---
name: python-performance-optimization
description: Profile and optimize Python code using cProfile, memory profilers, and performance best practices. Use when debugging slow Python code, optimizing bottlenecks, or improving application performance.
---

# Python Performance Optimization

Comprehensive guide to profiling, analyzing, and optimizing Python code for better performance, including CPU profiling, memory optimization, and implementation best practices.

## When to Use This Skill

- Identifying performance bottlenecks in Python applications
- Reducing application latency and response times
- Optimizing CPU-intensive operations
- Reducing memory consumption and memory leaks
- Improving database query performance
- Optimizing I/O operations
- Speeding up data processing pipelines
- Implementing high-performance algorithms
- Profiling production applications

## Core Concepts

### 1. Profiling Types

- **CPU Profiling**: Identify time-consuming functions
- **Memory Profiling**: Track memory allocation and leaks
- **Line Profiling**: Profile at line-by-line granularity
- **Call Graph**: Visualize function call relationships

### 2. Performance Metrics

- **Execution Time**: How long operations take
- **Memory Usage**: Peak and average memory consumption
- **CPU Utilization**: Processor usage patterns
- **I/O Wait**: Time spent on I/O operations

### 3. Optimization Strategies

- **Algorithmic**: Better algorithms and data structures
- **Implementation**: More efficient code patterns
- **Parallelization**: Multi-threading/processing
- **Caching**: Avoid redundant computation
- **Native Extensions**: C/Rust for critical paths

## Quick Start

### Basic Timing

```python
import time

def measure_time():
    """Simple timing measurement."""
    start = time.time()

    # Your code here
    result = sum(range(1000000))

    elapsed = time.time() - start
    print(f"Execution time: {elapsed:.4f} seconds")
    return result

# Better: use timeit for accurate measurements
import timeit

execution_time = timeit.timeit(
    "sum(range(1000000))",
    number=100
)
print(f"Average time: {execution_time/100:.6f} seconds")
```

## Profiling Tools

### Pattern 1: cProfile - CPU Profiling

```python
import cProfile
import pstats
from pstats import SortKey

def slow_function():
    """Function to profile."""
    total = 0
    for i in range(1000000):
        total += i
    return total

def another_function():
    """Another function."""
    return [i**2 for i in range(100000)]

def main():
    """Main function to profile."""
    result1 = slow_function()
    result2 = another_function()
    return result1, result2

# Profile the code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    profiler = cProfile.Profile()
    profiler.enable()

    main()

    profiler.disable()

    # Print stats
    stats = pstats.Stats(profiler)
    stats.sort_stats(SortKey.CUMULATIVE)
    stats.print_stats(10)  # Top 10 functions

    # Save to file for later analysis
    stats.dump_stats("profile_output.prof")
```

**Command-line profiling:**

```bash
# Profile a script
python -m cProfile -o output.prof script.py

# View results
python -m pstats output.prof
# In pstats:
# sort cumtime
# stats 10
```

### Pattern 2: line_profiler - Line-by-Line Profiling

```python
# Install: pip install line-profiler

# Add @profile decorator (line_profiler provides this)
@profile
def process_data(data):
    """Process data with line profiling."""
    result = []
    for item in data:
        processed = item * 2
        result.append(processed)
    return result

# Run with:
# kernprof -l -v script.py
```

**Manual line profiling:**

```python
from line_profiler import LineProfiler

def process_data(data):
    """Function to profile."""
    result = []
    for item in data:
        processed = item * 2
        result.append(processed)
    return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
    lp = LineProfiler()
    lp.add_function(process_data)

    data = list(range(100000))

    lp_wrapper = lp(process_data)
    lp_wrapper(data)

    lp.print_stats()
```

### Pattern 3: memory_profiler - Memory Usage

```python
# Install: pip install memory-profiler

from memory_profiler import profile

@profile
def memory_intensive():
    """Function that uses lots of memory."""
    # Create large list
    big_list = [i for i in range(1000000)]

    # Create large dict
    big_dict = {i: i**2 for i in range(100000)}

    # Process data
    result = sum(big_list)

    return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
    memory_intensive()

# Run with:
# python -m memory_profiler script.py
```

### Pattern 4: py-spy - Production Profiling

```bash
# Install: pip install py-spy

# Profile a running Python process
py-spy top --pid 12345

# Generate flamegraph
py-spy record -o profile.svg --pid 12345

# Profile a script
py-spy record -o profile.svg -- python script.py

# Dump current call stack
py-spy dump --pid 12345
```

## Optimization Patterns

### Pattern 5: List Comprehensions vs Loops

```python
import timeit

# Slow: Traditional loop
def slow_squares(n):
    """Create list of squares using loop."""
    result = []
    for i in range(n):
        result.append(i**2)
    return result

# Fast: List comprehension
def fast_squares(n):
    """Create list of squares using comprehension."""
    return [i**2 for i in range(n)]

# Benchmark
n = 100000

slow_time = timeit.timeit(lambda: slow_squares(n), number=100)
fast_time = timeit.timeit(lambda: fast_squares(n), number=100)

print(f"Loop: {slow_time:.4f}s")
print(f"Comprehension: {fast_time:.4f}s")
print(f"Speedup: {slow_time/fast_time:.2f}x")

# Even faster for simple operations: map
def faster_squares(n):
    """Use map for even better performance."""
    return list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(n)))
```

### Pattern 6: Generator Expressions for Memory

```python
import sys

def list_approach():
    """Memory-intensive list."""
    data = [i**2 for i in range(1000000)]
    return sum(data)

def generator_approach():
    """Memory-efficient generator."""
    data = (i**2 for i in range(1000000))
    return sum(data)

# Memory comparison
list_data = [i for i in range(1000000)]
gen_data = (i for i in range(1000000))

print(f"List size: {sys.getsizeof(list_data)} bytes")
print(f"Generator size: {sys.getsizeof(gen_data)} bytes")

# Generators use constant memory regardless of size
```

### Pattern 7: String Concatenation

```python
import timeit

def slow_concat(items):
    """Slow string concatenation."""
    result = ""
    for item in items:
        result += str(item)
    return result

def fast_concat(items):
    """Fast string concatenation with join."""
    return "".join(str(item) for item in items)

def faster_concat(items):
    """Even faster with list."""
    parts = [str(item) for item in items]
    return "".join(parts)

items = list(range(10000))

# Benchmark
slow = timeit.timeit(lambda: slow_concat(items), number=100)
fast = timeit.timeit(lambda: fast_concat(items), number=100)
faster = timeit.timeit(lambda: faster_concat(items), number=100)

print(f"Concatenation (+): {slow:.4f}s")
print(f"Join (generator): {fast:.4f}s")
print(f"Join (list): {faster:.4f}s")
```

### Pattern 8: Dictionary Lookups vs List Searches

```python
import timeit

# Create test data
size = 10000
items = list(range(size))
lookup_dict = {i: i for i in range(size)}

def list_search(items, target):
    """O(n) search in list."""
    return target in items

def dict_search(lookup_dict, target):
    """O(1) search in dict."""
    return target in lookup_dict

target = size - 1  # Worst case for list

# Benchmark
list_time = timeit.timeit(
    lambda: list_search(items, target),
    number=1000
)
dict_time = timeit.timeit(
    lambda: dict_search(lookup_dict, target),
    number=1000
)

print(f"List search: {list_time:.6f}s")
print(f"Dict search: {dict_time:.6f}s")
print(f"Speedup: {list_time/dict_time:.0f}x")
```

### Pattern 9: Local Variable Access

```python
import timeit

# Global variable (slow)
GLOBAL_VALUE = 100

def use_global():
    """Access global variable."""
    total = 0
    for i in range(10000):
        total += GLOBAL_VALUE
    return total

def use_local():
    """Use local variable."""
    local_value = 100
    total = 0
    for i in range(10000):
        total += local_value
    return total

# Local is faster
global_time = timeit.timeit(use_global, number=1000)
local_time = timeit.timeit(use_local, number=1000)

print(f"Global access: {global_time:.4f}s")
print(f"Local access: {local_time:.4f}s")
print(f"Speedup: {global_time/local_time:.2f}x")
```

### Pattern 10: Function Call Overhead

```python
import timeit

def calculate_inline():
    """Inline calculation."""
    total = 0
    for i in range(10000):
        total += i * 2 + 1
    return total

def helper_function(x):
    """Helper function."""
    return x * 2 + 1

def calculate_with_function():
    """Calculation with function calls."""
    total = 0
    for i in range(10000):
        total += helper_function(i)
    return total

# Inline is faster due to no call overhead
inline_time = timeit.timeit(calculate_inline, number=1000)
function_time = timeit.timeit(calculate_with_function, number=1000)

print(f"Inline: {inline_time:.4f}s")
print(f"Function calls: {function_time:.4f}s")
```

For advanced optimization techniques including NumPy vectorization, caching, memory management, parallelization, async I/O, database optimization, and benchmarking tools, see [references/advanced-patterns.md](references/advanced-patterns.md)

## Best Practices

1. **Profile before optimizing** - Measure to find real bottlenecks
2. **Focus on hot paths** - Optimize code that runs most frequently
3. **Use appropriate data structures** - Dict for lookups, set for membership
4. **Avoid premature optimization** - Clarity first, then optimize
5. **Use built-in functions** - They're implemented in C
6. **Cache expensive computations** - Use lru_cache
7. **Batch I/O operations** - Reduce system calls
8. **Use generators** for large datasets
9. **Consider NumPy** for numerical operations
10. **Profile production code** - Use py-spy for live systems

## Common Pitfalls

- Optimizing without profiling
- Using global variables unnecessarily
- Not using appropriate data structures
- Creating unnecessary copies of data
- Not using connection pooling for databases
- Ignoring algorithmic complexity
- Over-optimizing rare code paths
- Not considering memory usage