED and microLED displays.
cleanroom
Sediment which contains some chemical contaminant.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/1102 for a possible design pattern. Uses undesirability standard, compared to polluted river's ecological impact standard. What is the relation to ENVO:00002114 'chemically enriched sediment'? Does 'element' in the definition refer to something found in the periosic table (like selenium) or the member of some set, aka an entity?
chemically contaminated sediment
Liquid water which is a participant in a water cooling process.
Cooling water is commonly used for cooling automobile internal combustion engines and power stations.
cooling water
A pipeline network which is used to transport drinking water to consumers.
drinking water pipeline
drinking water pipeline network
An industrial building in which water undergoes a purification process to make it fit for human consumption.
CM: drinking water treatment plant should have an edge connecting to its function or a process MAM: Like some yet-to-be-created sibling of pollution control ENVO:02500042 ? Or sibling of environment control function OBI:0000401? Can't find suitable function currently in ENVO. Add term and add axioms later
drinking water treatment plant
A manufactured product which is capable of connecting or disconnecting the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
electrical switch
A waste material which is primarily composed of uneaten food and removed from the food supply chain.
does FoodOn want this?
food loss
The causes of food waste or loss are numerous and can occur during production, processing, distribution, retail and consumption.
food waste
A fluid environmental material which is contained in geologic formations naturally.
assert contained in some child of astronmical body part? cavity? Parent class could use a better definition?
formation fluid
A building part which has been constructed to support the provision of intensive care medicine to patients with severe or life-threatening illnesses and injuries.
An ICU could be a part-of a hospital, but it would not be a subclass of a hospital. That's even reflected in the textual definition. THEREFORE parent class changed to building part. Could be in a hospital and related to some particular hospital department provides.
intensive care unit
Liquid water which occurs naturally within the pores of rocks and sediments.
interstitial water
A bioreactor which has a membrane as a part
It is widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The membrane is usually used to perform microfiltration, ultrafiltration or osmosis, etc.
membrane bioreactor
A soil horizon which is primarily composed of mineral material.
ADDED 'composed primarily of' RO:0002473 mineral material 'ENVO:01000256'
Usually less than 20% organic carbon. The term mineral horizon refers to surface soil/topsoil and subsoil layer of the soil. When user does not/could not refer to the topsoil or subsoil specifically, the broader term, mineral horizon can be used.
mineral horizon
A pipeline network which is used to transport oil to consumers.
oil pipeline
oil pipeline network
An environmental material which consists of either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone, containing a naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, and water, soaked with a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum.
TODO: create an astonomical body part 'bituminous sands" and assert composed primarily of realtionship. Xref https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/1154. TREATED THIS as a material entity. could add something like "oil sands deposit" as a geospatial location later.
crude bitumen
oil sands
tar sands
bituminous sand
A human construction which is used to transport a material which is primarily composed of liquid or gas through a system of pipes.
Getting an example of use could be helpful. Are some environmental samples collected from the outside of a pipe or its fittings? Or taken from inside the pipe? Removing "transport" from the label may make the labels of sublasses more readable. However, "pipeline" alone could mean several unrelated things, like software pipelines. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-pipelines.php uses the term "pipeline network". ALSO could this be a transport feature? Xref https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/1111.
Pipeline networks typically materials either from 1) a production area to a market area for consumption, 2) a production area to an area for waste disposal.
pipeline network
A river which has elevated levels of contaminants.
Uses 'adverse to ecosystem standard'. Compare to undesirability standard in 'contaminated sediment'. See also 'polluted lake'.
The contaminants may cause adverse changes in the ecosystems associated with it.
polluted river
Rock which is derived from bedrock through chemical weathering
add chemcical weathering term to improve axiomitization
saprolite
An environmental material which is composed of insoluble solid particles suspended in a liquid.
term requester also included <denser than water> and <usually suspended in water>, but they may only be found in wikipedia's definition
slurry
A soil horizon which is composed primarily of organic matter.
ADDED 'composed primarily of' RO:0002473 'soil organic matter' ENVO:04000008
soil organic layer
organic surface layer
The organic matter is this layer is genreally derived from biomatter.
organic horizon
Vinasse which is produced during the rectification and distillation of ethanol from sugar cane.
Might be nice to add an edge like 'derives from' RO:0001000 sugarcane or 'sugar cane plant' FOODON:03411378? Note that importing FOODON terms can bring in unexpected dependencies. Try again later!
sugarcane vinasse
An earth-filled dam which is used for the storage of mining operations byproducts, after separating the ore from the gangue.
dam is a functional label. we suggest distributing the terms in this definition. Might also want to define a new term gangue.
tailings dam
A human construction which is used as a storage area for mining tailings.
not placing under 'pond' class becasue contents may not be primarily be composed of water. consider revising 'pond' semantics
tailings pond
A manufactured product which is formed as a liquid byproduct generated during the rectification and distillation of ethanol.
Vinasse is produced by the sugar or ethanol industry and can be produced at volumes as high as 20-fold of ethanol. It is typically sulfur-rich, low pH, dark-colored and odorous.
vinasse
A soil layer which is parallel to the soil surface and which has roughly homogenous physical, chemical and biological properties relative to the soil layers above or beneath it.
soil horizon
An embankment dam which is primarily composed of compacted earth.
earthen dam
terrain dam
earth-filled dam
A dam which is created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil, sand, clay, or rock.
A yard which consists of land immediately adjacent to the back of a residential building
back yard
residential backyard
An island which is small, low in elevation, sandy, and located on the surface of a coral reef.
caye
key
cay
A room which is maintained at lower than ambient temperatures.
chiller room
cool room
refrigerating chamber
Cold rooms are generally used as walk-in storage facilities or to perform tasks requiring cooler ambient temperatures.
cold room
Soil which has properties that restrict a pathogen's ability to establish itself, persist, or cause disease that results in long-term harm.
disease-suppressive soil
The pathogenicity that is suppressed is typically directed towards plants, especially crops. Soils are typically classified as pathogen-suppressive if a pathogen 1) cannot establish itself or persist, 2) is able to establish itself, but causes little or no damage, or 3) is able to establishe itself, but only causes disease that does not result in long-term harm.
pathogen-suppressive soil
A pond which has nutrient-rich water.
eutrophic pond
A forest ecosystem which is designated for research.
experimental forest ecosystem
A pit which has been constructed for use in fermentation processes that will yield alcoholic spirits.
fermentation pit
A manufactured product which assists starting a fermentation process which is intended to prepare foods and alcoholic drinks.
Daqu
fermentation starter
A lake which is connected to a marine water body via tunnels or cracks in the soil.
marine lake
Liquid water which is either part of or was removed from a marine lake.
marine lake water
A pond which has layers of water that do not intermix.
meromictic pond
A farm which is managed using practices certified to be organic by a competent authority.
What qualifies as an organic farm varies significantly across nations and subnational entities. In general, however, organic farming involves the use of biological pest control, mixed cropping, natural fertilisers, and the fostering of insect predators. Further, organic certification often requires that synthetic pesticides and fertilisers are not used.
organic farm
A manufactured product which is designed to function as a container for growing plants.
plant pot
A manufactured product which is produced by curing, subsequent aging, slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaves.
processed tobacco
A pond which humans have constructed for the cultivation of algae.
algal pond
raceway pond
A manufactured product which is composed of flexible material and is intended to be hung such that it impedes the spray of water between a shower fixture and the rest of a room.
Shower curtains are typically made from plastic or another water resistant or waterproof material.
shower curtain
Processed tobacco which has been treated for use by placing it between the gum and cheek or lip, chewed, or sniffed, but not smoked.
smokeless tobacco
A spacecraft which is capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time.
orbital space station
orbital station
space station
A vehicle which is used for carrying cargo or passengers on a rail transport system.
train car
A manufactured product which is controls the flow of water.
water valve
water tap
An anthropogenic geographic feature which consists of land immediately adjacent to a building or a group of buildings.
yard
A manufactured product which is used to give input or control to an information processing system by touching a display screen with a special stylus or one or more fingers.
Touching the screen with multiple fingers is considered a multi-touch gesture.
touchscreen
Anthropogenic litter which consists of an abandoned ship's remains.
A shipwreck can be found beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water.
shipwreck
A human construction which supplies drinking water by squirting it into a basin or jets water into the air for a decorative or dramatic effect.
fountain
A water well in which a long, 100–200 millimetres-wide, stainless steel tube or pipe is bored into an underground aquifer to lift water using a pump.
tube well
A sedimentary rock which is made of carbonate mud whose formation is mediated by microbes in the benthic zone.
microbialite
Water which comes from a spring.
spring water
A salt mass which consists of isometric crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl).
rock salt
Typically colorless or white. Halite may also occur in various color including light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or gray depending on inclusion of other materials, impurities, and structural or isotopic abnormalities in the crystals.
halite
An intensive care unit (ICU) specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants.
ICN
NICU
intensive care nursery
neonatal intensive care unit
A geological fracture which is formed during winter months by a narrow or thin piece of ice.
The ice itself can measure up to 3–4 meters in length at ground level can extend downwards into the ground up to several meters.
ice wedge
An animal habitation which is built by alligators from plants and decomposing vegetation in order to protect their eggs from predators.
nest of alligator
An oceanic front in which mixing of river discharge and saline seawater occurs.
river plume
A feature which arises from a rapid multiplication of cyanobacteria, causing marked visible discoloration of the water.
cyanobacterial bloom
A planetary structural layer which consists of oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle and has been uplifted and exposed above sea level.
Opholites are often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks
ophiolites
Land which has elevated levels of some contaminants or substances that are potentially hazardous to health or the environment.
contaminated land
An agricultural aquatic ecosystem in which fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic plants and algae are cultivated.
aquaculture
aquafarming
aquaculture farm
An industrial building in which oil-bearing seeds or vegetable materials are crushed and pressed with a grinding mill in order to extract oils.
oil mill
A human construction which confines wastewater in a depression enclosed by earthen structures.
WSPs
stabilization ponds
waste stabilization lagoons
Presumably the waste is detained prior to treatment.
waste stabilization pond
A bioreactor which utilizes a light source to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms.
photobioreactor
An industrial building in which crude oil is transformed and refined into useful products.
The useful products include petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units, such as distillation columns.
oil refinery
A manufactured product which is used for cutting crops, vegetables, wood, metal, paper documents, etc into small pieces.
A shredder could more specifically be consered a machine.
shredder
A human construction which is used for the purpose of industrial development.
Industrial parks are usually located on the edges of, or outside, the main residential area of a city and that can be thought of as a more "heavyweight" version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry.
industrial park
Fresh water which is harvested from cloud.
cloud water
Fluid environmental material which is present in the continental crust and dictates the nature and extent of crustal deformation.
The presence or absence of fluids exerts a fundamental control on rheology.
crustal fluid
A geological fracture, found near volacnoes in the final phase of thier activity, chiefly discharging carbon dioxide and possibly other vapors.
mofetta
An organic material which is derived from lichen mats.
lichen material
A manufactured product which floats in water and can be used a navigational marker among other purposes.
Buoy can be anchored (stationary) or allowed to drift with ocean currents.
buoy
A manufactured product which is used to remove contaminants from water impeding the flow of particles or solutes.
Fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process are applied in the water filter. Filters cleanse water to different extents for purposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public and private aquariums, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.
water filter
A human construction which provides regulated climatic conditions for the growth of plants and whose walls and roof are made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass.
glasshouse
hothouse
greenhouse
A fermentation pit which is constructed to facilitate the fermentation of alcoholic substances.
Definition from 2021-08-05 call with Buttigieg, Duncan and Miller
A fermentation pit which is constructed from clay.
A pond which has been constructed by humans or their technologies.
A human construction that has intentionally been placed into orbit.
Not to be confused with a natural satellite like the earth's moon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite)
A water body which is created in a stream by local scour or impoundment and has some structural control.
pool
Pool water depth is above average for the stream. If if all the running water in the stream was shut off, areas in the stream that still hold water are pools. Pool water velocity is below average for the reach, causing fine sediments to deposit in pools. Pools are generally longer than they are wide (unless they are plunge pools), and are 1.5 x deeper at their maximum depth than they are at their crest
stream pool
A hydroform which is that part of a stream where water flows swiftly and uniformly with low surface water agitation.
run
stream run
A stream pool which is formed as a result of high-gradient, steep streams where water cascades over a rock or woody snag.
Due to the gradient and surrounding geology, this pattern continues down the stream: step (drop), pool, step, pool, etc.
step pool
Biofilm consisting of a mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, microbes, and detritus.
Periphytic biofilm coats the submerged surfaces in most bodies of water
periphytic biofilm
epilithon
epipelon
Periphyton colonizing surface of aquatic plants
epiphyton
epipsammon
epixylon
Water which is part of a stream.
stream water
A stream which is composed primarily of fresh water.
freshwater stream
A freshwater stream ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession.
freshwater stream biome
An ecosystem in which the composition, structure, and function of resident ecological assemblages are primarily determined by a freshwater stream.
freshwater stream ecosystem
Adfreezing is a freezing process during which two objects adhere to each other via ice.
adfreezing
Frost heaving is a process during which an upwards swelling of soil occurs due to freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface.
frost heaving process
A water temperature which inheres in water close to the surface of an ocean or sea.
The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface.
temperature of sea surface
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in soil.
concentration of carbon dioxide in soil
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in air.
concentration of carbon dioxide in air
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in freshwater.
concentration of carbon dioxide in freshwater
The concentration of carbon dioxide when measured in seawater.
concentration of carbon dioxide in seawater
lake water
Organic material in soil, which consists of plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and substances synthesized by soil organisms.
soil organic matter
A layer which is composed of ground that is 1) subject to annual thawing and freezing and 2) present in areas underlain by permafrost.
Potential synonyms are seasonal frost, frost zone, and mollisol. See issue #741 in GitHub for additional details. These synonyms should be validated in a cryohackathon.
active permafrost layer
A surface layer which is composed primarily of soil.
soil surface layer
A soil surface which is exposed to the troposphere, with no appreciable cover from vegetation or other material.
bare soil surface layer
Particulate environmental material which is composed primarily of organic material.
particulate organic matter
Particulate organic matter which is composed primarily of carbon.
particulate organic carbon
Particulate organic matter which is composed primarily of nitrogen.
particulate organic nitrogen
A material accumulation process during which atmospheric carbon dioxide is captured and stored.
carbon sequestration process
A carbon sequestration process during which atmospheric carbon dioxide is captured and stored by biological processes.
biotic carbon sequestration
A carbon sequestration process during which carbon dioxide is stored in underground geological formations.
geological carbon sequestration
A carbon sequestration process during which carbon dioxide is stored in the carbonate system of an ocean.
carbon sequestration by the ocean carbonate system
A disposition inhering in a bearer by virtue of that bearer's ability to, repeatedly, become plastic on heating and harden again on cooling.
termoplasticità
熱塑性
thermoplasticity
An environmental material which is capable of, repeatedly, becoming plastic when heated and hardening again when cooled.
thermoplastic material
A disposition which inheres in materials capable of becoming rigid when cured by heating.
熱固性
thermosetting disposition
A polymer which has been irreversibly hardened by heat-induced curing.
thermoset material
thermoset
thermoset plastic
Prior to curing, thermoset materials often occur as a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer or resin. In the literature, those are often referred to thermosetting resins. During curing process, well-defined and irreversible chemical networks form in three dimensions thus giving the thermosets a strong and rigid structure that can be added to other materials to increase strength.
thermoset polymer
A piece of plastic which has a matrix- or sponge-like structure with numerous, hollow internal spaces.
Plastikschaumstück
Schaumstoffstück
Depending on the type of plastic used and the organisation of the foam, a piece of plastic foam can show elastic properties (even if the plastic it is made out of does not have elastic properties).
piece of plastic foam
A piece of plastic which is flexible, thin, and planar.
Plastikfolie
pellicola di plastica
película de plástico
Kunststofffolie
plastic membrane
plastic sheet
The edge can be either smooth or angular.
plastic film
A piece of plastic which 1) is hard, 2) has an irregular shape, and 3) has broken off of a larger piece of plastic.
Plastikfragment
fragmento de plástico
frammento di plastica
plastic flake
plastic granule
To avoid ambiguity, we are being stricter with the "has broken off of a larger piece of plastic" aspect compared to the GESAMP report, which originally stated "having appearance of being broken down from a larger piece of litter".
plastic fragment
A piece of plastic which is linear and flexible.
plastic fibre
plastic filament
plastic strand
plastic line
A piece of plastic which is 1) hard, 2) has a smooth external surface, and 3) has a roughly spherical or granular shape.
mermaid's tears
pellet de plástico
pellet di plastica
resin bead
plastic pellet
A liquid astronomical body part which 1) vertically spans a water body and 2) has fiat boundaries approximating a columnar shape.
Wassersäule
colonna d'acqua
columna de agua
水層
water column
A collection of organisms which inhabits the same region, ecosystem, or time period.
This term is also requested on the PCO. Once it is added in PCO we will obsolete it in ENVO and replace it with the PCO terms.
Biota
biota
A biota which inhabits a marine ecosystem.
Meeresbiota
biota marino
marine life
ocean life
sea life
marine biota
A biological process during which a material entity is broken down.
Biodegradation
Biologischer Abbauprozess
biodegradación
biodegradazione
生物分解
biodegradation
A biodegradation process during which plastic is broken down.
Biologischer Plastikabbauprozess
biodegradación del plástico
biodegradazione della plastica
biological degradation of plastics
Biodegradation of plastic will lead to reduce molecular weight of that plastic.
biodegradation of plastic
A plastic which has a matrix- or sponge-like structure with numerous, hollow internal spaces.
cellular polymers
expanded polymers
geschäumter Kunststoff
plastic foam
foamed plastic
A physical quality which inheres in a liquid or solid bearer by virtue of that bearer trapping a gas in a colloidal suspension throughout its volume.
This term is also requested on the PATO. Once it is added in PATO we will obsolete it in ENVO and replace it with the PATO terms.
quality of a foam
A feeding behavior during which material is taken into the body of an organism.
(Nahrungs)aufnahme
Ingestion
ingestione
ingestión
攝食
Note that ingestion is not limited to materials which provide nutrition to an organism; indigestible or otherwise biologically inaccessible particles may also be ingested by organisms. Ingestion is also not limited to organisms with a mouth and digestive tract, as single-celled organisms like amoebae ingest material with their cell membrane. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/pull/1153
ingestion
A material accumulation process during which material adheres to a solid or liquid surface.
Adsorption
adsorbimento
adsorción
吸附
adsorption
A material accumulation process during which material builds up on a solid surface such that a function of that surface, or the object it is a part of, is impaired.
Fouling
incrostazione
incrustación
Following BFO:function semantics, this suggests that the functions of the object of which the surface is a part are affected in their realisation in one or more processes.
fouling
A fouling process during which biological matter accumulates on a solid surface.
bio-incrostazione
bio-incrustación
biological fouling
Makrofouling
Mikrofouling
Bewuchs
The biological matter can be microscale (e.g. biofilms created by microorganism) and macroscale (created by macroorganism).
biofouling
An environmental system process during which two dissimilar materials attach to one another.
We'll relocate this in a hierarchy of similar processes later. We'll add different types of adhesion (mechanical, chemical, dispersive, diffusive, and electrostatic) as subclasses in later revisions.
The attachment is usually firm, and several mechanisms (mechanical, chemical, dispersive, diffusive, and electrostatic) have been proposed. This class is related to - but distinct from - those classes listed below: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C17597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022610 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APO_0000288
adhesion
An environmental system process during which the molecules of similar materials are electrically attracted to one another, leading to the formation and maintenance of a microscopic structure holding the materials together.
cohesion
A piece of plastic foam which has a near-spherical or granular shape.
These granules are usually white or opaque but can be any color.
granule of plastic foam
An environmental system process during which a material entity breaks into pieces or parts.
Fragmentierung
fragmentación
frammentazione
fragmentation process
A fragmentation process which is caused by weathering.
Some example of materials that undergo fragmentation due to weathering are rocks and plastics.
fragmentation due to weathering
An environnmental material which 1) is composed primarily of polymers with high molecular mass and 2) once deformed does not spontaneously return to its original shape.
Plastik
plastica
塑膠
Kunststoff
"High molecular mass" can be ambiguous as it does not set a threshold for what is considered "high". Here we make no commitment to a threshold.
plastic
In German "Kunststoff" connotes those plastics which have intentionally been shaped by some art, thus "Kunst".
A piece of plastic which is greater than 1 metre in its longest dimension.
This classification is based on the thresholds detailed in GESAMP report # 99 on recommendation from the SDG 14 indicator team.
megaplastic particle
A piece of plastic which is between 25 and 1000 millimetres in its longest dimension.
This classification is based on the thresholds detailed in GESAMP report # 99 on recommendation from the SDG 14 indicator team. While the definition is in accordance with the common use of this term (as per GESAMP report # 99), alternative size classifications exist and are detailed in the same report. An alternative classification is a piece of plastic which is between 25 and 50 millimetres in its longest dimension.
macroplastic particle
A piece of plastic which is between 5 and 25 millimetres in its longest dimension.
This classification is based on the thresholds detailed in GESAMP report # 99 on recommendation from the SDG 14 indicator team. While the definition is in accordance with the common use of this term (as per GESAMP report # 99), alternative size classifications exist. Alternatives classifications are a piece of plastic which is less than 25 millimetres in its longest dimension, or a piece of plastic which is between 1 and 25 millimetres in its longest dimension.
mesoplastic particle
A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than 1 micrometre.
This classification is based on the thresholds detailed in GESAMP report # 99 on recommendation from the SDG 14 indicator team. While the definition is in accordance with the common use of this term (as per GESAMP report # 99), alternative size classifications exist. An alternative classification is a piece of plastic which has a diameter less than 100 nanometres. The GESAMP report states that it assumes a spherical shape for this size classification, which was understood to mean the generalised form of diameter, i.e. the largest distance between two points belonging to an object.
nanoplastic particle
A part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the entities which are composed primarily of plastic and which are within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body.
Plastiksphäre
plastisfera
plastisphere
Anthropogenic litter which is present in the marine environment.
海洋廢棄物
marine anthropogenic litter
An anthropogenic environmental process during which waste is improperly disposed of into the environment.
littering
A role which 1) inheres in a material entity 2) is realised when that entity is discarded outside waste management systems by humans or their technologies.
litter role
A plastisphere which is composed primarily of manufactured plastic.
manufactured plastisphere
Plastic which is composed primarily of polymers produced by processes whose agents do not include humans or their technologies.
The corresponding subclass axiom will be added in the second phase of this project.
natural plastic
A plastic which is composed primarily of polymers produced by a manufacturing process.
manufactured plastic
synthetic plastic
A planned environmental usage process during which any number of fish are caught by humans or their technologies.
angeln
fischen
pesca
fishing
An anthropogenic environmental process during which abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear attracts and entangles organisms.
While not driven by humans directly, ghost fishing is a downstream result of their intentional actions.
ghost fishing
A manufactured product which is used for fishing.
Angelausrüstung
Angelzubehör
Fischereiausrüstung
attrezzo di pesca
equipo de pesca
fishing tackle
漁具
fishing gear
Abandoned fishing gear which was intentionally left unmaintained and uncontrolled by its custodian.
In the future some role semantics for "abandoned", "lost", and "discarded" could be set up.
entsorgte Angelausrüstung
equipo de pesca desechado
attrezzo di pesca scartato
weggeworfene Angelausrüstung
weggeworfene Fischerreiausrüstung
weggeworfenes Angelzubehör
In the literature, including GESAMP Report #99, this term is often referenced as part of abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG).
discarded fishing gear
Fishing gear which is not under the control of or maintained by its custodian.
abandoned fishing gear
Abandoned fishing gear which was unintentionally left unmaintained and uncontrolled by its custodian.
attrezzo di pesca perso
equipo de pesca perdido
verschollene Angelausrüstung
lost fishing gear
A material transformation process during which the properties of a material are changed as a result of in situ exposure to atmospheric processes.
Verwitterung
meteorización
meteorizzazione
風化(作用)
The term "weathering" should not be confused with "erosion", which is the removal and transport of environmental material away from a site via exogenic processes.
weathering
An environmental system process during which material entities become entrapped, wrapped, twisted, entwined, or otherwise caught in one another.
Verfangen
Verhedderung
Verstrickung
proceso de enredamiento
processo di impigliamento
entanglement process
An entanglement process during which organisms become entrapped in anthropogenic marine debris.
We've added anthropogenic litter as an input, as the threshold between litter and debris is ambigious. See the notes on anthropogenic litter
Examples of marine debris include boating gear, or fishing gear (active or derelict). Marine debris may be in water or on land.
entanglement of organisms in marine debris
A polymer which is the output of a biological process.
biopolymer
A polymer which is the output of a manufacturing process.
synthetic polymer
Anthropogenic litter which is present in a coastal environment.
coastal anthropogenic litter
A manufacturing process which includes plastic as one of its specified outputs.
Plastikherstellung
plastic production
producción de plástico
produzione di plastica
plastic manufacturing process
Weathering during which plastic is worn or broken down.
weathering of plastic
A surface layer which is 1) part of a phreatic zone in contact with a vadose zone and 2) contains interstitial water with a pressure head equal to atmospheric pressure.
water table
Soil compaction is a compaction process during which the bulk density of soil increases and/or its porosity decreases due to externally or internally applied loads.
soil compaction process
An elevation which inheres in a water table by virture of its vertical distance from a land surface.
depth of the water table
depth to the water table
height of the water table
While called "depth", this is not the depth of the water table but rather how far it is below a reference plane, usually the soil surface. Thus, this is placed under PATO:elevation which allows for distance above and below a reference point.
water table depth
A rate which is characteristic of irradiance by photosynthetically active radiation by virtue of the number of photons received by an irradiated surface over time.
A best-guess at representing "density" of massless entities - likely to require further expert input and refinement.
PPFD
Often represented in micromoles of photons associated with photosynthetically active radiation per square meter per second.
photosynthetic photon flux density
A soil which has a high bulk density and/or a low porosity. A compacted soil has a reduced rate of both water infiltration and drainage
compacted soil
A rate which inheres in a soil percolation process.
percolation rate in soil
soil percolation rate
Liquid water which 1) flows over land and 2) is not absorbed or retained by the materials if flows over or through.
overland flow
surface runoff
Runoff often gathers debris and solutes from the materials it flows over or through, and often flows into a water body.
runoff
A flux which inheres in photosynthetically active radiation.
PPF
Often represented in micromoles of photons associated with photosynthetically active radiation per second.
photosynthetic photon flux
The number of days during which there is precipitation
The threshold at which a day is considered to be a rainy day is highly variable, and determined at the instance level.
rainy day count
The depth of the top part of a soil layer.
soil layer top depth
The depth of the bottom part of a soil layer.
soil layer bottom depth
A water flow process during which water occupies the pores or interstices of a solid or semi-solid material.
water infiltration
A water infiltration process during which water fills the pore space and interstices of soil.
soil water infiltration
water infiltration into soil
Albedo which inheres in soil.
soil albedo
Soil albedo which inheres in dry soil.
dry soil albedo
Soil albedo which inheres in moist soil.
This could be axiomatised with PATO:wet, but that isn't likely to map neatly to "moist".
moist soil albedo
An ion which is 1) adsorbed onto the surfaces of materials with an opposing charge, 2) are readily displaced by other ions, 3) may be displaced and absorbed by organisms.
Add an equivalence axiom to autopopulate this once we have ion exchange in as a process.
The exchangeable ion pool is the dominant storage pool for calcium, magnesium, and potassium ions. In soil, exchangeable ions are typically bound to the surface of clay and humus colloids.
exchangeable ion
A potassium ion which is capable of ion exchange.
This class will be moved under K+ once it has been imported from CHEBI
exchangeable K+
exchangeable potassium
Liquid water which is present in soils as discontinuous volumnes of water in contact with solid and gaseous components of the soil.
residual water in soil
A calcium ion which is capable of ion exchange.
This class will be moved under Ca2+ once it has been imported from CHEBI
exchangeable calcium
A physical quality which inheres in an environmental material by virtue of the material's ability to adsorb exchangeable cations.
CEC
In soils, these materials include clay and organic matter particles. Soil CEC is measured in millequivalents per 100 grams of soil (meq/100g). A meq is the number of ions which total a specific quantity of electrical charges. Common soil cations include: calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), potassium (K+), ammonium (NH4+), hydrogen (H+) and sodium (Na+).
cation exchange capacity
A drainage process during which liquid water is transported away from soil.
soil drainage
A cation exchange capacity which inheres in an environmental material by virtue of the material's ability to adsorb basic exchangeable cations.
The basic cation exchange capacity is often expressed as the percentage of the total exchangeable cations which are basic, known as the percentage base saturation. The percentage base saturation is expressed as follows: %BS = [(Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+)/CEC] × 100
basic cation exchange capacity
Energy which has been absorbed by an astronomical body or its parts following that body's irradiation by shortwave radiation from a star.
absorbed shortwave radiation
Despite the label, this is not a shortwave radiation process, but the energy that is absorbed from one. This term is used to describe, e.g., the energy absorbed from insolation and stored by the Earth. Gross shortwave radiation would also include shortwave radiation reflected back into space by clouds, aerosols, and solid surfaces with high albedo.
net shortwave radiation
A layer that is composed primarily of soil.
soil layer
A planned process during which a soil profile is examined and the soil horizons that compose it are described.
soil profile characterization
Waste water which was converted into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
treated wastewater
Saline water from which minerals have been removed to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption or irrigation.
desalinated water
Texture which inheres in soil.
soil texture
Soil which is primarily composed of sand with silt and clay in progressively smaller proportions.
Some authorities consider this a soil type, composed of 70-86% of sand, 0-30% of silt and 0-15% of clay. Others consider this a soil material that contains at the upper limit 85 to 90% sand, and the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay is not less than 15, at the lower limit it contains not less than 70 to 85% sand, and the percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30.
loamy sand
Sand which is composed primarily of fine particles.
Thresholds for what particle size is considered "fine" vary by region and authority, as well as the tolerance for proportions of other particle sizes.
fine sand
Loam which has a high proportion of sand in its composition.
Some authorities consider sandy loam to be a soil composed of 50-70% sand, 0-50% silt, and 0-20% clay. Others, a soil material that contains either 20% or less clay, with a percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay that exceeds 30, and 52% or more sand; or less than 7% clay, less than 50% silt, and between 43% and 52% sand.
sandy loam
Loam which has a high proportion of silt in its composition.
Some authorities consider silt loam to be a soil composed of 20-50% of sand, 74-88% silt and 0-27% of clay.
silty loam
Clay loam which has a high proportion of sand in its composition.
Some authorities consider sandy clay loam to be a soil composed of 45-80% sand, 0-28% silt, and 20-35% clay.
sandy clay loam
Loam which has a high proportion of clay in its composition.
Interestingly, some instances of this class may not actually conform to the definition of loam, by having roughly unequal proportions of sand and silt and quite a large proportion of clay.
Some authorities consider clay loam to be a soil composed of 20-45% sand, 15-52% silt, and 27 to 40% clay.
clay loam
Clay loam which has a high proportion of silt in its composition.
Some authorities consider silty clay loam to be a soil composed of 0-20% of sand, 40-73 of silt and 27-40% of clay.
silty clay loam
Clay which has a high proportion of sand in its composition.
If this is a soil (in which case the differntia must be made clear) it should be moved (or a new class created) and labelled 'sandy clay soil'.
Some authorities consider sandy clay to be a soil composed of 45-65% of sand, 0-20% of silt and 35-55% of clay. If the proportion of sand exceeds that of clay, it is unclear whether this is still considered clay (due to other properties) or whether a new class "clay sand" should be created.
sandy clay
Clay which has a high proportion of silt in its composition.
If this is a soil (in which case the differntia must be made clear) it should be moved (or a new class created) and labelled 'silty clay soil'.
Some authorities consider this a soil composed of 0-20% of sand, 40-60% of silt and 40-60% of clay. If the proportion of silt exceeds that of clay, it is unclear whether this is still considered clay (due to other properties) or whether a new class "clay silt" should be created.
silty clay
A recycling process during which wastewater is treated
wastewater treatment process
A recycling process during which the dissolved mineral salts in water are removed
desalination process
A concentration of liquid water in soil arrived at after water which is not retained by the soil has drained away.
drained upper limit
The determination of field capacity is variable and multiple methods to do so exist. Even in a given soil, the value of field capacity is variable, but serves as a useful measure of its water-holding capacity. Field capacity is often characterized by measuring water content after wetting a soil profile, covering it (to prevent evaporation) and monitoring the change soil moisture in the profile. Water content when the rate of change is relatively small is indicative of when drainage ceases and is called field capacity, it is also termed drained upper limit (DUL). This measure of field capacity is well-correlated with field capacity determined by applying −33 kPa (or −0.33 bar) of hydraulic head or suction pressure (less in sandy soils) to a portion of soil and subsequently measuring the bulk water content it retains.Field capacity is usually naturally arrived at 2–3 days after rain or irrigation in pervious soils of uniform structure and texture.
field capacity
A concentration of liquid water in soil at or below which a plant will wilt and no longer recover its turgidity when placed in a water saturated atmosphere.
PWP
wilting point
The type of plant and soil are sources of variation for values of this concentration. The physical definition of the wilting point is conventionally measured as the water content at −1,500 kPa (−15 bar) of suction pressure, or negative hydraulic head.
permanent wilting point
Water-holding capacity which inheres in some soil.
soil water-holding capacity
water-holding capacity of soil
An environment that is determined by an axilla skin.
An environment that is determined by a mouth.
The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom solubility
solubility of carbon atom in environmental material
The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom amount
amount of carbon atom in environmental material
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The amount of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material carbon atom concentration
concentration of carbon atom in environmental material
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in soil.
The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in water.
The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material nitrogen atom solubility
solubility of nitrogen atom in environmental material
The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil.
The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in water.
The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material nitrogen atom amount
amount of nitrogen atom in environmental material
The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil.
The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material.
environmental material nitrogen atom concentration
concentration of nitrogen atom in environmental material
The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil.
The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in water.
The concentration of a chloride when measured in water.
The concentration of a clay when measured in soil.
The concentration of a slit when measured in soil.
The concentration of a sand when measured in soil.
The concentration of a gravel when measured in soil.
The concentration of a liquid water when measured in soil.
soil moisture content
soil water content
The concentration of a salt when measured in soil.
The evaporation of a liquid water when measured in soil.
soil liquid water evaporation
evaporation of liquid water in soil
The rate of a hydrological evaporation when measured in soil.
soil hydrological evaporation rate
rate of hydrological evaporation in soil
The concentration of a soil organic matter when measured in soil.
concentration of soil organic matter in soil
The concentration of a pesticide when measured in surface water.
concentration of pesticide in surface water
The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material.
environmental material dissolved carbon atom
dissolved carbon atom in environmental material
The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil.
The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in water.
The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material.
environmental material dissolved nitrogen atom
dissolved nitrogen atom in environmental material
The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil.
The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in water.
The temperature of some environmental material.
The quality of a environmental system process.
The concentration of a ammonium when measured in soil.
The concentration of a nitrate when measured in soil.
soil pH
The concentration of a nitrate when measured in groundwater.
The ID related to this term was accidentally used for two separate classes, hours of sunshine and mass density of snow, which are now seperate terms.
The speed of some soil water infiltration.
The amplitude of some temperature of air.
The pressure of some atmospheric water vapour.
A one-dimensional temporal region during which an entity is exposed to stellar radiation.
A hydrological precipitation process with a reduced rate relative to some historical average, typically resulting in ecosystemic perturbations.
Drought is often defined as a temporal period of below-average precipitation, however, representing it as a temporal entity seems insufficient.
drought
A gelatinous material primarily composed of exopolymeric compounds with colloidal properties, formed through the aggregation of marine snow particles, often found in large sheets, flocs, and clouds.
See issue #276. This class is complex as marine mucilage is quite complex. It will also requre new class creation in GO process for deeper semantics.
The formation of marine mucilage is often associated with conditions which stress marine microorganisms such as diatoms.
marine mucilage
A process in which carbohydrates are transported from the interior of an organism to its surroundings.
exudation of carbohydrates
A process which results in the formation of an island.
Addressing Issue #268. This top-level class may be converted to an inferred class.
island formation process
An island created when a continent is rifted.
"Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island
microcontinental island
An island formed by deposition of solid material such as sand or small rocks where a water current loses some of its carrying capacity.
depositional island
An island formed by the accumulation of sand deposited by sea currents on a continental shelves
barrier island
A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process
The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties
A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices.
A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system.
An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates.
An animal habitation constructed by termites. Termite workers build and maintain nests which house the colony. These are elaborate structures made using a combination of soil, mud, chewed wood/cellulose, saliva, and faeces. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and water conservation (through controlled condensation).
charcoal that is used as a soil amendment.
A soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.
It is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. It has a carbon content around 60–70 percent.
a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike substance called bitumen or asphalt. It is of higher quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite. It is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and sub metamorphic compression of peat bog material.
A hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coal.
The generation of energy for use by humans
A disposition which is realized during the execution of work, the emission of heat, or the possession of mass.
Consider replacing with PATO class; note that PATO class is not a disposition. This should likely go into OBO Core and also have a physicist look at it.
Energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
Energy which is realised through motion.
Energy which is the sum of 1) kinetic energy and 2) potential energy.
potential energy due to or stored in electric fields.
potential energy due to or stored in magnetic fields.
potential energy due to or stored in gravitational fields.
Potential energy which is stored in chemical bonds and realised through reactions which break them..
potential energy that binds an electron to its atom or molecule.
potential energy that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus (and nuclear reactions).
Potential energy due to the energy of the gluon-mediated field of the strong force, binding quarks together into hadrons.
potential energy due to the deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force.
Wave energy which inheres in an elastic material and is realised when a deformational wave passes through that material.
Mechanical wave energy which is realised when an acoustic wave propagates through a material.
Potential energy which is stored in the fields of propagated by electromagnetic radiation.
potential energy due to an object's rest mass.
Kinetic energy which is realised through the microscopic motion of particles.
A form of disordered mechanical energy.
Mechanical wave energy which inheres in an atmosphere and is realised during an atmospheric wind.
Thermal energy which propagates through a solid (typically rocky) astronomical body.
Often, this term is used specifically for thermal energy spreading from heat sources (e.g. magma chambers, the planetary core) within the Earth. However, it is also used for extraterrestrial bodies.
A power station which burns a fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or petroleum to produce electricity.
hydrocarbon-based environmental material
A biogeochemical cycle which has oxygen as participant.
An environment which is determined by an anatomical entity.
An environmental system determined by an intestine.
An environment determined by an area or zone of skin tissue.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted when molecules change their rotational-vibrational movements, usually at wavelengths between 760 nm and 1 mm.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.
A radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons as they fall into a lower state of energy.
A radiation process during which penetrating electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the radioactive decay (gamma decay) of atomic nuclei.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms.
The concentration of Adenosine 5-triphosphate when measured in liquid water.
liquid water Adenosine 5-triphosphate concentration
concentration of Adenosine 5-triphosphate in liquid water
The concentration of alloxanthine when measured in liquid water.
concentration of alloxanthine in liquid water
The concentration of alpha-carotene when measured in liquid water.
liquid water alpha-carotene concentration
concentration of alpha-carotene in liquid water
The concentration of ammonium when measured in liquid water.
concentration of ammonium in liquid water
The concentration of bacteriochlorophyll a when measured in liquid water.
liquid water bacteriochlorophyll a concentration
concentration of bacteriochlorophyll a in liquid water
The concentration of beta-carotene when measured in liquid water.
liquid water beta-carotene concentration
concentration of beta-carotene in liquid water
The concentration of carotene when measured in liquid water.
concentration of carotene in liquid water
The concentration of chlorophyll a when measured in liquid water.
liquid water chlorophyll a concentration
concentration of chlorophyll a in liquid water
The concentration of chlorophyll b when measured in liquid water.
liquid water chlorophyll b concentration
concentration of chlorophyll b in liquid water
The concentration of chlorophyllide a when measured in liquid water.
liquid water chlorophyllide a concentration
concentration of chlorophyllide a in liquid water
The concentration of dioxygen when measured in liquid water.
concentration of dioxygen in liquid water
The concentration of divinyl chlorophyll a when measured in liquid water.
liquid water divinyl chlorophyll a concentration
concentration of divinyl chlorophyll a in liquid water
The concentration of divinyl chlorophyll b when measured in liquid water.
liquid water divinyl chlorophyll b concentration
concentration of divinyl chlorophyll b in liquid water
The concentration of fucoxanthin when measured in liquid water.
concentration of fucoxanthin in liquid water
The concentration of Guanosine 5-triphosphate when measured in liquid water.
liquid water Guanosine 5-triphosphate concentration
concentration of Guanosine 5-triphosphate in liquid water
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide when measured in liquid water.
liquid water hydrogen peroxide concentration
concentration of hydrogen peroxide in liquid water
The concentration of hydrogen sulfide when measured in liquid water.
liquid water hydrogen sulfide concentration
concentration of hydrogen sulfide in liquid water
The concentration of lutein when measured in liquid water.
The concentration of methane when measured in liquid water.
concentration of methane in liquid water
The concentration of neoxanthin when measured in liquid water.
concentration of neoxanthin in liquid water
The concentration of nitrate when measured in liquid water.
concentration of nitrate in liquid water
The concentration of nitrite when measured in liquid water.
concentration of nitrite in liquid water
The concentration of nitrous oxide when measured in liquid water.
liquid water nitrous oxide concentration
concentration of nitrous oxide in liquid water
The concentration of peridinin when measured in liquid water.
concentration of peridinin in liquid water
The concentration of phosphate when measured in liquid water.
concentration of phosphate in liquid water
The concentration of silicate(4-) when measured in liquid water.
concentration of silicate(4-) in liquid water
The concentration of violaxanthin when measured in liquid water.
concentration of violaxanthin in liquid water
The concentration of zeaxanthin when measured in liquid water.
concentration of zeaxanthin in liquid water
The concentration of silicic acid when measured in liquid water.
concentration of silicic acid in liquid water
The concentration of chlorophyll when measured in liquid water.
concentration of chlorophyll in liquid water
The concentration of nitrate when measured in sea water.
The concentration of phosphate when measured in sea water.
The concentration of silicic acid when measured in sea water.
concentration of silicic acid in sea water
The concentration of ammonium when measured in sea water.
The concentration of nitrite when measured in sea water.
The concentration of carbon-13 atom when measured in sea water.
concentration of carbon-13 atom in sea water
The concentration of carbon atom when measured in sea water.
concentration of carbon atom in sea water
The concentration of chloroflurocarbon when measured in sea water.
sea water chloroflurocarbon concentration
concentration of chloroflurocarbon in sea water
The concentration of tritium when measured in sea water.
The concentration of helium-3 when measured in sea water.
The concentration of carbon-14 atom when measured in sea water.
concentration of carbon-14 atom in sea water
The concentration of sulfur hexafluoride when measured in sea water.
sea water sulfur hexafluoride concentration
concentration of sulfur hexafluoride in sea water
The concentration of calcium carbonate when measured in sea water.
sea water calcium carbonate concentration
concentration of calcium carbonate in sea water
The concentration of dioxygen when measured in sea water.
The concentration of bromine when measured in lake water.
The concentration of cerium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of cobalt when measured in lake water.
The concentration of dysprosium when measured in lake water.
concentration of dysprosium in lake water
The concentration of europium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of gadolinium when measured in lake water.
concentration of gadolinium in lake water
The concentration of lanthanum when measured in lake water.
concentration of lanthanum in lake water
The concentration of lithium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of methanesulfonic acid when measured in lake water.
lake water methanesulfonic acid concentration
concentration of methanesulfonic acid in lake water
The concentration of molybdenum when measured in lake water.
concentration of molybdenum in lake water
The concentration of neodymium when measured in lake water.
concentration of neodymium in lake water
The concentration of niobium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of praseodymium when measured in lake water.
concentration of praseodymium in lake water
The concentration of samarium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of silver when measured in lake water.
The concentration of thallium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of tin when measured in lake water.
The concentration of titanium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of yttrium when measured in lake water.
The concentration of bromine when measured in water ice.
The concentration of cerium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of cobalt when measured in water ice.
The concentration of dysprosium when measured in water ice.
concentration of dysprosium in water ice
The concentration of europium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of gadolinium when measured in water ice.
concentration of gadolinium in water ice
The concentration of lanthanum when measured in water ice.
The concentration of lithium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of methanesulfonic acid when measured in water ice.
water ice methanesulfonic acid concentration
concentration of methanesulfonic acid in water ice
The concentration of molybdenum when measured in water ice.
concentration of molybdenum in water ice
The concentration of neodymium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of niobium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of praseodymium when measured in water ice.
concentration of praseodymium in water ice
The concentration of samarium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of silver when measured in water ice.
The concentration of thallium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of tin when measured in water ice.
The concentration of titanium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of yttrium when measured in water ice.
The concentration of bromine when measured in snow.
The concentration of cerium when measured in snow.
The concentration of cobalt when measured in snow.
The concentration of dysprosium when measured in snow.
The concentration of europium when measured in snow.
The concentration of gadolinium when measured in snow.
The concentration of lanthanum when measured in snow.
The concentration of lithium when measured in snow.
The concentration of methanesulfonic acid when measured in snow.
concentration of methanesulfonic acid in snow
The concentration of molybdenum when measured in snow.
The concentration of neodymium when measured in snow.
The concentration of niobium when measured in snow.
The concentration of praseodymium when measured in snow.
The concentration of samarium when measured in snow.
The concentration of silver when measured in snow.
The concentration of thallium when measured in snow.
The concentration of tin when measured in snow.
The concentration of titanium when measured in snow.
The concentration of yttrium when measured in snow.
The concentration of urea when measured in liquid water.
The concentration of oxygen when measured in soil.
The concentration of manganese molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil manganese molecular entity concentration
concentration of manganese molecular entity in soil
The concentration of iron molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil iron molecular entity concentration
concentration of iron molecular entity in soil
The concentration of aluminium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil aluminium molecular entity concentration
concentration of aluminium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of magnesium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil magnesium molecular entity concentration
concentration of magnesium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of sodium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil sodium molecular entity concentration
concentration of sodium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of organic nitrogen anion when measured in soil.
soil organic nitrogen anion concentration
concentration of organic nitrogen anion in soil
The concentration of organophosphorus compound when measured in soil.
soil organophosphorus compound concentration
concentration of organophosphorus compound in soil
The concentration of phosphorus molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil phosphorus molecular entity concentration
concentration of phosphorus molecular entity in soil
The concentration of potassium molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil potassium molecular entity concentration
concentration of potassium molecular entity in soil
The concentration of calcium carbonate when measured in soil.
concentration of calcium carbonate in soil
The concentration of organic molecular entity when measured in soil.
soil organic molecular entity concentration
concentration of organic molecular entity in soil
The concentration of tetraphosphorus decaoxide when measured in soil.
soil tetraphosphorus decaoxide concentration
concentration of tetraphosphorus decaoxide in soil
The concentration of sulfate when measured in soil.
The concentration of exchangeable potassium when measured in soil.
soil exchangeable potassium concentration
concentration of exchangeable potassium in soil
The concentration of residual water when measured in soil.
The concentration of exchangeable calcium when measured in soil.
concentration of exchangeable calcium in soil
An anatomical structure that forms all or part of a fungus.
orange juice (liquid)
Food material for humans and animals which is processed with the intention that it be consumable as a whole or added to other food products.
Damion Dooley
Foodon product type
The FoodOn "food product" class is provided as a branch under which new food product categories and food products themselves can be placed. Here classes are provided to differentiate a food product by its food composition, processing and/or consumption characteristics. This avoids brand name products but it may include generic food dish categories. It has a much greater depth and polyhierarchy than other agency product type schemes have in an effort to group related products together. The upper level basis of this tree originated in the environment ontology (ENVO) and from the US Code of Federal Regulations.
food product
The juice products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant.
fermented agave juice
This food product type includes food products which are made from fermentation of juice extracted from pressed sugarcane.
fermenting sugar cane juice
fermenting elaeis palm sap food product
A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals.
mammalian meat food product
A processed meat food product that is made from a sausage.
meat sausage food product
SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid with smooth consistency FOODON:03430119 * liver UBERON:0002107
liver paste
A hot dog is a moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from advanced meat recovery or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun.
hotdog
frankfurter
hot dog
A processed food product consisting of meat which has been subjected to preservation and/or taste altering processes such as grinding, salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, and addition of chemical preservatives.
processed meat food product
milk formula food product
Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.
cheese
cheese food product
A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
yoghourt
yoghurt
yougert
The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as yogurt cultures. The fermentation of lactose by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and characteristic tart flavor.
yogurt food product
This class includes food products which are derived from or produced by a plant.
plant food product
Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green or purple biennial plant, grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
cabbage food product
commercial yogurt
The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whiskey. Wort contains the sugars that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol.
wort food product
beer wort food product
acifified beer wort food product
Cream component produced by churning and containing not less than 80% milkfat.
mammalian milk butter
pickled cabbage food product
camembert cheese food product
obsolete: cane sugar
cheddar cheese food product
A large disc of smooth, soft, even runny cheese made with cow's milk.
Brie cheese food product
A hard cow's milk cheese with an almost orange yellow paste. Older cheeses are coated in black wax.
gouda cheese food product
A drum of very rich, creamy, pungent blue-veined cow's milk cheese. It has a white paste with blue veining and a brined rind. It is made in Gorgonzola, near Milan.
gorgonzola cheese food product
A generic cheese common to many countries for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental. Three types of bacteria are used in the production of Emmental cheese: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus (L. helveticus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Propionibacter (P. freudenreichii or P. shermani). In a late stage of cheese production, the Propionibacter consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other bacteria, and releases carbon dioxide gas, which slowly forms the bubbles that develop the eyes. Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind."
swiss cheese food product
A semi-hard, yellow cheese that has mild flavor that is slightly buttery.
Emmental cheese
Emmentaler cheese
emmenthal cheese
new zealand cheddar cheese food product
A small, sweetish, soft, square cow's milk cheese from Normandy with a yellowish-orange rind.
pont ieveque cheese food product
A disc of soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a soft to runny paste and a smooth, pink rind.
vacherin mont dor cheese food product
A food product made from domestic pig meat (Sus domesticus or Sus scrofa scrofa).
pork
pork meat food product
A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked.
cured meat food product
A food product that is derived from some chicken meat.
chicken meat food product
A food product that is derived from some cow.
cow food product
A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream.
ice cream
ice cream food product
A seafood product is a vertebrate or invertibrate organism from an aquatic environment.
Some of the subclasses are currently freshwater organisms.
animal seafood product
A fermented salty fish of Korean cuisine.
obsolete: jeotgal food product
meshanger cheese food product
A cut of meat (a meat chop) cut perpendicularly to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra, served as an individual portion.
pork chop food product
A food product having tempeh as a defining ingredient
tempeh food product
fermented rice beverage
amasake food product
fermented dairy food product
fermented fish or seafood food product
sea water fish food product
A food product made from flour.
flour food product
A food product derived from plant fruit.
plant fruit food product
fruit extract food product
Apple juice is a fruit juice made by the maceration and pressing of an apple.
apple juice
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430123 * fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present FOODON:03420140
awamori food product
Any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that may be cured and/or smoked.
bacon food product
fermented millet food product
millet beer food product
bottled beer food product
A class of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct smell.
SIREN DB annotation: * solid FOODON:03430151 * curd FOODON:03420245 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253 * interior mold curing process FOODON:03460331
blue cheese food product
The liquid left over after producing butter from cream during the churning process.
buttermilk food product
fermented fruit food product
A food produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans, with salt and the mold koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae).
SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid FOODON:03430144 * fully heat-treated FOODON:03440014 * seed, skin present, germ present FOODON:03420133 * fermentation/modification process, multiple component FOODON:03460128 * salted FOODON:03460173 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253 * preservation by fermentation FOODON:03470104
miso food product
A grape berry food product which is the juice of freshly pressed grapes that contains some amount of pulp, skins, stems, and seeds.
Grape pomace components typically comprises between 7 to 23 percent of the total weight of must. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must]
grape must
A liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid.
vinegar food product
Vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose.
barley malt vinegar
mammalian milk (nonfat, dry)
Sake is a fermented rice beverage resulting from the fermentation of rice with the mold Aspergillus oryzae and, in parallel, with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [wikipedia:sake]
sake food product
salt pork meat food product
A food product having fermented soyabeans as a defining ingredient
fermented soybean food product
Food material which is preserved by soaking and storing it in vinegar or brine.
pickled
food (pickled)
tape kefan food product
A soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a creamy paste and a greyish-red and downy white penicillin rind and is sometimes foil-wrapped.
Bondon cheese food product
bitter cheese food product
sugar condiment
A fermented milk drink made from milk. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains, a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. Many different bacteria and yeasts are found in the kefir grains, which are a complex and highly variable community of micro-organisms termed probiotics.
kefir food product
A lipid material derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature.
vegetable oil food product
An oil used as a nutritional supplement and is a traditional European ethnic food, highly regarded for its nutty flavor.
flax oil
flax seed oil
linseed oil
Food-grade flaxseed oil is cold-pressed, obtained without solvent extraction, in the absence of oxygen, and marketed as edible flaxseed oil.[wikipedia]
flaxseed oil
A food product made from milling corn.
milled corn food product
sour milk beverage
dried milk food product
A food product which is derived from or produced by an animal that has a vertibrae.
vertebrate animal food product
cereal grain food product
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid FOODON:03430130 * microbial/enzymatic modification process FOODON:03460119 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253
fermented beverage
fermented elaeis palm beverage
fermented sugar cane beverage
fermented apple beverage
apple beverage
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity FOODON:03430109 * acidified FOODON:03460200 * ingredient: water addition process FOODON:03460148 * ingredient: sweetener added FOODON:03460202 * ingredient: flavoring, spice or herb added FOODON:03460227
orange fruit beverage
fermented grain beverage
This food product type includes beverage products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant.
fermented agave beverage
This food product type includes food products which are made from eggs laid by the sea water fish.
sea water fish egg food product
A food product made from an avian egg.
avian egg food product
camelid dairy food product
bovine dairy food product
equine dairy food product
zebra dairy food product
cattle dairy food product
camelid milk beverage
equine milk beverage
caprine cheese food product
ovine cheese food product
bovine cheese food product
cow milk cheese
A very strong smelling, soft cow's milk cheese made by fermentation involving the bacterium Brevibacterium linens.
Limburger cheese food product
goat milk cheese food product
sheep milk cheese food product
A food product made from domesticated bird meat.
poultry meat food product
Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domesticus or Sus domesticus, in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa.
porcine meat
swine food product
A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish.
condiment
bovine meat food product
distilled fermented grain beverage
distilled fermented beverage
obsolete: soya food product
A beverage product derived from leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis).
"While fermentation is also referred to in the production of brewed teas, this is inaccurate. Some herbal teas on the market today include probiotic cultures alongside tea leaves to maintain gut health but the tea itself hasn't been fermented. Most dried teas however don't use live cultures at all during production. Instead, harvested tea leaves undergo a natural chemical process known as oxidation, which also changes the color, flavor and level of health benefits in the resulting brew." [https://eatcultured.com/blogs/our-awesome-blog/fermented-tea]
tea based beverage product
coffee and coffee products
coffee based beverage product
fruit juice food product
SIREN DB annotation: * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155
wheat food product
A food product deriving primarily from corn (maize).
maize food product
maize (corn) food product
tuber
solanaceous root food product
A food product derived from or produced by a plant root.
plant root food product
A potato food product is any product derived from potatoes.
potato food product
Food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well.
confectionery food
cucurbit fruit food product
A citrus fruit is botanically classified as a type of berry called a hesperidium that has a thick, leathery rind, with numerous oil glands, and a large flesh portion composed of several wedge-shaped sections. Unlike pome fruit, such as the apple, the citrus fruit is derived from a superior ovary, an ovary completely separate from the calyx.
citrus
citrus fruit food product
The fleshy fruit (false berry) of a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae.
melon fruit food product
muskmelon (Cucumis melo) fruit food product
Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) var. lanatus) and citron melons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.)
citrullus lanatus fruit food product
obsolete: watermelon plant
citrus fruit juice
pomaceous fruit juice beverage
pomes
pomaceous fruit food product
fermented pomaceous fruit beverage
pomaceous fruit extract
citrus fruit extract food product
grape extract
solanaceous fruit food product
A food product deriving from one or more tomatoes.
tomato food product
solanaceous food product
plant inflorescence food product
obsolete: leguminous food product
cruciferous food product
grape berry food product
cruciferous inflorescence food product
The default nut product is a whole, raw nut - meaning that the kernel is whole, and moderately or significantly dried, but not baked. Minimal references to nuts often leave ambiguous whether the shell is on or off. "I ate a peanut" doesn't clarify whether I ate a shell-off nut or whether I did the shelling.
nut food product
plant seed food product
plant lipid food product
plant stem food product
invertebrate animal food product
A food product with insects as a defining ingredient.
insect food product
honey food product
Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked.
prepared
prepared food product
Food material which is cooked.
cooked
food (cooked)
pickled cruciferous food product
A staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking
bread food product
This food product type includes food products which are derived from a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms.
algal food material
rice food product
buckewheat food product
sorghum food product
misspelling
obsolete: milet food product
A food product made from oats.
common oat food product
oat food product
rye food product
barley food product
A food product made from quinoa
quinoa food product
fonio food product
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Pisum.
dry pea food product
A product of the dry seeds of Lens culinaris.
obsolete: lentil food product
A product of the dry seeds of Cajanus cajan.
pigeon pea (dried)
A bambara groundnut food product is a product derived from fresh or dried beans of the bambara groundnut plant.
Bambara nut
Bambara-bean
Congo goober
earth pea
ground-bean
hog-peanut
bambara groundnut food product
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Vicia.
dried fava bean
broad bean (dried)
A product of the dry seeds of Cicer arietinum.
garbanzo bean food product
Bengal gram
Egyptian pea
gram
chickpea food product
A product of the dry seeds of Vigna unguiculata.
cowpea (pulse) food product
A dry bean food product refers to a bean product made from a Phaseolus species plant whose seeds are harvested at complete maturity.
kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius)
FAO notes: "Only species of Phaseolus should be included, though several countries also include certain types of beans. Commonly classified as Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, aconitifolia). In the past, these species were also classified as Phaseolus."
dry bean food product
A bean food product which derives from a winged bean plant (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus).
winged bean food product
A product of the dry seeds of Vicia sativa.
vetch seed (dried)
Pachyrhizus erosus, commonly known as jicama Mexican yam bean, or Mexican turnip, is the name of a native Mexican vine, although the name most commonly refers to the plant's edible tuberous root. Jícama is a species in the genus Pachyrhizus in the bean family (Fabaceae). Plants in this genus are commonly referred to as yam bean, although the term "yam bean" can be another name for jícama. In contrast to the root, the remainder of the jícama plant is very poisonous; the seeds contain the toxin rotenone, which is used to poison insects and fish. FAO: The yam bean is a legume but unlike its close relatives the soybean and other beans, the yam bean is cultivated for its large, tuberous roots.
yam bean food product
A product of the dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis.
velvet bean (dried)
A product of the dry seeds of Lupinus spp.
lupin seed food product
A dry seed of the jack-bean plant.
jack bean (dried)
A product of the dry seeds of Lablab purpureus.
hyacinth bean food product
PULSES are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod. They are used for both food and feed. The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes.
pulse
pulses
pulse food product
wheat flour food product
A food made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts.
pasta food product
A pastry food product is a food product containing a pastry component. The food may be ready for consumption or may require further cooking.
pastry food product
A confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavorings and colorants are added.
candy food product
A food product derived from Theobroma cacao.
cocoa and cocoa products
cacao food product
A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization.
sweet cream
cream food product
An opague white dairy product produced by the mammary glands of female mammals.
mammalian milk beverage
A food product with bees or bee substances as a defining ingredient.
bee food product
A sausage that is cooked and then smoked or smoke-cooked.
sausage (cooked, smoked)
Sausage which is cured with a food smoking process.
sausage (smoked)
A raw sausage that is smoked.
sausage (raw, smoked)
A sausage made from meats that have not been previously cured.
sausage (raw)
A cured sausage that is fermented and dried.
meat sausage (dried, fermented)
A sausage made with fresh meats, and then fully cooked.
meat sausage (cooked)
smoked meat food product
A cheese product made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the addition of milk, more salt, preservatives, and food coloring.
processed cheese food product
A product made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white or yellow mustard, Sinapis hirta; brown or Indian mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, Brassica nigra).
mustard seed food product
A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche.
creamy salad dressing
A salad dressing that is an emulsion of a vegetable oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, and other ingredients.
vinaigrette dressing food product
nut oil food product
A stable emulsion of oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Egg yolk is the traditional emulsifier.
mayonnaise food product
A condiment produced by fermenting soybeans with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus soyae molds along with roasted grain, water, and salt.
soy sauce food product
processed pork meat food product
A food product that has some spice or herb as a defining ingredient.
herb or spice
spice or herb
animal lipid food product
A brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant.
coffee beverage
A beverage prepared from the cured leaves of Camellia sinensis by combination with hot or boiling water.
tea beverage (liquid)
A heated beverage typically consisting of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar.
hot chocolate food product
A beverage prepated by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water.
mate food product
A fish food product includes products made from any fish species (aquatic vertebrate with gills and fins).
fish food product
fish egg food product
A food product that is derived from some avian animal.
avian animal food product
animal derived beverage
A beverage derived from plants.
plant derived beverage
plant derived fermented beverage
nonfermented plant derived beverage product
A dairy food product has mammilian milk or a milk component as an ingredient.
dairy product
milk product
dairy food product
milk or milk based food product
Food material which has been fermented.
Are all fermented foods considered preserved to some extent?
food (fermented)
non-fruit wine food product
Beer is a fermented cereal beverage resulting from the fermentation most commonly of malted barley (though wheat, corn, or rice may included), by a yeast, most commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and flavored by dried flowers of hops, Humulus lupulus.
beer beverage
A plant food product which derives from one or more vegetables.
FAO definition for vegetable: "Vegetables are plants cultivated both as field crops and garden crops, both in the open and under glass." and also: "Vegetables are grouped according to botanic characteristics as follows: leafy or stem vegetables (e.g., cabbage); fruit-bearing vegetables (e.g., melons); flower vegetables (e.g., cauliflowers); root, bulb and tuberous vegetables (e.g., onion); leguminous vegetables (e.g., green peas); other vegetables (e.g., green maize and mushrooms)."
vegetable food product
Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits.
botanical fruit food product
A one-celled fruit (pod) usually dehiscing down both sutures, and having the seed attached along a ventral suture. (Roubik 1995)
legume
legume food product
camel milk beverage
zebra milk beverage
A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves.
Regarding American regulatory aspects of egg products, see this summary: https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/03/crazy-us-chicken-egg-regulation-graphic-000077
egg food product
An avian egg food product having chicken eggs or derivatives as a defining ingredient.
chicken egg food product
Cider, hard apple cider, or hard cider in the US, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples.
apple cider (alcoholic)
Orange juice that has not undergone pasteurization.
orange juice (unpasteurized)
A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit.
cake food product
cake icing food product
chocolate food product
A food involving whipped and cooked milk, sugar and egg yolk mixtures.
sweet custard
custard dessert food product
Beef that has been ground.
beef mince
ground beef
A ground beef product is made of beef that has been finely chopped with a knife or a meat grinder (American English) or mincing machine (British English). Ground beef is used in many recipes including hamburgers and spaghetti Bolognese.
beef (ground)
A food product that is derived from some poultry.
poultry food product
duck meat food product
goose meat food product
A turkey meat food product is any food product made predominantly of turkey parts.
turkey meat food product
Cantaloupe (also known as muskmelon (India and the United States), mushmelon, rockmelon (in Australian states and in New Zealand), sweet melon, spanspek (South Africa), or capuchin (Scotland) refers to a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family.
cantaloupe fruit food product
A salad food product which has potato as a defining ingredient.
potato salad food product
A sauce for a salad.
salad dressing
clam food product
oyster food product
shellfish food product
goat milk cheese (unpasteurized)
A family of hard Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.
pecorino cheese
sheep milk cheese (unpasteurized)
unpasteurized camel milk beverage
apple condiment
apple food product
apple vinegar food product
Food material which is output of or is part of a home or commercial bakery process.
bakery food product
A bean vegetable food product is a human or animal food product - such as a snap, shell or dry bean product - derived from the fruit pod, seed, or leaf of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae.
Note, this was previously labelled "Bean (vegetable) food product". We have been listing both dry and freshly harvested moist beans here, so have broadened the name scope.
bean food product
berry food product
A broad bean food product is a product derived from the broad bean plant.
broad bean food product
cabbage juice food product
cattle cured meat food product
Food material which normally exists as an ingredient to another food material, rather than eaten on its own. This includes chemical food components.
On Feb 25th 2025 the definition was loosened to include the subclass "chemical food component".
food material component
cocoa beverage
common bean food product
cow milk based food product
cow milk dessert
cowpea vegetable food product
dairy dessert food product
fermented cereal beverage
food flavoring or seasoning
linseed food product
flaxseed food product
A mix or ready made sauce for dipping or adding to food, especially salad.
food dressing
frozen dairy dessert
frozen dairy food product
A salad food product which has fruit as a defining ingredient.
fruit salad food product
grain based vinegar food product
lupin
lupine bean food product
melon food product
milk dessert food product
millet food product
mollusk food product
mollusc food product
mustard food product
orange food product
plant based bakery food product
plant-based candy
plant based refined or partially-refined food product
A salad food product with one or more plant-based ingredients.
plant based salad food product
An edible plant fat or oil product with characteristics that consumers desire such as bland flavour and odour, clear appearance, light colour, stability to oxidation and suitability for frying, and which is the result of a refining process that removes free fatty acids.
plant fat or oil refined food product
A plant fruit food product which is labeled (in common language or by regulation) as a vegetable food product.
plant fruit as vegetable food product
plant material dressing
plant seed based bakery food product
plant seed vegetable food product
A food product deriving from a plant stem or spear part.
plant stem or spear food product
plant sweetener
Food material which is the output of a food preservation process.
preserved
food (preserved)
organ meat product
A prepared hen egg product is a product predominantly made of hen egg that has been cooked and may only require defrosting or reheating for consumption.
prepared chicken egg product
refined or partially-refined food product
A prepared food product consisting of either a salad or a salad ingredient mixture to which a salad dressing is added.
salad food product
soft cheese food product
soybean condiment
soybean seed (field) food product
A soybean food product is a product derived from the soybean plant.
soy product
soybean food product
steeped beverage product
sweetener
pork cured meat food product
tomato juice food product
A vegetable food product containing one or more pickled vegetables.
vegetable pickle food product
A salad food product which contains one or more vegetable ingredients.
vegetable salad food product
wine or wine-like food product
A meal type is the name of an eating occasion that may have location, food type, or other customary contextual features. (Damion's 1st draft definition)
food by meal type
Any substance that can be consumed by an organism to satisfy nutritional or other health needs, or to provide a social or organoleptic food experience
food
foodstuff
nourishment
sustenance
This class is the top of FOODON's main food product hierarchy which is described in the https://www.foodon.org website, and can be searched in lookup services like https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/
food material
agave food product
multi-component honey product
Food material which has been categorized by a characteristic such as granularity or temperature.
This term was renamed from "food product by quality" to align better with COB "characteristic" label, and as well to disambiguate from other use of "quality" as a food grading. This term is useful for tasks like food inspection where little prior knowledge of how the food came to be is available. Some terms like "food (frozen)" are both a quality descriptor and the output of a process.
food material by characteristic
Food material which is baked.
baked
baked food product
food (baked)
A food product consisting of food material derived from ingredients sourced from multiple organisms.
multi-ingredient
The definition of this is being discussed in issue: https://github.com/FoodOntology/foodon/issues/57 Namely, how to characterize the threshold of ingredients that make for multi-component classification? Salt, pepper, spices wouldn't normally make a food multi-component?
multi-component food
Food material organized by the process which it results from.
food material by process
A food product that is derived from some pig.
pig food product
A lipid food product is a food product made primarily of plant or animal fat or oil
fats and oils
oils and fats
lipid food product
A whole dried bean is a bean resulting from natural or mechanical air drying applied to a bean or bean pod.
dried bean
bean (dried)
A seed of a bean plant from one of several genera of the flowering plant family (Fabaceae).
Damion Dooley's note. This could be enhanced to explicitly state the anatomical parts of a seed - seed coat, cotyledons, embryo etc. Currently the Plant Ontology is not explicit about this yet.
bean
Bean material which has been cooked.
bean (cooked)
A seed of a jack seed plant (Canavalia ensiformis).
jack bean
jack-bean food product
A pigeon pea food product is a food product derived from the pigeon pea plant
pigeon pea food product
A seed of a pigeon pea plant (Cajanus cajan).
pigeon pea
A seed of a velvet bean plant (Mucuna pruriens)
tericopelo bean
velvet bean
vetch food product
A seed of a vetch plant.
vetch seed
pea food product
A liver food product is a food product that derives from one or more liver organs.
liver food product
A leaf of a plant that is used for flavoring.
herb food product
A genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants.
bok choy vegetable food product
bomdong vegetable food product
broccolini vegetable food product
choy sum vegetable food product
collard greens vegetable food product
gai lan vegetable food product
komatsuna vegetable food product
mizuna vegetable food product
rutabaga vegetable food product
savoy cabbage vegetable food product
tatsoi vegetable food product
cole crop vegetable food product
cruciferous vegetable food product
brassica food product
multi-component wheat food product
A bean food product made from velvet bean.
velvet bean food product
A food product that is derived from some animal.
animal food product
Anatomical or other piece(s) or substance derived from one or more plants.
plant material
One or more pieces of animals.
piece(s) of animal
A food product made from milling plant material.
milled food product
One or more pieces of cows.
piece(s) of cow
One or more pieces of beef.
piece(s) of beef
Material that derives from some avian animal.
This branch isn't necessarily food material
avian animal material
A food product that is derived from some duck.
duck food product
A food product that is derived from some chicken.
chicken food product
Material that derives from some chicken.
chicken material
Material that derives from some cow.
cow material
SIREN DB annotation: * crystal FOODON:03430143 * fully heat-treated FOODON:03440014 * sugar FOODON:03420108 * water removal process FOODON:03460138 * preservation by dehydration or drying FOODON:03470116
sugar (granulated)
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity, with small particles FOODON:03430114 * fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed FOODON:03420229
orange juice
A seed of a broad bean plant (Vicia faba).
Windsor bean
broadbean
faba bean
fava bean
Horse bean
field bean
tic bean
tick bean
broad bean
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid FOODON:03430130 * part of plant FOODON:03420174
vegetable juice food product
A bean substance is a substance made by processing seed from a bean plant.
Damion Dooley's note: This class is intended to provide the most generic reference to bean, as it does not imply any more information about the state of a bean - whether it is whole or in fragments, or fragments of several beans, whether it is dry, raw, or cooked etc.
bean (whole or pieces)
A liquid prepared for consumption, or a product that can be combined with water or milk to make one.
beverage food product
SIREN DB annotation: * part of animal FOODON:03420164
animal-derived food
A food product served during the dessert course of a meal.
desert preparation
dessert
SIREN DB annotation: * ingredient: sugar or sugar syrup added FOODON:03460136
dessert food
A food product derived from a spice.
SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * part of plant FOODON:03420174
spice food product
A cultured dairy product is a fermented dairy product in which a microbial starter was introduced to the fermentation process.
SIREN DB annotation: * milk (mammary secretion) UBERON:0001913 * microbial/enzymatic modification process FOODON:03460119
cultured dairy product
SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155
edible seed food product
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430139 * fully heat-treated FOODON:03440014 * sugar syrup or syrup solids FOODON:03420271 * ingredient: honey added FOODON:03460149
honey blend table syrup
SIREN DB annotation: * crystal FOODON:03430143 * fully heat-treated FOODON:03440014 * white sugar FOODON:03420157
sugar (refined)
Food material which has been dried.
SIREN DB annotation: * water removal process FOODON:03460138 * preservation by dehydration or drying FOODON:03470116
food (dried)
SIREN DB annotation: * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155 * microbial/enzymatic modification process FOODON:03460119 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253
fermented bean product
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430139 * fat or oil FOODON:03420190
oil
A seed of a legume plant in the family Fabaceae.
SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155
processed food
SIREN DB annotation: * milk (mammary secretion) UBERON:0001913
mammalian milk product
A fish product is a home-made or commercially produced or retail or wholesale product containing substantial amounts of freshwater or saltwater fish and/or shellfish flesh. Note that this category should avoid items that mention a particular species of fish or shellfish.
SIREN DB annotation: * skeletal meat part FOODON:03420175
fish product (unspecified species)
SIREN DB annotation: * seed, skin present, germ present FOODON:03420133 * microbial/enzymatic modification process FOODON:03460119 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253
cocoa food product
juice
juice beverage
A food product that is highly seasoned minced meat and is encased in a skin in the shape of a cylinder.
sausage
SIREN DB annotation: * whole, shape achieved by forming FOODON:03430147 * meat part of animal FOODON:03420103 * ingredient: flavoring, spice or herb added FOODON:03460227
meat sausage
SIREN DB annotation: * solid FOODON:03430151 * meat part of animal FOODON:03420103
pate
SIREN DB annotation: * liquid FOODON:03430130 * heat-treated FOODON:03440022 * part of plant FOODON:03420174 * steeping FOODON:03450036
herbal infusion
SIREN DB annotation: * sugar FOODON:03420108
sugar product
SIREN DB annotation: * part of plant FOODON:03420174
multi-component plant food product
SIREN DB annotation: * fat or oil FOODON:03420190
vegetable fat food product
A meat product is a product organized by the form of - or processing done to - its meat component (a skeletal meat part of an animal or crustacean).
SIREN DB annotation: * animal body or body part FOODON:03420127
meat (whole or pieces)
Natural cheese, cured or uncured, cheese product (which is further processed), or cheese product analog.
cheese or cheese product (us cfr)
Fruit in all forms; includes fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products.
pie filling, fruit
fruit or fruit product (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to milk or milk products, including cream product analogs, margarine, and milk analogs. Certain alternate ingredients are substituted for those components that are responsible for specific functional properties.
milk or milk product analog (us cfr)
Milk in all forms, milk-based beverage, cultured milk product, or milk or milk product analog. Index infant formula under *MEAL REPLACEMENT*.
milk or milk product (us cfr)
Semisolid or jelled food prepared from fruit or fruit juice and other ingredients prescribed for the individual products (21 CFR 150).
fruit butter, jelly, preserve or related product (us cfr)
Milk, a product derived from milk, or a dairy product analog; includes cheese and frozen dairy desserts. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
dairy product (us cfr)
Cheese made from milk or milk components, such as cream, by the following process: (1) produce curd through coagulation of milk by bacterial action and/or enzymes and/or acidification and draining of whey. (2) For cured cheese only: cure the curd. Excludes products made through further processing, such as comminuting (see *CHEESE PRODUCT*).
natural cheese (us cfr)
Candy or other food product made with sweeteners and frequently containing nuts, fruits, starches, flavorings and other foods (21 CFR 170.3(n)(9). [FDA CFSAN 1995]
confectionery (us cfr)
Food product prepared by heating a mixture of sweeteners and other optional ingredients according to the specific formula for each subgroup.
candy (us cfr)
Jelled product made from one or more fruit juices and optional ingredients. Includes both fruit jelly, which may be sweetened with nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, (21 CFR 150.140), and artificially sweetened fruit jelly (21 CFR 150.141). The finished fruit jelly must have a soluble solid content of no less than 65% and the ratio by weight of the fruit ingredient to sweetener in the starting mixture must be no less than 45:55. Artificially sweetened fruit jelly must contain no less than 55% fruit ingredient by weight.
fruit jelly (us cfr)
Soft candy prepared by boiling milk, sugar, salt and optional ingredients to the soft-ball stage (238 degrees F.).
fudge (us cfr)
Food product having functional characteristics similar to those of butter; it is in plastic form or liquid emulsion and contains not less than 80% fat whose origin is vegetable or rendered animal carcass fats or a mixture of these as well as other optional ingredients specified by 21 CFR 166.110.
margarine (us cfr)
Fruits and vegetables in all forms. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
fruit or vegetable product (us cfr)
Food group having common consumption, functional or manufacturing characteristics, e.g. *FRUIT OR VEGETABLE PRODUCT*, *DAIRY PRODUCT*, *CONFECTIONARY*, *PREPARED FOOD PRODUCT*, etc. [FDA CFSAN 1995]
LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term.
USA agency food product type
Candy prepared by cooking a mixture of water, sugars and optional ingredients to a temperature of 250 degrees F. or less.
soft candy (us cfr)
A food product having functional characteristics similar to a butter product; it may be nutritionally equivalent or inferior to the product it purports to resemble.
butter substitute
butter, imitation
imitation butter
butter product analog (us cfr)
Renamed from *PRODUCT TYPE, CODEX ALIMENTARIUS* in LanguaL 2008.
international agency food product type
European Union agency food product type
An agency food product type is a class of food product defined by an agency or consortium.
This class is designed to hold 3rd party food classification schemes which are being mapped to FoodOn classes using the 'has member' relation. The two hierarchies are not melded into a subclass polyhierarchy because of possible logical inconsistencies in the agency schemes. The hierarchies of agency schemes are as true to their agency representation as possible.
agency food product type
Codex Alimentarius, Volume 2 - 1993, Section 2: Pesticide Residues in Food. The Codex Classification of food and animal feed commodities moving in trade and the description of the various items and groups of food and animal feedstuffs included in the present document have been developed by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. It was first adopted by the 18th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, (1989). The Codex Classification includes food commodities and animal feedstuffs for which Codex maximum residue limits will not necessarily be established. The Classification is intended to be as complete a listing of food commodities in trade as possible, classified into groups on the basis of the commodity's similar potential for pesticide residues. The Classification may also be appropriate for other purposes such as setting maximum levels for other types of residues or for other contaminants in food. The Codex Classification should be consulted in order to obtain a precise description of the food or animal feed commodities and, especially, in cases where Codex maximum residue limits have been set for groups of food and groups of animal feedstuffs. The Codex Classification is intended to promote harmonization of the terms used to describe commodities which are subject to maximum residue limits and of the approach to grouping commodities with similar potential for residue for which a common group maximum residue limit can be set.
Codex Alimentarius classification of food and feed commodities
a. primary food commodities of plant origin (ccpr)
Vegetables are foods derived from many different kinds of plants mostly annual and usually cultivated, commonly known by custom and tradition as "vegetables". In several countries, some of these commodities grown on large areas are distinguished as "field crops" or arable crops e.g. sugar beet. For the sake of convenience in this guide such crops are classified under Type 2 Vegetables. Exposure to pesticides is dependent on the particular part of the plant used for food and the growing practices. Vegetables may be consumed in whole or in part and in the form of fresh, dried or processed foods.
02 vegetables (ccpr)
Pulses are derived from the mature seeds naturally or artificially dried, of leguminous plants known as beans (dry) and peas (dry). The seeds in the pods are protected from most pesticides applied during the growing season except pesticides which show a systemic action. The dried beans and peas however are often exposed to post-harvest treatments. The dry pulses are consumed after processing or household cooking.
015 pulses (vd) (ccpr)
eurofir food classification
The group includes marine or freshwater fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other fauna such as reptiles, insects or frogs not in the Meats group. The group also includes seafood product analogs and seafood-based sausage or luncheon meat as well as such products as squid ink and clam juice.
seafood or related product (eurofir)
Includes fish offal; a food product whose predominant constituent is fish (e.g. dried and salted fish, smoked fish, canned fish, pickled fish, restructured fish and fish analogues, surimi; fish paste, pâté).
seafood product (eurofir)
Alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage; excludes milk and milk-based beverages.
beverage (non-milk) (eurofir)
Beverage containing no more than 0.5% alcohol; it may be flavoured, sweetened or carbonated; includes soft drinks and steeped beverages; excludes milk in all forms, fruit juices and vegetable juices.
non alcoholic beverage (eurofir)
Beverage prepared by extracting flavour and other components from food sources by percolation and/or immersion in water, usually at near-boiling temperature. The group includes coffee (e.g. instant coffee, coffee and chicory essence), tea, herbal tea (e.g. green tea, black tea, tisane), cocoa beverage and beverage powder.
infusion
steeped beverage
LanguaL curation note: Renamed from *COFFEE, TEA, COCOA (EUROFIR)* (LanguaL 2010).
coffee, tea, cocoa or infusion (eurofir)
EFG group 32, Eurocode-2 group 12.
LanguaL curation note: Use for foods and ingredients that could not fit into any of the above classes.
miscellaneous food product (eurofir)
This subgroup includes multicomponent meals, sauces, retail salads, desserts, soups, snacks and other foods where similarity of the product type is more significant than the source of the principal ingredient(s).
soup, sauce or miscellaneous food product
prepared food product (eurofir)
A liquid food made by simmering meat, poultry, seafood or vegetables, being clear or thickened to the consistency of a thin puree or having milk or cream added, and often containing pieces of solid food such as meat, shellfish, pasta or vegetables. Soup takes precedence over other food products. Examples are egg and lemon soup, oxtail soup, fish soup, rice soup, lentil soup, minestrone, cherry soup.
soup (eurofir)
The Global System 1 (GS1) Global Product Classification (GPC) is a system that gives buyers and sellers a common language for grouping products in the same way, everywhere in the world.$br/$ The GS1 GPC classification in facet A is currently updated based on June 2017 release of GS1 GPC Standard for Food/Beverage/Tobacco, except for codes pertaining to tobacco. See the GS1 site for details [https://www.gs1.org/standards/gpc].
GS1 Global Product Classification (GPC)
50220000 - cereal/grain/pulse products (gs1 gpc)
50221200 - processed cereal products (gs1 gpc)
50190000 - prepared/preserved foods (gs1 gpc)
50192900 - pasta/noodles (gs1 gpc)
Food and Drugs, title 21, Code of Federal Regulations. Original food classification in LanguaL.
U.S. code of federal regulations, title 21 food product type
polysaccharide-producing plant
plant used for producing extract or concentrate
starch-producing plant
carbohydrate-producing plant
amorphophallus konjac
amorphophallus rivieri
hydrosme rivieri
leopard palm
devils tongue plant
amorphophallus rivieri var. konjac
konjac plant
A broad term that includes the nutritive sweeteners dextrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose and sucrose, which are simple carbohydrates with molecules composed of one or two saccharide units. Note that on a product label or in a recipe, 'sugar' means *SUCROSE* and should be so indexed. Use the broad term *SUGAR* only if the specific sugar used is not known or not listed in the vocabulary.
sugar
Food material which is distinguished primarily by the organism(s) it derives from.
This was renamed from "part of organism" (and from LanguaL's original "part of plant or animal") to encompass organism material that is produced by an animal or plant rather than "part of" it, such as an egg, and might not be countable per se, such as milk. Additionally the existing definition's "from which a food product or its major ingredient is derived." was removed as an unnecessary constraint. [2023/03/02]
LanguaL curation note: "e.g. *LEAF*, *ROOT OR TUBER*, *ORGAN MEAT*, *MILK* OR *EGG*; it also includes components of parts, such as *CREAM*, and extracts, concentrates or isolates, such as *PROTEIN EXTRACT* or *SUGAR*."
Old definition as of Feb 25, 2025: Anatomical or other part(s) or substances derived from plant or animal or fungal organisms.
food material by organism
Extract, concentrate or isolate high in sugar, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide.
carbohydrate extract, concentrate, or isolate
Soft sugar whose crystals are covered by a film of refined dark syrup that imparts color, flavor, and moisture.
brown sugar
Material that derives from some animal.
Langual note: Includes eggs and milk that, although separated from the animal, are produced as integral parts and are affected by the animal's food intake and metabolism.
animal material
A physical-chemical component separated from the food source or its parts by extraction, centrifugation, filtration, heat processing, expressing or a similar process. The separated component may be converted through further processing. If this is done, the final substance is indexed. A water-extracted component may remain in aqueous dispersion. The extract, concentrate or isolate is indexed in preference to the anatomic part from which it is derived. For example, peanut oil is indexed under *PEANUT* combined wih *FAT OR OIL* rather than with *SEED OR KERNEL*. On the other hand, fruit and vegetable juices can be indexed under *FRUIT JUICE OR NECTAR* or *VEGETABLE JUICE* (A. PRODUCT TYPE); therefore the anatomic part of the plant should be indexed.
Damion Dooley's note: Items in this branch will be merged into foodon food product branch.
extract, concentrate or isolate of plant or animal
The serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the thicker or more coagulable part or curd, espcially in the process of making cheese; it contains lactose, minerals and lactalbumin.
whey
mammalian milk whey
The oil produced by pressing or extracting lipids from plant seeds (e.g. grapeseed oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil) /AM
seed oil
A liquid that flows very easily at room temperature.
thin liquid
Examples are: water, apple juice, sherry, acidophilus milk, whipping cream and some heavy liqueurs. The range of low viscosity liquid spans sucrose solutions between 0 and 45% solids (viscosity range from 1 to 10 centipoise). Prefer 'solid pieces' factor term to 'small particles' if both appear in the food.
food (liquid, low viscosity)
A state of matter between a solid and a gas, in which a substance has the capacity to flow and conforms to the shape of the container.
fluid
Liquids range from water to honey, corresponding to a range in viscosity (or apparent viscosity) from 1 to 500 centipoise (viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow). Products that are pourable but have a higher viscosity are *SEMILIQUID*.
food (liquid)
obsolete: molasses added
This disjunction is provided for food indexers who used the LanguaL category per guidelines. Currently, by specifying the more specific nut or seed as ingredient instead, this category can be inferred.
nut or seed added
LanguaL curation note: With the exception of peanut (see *PEANUT OR PEANUT BUTTER ADDED*), used when a nut or seed ingredient is the second ingredient in order of predominance.
plant seed or nut food product
chocolate or cocoa added
LanguaL curation note: Used when chocolate or cocoa is added at any level or when chocolate is used as a coating.
chocolate or cocoa
A fat or oil derived from vegetable material
vegetable fat or oil added
This is a convenience class inherited from LanguaL
vegetable fat or oil
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor
A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
objective specification
A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
action specification
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
data item
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
information content entity
A scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label.
scalar measurement datum
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
directive information entity
A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
data set
An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface.
image
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
plan specification
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
measurement datum
An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
figure
time stamped measurement datum
A data set that is an aggregate of data recording some measurement at a number of time points. The time series data set is an ordered list of pairs of time measurement data and the corresponding measurement data acquired at that time.
time sampled measurement data set
Firmicutes corrig. Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
grasshoppers, groundhoppers & pygmy mole crickets
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
planned process
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
processed material
An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature.
environment control function
A device that can be used to restrict the location of material entities over time
container
A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent.
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
organism
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's scalar absolute value of the rate of change of the bearer's position.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed.
A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts.
A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together.
A chromatic property that is the relative position of different hues or degrees of saturation.
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to pressure, being broken, or pierced
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing or displaying a distinctive feature in type or degree or effect or force.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's molecules being are aerially dispersed and perceived by an odorant receptor.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts.
A quality of an entity that is descriptive or observational, typically not represented numerically.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average.
The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism.
A physical quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the size of the bearer's maximum displacement from the 'normal' position, when periodic motion is taking place.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter.
A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population.
A color hue with low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers.
An achromatic color of maximum brightness; the color of objects that reflect nearly all light of all visible wavelengths.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of or the relationships between its repeated parts lack consistency.
A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking color.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a higher to a lower point.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces east.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces west.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a lower to a higher point.
A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having parallel chains in undulate fashion on the border.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's once or in or a few unpredictable instances.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation.
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a repeatable or predictable placement.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence.
A length quality which is relatively large.
A length quality which is relatively small.
A size quality which is relatively high.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording not completed blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two sides; two-sided.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being overfilled.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being upright in position or posture.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having mistakenly taken course, way, or passage; ill-routed.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being stretched out and lying at full length along the ground.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's involvement of only one part or side.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being merged with another entity.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by breaks or interruptions.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing a surface free of roughness or irregularities.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
A color consisting of dark orange, red, of very low intensity.
An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sinuate margin and rippled surface.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable to be permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's velocity multiplied by its mass.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of change of the bearer's velocity in either speed or direction.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input.
A physical quality that exists by virtue of the rate of flow of the bearer across a given surface.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration.
A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the middle relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the side relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located more centrally than another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter Y.
An odor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking odour.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits variation or change.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's power or force.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located further from a more centrally located entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
An EM radiation quality that is independent of the EM wavelength range.
A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to scatter or reflect radiation.
A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.
A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to varying or changing.
A process quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of the temporal extent between the starting and ending point.
A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of distinct morphology.
A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given area.
A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given volume.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting low opacity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin filamentous extensions at its edge.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having deeply undulating edges forming lobes.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having distinct structure.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking distinct structure.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of the bearer's angular movement about an axis; the angle rotated in a given time.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life.
A concentration quality inhering in a medium by virtue of the bearer's tendency to hydronate a specific reference base.
An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a high concentration of H+ ions.
An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a low concentration of H+ ions.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decomposition into component parts.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having connection or association with another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer includes all its components.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's components no longer being in a single contiguous unit.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being encrusted or impregnated with calcium carbonate (CHEBI:3311).
An attachment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking connection or association with another entity.
A sensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's independence on oxygen.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an oblique or slanted direction.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being thicker or more closely packed together; pressed tightly together.
An age quality that exists by virtue of the time (years and months) that the bearer has existed.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a ball (a sphere whose equatorial diameter is equal to the polar diameter).
A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform a regular function(s).
A physical quality inhering in sound by virtue of the bearer's travelling speed in a given medium under specified conditions.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the bearer's disposition to dissolve in a liquid.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s).
A mass which is lower than normal or average.
A mass which is higher than normal or average.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being spread out or scattered about or divided up.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to transmit of an entity through a medium.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch.
A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimension.
A depth quality which is relatively high.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by, consisting of, or diversified with patches.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distorted in form.
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits decreased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functional quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits increased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distributed or spread over a considerable extent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front of an organism relative to another entity.
A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary into the surface or boundary of another entity.
A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary and outwards in relation to the physical space occupied by another entity.
An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a proper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of osmoles of solute per liter of solution.
A distribution which is relatively high.
An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having efficiency.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities.
A magnetic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to exert magnitism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in two dimensions.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions.
An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lose an entity by natural process.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed body parts.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed foliage.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to not shed any body part.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to retain foliage.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being between evergeen and deciduous.
A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate.
A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity.
A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneous transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.
A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to convey electricity.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing granules.
A thickness quality which lacks pattern.
A density which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome.
A density which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on left side of from the a another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on right side of a another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting disturbance of its smoothness or regularity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality that is relatively high.
A wetness quality that is relatively low.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing acid (hydrogen ions).
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being entwined and difficult to unravel.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being situated at right angles to the horizon.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in the plane of the horizon.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a quadric surface in three dimensions obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. Includes spheres and oblate/prolate spheroids.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter U.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into three branches.
A circumference which is relatively low.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the south when it faces north.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces south.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one direction only.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two directions.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction approximating the shape of a circle.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape of features present on its surface or outer shell.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned on opposite sides on the same plane.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, a little inclining to be oblong.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits size variation or change.
A variability of size which is relatively low.
A variability of size which is relatively high.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts or projections being interlocked; for example, the fingers of two hands that are clasped.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having at least one salient angle on the margin.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being kept below its freezing point.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's passing into solution.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers).
A shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being elongated and cylindrical.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delimited by a surface with holes.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's layered configuration.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a layered configuration.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being separated into two contiguous wholes.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's penetrating or permeating another substance or area.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being at the edge or boundary of a related entity.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's structure resembling an irregular meshwork with cross-linking struts.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being fit to be eaten.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being suitable for use as food.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer not being suitable for use as food.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning towards an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning away from an additional entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being free of curves, bends, or angles.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in position.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being small or narrow in circumference or width in proportion to length or height.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the shape of a scythe or sickle.
A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan.
An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter V.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located far (not close to) in space in relation to another entity.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.
A physical quality inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, flattish shape, possibly with a slightly angled edge.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane.
Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partially upright in position or posture.
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located in a position equidistant from edges.
A structural quality of the collection or massing of one physical object within another physical object.
An increased number of physical objects that are accumulated within another physical object usually as a result of a failure to break down or remove objects in a timely manner.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same continuous distance relative to another object.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's underlying structure being capable of change.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
Having a fringe or border of hairlike or fingerlike projections.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being dome-shaped.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the base of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the stalk of an organism relative to another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's upper parts die back to the rootstock at the end of the growing season.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's width being notably higher than its length.
Recurrent and often more or less cyclic alteration.
A concave 3-D shape that inheres in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape that is wider at one end and narrow in the middle.
Flattened from above downward; below the normal level or the level of the surrounding parts.
Open to view or not covered by another entity.
A surface feature shape marked by large amounts of relief, often with multiple ridges and grooves in close association. Topographically complex.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer touching another entity along a border or with a projecting part.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's position being displaced from a reference point.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree of the bearer's highly topographical with ridges, pits, rugosity or other surface structures.
A surface feature shape in which the bearer's surface is highly topographical with ridges, pits, rugosity or other surface structures.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same level as another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer bring gradually worn away.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of some aspect of the bearer extending to the position of another entity.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increased rate of change of the position.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decreased rate of change of the position.
Positional quality in which an entity is located outside of another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a slanting direction (neither perpendicular nor parallel) relative to another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being level or even with another surface.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a funnel.
A variability quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer having a variable number or count of an entity.
Shape quality inhering in a bearer expanding outward, or having parts expanding outward, from a center point.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing an uninterrupted or unbroken connection or spatial distribution relative to the position of another entity.
A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other.
A quality inhering in air by virtue of the partial pressure exerted by the bearer's water vapour content.
The propensity of a material to undergo combustion. Combustion encompasses smouldering and flaming combustion. Combustibility is usually applied to solids.
A shape that ineres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's mass being distributed in a feather-like fashion.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an ornamental border consisting of short straight or twisted threads or strips hanging from cut or raveled edges or from a separate band.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of a bowl.
A quality of an object that has a value that is normal or average.
A position which is relatively normal or average
A pressure which is relatively normal or average
A size quality which is relatively normal or average
An area which is relatively normal or average
A depth quality which is relatively normal or average
A volume which is relatively normal or average
A width which is relatively normal or average
A speed which is relatively normal or average
A velocity which is relatively normal or average
The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials, N, E, S, W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east.
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west.
East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west.
South is one of the four cardinal directions or compass points. South is the polar opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west.
West is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east.
The number of repeated events per unit time, occurring in a repeating series. (e.g. the number of heart beats occurring over 1 minute)
A rate of occurrence that is relatively high.
A rate of occurrence that is relatively low.
A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength.
quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation
A quality of an entity that can be represented numerically, including anything that can be counted, measured, or given a numerical value.
Examples include: population, community, species (meaning the collection of organisms that makes up a species, not the taxonomic rank), and family.
A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids.
May be of the same or different species.
collection of organisms
This a general term that can include every organism of a species living in an area or any subset of them. Subclasses can be more specific as needed.
A collection of organisms, all of the same species, that live in the same place.
It is sometimes difficult to define the physical boundaries of a population. In the case of sexually reproducing organisms, the individuals within a population have the potential to reproduce with one another during the course of their lifetimes. 'Community', as often used to describe a group of humans, is a type of population of organisms. Classes for population already exist in IDO ('organism population', IDO_0000509) and OBI ('population', OBI_0000181). The definitions should be standardized across OBO Foundry ontologies and only one term used.
population of organisms
A multi-species collection of organisms of at least two different species, living in a particular area. Must have at least two populations of different species as members.
multispecies community
Ecological community is defined broadly here, but includes both ecological interactions (inherited from parent term community) and spatial co-existence. It may be used to describe every organisms living in an area, but is often used to refer only to organisms of a particular taxon or guild (e.g., the plant community, the insect community, the herbivore community). The word community, as it often used to describe a group of humans living together, is a type of single-species collection of organisms, not an ecological community.
ecological community
A material entity that has as parts two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids of the same species and no members of any other species.
collection of organisms of the same species
single-species collection of organisms
A collection of organisms that consists of two or more organisms from at least two species.
Need to add axiom to specify that it has at a mimum members of two different species, but not sure how to specify that. Can't say "('has member' only ('member of' min 2 'species as a collection of organisms'))".
multi-species collection of organisms
A material entity that is one or more organisms, viruses or viroids.
organismal entity
A multi-species collection of organisms that consists of two or more microbes from at least two species.
multi-species collection of microbes
An ecological community which is composed of co-existing populations of microbial organisms that interact, directly or indirectly, such that they impact one another's ecological fitness.
A class for a collection of organisms considered "microbial" and an accompanying quality in PATO (e.g. "microscopic") would be useful to better axiomatise this class. See https://github.com/PopulationAndCommunityOntology/pco/issues/22
microbiota
The definition of a microbial species is deeply debated, however, units of phylogenetic and functional diversity are recognised with respect to their varying roles in an ecosystem. In turn, there exist multiple operational definitions of microbial community, such as local, phenomenological, and indexical communities. This class seeks to capture microbial communities in a very broad sense, as collections of phylogenetically and functionally divergent microbial organisms co-existing, potentially interacting, and competing for niche space in the same ecosystem over a period of time in which their causal footprints overlap one another.
microbial community
A plant structure (PO:0005679) which is a whole organism.
Examples include plant embryo (PO:0009009), megagametophyte (PO:0025279) and microgametophyte (PO:0025280).
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) composed of cutin (PO:0025385), a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids C16 and C18 chains, embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386) and forming a layer on the surface of a plant epidermis (PO:0005679).
The plant cuticle is produced in and secreted by epidermal cells (PO:0004013) of leaves (PO:0025034), stems (PO:0009047), fruits (PO:0009001), and other aerial plant structures. It has as parts an inner cuticle proper (PO:0025387) and an outer layer of epicuticular wax (PO:0025388).
A shoot axis (PO:0025029) that is the most distal part of a shoot system (PO:0009006) and has as parts a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and the youngest primordia (PO:0025127).
&#225pice del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A portion of shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035) that is part of a shoot axis (PO:0025029).
epidermis del eje del tallo (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) which is the organogenic region of the meristem, characterized by higher rates of cell division.
A native plant cell (PO:0025606) synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall.
c&#233lula meristem&#225tica (Spanish, exact)
A primordium (PO:0025127) that develops from a root anlagen (PO:0025433) and is committed to the development of a root (PO:0009005).
portion of root primordium tissue (exact)
A root primordium may arise from cells of a pericycle (PO:0006203) in a root in most seed plant (pericyclic lateral root primordium; PO:0025492), from cells of an endodermis (PO:0000252) in ferns and some seed plants (non-pericyclic lateral root primordium: PO:0025493), or from cells of a shoot axis (PO:0025029), in the case of a basal root primordium (PO:0025479) or shoot-borne root primordium (PO:0025480). Transition from root primordium to root occurs with the formation of a root cap (PO:0020123), shortly after the development of a root apical meristem (PO:0020147).
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) composed of plant epidermal cells (PO:0004013) that develops from the protoderm (PO:0006210) and covers the surface of a plant structure (PO:0009011).
The epidermis can be composed of one or more layers of cells. In some species of vascular plants, the epidermis, which is a primary tissue, is replaced by periderm, which is secondary tissue, later in development. The epidermis can also include trichomes, stomatal pores, root hairs, and rhizoids.
A lateral plant organ (PO:0009008) produced by a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148).
A portion of phyllome epidermis (PO:0025157) that is part of a leaf (PO:0025034).
If you are annotating to this term, please add an additional annotation to vascular leaf (PO:0009025) or non-vascular leaf (PO:0025075), depending on the species. All annotations for angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes should go to vascular leaf and all annotations for bryophytes should go to non-vascular leaf.
A portion of plant epidermis (PO:0005679) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006) and arises from the meristem L1 layer (PO:0009020).
epidermis del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
Often interrupted by stomatal complexes (PO:0002000) and other structures. The shoot system epidermis is different from the root epidermis (PO:0006036) in its origin, function and structure.
A portion of plant epidermis (PO:0005679) that is part of a root (PO:0009005).
epidermis de la ra&#237z (Spanish, exact)
The root epidermis is different from the shoot epidermis in its origin, function and structure.
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006).
meristema del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is the outer layer of an apical meristem (PO:0020144), or the outer layer of a plant embryo proper (PO:0000001), and gives rise to a portion of epidermis (PO:0005679).
A protoderm may or may not arise from independent initial cells (PO:0004011). Some researchers also refer to it as an epidermis in a meristematic state.
A plant structure development stage (PO:0009012) that has as primary participant a whole plant (PO:0000003).
Solanaceae whole plant growth stages (SGN:0000001) (related)
cereal plant growth stage ontology (GRO:0007199) (related)
maize growth stage (GRO:0007002) (related)
plant growth stages in Arabidopsis (TAIR:0000021) (related)
rice growth stage (GRO:0007040) (related)
sorghum growth stage (GRO:0007124) (related)
wheat, barley and oat growth stage (GRO:0007156) (related)
A cell which is a plant structure (PO:0009011).
Applies to cells that are living or dead at maturity (e.g., fiber cell or tracheid) and includes any external encapsulating structures (if present) such as the plasma membrane and the plant-type cell wall. Definition of cell GO:0005623: "The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope". GO:0009505. Definition of plant-type cell wall (GO:0009505): A more or less rigid structure lying outside the cell membrane of a cell and composed of cellulose and pectin and other organic and inorganic substances, synonym; exact: cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall.
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that lacks shoot axis nodes (PO:0005004) and usually grows indeterminately.
Roots function in the absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, anchoring the plant body to the substrate and supporting it, storage of food and nutrients, and vegetative reproduction. The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with soil-borne microorganisms. Roots are usually positively geotropic and found underground, although there are many exceptions such as the aerial roots of orchids. Roots often form secondary thickening from the root lateral meristem (PO:0006308). Commonly thought of as one of the three basic parts of the plant body, along with the shoot axis (PO:0025029) and leaves (PO:0025034).
A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces shoot-borne portions of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) and the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them.
sistema de epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
The shoot system is generally used to refer to the above-ground plant parts, although some plants have parts of their shoot system underground. For example, a rhizome (PO:0004542), bulb (PO:0025356), a corm (PO:0025355) or a subterranean tuber (PO:0004547), as in Solanum tuberosum (potato) or yam, are all part of the shoot system.
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that consists predominantly of similarly specialized plant cells (PO:0009002) of one or more types.
porci&#243n de un tejido vegetal (Spanish, exact)
A portion of plant tissue may contain one or several types of cells that are organized in a specific spatial arrangement into a structural unit (which includes a mass of callus) and may include an intercellular matrix. May include other types of isolated cells, such as idioblasts.
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that is a functional unit, is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and includes portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types that derive from a common developmental path.
Examples include stem (PO:0009047), leaf (PO:0025034), and root (PO:0009005). May include individual plant cells (PO:0009002) that are not part of a portion of plant tissue (e.g., idioblasts, PO:0000283). A plant organ may have one or more different plant organs as parts, such as a sporophyll (PO:0009026) that may have as part a sporangium (PO:0025094) or a carpel (PO:0009030) that may have as part a plant ovule (PO:0020003).
A plant anatomical entity (PO:0025131) that is, or was, part of a plant, or was derived from a part of a plant.
'Part' includes both proper parts and the whole plant. CARO:0000003 'connected anatomical structure' is defined as: Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape, generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
A stage in the life of a plant structure (PO:0009011) during which the plant structure undergoes developmental processes.
etapa de desarrollo de estructura vegetal (Spanish, exact)
plant growth and development stage (exact)
Refers to GO:0032502 'developmental process', which includes growth, differentiation, and senescence, and BFO:0000003 'ocurrent'.
A portion of plant tissue (PO:0009007) in which plant cells (PO:0009002) have retained their embryonic characteristics, or have reverted to them secondarily, and that divide to produce new cells that can undergo differentiation to form mature tissues, i.e. they have a capacity for morphogenesis and growth.
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is the outermost layer of a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and gives rise to a shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035).
The cells of the meristem L1 layer divide in a strictly anticlinical fashion.
A maximal portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) located at a shoot apex (PO:0000037) or root tip (PO:0000025).
A shoot system meristem (PO:0006079) formed at the apex of the shoot axis (PO:0025029), including those originating from an axillary bud meristem (PO:0000232).
meristema apical del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
A collective plant structure (PO:0025497) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and is composed of two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) and the associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007).
estructura vegetal colectiva de &#243rgano (Spanish, exact)
Organs can be of the same type or different types. Examples include flower (PO:0009046), perianth (PO:0009058), and inflorescence (PO:0009049). See also collective organ part structure (PO:0025269), for plant structures composed of parts of multiple organs, but no complete plant organs. This was formerly named collective plant structure.
A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces root meristems (PO:0006085), the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them and the parts thereof.
Generally the below ground portion of a vascular plant.
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006).
eje del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact)
Often bears leaves and branches. In vascular plants, has at least one node and one internode.
A phyllome (PO:0006001) that is not associated with a reproductive structure.
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that has as parts protoderm (PO:0006210) and sub-epidermal meristematic tissue and is committed to the development of a particular plant structure (PO:0009011).
A primordium appears as a protrusion and is the first distinct form of a plant organ (PO:0009008), cardinal organ part (PO:0025001), or collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007). The transition from a primordium to the plant structure it develops into is marked by the development of non-meristematic cells, although meristematic cells may be present after the transition.
A primordium (PO:0025127) that develops from a phyllome anlagen (PO:0025430) and is part of a shoot apex (PO:0000037) and is committed to the development of a phyllome (PO:0006001).
portion of phyllome primordium tissue (exact)
The transition from phyllome primordium to phyllome occurs when the first non-meristematic tissue develops begins to develop.
An anatomical entity that is or was part of a plant.
entidad anat&#243mica vegetal (Spanish, exact)
Includes both material entities such as plant structures and immaterial entities such as plant anatomical spaces. CARO:0000000 'anatomical entity' is defined as: A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity aboove the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Refers to BFO:0000004 'independent continuant'.
A portion of shoot system epidermis (PO:0006035) that is part of a phyllome (PO:0006001).
A portion of organism substance that is or was part of a plant.
porci&#243n de sustancia vegetal (Spanish, exact)
Refers to organism substance (CARO:0000004) which is defined as: Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body and that does not have inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. For plants, the word "body" refers to a whole plant, or part thereof. Includes substances such as latex, xylem sap, phloem sap, resin, mucilage, oil, cuticle, cutin, and sporopollenin.
A maximal whole plant development stage.
vida de la planta entera (Spanish, exact)
There are only two types of life of whole plant. Every life of a whole plant is either a maximal gametophyte stage or a maximal sporophyte stage.
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), and is composed of a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acid C16 and C18 chains.
Cutin is the insoluble, covalently cross-linked polymer that forms an electron dense layer over the epidermal cells (PO:0004013) of an aerial plant structure.
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) comprised predominantly of very long chain aliphatic lipids and is part of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022).
Also includes triterpenoids and minor secondary metabolites, such as sterols and flavonoids. May be embedded within or external to the layer of cutin of the cuticle proper. Phenotypically, wax is distinguished as the glaucous or whitish bloom on a part of a plant shoot system that corresponds to crystalloid epicuticular wax with light scattering capacity.
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), composed primarily of cutin (PO:0025385), embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386).
cut&#237cula propia de la planta (Spanish, exact)
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is part of a peripheral zone (PO:0000225) of a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148) and will give rise to a phyllome primordium (PO:0025128).
The phyllome anlagen is only detectable by gene expression, not morphology.
A portion of meristem tissue (PO:0009013) that is committed to the development of a root primordium (PO:0005029).
Only detectable by gene expression, not morphology. May arise in a pericycle (PO:0006203), as for lateral roots in most seed plants, an endodermis (PO:0000252), as for lateral roots in ferns, or from parenchyma cells (PO:0000074) that are part a shoot axis (PO:0025029), in the case of a basal root (PO:0025002) or shoot-borne root (PO:0000042).
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that has as parts two or more portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single structural unit demarcated by primarily bona-fide boundaries from other structural units of different types.
estructura vegetal con m&#250ltiples tejidos (Spanish, exact)
Most multi-tissue plant structures have at least a small connection to other plant structures via a fiat boundary, such as where a leaf (PO:0025034) connects to a shoot axis (PO:0025029), a petal (PO:0009032) connects to a receptacle (PO:0009064), or a branch (PO:0025073) connects to a stem (PO:0009047). Refers to CARO:0000055 multi-tissue structure, def'n: Anatomical structure that has as parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types, and which through specific morphogenetic processes, form a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundries from other structural units of differnt types.
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003) and includes two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) or adjacent cardinal organ parts (PO:0025001), along with any associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007).
estructura vegetal colectiva (Spanish, exact)
This is a parent term to describe both collective organ part structure (PO:0025269) (e.g. septum), as well as collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) (which was formerly named collective plant structure), for example shoot system (PO:0009006).
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is an aqueous solution that can be transported through the apoplast (GO:0048046) or symplast (GO:0055044).
Plant sap should not be confused with latex, resins or plant cell cytoplasm.
A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that consists of a complex mixture of organic aromatic compounds such as mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoids.
Plant resins are often produced by Gymnosperms but not restricted to those plants. In the conifers, plant resins are constitutively and inducibly produced through the secretory activity of resin cells (PO:0025604), and can be exuded through a resin canal (PO:0005665) to a site of injury or predator attack.
A plant cell (PO:0009002) that is either part of a multicellular whole plant (PO:0000003) 'in vivo' or a unicellular organism 'in natura' (i.e. part of a natural environment).
A native plant cell is one that is not grown or maintained in vitro, nor part of an in vitro plant structure (PO:0000004).
A whole plant development stage (PO:0007033) that has as primary participant a whole plant (PO:0000003) during the interval between fertilization (or apogamy) and death.
A whole plant (PO:0000003) in the sporophyte development stage usually has twice the chromosome complement of a plant in the gametophytic phase, but may not in the case of apogamy. Examples of apogamy include both naturally occurring instances (such as sporophytes arising form haploid cells as in bryophytes or ferns) as well as in vitro instances (such as haploid embryo culture or in vitro fusion of non-gamete cells or protoplasts). During the sporophyte development stage, a plant may produce meiospores by meiosis.
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis.
An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid.
camera-type eye plus associated structures
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Anatomical projection that protrudes from the skin. Examples: hair, nail, feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, antler, bristle and some scales.
One of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins.
Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported.
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].
An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity.
A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.
Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity.
A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ.
Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism.
The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm.
mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure
An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures.
Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP].
The ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females.
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body.
A bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach disgorged through the mouth or nose that happens as a result of a vomit reflex.
Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid.
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
A bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose.
Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells.
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs.
Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching.
The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity).
A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP].
A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex].
The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified].
A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands.
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue.
Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another.
A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.
Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO].
Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells.
Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA].
Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA].
Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers.
Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces.
Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA].
A semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats.
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen.
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.
Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut.
The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity.
A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.
Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.
Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP].
Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue.
A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism.
The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract.
The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract.
Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)].
In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted].
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.
Excretion that is the output of a kidney.
Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells.
Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO].
textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus
An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
Epithelial layer that lines the intestine.
The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present.
A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.
A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).
A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO].
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.
A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted].
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons.
Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm].
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens.
The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited].
The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye.
The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP].
A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor.
A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP].
A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina.
Gelatinous mucoid tissue that is composed of vitreous humor and fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina[MP,modified].
The chamber in the eyeball enclosing the vitreous humor, bounded anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the posterior wall of the eyeball[BTO,modified].
Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive).
Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive).
A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye.
A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.
Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP].
A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces.
The most anterior region of the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.
Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.
The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle.
A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia].
An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation.
The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.
Vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium.
A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.
Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified].
A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP].
Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP].
An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen.
The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA].
Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm].
The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.
The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present.
The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.
A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.
Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Vasculature that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems.
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA].
periventricular zone of the hypothalamus
A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere.
The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal[MESH].
Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle.
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
A neural nucleus that is part of the brain.
Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.
A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP].
Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue.
epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells.
Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system through lymph capillaries[WP].
Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.
Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues.
A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition].
The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system[WP].
Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA].
Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians.
One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches.
Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic.
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.
A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP].
The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form.
Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted].
A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue.
The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.
Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP].
A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP].
A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA].
The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO].
Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP].
Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone.
Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP].
Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage.
Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types.
Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme.
Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism).
Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP].
Septum that divides the internal chambers (camerae) of the shell of a cephalopod, namely nautiloids or ammonoids.
An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch
ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue
An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage.
A blood island that is part of a mesoderm.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition].
A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa.
An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi.
An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk).
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel
lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius
A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition].
blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball
A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
portion of connective tissue of adult head
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue
apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus
connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius
portion of connective tissue of respiratory system
respiratory system portion of connective tissue
textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius
textus connectivus of respiratory system
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature.
A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition].
The epithelial component of the choroid plexus. Consists of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue.
epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract.
The brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses.
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells.
One of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid.
The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present.
Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces.
A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.
The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA].
The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart.
Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system.
A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm.
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition].
anal part of perineum involuntary muscle
anal part of perineum non-striated muscle
anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue
involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum
non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum
smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.
Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].
A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle
choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle
choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle
epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium
lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue
lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus
lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus
lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium
A muscle that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.
The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome.
A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system lymphatic vessel smooth muscle
A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system
respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle
The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries.
Sum of all sensory systems in an organism.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a face.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition].
A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep.
A vascular network consisting of blood vessels.
The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP].
A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres).
Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres.
A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO].
Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue.
Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles.
Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular.
Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body.
The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract.
mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius
mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius
A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system.
Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia.
An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius
An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system
gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue
A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition].
Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP].
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra.
Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts.
A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm.
A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract.
A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer.
An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition].
The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds.
One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP].
A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN].
An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO].
Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO].
Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system.
An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis.
A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part.
An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.
An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli.
An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.
Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk.
A set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord[WP].
ventricular system of central nervous system
A structure found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain, consisting of part of the meninges (pia mater in mammals) plus ependyma[cjm].
Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle.
tela chorioidea of telencephalic ventricle
tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle
A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo.
Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo.
A layer in the central nervous system that lines system of communicating cavities in the brain and spinal cord.
region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis
An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye.
A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array.
The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system.
alimentary part of gastrointestinal system
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens.
Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube.
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad.
A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part.
An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball.
An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle.
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves.
An acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure.
An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme.
The paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip.
Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA].
Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified].
Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation.
Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers.
The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx.
The foremost region of the future forebrain that develops into the diencephalon.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain.
An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut.
Future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle.
A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media.
Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light.
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
A substance that is secreted by a mammary gland. The substance may differ depending on phase, with colostrum produced during pregancy/early lactation, and milk produced afterwards.
A tube that is part of a excretory system.
An organ system subdivision that is a network of vessels capable of removing accumulating protein and fluid from the interstitial space and returning it to the vascular space. In some species, this network is connected to the immune system via lymph nodes and lymphocyte-producing organs, with the whole being the lymphoid system.
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO].
A nucleus of brain that is part of a hypothalamus.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a diencephalon.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm.
Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm.
A rigid covering that envelops an object.
A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm.
Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence.
The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA].
The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO].
Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified].
A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth.
An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest.
head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest
mesenchyme derived from head neural crest
Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate.
The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm.
The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO].
Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo.
An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow.
Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix.
Epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules.
An anatomical structure that connects two structures.
Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue.
A bone that is part of a reproductive organ.
Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces.
Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels.
The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae.
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region.
A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons.
A bone that is part of a craniocervical region.
A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region.
Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions.
A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified].
A brain that develops_from a neural tube.
System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain.
The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder.
An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane.
An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane.
A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut.
An endoderm that is part of a anal region.
Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component.
mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch
A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon.
The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures.
An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face.
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1.
The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells.
associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region
entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme
entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme
An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior.
An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells.
Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis.
A nuclear complex which in mammals consists of four parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, ventral thalamus, and dorsal thalamus[WP,modified].
The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme.
1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest.
mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme.
mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch
pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest
branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest
An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure.
Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures.
An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest.
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region.
Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme.
mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme.
mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme.
1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme.
mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch
1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme.
branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest
Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme.
branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme
Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified].
The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.
An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle.
pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin
pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin
The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle.
A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle).
A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin.
bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints.
A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones.
The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton.
A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system.
central nervous system cell part cluster
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.
A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon.
predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon
A blood vasculature that is part of a head.
A lymph vasculature that is part of a head.
Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995).
A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions.
An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium.
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column.
subdivision of organism along main body axis
A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus.
Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system.
Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets.
Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue.
The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity.
Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris.
A substance that is consumed by the organism for food.
A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region.
An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified].
Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition].
One of five swellings formed during the development of the face.
A bone element that is part of a jaw region.
The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives.
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle.
skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle
A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull.
An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified].
A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages.
The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs.
Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system.
An organ component layer that is part of a integumental system.
Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.
Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon.
Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition].
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum.
A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region.
A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain.
Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin.
A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature.
An anatomical group whose component structures share a common function.
Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile.
A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system.
A zone of skin that is part of a axilla.
A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis.
muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae
smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
An epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye.
An epithelium that is part of a foregut.
Primordium that develops into the central nervous system.
Primordium that develops into the nervous system.
The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism.
An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development.
A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure.
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart.
Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region.
The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid.
A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology.
The area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate.
An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part.
Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other.
A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin.
A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures.
organ region with floating fiat boundary
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition].
The primordial mouth region of the developing head.
A sweet viscid material elaborated out of the nectar of flowers in the honey sac of various bees.
A bodily fluid consisting of the contents of the digestive tract expulsed through the anterior portion of the digestive tract.
An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles.
Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure.
vasculature of central nervous system plus retina
Wall of organ which has as its parts the endocardium, myocardium , epicardium, and the cardiac septum, surrounded by the pericardial sac proper and is continuous with the walls of the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous trees.
A zone of skin that is part of the face.
An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract.
Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument.
Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument.
Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue.
An anatomical junction between two parts of the intestine.
An anatomical system that eliminates waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
A zone of skin that is above the clavicle zone in the pectoral girdle region.
Western Australian Mulga Shrublands Ecoregion
Australasia Ecoregion
Southern central Australia Ecoregion
Simpson Desert Region
Pilbara Shrublands Ecoregion
Carnarvon Xeric Shrublands Ecoregion
Central Ranges Xeric Shrub Ecoregion
Gibson Desert Ecoregion
The Great Sandy-Tanami Desert Ecoregion
Great Victoria Desert Ecoregion
Nullarbor Plains Xeric Shrubland Ecoregion
Afrotropical Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Southern Namibia into South Africa
Succulent Karoo Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Yemen and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman Ecoregion
Somali montane xeric woodlands ecoregion
Somali Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen Ecoregion
Socotran Archipelago Ecoregion
Red Sea Coastal Desert Ecoregion
Namibian Savanna Woodland Ecoregion
Namib Desert Ecoregion
Nama Karoo Ecoregion
Masai Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Madagascar Succulent Woodlands Ecoregion
Madagascar Spiny Thickets Ecoregion
Africa: Coastal Namibia and Angola Ecoregion
Kaokoveld Desert Ecoregion
Kalahari Xeric Savanna Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Islands about half-way between southern Madagascar and southern Mozambique Ecoregion
Ile Europa and Bassas da India Ecoregion
Hobyo Grassland and Shrubland Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Ethiopian Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Eritrean Coastal Desert Ecoregion
North central Africa: Eastern Chad and small area of western Sudan
East Saharan Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Western Asia: Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Aldabra Island Xeric Scrub Ecoregion
Indo-Malay Ecoregion
Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan
Thar Desert
Southern Asia: Eastern India and western Pakistan
Northwestern Thorn Scrub Forests
A polar front between the deep, cold Arctic air and the shallower, warmer polar air of northern latitudes on Earth.
Arctic front
A polar front between the deep, cold Antarctic air and the shallower, warmer polar air of southern latitudes on Earth.
Antarctic front
Solar radiation
third planet from the Sun in the Solar System
Earth
"Suni, or Jalca, is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located in the Andes at an altitude between 3,500 and 4,000 metres above sea level. Suni has a dry and cold weather and there are many glacial valleys. The flora includes gramineous plants and shrubs such as the taya-taya (Caesalpinia spinosa), the quishuar (Buddleja coriacea), and the cantuta (Cantua buxifolia) which was considered sacred by the Incas. Even though it is hard for plants to grow because of the weather, people are able to cultivate such crops as quinoa, qañiwa, broad beans and ulluku (Ullucus tuberosus). The main fauna is the guinea pig and, among numerous other highland birds, the Chiguanco thrush."
Suni
Sol
World Ocean