ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z72: Problems related to lifestyle
personal care products and cosmetic procedures
Research that focuses on food, the nutrients and other substances contained therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
The science of food, the nutrients and other substances contained therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
That which is consumed to fuel necessary life processes of an organism.
science of food, the nutrients and other substances contained therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
A subject domain utilized for the submission of information encompassing and representing data, vocabulary or records related to substance use.
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.
Use of a chemical substance, usually involving an individual consuming said substance (which may or may not be considered a drug by cultural definition).
Exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents via the environment.
Environmental factors considered as variables in disease incident, transmission, and control.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
A question about to what extent an individual's breast cancer treatment has disrupted their recreational activities.
freedom provided by the cessation of activities, especially time free from work or duties.
Voluntary use of free time for activities outside the daily routine.
A planned environmental usage process during which humans access an environment in order to promote the refreshment of their physical and psychological health through relaxation and leisure activities.
Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may include planned activity such as walking, running, basketball, or other sports. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc.
state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy.
The ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state, often as a result of physical conditioning.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining physical fitness or health.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Personal life is the course of an individual's life, especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices contributing to one's personal identity.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z72.82: Problems related to sleep
A natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended.
period of rest for the body and mind during which volition and consciousness are in partial or complete abeyance and bodily functions are partially suspended; a behavioral state marked by a characteristic immobile posture and diminished but readily reversible sensitivity to external stimuli.
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
"Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain." [ISBN:0192800981]
Characteristics of a person such as education and occupation, used to describe the person's position in stratification systems, access to services, etc.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
application of cleaning and cosmetic products
application of cleaning and personal care products
application of cosmetic and cleaning products
use of cleaning and personal care products
The oil extracted from the seed fruits of Prunus amygdalus. Almond oil is typically used as a skin emollient and for massage.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
Agents that are put on the SKIN to reduce SWEATING or prevent excess sweating (HYPERHIDROSIS).
O hydroxycinnamic acid. Pleasant smelling compound found in many plants and released on wilting. Has anticoagulant activity by competing with Vitamin K.
oxygen containing heterocyclic compound, obtainable naturally from several plants, or produced synthetically from an amino acid of phenylalanine; it is used for the preparation of drugs especially anticoagulants such as bishydroxycoumarin (dicoumarol) and warfarin (coumadin); coumarin glycosides such as dicoumarol and warfarin, are widely used as rodenticides.
O hydroxycinnamic acid. Pleasant smelling compound found in many plants and released on wilting. Has anticoagulant activity by competing with Vitamin K. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C397" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C397" NCI Thesaurus)
A chromenone having the keto group located at the 2-position.
Agents that remove, correct, repress, or mask undesirable ODORANTS. In personal hygiene, deodorants often contain astringent preparations that reduce SWEATING, referred to as ANTIPERSPIRANTS. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Diethyl phthalate appears as a clear, colorless liquid without significant odor. More dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Primary hazard is to the environment. Spread to the environment should be immediately stopped. Easily penetrates soil, contaminates groundwater and nearby waterways. Flash point 325°F. Severely irritates eyes and mildly irritates skin. Used in the manufacture of perfumes, plastics, mosquito repellents and many other products. This synthetic substance is commonly used to make plastics more flexible. Products in which it is found include toothbrushes, automobile parts, tools, toys, and food packaging. Diethyl phthalate can be released fairly easily from these products, as it is not part of the chain of chemicals (polymers) that makes up the plastic. Diethyl phthalate is also used in cosmetics, insecticides, and aspirin.
A clear, colorless liquid used as a plasticizer for fabricating flexible materials for many household products. It is also used in cosmetics, insecticides and aspirin.
The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
incorporation or addition of fluoride in a compound.
Practice of adding fluoride to water, and other food or beverages, for the purpose of preventing tooth decay and tooth cavities.
A substance in paste form containing abrasives used to clean the tooth surface.
A paste intended for administration to the teeth.
preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medication and caries preventives.
Dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. They typically contain abrasives, HUMECTANTS; DETERGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; and CARIOSTATIC AGENTS.
Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily.
A water-soluble surfactant that functions to emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension.
purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
A response indicating that an individual needs help from another person for hygiene.
The practice of keeping the mouth, teeth, and gums clean and healthy to prevent disease, as by regular brushing and flossing and visits to a dentist.
The science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health.
for thorough searching also see DENTISTRY.
protection of the environment by policies, procedures, facilities, programs, and equipment which abate and control pollution in the areas of air, water, solid waste, noise, radiation, and toxic substances.
efforts to prevent transmission of infections originating in the hospital.
It's important to take care of your mouth and teeth starting in childhood. If you don't, you could have problems with your teeth and gums - like cavities or even tooth loss. Here's how to keep your mouth and teeth healthy: Brush your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste Clean between your teeth every day with floss or another type of between-the-teeth cleaner Snack smart - limit sugary snacks Don't smoke or chew tobacco See your dentist or oral health professional regularly NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)
The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.
The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public.
Practices involved in preventing the transmission of diseases by hand.
The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health.
A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.
Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)
Phthalate(2-) is a phthalate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of phthalic acid. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a phthalate(1-).
exposures related to the place of residence
Sulfates are detergents, or surfactants, commonly found in products like shampoo, body wash, face cleanser, and toothpaste (in addition to household cleaning products, like laundry and dish detergent).
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
The determination of the amount of sulfate present in a sample.
substance applied to the skin to protect it from the effects of sunlight; sunscreens act by absorbing ultraviolet radiation or by reflecting the incident light.
Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation.
A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter both ultraviolet A and B radiation to provide protection against both types of radiation. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that may lead to skin cancer. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C851" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C851" NCI Thesaurus)
Treatment by injections of botulinum toxin. This can diminish signs of aging in the face, reduce excessive sweating and muscle spasms, and treat overactive bladder and lazy eye.
An injectable formulation of a neurotoxin derived through the fermentation of the Hall strain of Clostridium botulinum type A with neuromuscular transmission inhibitory and analgesic activities. Upon injection into the affected muscle, the heavy chain portion of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) binds to the cell membrane of the motor nerve and is internalized via endocytosis. Upon entry, the light chain portion of the toxin is activated and cleaves the protein SNAP-25, thereby preventing the fusion of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane and, so, the release of ACh into the neuromuscular junction; subsequent binding of ACH to motor end-plate nicotinic acid receptors and ACh-mediated muscle contraction are thus blocked. In addition to ACh, BTX-A may inhibit the release of neuropeptides, such as substance P and glutamate, which may contribute to its analgesic activity.
toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum; there are at least seven different substances, most being proteins; they have neuro-, entero-, and hemotoxic properties, are immunogenic, and are among the most potent poisons known; used medically to block release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses.
Botox is a drug made from a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It's the same toxin that causes a life-threatening type of food poisoning called botulism. Doctors use it in small doses to treat health problems, including Temporary smoothing of facial wrinkles and improving your appearance Severe underarm sweating Cervical dystonia - a neurological disorder that causes severe neck and shoulder muscle contractions Blepharospasm - uncontrollable blinking Strabismus - misaligned eyes Chronic migraine Overactive bladder Botox injections work by weakening or paralyzing certain muscles or by blocking certain nerves. The effects last about three to twelve months, depending on what you are treating. The most common side effects are pain, swelling, or bruising at the injection site. You could also have flu-like symptoms, headache, and upset stomach. Injections in the face may also cause temporary drooping eyelids. You should not use Botox if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.
An injectable formulation of a neurotoxin derived through the fermentation of the Hall strain of Clostridium botulinum type A with neuromuscular transmission inhibitory and analgesic activities. Upon injection into the affected muscle, the heavy chain portion of onabotulinumtoxinA binds to the cell membrane of the motor nerve and is internalized via endocytosis. Upon entry, the light chain portion of the toxin is activated and cleaves the protein SNAP-25, thereby preventing the fusion of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane and, so, the releaseof ACh into the neuromuscularjunction; subsequent binding of ACH to motor end-plate nicotinic acid receptors and ACh-mediated muscle contraction are thus blocked. In addition to ACh, onabotulinumtoxinA may inhibit the release of neuropeptides, such as substance P and glutamate, which may contribute to its analgesic activity. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C82623" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C82623" NCI Thesaurus)
A surgical procedure for increasing breast size using a prosthetic implant.
implant, often of silicone, in the mammary tissue; may be preformed for medical or cosmetic reasons.
Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z41.1: Encounter for cosmetic surgery
Procedures and techniques focused on improving an individual's appearance.
The branch of surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue.
Any procedure for which the purpose is altering or restoring the form of the body.
branch of surgery concerned with restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of defective, damaged, or missing structures.
The branch of surgery concerned with restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of defective, damaged, or missing structures.
A surgical procedure that is performed for therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue.
Procedures involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body.
The removal of excess fat deposits from the body.
Removal of localized SUBCUTANEOUS FAT deposits by SUCTION CURETTAGE or blunt CANNULATION in the cosmetic correction of OBESITY and other esthetic contour defects.
Surgical removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits.
Surgical removal of subcutaneous fat using suction.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z72.4: Inappropriate diet and eating habits
The customary allowance of food and drink taken by a person or an animal from day to day, particularly one especially planned to meet specific requirements of the individual, including or excluding certain items of food; a prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes or selected with reference to a particular state of health.
A form of therapy which includes dietary approaches and special diets that are applied as alternative therapies for risk factors or chronic disease in general.
The fundamental nutritional components that constitute an organism's daily intake of foodstuffs.
usual food and drink consumed by an individual; for indexing what is medically prescribed to treat a condition use DIET THERAPY.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Any alteration or treatment in an individual's diet with a planned goal, usually designed to improve the individual's overall health.
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism
is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. This does not include DIET THERAPY, a specific diet prescribed in the treatment of a disease.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E43: Unspecified severe protein-calorie malnutrition
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E44: Protein-calorie malnutrition of moderate and mild degree
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E46: Unspecified protein-calorie malnutrition
ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
Overeating is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the ingestion amount of food to be larger.
Role of dietary fats in cancer causation or prevention and in general health.
A class of food constituents, also known as fats and oils, that serve as a source of energy and essential fatty acids in animals. The major components of lipids are fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, steroids (cholesterol), and lipoproteins.
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
The determination of the amount of fiber in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man; comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.
Fiber is a substance in plants. Dietary fiber is the kind you eat. It's a type of carbohydrate. You may also see it listed on a food label as soluble fiber or insoluble fiber. Both types have important health benefits. Good sources of dietary fiber include Whole grains Nuts and seeds Fruit and vegetables Dietary fiber adds bulk to your diet and makes you feel full faster, helping you control your weight. It helps digestion and helps prevent constipation. Most Americans don't eat enough dietary fiber. But add it to your diet slowly. Increasing dietary fiber too quickly can lead to gas, bloating, and cramps. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.
A carbohydrate that resists enzymatic digestion in the digestive systems of humans and other monogastric species.
Abstinence from all or some kinds of food or drink, particularly for religious observance, medical nutrition therapy, or prior to a medical procedure.
Dietary patterns which have been found to be important in reducing disease risk.
Any eating plan that alternates between fasting and non-fasting periods. Different types of intermittent fasting include complete alternate-day fasting, modified fasting regimens, and time-restricted feeding.
Alternating between fasting for an extended period of time during the day and eating during a restricted time for the day.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E86.0: Dehydration
Any procedure designed to remove the water from a substance or sample.
A condition resulting from the excessive loss of water from the body. It is usually caused by severe diarrhea, vomiting or diaphoresis.
A disorder characterized by excessive loss of water from the body. It is usually caused by severe diarrhea, vomiting or diaphoresis.
What is dehydration? Dehydration is condition caused by the loss of too much fluid from the body. It happens when you are losing more fluids than you are taking in, and your body does not have enough fluids to work properly. What causes dehydration? You can become dehydrated because of Diarrhea Vomiting Sweating too much Urinating too much, which can happen because of certain medicines and illnesses Fever Not drinking enough Who is at risk for dehydration? Certain people have a higher risk of dehydration: Older adults. Some people lose their sense of thirst as they age, so they don't drink enough fluids. Infants and young children, who are more likely to have diarrhea or vomiting People with chronic illnesses that cause them to urinate or sweat more often, such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, or kidney problems People who take medicines that cause them to urinate or sweat more People who exercise or work outdoors during hot weather What are the symptoms of dehydration? In adults, the symptoms of dehydration include Feeling very thirsty Dry mouth Urinating and sweating less than usual Dark-colored urine Dry skin Feeling tired Dizziness In infants and young children, the symptoms of dehydration include Dry mouth and tongue Crying without tears No wet diapers for 3 hours or more A high fever Being unusually sleepy or drowsy Irritability Eyes that look sunken Dehydration can be mild, or it can be severe enough to be life-threatening. Get medical help right away if the symptoms also include Confusion Fainting Lack of urination Rapid heartbeat Rapid breathing Shock How is dehydration diagnosed? To make a diagnosis, your health care provider will Do a physical exam Check your vital signs Ask about your symptoms You may also have Blood tests to check your electrolyte levels, especially potassium and sodium. Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electric charge. They have many important jobs, including helping to keep a balance of fluids in your body. Blood tests to check your kidney function Urine tests to check for dehydration and its cause What are the treatments for dehydration? The treatment for dehydration is to replace the fluids and electrolytes that you have lost. For mild cases, you may just need to drink lots of water. If you lost electrolytes, sports drinks may help. There are also oral rehydration solutions for children. You can buy those without a prescription. Severe cases may be treated with intravenous (IV) fluids with salt in a hospital. Can dehydration be prevented? The key to preventing dehydration is making sure that you get enough fluids: Drink enough water every day. Each person's needs can be different, so ask your health care provider how much you should be drinking each day. If you are exercising in the heat and losing a lot of minerals in sweat, sports drinks can be helpful Avoid drinks that have sugar and caffeine Drink extra fluids when the weather is hot or when you are sick
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
LanguaL curation note: Used when the water activity has been lowered enough to achieve preservation. Also index *WATER REMOVED* in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the reduction in amount of water the bearer contains.
Dehydration is a nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom characterized by an abnormal depletion of body fluids.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism. From MeSH
An ICD encounter due to exposure to water pollution.
water quality degradation; presence of a substance in the water that, because of its chemical composition or quantity, produces undesirable environmental and health effects.
levels of water quality expected to render a body of water suitable for its designated use; criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial processes; includes state-adopted and EPA-approved ambient standards for water bodies.
We all need clean water. People need it to grow crops and to operate factories, and for drinking and recreation. Fish and wildlife depend on it to survive. Many different pollutants can harm our rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans. The three most common are soil, nutrients, and bacteria. Rain washes soil into streams and rivers. The soil can kill tiny animals and fish eggs. It can clog the gills of fish and block light, causing plants to die. Nutrients, often from fertilizers, cause problems in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. Nitrogen and phosphorus make algae grow and can turn water green. Bacteria, often from sewage spills, can pollute fresh or salt water. You can help protect your water supply: Don't pour household products such as cleansers, beauty products, medicines, auto fluids, paint, and lawn care products down the drain. Take them to a hazardous waste collection site. Throw away excess household grease (meat fats, lard, cooking oil, shortening, butter, margarine, etc.) diapers, condoms, and personal hygiene products in the garbage can. Clean up after your pets. Pet waste contains nutrients and germs. Environmental Protection Agency
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
A rating of a body of water based on measurable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into water.
Prepared food that is ready to eat or partially prepared food that has a final preparation time of a few minutes or less.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'fast food restaurant prepared' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530111)
Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic food is produced without using most conventional pesticides; fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation. Before a product can be labeled 'organic,' a Government-approved certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farmer is following all the rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards.
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE products, especially fruits and vegetables.
The determination of the amount of lysergide (LSD) present in a sample.
semisynthetic derivative of ergot; it has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover; it is a potent hallucinogen and psychotomimetic.
Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.
An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.
A combination of two synthetic agents with central nervous system stimulant activity. Both agents are non-catecholamine, sympathomimetic agents that elevate blood pressure and cause bronchodilation. These agents are commonly abused psychostimulant drugs that induce psychologic dependence manifested by elevated mood, increased wakefulness, concentration, physical performance and a feeling of well-being. Tolerance to various effects develops unequally, so that tachycardia and enhanced alertness diminish while psychotoxic effects (hallucinations and delusions) may occur. (NCI04)
A combination of two synthetic agents with central nervous system stimulant activity. Both agents are non-catecholamine, sympathomimetic agents that elevate blood pressure and cause bronchodilation. These agents are commonly abused psychostimulant drugs that induce psychologic dependence manifested by elevated mood, increased wakefulness, concentration, physical performance and a feeling of well-being. Tolerance to various effects develops unequally, so that tachycardia and enhanced alertness diminish while psychotoxic effects (hallucinations and delusions) may occur. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C26643" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C26643" NCI Thesaurus)
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 19, Code T51.0: Toxic effect of ethanol
Consumption of liquids containing ethanol, including the behaviors associated with drinking the alcohol.
A description of an individual's current and past experience with alcoholic beverage consumption.
consumption of liquids containing ethanol; includes the behavior of drinking the alcohol.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.
"A drinking behavior associated with the intake of alcohol." [NBO:GVG]
A description of an individual's current and past experience with alcoholic beverage consumption. [Definition Source: NCI]
A synthetic substance related to natural sympathomimetic amines. Amphetamine appears to exert its central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral effects indirectly by inducing the release of biogenic amines from their storage sites in nerve terminals. This agent is a commonly abused psychostimulant drug, which may be snorted, taken orally, smoked, or injected. Amphetamine induces psychologic dependence which is manifested by elevated mood, increased wakefulness, concentration, physical performance and a feeling of well-being. With sustained use, the effects of tachycardia and enhanced alertness diminish while psychotoxic effects such as hallucinations and delusions may occur. (NCI04)
The determination of the amount of amphetamine present in a sample.
powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase; it is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Chemical racemic free base or equal parts of enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine or salt forms.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.
Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R78.6: Finding of steroid agent in blood.
Synthetic, or human-made, variations of the male sex hormone testosterone often misused by athletes to enhance performance.
A steroid hormone related to the hormone testosterone. It increases protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles. It also has androgenic and virilizing properties.
Any agent that depresses the central nervous system (CNS) and is used to induce calm and sleep.
agents used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
A methylxanthine alkaloid found in the seeds, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to South America and East Asia that is structurally related to adenosine and acts primarily as an adenosine receptor antagonist with psychotropic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon ingestion, caffeine binds to adenosine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), which inhibits adenosine binding. This inhibits the adenosine-mediated downregulation of CNS activity; thus, stimulating the activity of the medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain. This agent also promotes neurotransmitter release that further stimulates the CNS. The anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine are due the nonselective competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Inhibition of PDEs raises the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP), activates protein kinase A, and inhibits leukotriene synthesis, which leads to reduced inflammation and innate immunity.
The determination of the amount of caffeine present in a sample.
1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, a central nervous system stimulant; action may be mediated by adenosine receptors.
What is caffeine? Caffeine is a bitter substance that occurs naturally in more than 60 plants including Coffee beans Tea leaves Kola nuts, which are used to flavor soft drink colas Cacao pods, which are used to make chocolate products There is also synthetic (man-made) caffeine, which is added to some medicines, foods, and drinks. For example, some pain relievers, cold medicines, and over-the-counter medicines for alertness contain synthetic caffeine. So do energy drinks and "energy-boosting" gums and snacks. Most people consume caffeine from drinks. The amounts of caffeine in different drinks can vary a lot, but it is generally An 8-ounce cup of coffee: 95-200 mg A 12-ounce can of cola: 35-45 mg An 8-ounce energy drink: 70-100 mg An 8-ounce cup of tea: 14-60 mg What are caffeine's effects on the body? Caffeine has many effects on your body's metabolism. It Stimulates your central nervous system, which can make you feel more awake and give you a boost of energy Is a diuretic, meaning that it helps your body get rid of extra salt and water by urinating more Increases the release of acid in your stomach, sometimes leading to an upset stomach or heartburn May interfere with the absorption of calcium in the body Increases your blood pressure Within one hour of eating or drinking caffeine, it reaches its peak level in your blood. You may continue to feel the effects of caffeine for four to six hours. What are the side effects from too much caffeine? For most people, it is not harmful to consume up to 400mg of caffeine a day. If you do eat or drink too much caffeine, it can cause health problems, such as Restlessness and shakiness Insomnia Headaches Dizziness Rapid or abnormal heart rhythm Dehydration Anxiety Dependency, so you need to take more of it to get the same results Some people are more sensitive to the effects of caffeine than others. What are energy drinks, and why can they be a problem? Energy drinks are beverages that have added caffeine. The amount of caffeine in energy drinks can vary widely, and sometimes the labels on the drinks do not give you the actual amount of caffeine in them. Energy drinks may also contain sugars, vitamins, herbs, and supplements. Companies that make energy drinks claim that the drinks can increase alertness and improve physical and mental performance. This has helped make the drinks popular with American teens and young adults. There's limited data showing that energy drinks might temporarily improve alertness and physical endurance. There is not enough evidence to show that they enhance strength or power. But what we do know is that energy drinks can be dangerous because they have large amounts of caffeine. And since they have lots of sugar, they can contribute to weight gain and worsen diabetes. Sometimes young people mix their energy drinks with alcohol. It is dangerous to combine alcohol and caffeine. Caffeine can interfere with your ability to recognize how drunk you are, which can lead you to drink more. This also makes you more likely to make bad decisions. Who should avoid or limit caffeine? You should check with your health care provider about whether you should limit or avoid caffeine if you Are pregnant, since caffeine passes through the placenta to your baby Are breastfeeding, since a small amount of caffeine that you consume is passed along to your baby Have sleep disorders, including insomnia Have migraines or other chronic headaches Have anxiety Have GERD or ulcers Have fast or irregular heart rhythms Have high blood pressure Take certain medicines or supplements, including stimulants, certain antibiotics, asthma medicines, and heart medicines. Check with your health care provider about whether there might be interactions between caffeine and any medicines and supplements that you take. Are a child or teen. Neither should have as much caffeine as adults. Children can be especially sensitive to the effects of caffeine. What is caffeine withdrawal? If you have been consuming caffeine on a regular basis and then suddenly stop, you may have caffeine withdrawal. Symptoms can include Headaches Drowsiness Irritability Nausea Difficulty concentrating These symptoms usually go away after a couple of days.
A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.
A naturally occurring xanthine derivative with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Due to the structural similarity to adenosine, caffeine binds to and blocks adenosine receptors, thereby preventing the inhibitory effects of adenosine on nerve cells. This leads to stimulation of medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain; and the release of epinephrine. Physiologic responses can include bradycardia, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, CNS excitablility, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to muscles, decreased blood flow to skin and inner organs, and release of glucose by the liver. Due to the interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors, caffeine can also indirectly increase the levels of dopamine in the brain. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C328" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C328" NCI Thesaurus)
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F12.1: Cannabis abuse
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F12.2: Cannabis dependence
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F12.9: Cannabis use, unspecified
Any part of, or extract from, the female hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana contains cannabinoids, substances with hallucinogenic, psychoactive, and addictive properties. This agent has potential use for treating cancer pain and cachexia. (NCI04)
plant genus of the family Cannabacae and the dried flowering tops which contain hallucinogens.
excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
to inhale and exhale the smoke produced by the combustion of a substance.
What is marijuana? Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mix of dried, crumbled parts from the marijuana plant. The plant contains chemicals which act on your brain and can change your mood or consciousness. How do people use marijuana? There are many different ways that people use marijuana, including Rolling it up and smoking it like a cigarette or cigar Smoking it in a pipe Mixing it in food and eating it Brewing it as a tea Smoking oils from the plant ("dabbing") Using electronic vaporizers ("vaping") What are the effects of marijuana? Marijuana can cause both short-term and long-term effects. Short term: While you are high, you may experience Altered senses, such as seeing brighter colors Altered sense of time, such as minutes seeming like hours Changes in mood Problems with body movement Trouble with thinking, problem-solving, and memory Increased appetite Long term: In the long term, marijuana can cause health problems, such as Problems with brain development. People who started using marijuana as teenagers may have trouble with thinking, memory, and learning. Coughing and breathing problems, if you smoke marijuana frequently Problems with child development during and after pregnancy, if a woman smokes marijuana while pregnant Can you overdose on marijuana? It is possible to overdose on marijuana, if you take a very high dose. Symptoms of an overdose include anxiety, panic, and a rapid heartbeat. In rare cases, an overdose can cause paranoia and hallucinations. There are no reports of people dying from using just marijuana. Is marijuana addictive? After using marijuana for a while, it is possible to get addicted to it. You are more likely to become addicted if you use marijuana every day or you started using it when you were a teenager. If you are addicted, you will have a strong need to take the drug. You may also need to smoke more and more of it to get the same high. When you try to quit, you may have mild withdrawal symptoms such as Irritability Trouble sleeping Decreased appetite Anxiety Cravings What is medical marijuana? The marijuana plant has chemicals that can help with some health problems. More states are making it legal to use the plant as medicine for certain medical conditions. But there isn't enough research to show that the whole plant works to treat or cure these conditions. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the marijuana plant as a medicine. Marijuana is still illegal at the national level. However, there have been scientific studies of cannabinoids, the chemicals in marijuana. The two main cannabinoids that are of medical interest are THC and CBD. The FDA has approved two drugs that contain THC. These drugs treat nausea caused by chemotherapy and increase appetite in patients who have severe weight loss from AIDS. There is also a liquid drug that contains CBD. It treats two forms of severe childhood epilepsy. Scientists are doing more research with marijuana and its ingredients to treat many diseases and conditions. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse
Medicinal or recreational utilization of MARIJUANA.
The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.
Smoking of hollowed out cigars or cigarettes filled with MARIJUANA.
Any part of, or extract from, the female hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana contains cannabinoids, substances with hallucinogenic, psychoactive, and addictive properties. This agent has potential use for treating cancer pain and cachexia. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C26659" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C26659" NCI Thesaurus)
The consumption of the recreational drug cannabis (also known as marijuna and a number of other colloquial names). Cannabis use is illegal in some countries but not in others.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F14.1: Cocaine abuse
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F14.2: Cocaine dependence
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F14.9: Cocaine use, unspecified
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R78.2: Finding of cocaine in blood.
The determination of the amount of cocaine present in a sample.
A tropane alkaloid with central nervous systems (CNS) stimulating and local anesthetic activity. Cocaine binds to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transport proteins and inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons. This leads to an accumulation of the respective neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and may result in increased postsynaptic receptor activation. The mechanism of action through which cocaine exerts its local anesthetic effects is by binding to and blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane. By stabilizing neuronal membranes, cocaine inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible loss of sensation.
alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca; has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse; acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake; it is also a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose.
Cocaine is a white powder. It can be snorted up the nose or mixed with water and injected with a needle. Cocaine can also be made into small white rocks, called crack. Crack is smoked in a small glass pipe. Cocaine speeds up your whole body. You may feel full of energy, happy, and excited. But then your mood can change. You can become angry, nervous, and afraid that someone's out to get you. You might do things that make no sense. After the "high" of the cocaine wears off, you can "crash" and feel tired and sad for days. You also get a strong craving to take the drug again to try to feel better. No matter how cocaine is taken, it is dangerous. Some of the most common serious problems include heart attack and stroke. You are also at risk for HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, from sharing needles or having unsafe sex. Cocaine is more dangerous when combined with other drugs or alcohol. It is easy to lose control over cocaine use and become addicted. Then, even if you get treatment, it can be hard to stay off the drug. People who stopped using cocaine can still feel strong cravings for the drug, sometimes even years later. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse
An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.
A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.
The conjugate base of cocaine arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The hydrochloride salt of cocaine. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse.
Agents that improve the ability to carry out activities such as athletics, mental endurance, work, and resistance to stress. The substances can include PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; phytochemicals; and ILLICIT DRUGS.
Drug dependence - replaced the term "drug addiction" and is defined as a state, psychic and sometimes also physical, resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug, characterized by behavioral and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects, and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence. Tolerance may or may not be present. A person may be dependent on more than one drug.
state of heavy dependence on any drug, including alcohol; sometimes defined as physical dependence but usually also including emotional dependence, i.e., compulsive or pathological drug use.
A substance dependence that involves the continued use of drugs despite problems related to use of the substance.
Physical and/or psychological dependence to any substance.
The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.
Disorders related to drug abuse, the side effects of a medication, or toxin exposure.
A description of an individual's current and past use and/or abuse of drugs and chemicals. This includes prescription medication, illicit drugs and recreational substances. [Definition Source: NCI]
A battery-powered electronic device designed to atomize a nicotine-containing liquid solution for inhalation in a manner that simulates smoking a tobacco cigarette.
Inhaling the vapor produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device.
Inhaling of vapors produced by ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS such as E-CIGARETTES.
Devices or objects designed to provide NICOTINE in the form of an inhaled aerosol.
narcotic analgesic drug prepared from morphine, now prohibited in the United States even for medicinal uses because of the danger of addiction.
Heroin is a white or brown powder or a black, sticky goo. It's an opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance in the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. It can be mixed with water and injected with a needle. Heroin can also be smoked or snorted up the nose. All of these ways of taking heroin send it to the brain very quickly. This makes it very addictive. Major health problems from heroin include miscarriages, heart infections, and death from overdose. People who inject the drug also risk getting infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Regular use of heroin can lead to tolerance. This means users need more and more drug to have the same effect. At higher doses over time, the body becomes dependent on heroin. If dependent users stop heroin, they have withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, diarrhea and vomiting, and cold flashes with goose bumps. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse
A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F17: Nicotine dependence
The determination of the amount of nicotine present in a sample.
A plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotine's CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting.
very poisonous alkaloid; the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission; nicotine is important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke, and is also used as an insecticide.
Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.
A plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotine's CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C691" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C691" NCI Thesaurus)
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F11.1: Opioid abuse
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F11.2: Opioid dependence
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F11.9: Opioid use, unspecified
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R78.1: Finding of opioid drug in blood.
A class of synthetic chemicals/drugs similar to opiates (opium derivatives) with analgesic properties. Due to binding to opiate receptors, opioids mimic opiate activity on neurons, various cells (i.e. lymphocytes), pain suppression and other neurobehavioral activity. (NCI)
Functionally related to the poppy (Papaver somniferum) alkaloid morphine, natural or synthetic Opiates have widespread effects in the central nervous system, and on smooth muscle, due to activation of specific delta, mu, and kappa opiate receptors (each controlling different brain functions). Opiates include natural ingredients of the poppy and their derivatives - opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin. Morphine preparations are used as analgesic, sedative, or anxiolytic agent, but are also abused as street drugs. (NCI04)
The determination of the amount of any opiate present in a sample.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Alkaloids found in OPIUM from PAPAVER and their derivatives that induce analgesic and narcotic effects by action upon OPIOID RECEPTORS.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F19.1: Other psychoactive substance abuse
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F19.2: Other psychoactive substance dependence
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F19.9: Other psychoactive substance use, unspecified
The use of a drug for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed.
A drug used for personal enjoyment rather than for medicinal purposes.
Occasional or habitual non-prescribed, not health-related use of substances.
Drugs that are manufactured, obtained, or sold illegally. They include prescription drugs obtained or sold without prescription and non-prescription drugs. Illicit drugs are widely distributed, tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.
The use of any of various recreational substances or drugs.
Tobacco that is inhaled or puffed from a lit cigar, cigarette or pipe. (ACC)
The act of puffing and/or inhaling the combustion products of a substance so as to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.
The act of puffing and/or inhaling smoke from a lit cigarette, cigar, or pipe.
Problem associated with a cloud of vapor or gas generated from the device, generally associated after a fire or a burn.
The dried cured leaves of the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, used for smoking, chewing, or snuff. Tobacco contains nicotine, a stimulant, and other biologically active ingredients having carcinogenic properties.
toxic solanaceous American plant Nicotiana tabacum; contains nicotine and other biologically active chemicals; dried leaves are used for smoking, inhalation, or chewing.
tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning; tobacco dependence is included.
What are the health effects of smoking? There's no way around it; smoking is bad for your health. It harms nearly every organ of the body, some that you would not expect. Cigarette smoking causes nearly one in five deaths in the United States. It can also cause many other cancers and health problems. These include Cancers, including lung and oral cancers Lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Damage to and thickening of blood vessels, which causes high blood pressure Blood clots and stroke Vision problems, such as cataracts and macular degeneration (AMD) Women who smoke while pregnant have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems. Their babies are also at higher risk of dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking also causes addiction to nicotine, a stimulant drug that is in tobacco. Nicotine addiction makes it much harder for people to quit smoking. What are the health risks of secondhand smoke? Your smoke is also bad for other people - they breathe in your smoke secondhand and can get many of the same problems as smokers do. This includes heart disease and lung cancer. Children exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher risk of ear infections, colds, pneumonia, bronchitis, and more severe asthma. Mothers who breathe secondhand smoke while pregnant are more likely to have preterm labor and babies with low birth weight. Are other forms of tobacco also dangerous? Besides cigarettes, there are several other forms of tobacco. Some people smoke tobacco in cigars and water pipes (hookahs). These forms of tobacco also contain harmful chemicals and nicotine. Some cigars contain as much tobacco as an entire pack of cigarettes. E-cigarettes often look like cigarettes, but they work differently. They are battery-operated smoking devices. Using an e-cigarette is called vaping. Not much is known about the health risks of using them. We do know they contain nicotine, the same addictive substance in tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes also expose non-smokers to secondhand aerosols (rather than secondhand smoke), which contain harmful chemicals. Smokeless tobacco, such as chewing tobacco and snuff, is also bad for your health. Smokeless tobacco can cause certain cancers, including oral cancer. It also increases your risk of getting heart disease, gum disease, and oral lesions. Why should I quit? Remember, there is no safe level of tobacco use. Smoking even just one cigarette per day over a lifetime can cause smoking-related cancers and premature death. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems. The earlier you quit, the greater the benefit. Some immediate benefits of quitting include Lower heart rate and blood pressure Less carbon monoxide in the blood (carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen) Better circulation Less coughing and wheezing NIH National Cancer Institute
Willful or deliberate act of inhaling and exhaling SMOKE from burning substances or agents held by hand.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
causes 90% of lung cancer.[43] It also causes cancer in the larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, esophagus and pancreas.
Physical and psychological dependence on nicotine.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of tobacco or something similar to tobacco.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F16.1: Hallucinogen abuse
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F16.2: Hallucinogen dependence
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 5, Code F16.9: Hallucinogen use, unspecified
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z79.52: Long term (current) use of systemic steroids
Compounds possessing the skeleton of cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene or a skeleton derived therefrom by one or more bond scissions or ring expansions or contractions. Methyl groups are normally present at C-10 and C-13. An alkyl side chain may also be present at C-17. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons.
compounds that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system; they include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols, and certain natural drugs and poisons.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z77.1: Contact with and (suspected) exposure to environmental pollution and hazards in the physical environment
An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system.
"A xenobiotic is defined as a chemical that is not used by the reference organism as a nutrient chemical, is not essential to the reference organism for maintenance of normal physiologic/biochemical function and homeostasis, and does not constitute a part of the conventional array of chemicals synthesized from nutrient chemicals by the reference organism in normal intermediary metabolism. From: Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology, 1998.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z77.0: Contact with and (suspected) exposure to hazardous, chiefly nonmedicinal, chemicals
Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc.
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
An ICD encounter due to exposure to air pollution, excluding tobacco smoke (Z58.7).
presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects.
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous. Inhaling them can increase the chance you'll have health problems. People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. Air pollution isn't just outside - the air inside buildings can also be polluted and affect your health. Environmental Protection Agency
Air pollutants which affect environmental conditions.
The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air.
A quantitative measurement of the gas carbon dioxide present in a sample.
A colorless, odorless, incombustible gas resulting from the oxidation of carbon.
colorless, odorless gas, CO2, resulting from oxidation of carbon, formed by the tissues; necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R46.6: Undue concern and preoccupation with stressful events
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z73.3: Stress, not elsewhere classified
A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 19, Code T69: Other effects of reduced temperature
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 20, Code X31: Exposure to excessive natural cold
meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and wind, that characteristically prevail in a particular region; includes regions of the earth having particular meteorological conditions.
A climate characterized by COLD TEMPERATURE for a majority of the time during the year.
Field of force associated with a moving electric charge and consisting of electric and magnetic fields that are generated at right angles to each other.
portion of space near a magnetic body or a current-carrying body in which the magnetic forces due to the body or current can be detected.
emission and propagation of radiation associated with a periodically varying electric and magnetic field traveling at the speed of light; radiation characterized by quanta with no mass or charge.
Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 20, Code X32: Exposure to sunlight
The exposure to incident light from the sun.
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form of radiation. They can pass through your skin and damage your skin cells. Sunburns are a sign of skin damage. Suntans aren't healthy, either. They appear after the sun's rays have already killed some cells and damaged others. UV rays can cause skin damage during any season or at any temperature. They can also cause eye problems, wrinkles, skin spots, and skin cancer. To protect yourself Stay out of the sun when it is strongest (between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.) Use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher Wear protective clothing Wear wraparound sunglasses that provide 100% UV ray protection Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds Check your skin regularly for changes in the size, shape, color, or feel of birthmarks, moles, and spots. Such changes are a sign of skin cancer. Food and Drug Administration
Exposure to any type of airborne particulate matter.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 20, Code W88: Exposure to ionizing radiation
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 20, Code X39.0: Exposure to natural radiation
Treatment of a disease by means of exposure of the target or the whole body to radiation. Radiation therapy is often used as part of curative therapy and occasionally as a component of palliative treatment for cancer. Other uses include total body irradiation prior to transplantation.
The use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells
[Therapeutic implications] Research in radiotherapy using ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and those areas in radiobiology and radiation physics that relate to radiation therapy, including laboratory investigations at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and whole animal levels. (DEA-CAACT)
A response that radiation therapy was the curative therapy.
The radiation of energy as transverse waves produced by moving charges.
A unit of measurement of the dose of radiation received or absorbed.
An ICD encounter due to exposure to radiation.
Exposure to radioactive materials or ionizing radiation, whether by external irradiation, contact or contamination with radioactive material, or incorporation of radioactive materials, as in the case of certain diagnostic procedures.
emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these.
What is radiation? Radiation is energy. It travels in the form of energy waves or high-speed particles. Radiation can occur naturally or be man-made. There are two types: Non-ionizing radiation, which includes radio waves, cell phones, microwaves, infrared radiation and visible light Ionizing radiation, which includes ultraviolet radiation, radon, x-rays, and gamma rays What are the sources of radiation exposure? Background radiation is all around us all the time. Most of it forms naturally from minerals. These radioactive minerals are in the ground, soil, water, and even our bodies. Background radiation can also come from outer space and the sun. Other sources are man-made, such as x-rays, radiation therapy to treat cancer, and electrical power lines. What are the health effects of radiation exposure? Radiation has been around us throughout our evolution. So our bodies are designed to deal with the low levels we're exposed to every day. But too much radiation can damage tissues by changing cell structure and damaging DNA. This can cause serious health problems, including cancer. The amount of damage that exposure to radiation can cause depends on several factors, including The type of radiation The dose (amount) of radiation How you were exposed, such as through skin contact, swallowing or breathing it in, or having rays pass through your body Where the radiation concentrates in the body and how long it stays there How sensitive your body is to radiation. A fetus is most vulnerable to the effects of radiation. Infants, children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune systems are more vulnerable to health effects than healthy adults. Being exposed to a lot of radiation over a short period of time, such as from a radiation emergency, can cause skin burns. It may also lead to acute radiation syndrome (ARS, or "radiation sickness"). The symptoms of ARS include headache and diarrhea. They usually start within hours. Those symptoms will go away and the person will seem healthy for a little while. But then they will get sick again. How soon they get sick again, which symptoms they have, and how sick they get depends on the amount of radiation they received. In some cases, ARS causes death in the following days or weeks. Exposure to low levels of radiation in the environment does not cause immediate health effects. But it can slightly increase your overall risk of cancer. What are the treatments for acute radiation sickness? Before they start treatment, health care professionals need to figure out how much radiation your body absorbed. They will ask about your symptoms, do blood tests, and may use a device that measures radiation. They also try get more information about the exposure, such as what type of radiation it was, how far away you were from the source of the radiation, and how long you were exposed. Treatment focuses on reducing and treating infections, preventing dehydration, and treating injuries and burns. Some people may need treatments that help the bone marrow recover its function. If you were exposed to certain types of radiation, your provider may give you a treatment that limits or removes the contamination that is inside your body. You may also get treatments for your symptoms. How can radiation exposure be prevented? There are steps you can take to prevent or reduce radiation exposure: If your health care provider recommends a test that uses radiation, ask about its risks and benefits. In some cases, you may be able to have a different test that does not use radiation. But if you do need a test that uses radiation, do some research into the local imaging facilities. Find one that monitors and uses techniques to reduce the doses they are giving patients. Reduce electromagnetic radiation exposure from your cell phone. At this time, scientific evidence has not found a link between cell phone use and health problems in humans. More research is needed to be sure. But if you still have concerns, you can reduce how much time you spend on your phone. You can also use speaker mode or a headset to place more distance between your head and the cell phone. If you live in a house, test the radon levels, and if you need to, get a radon reduction system. During a radiation emergency, get inside a building to take shelter. Stay inside, with all of the windows and doors shut. Stay tuned to and follow the advice of emergency responders and officials. Environmental Protection Agency
Phenomenon in which organisms are subjected to radiation.
Emission or propagation of acoustic waves (SOUND), ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY waves (such as LIGHT; RADIO WAVES; GAMMA RAYS; or X-RAYS), or a stream of subatomic particles (such as ELECTRONS; NEUTRONS; PROTONS; or ALPHA PARTICLES).
Waves of oscillating electric and MAGNETIC FIELDS which move at right angles to each other and outward from the source.
A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy.
A quality of a substance inhering in a bearer by virtue of it being currently or previously exposed to electromagnetic radiation,
A physical plant exposure (PECO:0007316) involving an exposure with a radiation type, intensity or quantity.
the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
Exposure to radioactive materials or ionizing radiation.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 20, Code W42: Exposure to noise
An ICD encounter due to exposure to noise.
Any part of a signal that is not the true or original signal but is introduced by the communication mechanism.
undesired sound, especially a random mix of different frequencies.
unwanted or harmful sounds in the environment.
Noise is all around you, from televisions and radios to lawn mowers and washing machines. Normally, you hear these sounds at safe levels that don't affect hearing. But sounds that are too loud or loud sounds over a long time are harmful. They can damage sensitive structures of the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss. More than 30 million Americans are exposed to hazardous sound levels on a regular basis. Hazardous sound levels are louder than 80 decibels. That's not as loud as traffic on a busy street. Listening to loud music, especially on headphones, is a common cause of noise-induced hearing loss. You can protect your hearing by Keeping the volume down when listening to music Wearing earplugs when using loud equipment NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
Undesired sound, especially a random mix of different frequencies. From CRISP Thesaurus
An ICD encounter due to exposure to soil pollution.
soil quality degradation; presence of a substance in the soil that because of its chemical composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects.
Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 19, Code T67: Effects of heat and light
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 20, Code X30: Exposure to excessive natural heat
exposed to climate and weather condition
exposure to climate and weather condition
Chlorophenothane is a white, odorless and tasteless, very stable, water-insoluble, synthetic, crystalline chlorinated hydrocarbon that is soluble in most organic solvents, fat and oils and tends to accumulate in ecosystems. DDT was once widely used as a pesticide to control insects in agriculture and to control malaria, typhus and body lice, but its use is now limited. Exposure to DDT mainly affects the nervous system resulting in tremors, dizziness, nausea, incoordination, convulsions and seizures. This substance is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05)
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R78.79: Used to specify a diagnosis of finding of abnormal level of heavy metals in blood.
The determination of the amount of arsenic present in a sample.
A finding indicating that an individual has been exposed to arsenic.
A naturally occurring allotropic pnictogen and metalloid trace element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 74.92 that is found in water, air, food, and soil, and has a role as a micronutrient. Arsenic, which is highly toxic with acute or chronic exposure to moderate or high levels through an unknown mechanism of action, is used in many industrial processes, as well as in pharmaceuticals, feed additives, and pesticides. It is characterized as a white, yellow, gray metallic, or black solid that is odorless. Exposure occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or contact.
widely distributed element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75; occurs mostly in the form of metallic arsenides; most forms are toxic and carcinogenic.
Arsenic is a natural element found in soil and minerals. Arsenic compounds are used to preserve wood, as pesticides, and in some industries. Arsenic can get into air, water, and the ground from wind-blown dust. It may also get into water from runoff. You may be exposed to arsenic by Taking in small amounts in food, drinking water, or air Breathing sawdust or burning smoke from arsenic-treated wood Living in an area with high levels of arsenic in rock Working in a job where arsenic is made or used Exposure to arsenic can cause many health problems. Being exposed to low levels for a long time can change the color of your skin. It can cause corns and small warts. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause death. Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Disorders associated with acute or chronic exposure to compounds containing ARSENIC (ARSENICALS) which may be fatal. Acute oral ingestion is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and an encephalopathy which may manifest as SEIZURES, mental status changes, and COMA. Chronic exposure is associated with mucosal irritation, desquamating rash, myalgias, peripheral neuropathy, and white transverse (Mees) lines in the fingernails. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1212)
One of a number of fibrous magnesium and calcium silicate minerals processed for thermal insulation and fireproofing. Asbestos is considered to be an environmental carcinogen; chronic inhalation of fine asbestos dust causes pulmonary asbestosis and may induce lung neoplasms. Chronic ingestion of asbestos may induce gastrointestinal neoplasms. (NCI04)
A naturally occurring, blue, fibrous amphibole asbestos mineral. Crocidolite is used extensively in industry for various purposes. Chronic inhalation of its dust may cause asbestosis and increases the risk of respiratory tract cancer, mesothelioma and other lung cancers. Crocidolite asbestos is a known human carcinogen. (NCI05)
A naturally occurring, fibrous and silky, serpentine asbestos mineral with a color ranging from gray-white to yellow-green and is the most abundant and widely-used form of asbestos. Chrysotile is widely used in industry for various purposes. Chronic inhalation of its dust may cause asbestosis and increases the risk of digestive tract cancer, laryngeal cancer, mesothelioma and other lung cancers. Chrysotile asbestos is a known human carcinogen. (NCI05)
fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements; it is relatively inert chemically and has been used in thermal insulation and fireproofing; inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms.
Asbestos is the name of a group of minerals with long, thin fibers. It was once used widely as insulation. It also occurs in the environment. Asbestos fibers are so small you can't see them. If you disturb asbestos, the fibers can float in the air. This makes them easy to inhale, and some may become lodged in the lungs. If you breathe in high levels of asbestos over a long period of time, the fibers can build up in the lungs. This causes scarring and inflammation, and can affect breathing. Eventually it can lead to diseases such as Asbestosis, or scarring of the lungs that makes it hard to breathe Mesothelioma, a rare cancer that affects the lining of the lungs or abdomen Lung cancer Lung diseases associated with asbestos usually develop over many years. People who become ill from asbestos are usually exposed on the job over long periods of time. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Asbestos. Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms.
A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)
Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements.
Bisphenol A (an endocrine disruptor interfering with developmental processes, an environmental estrogenic chemical), commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an organic compound with two phenol functional groups. BPA is an industrial chemical used to make polycarbonate, a hard, clear plastic, which is used in many consumer products (beverage bottles). BPA is also found in epoxy resins, which act as a protective lining on the inside of some metal-based food and beverage cans. It is a potential food contaminant arising from its use in reusable polycarbonate food containers such as water carboys, baby bottles and kitchen utensils.
A finding indicating that an individual has been exposed to cadmium or cadmium-containing compounds.
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.
A finding indicating that an individual has been exposed to formaldehyde.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z77.01: Contact with and (suspected) exposure to hazardous metals
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.
Heavy metal poisoning is the accumulation of heavy metals, in toxic amounts, in the soft tissues of the body. Symptoms and physical findings associated with heavy metal poisoning vary according to the metal accumulated. Many of the heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, chromium, iron and manganese, are essential to body function in very small amounts. But, if these metals accumulate in the body in concentrations sufficient to cause poisoning, then serious damage may occur. The heavy metals most commonly associated with poisoning of humans are lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium. Heavy metal poisoning may occur as a result of industrial exposure, air or water pollution, foods, medicines, improperly coated food containers, or the ingestion of lead-based paints.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R78.71: Used to specify a diagnosis of abnormal lead level in blood.
Chronic toxicity to the body caused by the absorption of lead, which is characterized by fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, anemia, a dark line along the gums, and muscular paralysis or weakness of limbs.
poisoning due to absorption or ingestion of lead or one of its salts; symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, colic, constipation, insomnia, headache, dizziness, irritability, moderate hypertension, albuminuria, anemia, encephalopathy, and peripheral neuropathy leading to paralysis.
Lead is a metal that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities such as mining and manufacturing. Lead used to be in paint; older houses may still have lead paint. You could be exposed to lead by Eating food or drinking water that contains lead. Water pipes in older homes may contain lead. Working in a job where lead is used Using lead in a hobby, such as making stained glass or lead-glazed pottery Using folk remedies such as herbs or foods that contain lead Breathing air, drinking water, eating food, or swallowing or touching dirt that contains lead can cause many health problems. Lead can affect almost every organ and system in your body. In adults, lead can increase blood pressure and cause infertility, nerve disorders, and muscle and joint pain. It can also make you irritable and affect your ability to concentrate and remember. Lead is especially dangerous for children. A child who swallows large amounts of lead may develop anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness, and brain damage. Even at low levels, lead can affect a child's mental and physical growth. Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.
LanguaL curation note: US FDA 1995 Code: LEPO
Environmental, occupational, or consumer-based exposure to pesticides.
Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
An exposure to a chemical that has the role of pesticide
Various components of food that are required for nourishment.
Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
Trace elements or dietary minerals are any of various chemical elements that occur in very small amounts in organisms and are essential for many physiological and biochemical processes. The term is also used to designate these elements and compounds containing them. (NCI)
Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as "ox hunger".
Boiling is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure.
A determination of the total calcium in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium; dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
Calcium compounds in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS or in food that supply the body with calcium.
Calcium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
A determination of the total cholesterol in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.
A determination of the total iron in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
iron or iron compounds in foods; dietary iron is important in oxygen transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and cytochrome oxidase; insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.
Iron or iron compounds in FOOD AND BEVERAGES or DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. Iron is important in OXYGEN transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins such as HEMOGLOBIN; MYOGLOBIN; and CYTOCHROMES. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to IRON DEFICIENCIES.
Iron ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
A determination of the total potassium in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
potassium or potassium compounds in foods.
Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.
Potassium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
A determination of the total sodium in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
sodium or sodium compounds in foods; most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.
Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.
Sodium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, in the FETUS in utero.
The determination of the amount of fructose present in a sample.
six carbon sugar that is a component of a number of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, generally the sweetest and most readily absorbed, found naturally in sweet fruits and honey.
A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R79.0: Used to specify a diagnosis of abnormal level of blood mineral.
general term for all inorganic dietary constituents; do not confuse with DIETARY SODIUM, which should be used to index dietary "table salt" (sodium chloride).
Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position.
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.
A determination of the phosphorus in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.
Phosphorus ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
A fatty acid containing more than one double bond (C=C). The essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain 2 or more cis double bonds. Dietary intake of some PUFAs may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, serum lipds, and inflammation. Some PUFAs, such as omega-3 PUFAs, may have antineoplastic or chemopreventive activities.
fatty acids in which the carbon chain contains one or more douple or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
A fatty acid containing more than one double bond (C=C). The essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain 2 or more cis double bonds. Dietary intake of some PUFAs may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, serum lipds, and inflammation. Some PUFAs, such as omega-3 PUFAs, may have antineoplastic or chemopreventive activities. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C67038" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C67038" NCI Thesaurus)
Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion containing more than one C-C unsaturated bond. Major species at pH 7.3.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater bond angle than the cis configuration. This results in a more extended fatty acid chain similar to SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, with closer packing and reduced fluidity. HYDROGENATION of unsaturated fatty acids increases the trans content.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E61.7: Deficiency of multiple nutrient elements
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E61.8: Deficiency of other specified nutrient elements
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E61.9: Deficiency of nutrient element, unspecified
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.
Fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E56.8: Deficiency of other vitamins
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E56.9: Vitamin deficiency, unspecified
A group of organic food substances found in animals and plants in small quantities. They must be supplied in diet or dietary supplement and are essential for normal metabolism.
diverse group of organic nutrient substances required in trace amounts for normal metabolic function; many are enzyme cofactors or cofactor precursors.
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.
A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * formed as a result of 'deep-frying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450029) * formed as a result of 'fat or oil coated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460233)
Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the taste.
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, colorings, flavorings, antiinfective agents, and excipients and other similarly used substances.
Substances used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed including ANTIOXIDANTS; FOOD PRESERVATIVES; FOOD COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; EXCIPIENTS and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are used as PHARMACEUTIC AIDS.
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
Food additive; technological purpose(s): emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener.
Guar gum, also called guaran, is a galactomannan. It is primarily the ground endosperm of guar beans. The guar seeds are dehusked, milled and screened to obtain the guar gum.[1] It is typically produced as a free flowing, pale, off-white colored, coarse to fine ground powder.
One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.
An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.
An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having L-configuration.
The determination of the amount of nitrate present in a sample.
A class of ester compounds of nitric acid (HNO3) and alcohols.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.
Any of a class of organic compounds with the general formula R2NNO or RNHNO, present in various foods and other products and found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. (dictionary.com)
any of a group of N-nitroso derivatives of secondary amines formed by the combining of nitrates with amines; some show carcinogenic activity.
A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.
N-Nitroso amines, compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant.
Any raw agricultural commodity that has been subject to washing, cleaning, milling, cutting, chopping, heating, pasteurizing, blanching, cooking, canning, freezing, drying, dehydrating, mixing, packaging or other procedures that alter the food from its natural state. (from A Guide to Federal Terms and Acronyms. Lanham, MD: Government Institutes.1991)
Fish of the genera ONCORHYNCHUS and Salmo in the family SALMONIDAE. They are anadromous game fish, frequenting the coastal waters of both the North Atlantic and Pacific. They are known for their gameness as a sport fish and for the quality of their flesh as a table fish. (Webster, 3d ed).
Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.
An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.
Cooked by frying foods quickly over high heat, stirring constantly. Only enough cooking oil is used to coat the bottom of the pan.
Thermal processing is defined as the combination of temperature and time required to eliminate a desired number of microorganisms from a food product.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E67.1: Hypercarotinemia
Beta-Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
A naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04)
A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
A class of hydrocarbons (carotenes) and their oxygenated derivatives which exhibit chemopreventive properties. Carotenoids are pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall.
group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits; they are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 4 terpene subunits.
One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.
Curcumin is a phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. (NCI04)
A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. (NCI04)
A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.
A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C401" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C401" NCI Thesaurus)
A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.
One of a number of chemical compounds found in certain fruits, vegetables and seeds with antioxidant properties and potential antineoplastic properties. As polyphenolic, soluble plant pigments, flavonoids are usually subdivided into 5 subgroups flavonols, flavones, flavonones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins. Although not considered essential nutrients, some flavonoids may be beneficial to health by strengthening and protecting blood vessels and connective tissue and acting as anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, and antiviral agents. As antioxidants, some flavonoids may protect lipids from oxidative damage or retard the formation of cataracts. (NCI04)
group af aromatic oxygen heterocyclic compounds (phenyl benzopyrans) widely distributed in higher plants; some are pigments and others have physiologic properties.
A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.
Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.
A cofactor for 1-carbon transfer involved with DNA synthesis.
A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05)
The determination of the amount of folic acid present in a sample.
cofactor for 1-carbon transfer reactions in living systems; deficiency disrupts DNA biosynthesis, manifesting mainly as anemia.
Folic acid is a B vitamin. It helps the body make healthy new cells. Everyone needs folic acid. For women who may get pregnant, it is really important. Getting enough folic acid before and during pregnancy can prevent major birth defects of her baby's brain or spine. Foods with folic acid in them include Leafy green vegetables Fruits Dried beans, peas, and nuts Enriched breads, cereals and other grain products If you don't get enough folic acid from the foods you eat, you can also take it as a dietary supplement. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements
A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.
A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to and purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C510" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C510" NCI Thesaurus)
Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.
An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
The dicarboxylic acid dianion formed from folic acid by loss of a proton from each of the two carboxy groups in the glutamic acid moiety.
An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any folic acid.
A class of polyphenolic compounds derived from the Fabaceae family with potential phytoestrogenic, cholesterol-reducing, chemotherapeutic and antioxidant activity. In isoflavones the phenyl group on the benzopyran ring is in position 3 relative to the oxygen of the ring. Most isoflavones for human consumption and that are currently studied are derived from soy beans.
3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.
A simplest member of the class of isoflavones that is 4H-chromen-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a phenyl group.
Lycopene is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04)
A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04)
A carotenoid and red pigment produced by tomatoes, other red fruits and vegetables, and photosynthetic algae. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, and has antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties.
A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard ageing and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C2226" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C2226" NCI Thesaurus)
An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.
A flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of anthocyanidin. They are water-soluble plant pigments that exhibit bright coloration. Their color is dependent on the pH of the solvent; therefore, these polyphenols are used as pH indicators.
Compounds at the intermediate chemical step between flavonols and anthocyanidins.
Any organic cation that is an aglycon of anthocyanin cation; they are oxygenated derivatives of flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium).
Any flavonoid that is a salt containing flavylium ion or 2-phenylchromenylium skeleton and its substituted derivatives together with an appropriate counterion. Aglycons of anthocyanins, they form a part of the large group of planr pigments.
Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of anthocyanidin. Anthocyanins are water-souluble plant pigments that generally occur as acidic salts exhibiting bright colours.
The term 'phyto' originated from a Greek word meaning plant. Phytonutrients are certain organic components of plants, and these components are thought to promote human health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutrients. Unlike the traditional nutrients (protein, fat, vitamins, minerals), phytonutrients are not 'essential' for life, so some people prefer the term 'phytochemical'. (USDA Agricultural Research Service)
A broad range of biologically active compounds which occur naturally in plants having important medicinal and nutritional properties.
The term 'phyto' originated from a Greek word meaning plant. Phytonutrients are certain organic components of plants, and these components are thought to promote human health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutrients. Unlike the traditional nutrients (protein, fat, vitamins, minerals), phytonutrients are not 'essential' for life, so some people prefer the term 'phytochemical'. (USDA Agricultural Research Service) Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C28269" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C28269" NCI Thesaurus)
Compounds from plant sources with estrogen-like activities
plant chemicals that may act as fungicides, deter herbivores, regulate plant hormones, and protect plants from ultraviolet radiation; structurally resemble endogenous animal estrogens; may function as estrogen agonists or antagonists when consumed by humans.
Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.
Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.
a high polymer, usually synthetic, defined by its ability to be molded under heat and pressure in its raw state, and the machined or otherwise trimmed in its hardened state.
A large class of organic compounds having more than one PHENOL group.
Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
The husk of the dried ripe seeds of the Plantago psyllium, P. Indica, P. Ovata, and P. Arenaria plants with laxative and cholesterol lowering activities. The husks contain mucilage that swells on exposure to water and provides an indigestible mucilaginous mass in the intestines, thereby causing lubrication, contraction of the smooth muscles of the intestinal walls, and thus stimulating bowel movement. Psyllium husk is rich in soluble fiber and has a cholesterol-lowering effect.
A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.
A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.
A naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. (NCI04)
A naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C1424" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C1424" NCI Thesaurus)
An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.
A type of solid pharmaceutical dose form consisting of one or more herbal drugs intended for preparation of a solution by decoction or maceration, or a lyophilized preparation of such a solution.
Epidural analgesia administered to the thoracic spine to treat pain in the thoracic and upper abdominal areas during surgery.
A drink made by pouring hot water onto the dried leaves, fruit, or flowers of plants, especially the leaves of Camellia sinensis.
dried leaves or infusions of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, containing caffeine, theophylline, tannic acid and volatile oil; do not confuse with herbal tea; for this, see cross references for herbal tea.
lustrous powder, yellow to light-brown in color, that is found in tree bark (particularly oak), fruits, leaves, and tea; used medicinally as an astringent, commercially in tanning hides, as a dye mordant, and as a histological fixative and stain.
Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.
The infusion of leaves of CAMELLIA SINENSIS (formerly Thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar Asian tea, which contains CATECHIN (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and CAFFEINE.
Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.
A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
An aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to East Asia.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E63: Other nutritional deficiencies
Inadequate nutrition resulting from poor diet, malabsorption, or abnormal nutrient distribution.
disorder of nutrition due to unbalanced or insufficient diet or to defective assimilation or utilization of nutrients.
Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. If you don't get enough nutrients -- including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals - you may suffer from malnutrition. Causes of malnutrition include: Lack of specific nutrients in your diet. Even the lack of one vitamin can lead to malnutrition. An unbalanced diet Certain medical problems, such as malabsorption syndromes and cancers Symptoms may include fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss. Or, you may have no symptoms. To diagnose the cause of the problem, your doctor may do blood tests and a nutritional assessment. Treatment may include replacing the missing nutrients and treating the underlying cause.
Any condition related to a disturbance between proper intake and utilization of nourishment.
Inadequate nutrition resulting from poor diet, malabsorption, or abnormal nutrient distribution. [ NCI ]
Any condition resulting from the lack of one or more nutrients that the body needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement. From MeSH
A determination of the total copper in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
An element with atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C391" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C391" NCI Thesaurus)
Copper ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Iodine ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
The determination of the amount of magnesium in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
Magnesium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E60: Dietary zinc deficiency
A question about an individual's overall energy level.
Role of caloric intake in cancer causation or prevention and in general health.
The capacity of a physical system to do work.
A non-SI unit of energy defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water by one degree Centigrade under standard conditions (the specific heat of the water at 3.98, 14.5, or 19.5 degrees Celcius and the constant pressure of 101.325 kPa or one atm being defined as unity), equal to approximately 4.184 J. According to the current national standard in the United States (IEEE/ASTM SI 10 TM-2002. American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, New York: IEEE, 2002) the calorie in any form is not to be used. Joules should be used instead.
A non-SI unit of energy defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of pure water by one degree Centigrade under standard conditions (the specific heat of the water at 15 degrees Celsius and the constant pressure of 101.325 kPa or one atm being defined as unity), equal to approximately 4.1855 kJ. It is also is used by nutritionists in measuring the energy-producing potential of food as a unit of potential energy contained by a substance, which can be liberated when the material is oxidized, usually by combustion in the presence of oxygen. According to the current national standard in the United States (IEEE/ASTM SI 10 TM-2002. American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, New York: IEEE, 2002) the calorie in any form is not to be used. Joules should be used instead.
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
A disposition which is realized during the execution of work, the emission of heat, or the possession of mass.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's capacity to do work.
"A unit of energy widely used in nutrition, equivalent to the amount of heat needed to cause one kilogram of water to rise in temperature by one degree Celsius." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers; the former are the major source of energy; the sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes, tubers, etc.
What are carbohydrates? Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs. Glucose can be used immediately or stored in the liver and muscles for later use. What are the different types of carbohydrates? There are three main types of carbohydrates: Sugars. They are also called simple carbohydrates because they are in the most basic form. They can be added to foods, such as the sugar in candy, desserts, processed foods, and regular soda. They also include the kinds of sugar that are found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and milk. Starches. They are complex carbohydrates, which are made of lots of simple sugars strung together. Your body needs to break starches down into sugars to use them for energy. Starches include bread, cereal, and pasta. They also include certain vegetables, like potatoes, peas, and corn. Fiber. It is also a complex carbohydrate. Your body cannot break down most fibers, so eating foods with fiber can help you feel full and make you less likely to overeat. Diets high in fiber have other health benefits. They may help prevent stomach or intestinal problems, such as constipation. They may also help lower cholesterol and blood sugar. Fiber is found in many foods that come from plants, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, and whole grains. Which foods have carbohydrates? Common foods with carbohydrates include Grains, such as bread, noodles, pasta, crackers, cereals, and rice Fruits, such as apples, bananas, berries, mangoes, melons, and oranges Dairy products, such as milk and yogurt Legumes, including dried beans, lentils, and peas Snack foods and sweets, such as cakes, cookies, candy, and other desserts Juices, regular sodas, fruit drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks that contain sugar Starchy vegetables, such as potatoes, corn, and peas Some foods don't have a lot of carbohydrates, such as meat, fish, poultry, some types of cheese, nuts, and oils. Which types of carbohydrates should I eat? You do need to eat some carbohydrates to give your body energy. But it's important to eat the right kinds of carbohydrates for your health: When eating grains, choose mostly whole grains and not refined grains: Whole grains are foods like whole wheat bread, brown rice, whole cornmeal, and oatmeal. They offer lots of nutrients that your body needs, like vitamins, minerals, and fiber. To figure out whether a product has a lot of whole grain, check the ingredients list on the package and see if a whole grain is one of the first few items listed. Refined grains are foods that have had some of the grains removed. This also removes some of the nutrients that are good for your health. Eat foods with lots of fiber. The Nutrition Facts label on the back of food packages tells you how much fiber a product has. Try to avoid foods that have a lot of added sugar. These foods can have many calories but not much nutrition. Eating too much added sugar raises your blood sugar and can make you gain weight. You can tell if a food or drink has added sugars by looking at the Nutrition Facts label on the back of food package. It tells you how much total sugar and added sugar is in that food or drink. How many carbohydrates should I eat? There is no one-size-fits-all amount of carbohydrates that people should eat. This amount can vary, depending on factors such as your age, sex, health, and whether or not you are trying to lose or gain weight. On average, people should get 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates every day. On the Nutrition Facts labels, the Daily Value for total carbohydrates is 275 g per day. This is based on a 2,000-calorie daily diet. Your Daily Value may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs and health. Is it safe to eat a low-carb diet? Some people go on a low-carb diet to try to lose weight. This usually means eating 25g and 150g of carbs each day. This kind of diet can be safe, but you should talk to your health care provider before starting it. One problem with low-carb diets is that they can limit the amount of fiber you get each day. They can also be hard to stay on for the long term.
Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)
The determination of the amount of protein in a nutritional product or meal, or a portion thereof.
proteins obtained from foods; they are the main source of the essential amino acids.
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
high-temperature short-time pasteurization
high-temperature short-time pasteurisation
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 19, Code T53: Toxic effect of halogen derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z77.02: Contact with and (suspected) exposure to hazardous aromatic compounds
Organic chemicals containing at least one unsaturated six carbon ring.
Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.
A substance within a formulation that is used to preserve its integrity and prevent its degradation.
A device designed to reduce unwanted movement.
A food additive that is used to preserve the structure of food.
A nitrogen oxoanion that is formed when nitrous acid is deprotonated. As nitrite is a metabolic end product for nitric oxide (NO), which is increased during inflammation; nitrite levels can be used to assess NO production and thus inflammation.
A quantitative measurement of the amount of nitrite present in a sample.
Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.
Any of a class of salts and esters of nitrous acid.
A food additive that is used to increase the viscosity of foodstuffs.
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.
"A feeding behavior associated with the intake or the frequency of intake or preference or manner of intake of food." [NBO:GVG]
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of food; includes rhythmic patterns of eating (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety as well as the types of food chosen
"The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue." [GOC:jl, GOC:pr, PMID:19361967]
A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.
The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.
Phenols that include substances containing a phenolic ring and at least one organic carboxylic acid function.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring.
Any saponin derived from a hydroxysteroid.
A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a triterpenoid.
Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.
A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.
Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
Cinnamaldehyde is the aldehyde that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. Cinnamaldehyde occurs naturally in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum like camphor and cassia. These trees are the natural source of cinnamon, and the essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde is also used as a fungicide. Proven effective on over 40 different crops, cinnamaldehyde is typically applied to the root systems of plants. Its low toxicity and well-known properties make it ideal for agriculture. To a lesser extent, cinnamaldehyde is an effective insecticide, and its scent is also known to repel animals like cats and dogs. Cinnamaldehyde is also known as a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other ferrous alloys in corrosive fluids. It can be used in combination with additional components such as dispersing agents, solvents and other surfactants. Concentrated cinnamaldehyde is a skin irritant, and the chemical is toxic in large doses, but no agencies suspect the compound is a carcinogen or poses a long-term health hazard. Most cinnamaldehyde is excreted in urine as cinnamic acid, an oxidized form of cinnamaldehyde.
A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.
The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.
A saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat.
A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
A class of organic compounds that are derived from a glucose that has been modified by an amino acid. These compounds are anionic sulfur-containing glucosides, produced as secondary metabolites by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes cruciferous vegetables. Glucosinolates can be toxic if ingested at high doses but lower doses are under investigation as potential tumor inhibitors.
Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.
Water-soluble anionic substituted thioglucosides. Glucosinolates have a central C atom which is bonded via an S atom to a glycone group and via an N atom to a sulfonated oxime group, and which also carries a side-group. The side-chain and sulfate group have an anti stereochemical configuration across the C=N double bond.
A chemical group containing the monovalent -N=C=S group. Isothiocyanate is the fundamental structure in many synthetic and biological active compounds.
An organosulfur compound with the general formula R-N=C=S.
ICD-1M-CM, Chapter 4, Code E50: Vitamin A deficiency
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E67.0: Hypervitaminosis A
The fat soluble vitamin retinol. Vitamin A binds to and activates retinoid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis of some cancer cell types and inhibiting carcinogenesis. Vitamin A plays an essential role in many physiologic processes, including proper functioning of the retina, growth and differentiation of target tissues, proper functioning of the reproductive organs, and modulation of immune function.
The determination of the amount of Vitamin A present in a sample.
A compound containing vitamin A, a natural, fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in a variety of physiologic processes including immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular growth and differentiation. Upon administration, the various forms of vitamin A are solubilized into micelles in the intestinal lumen and absorbed by duodenal mucosal cells.
retinol and its derivatives; C(20) polyunsaturated, cyclic, lipid soluble alcohol; deficiency results in night blindness and certain epithelial disorders.
Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin A plays a role in your Vision Bone growth Reproduction Cell functions Immune system Vitamin A is an antioxidant. It can come from plant or animal sources. Plant sources include colorful fruits and vegetables. Animal sources include liver and whole milk. Vitamin A is also added to foods like cereals. Vegetarians, young children, and alcoholics may need extra Vitamin A. You might also need more if you have certain conditions, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn's disease. Check with your health care provider to see if you need to take vitamin A supplements. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements
Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
The fat soluble vitamin retinol. Vitamin A binds to and activates retinoid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis of some cancer cell types and inhibiting carcinogenesis. Vitamin A plays an essential role in many physiologic processes, including proper functioning of the retina, growth and differentiation of target tissues, proper functioning of the reproductive organs, and modulation of immune function. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C68302" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C68302" NCI Thesaurus)
Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.
A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E54: Ascorbic acid deficiency
A natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries. Found in citrus and other fruits, and in vegetables, vitamin C cannot be produced or stored by humans and must be obtained in the diet. (NCI04)
The determination of the amount of Vitamin C present in a sample.
water soluble vitamin found in many plant and animal tissues; deficiency results in scurvy.
Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin C is an antioxidant. It is important for your skin, bones, and connective tissue. It promotes healing and helps the body absorb iron. Vitamin C comes from fruits and vegetables. Good sources include citrus, red and green peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, and greens. Some juices and cereals have added vitamin C. Some people may need extra vitamin C: Pregnant/breastfeeding women Smokers People recovering from surgery Burn victims
A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
A natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries. Found in citrus and other fruits, and in vegetables, vitamin C cannot be produced or stored by humans and must be obtained in the diet. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C285" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C285" NCI Thesaurus)
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.
LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant, flour treatment agent.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E56.0: Deficiency of vitamin E
Alpha-Tocopherol is the orally bioavailable alpha form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopherol neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, prevents protein oxidation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby maintaining cell membrane integrity and protecting the cell against damage. In addition, alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-mediated pathways. Alpha-tocopherol also modulates the expression of various genes, plays a key role in neurological function, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation. Compared with other forms of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the form that is preferentially absorbed and retained in the body.
The determination of the amount of Vitamin E present in a sample.
The orally bioavailable alpha form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopherol neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, prevents protein oxidation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby maintaining cell membrane integrity and protecting the cell against damage. In addition, alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-mediated pathways. Alpha-tocopherol also modulates the expression of various genes, plays a key role in neurological function, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation. Compared with other forms of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the form that is preferentially absorbed and retained in the body.
A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Also known as tocopherol, vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. (NCI04)
group of lipoid antioxidants composed of a bicyclic benzo-gamma- pyran ring system with one or more long aliphatic side chains; dietary requirement of rodents and other animals (but not humans) for normal reproduction, circulation, and muscle and other functions.
Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. It plays a role in your immune system and metabolic processes. Good sources of vitamin E include Vegetable oils Margarine Nuts and seeds Leafy greens Vitamin E is also added to foods like cereals. Most people get enough vitamin E from the foods they eat. People with certain disorders, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn's disease may need extra vitamin E. Vitamin E supplements may be harmful for people who take blood thinners and other medicines. Check with your health care provider before taking the supplements. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements
A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.
A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.
Natural analogs of TOCOPHEROLS exhibiting antioxidant activity. These tocol derivatives and isomers contain a benzopyran ring and an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain.
A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C942" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C942" NCI Thesaurus)
A naturally-occurring form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties. Considered essential for the stabilization of biological membranes (especially those with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids), d-alpha-Tocopherol is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger and inhibits noncompetitively cyclooxygenase activity in many tissues, resulting in a decrease in prostaglandin production. Vitamin E also inhibits angiogenesis and tumor dormancy through suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C74960" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C74960" NCI Thesaurus)
An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.
A tocopherol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a 4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl group at position 2.
Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.
A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E55: Vitamin D deficiency
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E67.3: Hypervitaminosis D
Vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is the form of vitamin D usually found in vitamin supplements. (NCI04)
The determination of the amount of Vitamin D3 present in a sample.
A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). (NCI04)
family of natural and synthetic C(28) sterols with hypercalcemic activity, many of which require metabolic or photo-activation; deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Calcium is one of the main building blocks of bone. A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis or rickets. Vitamin D also has a role in your nerve, muscle, and immune systems. You can get vitamin D in three ways: through your skin, from your diet, and from supplements. Your body forms vitamin D naturally after exposure to sunlight. However, too much sun exposure can lead to skin aging and skin cancer. So many people try to get their vitamin D from other sources. Vitamin D-rich foods include egg yolks, saltwater fish, and liver. Some other foods, like milk and cereal, often have added vitamin D. You can also take vitamin D supplements. Check with your health care provider to see how much you should take. People who might need extra vitamin D include Older adults Breastfed infants People with dark skin People with certain conditions, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis and Crohn's disease People who have obesity or have had gastric bypass surgery NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C941" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C941" NCI Thesaurus)
Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E53.8: Deficiency of other specified B group vitamins
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E53.9: Vitamin B deficiency, unspecified
A class of nutrients that are in the water-soluble B-vitamin family. B vitamins include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin B6 group (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and possibly para-aminobenzoic.
The B vitamins are B1 (thiamine) B2 (riboflavin) B3 (niacin) B5 (pantothenic acid) B6 B7 (biotin) B12 Folic acid These vitamins help the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat. They also help form red blood cells. You can get B vitamins from proteins such as fish, poultry, meat, eggs, and dairy products. Leafy green vegetables, beans, and peas also have B vitamins. Many cereals and some breads have added B vitamins. Not getting enough of certain B vitamins can cause diseases. A lack of B12 or B6 can cause anemia.
Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).
Pyridoxine is the 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, an important water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. As its classification as a vitamin implies, Vitamin B6 (and pyridoxine) are essential nutrients required for normal functioning of many biological systems within the body. While many plants and microorganisms are able to synthesize pyridoxine through endogenous biological processes, animals must obtain it through their diet.
A group of water-soluble vitamins essential for metabolism and normal physiological functions. B6 vitamins, including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, are converted in vivo to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, and sphingolipids. More than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism require vitamin B6 as a cofactor. Vitamin B6 is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune systems functions and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels. Vitamin B6 is found in a wide variety of foods including cereals, beans, meat, poultry, fish, and some fruits and vegetables. (NCI04)
The determination of the amount of Vitamin B6 present in a sample.
group of water soluble B vitamins based on a polyhydroxy substituted pyridine structure, whose phosphate derivatives are important coenzymes in aminoacid metabolism.
VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.
A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.
Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).
Human TNFAIP1 wild-type allele is located within 17q22-q23 and is approximately 11 kb in length. This allele, which encodes BTB/POZ domain-containing adapter for CUL3-mediated RhoA degradation protein 2, is involved in the modulation of the ubiquitination of transforming protein RhoA.
A synthetic and active form of vitamin B12 that can cross the blood brain barrier without biotransformation, that may be used to treat or prevent vitamin B12 deficiency and its complications. Upon administration, mecobalamin is able to replace endogenous vitamin B12, increase vitamin B12 levels and improve vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. Its metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid.
A cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes, and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.
A quantitative measurement of the amount of vitamin B12 present in a sample.
An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.
complex nucleotide produced by certain bacteria consisting of a porphyrin like corrin ring cooordinated with a cobalt ion, a phosphoribose, and a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole base.
cyanocobalamin or cobalamin derivative with similar biological activity; a water soluble hematopoietic vitamin, absorbed in the intestine after combination with intrinsic factor.
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C64333" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C64333" NCI Thesaurus)
An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C939" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C939" NCI Thesaurus)
Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives).
A cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide that is cobalamin with the oxidation state of the central cobalt atom unspecified.
The determination of the amount of Vitamin D2 present in a sample.
Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.
Vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is the form of vitamin D usually found in vitamin supplements. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C29029" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C29029" NCI Thesaurus)
A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.
Cholecalciferol is a steroid hormone produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. The active form of cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays an important role in maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. The activated form of cholecalciferol binds to vitamin D receptors and modulates gene expression. This leads to an increase in serum calcium concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium, promoting distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increasing osteoclastic resorption.
A steroid hormone produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. The active form of cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays an important role in maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. The activated form of cholecalciferol binds to vitamin D receptors and modulates gene expression. This leads to an increase in serum calcium concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium, promoting distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increasing osteoclastic resorption.
produced in human and other animal tissue by photoactivation (normally sunlight on skin) of 7-dehydrocholesterol.
Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.
A steroid hormone produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. The active form of cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays an important role in maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. The activated form of cholecalciferol binds to vitamin D receptors and modulates gene expression. This leads to an increase in serum calcium concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium, promoting distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increasing osteoclastic resorption. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C48194" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C48194" NCI Thesaurus)
A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E56.1: Deficiency of vitamin K
A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.
The determination of the amount of Vitamin K present in a sample.
The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins.
group of lipoid thrombogenic agents based on the bicyclic naphthoquinone ring system; act by inducing prothrombin transcription in liver.
Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin K helps your body by making proteins for healthy bones and tissues. It also makes proteins for blood clotting. If you don't have enough vitamin K, you may bleed too much. Newborns have very little vitamin K. They usually get a shot of vitamin K soon after they are born. If you take blood thinners, you need to be careful about how much vitamin K you get. You also need to be careful about taking vitamin E supplements. Vitamin E can interfere with how vitamin K works in your body. Ask your health care provider for recommendations about these vitamins. There are different types of vitamin K. Most people get vitamin K from plants such as green vegetables, and dark berries. Bacteria in your intestines also produce small amounts of another type of vitamin K.
The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C943" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C943" NCI Thesaurus)
Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E53.0: Riboflavin deficiency
The determination of the amount of Vitamin B2 present in a sample.
An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair.
water soluble B vitamin; precursor of FMN and FAD.
Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.
An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C808" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C808" NCI Thesaurus)
D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of riboflavin resulting from the removal of a proton from the nitrogen at position 3 (between the two carbonyl groups). Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Codde E52: Niacin deficiency [pellagra]
Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide
The active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.
A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C.
The determination of the amount of Vitamin B3 present in a sample.
nicotinic acid (3-pyridinecarboxylic acid) and its derivatives; a water soluble B vitamin which is the precursor of NAD and NADP.
B complex vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of pellagra; functions as a component of the coenzyme NAD (Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide).
A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.
An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C689" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C689" NCI Thesaurus)
The active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C2327" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C2327" NCI Thesaurus)
A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, also known as PFASs, are a group of man-made chemicals (previously known as PFCs) that have been used in a range of common household products and specialty applications, including in the manufacture of non-stick cookware; fabric, furniture and carpet stain protection applications; food packaging; some industrial processes; and in some types of fire-fighting foam.
exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
A perfluorinated compound in which the carbon chain atoms are completely fluorinated.
An organofluorine compound that has multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain (but atleast one of the carbon atoms in the chain is not fully fluorinated).
A phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase that is encoded in the genome of human.
Proteins that specifically bind to the branching sugar molecules of glycoproteins and glycolipids on cell surfaces to cause biochemical changes. They are often classified according to either the saccharide or sugar specificity.
carbohydrate-binding proteins which may also have other functions (mitogen, receptor, etc.).
A description of an individual's current and past use of illicit drugs.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 4, Code E51: Thiamine deficiency
The determination of the amount of Vitamin B1 present in a sample.
A heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, belonging to the vitamin B family, with antioxidant, erythropoietic, mood modulating, and glucose-regulating activities. Thiamine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form an active coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for the actions of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate in carbohydrate metabolism and for the actions of transketolase, an enzyme that plays an important role in the pentose phosphate pathway. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and may inhibit the action of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine may also protect against lead toxicity by inhibiting lead-induced lipid peroxidation.
water soluble B vitamin with a structure consisting of substituted pyrimidine and thiazolium rings linked by a methylene group; deficiency causes beriberi.
3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride.
A heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, belonging to the vitamin B family, with antioxidant, erythropoietic, mood modulating, and glucose-regulating activities. Thiamine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form an active coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for the actions of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate in carbohydrate metabolism and for the actions of transketolase, an enzyme that plays an important role in the pentose phosphate pathway. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and may inhibit the action of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine may also protect against lead toxicity by inhibiting lead-induced lipid peroxidation. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C874" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C874" NCI Thesaurus)
A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
Any member of the group of 1,3-thiazolium cations that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B1 deficiency in animals. Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency include constipation, loss of apetite, fatigue, nausea, delirium, blurry vision and muscle weakness. Severe vitamin B1 deficiency can also lead to a disease known as beriberi. Vitamin B1 consists of the vitamer thiamin and its acid, aldehyde and phosphorylated derivatives (and their corresponding ionized, salt and hydrate forms).
Refers to workers doing skilled or semi-skilled manual labor. A traditionally underserved population.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z59.3: Problems related to living in residential institution
Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z73.0: Burn-out
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z73.2: Lack of relaxation and leisure
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z59.6: Low income
A subjective and comparative term describing a lack of sufficient wealth (usually understood as capital, money, material goods, or resources especially natural resources) to live what is understood in a society as a "normal" life: for instance, to be capable of raising a healthy family, and especially educating children and participating in society. A person living in this condition of poverty is said to be poor. The meaning of "sufficient" varies widely across the different political and economic areas of the world.
people having the lowest social or economic status; monetarily the lowest social class in the social hierarchy.
system of working in which people work one of a set of usually two 12-hour or three eight-hour shifts in a 24-hour period; designed to make use of the 24 hours of the clock, rather than a standard working day.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z57: Occupational exposure to risk factors
The exposure to potentially harmful agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A non-urbanized geographic area. "Rural" encompasses densely settled small towns with a residential population of less than 2,500 people, more sparsely populated areas, and remote areas.
An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements.
A geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements.
A school intended for students of a single gender (usually male or female).
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z60.4: Social exclusion and rejection
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z73.4: Inadequate social skills, not elsewhere classified
Establishing relationships with individuals who have similar social or professional interests for the purposes of expanding knowledge and professional/social interaction. (Glanz et al: Heath Behavior & Health Education, 1990)
Interactions with one or more individuals, usually with a common purpose or with regards to a common topic of interest.
Individuals connected by family, work or other interests. It also includes connectivity facilitated by computer-based communications.
relative social rank in a hierarchy of prestige; social rank order established by certain behavioral patterns.
involving a combination of social and environmental factors.
Social and cultural phenomena and influences that affect behavior.
The relative prestige, authority, and privilege of an individual or group.
The state of society as it exists or in flux. While it usually refers to society as a whole in a specified geographical or political region, it is applicable also to restricted strata of a society.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
A measurement of social value based in beliefs about social worth.
Social context of a person, e.g. problem, state, strength, barriers, etc.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z56.0: Unemployment, unspecified
state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary or gainful occupation.
The state of not being engaged in a gainful occupation.
A delineated geographic area encompassing residential, commercial, and other non-residential urban land uses with a residential population of 50,000 or more people and a density of 1,000 people or more per square mile.
of, relating to, or located in a city area.
A region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories under the same administrative jurisdiction, sharing industries, commercial areas, transport network, infrastructures and housing. A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships, boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, and even states and nations like the eurodistricts. As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions.
A human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets; in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment.
EDUCATION that prepares the student for a specific trade such as plumbing, masonry, and carpentry.
A historical and cultural entity dispersed across the wide geographical area of Europe, as opposed to the East, Asia, and Africa. The term was used by scholars through the late medieval period. Thereafter, with the impact of colonialism and the transmission of cultures, Western World was sometimes expanded to include the Americas. (Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z56.5: Uncongenial work environment
Conditions of a WORKPLACE such as weather (e.g., indoor or outdoor), safety (e.g., exposure to hazardous materials), environment and workplace culture and management style.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z56.3: Stressful work schedule
The selection, appointing, and scheduling of personnel.
Complex ongoing balance between a person's working life and private life.
Employed for a standard number of hours of working time, at least 50% or 20 hours per week.
Employment involving less than the standard or customary working time.
An employment arrangement that allows employees to perform the duties and responsibilities of their position from alternative worksites.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z55: Problems related to education and literacy
The activities of educating or instructing or teaching; activities that impart knowledge or skill.
An indication of the years of schooling completed in graded public, private, or parochial schools, and in colleges, universities, or professional schools.
acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study; also the field of study that deals mainly with methods of teaching and learning in schools.
social or economic factors that limit the availability or access to educational resources or facilities; frequently a factor in epidemiology research.
condition characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written forms of language.
the degree or level of success attained scholastically.
conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills; may result from organic or psychological conditions.
Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.
Used for education, training programs, and courses in various fields and disciplines, and for training groups of persons.
Procedure that is synonymous with those activities such as teaching, demonstration, instruction, explanation, and advice that aim to increase knowledge and skills, change behaviors, assist coping and increase adherence to treatment.
The act or process of imparting or acquiring knowledge.
The ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential.
a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z56.6: Other physical and mental strain related to work
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z56.8: Other problems related to employment
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z56.9: Unspecified problems related to employment
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary; the occupation for which you are paid.
The labor context of an individual including unemployment.
For households and individuals, "income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings received in a given period of time." Case, K. & Fair, R. (2007). Principles of Economics. p. 54.
A demographic parameter indicating a family's accumulated financial assets (monetary value of all possessions, minus debt).
A tool designed to a family's accumulated financial assets (monetary value of all possessions, minus debt).
Money or other benefits received in exchange for work.
A gain or recurrent benefit during a period of time, usually measured in money that derives from capital or labor.
A demographic parameter indicating the amount of earnings made by a family.
revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.
Personal or family variables such as household income, assets such as inherited wealth, savings, employment benefits, or ownership of homes or other property.
Measures of available financial and material resources.
The remuneration paid or benefits granted to an employee.
The distribution from an employer of a security (expected return or profits derived solely from others) paid to an employee. Like interest is paid out to an investor on his investments, a wage is paid (from company earnings) to the employee on the employee's invested assets (time, money, labor, resources, and thought).
A form of payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract.
form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis.
A demographic parameter indicating the amount of earning made by a family.
ICD-10-CD, Chapter 21, Code Z30.011: Encounter for initial prescription of contraceptive pills
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z30.41: Encounter for surveillance of contraceptive pills
Indicates a person whose marriage has been legally dissolved and has not remarried.
Marriage contract has been declared dissolved and inactive
Legal dissolution of an officially recognized marriage relationship.
An affair outside of the context of a marital relationship; cheating.
Persons or animals having at least one parent in common. (American College Dictionary, 3d ed)
One of two or more individuals having one or both parents in common. A male sibling is a brother, and a female sibling is a sister. In most societies throughout the world, siblings often grow up together, thereby facilitating the development of strong emotional bonds. The emotional bond between siblings is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and personal experiences outside the family. However, there are cases where siblings grow up in separate homes, in different environments.
A courtesy title for a member of a religious order, fraternity, movement, or other group.
A courtesy title for a member of a religious order, sorority, movement, the nursing profession, or other group.
A male who shares with his sibling the genetic makeup inherited from one or both of their shared biological parents.
A female who shares with her sibling the genetic makeup inherited from one or both of their shared biological parents.
one of two or more offspring of either sex from the same mother or father; includes sister, brother, half-sister, half-brother.
The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby men and women are joined together for the purpose of founding a family unit; the state of being a married couple.
Indicates a person currently joined in a legally binding matrimonial union. Classify common law marriage as married. Includes married couples living together and not living together.
An indication that an individual is or was married to single individual at a given time.
One male and one female have an exclusive mating relationship
A relationship which is strictly monogamous.
Relationship practices in which one has more than one intimate partnership simultaneously.
A type of living arrangement or mating system in which at least one member of a relationship has more than one mate.
A household that includes children and is headed by one adult parent.
A family with children that is headed by a single parent.
The person is not presently married. The marital history is not known or stated
Indicates a person not currently joined in a legally binding matrimonial union.
Sexual behaviors which are high-risk for contracting SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or for producing PREGNANCY.
Sexual intercourse without the use of precautions to prevent conception or the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
A contraceptive device consisting of a thin rubber or latex sheath worn over the penis during intercourse.
contraceptive device designed to fit over the penis or line the vagina and prohibit the transfer of sperm to the vagina; also used to impede the transfer of sexually communicable diseases.
A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.
A sheath-shaped barrier device, used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z30.0: Encounter for general counseling and advice on contraception
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z30.4: Encounter for surveillance of contraceptives
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z30.8: Encounter for other contraceptive management
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z30.9: Encounter for contraceptive management, unspecified
The method by which conception or impregnation is prevented. This may be achieved through the use of devices, drugs or surgery.
Fibromuscular tissue that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. It increases the volume of the thoracic cavity through contractions, thus facilitating respiration.
Surgical removal of part or all of the vas deferens.
A hollow ring that is inserted into the vagina in order to facilitate delivery of vaginal intracavitary radiation therapy.
Orally administered synthetic sex hormones with contraceptive activity. The oral contraceptive preparation contains a combination of an estrogen, such as ethinyl estradiol, and a progestagen, such as levonorgestrel or norethidrone. The oral contraceptive prevents pregnancy by preventing ovulation and by inducing endometrial and cervical changes undesirable for fertilization and implantation.
The prevention of conception or impregnation by the use of devices or drugs or surgery.
A medical contraceptive device of soft flexible material, usually of thin rubber, that is designed to cover the cervix uteri prior to sexual intercourse to prevent the entry of spermatozoa. To enhance efficacy, a spermicidal agent is often placed within the device. Antimicrobial agent(s) can also be used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Efficacy of vaginal diaphragm against infections is very limited.
A device usually made of plastic or metal, inserted into the uterus to prevent conception. IUCD can be a coil, loop, triangle, or T in shape; its material can be impregnated with a pharmaceutical agent. The primary action of all IUCDs is the induction of a foreign-body reaction within the endometrium. This sterile inflammatory process is toxic to gametes, primarily spermatozoa, and effectively prevents viable sperm from passing into the fallopian tubes. The copper-bearing device has an independent toxic effect on spermatozoa. The progestin-releasing devices produce changes in endometrial architecture and function that reduce the potential for implantation of a fertilized egg. The progestin effect on the cervical mucus also reduces the penetrability of sperm.
A dome-shaped insert with a springy, flexible rim intended to be inserted into the vagina and positioned behind the pelvic bone to completely cover the cervix.
A solid intended for placement within the uterine cavity where active and/or inert ingredient(s) are released from an apparatus at a controlled rate.
A device consisting of a flexible sheet or partition.
Death of a fetus after 10 weeks gestation.
A ring composed of active and/or inert ingredient(s), intended for administration in or around the vagina.
A drug implant that acts as a birth control device and which is inserted under the skin for drug delivery into the body.
A dermal patch that contains estrogen and progestin hormones for release and absorption through the skin and into the body to prevent pregnancy.
programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility; planning intended to determine the number and spacing of one's children through birth control or methods which promote reproduction.
non-pharmacological method to diminish the likelihood of or to prevent conception.
procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction; surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used, but there are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.
procedures performed on the vas deferens, used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities; includes excision of all or portions of the vas deferens.
musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration.
agent taken orally that prevents conception or diminishes its likelihood; may be designed for either male or female.
Vasectomy is a type of surgery that prevents a man from being able to get a woman pregnant. It is a permanent form of birth control. A vasectomy works by cutting the tubes that carry the sperm out of the testicles. The surgery usually takes no more than 30 minutes. Most men go home the same day. In most cases, recovery takes less than a week. Having a vasectomy does not affect your sex life. It takes about three months before it is effective. Your doctor will test your semen to make sure that there are no sperm in it. Vasectomies can sometimes be reversed, but not always. Having a vasectomy does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Men who have had a vasectomy should still practice safe sex to avoid STDs. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Birth control, also known as contraception, is designed to prevent pregnancy. Birth control methods may work in a number of different ways: Preventing sperm from getting to the eggs. Types include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges. Keeping the woman's ovaries from releasing eggs that could be fertilized. Types include birth control pills, patches, shots, vaginal rings, and emergency contraceptive pills. IUDs, devices which are implanted into the uterus. They can be kept in place for several years. Sterilization, which permanently prevents a woman from getting pregnant or a man from being able to get a woman pregnant Your choice of birth control should depend on several factors. These include your health, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners and desire to have children in the future. Your health care provider can help you select the best form of birth control for you. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.
The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.
Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.
Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.
A class of natural contraceptive methods in which SEXUAL ABSTINENCE is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. Methods for determining the fertile period or OVULATION DETECTION are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (CERVIX MUCUS), and the basal body temperature.
Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath, closed at one end, with flexible rings at both ends. The device is inserted into the vagina by compressing the inner ring and pushing it in. Properly positioned, the ring at the closed end covers the cervix, and the sheath lines the walls of the vagina. The outer ring remains outside the vagina, covering the labia. (Med Lett Drugs Ther 1993 Dec 24;35(12):123)
Sexual behavior that prevents or reduces the spread of SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or PREGNANCY.
Sexual intercourse with the use of precautions to prevent conception or the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
Contraceptive pills that contain only synthetic progestogens (progestins) and do not contain estrogen. They are colloquially known as mini pills.
A polymeric drug delivery device designed to provide controlled release of drugs for intravaginal administration over extended periods of time. The ring is inserted into the vagina and provides contraceptive protection.
Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility.
The surgical removal (cutting out) of part or all of vas deferens.
A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control.
The prevention of conception or impregnation by the use of devices or drugs or surgery. [ NCI ]
A demographic parameter indicating a person's current conjugal status.
social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby men and women are joined together for the purpose of founding a family unit; demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.
The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals of the same gender are joined together.
A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.
A significant relationship considered to have formally begun with a legal marriage, religious marriage ceremony, or some other cultural equivalent.
A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. From MeSH
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z72.6: Gambling and betting
activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal.
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z72.3: Lack of physical exercise
A type of lifestyle that lacks physical exercise, characterized by sitting, reading, watching television or using a computer for much of the day without vigorous physical exertion.
Behaviors during waking hours that have low energy expenditure and are often performed in a sitting or reclining POSTURE.
A type of lifestyle that lacks physical exercise, characterized by sitting, reading, watching television or using a computer for much of the day without vigorous physical exertion. [Definition Source: NCI]
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z70: Counseling related to sexual attitude, behavior and orientation
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z72.5: High risk sexual behavior
Behaviors involved with sexual arousal and/or intercourse.
Any activity, solitary or between two or more individuals, that induces sexual arousal.
Totality of normal and abnormal, conscious and unconscious, overt and covert sensations, thoughts, feelings, and actions related to sexual organs and other erotogenic zones, including goals and techniques.
"Behaviour related to the activity which primary purpose is the sexual reproduction." [NBO:GVG]
Sexual behaviour is a process by which humans and other animals demonstrate and/or express sexuality.
Totality of normal and abnormal, conscious and unconscious, overt and covert sensations, thoughts, feelings, and actions related to sexual organs and other erotogenic zones, including goals and techniques. From Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP) Thesaurus
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62: Problems related to upbringing
Dynamics of interpersonal interaction and developmental processes taking place between and among members of a biological or socially defined family unit.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.3: Hostility towards and scapegoating of child
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.81: Personal history of abuse in childhood
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z69.01: Encounter for mental health services for parental child abuse
infliction of physical or mental injury on children; most frequent cases occur at home, however includes abuse in an institutional, educational or other setting; includes child neglect.
Child abuse is doing something or failing to do something that results in harm to a child or puts a child at risk of harm. Child abuse can be physical, sexual or emotional. Neglect, or not providing for a child's needs, is also a form of abuse. Most abused children suffer greater emotional than physical damage. An abused child may become depressed. He or she may withdraw, think of suicide or become violent. An older child may use drugs or alcohol, try to run away or abuse others. Child abuse is a serious problem. If you suspect a child is being abused or neglected, call the police or your local child welfare agency.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Physical, sexual, and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 19, Code T74: Adult and child abuse, neglect and other maltreatment, confirmed
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 19, Code T76: Adult and child abuse, neglect and other maltreatment, suspected
deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household; covers abuse of cohabiting partners (homo and heterosexual).
What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is a type of abuse. It can be the abuse of a spouse or partner, which is also known as intimate partner violence. Or it could be the abuse of a child, older relative, or other family member. Domestic violence may include different types of abuse, such as Physical violence that can lead to injuries such as bruises or fractures (broken bones) Sexual violence, including sexual assault Emotional abuse, which includes threats, name-calling, put-downs, and humiliation. It can also involve controlling behavior, such as telling the victim how to act or dress and not letting them see family or friends. Economic abuse, which involves controlling access to money Stalking, which is repeated, unwanted contact that causes fear or concern for the safety of the victim. This can include watching or following the victim. The stalker may send repeated, unwanted phone calls or texts. Who is affected by domestic violence? It is hard to know exactly how common domestic violence is, because it's often not reported. But we do know that anyone can be affected by it. Domestic violence can happen to men or women of all different ages. It affects people with all levels of income and education. What are the signs that someone is a victim of domestic violence? If you think that a loved one might be the victim of domestic violence, learn about the different types of abuse and watch for these signs: Does your friend or loved one Have unexplained cuts or bruises? Avoid friends, family, and favorite activities? Make excuses for their partner's behavior? Look uncomfortable or fearful around their partner? Does your friend or loved one's partner Yell at or make fun of them? Try to control them by making all the decisions? Check up on them at work or school? Force them to do sexual things they don't want to do? Threaten to hurt himself or herself if the partner wants to break up? What can I do if I am a victim of domestic violence? Your safety is the most important concern. If you are in immediate danger, call 911. If you are not in immediate danger, you can Get medical care if you have been injured or sexually assaulted Call a helpline for free, anonymous help. You can contact the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 800-799-SAFE (7233) or 800-787-3224 (TTY).<l i=""> </l> Find out where to get help in your community. Contact local organizations that can help you. Make a safety plan to leave. Domestic violence usually does not get better. Think about a safe place for you to go and all of the things that you will need when you leave. Save the evidence. Keep evidence of abuse, such as pictures of your injuries or threatening emails or texts. Make sure that it is in a safe place the abuser cannot access. Talk to someone you trust, such as a family member, a friend, a co-worker, or a spiritual leader Consider getting a restraining order to protect yourself How can I help someone who is a victim of domestic violence? Let your loved one know that being treated this way isn't healthy and that they are not to blame. You should Call 911 if there is immediate danger Watch for the signs of abuse. Learn about the signs and keep track of the ones that you see. Find out about local resources. Get the addresses and phone numbers of some local resources in your community. Then you'll be able to share the information if the person is ready for it. Set up a time to talk. Make sure you can have your conversation in a safe, private place. Your loved one's partner may have access to his or her cell phone or computer, so be careful about sharing information over text or email. Be specific about why you are worried. Describe the behaviors that concern you. Be as specific as possible when explaining why you are worried. Plan for safety. If your loved one is ready to leave an abusive partner, help make a plan for getting out of the relationship as safely as possible. A domestic violence counselor can help with making a safety plan. Be patient and do not judge. You should talk about your concerns with your loved one, but you need to understand that they may not be ready to talk about it. Let them know that you're available to talk at any time, and that you will listen without judging them.
Deliberate, often repetitive physical, verbal, and/or other types of abuse by one or more members against others of a household.
Violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation.
Information about the domestic violence experienced by a person.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z63.0: Problems in relationship with spouse or partner
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z69.1: Encounter for mental health services for spousal or partner abuse problems
repeated deliberate injury inflicted by one spouse on the other.
Deliberate severe and repeated injury to one domestic partner by the other.
Domestic violence by a current or former spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other spouse or partner.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z63.5: Disruption of family by separation and divorce
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z30.01: Encounter for initial prescription of contraceptives
A device designed to prevent conception through local or systemic effect, such as a barrier contraceptive, an intrauterine device, or a means of preventing ovulation (e.g., birth control pill).
agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception; may be chemical, physical, or behavioral.
Prevention of conception by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently. Common means of reversible contraception include natural family planning methods; contraceptive agents; or contraceptive devices.
Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.
A chemical substance that prevents or reduces the probability of conception.
long term use of hormonal contraceptives
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z79.3: Long term (current) use of hormonal contraceptives
Exposure to tobacco smoke products among individuals who do not smoke. This can result from sharing space with a smoker or from placental transfer from mother to fetus.
Smoke that is emitted from burning tobacco, including cigarette, pipe and cigar, and from tobacco smoke exhaled by smokers. Environmental tobacco smoke consists of a huge variety of chemicals that are produced during the burning of tobacco. Among them are known or suspected toxicants, carcinogens and respiratory irritants, including nicotine, ammonia, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, phenol, nitrogen oxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-Nitrosamines and radionuclides. Environmental tobacco smoke has numerous adverse health effects, is mutagenic and is a known human carcinogen that is associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer. (NCI05)
involuntary inhalation of sidestream smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette and/or mainstream smoke that has been inhaled and then exhaled by the smoker.
Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, and the smoke breathed out by the smoker. It contains more than 7,000 chemicals. Hundreds of those chemicals are toxic and about 70 can cause cancer. Health effects of secondhand smoke include Ear infections in children More frequent and severe asthma attacks in children Heart disease and lung cancer in adults who have never smoked There is no safe amount of secondhand smoke. Even low levels of it can be harmful. The only way to fully protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke is not to allow smoking indoors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z42.1: Encounter for breast reconstruction following mastectomy
If you need a mastectomy, you have a choice about whether or not to have surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast. Instead of breast reconstruction, you could choose to wear a breast form that replaces the breast, wear padding inside your bra, or do nothing. All of these options have pros and cons. What is right for one woman may not be right for another. Breast reconstruction may be done at the same time as the mastectomy, or it may be done later on. If radiation therapy is part of the treatment plan, your doctor may suggest waiting until after radiation therapy. If you're thinking about breast reconstruction, talk to a plastic surgeon before the mastectomy, even if you plan to have your reconstruction later on. A surgeon can reconstruct the breast in many ways. Some women choose to have breast implants, which are filled with saline or silicone gel. Another method uses tissue taken from another part of your body. The plastic surgeon can take skin, muscle, and fat from your lower abdomen, back, or buttocks. The type of reconstruction that is best for you depends on your age, body type, and the type of cancer surgery that you had. A plastic surgeon can help you decide. NIH: National Cancer Institute
Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.22: Institutional upbringing
An ICD encounter due to institutional upbringing, including group foster care in which parenting responsibilities are largely taken over by some form of institution (such as residential nursery, orphanage, or children's home), or therapeutic care over a prolonged period in which the child is in a hospital, convalescent home or the like, without at least one parent living with the child.
facility which fosters the care of individuals who are in need of housing and daily care, such as orphans, foundlings, abandoned children, and homeless; also for adult day care facilities; not for the care of ill or those of in need of rehabilitation for this concept see HEALTH CARE FACILITY or its narrower terms.
Institutions for the housing and care of orphans, foundlings, and abandoned children. They have existed as such since the medieval period but the heading is applicable to such usage also in modern parlance.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.2: Upbringing away from parents
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.21: Child in welfare custody
organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the adolescent.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.1: Parental overprotection
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.0: Inadequate parental supervision and control
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.6: Inappropriate (excessive) parental pressure
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z62.82: Parent-child conflict
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z63.72: Alcoholism and drug addiction in family
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z57.0: Occupational exposure to noise
An ICD encounter due to occupational exposure to noise.
Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z57.1: Occupational exposure to radiation
An ICD encounter due to occupational exposure to radiation.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 21, Code Z57.2: Occupational exposure to dust
An ICD encounter due to occupational exposure to dust.
A role played by the entity that has a toxic effect.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
A naturally occurring halogen element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic mass 35.453. Chlorine is used in many industrial processes, as well as in pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and water purification. It is characterized as a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent odor, and exposure occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or contact.
greenish-yellow, diatomic halogen gas element; atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906; a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema.
A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas formed by chlorine (Cl2) that is a powerful irritant and causes fatal pulmonary edema.
Environmental, occupational, or consumer-based exposure to epoxy compounds and other volatile chemicals associated with production, handling and use of disinfectants.
substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity; they are distinguished from antiseptics, which are local antiinfective agents used on humans and other animals.
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
A material entity bearing a disinfectant role.
goods for personal use that directly satisfy human wants, needs, or desires.
Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials.
The use of a chemical oxidizing agent to whiten TEETH. In some procedures the oxidation process is activated by the use of heat or light.
The volatile portions of chemical substances perceptible by the sense of smell.
A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.
A type of liquid (or occasionally semi-solid) pharmaceutical dose form that contains surface-active agents and usually forms a foam after rubbing on the scalp with water.
A solution or suspension composed of an anionic surfactant and intended for administration to the hair and/or scalp.
The act of washing hair with a cleaning agent.
Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. FOOD LABELING is also available.
A food contact material which encloses the food and can be in the type of a container, packaging or wrapping.
Diethylhexylphthalate is a colorless, oily organic carcinogen with a slight odor. Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate is mainly used as a plasticizer for fabricating flexible materials for many household products. Inhalation, digestion, and dermal contact are the primary routes of potential exposure, which was linked to increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in animals. This substance is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
listed as a plasticizer by USP and MeSH.
An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.
A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
An electrocardiographic finding of an ectopic impulse originating in the ventricles. The QRS morphology of these complexes is different from those of supraventricular origin. The QRS duration is often longer and the RR interval preceding the complexes is usually shorter than that of supraventricular beats. (CDISC)
polymerization product of a monomeric vinyl compound.
A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.
A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature ventricular contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic sites.
Obstruction of the normal flux of blood within the blood vessel network of the lung resulting in engorgement of pulmonary vessels; frequently precedes pulmonary edema.
polymerized ethylene; a synthetic plastic material, forms of which have been used in reparative surgery.
A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses.
A macromolecule composed of ethane or substituted ethane units.
Polyethylene polymer is a poly(alkylene) polymer composed of polyethylene macromolecules.
polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry; they are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.
Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.
A polymer composed of repeating ethyl benzene groups.
A glass vessel with a narrow neck designed to accept a specific closure.
A container with a narrow neck that is made of glass.
The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
Plasticizers are additives used in the production of plastics to reduce the attraction between polymer chains, thereby increasing the flexibility and durability of the resulting plastic. Plasticizers, such as phthalates, are chemical additives used to increase the plasticity of materials and are found in a wide range of applications including bottles, bank cards, clothing, and medical devices. The presence of phthalate metabolites in the urine of infertile men is associated with increased sperm DNA damage [48]. Bisphenol A is a related compound used in the production of certain plastics. The most common plasticizers are phthalate esters, which are used primarily in the manufacturing of products made from PVC, including shower curtains, upholstery, flooring, and food containers. Phthalates are also used as dispersants, binders, and emulsifiers in personal care products, adhesives, detergents, paints, and pharmaceuticals. Common plasticizers used in ceramic formulations include phthalates, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG),
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of more than 200 chemical compounds (congeners) with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl and a general structure of C12H10-xClx. PCBs were commercially produced as complex mixtures of congeners at different degrees of chlorination for a variety of applications. Their use was based on their chemical stability, and desirable physical properties. According to WHO, several congeners are now considered to be "dioxin-like" because of their toxicity and certain features of their structure similar to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. PCBs are not readily biodegradable, their use declined and was essentially terminated because of environmental concerns. USA stopped producing PCBs in 1977. (NCI)
halogenated compounds containing two or three phenyl groups, benzene rings from which a hydrogen has been removed.
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
A biphenyl compound containing between 2 and 10 chlorine atoms attached to the two benzene rings.
We usually think of air pollution as being outdoors, but the air in your house or office could also be polluted. Sources of indoor pollution include Mold and pollen Tobacco smoke Household products and pesticides Gases such as radon and carbon monoxide Materials used in the building such as asbestos, formaldehyde and lead Sometimes a group of people have symptoms that seem to be linked to time spent in a certain building. There may be a specific cause, such as Legionnaire's disease. Sometimes the cause of the illness cannot be found. This is known as sick building syndrome. Usually indoor air quality problems only cause discomfort. Most people feel better as soon as they remove the source of the pollution. However, some pollutants can cause diseases that show up much later, such as respiratory diseases or cancer. Making sure that your building is well-ventilated and getting rid of pollutants can improve the quality of your indoor air. Environmental Protection Agency
An ICD encounter due to exposure to tobacco smoke, including passive smoking, excl.: mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco (F17.-), personal history of psychoactive substance abuse (Z86.4), tobacco use (Z72.0).
Smoke from burning tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) and exhaled by a smoker. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a stimulant, and other biologically active chemicals having carcinogenic properties.
exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure
exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Environmental, occupational or consumer-based exposure to benzene, benzene-containing compounds or benzene derivatives.
A finding indicating that an individual has been exposed to toluene or toluene-containing compounds.
Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.
Particulate material is an environmental material which is composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.
Inhalation of radon gas which is found in rocks, soil and groundwater as a result of radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, or radium in the environment.
An element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and 222.0.
naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222; a member of the noble gas family, released during the decay of radium and found in soil; there is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer.
You can't see radon. And you can't smell it or taste it. But it may be a problem in your home. Radon comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. There are low levels of radon outdoors. Indoors, there can be high levels. Radon can enter homes and buildings through cracks in floors, walls, or foundations. Radon can also be in your water, especially well water. Testing is the only way to know if your home has elevated radon levels. It is inexpensive and easy. You can buy a test kit at most hardware stores or hire someone to do a test. Radon reduction systems can bring the amount of radon down to a safe level. The cost depends on the size and design of your home.
A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.
The introduction of polymeric organic silicon based material via injection.
A synthetic organophosphate compound that blocks the activity of enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase and is used as a broad-spectrum pesticide. It is characterized as a volatile, moderately toxic, colorless, odorless crystalline solid or powder, and exposure occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or contact.
agent used to destroy unwanted vegetation.
Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups as well as protonation of the amino group of glyphosate. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A substance used to destroy plant pests.
A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
An exposure to a chemical that has the role of herbicide
""Dioxins" are used to specify polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzo-furans (F), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). TCDD is a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin that is considered the most toxic of the congeners." Handbook of Hormones, 2016 "PCDDs and PCDFs are primarily introduced into the environment as byproducts of combustion processes. These byproducts have been identified in the exhaust gases from sources such as cigarette smoke, industrial and municipal waste incinerators, power plants burning coal, oil, or wood, and automobiles. In addition to these human sources, PCDDs and PCDFs are also produced naturally by combustion in forest fires and from volcanic eruptions. PCDDs and PCDFs can also be produced through the use of chlorine to bleach wood pulp." Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition.
Any of the toxic or carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in herbicides.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin which is often referred to simply as dioxin and is the reference for a number of compounds which are similar structurally and have dioxin-like toxicity. A substance extremely toxic to mammals, with a wide variation in sensitivity among species. Longer-term exposure of test mammals to lesser amounts can affect reproduction, cause birth defects, damage the liver and suppress the immune system. Several studies suggest that exposure to TCDD increases the risk of several types of cancer in people. Animal studies have also shown an increased risk of cancer from exposure to TCDD. The WHO and the USA DHHS have determined that TCDD is a human carcinogen. (NCI)
class of aromatic 6-membered rings with 2 oxygens and 4 carbons; common name for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodiabenzo-p-dioxin, a toxic trace contaminant found in 2,4,5-T and related herbicides.
A family of compounds that contain the 1,4-dioxin structure. Many specific dioxin derivatives are listed as CARCINOGENS; TERATOGENS; or MUTAGENS.
An oxacycle that is 4H-pyran in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by an oxygen. Non-aromatic.
Any dibenzodioxine in which two or more hydrogens have been replaced by chlorines.
Dibenzofurans that contain chloride atoms bound to the aromatic rings of the structure.
A member of the class of benzofurans that is benzofuran in which two or more of the hydrogens have reen replaced by chlorines.
High-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes.
radiation with sufficient quantal energy to cleave covalent bonds in biomolecules, resulting in ion pair products.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION or particle radiation (high energy ELEMENTARY PARTICLES) capable of directly or indirectly producing IONS in its passage through matter. The wavelengths of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter the electron number of atoms.
The exposure to uv radiation via incident light from the sun.
A sterilization process that uses microwave radiation to kill microorganisms. This process is restricted to materials that contain water and is typically used for food.
Electromagnetic radiation between the ultrahigh frequency radio and infrared (in the 10e-3 (micro) to about 0.5 X 10e-1 meter) region of the spectrum.
electromagnetic radiation having a free space wavelength between 0.3 and 30 centimeters.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.
A stellar radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted from a star at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths and frequencies which travel exclusively in a line-of-sight fashion and which may produce molecular rotation and torsion on contact with matter.
radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation
introduction into water, air, and soil, any chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use; also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household and agricultural use products.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment.
the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light).
distance from mobile phone base stations
Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society.
Programmes typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning.
Indicates that a person has attended grade school to completion. Depending on school system, this may indicate completion of sixth, seventh or eight grade.
A school for young children; usually the first 6 or 8 grades.
a place of education including usually the first five to the first six grades and often a kindergarten.
First stage of secondary education building on primary education, typically with a more subject-oriented curriculum.
Second/final stage of secondary education preparing for tertiary education and/or providing skills relevant to employment. Usually with an increased range of subject options and streams.
Indicates that a person has attended high school and has received a high school diploma.
A secondary school that usually includes grades 9 through 12.
Of, relating to, happening, or engaged in studies beyond a bachelor's degree.
school intermediate between elementary school and college.
Programmes providing learning experiences that build on secondary education and prepare for labour market entry and/or tertiary education. The content is broader than secondary but not as complex as tertiary education.
Short first tertiary programmes that are typically practically-based, occupationally-specific and prepare for labour market entry. These programmes may also provide a pathway to other tertiary programmes.
Programmes designed to provide intermediate academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a first tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
Bachelor's degree is an award (baccalaureate or equivalent degree, as determined by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education) conferred by a college, university, or other postsecondary education institution as official recognition for the successful completion of a program of studies, that normally requires at least four years of full-time equivalent college-level work. This includes bachelor's degrees conferred in a five-year cooperative program.
Indicates that a person has received a degree for successful completion of a program of studies that normally requires at least 4-5 years of full-time equivalent college-level work.
A bachelor's degree, usually awarded for studies in natural science, pure science, or technology.
An academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years.
Programmes designed to provide advanced academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a second tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
The Master of Science Degree is an academic degree in science. The degree's classification includes such degrees in any scientific field.
The Master's Degree is an award that requires the successful completion of a program of study of at least the full-time equivalent of 1 but not more than two academic years of work beyond the bachelor's degree.
Indicates that a person has received a degree for completion of at least one year of prescribed study beyond the bachelor's degree.
continuation of formal education after graduation from college.
Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree.
An academic degree awarded by universities upon completion of a course of study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.[1] Within the area studied, graduates are posited to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently.
Programmes designed primarily to lead to an advanced research qualification, usually concluding with the submission and defense of a substantive dissertation of publishable quality based on original research.
Bachelor's or equivalent level, academic
Bachelor's or equivalent level, professional
Bachelor's or equivalent level, orientation unspecified
Master's or equivalent level, professional
Master's or equivalent level, unspecified
doctoral or equivalent level, professional
doctoral or equivalent level, unspecified
Indicates that a person has attended college and receive a degree.
individuals enrolled in a school post-high school and resulting in an academic degree.
The quality of having graduated from College
College or university education beyond the successful completion of high school or grammar school, or the attainment of an approved equivalent
Educational attainment or level of education of an individual.
stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification; measured by criteria such as education, occupation and income.
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
The social class composed of people who hold the highest social status, usually are the wealthiest members of society, and wield the greatest political power.
A class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy. However, it is oversimplification to consider this term as an easily identifiable category that falls between "x" and "y" on one specific, agreed-upon continuum with established criteria. The definition of the term "middle class" is highly political and vigorously contested by various schools of political and economic philosophy.
Lower class are those employed in low-paying wage jobs with very little economic security. The term "lower class" also refers to persons with low income.
The segment of the population that occupies the lowest possible position in a class hierarchy, below the core body of the working class.
An economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on household income, earners' education, and occupation are examined, as well as combined income, whereas for an individual's SES only their own attributes are assessed. However, SES is more commonly used to depict an economic difference in society as a whole.
"Wealth refers to value of everything a person or family owns. This includes tangible items such as jewelry, housing, cars, and other personal property. Financial assets such as stocks and bonds, which can be traded for cash, also contribute to wealth. Wealth is measured as "net assets," minus how much debt one owes" Wikipedia
the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions.
A form of interactive entertainment in which the player controls electronically generated images that appear on a video display screen. This includes video games played in the home on special machines or home computers, and those played in arcades.
Continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature; contemplation of spiritual matters
state of consciousness in which the individual eliminates environmental stimuli from awareness so that the mind can focus on a single thing, producing a state of relaxation and relief from stress; a wide variety of techniques are used to clear the mind of stressful outside interferences; includes meditation as a therapy.
A state of consciousness in which the individual eliminates environmental stimuli from awareness so that the mind can focus on a single thing, producing a state of relaxation and relief from stress. A wide variety of techniques are used to clear the mind of stressful outside interferences. It includes meditation therapy. (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)
Continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature; contemplation of spiritual matters Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C51975" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C51975" NCI Thesaurus)
a practice in which an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state.
Playing the game that involves the movement of counters or other objects round a board.
A mobile cellular telephone that has an integrated computer with an operating system capable of web browsing and running downloaded applications. Smartphones typically have touchscreen interfaces, video calling capabilities, and other advanced built-in features and applications.
A cell phone with advanced computing and connectivity capability built on an operating system.
Problematic, compulsive Internet use that results in significant impairment of person's function in daily life.
Online communities that allow for the creation and exchange of information and ideas.
Platforms that provide the ability and tools to create and publish information accessed via the INTERNET. Generally these platforms have three characteristics with content user generated, high degree of interaction between creator and viewer, and easily integrated with other sites.
A game that employs electronics to create an interactive system with which a player can play.
A question about an individual's activity of watching television.
Utilization of wireless phones for communication.
The inability to overcome a desire to have contact with and use technology and electronic devices.
"Pentachlorophenol was used extensively as an insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, and wood preservative. Since 1984, use of pentachlorophenol in the United States has been restricted to certified pesticide applicators. It is still used industrially as a wood preservative. Dermal contact is the most frequent route of exposure and the majority of poisonings are occupational in origin. Pentachlorophenol increases metabolic rate and elevates body temperature by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in tissues. The circulatory system and heart are particularly affected. Pentachlorophenol can be contaminated by dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. " Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd Edition!
Human BMP1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8p21.3 and is approximately 47 kb in length. This allele, which encodes bone morphogenetic protein 1, plays a role in collagen fibril remodeling during osteogenesis and cartilage formation. Mutation of the gene is associated with osteogenesis imperfecta type XIII.
Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (986 aa, ~111 kDa) is encoded by the human BMP1 gene. This protein is involved in the processing of collagen fibrils during skeletal development.
Pneumonia resulting from infection with Pneumocystis jirovecii, frequently seen in the immunologically compromised, such as persons with AIDS, or steroid-treated individuals, the elderly, or premature or debilitated babies during their first three months. Patients may be only slightly febrile (or even afebrile), but are likely to be extremely weak, dyspneic, and cyanotic. This is a major cause of morbidity among patients with AIDS.
A craniopharyngioma composed of sheets of squamous epithelium which separate to form pseudopapillae. This variant typically lacks nuclear palisading, wet keratin, calcification, and cholesterol deposits. Clinically, endocrine deficiencies are more often associated with papillary craniopharyngioma than with the adamantinomatous type. (Adapted from WHO)
Developed as an anesthetic for humans in 1959. Its use was discontinued due to extreme side effects that included delirium, confusion, visual disturbances, hallucinations and violence; some evidence of long-term memory disorders and schizophrenia-like syndrome has been observed. Phencyclidine, a substance of abuse also know as 'angel dust', can cause physical and psychological distresses, such as coma, seizures, convulsions, respiratory depression, and cardiac problems.
The determination of the amount of phencyclidine present in a sample.
A medical professional who provides, coordinates, or helps a patient access a range of health care services. This is usually a medical doctor (MD), but may also be a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, or physician assistant, as allowed under state law.
this drug is both a legitimate prescription anesthetic and a notoriously abused street drug also known as "angel dust."
pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia; Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS; also found in other mammals where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.
An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.
A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.
Catalysis of a multistep reaction that produce non-ribosomal peptides. The key chain-building reaction, a C-N bond-forming reaction, involves the generation of the characteristic peptide bond by nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino-acyl donor unit covalently bound to a downstream peptidyl carrier protein module (amino acyl-S-PCP) on the acyl group of an upstream electrophilic acyl- or peptidyl acyl-S-PCP chain, catalyzed by a condensation (C) domain. Supplementing these core chain-elongation domains are variable numbers of auxiliary domains that are responsible for modification of the growing polypeptide chain by a small set of iterated reactions including epimerization, N-methylation, and heterocyclization.
A lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.
An opportunistic mycosis that is located_in lungs, but can also occur in eyes, ears, skin, thyroid, pituitary, palate, parathyroid, esophagus, pleura, heart, liver, spleen, small intestine, adrenals, kidneys, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, has_material_basis_in Pneumocystis jirovecii that effects interstitial and alveolar tissues and has_symptom nonproductive cough, has_symptom shortness of breath, and has_symptom fever.
Flame retardant chemicals are used in commercial and consumer products (such as furniture and building insulation) to meet flammability standards. Not all flame retardants present concerns, but the following types often do: (1) halogenated flame retardants, also known as organo-halogen flame retardants that contain chlorine or bromine bonded to carbon and (2) organo-phosphorous flame retardants that contain phosphorous bonded to carbon. halogenated compounds with aromatic rings can degrade into dioxin derivatives, particularly when heated, such as during production, a fire, recycling, or exposure to sun.
A colorless, flammable, toxic gas that was used widely as a refrigerant and has many current industrial applications, including use as a local anesthetic, a chemical intermediate in silicone polymer production and drug manufacturing, an extractant for oils and resins, a solvent in butyl rubber and petroleum refining, a propellant in polystyrene foam production, a methylating and chlorinating agent in organic chemistry and an herbicide. Exposure to methyl chloride can cause a wide variety of issues from frostbite, drowsiness and dizziness to paralysis, seizures and coma depending on the route and level (concentration and duration) of exposure.
A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.
Utilization of the Internet and its services.
An active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition.
physical activity as practiced in recreation, amateur and professional sports, or planned activity to improve physical condition or health.
activity engaged in for pleasure, diversion, amusement or stimulation.
Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.
Those physical activities which are required for our daily existence. These include personal maintenance activities and activities for maintenance of our living space, as well as activities related to independent living.
Activities performed to maintain a living space, such as cleaning.
Household work including physical, emotional, and spiritual integrating household work with care work whether on a paid or unpaid basis.
Organized recreational activities involving individuals.
Facilities having programs intended to promote and maintain a state of physical well-being for optimal performance and health.
high-intensity interval exercise training
A type of cardiovascular exercise that alternates short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with less intense recovery periods.
A cardiovascular exercise strategy with alternating short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods.
20-60 minutes of exercise which elevates your heart rate to 60-80% of your maximum heart rate performed at least 3-4 times per week.
Sustained exercise that places an increased oxygen demand on the cardiovascular system and promotes an increased efficiency of the body's use of oxygen.
exercise designed to improve an individual's cardiovascular condition.
Sustained exercise that places an increased oxygen demand on the cardiovascular system and promotes an increased efficiency of the body's use of oxygen. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute Thesaurus
An exercise that is performed by exerting force against an immovable object or by holding an object in a static position.
Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.
Physical exercise that uses weight, or other forms of resistance, to induce muscle contraction and build strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscles. Typical exercises include leg and chest press, knee extension, leg curl, row, abdominal crunch, and bicep curl.
A type of strength-building exercise program that requires the body muscle to exert a force against some form of resistance, such as weight, stretch bands, water, or immovable objects. Resistance exercise is a combination of static and dynamic contractions involving shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.
force exerted by a muscle, as a response parameter (e.g. bioassay) or as an indicator of health, endurance, fitness, etc.
resistance exercise that builds strength
Strength exercise works one's muscles by using a resistance against which the muscles need to exert a force. This increases muscles' strength, size, power and endurance. From www.nhs.uk (https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/how-to-improve-strength-flexibility/)
A type of resistance exercise and strength training that involves moving weights by muscle contraction.
A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.
Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.[2] It uses the force of gravity in the form of weighted bars, dumbbells or weight stacks in order to oppose the force generated by muscle through concentric or eccentric contraction. Weight training uses a variety of specialized equipment to target specific muscle groups and types of movement.
A question about whether it is or was hard for an individual to run.
A question about whether an individual jogged or ran.
The act of traveling on foot at a fast pace.
manner of running, walking, or moving on foot; applicable to humans or animals.
An activity in which the body is propelled by moving the legs rapidly. Running is performed at a moderate to rapid pace and should be differentiated from JOGGING, which is performed at a much slower pace.
The act of propelling the body through water by movement of the arms and/or legs.
to plunge into water intentionally or to propel oneself in water by natural means.
An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.
Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through water, often by means of active fin movement.
"Behavior related to the movement of an organism from one location to another through a liquid medium." [NBO:GVG]
"Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through water, often by means of active fin movement." [GOC:cvs, PMID:22459995]
An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. From MeSH
Running at a trot as a form of cardiopulmonary exercise.
Running at a low rate of speed. It can be done as a means of conditioning or for general health and well being.
Riding a bicycle for transportation or recreation.
The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).
A question about how much an individual's symptoms interfere or interfered with their walking.
A response indicating that an individual needs help from another person for walking.
A question about whether it is or was hard for an individual to walk more than one block.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. From MeSH
The activity of walking for recreation, exercise, or training that is usually strenuous and on unpaved surfaces.
Hiking is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside.
A physical activity that consists of moving your feet and body rhythmically, usually in response to music.
Type of country and western dancing in which dancers line up individually and follow step patterns to music.
A performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin.
A system of exercise using the weight of the body and specific apparatus to promote strength and grace of carriage.
20-60 minutes of exercise which elevates your heart rate to 80-90% of your maximum heart rate performed at least 3-4 times per week.
Exercise programs of relatively long duration and moderate intensity, which enhance maximal oxygen uptake, increasing PHYSICAL STAMINA.
diagnostic or therapeutic technique which is presently outside the field of conventional medical practice; for use as a 'tag' term index at 'T' emphasis level.
A major orthodox system of Hindu philosophy based on Sankhya (metaphysical dualism) but differing from it in being theistic and characterized by the teaching of raja-yoga as a practical method of liberating the self. It includes a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being with liberation of the self and union with the universal spirit. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Any of a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India and aim to control (yoke) and still the mind, recognizing a detached witness-consciousness untouched by the mind (Citta) and mundane suffering (Duḥkha). There is a wide variety of schools of yoga, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and traditional and modern yoga is practiced worldwide.
Yoga as exercise is a physical activity consisting mainly of postures, often connected by flowing sequences, sometimes accompanied by breathing exercises, and frequently ending with relaxation lying down or meditation.
An ancient system of practices used to balance the mind and body through exercise, meditation (focusing thoughts), and control of breathing and emotions. Yoga is being studied as a way to relieve stress and treat sleep problems in cancer patients. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute Thesaurus
An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.
The act of preparing something to eat by the application of heat.
any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
The art or practice of preparing food. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.
is the art, science and craft of using heat to prepare food for consumption.
The art or practice of preparing food. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases. From MeSH
A question about an individual's ability to sweep.
This can be a parent term to cover different paces of walkings
Total number of hours of sleep in a day.
duration of sleep, measured either via a self-reporting questionnaire, interview or through obversation in a sleep lab
state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.
The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.
Lack of the normal sleep / wake cycle. From Clinical Care Classification
physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena in plants and animals.
rhythmic recurrences of certain phenomena in living organisms occurring at about the same time of day, i.e., on a 24 hour cycle.
The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.
A circadian rhythm that is synchronized with the day-night cycle.
Biological mechanism that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. In humans the system includes photoresponsive RETINAL GANGLION CELLS and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS that acts as the central oscillator.
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
"Endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioral processes." [GOC:bf]
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
"Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours." [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]
"Behavior related to the readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals." [NBO:GVG]
A question about an individual's sleep quality.
Satisfaction with the sleep experience, integrating aspects of sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, sleep quantity, and refreshment upon awakening.
quantification of some aspect of sleep quality, such as number of awakenings during a sleep interval or time taken to get to sleep. Sleep quality can be evaluated either through self-reporting, observation in a sleep lab or using a sleep monitoring device
state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
"Behavior related to the state of being conscious and engages in a coherent cognitive and behavior responses to the external world." [NBO:SD, wikipedia:Wakefulness]
A question about an individual's ability to drive.
to go on a trip or tour; also used to cover the expenses of traveling, such as airfare, hotel, rental car, etc.
Driving is a type of functioning process of meta-function. The function which generates or transfers a driving energy is said to have meta-function “driving”. For example, the “to heat water” function of the boiler has a ToDrive meta-function for the “to generate torque” function of the turbine , because the amount of the heat energy transferred by the heating has a proportional causal relation to the torque and is consumed by the rotation.
A method of treating disease, esp. psychic disorders, by mental rather than pharmacological means (e.g., suggestion, re-education, hypnotism, and psychoanalysis). (Taber's)
treatment of emotional, behavioral, personality, and psychiatric disorders based primarily upon verbal or nonverbal communication and interventions with the patient.
Psychological and social interventions by providers including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors/therapists, primary care and other nonpsychiatric physicians, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, religious leaders, lay and peer providers, paraprofessionals and caregivers, and automated providers (e.g. internet/audio/video-delivered interventions). Combinations of provider options are sometimes used.
A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
Therapy that emphasizes lifelong patterns, affective change techniques, and the therapeutic relationship.
The act of receiving professional guidance in resolving personal conflicts and emotional problems.
Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular interaction with people, to help them change behaviour and overcome problems in desired ways.
"2-Phenylphenol is used as a disinfectant, bactericide and virucide. In agriculture, it is used in disinfecting fruits, vegetables and eggs. 2-Phenylphenol is also used as a general surface disinfectant in hospitals, nursing homes, veterinary hospitals, poultry farms, dairy farms, commercial laundries, barbershops and food processing plants. It is also used to sterilize hospital and veterinary equipment. 2-Phenylphenol meets the criteria to be classified as readily biodegradable. 2-phenylphenol usually occurs at concentrations in drinking-water well below those at which toxic effects can be expected to be observed. Under usual conditions, therefore, the presence of 2-phenylphenol in drinking-water is unlikely to represent a hazard to human health." WHO.
A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.
"Acrylamide is a chemical used in industries such as the paper and pulp, construction, foundry, oil drilling, textiles, cosmetics, food processing, plastics, mining, and agricultural industries. It is used in making paper, dyes, and plastics, and in treating drinking water and wastewater. Acrylamide can be found in small amounts in consumer products including caulk, food packaging, and some adhesives. It is also present in cigarette smoke. Acrylamide can form naturally from chemical reactions in certain types of starchy foods, after cooking at high temperatures. Some foods with higher levels of acrylamide include French fries, potato chips, foods made from grains (such as breakfast cereals, cookies, and toast), and coffee. American Cancer Society.
A macromolecule with functional groups linked by carbonate (-O-(C=O)-O-) groups.
Exhibiting a cyclic structure containing at least one amino (NH2) group, some Heterocyclic Amines are carcinogenic chemicals formed from cooking meat such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish when amino acids and creatine (found in muscle) react at high temperatures. About 17 identified heterocyclic amines that result from cooking meat may increase human cancer risk. Because of the high temperatures used, frying, broiling, and barbecuing produce the largest amounts of heterocyclic amines. (NCI04)
UV filters were developed to absorb UVA or UVB radiation to protect the skin from sunburn. UV filters, including benzophenones (BPs), octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), and 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor (4-MBC), are widely used in many PCPs such as lotions, creams, lipsticks, hairspray, and sunscreens (reviewed in Witorsch and Thomas, 2010). Although studies have shown that UV filters protect against sunburn, solar keratosis, and nonmelanoma skin cancer, some UV filters might have adverse effects on reproduction (Krause et al., 2012).
Contents packaged under pressure that are released upon activation of an appropriate valve system.
suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in gas; a substance dispensed from a pressurized container; includes the container and process used to dispense the aerosol.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.
ICD-10-CM, Chapter 18, Code R46.0: Very low level of personal hygiene
Materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone; commonly used to support a crown, bridge, artificial tooth, stabilize a diseased tooth, or to use as anchorage in orthodontic therapy.
materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth; for those placed into bone use more specific ENDOSSEOUS DENTAL IMPLANT.
Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.
An orthodontic appliance designed to correct misaligned teeth.
Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A sterilization process that uses hydrogen peroxide to kill microorganisms.
A peroxide and oxidizing agent with disinfectant, antiviral and anti-bacterial activities. Upon rinsing and gargling or topical application, hydrogen peroxide exerts its oxidizing activity and produces free radicals which leads to oxidative damage to proteins and membrane lipids. This may inactivate and destroy pathogens and may prevent spreading of infection.
strong oxidizing agent and disinfectant, H2O2, used in aqueous solution as a bleach and topical anti-infective.
A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A naturally occurring gas that is colorless and non flammable. It can be manufactured and used for a variety of things such as a pharmacologic agent to produce anesthesia, a food additive as a propellant, and an additive to fuels to increase available oxygen in combustion.
Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.
Works of art formed primarily by the direct application of pigments suspended in oil, water, egg yolk, molten wax, or other liquid, arranged in masses of color, onto a generally two-dimensional surface. (Getty ATT)
A mental phenomenon occurring during sleep in which images, emotions, and thoughts are experienced with a sense of reality; occurs during REM sleep.
mental phenomenon occurring during sleep in which images, emotions, and thoughts are experienced with a sense of reality; occurs during REM sleep.
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
A disturbing dream that occurs during rapid eye movement sleep and results in feelings of strong terror, fear, distress, or anxiety.
Parents who are of the same sex or gender.
An educational institution for children that precedes kindergarten.
Indicates that kindergarten is the highest level of education achievement.
care of children in the home or institution; for the raising of one's own children or parenting use CHILD REARING
Schools for children usually under five years of age.
An act of aggression between individuals.
rough or injurious physical force, action, or treatment.
Violence inflicted on an individual through physical contact.
The use of force or intimidation to obtain compliance.
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, or prejudices, etc.
Harmful physical force inflicted other than by accidental means in the context of a personal role relationship to the abused in which the action violates a social norm
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
Any of various relationship types considered abusive.
compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner by use of threats, including threats of force.
use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy.
attached to another by affection or esteem; a favored companion.
Persons whom one knows, likes, and trusts.
A relationship of mutual affection between people which includes a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association.
to treat someone else in a harmful or injurious manner involving sex.
Sexual assault is any sexual activity to which you haven't freely given your consent. This includes completed or attempted sex acts that are against your will. Sometimes it can involve a victim who is unable to consent. It also includes abusive sexual contact. It can happen to men, women or children. The attacker can be anyone - a current or former partner, a family member, a person in position of power or trust, a friend, an acquaintance, or a stranger. Sexual assault can affect your health in many ways. It can lead to long-term health and emotional problems. It is important to seek help if you have been assaulted. First, get to a safe place. Then dial 9-1-1 or go to a hospital for medical care. You may want to have counseling to deal with your feelings. The most important thing to know is that the assault was not your fault. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Any violation of established legal or moral codes in respect to sexual behavior.
Any sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act by violence or coercion, acts to traffic a person or acts directed against a person's sexuality, regardless of the relationship to the victim.
An act in which a person intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will.
Information about sexual assault experienced by a person.
A question about whether it is or was hard for an individual to bathe or shower.
A question about an individual's ability to get in and out of a bathtub or shower and clean their body.
The technique of administration of a pharmaceutical product by immersing all or part of the affected area in the product, sometimes for an extended period of time.
The act of immersing the body in water or sunshine.
consumer (patients or their families or friends) performance of medical activities traditionally performed by professional health care providers; for daily self maintenance (dressing, hygiene, eating, etc.), use FUNCTIONAL ABILITY.
physical, mental, or social ability to carry on the normal activities of life.
A plumbing fixture within which a human or other animal may bathe under a spray of water.
A party whose primary purpose is to give gifts to the guest of honor.
The circle of friends, family, and associates that provide love, care, and need gratification including church, school, and workplace. (OMS94)
The process of learning and adopting behavioral patterns that conform with the surrounding culture.
The value derived from social networking that fosters a fellowship with trustworthy relationships and reciprocal interconnectedness among people, businesses or institutions that as intangible assets are both valuable and mutually beneficial to individuals and the society.
persons, groups, organizations, or institutions which provide aid to individuals in need; may have a positive or negative outcome or influence.
process by which society integrates the individual and the individual learns to behave in socially acceptable ways.
Process involving reciprocal response between two or more individuals. This includes the development of cooperation and competition, the influence of status and social roles, and the dynamics of group behavior, leadership, and conformity. Persistent social interaction between specific individuals leads to the formation of social relationships.
Community support systems that may be organized through extended family members, friends, neighbors, religious organizations, community programs, cultural and ethnic organizations, or other support groups or organizations. (https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/community-support-systems)
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance such as COMMUNITY SUPPORT is provided by churches, groups, etc.
The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society.
Resources of social trust, norms, and networks that people can draw upon to solve common problems. It includes families, schools, churches, neighborhood associations, clubs, and community organizations. (ERIC Thesaurus accessed 6/8/2021)
An interaction between two or more individuals or populations in a society. Social interaction is a building block of society.
The process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.
The support to a person in need from other persons (e.g., family members and friends), groups, organizations, or institutions.
Maladaptive pattern of drug or alcohol use that may lead to social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems.
excessive use of drugs or chemicals with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
general heading term for drug abuse and alcoholism, and covering all other unhealthful uses of substances associated with psychological or physical dependence.
A substance-related disorder that involves a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment in functioning.
Period of activities done in front of an electronic screen, such as watching TV, working on a computer, or playing video games.
Indicates a person who is no longer married because of the death of his/her spouse and has not remarried.
The state of having lost a marital partner by death.
An unmarried person whose spouse has died
Indicates a person who is no longer married because of the death of their spouse and has not remarried.
Information about childhood abuse experienced by a person.
Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; they formerly included Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. In 2007, sleep stages were redefined by The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) as: N1-N2 (sleep onset - light sleep), N3 (SLOW-WAVE SLEEP), and REM SLEEP.
A stage of sleep characterized by synchronized wave activity as observed in the ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; the waves exhibit a frequency of 0.5 to 2 Hz, and a peak-to-peak amplitude greater than 75 microvolts.
Contact with a chemical substance through touch, inhalation, or ingestion.
An abiotic plant exposure (PECO:0007191) involving the application of chemical(s).
Therapy designed to improve psychological well-being through reduced anxiety, depressive symptoms, and distress, and improved mood.
A psychological state of awareness, the practices that promote this awareness, a mode of processing information and a character trait. As a therapy mindfulness is defined as a moment-to-moment awareness of one's experience without judgment and as a state and not a trait.
The act or activities involved in being a parent and raising children.
training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes; includes the role of parenting by care-giving, nurturance, and protection, as well as supporting the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs.
If you're a parent, you get plenty of suggestions on how to raise your child. From experts to other parents, people are always ready to offer advice. Parenting tips, parents' survival guides, dos, don'ts, shoulds and shouldn'ts - new ones come out daily. The truth is there is more than one "right" way to be a good parent. Good parenting includes Keeping your child safe Showing affection and listening to your child Providing order and consistency Setting and enforcing limits Spending time with your child Monitoring your child's friendships and activities Leading by example NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
The process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively for a biological relationship.
SPORTS activities designed and/or organized for CHILDREN or YOUTH.
The practice of educating students with identified disabilities through specialized instruction that addresses their individual differences and needs.
instruction or education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction; frequently intended to remedy, cure or improve an intellectual, physical, social, or emotional abnormality, however term is also used for those considered gifted or talented, thus the special education is to focus on those gifts or talents.
Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.
The duration of time between when the lights are turned off and when the individual falls asleep.
The time it takes to reach REM SLEEP. It is typically measured by POLYSOMNOGRAPHY or EEG as a part of various sleep pattern tests (e.g., multiple sleep latency test).
amount of time, usually recorded in minutes, between going to bed and falling asleep
Nonphysical abuse as defined as a pattern of behavior in which one person deliberately and repeatedly subjects another to nonphysical acts that are detrimental to behavioral and affective functioning and overall mental well-being. (APA Dictionary of Psychology, accessed 4/21/2020).
A form of abuse and/or violence, characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another person to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. It is often associated with situations of power imbalance in abusive relationships, and may include bullying, gaslighting, and abuse in the workplace.
Struggle or disagreement between parents, parent and child or other members of a family.
The earning of income directly from customers, clients, or other organizations rather than as a specified salary or wages from an employer.
Sexual intercourse in which some anatomical structure is inserted into the anus.
A demographic parameter indicating a person's current relationship status.
Not accompanied by another or others; exclusive of anyone or anything else.
A relationship status indicating that a person is in a relationship.
stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG; usually associated with dreaming.
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
A pattern of assaultive and coercive behavior by an individual against their partner or spouse that may include physical injury, psychological abuse, sexual assault, progressive isolation, stalking, deprivation, intimidation, and reproductive coercion.
Sexual abuse is one form of child abuse. It includes a wide range of actions between a child and an adult or older child. Often these involve body contact, but not always. Exposing one's genitals to children or pressuring them for sex is sexual abuse. Using a child for pornography is also sexual abuse. Most sexual abusers know the child they abuse. They may be family friends, neighbors or babysitters. About one-third of abusers are related to the child. Most abusers are men. If you think a child may have been abused, it's important to report it.
Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.
A form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Sexual abuse refers to the participation of a child in a sexual act aimed toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act. Forms of child sexual abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact with a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography.
Habits and practices conducive to getting the right amount and quality of sleep, and include responding to environmental factors that may influence one's sleep.
A snow sport which uses skis to glide over the snow. It does not include water-skiing.
A snow sport which uses skis to glide over the snow.
Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families.
Performance of a religious act one or more times.
Consumption of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES by persons under the legal drinking age.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
The (usually marital) partner of someone's parent, and not their biological or adoptive parent.
measurement of the time at which sleep begins
Prolonged separation of the offspring from the mother.
Using ice skates, roller skates, or skateboards in racing or other competition or for recreation.
A process by which SMOKE produced from burning substance is mixed with flavor-altering substances and drawn through water or other liquid into the mouth.
Pipes for smoking tobacco, cannabis, and other substances, in which smoke is drawn through water. Do not confuse with SMOKING PIPES.
The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of destroying infectious microorganisms.
A form of child abuse and a deficit in meeting a child's basic needs, including the failure to provide adequate supervision, health care, clothing, or housing, as well as other physical, emotional, social, educational, and safety needs.
A situation of children (ages 0-17 inclusive) living in households with income below the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Federal Poverty Threshold, often leading to a lack of food, sanitation, shelter, health care and education needed to survive and thrive.
A competitive contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent or by disabling the opponent.
A physical activity during which balls are rolled at an object or group of objects with the aim of knocking them over. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute Thesaurus
The differential social worth which is ascribed to jobs or occupations.
Indicates that a person has attended technical school.
An inherited, established or customary religious practice or series of beliefs.
This can cover different intensity levels of radiations
Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is food that is commercially prepared (often through processing) to optimise ease of consumption. Such food is usually ready to eat without further preparation. It may also be easily portable, have a long shelf life, or offer a combination of such convenient traits. Although restaurant meals meet this definition, the term is seldom applied to them. Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products, frozen foods such as TV dinners, shelf-stable foods, prepared mixes such as cake mix, and snack foods.
cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay.
A household with members of at least three generations.
A family unit in which parents and their children co-reside with other members of one parent's family.
Indicates that a person has received a degree from a 2 year college program.
A degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies.
An academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a program of study lasting two years.
Cooked without moisture under or over intense direct heat.
A person's total income before taxes, exclusions, and deductions.
A personal or institutionalized system grounded in belief and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. (from dictionary.com)
set of beliefs concerning the nature, cause, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency; usually involves devotional and ritual observances and often a moral code for the conduct of human affairs; for religious people or denominations use RELIGIOUS GROUP.
A set of beliefs concerning the nature, cause, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency. It usually involves devotional and ritual observances and often a moral code for the conduct of human affairs. (Random House Collegiate Dictionary, rev. ed.)
a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements
A personal or institutionalized system grounded in belief and reverene for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. From dictionary.com
Inequality based upon economic status; distribution of income, distribution of wealth, etc.
Without a stable or permanent residence.
persons lacking permanent or reliable shelter, variously due to poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, juvenile alienation, or other factors.
Housing created or provided for ILL-HOUSED PERSONS.
The condition of lacking stable, safe, and adequate housing.
city areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation, accompanying physical and social decay and substandard living; often related to a specific income level.
City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.
A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure.
A moist powder tobacco product that is used by placing it under the upper lip for extended periods.
Any product of NICOTIANA TABACUM that is not smoked but is either inhaled through the nose, chewed, or stored in cheek pouches.
Any food that has been supplemented with essential NUTRIENTS either in quantities that are greater than those normally present, or which are not found in the food typically. Fortified food also includes food enriched by adding various nutrients to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (Modified from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992).
Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.
A large and densely populated urban area; a city specified in an address.
A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.
a large human settlement.[1][2][a] It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks.
Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance.
Alcohol consumption among college students.
Exercises in which muscles are repeatedly and rapidly stretched, followed by shortening, concentric MUSCLE CONTRACTION (e.g. jumping and rebounding). They are designed to exert maximal force in minimal time by increasing STRETCH REFLEX.
An umbrella term for any mating system which is not monogamous.
A condition in which an individual feels or is made to feel as though he or she has no place within society. This is often the case with persons who have inadequate support systems or who suffer from stigmatized disease, such as AIDS and mental illness.
Exclusion consists of dynamic, multi-dimensional processes driven by unequal power relationships interacting across four main dimensions - economic, political, social and cultural - and at different levels including individual, household, group, community, country and global levels. It results in a continuum of inclusion/exclusion characterized by unequal access to resources, capabilities and rights which leads to health inequalities. (https://www.who.int/social_determinants/knowledge_networks/final_reports/sekn_final%20report_04 2008.pdf.)
Social exclusion is the process in which individuals are blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights within that particular group.
The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication.
The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. From MeSH
An ICD encounter due to occupational exposure to vibration.
self-reported assessment of how difficult an individual is to wake
Materials that are discarded following industrial processes.
unwanted materials from an industrial operation; may be liquid, sludge, gas, solid, or hazardous waste.
Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.
Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
Just to be an umbrella term for related concepts
The physical location where work or employment takes place.
location or environment where an individual is employed; e.g. office, laboratory, building, warehouse, etc.
Place or physical location of work or employment.
A structural enclosure designed to contain or support a device.
Physical condition of a person's home as well as the quality of the social and physical environment in which the home is located. Aspects of housing quality include air quality, home safety, space per individual, and the presence of mold, asbestos, or lead. Housing quality is affected by factors like a home's design and age.(https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-health/interventions-resources/quality-of-housing)
A dwelling which is considered to be long-term, permanent, or semi-permanent in nature.
ensures that members of society have a place to live, whether it is a home or some other kind of dwelling, lodging or shelter.
The physical environment context in which an individual finds shelter and/or resides, including access to computer.
The pattern of a person's emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions.
The feeling an individual has about their own sexual preferences and how those views are acted upon.
The sexual functions, activities, attitudes, and orientations of an individual. Sexuality, male or female, becomes evident at PUBERTY under the influence of gonadal steroids (TESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL), and social effects.
The sexual functions, activities, attitudes, and orientations of an individual.
A sector of a person's day-to-day existence which may involve sexual activity or represent the absence of sexual activity.
The sexual functions, activities, attitudes, and orientations of an individual. From MeSH
Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
A substance dependence that is characterized by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, increasing use, persistent desire to decrease consumption, time spent obtaining or recovering from alcohol caused by a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.
The use of alcoholic beverages to excess, either on individual occasions ("binge drinking") or as a regular practice.
Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.
A phenolic antioxidant found in a number of plants such as green and black tea. It inhibits cellular oxidation and prevents free radical damage to cells. It is under study as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent. (NCI)
A phenolic antioxidant found in a number of plants such as green and black tea. It inhibits cellular oxidation and prevents free radical damage to cells. It is under study as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C1088" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C1088" NCI Thesaurus)
A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.
A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the discontinuation of administration or use, or reduction in intake of an addictive substance, e.g. opioids, barbiturates and alcohol; amphetamines or similarly acting sympathomimetics; cocaine; nicotine; sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics. Syndrome manifests with diverse, often painful physical and psychological symptoms, which include but not limited to intense drug craving, anxiety, depression, insomnia, nausea, perspiration, body aches, tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions.
physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation; the concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
A question about whether an individual uses or used a stimulant medication not as prescribed or without a prescription.
A smoker who smokes more than 10 cigarettes per day, or an equivalent quantity of cigar or pipe smoke.
A smoker who smokes less than 10 cigarettes per day, or an equivalent quantity of cigar or pipe smoke.
artificial intelligence-powered mental health counseling
Counseling used for either unmarried couples/partners or married couples/partners, of mixed or same sex.
Systematic efforts to assist individuals in selecting an occupation or suitable employment on the basis of aptitude, education, etc.
*Eragrostis tef*, known as Xaafii, (Oromiffa), teff, taf, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to the northern Ethiopian Highlands of Northeast Africa.
The status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised. The slave trade is all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of persons with intent to reduce them to enslavement; all acts involved in the acquisition of enslaved persons with a view to selling or exchanging them; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of persons acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport of slaves. (from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/slaveryen.pdf accessed 10/18/2012)
The status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised. The slave trade is all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of persons with intent to reduce them to enslavement; all acts involved in the acquisition of enslaved persons with a view to selling or exchanging them; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of persons acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport of slaves.
involves the enslaved person being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver.
Employment of MINORS in work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, dignity, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. (International Labor Organization, UN)
Traffic in women and children, in particular for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
Narrowly, the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. Broadly, the smuggling of persons for any reason, whether consensual or non-consensual. If consensual, the term "people smuggling" or "human smuggling" may be used instead.
Environmental, occupational, or consumer-based exposure to any smokeless tobacco product.
Tobacco that is not smoked but used in another form such as chewing tobacco or snuff.
tobacco whose use does not produce smoke; associated with increased risk of oral cancer.
Many people who chew tobacco or dip snuff think it's safer than smoking. But you don't have to smoke tobacco for it to be dangerous. Chewing or dipping carries risks like Cancer of the mouth Decay of exposed tooth roots Pulling away of the gums from the teeth White patches or red sores in the mouth that can turn to cancer Recent research shows the dangers of smokeless tobacco may go beyond the mouth. It might also play a role in other cancers, heart disease and stroke. Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that makes it hard to stop using tobacco once you start. Having a quit date and a quitting plan can help you stop successfully. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Tobacco that is not smoked but used in another form such as chewing tobacco or snuff. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C892" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C892" NCI Thesaurus)
Tobacco, in the form of a plug, usually flavored, for chewing rather than smoking.
Discontinuation of the habit of smoking.
Tobacco use is the most common preventable cause of death. About half of the people who don't quit smoking will die of smoking-related problems. Quitting smoking is important for your health. Soon after you quit, your circulation begins to improve, and your blood pressure starts to return to normal. Your sense of smell and taste return, and it's easier for you to breathe. In the long term, giving up tobacco can help you live longer. Your risk of getting cancer decreases with each year you stay smoke-free. Quitting is not easy. You may have short-term effects such as weight gain, irritability, and anxiety. Some people try several times before they succeed. There are many ways to quit smoking. Some people stop "cold turkey." Others benefit from step-by-step manuals, counseling, or medicines or products that help reduce nicotine addiction. Some people think that switching to e-cigarettes can help you quit smoking, but that has not been proven. Your health care provider can help you find the best way for you to quit. NIH: National Cancer Institute
A process by which a health professional provides education, recommendations, or interventions to help clients stop using tobacco products. (ACC)
Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.
Drinking an excessive amount of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES in a short period of time.
an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of supplication or intercession directed towards a deity or a deified ancestor.
Terminology associated with the employment status codelist of the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM).
The state of a person with regard to earning wages or salary.
A coding system used to specify attributes of an occupation.
quantification of an individual's occupation, both in terms of employment vs unemployment and in terms of nature of employment, eg self-employment
The process by which the results of the labor of one social group is transferred as the benefit of another group.
To stop working at one's occupation; the state of being retired.
withdrawal from one's occupation or active working life: having concluded one's working or professional career.
The state of being retired from one's position or occupation.
An indication of the position on a scale measuring compensation or monetary support.
buckwheat and other pseudo-cereals and similar
A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE that is used as an EDIBLE GRAIN. Although the seeds are used as cereal, the plant is not one of the cereal grasses (POACEAE).
A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is grown mainly as a hay crop.
other species of genus sorghum, not elsewhere mentioned
other species of genus triticum, not elsewhere mentioned
cereals and cereal-like grains not separately listed
flour mix (like wheat/rye/barley/oats and other)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
Cornmeal is a meal (coarse flour) ground from dried corn (maize)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
A powdery meal obtained from ground up starchy foodstuff, such as seeds of WHEAT; RICE and other EDIBLE GRAIN; LEGUMES; and NUTS; or ground up PLANT TUBERS.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
A type of coarse-ground whole wheat flour similar to conventional whole wheat flour in that both are made from the whole grain, but graham flour is ground more coarsely and is not sifted during milling (i.e. unbolted).
cereal and cereal-like flours not separately listed
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'disintegrated or ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430136) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
The use of operant conditioning, including rewards and punishments, in helping a person create an atmosphere where he or she does not contribute to painful stimuli.
A type of psychotherapy that seeks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors.
specific techniques which use classical or operant conditioning, or perceptual learning, to change behavior, especially to extinguish socially undesirable behavior, attitudes, or phobias.
therapeutic approach in which the focus is on the patient's observable behavior, rather than on conflicts and unconscious processes presumed to underlie his maladaptive behavior; accomplished through systematic manipulation of the environmental and behavioral variables related to the specific behavior to be modified; operant conditioning, systematic desensitization, token economy, aversive control, flooding, and implosion are examples of techniques that may be used in behavior therapy.
The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.
The use of operant conditioning, including rewards and punishments, in helping a person create an atmosphere where he or she does not contribute to painful stimuli. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C15184" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C15184" NCI Thesaurus)
A broad term referring to clinical psychotherapy that uses techniques derived from behaviorism.
The use of operant conditioning, including rewards and punishments, in helping a person create an atmosphere where he or she does not contribute to painful stimuli. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute Thesaurus
A type of psychotherapy utilized to treat different forms of mental disorders.The treatment involves the identification of unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking and behaviors and the subsequent replacement with behaviors that are beneficial and constructive.
involves identifying and changing specific cognitive processes as they relate to problems of emotions and behavior; based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior; directed toward learning through practice of specific skills which have direct relevance to the present problem.
A directive form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
Cognitive and behavioral interventions are therapies that are designed to decrease symptoms and foster the belief that one has control over thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and skills to facilitate coping.
CBT is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice for treating mental disorders. Guided by empirical research, CBT focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions (e.g., thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes), behaviors, and emotional regulation. It was originally designed to treat depression, and is now used for a number of mental health conditions.
psychotherapeutic study of thoughts, emotions, and behavior using free association to reveal unconscious conflicts, symbolism, or motivation.
The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996).
Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
Forms of PSYCHOTHERAPY falling within or deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition, that view individuals as reacting to unconscious forces (e.g., motivation, drive), that focus on processes of change and development, and that place a premium on self understanding and making meaning of what is unconscious.
The use of faith and spirit to cure disease.
The practice of prayer and gestures (such as laying on of hands) that are believed by some to elicit divine intervention in spiritual and physical healing, especially the Christian practice. Believers assert that the healing of disease and disability can be brought about by religious faith through prayer or other rituals that, according to adherents, can stimulate a divine presence and power. Religious belief in divine intervention does not depend on empirical evidence of an evidence-based outcome achieved via faith healing. Virtually all scientists and philosophers dismiss faith healing as pseudoscience.
The application of genetic-based biotechnology to modify the characteristics of an organism by cutting, splicing, and transferring genetic materials, especially DNA, from one or more species of organism.
Food derived from genetically modified organisms (ORGANISMS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED).
A close relationship which is non-sexual and non-romantic.
Voluntary SEXUAL INTERCOURSE between a married person and someone other than the SPOUSE.
Extramarital coitus that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds.
A violation of a partner's assumed or stated contract regarding emotional and/or sexual exclusivity. Other scholars define infidelity as a violation according to the subjective feeling that one's partner has violated a set of rules or relationship norms; this violation results in feelings of jealousy, sexual jealousy, and rivalry.
Bulgur is a cereal food made from the cracked parboiled groats of several different wheat species, most often from durum wheat.
A community of people smaller than a town.
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement.
Semolina is the coarse, purified wheat middlings of durum wheat mainly used in making upma, pasta, and couscous.
Seed bran of an oat plant (Avena sativa)
Prevention of conception by not engaging in sexual intercourse.
sex behavior, or lack thereof, that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy.
Sexual intercourse in which some anatomical structure is inserted into the vagina.
Preparations used as alternatives or supplements to hand washing with soap and water to destroy microorganisms and prevent transmission of pathogens. The active ingredient may be ETHANOL; 1-PROPANOL; or POVIDONE-IODINE in a gel, foam, or liquid solution.
A type of psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. CT is one therapeutic approach within the larger group of cognitive and behavioral therapies and was first expounded by Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model, which states that thoughts, feelings and behavior are all connected, and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional responses. This involves the individual working with the therapist to develop skills for testing and changing beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.
A type of psychotherapy that helps patients change their behavior by changing the way they think and feel about certain things. It is used to treat mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute Thesaurus
A form of psychiatric treatment in which six to eight patients meet a specific number of times with a therapist. The value of this type of therapy is the opportunity for gaining insight from others into one's life experience. (Taber's)
form of psychotherapy in which two or more people meet with a group leader, usually a therapist; the group uses therapeutic forces within the group, interactions between members, and the interventions of the trained leader to achieve insight into the cause of problems, provide emotional suport, or effect changes in maladaptive behavior, thoughts, or feelings of the individual members.
A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.
Interpersonal modification of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Therapy is present-focused and seeks to resolve problems in interpersonal relations. Aspects of attachment theory are used to analyze how past relationships affect current relationships.
Interpersonal modification of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Therapy is present-focused and seeks to resolve problems in interpersonal relations. Aspects of attachment theory are used to analyze how past relationships affect current relationships. From MeSH
A ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, structurally related to the hallucinogen mescaline, with entactogenic, neurotoxic, and motor-stimulatory activities. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces an acute, rapid enhancement in both the release of serotonin from and the inhibition of serotonin reuptake by serotonergic nerve endings in the brain. Once within the cell, MDMA depletes stores of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) via acute oxidative inactivation; in turn, depleted stores of TPH leave cell terminals open to damage from oxidative stress, possibly a source of MDMA neurotoxicity. This agent also induces norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine release and can act directly on a number of receptors, including alpha 2-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors. MDMA may suppress the dyskinesia associated with long-term use of L-dopamine (L-DOPA) without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA treatment.
The determination of the amount of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) present in a sample.
synthetic adrenergic agonist resembling both amphetamine (a stimulant) and mescaline (a hallucinogen); "designer drug" once touted as potentially psychotherapeutic, but now a controlled substance considered a drug of abuse.
An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.
A ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, structurally related to the hallucinogen mescaline, with entactogenic, neurotoxic, and motor-stimulatory activities. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces an acute, rapid enhancement in both the release of serotonin from and the inhibition of serotonin reuptake by serotonergic nerve endings in the brain. Once within the cell, MDMA depletes stores of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) via acute oxidative inactivation; in turn, depleted stores of TPH leave cell terminals open to damage from oxidative stress, possibly a source of MDMA neurotoxicity. This agent also induces norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine release and can act directly on a number of receptors, including alpha 2-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors. MDMA may suppress the dyskinesia associated with long-term use of L-dopamine (L-DOPA) without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA treatment. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C61081" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C61081" NCI Thesaurus)
A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'skin or bran (pericarp)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420111) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
The determination of the amount of the ketamine in a sample.
The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic derivative of cyclohexanone with analgesic and anesthetic activities. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, ketamine appears to non-competitively block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and may interact with opioid mu receptors and sigma receptors, thereby reducing pain perception, inducing sedation, and producing dissociative anesthesia.
A cyclohexanone derivative with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, ketamine appears exerts complex pharmacological actions including inhibition of biogenic amine uptake, binding to opioid receptors, and inhibition of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Because of the involvement of spinal NMDA receptors in the process of central sensitization, this agent may reduce pain perception and induce sedation.
rapid-acting general anesthetic, animal anesthetic, and emerging drug of abuse.
A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.
A tryptamine alkaloid, isolated from various genera of fungi including the genus Psilocybe, with hallucinogenic, anxiolytic, and psychoactive activities. In vivo, psilocybine is rapidly dephosphorylated into the active compound psilocin, which activates serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of serotonin.
The determination of the amount of psilocybine present in a sample.
major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin.
The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A tryptamine alkaloid, isolated from various genera of fungi including the genus Psilocybe, with hallucinogenic, anxiolytic, and psychoactive activities. In vivo, psilocybine is rapidly dephosphorylated into the active compound psilocin, which activates serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of serotonin. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C62529" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C62529" NCI Thesaurus)
An organophosphate oxoanion resulting from the protons from the phosphate group and the protonation of the tertiary amino group of psilocybin. The major species at pH 7.3
A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").
An amphetamine with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Methamphetamine acts by both facilitating the release of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, from nerve terminals in the brain and by inhibiting their uptake. This leads to an increase in synaptic concentration of these neurotransmitters and results in increased stimulation of postsynaptic receptors.
The determination of the amount of methamphetamine present in a sample.
sympathomimetic amine closely related chemically to both amphetamine and ephedrine, with actions similar to those of amphetamine; abuse may lead to dependence.
Methamphetamine - meth for short - is a very addictive stimulant drug. It is a powder that can be made into a pill or a shiny rock (called a crystal). The powder can be eaten or snorted up the nose. It can also be mixed with liquid and injected into your body with a needle. Crystal meth is smoked in a small glass pipe. Meth at first causes a rush of good feelings, but then users feel edgy, overly excited, angry, or afraid. Meth use can quickly lead to addiction. It causes medical problems including Making your body temperature so high that you pass out Severe itching "Meth mouth" - broken teeth and dry mouth Thinking and emotional problems NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse
A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.
A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.
A semi-synthetic, morphine-like opioid alkaloid with analgesic activity. Oxycodone exerts its analgesic activity by binding to the mu-receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids. Binding of the opiate receptor stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex and inhibits adenylate cyclase, thereby preventing cAMP production. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline, is inhibited. Oxycodone also inhibits the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon. In addition, oxycodone closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels resulting in hyperpolarization and reduction of neuronal excitability.
The determination of the amount of oxycodone present in a sample.
A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided into pieces, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430100) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skin or bran (pericarp)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420111) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
The nutrient-rich hard outer layer of the rice cereal grain, with potential chemopreventive, antioxidant, iron chelating, anticholesterol and anti-inflammatory activities. Rice bran is rich in fiber, such as beta-glucan, pectin and gum; it also comprises vitamins and minerals, such as iron, magnesium and phosphorus, and essential fatty acids. In addition, Rice bran contains various bioactive components, including ferulic acid, tricin, beta-sitosterol, gamma-oryzanol, phytic acid, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). The potential anticancer activity of rice bran may be due to the synergistic effects of these phytochemicals on their ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and alter cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Rice bran's bioactive components also protect against tissue damage by scavenging free radicals and blocking chronic inflammatory responses. In addition, they are able to modulate the gut microflora and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, thereby further exerting a chemopreventive effect.
The nutrient-rich hard outer layer of the rice cereal grain, with potential chemopreventive, antioxidant, iron chelating, anticholesterol and anti-inflammatory activities. Rice bran is rich in fiber, such as beta-glucan, pectin and gum; it also comprises vitamins and minerals, such as iron, magnesium and phosphorus, and essential fatty acids. In addition, Rice bran contains various bioactive components, including ferulic acid, tricin, beta-sitosterol, gamma-oryzanol, phytic acid, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). The potential anticancer activity of rice bran may be due to the synergistic effects of these phytochemicals on their ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and alter cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Rice bran's bioactive components also protect against tissue damage by scavenging free radicals and blocking chronic inflammatory responses. In addition, they are able to modulate the gut microflora and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, thereby further exerting a chemopreventive effect. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C111686" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C111686" NCI Thesaurus)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided or disintegrated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430122) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skin or bran (pericarp)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420111) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
A dosing unit equal to the amount of ingredient(s) in a cigarette.
Finely cut tobacco encased in a wrapper of thin paper and rolled for smoking.
Inhaling smoke from tobacco in the form of a cigarette.
A solid composed of active and/or inert ingredient(s) wrapped in a paper cylinder whereby one end is burned. The ingredient is released in a smoke form, which is inhaled.
Roll of dried and finely cut TOBACCO leaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper used for SMOKING.
Use of tobacco in any form, e.g., smoking, chewing or sniffing.
A description of an individual's current or previous use of tobacco.
Use of TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L) and TOBACCO PRODUCTS.
A dosing unit equal to the amount of ingredient(s) in a cigar.
A compact roll of tobacco leaves prepared for smoking.
The act of inhaling smoke from dried tobacco that is rolled up and called a cigar.
A sleep quality defined by the mathematic properties of the relative time frames of the sleep cycle.
A chronobiologic disorder resulting from rapid travel across a number of time zones, characterized by insomnia or hypersomnolence, fatigue, behavioral symptoms, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Cooper, Sleep, 1994, pp593-8)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided into pieces, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430100) * derives from 'seed germ' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420182) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
The inappropriate or excessive use of artificial lighting at night.
Masks, shields, gloves, gowns, boots, or other equipment used to provide coverage against infectious agents or environmental hazards.
Specialized clothing or equipment worn for protection against health hazards. Personal Protective Equipment may include MASKS; RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICES; EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES; EAR PROTECTIVE DEVICES; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; and protective footwear.
protective equipment (such as clothing, helmet, goggles) that is designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.
The act of moving air into and out of a space.
Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256)
wheat bread and rolls, white (refined flour)
technique and business of mineral discovery, extraction, and exploitation.
The process of extracting mineral deposits from the earth.
A land use process during which materials of economic value are extracted from a planet, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
A planned environmental usage process during which a non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or water is extracted from an ecosystem.
the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
wheat bread and rolls, white with potato
wheat bread and rolls, brown or wholemeal
Contaminated water generated as a waste product of human activity.
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence.
Food prepared for consumption without exposure to heat.
A heavy, dense bread made from dark, coarsely-ground rye.
Supportive care is that which helps the patient and their family to cope with cancer and treatment of it from pre-diagnosis, through the process of diagnosis and treatment, to cure, continuing illness or death and into bereavement. It helps the patient to maximize the benefits of treatment and to live as well as possible with the effects of the disease. Supportive therapy may provide a patient with friendship, encouragement, practical advice such as access to community resources or how to develop a more active social life, vocational counseling, suggestions for minimizing friction with family members, and, above all, hope that the life of the patient may be improved. In all situations, supportive therapy involves the teaching of such life skills as managing medication, learning to socialize, handling finances, and getting a job.
mental process which causes organisms to seek a goal or satisfy a need; e.g., hunger, thirst, sex drive, etc.
bread and rolls with special ingredients added
multigrain (not only rye-wheat) bread and rolls
Pita is a family of yeast-leavened round flatbreads baked from wheat flour, common in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and neighboring areas.
A relationship in which three of more persons consider themselves to be married to one another, or such a group that are all married to one another.
A process that results in an individual experiencing psychological and/or physical pain and suffering.
Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness <0.3 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430153) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155)
The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast.
nursing of an infant at the mother's breast.
Breastfeeding offers many benefits to your baby. Breast milk contains the right balance of nutrients to help your infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Some of the nutrients in breast milk also help protect your infant against some common childhood illnesses and infections. It may also help your health. Certain types of cancer may occur less often in mothers who have breastfed their babies. Women who don't have health problems should try to give their babies breast milk for at least the first six months of life. Most women with health problems can breastfeed. There are rare exceptions when women are advised not to breastfeed because they have certain illnesses. Some medicines, illegal drugs, and alcohol can also pass through the breast milk and cause harm to your baby. Check with your health care provider if you have concerns about whether you should breastfeed. If you are having problems with breastfeeding, contact a lactation consultant. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. (NCI04)
trihydroxyisoflavone; phytoestrogen found in soy based foods; may have cancer chemoprotective activity.
An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 PHASE arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE.
A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C1113" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C1113" NCI Thesaurus)
7-Hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of genistein, obtained by selective deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group.
condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to methanol.
An exposure to a chemical that has the role of fertilizer
Surgery performed in morbidly obese patients to help promote weight loss. The procedure aims at the reduction of the stomach size and it is usually achieved either with the implantation of a medical device or the removal of part of the stomach.
Weight loss surgery helps people with extreme obesity to lose weight. It may be an option if you cannot lose weight through diet and exercise or have serious health problems caused by obesity. There are different types of weight loss surgery. They often limit the amount of food you can take in. Some types of surgery also affect how you digest food and absorb nutrients. All types have risks and complications, such as infections, hernias, and blood clots. Many people who have the surgery lose weight quickly, but regain some weight later on. If you follow diet and exercise recommendations, you can keep most of the weight off. You will also need medical follow-up for the rest of your life. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Surgical procedures aimed at affecting metabolism and producing major WEIGHT REDUCTION in patients with MORBID OBESITY.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
Inequality which occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
refraining from the use of alcohol or drugs of abuse.
An essential amino acid in juvenile humans, Arginine is a complex amino acid, often found at active site in proteins and enzymes due to its amine-containing side chain. Arginine may prevent or treat heart and circulatory diseases, combat fatigue, and stimulate the immune system. It also boosts production of nitric oxide, relaxing blood vessels, and treating angina and other cardiovascular problems. Arginine is also an important intermediate in the urea cycle and in detoxification of nitrogenous wastes. (NCI04)
Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.
The dication resulting from deprotonation of the amino and guanidino groups of agmatine; major species at pH 7.3.
Manganese ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts
Crispbread is a flat and dry type of cracker, containing mostly rye flour.
Aggressive behavior by a more powerful party that results in physical harm to or emotional distress of the victim.
An aggressive social behavior that involves one bullying another.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
The treatment using UV-B light either exclusively or as part of a supplemental light involving electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 315-10nm.
The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.
SMOKING by use of a narrow conveying tube which feeds from an open cavity where smoked product is loaded and burned.
Devices used for SMOKING which convey SMOKE directly into the mouth.
A pipe ending in a small furnace that is filled with tobacco or other smokable substance and lit to draw out the smoke.
The hydrochloride salt form of hydromorphone, the hydrogenated ketone of morphine, a semi-synthetic opioid with analgesic effects. Hydromorphone selectively binds the mu-opioid receptor which is linked through G-proteins. Binding stimulates the exchange of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine diphosphate (GDP) on the G-protein complex and interacts with and inhibits adenylate cyclase located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. This leads to a reduction in intracellular cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Further, voltage-gated potassium channels are activated, thereby causing hyperpolarization and reducing neuronal excitability. In addition, the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels is inhibited, thereby leading to an inhibition of calcium entry and a reduction in the release of various neurotransmitters, including GABA, vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagons.
The hydrogenated ketone of morphine, a semi-synthetic opioid with analgesic effects. Hydromorphone selectively binds the mu-opioid receptor which is linked through G-proteins. Binding stimulates the exchange of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine diphosphate (GDP) on the G-protein complex and interacts with and inhibits adenylate cyclase located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. This leads to a reduction in intracellular cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Further, voltage-gated potassium channels are activated, thereby causing hyperpolarization and reducing neuronal excitability. In addition, the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels is inhibited, thereby leading to an inhibition of calcium entry and a reduction in the release of various neurotransmitters, including GABA, vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagons.
The determination of the amount of hydromorphone present in a sample.
Hydromorphone hydrochloride extended release.
A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.
A non-essential amino acid. In hepatocytes, L-citrulline is synthesized in the urea cycle by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia to ornithine. L-citrulline is converted into L-arginine by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase in the presence of L-aspartate and ATP. Subsequently, L-arginine is converted to nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase and L-citrulline is regenerated as a by-product.
A non-essential amino acid. In hepatocytes, L-citrulline is synthesized in the urea cycle by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia to ornithine. L-citrulline is converted into L-arginine by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase in the presence of L-aspartate and ATP. Subsequently, L-arginine is converted to nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase and L-citrulline is regenerated as a by-product . Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C53406" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C53406" NCI Thesaurus)
Zwitterionic form of L-citrulline having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A question about how often an individual is currently smoking.
use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders.
The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders.
The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as the clinical and evidenc-based use of music intervention to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. From American Music Therapy Association 2005
Surgical removal of the penile foreskin.
heading term for procedures performed on any portion of the male reproductive system, used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities; includes excision of all or portions of the male reproductive system.
What is circumcision? Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the foreskin, the skin that covers the tip of the penis. In the United States, it is often done before a new baby leaves the hospital. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), there are medical benefits and risks to circumcision. What are the medical benefits of circumcision? The possible medical benefits of circumcision include A lower risk of HIV A slightly lower risk of other sexually transmitted diseases A slightly lower risk of urinary tract infections and penile cancer. However, these are both rare in all males. What are the risks of circumcision? The risks of circumcision include A low risk of bleeding or infection Pain. AAP suggests that providers use pain medicines to reduce pain from circumcision. What are the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations on circumcision? The AAP does not recommend routine circumcision. However, they said that because of the possible benefits, parents should have the option to circumcise their sons if they want to. They recommend that parents discuss circumcision with their baby's health care provider. Parents should make their decision based on the benefits and risks, as well as their own religious, cultural, and personal preferences.
A general term encompassing several types of excision of the external genitalia.
The surgical removal (cutting out) of part or all of skin of prepuce of penis.
Excision of the prepuce of the penis (FORESKIN) or part of it.
Conflict within a marriage; conflict between married partners.
A relationship of specialization that states that a concept is a particular kind of another concept. This relationship relates concepts through logical hierarchy and forms the foundation of a taxonomy.
A relationship of specialization that states that a concept is a superset of another concept. The inverse of the isa relationship.
The interactions between parent and child.
A mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum. Silymarin may act as an antioxidant, protecting hepatic cells from chemotherapy-related free radical damage. This agent may also promote the growth of new hepatic cells. (NCI04)
A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of silybin and its isomers, silicristin and silidianin. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent.
A mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum. Silymarin may act as an antioxidant, protecting hepatic cells from chemotherapy-related free radical damage. This agent may also promote the growth of new hepatic cells. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C26671" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C26671" NCI Thesaurus)
A flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.
A therapeutic method of manipulation, methodical pressure, friction, and kneading of the body. (from Taber's)
systematic therapeutic friction, stroking and kneading of the body.
The systematic and methodical manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.
Sexual intercourse in which some anatomical structure is inserted into the mouth.
A glucosinolate that is the conjugate base of glucoraphanin.
A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.
A menaquinone compound and form of vitamin K2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Menatetrenone may act by modulating the signalling of certain tyrosine kinases, thereby affecting several transcription factors including c-myc and c-fos. This agent inhibits tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
A menaquinone compound and form of vitamin K2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Menatetrenone may act by modulating the signalling of certain tyrosine kinases, thereby affecting several transcription factors including c-myc and c-fos. This agent inhibits tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C52194" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C52194" NCI Thesaurus)
Any member of the class of menaquinones that is 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with an unsaturated isoprenoid chain at the 3-position.
A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.
A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora.
A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.
exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ether
exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether
polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination
A traditional food from North African consisting of small steamed or boiled granules of rolled semolina.
asian-style noodles other than glass noodles
*Amaranthus caudatus* is a species of annual flowering plant. It goes by common names such as love-lies-bleeding, pendant amaranth, tassel flower, velvet flower, foxtail amaranth, and quilete. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus]
ingestion of salt; includes the behavior of eating salty foods.
ingredient rich fine dough without yeast
A mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin A precursor.
A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.
A natural and synthetic xanthophyll and nonprovitamin A carotenoid, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, astaxanthin may act as an antioxidant and reduce oxidative stress, thereby preventing protein and lipid oxidation and DNA damage. By decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, it may also prevent ROS-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) transcription factor and the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1b), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). In addition, astaxanthin may inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and nitric oxide (NO) activities, thereby reducing inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.
An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.
Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.
The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.
An aromatic KETONE that forms the core molecule of CHALCONES.
A member of the class of chalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a benzylidene group.
compound in which the ring structure is made up of more than one kind of atom and there is more than one ring.
The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.
An isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties. (NCI)
food plant which contains little starch and is rich in protein; used to prepare protein supplements; also furnishes commercially important enzymes and other products.
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'.
A flavonoid oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group of daidzein. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 4'. A phytoestrogen, it has putative benefits in dietary cancer prophylaxis.
Conjugate base of biochanin A arising from selective deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4'.
A flavonoid oxoanion that is the conjugate base of formononetin, obtained by deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group. Major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.
A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.
An organic anion obtained by selective deprotonation of the 3- and 5-hydroxy groups of delphinidin; major species at pH 7.3.
An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.
An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.
An organic anion obtained by selective deprotonation of the 3- and 5-hydroxy groups of pelargonidin; major species at pH 7.3.
An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.
An anthocyanidin chloride that has pelargonidin as the cationic counterpart.
A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.
A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.
short sweet pastry doughs (pate sucree, sablee)
A trihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 6 and 4'.
A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.
A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.
A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.
A glycosylglucose in which the glycosyl moiety is L-rhamnose linked alpha to C-6 of D-glucose.
A sexual act where a man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur.
Daytime supervision, which may include recreational or medical facilities, for children, seniors, or people needing special assistance.
appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues; does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial tooth.
Dentures are false teeth made to replace teeth you have lost. They can be complete or partial. Complete dentures cover your entire upper or lower jaw. Partials replace one or a few teeth. Dentures may feel strange at first. Speaking and eating may feel different. Be careful when wearing dentures because they may make it harder for you to feel hot foods and liquids. Also, you may not notice biting on a bone from your food. In the beginning, your dentist may want to see you often to make sure the dentures fit. Over time, your mouth will change and you may need to have your dentures adjusted or replaced. Be sure to let your dentist handle these adjustments. If your dentures move too much in your mouth, denture adhesive may help. In some cases, your dentist may suggest that you switch to dental implants. They are permanent, and they replace both the roots and teeth. Keep your dentures clean and free from food that can cause stains, bad breath, or swollen gums. Brush them every day with a denture care product. Take your dentures out of your mouth at night, and put them in water or a denture-cleansing liquid. NIH: National Institute on Aging
An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include CROWNS; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; nor TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL.
Dentures (also known as false teeth) are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth, and are supported by the surrounding soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Conventional dentures are removable (removable partial denture or complete denture). However, there are many denture designs, some which rely on bonding or clasping onto teeth or dental implants (fixed prosthodontics).
Therapeutic use of hypnotism by a clinical professional.
state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person.
Therapeutic intervention in which a person is induced through clinical guidance into a hypnotic state.
A human condition involving focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.
A very thin unleavened dough used for making pastries such as baklava and börek in Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines. Filo-based pastries are made by layering many sheets of filo brushed with oil or butter; the pastry is then baked.
Actions performed to sustain a positive affective state. From Clinical Care Classification
The act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay.
The act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay. (From Webster, 3d ed)
voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be as one's own child, usually with legal confirmation; in foster care it is usually a temporary situation, whereas adoption is typically permanent.
A type of care system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home (residential child care community, treatment center, etc.), or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent" or with a family member approved by the state. The placement of the child is normally arranged through the government or a social service agency. The institution, group home or foster parent is compensated for expenses unless with a family member. In some jurisdictions, relative or "kinship" caregivers of children who are wards of the state, are provided with a financial stipend.
A form of psychological counseling for the purpose of assisting family members to improve communication and resolve conflicts.
form of group psychotherapy involving the treatment of more than one member of a family simultaneously in the same session.
A form of group psychotherapy. It involves treatment of more than one member of the family simultaneously in the same session.
suet pastry (pâte a grasse de boeuf) dough
A wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature. It is commonly understood as behavior that demeans, humiliates or embarrasses a person, and it is characteristically identified by its unlikelihood in terms of social and moral reasonableness. In the legal sense, these are behaviors that appear to be disturbing, upsetting or threatening.
A domain of the Activity Card Sort (ACS) related to social activities that may be part of an individual's routine such as volunteer work, visiting with friends, and traveling.
Activities designed to attract the attention or favors of another.
biscuit with inclusions, filling or coating
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460147 * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186
Processed or unprocessed substances obtained from animal, plant, microorganism and mining source that provide nutrients for living organisms to maintain biological processes or functions.
A group of materials of either plant, animal or artificial origin containing essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life.
anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.
Substances taken in by the body to provide nourishment.
A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life.
Any substance that can be consumed by an organism to satisfy nutritional or other health needs, or to provide a social or organoleptic food experience
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * formed as a result of 'carbohydrate fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460256) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184 * has substance added 'butter added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460271)
Triple-looped protein domains linked by disulfide bonds. These common structural domains, so-named for their resemblance to Danish pastries known as kringlers, play a role in binding membranes, proteins, and phospholipids as well as in regulating proteolysis. Kringles are also present in coagulation-related and fibrinolytic proteins and other plasma proteinases.
puff-pastry croissant, filled with chocolate
Baklava is a rich, sweet dessert pastry made of layers of filo filled with chopped nuts and sweetened and held together with syrup or honey.
Meringue is a type of dessert or candy, often associated with Italian, Swiss, and French cuisine, traditionally made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acidic ingredient such as lemon, vinegar, or cream of tartar.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness bigger than 7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430146) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'food baking process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03450005) * has substance added 'spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460151) * has substance added 'molasses added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460156) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added 'butter added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460271)
puddings based on cereal products and/or nuts/fruits and similar
mixed roasted flours for porridge-like food
muesli and similar mixed breakfast cereals
A plant genus of the family Asteraceae. Members contain chicoric and chlorogenic acids and germacrane- and eudesmane-type SESQUITERPENES.
A rosette of a chicory plant (Cichorium intybus).
Radicchio is a cultivated form of leaf chicory (*Cichorium intybus, Asteraceae*), sometimes known as Italian chicory, and is a perennial. It is grown as a leaf vegetable which usually has white-veined red leaves. It has a bitter and spicy taste, which mellows when it is grilled or roasted.
A common weed, conspicuous in fields due to its bright yellow spring flowers.
*Barbarea vulgaris*, also called as bittercress, herb barbara, rocketcress, yellow rocketcress, winter rocket, and wound rocket, is a biennial herb of the genus *Barbarea*, belonging to the family *Brassicaceae*.
baby leaf crops (including brassica species) and similar
Scurvy-grass (*Cochlearia* species; a.k.a. Scurvy grass, Scurvygrass, or Spoonwort) is a genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs in the cabbage family *Brassicaceae*. They are widely distributed in temperate and arctic areas of the northern hemisphere, most commonly found in coastal regions, on cliff-tops and salt marshes where their high tolerance of salt enables them to avoid competition from larger, but less salt-tolerant plants; they also occur in alpine habitats in mountains and tundra. Scurvy-grass was extensively eaten in the past by sailors suffering from scurvy after returning from long voyages, as the leaves are rich in vitamin C, which cures this deficiency disease resulting from a lack of fresh vegetables in the diet. The leaves, which have a strong peppery taste similar to the related horseradish and watercress, are also sometimes used in salads.
A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE that contains steroidal glycosides.
A plant species of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE. The root has been used in traditional medicine and contains POKEWEED MITOGENS, triterpene glycosides, and antiviral protein.
Forms of creative activity that involve performance before an audience (e.g., drama, dance, music).
An imbalanced NUTRITIONAL STATUS resulting from excessive intake of nutrients. Generally, overnutrition generates an energy imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure leading to disorders such as OBESITY.
A nutrition disease that is characterized by an excess of a nutritional element, such as a vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate, protein, fat, or general energy content.
nutrition as a function of age and/or developmental stage; includes all stages of development; also index age group term whenever possible.
A plant genus of the family PORTULACACEAE.
A species of the Beta genus. Cultivars are used as a source of beets (root) or chard (leaves).
A plant genus in the CHENOPODIACEAE family.
A plant family of the order Hydropteridales, class Filicopsida, division PTERIDOPHYTA. They are aquatic ferns with quatrifoliate leaves resembling four leaf clover, creeping rhizome, and bean shaped sporocarps.
A furled frond of a young fiddlehead fern.
*Matteuccia* is a genus of ferns with one species, *Matteuccia struthiopteris* (common names ostrich fern, fiddlehead fern or shuttlecock fern). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteuccia]
An axillary bud of the brussels sprout plant (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera).
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'head (plant)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420151)
A leaf of a mustard spinach plant (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)
Komatsuna (*Brassica rapa* var. *perviridis* or komatsuna) is a type of leaf vegetable. It is a variant of the same species as the common turnip. It is grown commercially in Japan, Taiwan and Korea; the name is from Japanese komatsuna. It is also known as Japanese Mustard Spinach and is usually stir-fried, pickled, boiled and added to soups or used fresh in salads.
Mizuna (ミズナ（水菜）, "water greens"), is a cultivated crop plant from the species Brassica juncea var. japonica a dark green, serrated leafed plant
Mizuna (Japanese: 'water greens'), also called Xiu Cai, Kyona, Japanese Mustard, Potherb Mustard, Japanese Greens, California Peppergrass, Spider Mustard, etc., is a Japanese name used primarily for cultivated varieties of *Brassica rapa nipposinica* but also for *Brassica juncea* var. *japonica*.
Turnip greens = turnip tops = turnip salad = Hanover greens.
A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavored leaves, due to gluconapin (GLUCOSINOLATES) and its hydrolysis product butenylisotrhiocyanate. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans. Flowers have 4 petals. Podlike fruits contain a number of seeds. Cress is a general term used for many in the Brassicacea family. Rockcress is usually ARABIS; Bittercress is usually CARDAMINE; Yellowcress is usually RORIPPA; Pennycress is usually THLASPI; Watercress refers to NASTURTIUM; or RORIPPA or TROPAEOLUM; Gardencress refers to LEPIDIUM; Indiancress refers to TROPAEOLUM.
A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).
A raceme inflorescence of a broccoli plant(Brassica oleracea var. italica).
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'plant above surface, excluding fruit and seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420144)
Gai lan is the leaf and stem component of the gai lan plant
A common vegetable in the cuisines of southern Italy (in particular Basilicata, Puglia, and Sicily), Galicia (northwestern Spain), Portugal, the Netherlands and China. The plant is a member of the tribe *Brassiceae* of the *Brassicaceae* (mustard family).
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'spear or shoot' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420186)
A plant species of the family APIACEAE. The stalks are a food source.
banana flowers banana flowers banana flowers leeks and similar
A bulbous herb isolated from the plant Allium sativum with potential antineoplastic activity. Garlic contains a number of different organosulfur compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic activity. (NCI04)
Garlic plants are closely related to and similar to onions and they have a similar, but stronger odor. The leaves of garlic plants are neither inflated like onion leaves nor tubular like those of bunching onions. Instead, they are flat, with a crease down the middle and are held erect in two opposite ranks. Most varieties stand about 1-2 ft (0.3-0.6 m) tall at maturity. Garlic plants produce an underground bulb that usually is divisible into 6-20 segments, called cloves. Garlic contains compounds that are antibacterial, antifungal and reduce blood clotting.
vascular plant with flower as a reproductive structure with microsporophylls protecting seed, fruit for seed dispersal; sporophyte generation is dominant; pollination may be by animal carriers; may be terrestrial or aquatic.
A species of Allium used as a spice (SPICES) and traditional remedy. It contains alliin lyase and alliin, which is converted by alliin lyase to allicin, the pungent ingredient responsible for the aroma of fresh cut garlic.
A bulbous herb isolated from the plant Allium sativum with potential antineoplastic activity. Garlic contains a number of different organosulfur compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic activity. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C38706" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C38706" NCI Thesaurus)
A bulb of a garlic plant (Allium sativum)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420238)
Mildly aromatic herb in the Allium genus used in SPICES.
A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain physalin and withangulatin.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain CEREBROSIDES and SCOPOLETIN.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. The hot peppers yield CAPSAICIN, which activates VANILLOID RECEPTORS. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried.
A Rocotillo pepper (*Capsicum baccatum*) is a type of chile pepper that originated in Peru. Unripe rocotillos are green or yellow, but the color at maturity varies. Common colors are red, orange or brown. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocotillo_pepper]
A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The fruit is a large, egg-shaped berry, varying in color from dark purple to red, yellowish, or white. The leaves are large and ovate. The flowers are pendant, violet, and two inches across.
A pod of an okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * has quality 'unripe or immature' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03530051) * derives from 'pod containing small, immature seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420169)
Okra (*Abelmoschus esculentus* Moench, known in many English-speaking countries as lady's fingers or gumbo) is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world.
A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.
A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE that contains AGGLUTININS that are chitooligosaccharide-specific LECTINS. It is used in INDIA to treat DIABETES MELLITUS.
A plant species of the family CUCURBITACEAE that is a source of TRICHOSANTHIN (a ribosomal inhibitory protein).
An overall score of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System that consists of the three domains of conceptual, social, and practical.
A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash.
A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE known for the edible fruit.
root and tuber vegetables (excluding starchy- and sugar-)
A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE known for its peppery red root.
A daikon radish is a radish of the daikon radish plant
A root of a daikon plant (Raphanus sativus var. niger).
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. INULIN and SESQUITERPENES have been found in it.
A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.
additional not listed root and tuber vegetables (excluding starchy- and sugar-)
A plant genus of the family ALISMATACEAE that grows in salty marshes and is used for phytoremediation of oil spills. The unisexual flowers have 3 sepals and 3 petals. Members contain trifoliones (DITERPENES).
A tuber of an arrowhead plant (Sagittaria latifolia).
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) describes a group of inherited disorders of melanin biosynthesis characterized by a generalized reduction in pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes and variable ocular findings including nystagmus, reduced visual acuity and photophobia. Variants include OCA1A (the most severe form), OCA1B, OCA1-minimal pigment (OCA1-MP), OCA1-temperature sensitive (OCA1-TS), OCA2, OCA3, OCA4, OCA5, OCA6 and OCA7.
green algae; in this division of algae, the green pigment of chlorophyll is not masked by other pigments; there are over 7000 species; most live in freshwater, about ten percent are marine.
A subdivision of green algae in the division CHLOROPHYTA, subkingdom VIRIDIPLANTAE.
An algal food product made from green algae.
A genus of GREEN ALGAE in the family Ulvaceae. Commonly know as sea lettuces, they grow attached to rocks and KELP in marine and estuarine waters.
The sea lettuces comprise the genus *Ulva*, a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along the coasts of the world's oceans. The type species within the genus *Ulva* is *Ulva lactuca* Linnaeus, "lactuca" meaning lettuce. Additionally, some species in the algae genus *Monostroma* are known as slender sea lettuces. *Ulva lactuca* [EU Regulation, see http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/65984]
major group of lower freshwater, marine, terrestrial or subterranean photosynthetic plants of extremely varied morphology and physiology, and that is commonly considered to be a heterogeneous assemblage.
Red algae whose color results from predominace of the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN). However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).
One of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae, and one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing.
Eucheuma is a general term used to describe a group of red seaweeds/seaplants representing the Tribe *Eucheumatoideae*, used in the production of Carrageenan, an important product used in cosmetics, food processing and industrial uses, as well as a food source for those living in Indonesia and the Philippines. Some of the most significant species include *Betaphycus gelatinae*, *Eucheuma denticulatum*, and several species of the genus *Kappaphycus* including *Kappaphycus alvarezii*. Since the mid-1970"s *Kappaphycus* and *Eucheuma* have been the major source for the expansion of the carrageenan industry.
*Palmaria palmata* (Linnaeus) Kuntze, also called dulse, dillisk, dilsk, red dulse, sea lettuce flakes or creathnach, is a red alga (*Rhodophyta*) previously referred to as *Rhodymenia palmata* (Linnaeus) Greville. It grows on the northern coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is a well-known snack food, and in Iceland, where it is known as söl, it has been an important source of fiber throughout the centuries.
A division of predominantly marine EUKARYOTA, commonly known as brown algae, having CHROMATOPHORES containing carotenoid PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL. ALGINATES and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. They are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'part of plant' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420174)
A genus of BROWN ALGAE, in the family Alariaceae, native to Japan, Korea, and China. The edible SEAWEED Undaria pinnatifida is also called wakame.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'whole plant or most parts used' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420150)
A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Laminariaceae. Dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, serving as osmotic dilators.
Kombu (translit. konbu) is edible kelp from mostly the family Laminariaceae and is widely eaten in East Asia.
A genus of filamentous CYANOBACTERIA found in most lakes and ponds. It has been used as a nutritional supplement particularly due to its high protein content.
*Spirulina* is a genus of cyanobacteria. As a photosynthetic organism capable of fixing nitrogen, its non-protein nutrient values are relatively low.
Confirmatory presence of fungal microorganisms.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies (mushrooms and molds).
The determination of the fungi present in a sample.
heterotrophic, multicellular organisms made up of filamentous cells; cells have chitin walls; no chlorophyll; saprophytic or parasitic types; sexual or asexual spore formation; terrestrial or aquatic.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Used with organs, animals, and higher plants and with diseases for microbiologic studies. For parasites, "parasitology" is used; for viruses, "virology" is used.
A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source.
A member of the group of eukaryotic organisms in the kingdom Fungi that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.
A genus of mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae, whose species are characterized by a slimy cap (FRUITING BODIES, FUNGAL).
A fruitbody of a Flammulina velutipes fungus.
*Fusarium venenatum* is a microfungus of the genus Fusarium that has a high protein content. One of its strains is used commercially for the production of the single cell protein mycoprotein... *Fusarium venenatum* intended for use in Quorn products is grown under aerobic conditions in culture vessels by what is known as the 'Quorn Process'. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_venenatum]
A fruitbody of a Pholiota microspora fungus.
A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family Pleurotaceae, order AGARICALES, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)
other species of genus pleurotus, not elsewhere mentioned
A fruitbody of a Volvariella volvacea fungus.
A fruitbody of a Lentinula edodes fungus.
A fruitbody of a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius.
A fruitbody of a Cortinarius caperatus fungus.
other species of genus tuber, not elsewhere mentioned
A fruitbody of a Agaricus campestris fungus.
A plant in the genus ALLIUM, similar to ONIONS.
*Allium ursinum* - known as ramsons, buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, or bear's garlic - is a wild relative of chives native to Europe and Asia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_ursinum]
A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain sanguiin.
A plant genus of the family PRIMULACEAE that contains anagallosides, which are molluscacidal triterpenoid saponins.
Sorrel is a garden herb or salad vegetable (pot herb) from the sorrel plant
The docks and sorrels, genus *Rumex* L., are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family *Polygonaceae*. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex]
A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE that contains patientosides and other naphthalene glycosides.
Common sorrel or garden sorrel (*Rumex acetosa*), often simply called sorrel, is a perennial herb in the family *Polygonaceae*. Other names for sorrel include spinach dock and narrow-leaved dock. It is a common plant in grassland habitats and is cultivated as a garden herb or salad vegetable (pot herb). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrel]
A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used for flavoring food.
A method of assessing the variation in the type or amount of genes expressed in different tissues, at different times in development or in normal versus malignant cells.
An oral tablet containing an extract of the plant Salvia officinalis (common sage) with reported antihydrotic, antibiotic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, and hypoglycemic properties. The primary biologically active component of common sage appears to be its essential oil which contains mainly cineol, borneol, and alpha- and beta-thujone. In addition, sage leaf contains numerous other substances including tannic acid; resins with oleic, ursonic, and ursolic acids; bitter substances with cornsole and cornsolic acid; fumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic and nicotinic acids; nicotinamide; flavones; flavone glycosides; and estrogenic substances. However, the mechanism(s) of action of common sage in the treatment of various disorders is unclear.
quantitative method used to identify or analyze gene expression profiles and patterns during development, diseases, or disorders; also used to sequence genes.
A leaf of a sage plant (Salvia officinalis).
A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE.
A flower bud of a borage plant (Borago officinalis).
other species and hybrids of genus salvia, not elsewhere mentioned
*Santolina* is a genus of plants in the chamomile tribe within the sunflower family, primarily from the western Mediterranean region. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santolina]
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE best known for the thyme spice added to foods.
*Thymus vulgaris* (common thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family *Lamiaceae*, native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy. Growing to 15-30 cm (6-12 in) tall by 40 cm (16 in) wide, it is a bushy, woody-based evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves and clusters of purple or pink flowers in early summer.
*Thymus citriodorus*, the lemon thyme or citrus thyme, is a lemon-scented evergreen mat-forming perennial. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_citriodorus]
A plant genus of the family Lamiaceae that is the source of familiar seasonings, oregano and marjoram.
A leaf of a marjoram plant (Origanum majorana).
A whole oregano leaf or some substance made from a processed oregano leaf.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'leaf' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420200) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
A plant species of the genus OCIMUM, family LAMIACEAE. It is a condiment with carminative properties.
Whole basil or some substance made from processed basil.
Mentha is a genus of the mint family (LAMIACEAE). It is known for species having characteristic flavor and aroma.
Orange mint is a hybrid variety of mint grown for its fragrant leaves, and is a member of the Lamiaceae or Labiate family.
*Mentha requienii*, or Corsican mint, is a herb and species of mint, native to Corsica, Sardinia, and mainland Italy, and naturalized in Portugal and in the British Isles. It is a very low-growing species with bright green leaves and a strong minty aroma. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_requienii]
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles peppermint.
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is the source of peppermint oil.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'leaf' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420200)
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles spearmint.
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE having characteristic flavor.
other species and hybrids of genus mentha, not elsewhere mentioned
*Ocimum americanum*, known as American basil or "hoary basil", is an annual herb with white or lavender flowers. It is used for medicinal purposes. Despite the misleading name, it is native to Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, China, Southeast Asia. The species is naturalized in Queensland, Christmas Island, and parts of tropical America. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_americanum]
A plant species of the genus OCIMUM, family LAMIACEAE that has been used in TRADITIONAL MEDICINE.
*Ocimum tenuiflorum* (synonym *Ocimum sanctum*), commonly known as holy basil, tulasi (sometimes spelled thulasi) or tulsi, is an aromatic perennial plant in the family *Lamiaceae*. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum]
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. The common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for MONARDA.
Tarragon leaf is a leaf from a tarragon plant
A plant species of the genus Chenopodium known for toxicity to intestinal worms and other simple organisms.
A genus in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Members contain thujone and PHENOL. Distinguished from AGASTACHE (giant hyssop) and BACOPA (water hyssop). Also distinguished from the genus of WASPS with the same genus name Hyssopus.
A hyssop food product is a product made with the leaves, flowers, or oil extract of the hyssop plant.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE which is a source of citronella oil and lemongrass oil.
A stalk harvested from a lemon grass plant.
Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as West Indian lemon grass or simply lemon grass, is a tropical plant native to Island Southeast Asia and introduced to many tropical regions. Cymbopogon citratus is often sold in stem form.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain stevioside and other sweet diterpene glycosides. The leaf is used for sweetening (SWEETENING AGENTS).
A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.
A plant genus of the family TROPAEOLACEAE. The common nasturtium is a plant that grows 2.4-3.6 m (8-12 feet) tall and has funnel-shaped flowers that are commonly yellow-orange with red spots or stripes and have a long spur that contains sweet nectar. Some species in this genus are called watercress which is also a common name for RORIPPA and NASTURTIUM.
processed or preserved vegetables and similar
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with small particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430121) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229) * formed as a result of 'water removal to reconstitution ratio 1 plus 1' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460114)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'water removal to reconstitution ratio 2 plus 1' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460113)
A fermented food made from thinly cut cabbage.
starchy roots or tubers and products thereof, sugar plants
A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.
A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain acrid calcium oxalate and LECTINS. Polynesians prepare the root into poi. Common names of Taro and Coco Yam (Cocoyam) may be confused with other ARACEAE; XANTHOSOMA; or with common yam (DIOSCOREA).
A plant genus best known for edible underground tubers. Yam may also refer to a moist variety of sweet potato, IPOMOEA BATATAS.
A plant genus of the family MARANTACEAE that is the source of arrowroot starch.
other tropical root and tuber vegetables
A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain beta-glucosidases and trypsin inhibitors.
A tuber of a water chest nut plant (Eleocharis dulcis).
stalks/canes/trunk sap or similar for sugar
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, without peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420240) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
beans (fresh seeds without pods) and similar
borlotti or other common beans (without pods)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
Nuts from almond tree and from which almond oil is pressed.
A plant genus of the family Lecythidaceae which is the source of edible Brazil nuts.
A Japanese chestnut is a chestnut from a japanese chestnut tree.
A nut fruit from a japanese chestnut tree (Castanea crenata)
LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *JAPANESE CHESTNUT [B2417]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms).
The American chestnut (*Castanea dentata*) is a large, monoecious deciduous tree of the beech family native to eastern North America. The nuts were once an important economic resource in North America, being sold on the streets of towns and cities, as they sometimes still are during the Christmas season [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_chestnut]
A whole chestnut from a chinese chestnut tree (Castanea mollissima).
The Chinese Chestnut (*Castanea mollissima*) is a species of chestnut native to China. The fruit is a densely spiny cupule 4-8 cm diameter, containing two or three glossy brown nuts.
A nut fruit from an european chestnut tree (Castanea sativa)
A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. It is a tropical palm tree that yields a large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.
A plant genus of the family PROTEACEAE that is the source of edible NUTS.
A plant genus of the family JUGLANDACEAE that bears edible nuts.
A plant genus in the ANACARDIACEAE family known for species that produce pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera) and GUM MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus). Several of the species have the common name Pistachio.
A plant genus of the family JUGLANDACEAE that provides the familiar walnut.
*Aesculus turbinata*, common name "Japanese horse-chestnut" is native to Japan but cultivated elsewhere. It is a tree up to 30 m tall. Flowers are white to pale yellowish with red spots. Capsules are dark brown, obovoid to pyriform. The seeds were traditionally eaten, after leaching, by the Jomon people of Japan over about four millennia, until 300 AD.
A plant genus of the family LINACEAE that is cultivated for its fiber (manufactured into linen cloth). It contains a trypsin inhibitor and the seed is the source of LINSEED OIL.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds called peanuts, which contain protein, oil, and lectins. Peanuts are also known as groundnuts which is a name also used for the edible seeds or edible PLANT ROOTS of other genera such as Apios, Vigna, Conopodium, or Macrotyloma.
A plant genus of the family Moringaceae, order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.
other seeds of species of familia cucurbitaceae, not elsewhere mentioned
Common name for Ricinus communis, a species in the family EUPHORBIACEAE. It is the source of CASTOR OIL.
other seeds (including elsewhere non-listed oilseeds and other seeds)
The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food.
flowers or parts of flower used as spices or similar
Human ALPL wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1p36.12 and is approximately 69 kb in length. This allele, which encodes alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme protein, may be involved in matrix mineralization. Mutations in this gene are associated with infantile, childhood and adult hypophosphatasias and odontohypophosphatasia.
A plant genus in the CANNABACEAE family. Best known for the buds of Humulus lupulus L. used in BEER.
A hypophosphatasia that has_material_basis_in homozygous or compound heterozygosity mutation in the gene encoding tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) on chromosome 1p36.
A seed cone of a hop plant (Humulus lupulus).
A transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A plant genus, in the IRIDACEAE family, known as a source of Saffron.
A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.
An anther of a saffron plant (Crocus sativus).
A seed of an anise plant (Pimpinella anisum).
A seed of a black cumin plant (Nigella sativa).
A whole coriander seed or some substance made from a processed coriander seed.
A seed of a cumin plant (Cuminum cyminum).
A seed of a dill plant (Anethum graveolens).
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
A whole seed from a fennel plant (Foeniculum).
A seed of a fenugreek plant (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132)
Myoga, myoga ginger or Japanese ginger is the species *Zingiber mioga* in the *Zingiberaceae* family. Only its edible flower buds and flavorful shoots are used in cooking. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoga]
The term Uziza refers to the dried fruit of the West African deciduous shrub *Zanthoxylum tessmannii* (syn.), syn. *Fagara tessmannii*, a member of the 'prickly ash' *Zanthoxylum* family. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzazi] *Zanthoxylum gilletii*, the East African satin wood, is a tree species in the genus *Zanthoxylum* found in Africa. The fruits are used to produce the spice uzazi. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum_gilletii]
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167)
peppercorn (black, green and white) and similar
A common spice from fruit of PIPER NIGRUM. Black pepper is picked unripe and heaped for a few days to ferment. White Pepper is the ripe fruit dehulled by maceration in water. Piperine is a key component used medicinally to increase gastrointestinal assimilation of other supplements and drugs.
A riped berry fruit of a white pepper plant.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'disintegrated or ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430136) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420138) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'natural heat drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470141)
A whole black pepper or some substance made from processed black pepper.
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles vanilla.
A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).
A vanilla bean food product is derived from the fruit, a seed capsule, of a vanilla plant.
Synthetic vanilla is a compound made of vanillin or ethyl vanillin
Vanilla extract is a solution containing the flavor compound vanillin as the primary ingredient. It is made by macerating and percolating vanilla pods in a solution of ethanol and water.
Vanilla, the vanilla orchids, forms a flowering plant genus of about 110 species in the orchid family (*Orchidaceae*). The most widely known member is the flat-leaved vanilla (*V. planifolia*), native to Mexico, from which commercial vanilla flavoring is derived. The fruit is termed "vanilla bean", though true beans are fabaceaen eudicots not at all closely related to orchids. Rather, the vanilla fruit is technically an elongate, fleshy and later dehiscent capsule 10-20 cm long. It ripens gradually for 8 to 9 months after flowering, eventually turning black in color and giving off a strong aroma. Each pod contains thousands of minute seeds, and both the pods and seeds within are used to create vanilla flavoring. Vanilla beans are harvested by hand from commercial orchards. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)]
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain COUMARINS.
A seed from the tonka plant. They are black, wrinkled and have a smooth, brown interior.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE known for its sour fruit.
A caryopsis fruit of a tamarind plant (Tamarindus indica).
processed legumes, nuts, oilseeds and spices
primary derivatives from nuts and similar seeds
dried nuts and related flours and powders
A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that produces the familiar grapefruit. There is evidence that grapefruit inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4, resulting in delayed metabolism and higher blood levels of a variety of drugs.
other hybrids of citrus paradisi, not elsewhere mentioned
A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil.
A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain ponfolin, a coumarin (COUMARINS).
other hybrids of citrus sinensis, not elsewhere mentioned
A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar lime fruit. Its common name of lime is similar to the limetree (TILIA).
other hybrids of citrus reticulata, not elsewhere mentioned
A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of the edible fruit (apple) and is cultivated in temperate climates worldwide.
A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE known for the edible fruit.
A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Do not confuse with Dryas Butterfly (BUTTERFLIES).
A computerized biomedical bibliographic storage and retrieval system operated by the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. MEDLARS stands for Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, which was first introduced in 1964 and evolved into an online system in 1971 called MEDLINE (MEDLARS Online). As other online databases were developed, MEDLARS became the name of the entire NLM information system while MEDLINE became the name of the premier database. MEDLARS was used to produce the former printed Cumulated Index Medicus, and the printed monthly Index Medicus, until that publication ceased in December 2004.
A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE that is the source of an edible fruit. Members contain TRITERPENES.
A plant species in the family ROSACEAE. It is the source of apricot fruit.
A plant species in the family ROSACEAE. It is the source of the sweet cherry fruit.
other hybrids of persica vulgaris or prunus persica, not elsewhere mentioned
A plant species in the family ROSACEAE. It is a tree that produces fruits called plums.
A plant genus of the family Rosaceae whose members include blackberries and raspberries.
other species and hybrids of genus rubus, not elsewhere mentioned
Several species of the genus Vaccinium which produce the edible blueberry fruit.
Vaccinium corymbosum, the northern highbush blueberry, is a North American species of blueberry which has become a food crop of significant economic importance.
Vaccinium angustifolium, commonly known as the wild lowbush blueberry, is a species of blueberry native to eastern and central Canada (from Manitoba to Newfoundland) and the northeastern United States, growing as far south as the Great Smoky Mountains and west to the Great Lakes region.
The golden currant plant (Ribes aureum) is a species in the genus Ribes, native to Canada, most of the United States (except the southeast) and northern Mexico. The berries were used for food, and other plant parts for medicine, by various Native American groups across its range in North America.
Several plant species of the genus VACCINIUM known for the edible huckleberry fruit.
*Gaultheria shallon* is a leathery-leaved shrub in the heather family (*Ericaceae*), native to western North America. In English, it is known as salal, shallon, or simply gaultheria in Britain. Its dark blue berries and young leaves are both edible and are efficient appetite suppressants, both with a unique flavor. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_shallon]
A plant genus of the family ELAEAGNACEAE. Linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) comprised about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. This is unrelated to 'artificial sea buckthorn oil'. This genus does not belong to the buckthorn family (RHAMNACEAE).
other species and hybrids of genera ribes and vaccinium, not elsewhere mentioned
A plant species of the family VACCINIUM known for the sour fruit which is sometimes used for urinary tract infections.
Also known as currant, ribes is a member of the family GROSSULARIACEAE. Oil extracted from the seeds contain GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID.
*Rosa majalis* (cinnamon rose, double cinnamon rose) is a species of deciduous shrubs in the genus *Rosa*, native to forests of Europe and Siberia. It grows to 2 m. and yields edible hip fruits rich in vitamin C, which are used in medicine and to produce rose hip syrup. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_majalis]
mulberries (black and white) and similar
A plant genus in the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE known for elderberries.
A plant genus of the family MYRICACEAE. Members contain myricanol. The common name of bayberry is similar to the name barberry which is used for BERBERIS and MAHONIA.
other not listed other small fruits and berries
Works about the temporal sequence of events.
A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. It is the source of the familiar fig fruit and the latex from this tree contains FICAIN.
The common name of stinkwood is also used for OCOTEA (a genus in the family LAURACEAE).
other species and hybrids of genus fortunella, not elsewhere mentioned
other miscellaneous fruits with edible peel
miscellaneous fruits with inedible peel, small
A berry fruit of a kiwifruit plant (Actinidia deliciosa).
A berry fruit from an Actinidia chinensis tree
A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE.
A plant genus of the family Passifloraceae, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are vines with ornamental flowers and edible fruit.
A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.
A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Members contain triterpenes. Some species in this genus are called mamey which is also a common name for MAMMEA.
other miscellaneous fruits with inedible peel, small
miscellaneous fruits with inedible peel, large
A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. The tree, Persea americana Mill., is known for the Avocado fruit, the food of commerce.
common banana cavendishes common banana dwarf bananas
A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.
plantains plantains plantains mangoes and similar
A plant genus of the family Caricaceae, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is the source of edible fruit and PAPAIN.
A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE that is cultivated for the edible fruit, which is different from the ordinary guava (PSIDIUM).
A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE. It is the source of the mangosteen fruit.
A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. It has edible fruit and seeds which contain acetogenins and benzoquinazoline and other alkaloids.
A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE that bears sweet fruit.
A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE that bears an edible fruit and contains guavin B and quercetin glycosides.
A plant genus of the family BROMELIACEAE known for the edible fruit that is the source of BROMELAINS.
A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. Puag-haad extract, from A. lakoocha, contains STILBENES and related 4-substituted RESORCINOLS.
other species of genus artocarpus, not elsewhere mentioned
A plant family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida of tropical trees.
other miscellaneous fruits with inedible peel, large
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * formed as a result of 'sterilization by hot filling, held hot and cooling' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470129) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460147
fruit preparations for fillings and/or flavouring
other processed fruit products (excluding beverages)
animal mechanically separated meat (msm)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'liver' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107)
Foie gras, French for "fat liver", is considered a luxury food product made of the liver of a duck or goose that has been especially fattened. By French law, foie gras is defined as the liver of a duck or goose fattened by force-feeding corn with a feeding tube, a process also known as gavage.
animal edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
mammals edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
bovine edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
buffalo edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
pig edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
sheep edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
goat edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
equine edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
horse edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
asses-mules-hinnies edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
rabbit edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
deer edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
wild boar edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
camel edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
poultry edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
chicken edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
turkey edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
duck edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
goose edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
ratites edible offal, non-muscle, other than liver and kidney
equine other slaughtering products (generic)
asses-mules-hinnies, other slaughtering products
A chemotherapy regimen consisting of bleomycin, doxorubicin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, and vincristine that may be used in the treatment of head and neck cancer.
MEAT or flesh of a pig (Sus scrofa) used as food.
A salumi made of pork belly meat that is salt cured.
Fresh bratwurst is bratwurst sausage that has not been subject to cooking.
snack sausages (like cabanos and landjäger)
matured charcuterie products for cooking
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'liver' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107) * formed as a result of 'smoked or smoke-flavored' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460172)
Head cheese is a cold cut that originated in Europe. Head cheese is not a dairy cheese, but a terrine or meat jelly made with flesh from the head of a calf or pig, or less commonly a sheep or cow, and often set in aspic. A version pickled with vinegar is known as souse.
pre-cooked sausages to be cooked before consumption
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone, without skin' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420268) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186 * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460212
meat based spreadable-textured specialities
liver based spreadable-textured specialities
fish, seafood, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone or shell' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420125)
Potamodromous fish migrate within fresh water only.
freshwater bream wuchang bream carps
Carps of the genus Carassius, which differ from Cyprinius by the absence of barbs and the presence of a single row of greatly compressed throat teeth.
An economically important South Asian freshwater fish in the carp family *Cyprinidae*. It is native to rivers and lakes in northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, but has also been introduced elsewhere in South Asia and is commonly farmed.
small usually golden yellow or orange cyprinid fish (Carassius auratus) often kept as an aquarium and pond fish.
Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).
A species of loach in the genus *Misgurnus*. It is commonly known as European weatherfish or European weather loach, due to its activity patterns changing when air pressure rises or falls.
A genus of fish. It includes the species Tinca tinca, which is also called Tench.
A freshwater fish used as an experimental organism and for food. This genus of the family Cichlidae (CICHLIDS) inhabits Central and South America (one species extends north into Texas), West Indies, Africa, Madagascar, Syria, and coastal India.
Common name for perch-like fish of the family Cichlidae, belonging to the suborder Labroidei, order PERCIFORMES.
A family of North American freshwater CATFISHES. It consists of four genera (Ameiurus, Ictalurus, Noturus, Pylodictis,) comprising several species, two of which are eyeless.
A species of catfish (sheatfish), family Siluridae. It is a large freshwater fish found in continental East Asia and in Japan.
A genus of several South American catfish species of family Pimelodidae. The species are known by a number of different common names. They typically inhabit major rivers where they prefer the main channels and tend to stay at maximum depth, but some species can also be seen in lakes, flooded forests, and other freshwater habitats. They have robust bodies, and are important food fish.
The obscure snakehead, *Parachanna obscura*, is a medium-sized carnivorous fish that has an elongated shape tapered on both ends and is covered in medium circular scales (cycloid). The head, resembling a snake, is long and depressed anteriorly and covered with cycloid scales slightly larger than those scales on the body. This species is found in central Africa along the western coastline from as far north as Senegal to as far south as Zaire and into central Africa into southwest Sudan. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscure_snakehead]
*Channa striata*, the striped snakehead, is a species of snakehead fish. It is also known as the common snakehead, chevron snakehead and snakehead murrel. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to some Pacific Islands. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channa_striata]
A species of arapaima native to the basin of the Amazon River. Once believed to be the sole species in the genus, it is among the largest freshwater fish. The species is an obligate air-breather and needs to come to the surface regularly to gulp air.
A family of fresh water fish in the order CHARACIFORMES, which includes the Tetras.
A family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish, belonging to the order Characiformes. Fish of this family are important as food and also include popular aquarium fish species [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characidae]
A large species of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae. It is native to tropical South America, but kept in aquaculture and introduced elsewhere. It is also known by the names black pacu, black-finned pacu, giant pacu, cachama, gamitana, and sometimes as pacu (a name used for several other related species).
A widely distributed species of sleeper goby native to fresh and brackish waters This species is an economically important fish, being sought after by local commercial fisheries and farmed. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.
A traditional unit of area equal the area of a square of 16.5 feet (5.029 meters) in length on each side. It is equal to 25.2929 square meters, 272.25 square feet, 30.25 square yards, or 0.00625 acre.
A common name for fish of the family Percidae, belonging to the suborder Percoidei, order PERCIFORMES.
Perch is a common name for fish of the genus Perca, freshwater gamefish belonging to the family Percidae.
"An area unit which is equal to an area of 25.292,852,64 square meters, or 1 square rod." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
The white crappie, *Pomoxis annularis* Rafinesque, 1818, is native throughout the eastern half of Canada and the United States, and has been widely introduced in the west as well. The white crappie is generally deep-bodied and silvery in color, with darker vertical stripes. The dorsal fin of the white crappie has six spines. The maximum recorded length for a white crappie in 53.0 cm (21 in), with a maximum weight of almost 2.35 kg (more than 5.18 lb); it can live as long as thirty years. This species prefers slower-moving water, whether a backwater of a small creek or a large lake. Some sources say the White Crappie will overpopulate in lakes less than 1000 acres (4 km²). White Crappie often school around structure such as submerged trees. (
A family of freshwater fish of the order ESOCIFORMES, comprising the pikes, inhabiting the waters of the Northern Hemisphere. There is one genus, Esox, with five species: northern pike, grass pickerel, chain pickerel, muskellunge, and Amur pike.
Diadromous fish travel between salt and fresh water. Anadromous fish live in the sea mostly, breed in fresh water; the best-known are salmon, which hatch in small freshwater streams, go down to the sea and live there for several years, then return to the same streams where they were hatched, spawn, and die shortly thereafter. Salmon are capable of going hundreds of kilometers upriver, and humans must install fish ladders in dams to enable the salmon to get past. Catadromous fish live in fresh water, breed in the sea; the most remarkable are freshwater eels of genus Anguilla, whose larvae drift on the open ocean, sometimes for months or years, before travelling thousands of kilometres back to their original streams. Amphidromous fish move between fresh and salt water during some part of life cycle, but not for breeding.
A commercially important species of SALMON in the family SALMONIDAE, order SALMONIFORMES, which occurs in the North Atlantic.
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is found in the northern Atlantic Ocean, in rivers that flow into the north Atlantic and, due to human introduction, in the north Pacific Ocean.
An anadromous species of SALMON found in the streams of the Pacific coast from Sacramento north, and also common in Japan. It is used frequently in genetic and other medical research.
An anadromous species of SALMON ranging from the Arctic and Pacific Oceans to Monterey Bay, California and inhabiting ocean and coastal streams. It is familiarly known as the coho or silver salmon. It is relatively small but its light-colored flesh is of good flavor.
A large stout-bodied, sometimes anadromous, TROUT found in still and flowing waters of the Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska. It has a greenish back, a whitish belly, and pink, red, or lavender stripes on the sides, with usually a sprinkling of black dots. It is highly regarded as a sport and food fish. Its former name was Salmo gairdneri. The sea-run rainbow trouts are often called steelheads. Redband trouts refer to interior populations of rainbows.
Human TFAP2B wild-type allele is located within 6p21-p12 and is approximately 25 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor AP-2-beta protein, is involved in gene expression modulation during ectodermal differentiation. Missense mutations of the wild-type allele can lead to autosomal dominant Char syndrome.
A genus of fish with the common name chars.
A genus of salmonid fish often called char or charr; some species are called "trout". Salvelinus is a member of the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae. The genus has a northern circumpolar distribution, and most of its members are typically cold-water fish that primarily inhabit fresh waters. Many species also migrate to the sea.
Char syndrome is characterized by the triad of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), facial dysmorphism and hand anomalies.
An order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish.
A small genus of icefishes native to Asia. They are commercially fished and used for aquaculture in China.
The *Alosinae*, or the shads, are a subfamily of fishes in the herring family *Clupeidae*. The subfamily comprises seven genera worldwide, and about 30 species. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alosinae]
A species of fish related to the herring, in the Clupeidae family. It is a very popular and sought-after food fish in South Asia. It is Bangladesh's national fish.
A species of FISHES with the common name white perch, but actually a kind of BASS.
Oceanodromous fish migrate within salt water only
Genus of Pleuronectidae comprising European flounder.
Alaska plaice (*Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus*) is a saltwater fish that live in the North Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographic range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west.
The southern lemon sole, *Pelotretis flavilatus*, is a righteye flounder, the only species in the genus *Pelotretis*, found around New Zealand in enclosed waters such as estuaries, harbours, mudflats, and sandflats, in waters less than 385 m in depth. Their length is from 25 to 50 cm.
A genus of fish in the family Soleidae (soles).
A country in central Africa, northeast of Angola.
A non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion of the tooth-bearing regions of the gnathic bones. It is characterized by a variably cellular fibrous stroma with areas of swirling and/or loose collagen. Within the stroma are mineralizing tissues consisting of osteoid, bone, and cementum-like material. As the lesions mature, they become increasingly calcified. (WHO 2017)
The spread of invasive pancreatic ductal carcinoma along pancreatic ducts and ductules. Histologically, this process can mimic high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
The circumstance or condition that results in the death of a living being.
A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' that is encoded in the genome of human.
A species of fish in the cod family GADIDAE, known as the Atlantic cod. It is one of the most important commercial FISHES.
An order of fish including the families Gadidae (cods), Macrouridae (grenadiers), and hakes. The large Gadidae family includes cod, haddock, whiting, and pollock.
Common name for fish found mostly in the family Gasterosteidae. The three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is frequently studied.
A primarily ocean-going fish that sometimes enters brackish and fresh waters.
A species of PERCIFORMES commonly used in saline aquaculture.
common fish with bony skeleton, gills, 2 chambered heart, fin ray support, and usually a swimbladder; skin is embedded with mucous glands and scales; can be marine or freshwater.
Menhaden, also known as mossbunker, bunker and pogy, are forage fish of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium, two genera of marine fish in the family Clupeidae.
A procedure for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy that uses low energy radio frequency energy delivered through the urethra to destroy prostate tissue.
Common name for various species of large, vigorous ocean fishes in the family Scombridae.
The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a species of tuna found in pelagic waters of tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide.
The chub mackerel, Pacific mackerel, or Pacific chub mackerel (*Scomber japonicus*) is a species of fish in the family *Scombridae*, the tuna and mackerel family. This species of mackerel closely resembles the Atlantic chub mackerel. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chub_mackerel]
The greenbone or butterfish, *Odax pullus*, a cale of the genus *Odax*, is found around New Zealand.
A large fish found predominantly in the Southern Ocean, but found in northern hemisphere waters during certain times of the year.
The yellowtail horse mackerel, *Trachurus novaezelandiae*, is a jack in the family *Carangidae* found around Australia and New Zealand at depths of up to 500 m. Its length is up to 50 cm. The yellowtail horse mackerel is very similar to the greenback horse mackerel but has 68 to 73 lateral line scutes, compared with 76 to 82 for the greenback horse mackerel.
The spontaneous occurrence of a dissection of the coronary artery. The clinical recognition of this phenomenon has increased as coronary angiography is becoming more commonly used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. The etiology of the condition has not been fully elucidated, but the mean age of presentation is 30-45 years, more than 70% are women, and 30% of cases occur in the peripartum period.
Human ACADS wild-type allele is located within 12q22-qter and is approximately 14 kb in length. This allele, which encodes short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial protein, is involved in lipid oxidation. Mutations in the gene are associated with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (412 aa, ~44 kDa) is encoded by the human ACADS gene. This protein plays a role in the oxidation of lipids.
A genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of the enzyme short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase that metabolizes short-chain fatty acids. Signs and symptoms appear in infancy or childhood and may be triggered during fasting or illness. They include vomiting, hypoglycemia, lethargy, hypotonia and failure to thrive.
A Scad fish is any of several species of fishes in the family Carangidae (order Perciformes), which also includes the jacks, amberjacks, and pompanos. The name scad is usually restricted to certain species in the genera Decapterus, Selar, and Trachurus. The half dozen species are marine and occur along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, except for the Mexican scad (D. scombrinus), which is found in the Pacific Ocean.[Encyclopedia Britannica, December 05, 2017; accessed August 09, 2019]
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is a very rare inborn error of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation characterized by variable manifestations ranging from asymptomatic individuals (in most cases) to those with failure to thrive, hypotonia, seizures, developmental delay and progressive myopathy.
Shortfin scad (Layang scad) is a one of the most common fishes in Vietnam seas, and belongs to the species Decapterus macrosoma.
The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.
A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.
A species of shark in the family SQUALIDAE, used for its oil (SQUALENE) and as fish meal. It also figures heavily in biological research, especially with reference to its RECTAL GLAND in studies of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'liver' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'ovary, roe' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420202)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * derives from 'ovary, roe' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420202)
A medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of eastern Asia from Korea in the north to the Fujian province of China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America where it is considered an invasive species.
*Astacus leptodactylus*, the Danube crayfish or Galician crayfish, is a species of crayfish native to eastern Europe. It can be distinguished most easily from the commoner European or broad-fingered crayfish (*Astacus astacus*) by the relatively thinner "fingers" of the claws.
A species of freshwater shrimp found in Asia that was first described in 1849.
An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.
A genus of small shrimp that resemble krills, which is native throughout the seas of Asia. Several of its species are important for the production of shrimp paste in Southeast Asia, including *Acetes japonicus*, which is the world's most heavily fished species of wild shrimp or prawn in terms of total tonnage.
marine; adults attach to hard objects in the water; body usually enclosed in a shell.
A superorder of marine CRUSTACEA, free swimming in the larval state, but permanently fixed as adults. There are some 800 described species, grouped in several genera, and comprising of two major orders of barnacles: stalked (Pedunculata) and sessile (Sessilia).
A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.
*Mollusca* is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca]
class of the phylum Mollusca that includes the snails, whelks, slugs, and limpets.
A family of marine mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, commonly known as oysters. They have a rough irregular shell closed by a single adductor muscle.
Equivalved edible marine mollusks that live wholly or partially in sand or mud. Clams usually do not have larvae (glochidia) and thus do not require a host for development.
A species of mussel in the genus MYTILUS, family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA, known as the common mussel. It has a bluish-black shell and is highly edible.
A family of bivalve MOLLUSKS with heart-shaped shells, commonly known as cockles. Unlike most BIVALVES, cockles are hermaphroditic.
A superorder in the class CEPHALOPODA, consisting of the orders Octopoda (octopus) with over 200 species and Vampyromorpha with a single species. The latter is a phylogenetic relic but holds the key to the origins of Octopoda.
A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.
A subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. It includes the Ascidians.
Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.
Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.
genus of frog; tailess amphibian with long hind legs adapted for jumping; lives in damp or aquatic environments.
A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.
other frog meat from frogs not belonging to the genus rana
Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.
Any reptile including tortoises, fresh water, and marine species of the order Testudines with a body encased in a bony or cartilaginous shell consisting of a top (carapace) and a bottom (plastron) derived from the ribs.
Reptiles within the order Squamata that generally possess limbs, moveable EYELIDS, and EXTERNAL EAR openings, although there are some species which lack one or more of these structures.
Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man.
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to sea snails and freshwater snails. Land snail is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as slugs). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_snail]
other edible snails not belonging to the genus helix
insects and arachnids (including species only consumed outside eu)
A class of Arthropoda that includes SPIDERS; TICKS; MITES; and SCORPIONS.
Organisms of the INSECTA class that are used as food or are suitable as a nutritional source, especially by humans.
Members of the phylum ARTHROPODA composed or organisms characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth with several hundred thousand different kinds. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1).
heavy-bodied white moths; wing span 35-40 mm; North American larva eats mulberry; source of natural silk.
A genus of silkworm MOTHS in the family Bombycidae of the order LEPIDOPTERA. The family contains a single species, Bombyx mori from the Greek for silkworm + mulberry tree (on which it feeds). A native of Asia, it is sometimes reared in this country. It has long been raised for its SILK and after centuries of domestication it probably does not exist in nature. It is used extensively in experimental GENETICS. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p519)
earthworms (including species only consumed outside eu)
processed or preserved fish (including processed offal)
structured/textured fish meat products or fish paste
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430131) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'skeletal meat part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420175)
Milk produced by female mammals for the purpose of feeding their young.
Any milk product used for human consumption, inclusive of both dairy milk and non-dairy milk.
A food product produced from seeds or fruit that resembles cow's milk and is used similarly.
Milk for human consumption that is derived from cows milk.
A body substance containing proteins, fats, lactose, and various vitamins and minerals produced by the mammary glands of mature female bovines.
fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the purpose of feeding their young.
The off-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * has consumer 'not pasteurized claim or use' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510121)
An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation.
white liquid secreted by the human mammary glands; it contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Milk that is produced by HUMAN MAMMARY GLANDS.
The liquid components of milk that remain after the CASEIN, fat, and fat soluble components have been removed. It is also a byproduct of cheese production.
The serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the thicker or more coagulable part or curd, espcially in the process of making cheese; it contains lactose, minerals and lactalbumin.
A beverage made from cow's milk fermented by LACTIC ACID-producing bacteria, especially LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS and LACTOBACILLUS BULGARICUS.
Derivatives of milk that are produced by controlled FERMENTATION.
A slightly acid milk food produced by fermentation due to the combined action of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
yoghurt drinks, including sweetened and/or flavoured variants
A nutritional supplement composed of a fermented milk drink prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep milk with kefir grains, with potential immunomodulating and probiotic activities. Upon oral administration of kefir, the kefir grains may stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This modulates the GI flora ecosystem, improves the functions of the intestinal barrier and protects against harmful viruses and bacteria. In addition, this prebiotic modulates the immune system and may inhibit inflammation.
A beverage made from milk fermented by a mixture of endogenous LACTIC ACID-producing yeast and bacteria (KEFIR GRAINS), many of which are PROBIOTICS. It should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or KAFFIR CORN.
flavoured traditional sour milk products
créme fraiche and other mild variants of sour cream
condensed milk (sometimes with added sugars)
A solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk.
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles cheese.
A nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates.
Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460101)
An Italian cream cheese recognized as a Prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (traditional regional food product), it is coagulated by the addition of certain acidic substances such as lemon juice, vinegar or citric acid.
Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'solid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430151) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid-other agent fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460107) * formed as a result of 'enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460252)
A traditional Icelandic cultured dairy product which originated in Norway.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'cream food product' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001216) * formed as a result of 'fat removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460161) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
firm brined cheese (ricotta salata type)
soft soft-ripened washed-rind cheese (limburger type)
soft-ripened cheese with bloomy rind (white mould) (brie, camembert type)
soft-ripened cheese veined with blue mould (blue bavarian, blue de graven type )
soft-ripened cheese with white and blue mould (cambozola type)
soft-ripened cheese with natural rind and other soft-ripened cheeses
firm firm/semi-hard cheese (gouda and edam type)
extra hard cheese (parmesan, grana type)
firm-ripened bloomy (white mould) or washed rind cheese
firm-ripened cheese with added herbs, spices or other ingredients
A food rind which is a natural or artificial exposed layer that surrounds a cheese core.
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles custard.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'milk (mammary secretion)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913) * has substance added 'flavoring or taste ingredient added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460117) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460186
eggs from other not listed eggs producer birds
cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo; it is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.
Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.
The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white.
animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food; the concept is differentiated from EGG/OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.
proteins which are found in eggs or ova from any species.
The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430102) * derives from 'albumen' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008944)
Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo.
sugar and similar, confectionery and water-based sweet desserts
sugar and other sweetening ingredients (excluding intensive sweeteners)
A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
White sugar is highly refined crystalline sugar, mostly sucrose, that appears white in color. White sugar is commonly used in North America and Europe, made either of beet sugar or cane sugar, that has undergone a refining process which removes molasses.
Soft sugar whose crystals are covered by a film of refined dark syrup that imparts color, flavor, and moisture.
sugar, icing mono- di-saccharides other than sucrose
The determination of the amount of lactose present in a sample.
sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk.
A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.
A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.
The measurement of the amount of galactose in a biologic specimen.
aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins.
An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.
A hexose which is almost identical to glucose except that orientation of -H and -OH on carbon 4 are exchanged, making it an epimer at C-4 of glucose (in Fisher projection). Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C68482" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C68482" NCI Thesaurus)
An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.
reducing disaccharide composed of two glucose residues; fundamental structural unit of glycogen and starch; used as a nutrient and sweetener.
A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked through an alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C68478" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C68478" NCI Thesaurus)
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage.
A maltose that has alpha-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.
The determination of the amount of glucose present in a sample.
A simple sugar monosaccharide having two isoforms, alpha and beta, with a chemical structure of C6H12O6 that acts as an energy source for both plants and animals by reacting with oxygen, generating carbon dioxide and water, and releasing energy.
aldohexose occurring as the D form and found as a free monosaccharide in fruits and other parts of plants and in the normal blood of all animals; the end product of carbohydrate metabolism and the chief source of energy for most living organisms.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of SUGARCANE or sugar beet juice. It is also used in ANIMAL FEED, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ETHYL ALCOHOL and ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
A mixture of sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and carbohydrate components that is a by-product from sugar refinery.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * derives from 'sugar syrup or syrup solids' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420271) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200)
Human TCOF1 wild-type allele is located within 5q32-q33.1 and is approximately 43 kb in length. This allele, which encodes treacle protein, may play a fundamental role in early embryonic development, particularly in the development of the craniofacial complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with Treacher Collins syndrome.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sugar syrup or syrup solids' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420271) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138)
A sweet and viscous fluid produced by honey bees from flower nectar and other plant fluids.
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles honey.
A sweet viscous liquid food, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from nectar collected from flowers. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of its sucrose sugar into fructose and glucose. It is somewhat acidic and has mild antiseptic properties, being sometimes used in the treatment of burns and lacerations.
A sweet and viscous fluid produced by honey bees from flower nectar and other plant fluids. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C65859" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C65859" NCI Thesaurus)
A sweet viscid material elaborated out of the nectar of flowers in the honey sac of various bees.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430138) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'honey' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0036016)
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.
A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.
A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator.
The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol.
A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of 1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dihydrate and 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucitol in a 1:1 ratio. It is used in the food industry as a sugar substitute and in the pharmaceutical industry as a tabletting excipient.
Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent, bulking agent, Glazing agent, sweetener.
The determination of the amount of mannitol present in a sample.
A naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma.
six-carbon sugar alcohol formed by reduction of mannose or fructose and widely distributed in plants and fungi.
A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
A naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C625" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C625" NCI Thesaurus)
A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener.
A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.
A sugar alcohol found in fruits and plants with diuretic, laxative and cathartic property. Unabsorbed sorbitol retains water in the large intestine through osmotic pressure thereby stimulating peristalsis of the intestine and exerting its diuretic, laxative and cathartic effect. In addition, sorbitol has one-third fewer calories and 60 % the sweetening activity of sucrose and is used as a sugar replacement in diabetes.
six-carbon sugar alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose; occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose.
A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'flavoring added, artificial' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460228) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184 * has substance added 'chocolate or cocoa added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460231) * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * has substance added 'flavoring or taste ingredient added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460117) * has substance added 'color added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460150) * has substance added 'vegetable fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460263)
A sweet chocolate-flavored paste which is eaten mostly spread on breads and toasts or similar grain items such as waffles, pancakes, muffins, and pitas.
A semi-solid composed of synthetic, polymerized polysaccharide and flavorings, intended to be chewed to release active and/or inert ingredient(s).
A dosing unit equal to the amount of active ingredient(s) contained in a gum.
A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication.
A semi-solid composed of synthetic, polymerized polysaccharide and flavorings, intended to be chewed to release active and/or inert ingredient(s). Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C42894" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C42894" NCI Thesaurus)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming, thickness 1.5-7 cm.' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430105) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * has substance added 'flavoring or spice extract or concentrate added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460100) * has substance added 'corn syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460224) * has substance added 'stabilizer added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460368)
sweet bars and other formed sweet masses
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420132) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460205
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * has substance added 'flavoring or taste ingredient added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460117) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sucrose' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17992) * has substance added 'flavoring or spice extract or concentrate added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460100) * has substance added 'butter added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460271) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460296
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, shape achieved by forming' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430147) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'sugar' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420108) * has substance added 'nut or seed added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460177)
animal and vegetable fats and oils and primary derivatives thereof
Oil extracted from fruit of the OLIVE TREE (genus Olea).
Virgin olive oil is oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means under conditions, particularly thermal conditions, that do not lead to alterations in the oil, and which have not undergone any treatment other than washing, decantation, centrifugation and filtration.
The oil extracted from the seeds of grapes. Grape seed oil is used in cooking and cosmetics and for medicinal purposes.
The oil extracted from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum. Linseed oil is used as a nutritional supplement and as a polymerizing resin.
The fixed oil obtained from the dried ripe seed of linseed, Linum usitatissimum (L. Linaceae). It is used as an emollient in liniments, pastes, and medicinal soaps, and in veterinary medicine as a laxative. It is also called flaxseed oil. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An oil used as a nutritional supplement and is a traditional European ethnic food, highly regarded for its nutty flavor.
The oil extracted from the seeds of Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca. Pumpkin seed oil is used primarily as a food flavoring.
The oil pressed from English walnut seeds, Juglans regia. Walnut oil is most often used as a flavoring ingredient in cooking.
Oil extracted from walnuts (from the Juglans regia tree).
The edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of the coconut of Cocos nucifera. In addition to its use as a food ingredient and cooking oil, coconut oil is commonly used in skincare preparations and soaps.
Oil derived from fruits of the coconut plant, COCOS NUCIFERA.
An edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)
The edible oil extracted from the pulp of the oil palm fruit. Palm oil is commonly used as a commercial cooking oil due to its stability at high temperatures.
Nutritive oil extracted from the fleshy mesocarp of the fruit of the African palm tree, Elaeis guineensis.
The oil extracted from the germ of the wheat kernel. Wheat germ oil can be used as a source of vitamin E and for the treatment of skin conditions.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
animal fats and oils (processed fat from animal tissue)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole, natural shape' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430150) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fat trimmings' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420253)
processed fat (blubber) of marine mammals
An oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oil is considered valuable due to its high content of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Such fatty acids are not actually produced in fish, but are accumulated from phytoplankton which produce omega-3 fatty acids.
oils usually high in unsaturated fats and 3-omega fatty acids, extracted from the bodies of marine animals, usually fish, especially the livers; those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A.
Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings.
An oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oil is considered valuable due to its high content of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Such fatty acids are not actually produced in fish, but are accumulated from phytoplankton which produce omega-3 fatty acids. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C497" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C497" NCI Thesaurus)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190)
The oil extracted from various species of Gadus. Cod liver oil contains high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and vitamins A and D. It is used as a dietary supplement.
Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of VITAMIN A and VITAMIN D.
The clarified portion of milk, cream, or butter obtained by the removal of the nonfat constituents. (from Dictionary of Food Ingredients, 4th ed., 2001)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'butter' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001023) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430135) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'butter' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001023) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by reducing water activity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470145)
The fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. It is processed for cooking and table use. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
fruit and vegetable juices and nectars (including concentrates)
Apple juice is a fruit juice made by the maceration and pressing of an apple.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140)
fruit nectars (min. 25-50% fruit as defined in eu legislation)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with small particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430121) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'water addition process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460148)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with small particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430121) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'water addition process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460148)
other (mixed) fruit and vegetable juices or nectars
concentrated or dehydrated fruit/vegetables juices
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with small particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430121) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138)
source, means or process of supplying water, and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn.
We all need to drink water. How much you need depends on your size, activity level, and the weather where you live. The water you drink is a combination of surface water and groundwater. Surface water includes rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Groundwater comes from underground. The United States has one of the safest water supplies in the world, but drinking water quality can vary from place to place. It depends on the condition of the source water and the treatment it receives. Treatment may include adding fluoride to prevent cavities and chlorine to kill germs. Your water supplier must give you annual reports on drinking water. The reports include where your water came from and what contaminants are in it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health.
soft drinks with minor amounts of fruits or flavours
soft drink, with fruit juice (fruit content below the minimum for nectars)
Beverages that contain stimulants such as a combination of CAFFEINE with other substances such as VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; and sugar or sugar derivatives.
fermented functional drinks (including fermented infusions)
liquid drink bases (including concentrates and home-made preparations)
A carbonated alcoholic beverage made through the fermentation of sugars derived from malted grains; this beverage is usually flavored with hops but other herbs or fruit may be used to enhance its flavor.
An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles root beer.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * formed as a result of 'artificially carbonated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460109) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
An alcoholic beverage created from fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products.
Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232) * formed as a result of 'carbonated by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460246) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104)
Cider, hard apple cider, or hard cider in the US, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430109) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232)
SIREN DB annotation: * surrounded by 'glass container' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03490130) * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03500040 * formed as a result of 'alcoholated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460160) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104) * has substance added 'alcohol' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30879)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104)
A device designed for the introduction of fluid to or removal of fluid from a system; also an electronic circuit that acts as a connection to an outside device.
An connective access point for telecommunication devices, such as modems or fax machines, for the transmission of data.
mixtures of beer with other alcoholic drinks
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232) * formed as a result of 'carbonated by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460246) * has substance added 'alcohol' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30879) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles rum.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'molasses' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_83163) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232)
SIREN DB annotation: * surrounded by 'glass container' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03490130) * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'germinated or sprouted seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420102) * http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03500040 * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232) * formed as a result of 'food distillation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460270) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104)
spirits made from fruits other than stone fruits
A Chinese person from the Gin ethnic group.
A country in western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232) * formed as a result of 'food distillation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460270) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104) * has substance added 'flavoring or taste ingredient added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460117) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460296
ingredients for coffee, cocoa, tea, and herbal infusions
coffee ground, roasted and decaffeinated
A plant genus of the family STERCULIACEAE. This is the source of the kola nut which contains CAFFEINE and is used in popular beverages.
Food product prepared from fermenting, roasting, and grinding seeds of the COCOA plant.
The powdered form of cocoa bean solids remaining after cocoa butter, the fat component, is extracted from chocolate liquor, roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'divided or disintegrated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430122) * derives from 'seed, skin present, germ present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420133) * formed as a result of 'microbial/enzymatic modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460119) * formed as a result of 'curing or aging process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460253)
hot drinks and infusions composite ingredients
tea leaves derivatives and tea ingredients
teas leaves, dry and/or fermented, and similar
tea leaves and stalks with fruit and flavours
non-fermented tea leaves (green or white tea)
herbal infusion materials from leaves and herbs
currant (black, red and white) infusion leaves
mulberry (black and white) infusion leaves
raspberry (red and yellow) infusion leaves
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is the source of an herbal tea that is commonly consumed in South Africa. Members contain aspalathin and other polyphenols (PHENOLS).
Rooibos, "red bush"; scientific name *Aspalathus linearis* is a broom-like member of the legume family of plants growing in South Africa's fynbos. The generic name comes from the plant Calicotome villosa, aspalathos in Greek. This plant has very similar growth and flowers to the redbush. The specific name linearis comes from the plant's linear growing structure and needle-like leaves. The plant is used to make a herbal tea called rooibos tea, bush tea (esp. Southern Africa), redbush tea (esp. UK), South African red tea, or red tea. The product has been popular in Southern Africa for generations and is now consumed in many countries. It is sometimes spelled rooibosch in accordance with the old Dutch etymology.
other herbal infusion materials from leaves and herbs
The flower-heads of either the plant Anthemis nobilis or the plant Matricaria chamomilla. Chamomile has a warm aromatic odour and a very bitter taste and contains volatile oils which are a mixture of butyl and amyl angelates and valerates. Due to its coumarin constituents, large doses may interfere with coagulation. (NCI04)
large family of dicotyledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads of many small florets and their anthers united in a tube; examples include the daisy, dandelion, and asters.
plant considered to possess healing properties.
concentrated preparations made from plant material.
Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.
The flower-heads of either the plant Anthemis nobilis or the plant Matricaria chamomilla. Chamomile has a warm aromatic odour and a very bitter taste and contains volatile oils which are a mixture of butyl and amyl angelates and valerates. Due to its coumarin constituents, large doses may interfere with coagulation. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C1045" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C1045" NCI Thesaurus)
A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4', 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells.
Chamomile (American English) or camomile (British English) is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. M. chamomilla appears similar to Anthemis but this flower disk is conical and hollow and lacks chaffy bract scales and the odor is weaker. The common name of 'manzanilla' is confused with other meanings of the word. 'Matricaria chamomilla sensu' is classified by some as Tripleurospermum perforata. Other plants with similar common names include CHAMAEMELUM; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM and ANTHEMIS.
other herbal infusion materials from flowers
other herbal infusion materials from roots
herbal infusion extracts (rpc derivatives)
materials for infusions or hot drinks of miscellaneous origin
herbal infusion materials from any other parts of the plant
A fruit of the Cupuaçu plant (Theobroma grandiflorum).
A fruit from a cupuaçu plant (Theobroma grandiflorum).
other herbal infusion materials from any other parts of the plant
seeds (coffee, cocoa and similar) used for infusions or hot drinks
derivatives of coffee, cocoa, tea, herbal infusion materials and similar rpcs
hot drinks and similar (coffee, cocoa, tea and herbal infusions)
tea infusion with added flavouring ingredients
infant powder formula milk and soya-based
infant formula, milk and soya-based, powder
infant powder formula based on protein hydrolysates
infant formula, based on protein hydrolysates, powder
infant liquid formula milk and soya-based
infant formula, milk and soya-based, liquid
infant liquid formula based on protein hydrolysates
infant formula, based on protein hydrolysates, liquid
follow-on formula milk and soya-based powder
follow-on formula, milk and soya-based, powder
follow-on formula based on protein hydrolysates powder
follow-on formula, based on protein hydrolysates, powder
follow-on formula milk and soya-based liquid
follow-on formula, milk and soya-based, liquid
follow-on formula based on protein hydrolysates liquid
follow-on formula, based on protein hydrolysates, liquid
ready-to-eat meal for infants and young children
ready-to-eat meat-based meal for children
ready-to-eat fish-based meal for children
ready-to-eat dairy-based meal for children
ready-to-eat cereal-based meal for children
ready-to-eat fruit-based meal for children
ready-to-eat vegetable-based meal for children
processed cereal-based food for infants and young children
cereals with an added high protein food which have to be reconstituted with water or other protein-free liquid
cereals with an added high protein food reconstituted
simple cereals which have to be reconstituted with milk or other appropriate nutritious liquids
simple cereals for infants or children, reconstituted
biscuits, rusks and cookies for children
liquid herbal beverages specific for infants and young children
liquid herbal infusions specific for infants and young children
herbal infusions (beverages) specific for infants and young children, liquid
dry herbal infusions specific for infants and young children
herbal infusions specific for infants and young children, dry
fruit and vegetable juices and nectars specific for infants and young children
products for non-standard diets, food imitates and food supplements
total daily diet replacement for weight reduction
single meal replacement for weight reduction
carbohydrate-rich energy food products for sports people
carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions for sports people
protein and protein components for sports people
micronutrients supplement for sports people
carnitine or creatine-based supplement for sports people
dietary foods for special medical purposes
food supplements and similar preparations
combination of vitamin and mineral only supplements
miscellaneous supplements or nutraceuticals
algae based formulations (e.g. spirulina, chlorella)
formulations containing special fatty acids (e.g. omega-3, essential fatty acids)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'partially heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440018) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * formed as a result of 'pasteurization by heating' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470135) * has substance added 'sugar or sugar syrup added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460136)
dishes, incl. ready to eat meals (excluding soups and salads)
dishes excluding pasta or rice dishes, sandwiches and pizza
meat loaf with cheese, vegetables or other
An eggplant- (aubergine) or potato-based dish, often including ground meat, in the Levant, Middle East, and Balkans, with many local and regional variations.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430149) * derives from 'meat part of animal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420103) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460153 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'skeletal meat part, without bone or shell' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420125) * has substance added 'flavoring or spice extract or concentrate added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460100) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460153 * has substance added 'fat or oil added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460221)
A meat pie with a crust or topping of mashed potato.
Hummus is a Levantine dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas or other beans, blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt, and garlic.
bread- (or similar products) based dishes
A mixture of at least two different vegetables.
A French Provençal stewed vegetable dish, originating in Nice, and sometimes referred to as ratatouille niçoise. Recipes and cooking times differ widely, but common ingredients include tomato, garlic, onion, zucchini, aubergine (eggplant), bell pepper, and some combination of leafy green herbs common to the region.
sandwiches, pizza and other stuffed bread-like cereal products
sandwich with processed meat topping/filling
sandwich with meat and vegetable topping/filling
sandwich with fish and vegetable topping/filling
sandwich with cheese and vegetable topping/filling
sandwich with cheese, egg and vegetable topping/filling
pizza and similar with processed meat topping
pizza and similar with meat, and vegetables
pizza and similar with cheese, meat, and mushrooms
pizza and similar with cheese, meat, mushrooms, and vegetables
pizza and similar with fish/seafood topping
pizza and similar with vegetable topping
pizza and similar with cheese, and vegetables
pizza and similar with cheese, and vegetables and fruits
pizza and similar with cheese, meat, and vegetables
pizza and similar with cheese, and mushrooms
pastas and rice (or other cereal) based dishes
Lasagne, or the singular lasagna, commonly refers to a culinary dish made with stacked layers of pasta alternated with sauces and ingredients such as meats, vegetables and cheese, and sometimes topped with melted grated cheese.
pasta, cooked, with vegetables and cheese/cream
pasta, filled with vegetable mix, cooked
pasta, with mixed or unspecified filling, cooked
rice, fish/seafood and vegetable based dishes
A Spanish rice dish originally from Valencia, named after the wide, shallow traditional pan used to cook the dish.
A pudding food product made from rice mixed with water or milk.
A pudding which is made by boiling milk, sugar or jaggery, and most commonly rice, although this can be substitued for a different grain.
A northern Italian rice dish cooked with broth until it reaches a creamy consistency. The broth can be derived from meat, fish, or vegetables. Many types of risotto contain butter, onion, white wine, and parmesan cheese.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430149) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'root, tuber or bulb, without peel' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420240) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430149) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'broth or stock' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420170) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460212
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152) * has substance added 'sweetener added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460202) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
mixed vegetables soup, with puree or pieces
meat and vegetable soup, with puree or pieces
A prepared mixture of cooked and/or raw vegetables, FRUIT, or other foods, garnished with a dressing CONDIMENT, and eaten as a MEAL or side dish.
prepared mixed egg/meat/fish/vegetable salad
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole and pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430104) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167)
fried or extruded cereal, seed or root-based products
chips, crisps, fries and dough-based analogues
spoonable desserts and ice creams (generic)
A metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities. When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function.
An ionic compound that results from the neutralization of an acid and a base.
any compound of a base and an acid; any compound of an acid some of whose replaceable hydrogen atoms have been substituted.
Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
A mineral material composed primarily of sodium chloride.
A spice mixture that is made from finely ground spices and is used for making curry.
indian spice mixes and similar (other than curry powder)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'whole and pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430104) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
stock cubes or granulate (bouillon base)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'extract, concentrate or isolate of plant or animal' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420228)
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'germinated or sprouted seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420102)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'part of algae or fungus' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420247)
condiments (including table-top formats)
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
mayonnaise, hollandaise and related sauces
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430110) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * formed as a result of 'pickling process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460190) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * formed as a result of 'flavoring, spice or herb added, natural' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460229) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460185 * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460212
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with smooth consistency' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430119) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'curd' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420245) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460143 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430102) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'butter' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001023) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
continental european brown cooked sauce, gravy
sauces from fermented/hydrolised sources and similar
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'proteolytic fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460102)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'whole animal or most parts used' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420173) * has substance added 'spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460151) * has substance added 'grain added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460152) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460184
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'seed (anatomical part)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420155) * formed as a result of 'alcoholated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460160) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * formed as a result of 'preservation by adding chemicals' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470100) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430139) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'broth or stock' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420170) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added 'spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460151) * has substance added 'nut or seed added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460177)
A mint food product which is a sauce made from finely chopped spearmint (Mentha spicata) leaves soaked in vinegar, and a sweetener.
A variety of sauces used as a condiment for tacos and other Mexican and Mexican-American foods, and as dips for tortilla chips.
A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of ethametsulfuron with methanol. A herbicide used for the control of broad-leaved weeds in oil seed rape and fodder rape.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430110) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460212 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430110) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460191 * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * formed as a result of 'flavoring, spice or herb added, natural' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460229) * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semisolid with solid pieces' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430134) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420229) * formed as a result of 'acidified' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460200) * has substance added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460147 * has substance added 'sucrose added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460158) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227)
Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, high viscosity' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430102) * has quality 'heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440022) * derives from 'fat or oil' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420190) * has consumer 'no or reduced fat claim or use' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03510069)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'semiliquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430103) * derives from 'fruit part' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420167)
major isolated ingredients, additives, flavours, baking and processing aids
isolated proteins and other protein products
The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. IMMUNOGLOBULINS occur in high concentrations in COLOSTRUM and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554)
The protein components of milk obtained from the whey.
A mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish.
A family of large fibrous proteins that are the main components of connective tissue and are responsible for maintaining tissue structure.
principle protein of connective tissue; unusual absence of sulfur aminoacids; unique presence of hydroxyproline is believed to permit a triple helical fibrous structure.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
Further classification will be integrated for this class
The determination of the amount of hyaluronic acid present in a sample.
A glucosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units that is a component of connective tissue, skin, vitreous humour, umbilical cord, synovial fluid and the capsule of certain microorganisms contributing to adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity of extracellular substances.
A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.
A glucosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units that is a component of connective tissue, skin, vitreous humour, umbilical cord, synovial fluid and the capsule of certain microorganisms contributing to adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity of extracellular substances. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C549" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C549" NCI Thesaurus)
A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells.
proteins produced by any species of plant.
Prolamins in the endosperm of SEEDS from the Triticeae tribe which includes species of WHEAT; BARLEY; and RYE.
Extract, concentrate or isolate high in gluten, the predominant protein of wheat or corn.
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'starch' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420203) * formed as a result of 'water removal process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460138) * formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470116)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'disintegrated or ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430136) * derives from 'starch' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420203)
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'finely ground' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430106) * derives from 'starch' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420203)
An oligosaccharide derived from starch that is used as a food additive and as a carbohydrate supplement. As a supplement, maltodextrin is used to provide and sustain energy levels during endurance-oriented workouts o sports, and to help build muscle mass and support weight gain.
An oligosaccharide derived from starch that is used as a food additive and as a carbohydrate supplement. As a supplement, maltodextrin is used to provide and sustain energy levels during endurance-oriented workouts or sports, to help build muscle mass and support weight gain. Check for "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C68474" active clinical trials using this agent. ("http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C68474" NCI Thesaurus)
A maltodextrin in which the alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units form a linear chain, typically from 3 to 17 glucose units long. (Cf. amylose, in which the chain length ranges from around 300 to several thousand glucose units).
A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.
group of polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units; they can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of STARCH or GLYCOGEN. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha-(1->4) or alpha-(1->6) glycosidic bonds.
SIREN DB annotation: * derives from 'oligosaccharide' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50699) * formed as a result of 'physical/chemical modification process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460130)
Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, coating agent, glazing agent, humectant, stabilizer, texturizing agent, thickener.
food additives other than flavours, colours and artificial sweeteners
Chemicals that are added to drug products to prolong shelf life and maintain sterility. Protection of formulations, especially aqueous solutions, against microbial growth requires use of either antibacterial or antifungal preservatives. Generally, such agents are active against either bacteria or fungi but a few are active against both. The antimicrobials include but not limited to chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, and phenol. The antioxidizing agents include butylated hydroxytoluene, hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and sulfites. The necessary addition of preservatives for both safety and economy sometimes has been associated with significant adverse effects in certain patient populations.
A group of organic or inorganic substances capable of preventing the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of free-radical compounds. Antioxidants bind to and neutralize ('scavenge') free radicals, thereby transforming them into non-toxic compounds and blocking their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This class of agents includes the vitamins C and E, the carotenoids, and selenium. Organic antioxidants are found in high concentrations in fruits, seeds and vegetables. (NCI04)
naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added; counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation.
A naturally produced body product type of ANTIOXIDANTS.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability.
A food additive which liberates gas so as to increase the volume of a dough or batter, resulting in a lighter and softer finished product.
A substance within a semisolid formulation that produces a gel-like texture.
A substance that yields hydrogen ions or protons in aqueous solutions; a substance capable of accepting a pair of electrons for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond; a substance whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water.
substances whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts; yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, acts as a proton donor, and can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
A substance added to powdered or granulated materials in order to prevent the formation of lumps and so facilitate its packaging or transport.
A food additive that is applied to the external surface or a food in order to give a smooth shiny appearance and/or to provide a protective coating to foodstuffs.
A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
A food additive that is used to make or keep fruit or vegetable tissues firm and crisp. or which interacts with gelling agents such as pectin to produce or strengthen a gel.
A substance within a topical formulation that is used to increase the solubility of the active ingredient, improve its penetration into skin and prolong its activity time.
Materials that readily absorb moisture from their surroundings.
A compound that is used to keep a substance moist.
A substance within a formulation that is used to solidify its intended shape.
A generally pharmacologically inactive substance that is formulated with the active ingredient of a medication.
miscellaneous agents for food processing
preparations for raising and flavouring home-made bakery
SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'not heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440003) * derives from 'seed, skin removed, germ removed (endosperm)' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420208) * formed as a result of 'lactic acid-other agent fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460107) * formed as a result of 'preservation by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470104)
A diet that is defined by the biological, anatomical, and evolutionistic digestive capabilities of a given organism.
A diet of a carnivore, which focuses almost exclusively on the consumption of animal food sources.
A diet of an omivore, which includes both plant and animal food sources.
A diet of a herbivore, which focuses almost exclusively on the consumption of plants, fungi and/or lichen.
A diet that is defined by characteristics of ingested food.
A diet defined by the food source organisms it allows or excludes.
dietary practice of completely avoiding meat products in the diet.
A vegetarian diet focuses on plants for food. These include fruits, vegetables, dried beans and peas, grains, seeds and nuts. There is no single type of vegetarian diet. Instead, vegetarian eating patterns usually fall into the following groups: The vegan diet, which excludes all meat and animal products The lacto vegetarian diet, which includes plant foods plus dairy products The lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, which includes both dairy products and eggs People who follow vegetarian diets can get all the nutrients they need. However, they must be careful to eat a wide variety of foods to meet their nutritional needs. Nutrients vegetarians may need to focus on include protein, iron, calcium, zinc and vitamin B12. United States Department of Agriculture
The dietary practice of completely avoiding meat or fish products in the DIET, consuming VEGETABLES, CEREALS, and NUTS. Some vegetarian diets called lacto-ovo also include milk and egg products.
A diet which focuses almost exclusively on the consumption of plants, fungi and/or lichen.
A type of vegetarian diet that excludes all animal products, including dairy, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, and animal fats.
Dietary practice of avoiding animal products in any form.
A diet that excludes all animal products (including fish and seafood).
A diet that includes vegetarian and milk-derived food.
A diet that includes vegetarian and avian egg derived food.
A diet that includes vegetarian, avian egg, and milk derived food.
primarily a plant-based diet but includes meat, dairy, eggs, poultry and fish on occasion or in small quantities
A diet which includes vegetarian food as well as fish and seafood.
A diet that excludes food containing beef food products.
A diet that excludes food containing swine food products.
A diet consisting entirely of breast milk.
A diet involving formula milk breast milk.
Alter the consistency of foods to optimize chewing and swallowing. (Source: Nutrition Care Manual, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2013).
A diet containing carefully selected foods of an appropriate consistency which can be more easily chewed and managed by a person with dysphagia.
A diet composed of foods and/or fluids which are in a liquid state.
A full liquid diet is made up only of fluids and foods that are normally liquid and foods that turn to liquid when they are at room temperature. You can not eat solid foods when you are on a full liquid diet.
A diet which involves food produced under certain agricultural conditions.
A diet consisting of food produced from organic agriculture (food that is grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, genetic engineering, pesticides, or drugs.)
A diet consisting of food that may have been reared with the use of pesticides, herbicides or chemical fertilizers.
A diet defined by the nutritional presence or absence of types of food bioactive compounds.
A very low-carb, high-fat diet. This diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates and puts the body into a metabolic state of ketosis.
A course of food intake that is high in FATS and low in CARBOHYDRATES. This diet provides sufficient PROTEINS for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins.
A ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, adequate-protein diet that mimics a fasting state, resulting in the substitution of ketone bodies as a source of energy. The ketogenic diet can be used to reduce recurrent epileptic seizures in individuals with intractable epilepsy. Intractable epilepsy is defined as epilepsy that failed to respond to three or more antiepileptic drugs. A high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. It is primarily used in medicine to treat difficult-to-control epilepsy in children
A high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. It is primarily used in medicine to treat difficult-to-control epilepsy in children.
Dietary recommendations that promote reduction in or prevention of high blood pressure. Recommendations include increasing intake of fruits and vegetables, and high-fiber, low-fat foods and reducing the intake of DIETARY SODIUM and high fat foods.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial, which demonstrated that consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated fat and cholesterol
Is a diet designed to prevent and control high blood pressure. It promotes consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, lean meat, fish, poultry and low-fat dairy products, and the inclusion of micronutrients and the reduction of sodium in the diet to about 1500 mg/day. It is limited in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, red meat, and added fats.
A moderate-fat, restricted-calorie, Mediterranean diet is rich in vegetables and low in red meat, with poultry and fish replacing beef and lamb.
A diet which provides > 60% of total dietary energy from carbohydrates. It consists predominantly of high glycemic carbohydrates have detrimental metabolic effects
low-carbohydrate, high-protien, high fat diet
Low-carbohydrate diets restrict carbohydrate consumption relative to the average diet. Foods high in carbohydrates (e.g., sugar, bread, pasta) are limited, and replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of fat and protein (e.g., meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, and seeds), as well as low carbohydrate foods (e.g. spinach, kale, chard, collards, and other fibrous vegetables).
A diet involving the a larger proportion of fat than normal.
A restricted-energy diet with less than 30% of energy from fat.
A diet which minimises or eliminates the consumption of gluten.
the diet resulting from the lifestyle adaptation following the industrial revolution. It is often associated with western countries, but is increasingly becoming adopted also in other geographic areas. It is known to be rich in red and processed meats, sweets, fried foods, and refined grains while being poor in fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains. In terms of micronutrients, this diet is usually rich in salt, yet poor in other minerals and vitamins, whereas in terms of fats, it is high in saturated and trans-fatty acids, and low in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its fibre and complex carbohydrates contents are also very low due to the high consumption of refined sugars instead of whole-grain foods.
the diet characteristic of the lifestyle in isolated/rural areas, commonly in developing countries. It is mainly composed of naturally available food products, including fresh animal protein and vegetables while excluding industrially processed foods. Nevertheless, it is common to use traditional food processing methods to improve nutrient availability, digestibility or to increase conservation time to avoid scarcity. These methods include soaking, fermentation, cooking, pounding, and sprouting.
An eating pattern that excludes a given diet.
A diet assigned as a dietary pattern objective to an individual organism or group.
A diet prescribed by a physician/ nutritionist to meet spe-cific nutritional needs of a person
A diet designed to reduce the symptoms of Coeliac disease which is caused by a reaction to gliadin (a gluten protein found in wheat) and similar proteins found in other crops.
A type of elimination diet restricting from foods with fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, to help determine if specific foods containing these carbohydrates are triggering symptoms of IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.
A diet involving the avoidance of Fermentable Oligo-Di-Monosaccharides and Polyols.
A diet that an individual organism has chosen as a dietary pattern objective.
A diet prescribed to a group in a research study.
A diet administered during an intervention study. It usually comprises the adoption of a certain nutritional intervention, intended as the prescription of consuming or not consuming certain food, and follows a precise study design. Intervention studies usually compare at least two subgroups of a population, one control group receiving a null nutritional intervention, and one or more test groups receiving the intervention
A dietairy pattern adhered to by a study control group. (possibly a placebo).
A diet designed to cause an individual to lose weight.
A diet designed to reduce the presence of fat in an organism.
A diet which has an athletic performance objective
A diet consisting of halal approved food.
A diet consisting of kosher approved food.
A set of classes for the description of diet. A descriptive diet consists of some data set
The regular course of eating and drinking adopted by an organism.
The regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a population in a certain geographical area, or in a certain cultural setting, or following certain common eating behaviour.
An ingested food data set for a given day.
A dataset containing the averaged daily intake of each of a variety of nutrients for an individual or organism population.