Adrien Barton Anoosha Sehar Diane Alexander Emma Griffiths Fumiaki Toyoshima Gurinder Gosal Hande Küçük McGinty Lauren Chen Magalie Weber Rhiannon Cameron 2025-05-21 FoodOn is a consortium-driven project to build a comprehensive and easily accessible global farm-to-fork ontology about food, that accurately and consistently describes foods commonly known in cultures from around the world. See https://foodon.org for more details. FoodOn Food Ontology FOODON 2025-12-30 editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage has curation status OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition A property representing the English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition textual definition Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> term editor A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative label alternative term alternative term alternative_term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source definition_source Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification. has obsolescence reason curator note An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg term tracker item For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones expand expression to elucidation Person:Alan Ruttenberg has axiom label term replaced by Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Person:Alan Ruttenberg term replaced by term replaced by An alternative term used by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Genomic Sequencing Centers for Infectious Diseases (GSCID) and Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRC). NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. temporal interpretation relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y is direct form of relation p is the indirect form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, and there exists some p' such that p' is the direct form of q, p' o p' -> p, and forall x,y : x q y -> either (1) x p y or (2) x p' y is indirect form of is positive form of is negative form of An image of the item. In Protege, this can be a URL. schema:image has_alternative_id An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label. has broad synonym has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. has exact synonym has_exact_synonym An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label. has narrow synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_namespace An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct. has related synonym has_related_synonym has synonym in_subset label label label label a core relation that holds between a part and its whole part_of part of part of part_of a core relation that holds between a whole and its part has_part has part has part has_part is realized by realized_in realized in Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes preceded by preceded_by A relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist through the separation or transformation of a part of the old entity, and the new entity inherits a significant portion of the matter belonging to that part of the old entity. derives from part of has food substance analog obsolete - has taxonomic identifier true A defining ingredient defines what a food is principally categorized as, rather than an ingredient listed by percentage of weight or volume. A food may have more than one defining ingredient. Damion Dooley FoodOn For example, 'bean soup' has a defining ingredient of some 'bean'. Similarly, spicy chicken wings require a defining ingredient of (usually minute) amounts of chilli. A soup may 'has ingredient' some bean, but that doesn't make it a 'bean soup', i.e. there should be no inference to that category. However, some classes may have that simple ingredient "necessary and sufficient"equivalency. has defining ingredient A relation attaching between a food material and another food material that has been added to it at some point in its history. Damion Dooley FoodOn has ingredient has country of origin hasCountryOfOrigin has measurement unit label A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. is about The inverse property of is specified input of has specified input A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is specified input of The inverse property of is specified output of has specified output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is specified output of A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about. specifies value of specifies value of a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. inheres_in characteristic of Inverse of characteristic_of bearer_of is bearer of has characteristic a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in participates_in a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process has_participant has participant has participant has_participant a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence function_of is function of function of a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence is quality of quality_of quality of a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence is role of role_of role of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_function has function a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_quality has quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition disposition of a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity derives_from derives from a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity derives_into derives into A relation between a material entity and a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host, in which the material entity is not part of the host, and is considered harmless to non-allergic hosts, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. is allergic trigger for A relation between a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host and a material entity, in which the material entity is not part of the host, and is considered harmless to non-allergic hosts, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. has allergic trigger a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location located_in located in located_in only in taxon only_in_taxon x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed. in taxon a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b connected to develops from develops_from A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. has function realized in capable of x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x surrounded by x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary. adjacent to inverse of surrounded by surrounds x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. started by starts with x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. finished by ends with p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. consumes has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. produces has output is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member inverse of has input input of inverse of has output output of formed as result of a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a attached to x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y. composed primarily of Inverse of 'causal agent in process' process has causal agent a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a. produced by "has substance added" is a relation existing between a (physical) entity and a substance in which the entity has had the substance added to it at some point in time. Damion Dooley has substance added 'egg white' 'has substance removed' some 'egg yolk' "has substance removed" is a relation existing between two physical entities in which the first entity has had the second entity (a substance) removed from it at some point in time. Damion Dooley has substance removed "immersed in" is a relation between a (physical) entity and a fluid substance in which the entity is wholely or substantially surrounded by the substance. immersed in 'has consumer' is a relation between a material entity and an organism in which the former can normally be digested or otherwise absorbed by the latter without immediate or persistent ill effect. has consumer 'has primary substance added' indicates that an entity has had the given substance added to it in a proportion greater than any other added substance. has primary substance added Relation between biological objects that resemble or are related to each other sufficiently to warrant a comparison. in similarity relationship with has quantity Extent of a temporal entity, expressed using xsd:duration 2023-05-13T18:37:00Z hasXSDDuration Value of a temporal extent expressed as a number scaled by a temporal unit numericDuration A planned process in which the useful part or parts of the plant are gathered. harvest process A process during which some material is applied to a subject treatment Location where the experiment is implemented. experimental site An experimental site in which the experiment is performed in a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, with the possibility to regulate climatic conditions. greenhouse A planned process which occurs in an agricultural field. agricultural process A planned process during which the environment of a crop plant is maintained such that the plant grows crop cultivation process A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.9 millions Maasai A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.1 millions Samburu A Bantu Western population with a population size of 3.8 millions Tiv A Khoisan South population with a population size of 0.13 millions Nama A Mande Western population with a population size of 2.2 millions Susu A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 0.026 millions Taveta A Bantu Western population with a population size of 0.8 million Bassa A Nguni population with a population size of 12 millions Zulu A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 5 millions Dinka A Mande Western population with a population size of 14 millions Bambara A Kalenjin population with a population size of 0.3 million Sebei Masalit Bulu A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 0.34 millions Taita A Western African population with a population size of >34 millions Igbo A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 5.3 millions Kikuyu Terik Anuak A Kalenjin population with a population size of 937,884 Nandi Lunda A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 6 millions Tsonga A Northern African, Central African, Western African, Eastern African population with a population size of 25 millions Fulani A Western African population with a population size of 45 millions Yoruba A Nilotic Central, Nilotic Eastern, Northern African population with a population size of 0.4 million Zaghawa A Kalenjin population with a population size of 197556 Tugen A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.7 Millions Meru A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 40 millions Oromo A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 1 million Fur A Nguni population with a population size of 7.9 millions Xhosa A Senufo population with a population size of 0.74 million Minianka Herero A Western African, Eastern African population with a population size of 90 millions Hausa The Nuer are a Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 3 million. Nuer A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.488 Millions Mijikenda A Bantu Central population with a population size of 1 million Fang A Gurma population with a population size of 7.6 millions Mossi A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 5 millions Bemba A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 4.663 millions Kamba Rendille The Ga-Adangbe are a Western African population with a population size of 2 million. Ga-Adangbe Bulsa A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 9 millions Chewa The Soninke are a Mande Western population with a population size of 2 million. Soninke A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 15 millions Tswana A Berber Northern, Berber Western population with a population size of 2.5 millions Tuareg A Western African population with a population size of 0.93 millions Dagomba Kusasi A Gurunsi population with a population size of 0.3 millions Frafra A Gurma population with a population size of 0.8 millions Gurunsi A Western African population with a population size of 3.3 millions Gurma The Dagaaba are a Western African population with a population size of 1 million. Dagaaba A Mande Western population with a population size of 6.8 millions Dyula A Eastern African population with a population size of 1.2 millions Bihari Mauritian Mauritian Creole A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.055 millions Tamil Nankani Seychellois A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.4 million Khoisan Eastern Semitic Eastern Semite Northern Semite Central Pygmy Eastern People living in: Burundi OR Comoros OR Djibouti OR Eritrea OR Ethiopia OR Kenya OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Mauritius OR Mayotte OR Mozambique OR Rwanda OR Réunion OR Seychelles OR Somalia OR South Sudan OR Sudan OR Uganda OR United Republic of Tanzania OR Zimbabwe Eastern African Berber Western 'The Nubians are known as people of the Nile and are located between Egypt and northern Sudan.' taken from: Culture and Customs of Sudan. Written by De Kwame Essien, Toyin Falola Ph.D. Nubian Eastern A Nubian Northern population with a population size of 0.050 million Mattokki A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 1.5 millions Banda Mahas A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of Nilo-Saharan, Luo, River-Lake Luo The Kalenjin are a Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 3 million. Kalenjin Pygmy Southern The Senufo are a Western African population with a population size of 2 million. Senufo A Western African population with a population size of 20 millions Akan A Toubou population with a population size of Nilo-Saharan Daza A Western African population with a population size of 0.5 millions Jola A Nilotic Western population with a population size of 5 millions Songhai A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 15.109 millions Banyarwanda A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.462 million Ari A Eastern African population with a population size of 4 millions Gaaliin Shaigiya Messiria Hadendoa Halfawieen 'The Nuba trace their geographical roots to the area around the Nuba mountains, the uppermost regions around the Ingessana hills and communities close to the Red Sea.' taken from: Culture and Customs of Sudan. Written by De Kwame Essien, Toyin Falola Ph.D. Nuba A Berber Northern population with a population size of 0.57 million Sahrawi A Bantu Western population with a population size of 0.250 million Jarawa A Eastern African population with a population size of 1300 persons Hadza A Western African population with a population size of 1.9 millions Serer A Western African population with a population size of 0.285 million Manjak A Western African population with a population size of 0.324 million Balanta A Berber Northern population with a population size of 0.150 million Mozabite A Bantu Eastern, Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.758 million Ngoni Lomwe A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of > 2 millions Yao A Chewa population with a population size of 2.486 millions, known as the people of the lake Mang'anja The Sena are a Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2 million. Sena A Sudanic population with a population size of Nilo-Saharan|Satellite-Core|Satellites|Central Sudanic|West|Bongo-Bagirmi|Bongo-Baka|Bongo|Kacipo-Balesi|Tennet|Luo|Lango-Acholi Bongo Chipeta A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.050 millions Nyakyusa A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.030 million Burunge A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.05 million Antankarana The Tsimihety are a Malagasy population with a population size of 1.2 million. Tsimihety The Sakalava are a Malagasy population with a population size of 1.2 million. Sakalava A Malagasy population with a population size of 1.5 millions Betsimisaraka A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.5 million Antemoro A Malagasy population with a population size of 4.359 millions Betsileo A Betsileo population with a population size of 0.015 million Zafimaniry A Malagasy population with a population size of > 5 millions Merina A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.52 million Bara A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.0012 million Vezo A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.6 million Antandroy A Malagasy population with a population size of 0.15 million Mahafaly Cafre A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.18 million Malbar Zarabe French people who were born in Metropolitan France. Zoreille A Eastern African population with a population size of 0.025 million Sinwa !Kung Ubangi Central Nilotic Central A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 0.011 million Bangba Mayogo Cushitic Eastern Nilotic Western Sudanic Bantu Central People living in: Angola OR Cameroon OR Central African Republic OR Chad OR Congo OR Democratic Republic of the Congo OR Gabon OR Zambia Central African People living in: Algeria OR Egypt OR Libya OR Mauritania OR Morocco OR Tunisia OR Western Sahara Northern African People living in: Botswana OR Eswatini OR Lesotho OR Namibia OR South Africa Southern African People living in: Benin OR Burkina Faso OR Cabo Verde OR Cote d'Ivoire OR Equatorial Guinea OR Gambia OR Ghana OR Guinea OR Guinea-Bissau OR Liberia OR Mali OR Niger OR Nigeria OR Saint Helena OR Sao Tome and Principe OR Senegal OR Sierra Leone OR Togo Western African A Nilotic Central, Nilotic Western population with a population size of >10 millions Kanuri A Central African population with a population size of < 1 million Kotoko A Central African population with a population size of 0.45 millions Masa Pygmy Central Aka A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.03 milion Baka_Cameroon A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.01 milion Mbuti A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.07 million Efé Sua A Pygmy Eastern, Pygmy Southern, Banyarwanda, Pygmy Central population with a population size of 0.04 million Twa Kwatay A Kanuri population with a population size of 0.655 millions Kanembu A Bantu Western, Bantu Central population with a population size of 3.3 millions with a group of 20 sub-ethnicities Beti-Pahuin A Bantu Central population with a population size of 1.1 million Chokwe A Bantu Central population with a population size of 17 millions Kongo The Luba are a Bantu Central population with a population size of >15 million. Luba A Bantu Central population with a population size of 6.4 millions Mbundu A Bantu Central population with a population size of 0.018 million Moghamo The Mongo are a Bantu Central population with a population size of >15 million. Mongo A Bantu Central population with a population size of 25 millions Ngala A Bantu Central population with a population size of 0.08 million Ngamambo A Bantu Central population with a population size of 0.025 million Tikar A Bantu Central population with a population size of 4.6 milions Ovimbundu A Kongo population with a population size of 0.5 million Mbunda A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 1.5 million Gbaya A Ubangi Central population with a population size of 0.122 million Ngbandi A Ubangi Central, Eastern African population with a population size of 1-4 millions Zande A Semite Central, Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 6 million Baggara A Western African, Nilotic Central population with a population size of 3.5 millions Sara A Nilotic Eastern, Nilotic Western, Northern African, Nilotic Central population with a population size of 2.25 millions Toubou A Southern African population with a population size of 2.8–3.5 million Afrikaner Bantu Southern A Southern African, Eastern African population with a population size of 2.5 millions British diaspora A Southern African population with a population size of 4.7 millions Coloured A Southern African population with a population size of 0.03 millions. People of mixed race claiming both European and African descent. Goffel French diaspora Khoekhoe A Southern African population with a population size of 0.1 million San A Khoekhoe, San population with a population size of 0.4 millions Khoisan South Taa People of the place of the buffalo Banareng The Himba are a Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.05 million. Himba Kwangali The Lemba are a Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.05 million Lemba A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 4.037 Millions Makua A Bantu Southern population with a population size of > 28 millions Nguni A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 1.6 million Ovambo A Bantu Southern, Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 10.6 millions Shona A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 7.130 millions Sotho A Bantu Southern, Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2 millions Tonga A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 1 million Venda A Bantu Southern population with a population size of 0.3 million Yeyi A Sotho population with a population size of 4.7 millions Pedi A Shona population with a population size of 0.75 million Kalanga A Shona population with a population size of 0.1 million Nambya Ndebele A Nguni population with a population size of 2.3 millions Swazi A Ndebele population with a population size of 1.5 million North Ndebele A Ndebele population with a population size of 0.7 million South Ndebele Kgatla Descendants of Andalusians people Andalusian A Northern African population with a population size of 38 millions Berber Northern A Eastern African, Northern African population with a population size of 20 millions Copt A Northern African population with a population size of 1.7 million Nubian Northern Algerian Berber Lybian Berber Moroccan Berber A Berber Northern population with a population size of Afro-Asiatic|Berber|Northern|Atlas Shilha Tunisian Andalusian Tunisian Berber A Semite Northern population with a population size of 85 millions Egyptian A Semite Northern population with a population size of 2 millions Haratin A Semite Northern population with a population size of >72 millions Maghrebi A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 million Gumuz A Semite Northern, Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 2 millions Moor Bantu Eastern A Eastern African population with a population size of 25 millions Malagasy A Eastern African population with a population size of >22 millions Nilotic Eastern A Eastern African population with a population size of 2 millions Wolaita A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 0.475 millon Bari A Luo population with a population size of 2 Millions Acholi Kwama A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 1,016 millions Turkana A Luo population with a population size of 1.7 million Alur A Luo population with a population size of 2.2 millions Lango A Luo population with a population size of 1.5 million Shilluk 'The Birked live north and east of Dago and Bayko, between Gebel Harayz and Rizaykat and are much larger tribe then either.' from a: A History of the Arabs in the Sudan. Written by De H. A. MacMichael. Birged Dongolese A Nubian Eastern population with a population size of 0.063 million Hill Nubian A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 6.3 million Afar A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 1 million Agaw A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 2.8 millions Beja The Bilen are a Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 million. Bilen The Saho are a Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 million. Saho A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of >3 millions Sidama A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of >20 millions Somali A Sudanic population with a population size of 11 millions Lugbara A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 24 millions Amhara A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 1.9 millions. Subdivided into three groups: East, North, West. Gurage Habesha A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 0.2 millions Rashaida A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 28 millions Sudanese Arab A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 10.3 millions Tigrinya A Semitic Eastern population with a population size of 1.5 millions Tigré A Pygmy Eastern population with a population size of 0.25 million Baka_South_Sudan A Khoisan Eastern population with a population size of 0.06 million Sandawe A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.9 Basoga The Chaga are a Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2 million. Chaga A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of >0.4 million Embu A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 6.7 millions Ganda A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.2 millions Kisii A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 5.4 millions Luhya A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.3 millions Makonde A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.4 million Nyoro A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of >0.1 millons Swahili A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1.546 millions Tumbuka A Western African population with a population size of 0.05 million Adele A Western African population with a population size of 0.01 million Aku Bantu Western A Western African population with a population size of 0.04 Biafada A Western African population with a population size of 0.1 million Bubi A Western African population with a population size of 0.128 millions Buduma A Western African population with a population size of 1.591 millions Dogon A Western African population with a population size of 1.6 millions Edo A Western African population with a population size of 0.9 millions Efik A Western African population with a population size of 0.3 millions Eket A Western African population with a population size of 1.5 millions Esan A Western African population with a population size of 6 millions Ewe The Fon are a Western African population with a population size of 4 million. Fon A Western African population with a population size of 9.6 millions Ibibio A Western African population with a population size of >14 millions Ijaw A Western African population with a population size of >30 millions Mande Western A Gurma population with a population size of 8.6 millions Mole-Dagbani The Urhobo are a Western African population with a population size of 2 million. Urhobo The Wolof are a Western African population with a population size of 4 million. Wolof A Mande Western population with a population size of 1.7 millions Bissa A Mande Western population with a population size of 13 millions Mandinka A Mande Western population with a population size of 0.4 millions Marka The Mende are a Mande Western population with a population size of 2 million. Mende A Gurunsi population with a population size of 0.161 millions Kassena A Songhai population with a population size of >5 millions Zarma A Songhai population with a population size of 0.2 million Dendi Okiek A Banyarwanda population with a population size of 16 millions Hutu A Banyarwanda, Southern African population with a population size of 3 millions Tutsi Bamileke Isoko A Pygmy Central, Western African population with a population size of 6.8 millions Kru A Bantu Central population with a population size of 260000 Duala Duala A Bantu Central population with a population size of 74000 Eshira Eshira A Bantu Central population with a population size of 215000 Hema Hema A Bantu Central population with a population size of 81500 Kota Kota A Bantu Central population with a population size of 89500 Makaa Makaa A Bantu Central population with a population size of 117030 Myene Myene A Bantu Central population with a population size of 2.355 millions Nande Nande Ngumba Ngumba Obamba Obamba A Bantu Central population with a population size of 250000 Pende Pende A Bantu Central population with a population size of 317000 Punu Punu Teke Teke A Bantu Central population with a population size of 100000 Vili Vili A Central African population with a population size of 90500 Mandar Mandar A Central African population with a population size of 1.8 millions Mangbetu Mangbetu A Central African population with a population size of 346000 Manja Manja A Central African population with a population size of 228000 Marba Marba A Central African population with a population size of 165000 Mbum Mbum A Central African population with a population size of 347614 Nzebi Nzebi A Central African population with a population size of 65000 Podoko Podoko A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 5500 Gyele Gyele Yaka Yaka Tupuri Tupuri Wuzlam Wuzlam A Central African population with a population size of 177000 Yakoma Yakoma A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 760000 Chopi Chopi A Embu population with a population size of 195250 Mbeere Mbeere A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 3,420 Millions Kiga Kiga A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 89900 Lambya Lambya A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 2.233 millions Masaba Masaba A Mijikenda population with a population size of <25,000 Segeju Segeju A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 4,436 Millions Nkole Nkole A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 4 Millions Nyamwezi Nyamwezi A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 112075 Pokomo Pokomo Ndau Ndau A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 10 Millions Sukuma Sukuma A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 175905 Tharaka Tharaka A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 20103 Aweer Aweer A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 1104 Elmolo Elmolo A Cushitic Eastern population with a population size of 2 million Hadiya Hadiya A Oromo population with a population size of 1025000 Borana Borana A Oromo population with a population size of 700000 Gabra Gabra A Malagasy population with a population size of 50000 Antambahoaka Antambahoaka A Malagasy population with a population size of 772000 Antanosy Antanosy A Malagasy population with a population size of 100000 Bezanozano Bezanozano A Malagasy population with a population size of 1500 Mikea Mikea A Malagasy population with a population size of 200000 Sihanaka Sihanaka A Malagasy population with a population size of 400000 Tanala Tanala A Kalenjin population with a population size of 180000 Marakwet Marakwet A Kalenjin population with a population size of 969000 Pokot Pokot A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 260000 Kunama Kunama A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 108000 Nara Nara A Nilotic Eastern population with a population size of 2,873 Millions Teso Teso Jeberti Jeberti A Bemba population with a population size of 433000 Aushi Aushi Okavango Okavango A Sotho population with a population size of 3,575 Millions Lozi Lozi A Khoisan South population with a population size of 146000 Damara Damara A Western African population with a population size of 61500 Aghem Aghem A Western African population with a population size of 810000 Aja Aja A Akan population with a population size of 2 millions Fante Fante A Western African population with a population size of 2.6 million Anaang Anaang A Akan population with a population size of 5 millions Baule Baule A Western African population with a population size of 659000 Bamum Bamum Kombe Kombe Luvale Luvale A Western African population with a population size of 2500 Bedik Bedik A Western African population with a population size of 40800 Bassari Bassari A Western African population with a population size of 150000 Diffa Arabs Diffa Arabs Ditammari Ditammari Ekoi Ekoi A Western African population with a population size of 304000 Gola Gola The Guan are a Western African population with a population size of 1 million. Guan Guan A Gurma population with a population size of 1.4 million Bariba Bariba A Gurma population with a population size of 950000 Konkomba Konkomba Lilse Lilse Lobi Lobi A Gurma population with a population size of 19700 Pana Pana A Gurma population with a population size of 30900 Samoya Samoya A Western African population with a population size of 2.7 Million Itsekiri Itsekiri A Jola population with a population size of 10125 Bandial Bandial A Mande Western population with a population size of 700000 Dan Dan A Gurma population with a population size of 1.22 millions Kabye Kabye A Western African population with a population size of 104311 Krio Krio A Kru population with a population size of 214000 Krahn Krahn A Kru population with a population size of 387000 Grebo Grebo A Western African population with a population size of 311500 Kulango Kulango A Western African population with a population size of 792190 Limba Limba A Mande Western population with a population size of 115200 Jakhanke Jakhanke A Mande Western population with a population size of 363000 Kono Kono The Kpelle are a Mande Western population with a population size of 2 million. Kpelle Kpelle A Mande Western population with a population size of > 2 millions Kuranko Kuranko A Mande Western population with a population size of 165692 Loko Loko A Mande Western population with a population size of 498000 Mano Mano A Mande Western population with a population size of 240000 Vai Vai A Mande Western population with a population size of 206000 Yalunka Yalunka A Western African population with a population size of 106900 Mankanya Mankanya A Western African population with a population size of 1.407 million Oron Oron A Western African population with a population size of 140000 Papel Papel A Western African population with a population size of 134606 Sherbro Sherbro A Western African population with a population size of 2,225 Millions Temne Temne A Wolof population with a population size of 210000 Lebu Lebu Nuna Nuna A Pygmy Central population with a population size of 12500 Kango A Beti-Pahuin population with a population size of 2500000 Ewondo A Southern African population with a population size of 35500 Birwa A Western African population with a population size of 1,224,545 Kissi A Swahili population with a population size of 416,200 Ngazidja A Swahili population with a population size of 217,400 Maore A Swahili population with a population size of 45,000 Mwali A Swahili population with a population size of 365,900 Ndzwani A Bantu Eastern population with a population size of 1 million Kuria A Jola population with a population size of 117000 Karonica An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) process process disposition A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entity specifically dependent continuant A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) characteristic material property specifically dependent continuant specifically dependent continuant A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. role fiat object fiat object part ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. object aggregate site function material entity An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity material entity immaterial entity One of the small bulbs (as in garlic) developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. clove A peduncle arising at or beneath the surface of the ground in an acaulescent plant (as the tulip); broadly: a flower stalk. scape A material entity that is ingested and contributes to survival, growth and development dietary chemical component Material which remains after the removal of water from plant matter. dry plant matter Carbohydrates that are absorbed in the small intestine and provide carbohydrate for metabolism in monogastric animals. available carbohydrate Available carbohydrate in monosaccharide and disaccharide form free sugar A carbohydrate or associated lignin that resists hydrolytic digestion in the small intestine of humans and other monogastric species, with fermentative digestion in the large intestine dietary fibre Dietary fibre which dissolves in water and is partially or completely fermented in the colon of monogastric animals by gut bacteria. soluble dietary fibre A portion of starch that cannot be digested by amylases in the small intestine resistant starch Dietary fibre which does not dissolve in water and is inert to digestive enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals, with variable fermentability in the large bowel. insoluble dietary fibre A protein that accumulates in developing seeds or grains. seed storage protein A mineral nutrient that represents a major proportion of the minerals required in the diet macro element Mineral nutrient that is present in a very low concentration within the diet trace element A plant metabolite that is not essential for growth or division of plant cells. plant secondary metabolite An organic molecule that has a vitamin(role) vitamin (molecular entity) Calcium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary calcium Chlorine ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary chlorine Magnesium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary magnesium Phosphorus ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary phosphorus Potassium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary potassium Sodium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary sodium Sulfur ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary sulfur Chromium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary chromium Copper ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary copper Fluorine ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary fluorine Iodine ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary iodine Iron ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary iron Manganese ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary manganese Molybdenum ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary molybdenum Selenium ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary selenium Zinc ingested by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts dietary zinc A complex carbohydrate with various rheological properties that result in viscoelastic behavior gum Fractions of dietary fibre calculated as the sum of water insoluble dietary fibre (IDF)(e.g. cellulose) and soluble dietary fibre that precipitates in the presence of 78% aqueous ethanol (SDFP). high molecular weight dietary fibre Dietary fibre of degree of polymerization (DP) > 2 resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine but that is partially or completely fermented by the large bowel microbiota. fermentable dietary fibre Dietary fibre that resists degradation by the bacteria in the colon, resulting in limited action by the large bowel microbiota. non-fermentable dietary fibre Soluble dietary fibre that dissolves in water to form semifluid solutions or a gel-like matrix, and exhibits high shear strength in aqueous solutions. viscous dietary fibre Dietary fibre which has been isolated or synthesized and is added to the diet of humans or other monogastric species that has beneficial physiological effects. added dietary fibre Dietary fibre that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. prebiotic dietary fibre Water soluble dietary fibre which precipitates in 78% aqueous ethanol. soluble dietary fibre precipitate (SDFP) Water soluble dietary fibre which remains soluble in 78% aqueous ethanol. soluble dietary fibre soluble (SDFS) Dietary fibre oligomers of degree of polymerization (DP) > 2 which remain soluble in 78% aqueous ethanol and are not digested by enzymes of the human digestive tract. low molecular weight dietary fibre A polysaccharide fraction of dietary fibre that excludes lignin and all starch. non-starch polysaccharide A non-starch polysaccharide composed of cellulose or its derivatives. cellulosic polysaccharide A non-starch polysaccharide, other than cellulose, composed of chains of various types of monosaccharide units, that may be substituted with side chains and by various functional groups. non-starch non-cellulosic polysaccharide A linear α-glucan composed of repeating α-1,4-linked maltotriose or maltotetraose subunits, connected by α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. pullulan A cellulosic polysaccharide to which substituent groups have been added. modified cellulose A non-starch polysaccharide composed of chitin (β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) and β-1,3-D-glucan, obtained from Aspergillus niger mycelial cell walls. chitin-glucan A dietary fiber consisting of 3-9 monomeric units not digested by enzymes of the human digestive tract and soluble in water. nondigestible oligosaccharide A fructan consisting primarily of β-(2,6)-linked fructose residues with β-(1,2)-branches graminan A polysaccharide primarily composed of a backbone containing α−1,4-D-galacturonic acid residues pectic polysaccharide A highly water-soluble or water-dispersible polysaccharide that readily dissolves or disperses to form highly hydrated entities of colloidal (nanoscale) dimensions polysaccharide-based hydrocolloid resistant glucan A nondigestible oligosaccharide composed of a backbone of β-(1→4)-linked d-xylopyranosyl residues partially substituted with arabinofuranosyl side chains. arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide Amylopectin which is derived from starch. amylopectin derived from starch Amylose which is derived from starch. amylose derived from starch Galacturonan which is derived from pectin. galacturonan derived from pectin Rhamnogalacturonan which is derived from pectin. rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Mannan which is derived from hemicellulose. mannan derived from hemicellulose true Xylan which is derived from hemicellulose. xylan derived from hemicellulose true Xyloglucan which is derived from hemicellulose. xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose true Glucomannan which is derived from hemicellulose. glucomannan derived from hemicellulose true Arabinoxylan which is derived from hemicellulose. arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose true Fructan which is derived from hemicellulose. fructan derived from hemicellulose Arabinan which is derived from hemicellulose. arabinan derived from hemicellulose Galactomannan which is derived from hemicellulose. galactomannan derived from hemicellulose Galactan which is derived from hemicellulose. galactan derived from hemicellulose Glucose which is derived from amylopectin derived from starch. glucose derived from amylopectin derived from starch Glucose which is derived from amylose derived from starch. glucose derived from amylose derived from starch Glucose which is derived from sucrose. glucose derived from sucrose Fructose which is derived from sucrose. fructose derived from sucrose Glucose which is derived from maltose. glucose derived from maltose Galacturonic acid which is derived from galacturonan derived from pectin. galacturonic acid derived from galacturonan derived from pectin Rhamnose which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. rhamnose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin D-apiose which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. D-apiose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Galacturonic acid which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. galacturonic acid derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Fucose which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. fucose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Xylose which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. xylose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Arabinose which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. arabinose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Galactose which is derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin. galactose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin Raffinose which is derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Galactose which is derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. galactose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Glucose which is derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Fructose which is derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Stachyose which is derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Galactose which is derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. galactose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Glucose which is derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. glucose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharidee Fructose which is derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. fructose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Verbascose which is derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Galactose which is derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. galactose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Glucose which is derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. glucose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Fructose which is derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide. fructose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide Glucose which is derived from amorphous cellulose. glucose derived from amorphous cellulose Mannose which is derived from mannan derived from hemicellulose. mannose derived from mannan derived from hemicellulose Glucose which is derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose. glucose derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose Xylose which is derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose. xylose derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose Glucose which is derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose. glucose derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose Xylose which is derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose. xylose derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose Glucose which is derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose. glucose derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose Mannose which is derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose. mannose derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose Arabinose which is derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose. arabinose derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose Xylose which is derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose. xylose derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose Inulin which is derived from fructan. inulin derived from fructan Fructose which is derived from inulin derived from fructan. fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan Amino acid which is derived from protein. amino acid derived from protein The concentration of dietary chemical component when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary chemical component in material entity The concentration of water when measured in some material entity. concentration of water in material entity The concentration of dry plant matter when measured in some material entity. concentration of dry plant matter in material entity The concentration of ash when measured in some material entity. concentration of ash in material entity The concentration of carbohydrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of carbohydrate in material entity The concentration of polysaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of polysaccharide in material entity The concentration of starch when measured in some material entity. concentration of starch in material entity The concentration of pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of pectin in material entity The concentration of amorphous cellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of amorphous cellulose in material entity The concentration of hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of inulin when measured in some material entity. concentration of inulin in material entity The concentration of monosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of monosaccharide in material entity The concentration of glucose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose in material entity The concentration of fructose when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructose in material entity The concentration of rhamnose when measured in some material entity. concentration of rhamnose in material entity The concentration of D-apiose when measured in some material entity. concentration of D-apiose in material entity The concentration of galacturonic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of galacturonic acid in material entity The concentration of fucose when measured in some material entity. concentration of fucose in material entity The concentration of xylose when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylose in material entity The concentration of arabinose when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinose in material entity The concentration of galactose when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactose in material entity The concentration of mannose when measured in some material entity. concentration of mannose in material entity The concentration of ribose when measured in some material entity. concentration of ribose in material entity The concentration of disaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of disaccharide in material entity The concentration of sucrose when measured in some material entity. concentration of sucrose in material entity The concentration of trehalose when measured in some material entity. concentration of trehalose in material entity The concentration of maltose when measured in some material entity. concentration of maltose in material entity The concentration of oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of raffinose when measured in some material entity. concentration of raffinose in material entity The concentration of stachyose when measured in some material entity. concentration of stachyose in material entity The concentration of verbascose when measured in some material entity. concentration of verbascose in material entity The concentration of available carbohydrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of available carbohydrate in material entity The concentration of free sugar when measured in some material entity. concentration of free sugar in material entity The concentration of dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of soluble dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of soluble dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of resistant starch when measured in some material entity. concentration of resistant starch in material entity The concentration of insoluble dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of insoluble dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of fructan when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructan in material entity The concentration of protein when measured in some material entity. concentration of protein in material entity The concentration of seed storage protein when measured in some material entity. concentration of seed storage protein in material entity The concentration of albumin type when measured in some material entity. concentration of albumin type in material entity The concentration of globulin type when measured in some material entity. concentration of globulin type in material entity The concentration of prolamin when measured in some material entity. concentration of prolamin in material entity The concentration of cruciferin when measured in some material entity. concentration of cruciferin in material entity The concentration of glutenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of glutenin in material entity The concentration of alanine when measured in some material entity. concentration of alanine in material entity The concentration of arginine when measured in some material entity. concentration of arginine in material entity The concentration of asparagine when measured in some material entity. concentration of asparagine in material entity The concentration of aspartic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of aspartic acid in material entity The concentration of cysteine when measured in some material entity. concentration of cysteine in material entity The concentration of glutamic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of glutamic acid in material entity The concentration of glutamine when measured in some material entity. concentration of glutamine in material entity The concentration of glycine when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycine in material entity The concentration of histidine when measured in some material entity. concentration of histidine in material entity The concentration of hydroxyproline when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxyproline in material entity The concentration of isoleucine when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoleucine in material entity The concentration of leucine when measured in some material entity. concentration of leucine in material entity The concentration of lysine when measured in some material entity. concentration of lysine in material entity The concentration of methionine when measured in some material entity. concentration of methionine in material entity The concentration of phenylalanine when measured in some material entity. concentration of phenylalanine in material entity The concentration of proline when measured in some material entity. concentration of proline in material entity The concentration of serine when measured in some material entity. concentration of serine in material entity The concentration of threonine when measured in some material entity. concentration of threonine in material entity The concentration of tryptophan when measured in some material entity. concentration of tryptophan in material entity The concentration of tyrosine when measured in some material entity. concentration of tyrosine in material entity The concentration of valine when measured in some material entity. concentration of valine in material entity The concentration of lipid when measured in some material entity. concentration of lipid in material entity The concentration of diglyceride when measured in some material entity. concentration of diglyceride in material entity The concentration of cis-fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of cis-fatty acid in material entity The concentration of octanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of octanoic acid in material entity The concentration of pentadecanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of pentadecanoic acid in material entity The concentration of tetracosanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of tetracosanoic acid in material entity The concentration of dodecanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of dodecanoic acid in material entity The concentration of tetradecanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of tetradecanoic acid in material entity The concentration of hexadecanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of hexadecanoic acid in material entity The concentration of heptadecanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of heptadecanoic acid in material entity The concentration of octadecanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of octadecanoic acid in material entity The concentration of icosanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of icosanoic acid in material entity The concentration of docosanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of docosanoic acid in material entity The concentration of propionic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of propionic acid in material entity The concentration of myristoleic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of myristoleic acid in material entity The concentration of palmitoleic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of palmitoleic acid in material entity The concentration of oleic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of oleic acid in material entity The concentration of palmitelaidic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of palmitelaidic acid in material entity The concentration of elaidic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of elaidic acid in material entity The concentration of vaccenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of vaccenic acid in material entity The concentration of (11Z)-icos-11-enoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (11Z)-icos-11-enoic acid in material entity The concentration of erucic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of erucic acid in material entity The concentration of (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid in material entity The concentration of ω−3 fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of ω−3 fatty acid in material entity The concentration of all-cis-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-cis-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoic acid in material entity The concentration of all-cis-icosa-11,14,17-trienoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-cis-icosa-11,14,17-trienoic acid in material entity The concentration of eicosatetraenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of eicosatetraenoic acid in material entity The concentration of 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoic acid in material entity The concentration of α-linolenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of α-linolenic acid in material entity The concentration of icosapentaenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of icosapentaenoic acid in material entity The concentration of docosapentaenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of docosapentaenoic acid in material entity The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in material entity The concentration of 9-hydroxy-5E,7Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 9-hydroxy-5E,7Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid in material entity The concentration of linolenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of linolenic acid in material entity The concentration of ω−6 fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of ω−6 fatty acid in material entity The concentration of linoleic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of linoleic acid in material entity The concentration of all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid in material entity The concentration of γ-linolenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of γ-linolenic acid in material entity The concentration of icosadienoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of icosadienoic acid in material entity The concentration of arachidonic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of arachidonic acid in material entity The concentration of docosadienoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of docosadienoic acid in material entity The concentration of 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid in material entity The concentration of trans-fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-fatty acid in material entity The concentration of capsaicin when measured in some material entity. concentration of capsaicin in material entity The concentration of phospholipid when measured in some material entity. concentration of phospholipid in material entity The concentration of phosphatidylcholine when measured in some material entity. concentration of phosphatidylcholine in material entity The concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine when measured in some material entity. concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine in material entity The concentration of phosphatidyl-L-serine when measured in some material entity. concentration of phosphatidyl-L-serine in material entity The concentration of phosphatidylinositol when measured in some material entity. concentration of phosphatidylinositol in material entity The concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine when measured in some material entity. concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine in material entity The concentration of glycolipid when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycolipid in material entity The concentration of glycoglycerolipid when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycoglycerolipid in material entity The concentration of sterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of sterol in material entity The concentration of campestanol when measured in some material entity. concentration of campestanol in material entity The concentration of cholesterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of cholesterol in material entity The concentration of lupeol when measured in some material entity. concentration of lupeol in material entity The concentration of phytosterols when measured in some material entity. concentration of phytosterols in material entity The concentration of avenasterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of avenasterol in material entity The concentration of isofucosterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of isofucosterol in material entity The concentration of delta7-avenasterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of delta7-avenasterol in material entity The concentration of brassicasterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of brassicasterol in material entity The concentration of campesterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of campesterol in material entity The concentration of ergosterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of ergosterol in material entity The concentration of sitosterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of sitosterol in material entity The concentration of stigmastanol when measured in some material entity. concentration of stigmastanol in material entity The concentration of stigmasterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of stigmasterol in material entity The concentration of delta7-stigmasterol when measured in some material entity. concentration of delta7-stigmasterol in material entity The concentration of mineral nutrient when measured in some material entity. concentration of mineral nutrient in material entity The concentration of macro element when measured in some material entity. concentration of macro element in material entity The concentration of calcium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium(2+) in material entity The concentration of chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of chloride in material entity The concentration of magnesium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium(2+) in material entity The concentration of nitrogen atom when measured in some material entity. concentration of nitrogen atom in material entity The concentration of phosphide(3−) when measured in some material entity. concentration of phosphide(3−) in material entity The concentration of potassium(1+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of potassium(1+) in material entity The concentration of sodium(1+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium(1+) in material entity The concentration of sulfide(2−) when measured in some material entity. concentration of sulfide(2−) in material entity The concentration of trace element when measured in some material entity. concentration of trace element in material entity The concentration of aluminium(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of aluminium(3+) in material entity The concentration of antimony(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of antimony(3+) in material entity The concentration of arsenic(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of arsenic(3+) in material entity The concentration of boron(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of boron(3+) in material entity The concentration of cadmium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of cadmium(2+) in material entity The concentration of chromium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of chromium(2+) in material entity The concentration of cobalt(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of cobalt(2+) in material entity The concentration of copper(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of copper(2+) in material entity The concentration of fluoride when measured in some material entity. concentration of fluoride in material entity The concentration of iodide when measured in some material entity. concentration of iodide in material entity The concentration of iron(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of iron(2+) in material entity The concentration of lead(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of lead(2+) in material entity The concentration of lithium(1+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of lithium(1+) in material entity The concentration of manganese atom when measured in some material entity. concentration of manganese atom in material entity The concentration of mercury(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of mercury(2+) in material entity The concentration of molybdenum(4+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of molybdenum(4+) in material entity The concentration of nickel(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of nickel(2+) in material entity The concentration of rubidium(1+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of rubidium(1+) in material entity The concentration of selenium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of selenium(2+) in material entity The concentration of strontium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of strontium(2+) in material entity The concentration of tin(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of tin(2+) in material entity The concentration of titanium(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of titanium(3+) in material entity The concentration of vanadium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of vanadium(2+) in material entity The concentration of zinc(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of zinc(2+) in material entity The concentration of barium(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of barium(2+) in material entity The concentration of caesium(1+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of caesium(1+) in material entity The concentration of bismuth(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of bismuth(3+) in material entity The concentration of lanthanum(2+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of lanthanum(2+) in material entity The concentration of salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of salt in material entity The concentration of sodium chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium chloride in material entity The concentration of inorganic nitrate salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic nitrate salt in material entity The concentration of bromide when measured in some material entity. concentration of bromide in material entity The concentration of vitamin (molecular entity) when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin (molecular entity) in material entity The concentration of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid in material entity The concentration of B vitamin when measured in some material entity. concentration of B vitamin in material entity The concentration of (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate when measured in some material entity. concentration of (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate in material entity The concentration of vitamin B1 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B1 in material entity The concentration of riboflavin when measured in some material entity. concentration of riboflavin in material entity The concentration of nicotinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of nicotinic acid in material entity The concentration of (R)-pantothenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (R)-pantothenic acid in material entity The concentration of pyridoxine when measured in some material entity. concentration of pyridoxine in material entity The concentration of biotin when measured in some material entity. concentration of biotin in material entity The concentration of folic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of folic acid in material entity The concentration of cyanocob(III)alamin when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanocob(III)alamin in material entity The concentration of vitamin C when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin C in material entity The concentration of L-ascorbic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of L-ascorbic acid in material entity The concentration of vitamin A when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin A in material entity The concentration of carotenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of carotenoid in material entity The concentration of α-carotene when measured in some material entity. concentration of α-carotene in material entity The concentration of β-carotene when measured in some material entity. concentration of β-carotene in material entity The concentration of 4-hydroxy-all-trans-β-carotene when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-hydroxy-all-trans-β-carotene in material entity The concentration of 9-cis-β-carotene when measured in some material entity. concentration of 9-cis-β-carotene in material entity The concentration of vitamin D when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin D in material entity The concentration of calcidiol when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcidiol in material entity The concentration of vitamin E when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin E in material entity The concentration of tocopherol when measured in some material entity. concentration of tocopherol in material entity The concentration of α-tocopherol when measured in some material entity. concentration of α-tocopherol in material entity The concentration of β-tocopherol when measured in some material entity. concentration of β-tocopherol in material entity The concentration of γ-tocopherol when measured in some material entity. concentration of γ-tocopherol in material entity The concentration of δ-tocopherol when measured in some material entity. concentration of δ-tocopherol in material entity The concentration of tocotrienol when measured in some material entity. concentration of tocotrienol in material entity The concentration of α-tocotrienol when measured in some material entity. concentration of α-tocotrienol in material entity The concentration of β-tocotrienol when measured in some material entity. concentration of β-tocotrienol in material entity The concentration of γ-tocotrienol when measured in some material entity. concentration of γ-tocotrienol in material entity The concentration of δ-tocotrienol when measured in some material entity. concentration of δ-tocotrienol in material entity The concentration of vitamin K when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin K in material entity The concentration of plant secondary metabolite when measured in some material entity. concentration of plant secondary metabolite in material entity The concentration of alkaloid when measured in some material entity. concentration of alkaloid in material entity The concentration of caffeine when measured in some material entity. concentration of caffeine in material entity The concentration of mescaline when measured in some material entity. concentration of mescaline in material entity The concentration of theobromine when measured in some material entity. concentration of theobromine in material entity The concentration of phenols when measured in some material entity. concentration of phenols in material entity The concentration of polyphenol when measured in some material entity. concentration of polyphenol in material entity The concentration of tannin when measured in some material entity. concentration of tannin in material entity The concentration of chlorogenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of chlorogenic acid in material entity The concentration of proanthocyanidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of proanthocyanidin in material entity The concentration of hydrolysable tannin when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydrolysable tannin in material entity The concentration of ellagitannin when measured in some material entity. concentration of ellagitannin in material entity The concentration of gallotannin when measured in some material entity. concentration of gallotannin in material entity The concentration of phlorotannin when measured in some material entity. concentration of phlorotannin in material entity The concentration of catechol when measured in some material entity. concentration of catechol in material entity The concentration of phloroglucinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of phloroglucinol in material entity The concentration of (−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate when measured in some material entity. concentration of (−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate in material entity The concentration of phenolic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of phenolic acid in material entity The concentration of gallic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of gallic acid in material entity The concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of salicylic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of salicylic acid in material entity The concentration of hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside in material entity The concentration of vanillic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of vanillic acid in material entity The concentration of syringic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of syringic acid in material entity The concentration of methyl ketone when measured in some material entity. concentration of methyl ketone in material entity The concentration of acetophenone when measured in some material entity. concentration of acetophenone in material entity The concentration of phenylacetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of phenylacetic acid in material entity The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid in material entity The concentration of caffeic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of caffeic acid in material entity The concentration of sinapic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of sinapic acid in material entity The concentration of chromones when measured in some material entity. concentration of chromones in material entity The concentration of Chicoric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of Chicoric acid in material entity The concentration of coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of 4-coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of 2-coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2-coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of 3-coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of ferulic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of ferulic acid in material entity The concentration of scopoletin when measured in some material entity. concentration of scopoletin in material entity The concentration of phenylpropane when measured in some material entity. concentration of phenylpropane in material entity The concentration of naphthoquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of naphthoquinone in material entity The concentration of 1,2-napthoquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 1,2-napthoquinone in material entity The concentration of 1,4-napthoquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 1,4-napthoquinone in material entity The concentration of juglone when measured in some material entity. concentration of juglone in material entity The concentration of stilbenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of stilbenoid in material entity The concentration of stilbene when measured in some material entity. concentration of stilbene in material entity The concentration of anthraquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of anthraquinone in material entity The concentration of aglycone when measured in some material entity. concentration of aglycone in material entity The concentration of emodin when measured in some material entity. concentration of emodin in material entity The concentration of xanthones when measured in some material entity. concentration of xanthones in material entity The concentration of simple oxygenated xanthones when measured in some material entity. concentration of simple oxygenated xanthones in material entity The concentration of xanthone glycoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of xanthone glycoside in material entity The concentration of prenylated and related xanthones when measured in some material entity. concentration of prenylated and related xanthones in material entity The concentration of xanthonolignoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of xanthonolignoid in material entity The concentration of flavonoids when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavonoids in material entity The concentration of flavonoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavonoid in material entity The concentration of malvidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of malvidin in material entity The concentration of kaempferol when measured in some material entity. concentration of kaempferol in material entity The concentration of flavan when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavan in material entity The concentration of flavanone when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavanone in material entity The concentration of 6-prenylnaringenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 6-prenylnaringenin in material entity The concentration of sophoraflavanone B when measured in some material entity. concentration of sophoraflavanone B in material entity The concentration of eriocitrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of eriocitrin in material entity The concentration of eriodictyol when measured in some material entity. concentration of eriodictyol in material entity The concentration of hesperetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of hesperetin in material entity The concentration of hesperidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of hesperidin in material entity The concentration of homoeriodictyol when measured in some material entity. concentration of homoeriodictyol in material entity The concentration of 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone in material entity The concentration of naringenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of naringenin in material entity The concentration of naringin when measured in some material entity. concentration of naringin in material entity The concentration of narirutin when measured in some material entity. concentration of narirutin in material entity The concentration of neoeriocitrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of neoeriocitrin in material entity The concentration of neohesperidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of neohesperidin in material entity The concentration of pinocembrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of pinocembrin in material entity The concentration of (2S)-poncirin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (2S)-poncirin in material entity The concentration of sakuranetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of sakuranetin in material entity The concentration of flavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavone in material entity The concentration of 6-hydroxyluteolin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 6-hydroxyluteolin in material entity The concentration of 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-laminaribioside when measured in some material entity. concentration of 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-laminaribioside in material entity The concentration of 4',7-dihydroxyflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4',7-dihydroxyflavone in material entity The concentration of apigenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of apigenin in material entity The concentration of baicalein when measured in some material entity. concentration of baicalein in material entity The concentration of chrysin when measured in some material entity. concentration of chrysin in material entity The concentration of cirsilineol when measured in some material entity. concentration of cirsilineol in material entity The concentration of cirsimaritin when measured in some material entity. concentration of cirsimaritin in material entity The concentration of diosmin when measured in some material entity. concentration of diosmin in material entity The concentration of dihydromyricetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of dihydromyricetin in material entity The concentration of eupatorin when measured in some material entity. concentration of eupatorin in material entity The concentration of gardenin B when measured in some material entity. concentration of gardenin B in material entity The concentration of geraldone when measured in some material entity. concentration of geraldone in material entity The concentration of hispidulin when measured in some material entity. concentration of hispidulin in material entity The concentration of isovitexin when measured in some material entity. concentration of isovitexin in material entity The concentration of jaceosidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of jaceosidin in material entity The concentration of luteolin when measured in some material entity. concentration of luteolin in material entity The concentration of luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside(1−) when measured in some material entity. concentration of luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside(1−) in material entity The concentration of myricitrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of myricitrin in material entity The concentration of nobiletin when measured in some material entity. concentration of nobiletin in material entity The concentration of quercetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin in material entity The concentration of apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside in material entity The concentration of scutellarein when measured in some material entity. concentration of scutellarein in material entity The concentration of sinensetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of sinensetin in material entity The concentration of tangeretin when measured in some material entity. concentration of tangeretin in material entity The concentration of vitexin when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitexin in material entity The concentration of dihydroflavonols when measured in some material entity. concentration of dihydroflavonols in material entity The concentration of hydroxyflavan when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxyflavan in material entity The concentration of catechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of catechin in material entity The concentration of (+)-catechin 3-O-gallate when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-catechin 3-O-gallate in material entity The concentration of (+)-gallocatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-gallocatechin in material entity The concentration of (-)-epicatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-epicatechin in material entity The concentration of (+)-epicatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-epicatechin in material entity The concentration of (-)-gallocatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-gallocatechin in material entity The concentration of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in material entity The concentration of (-)-epigallocatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-epigallocatechin in material entity The concentration of 3'-O-methylepicatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3'-O-methylepicatechin in material entity The concentration of 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in material entity The concentration of 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin in material entity The concentration of cinnamtannin A2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of cinnamtannin A2 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin in material entity The concentration of procyanidin B1 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin B1 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin B2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin B2 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin B3 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin B3 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin B4 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin B4 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin B5 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin B5 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin B6 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin B6 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin C1 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin C1 in material entity The concentration of procyanidin C2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of procyanidin C2 in material entity The concentration of theaflavin when measured in some material entity. concentration of theaflavin in material entity The concentration of peltogynoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of peltogynoid in material entity The concentration of dihydrochalcones when measured in some material entity. concentration of dihydrochalcones in material entity The concentration of 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-xylosylglucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-xylosylglucoside in material entity The concentration of phloretin when measured in some material entity. concentration of phloretin in material entity The concentration of phlorizin when measured in some material entity. concentration of phlorizin in material entity The concentration of chalcones when measured in some material entity. concentration of chalcones in material entity The concentration of butein when measured in some material entity. concentration of butein in material entity The concentration of xanthohumol when measured in some material entity. concentration of xanthohumol in material entity The concentration of aurone when measured in some material entity. concentration of aurone in material entity The concentration of anthocyanidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of anthocyanidin in material entity The concentration of cyanidin cation when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanidin cation in material entity The concentration of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactoside in material entity The concentration of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside in material entity The concentration of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-sambubioside when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-sambubioside in material entity The concentration of Cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside when measured in some material entity. concentration of Cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside in material entity The concentration of isopeonidin 3-rutinoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of isopeonidin 3-rutinoside in material entity The concentration of pelargonidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of pelargonidin in material entity The concentration of pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside in material entity The concentration of anthocyanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of anthocyanin in material entity The concentration of anthocyanin chlorides when measured in some material entity. concentration of anthocyanin chlorides in material entity The concentration of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactoside chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactoside chloride in material entity The concentration of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride in material entity The concentration of cyanin chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanin chloride in material entity The concentration of pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside chloride in material entity The concentration of β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of delphinidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of delphinidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of petunidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of petunidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of malvidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of malvidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of isoflavonoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoflavonoid in material entity The concentration of isoflavans when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoflavans in material entity The concentration of isoflavanone when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoflavanone in material entity The concentration of isoflavones when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoflavones in material entity The concentration of hydroxyisoflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxyisoflavone in material entity The concentration of daidzein when measured in some material entity. concentration of daidzein in material entity The concentration of genistein when measured in some material entity. concentration of genistein in material entity The concentration of glycitein when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycitein in material entity The concentration of glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucoside in material entity The concentration of daidzein 7-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of daidzein 7-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of genistein 7-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of genistein 7-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of glycitin when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycitin in material entity The concentration of glycosyloxyisoflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycosyloxyisoflavone in material entity The concentration of malonyldaidzin when measured in some material entity. concentration of malonyldaidzin in material entity The concentration of malonylgenistin when measured in some material entity. concentration of malonylgenistin in material entity The concentration of malonylglycitin when measured in some material entity. concentration of malonylglycitin in material entity The concentration of glycitein 7-(6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucoside) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycitein 7-(6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucoside) in material entity The concentration of rotenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of rotenoid in material entity The concentration of coumestans when measured in some material entity. concentration of coumestans in material entity The concentration of coumestan when measured in some material entity. concentration of coumestan in material entity The concentration of coumestrol when measured in some material entity. concentration of coumestrol in material entity The concentration of 3-arylcoumarin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-arylcoumarin in material entity The concentration of pterocarpans when measured in some material entity. concentration of pterocarpans in material entity The concentration of pterocarpan when measured in some material entity. concentration of pterocarpan in material entity The concentration of (_)-phaseolin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (_)-phaseolin in material entity The concentration of (+)-pisatin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-pisatin in material entity The concentration of neoflavonoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of neoflavonoid in material entity The concentration of biflavonoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of biflavonoid in material entity The concentration of phenylpropanoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of phenylpropanoid in material entity The concentration of lignan when measured in some material entity. concentration of lignan in material entity The concentration of 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one in material entity The concentration of neolignan when measured in some material entity. concentration of neolignan in material entity The concentration of lignin when measured in some material entity. concentration of lignin in material entity The concentration of Melanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Melanin in material entity The concentration of catechol melanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of catechol melanin in material entity The concentration of allomelanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of allomelanin in material entity The concentration of terpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of terpenoid in material entity The concentration of monoterpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of monoterpenoid in material entity The concentration of sesquiterpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of sesquiterpenoid in material entity The concentration of diterpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of diterpenoid in material entity The concentration of xanthophyll when measured in some material entity. concentration of xanthophyll in material entity The concentration of zeaxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of zeaxanthin in material entity The concentration of α-cryptoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of α-cryptoxanthin in material entity The concentration of β-cryptoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of β-cryptoxanthin in material entity The concentration of lutein when measured in some material entity. concentration of lutein in material entity The concentration of phytoene when measured in some material entity. concentration of phytoene in material entity The concentration of neoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of neoxanthin in material entity The concentration of violaxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of violaxanthin in material entity The concentration of lycopene when measured in some material entity. concentration of lycopene in material entity The concentration of 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene when measured in some material entity. concentration of 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene in material entity The concentration of retinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of retinol in material entity The concentration of triterpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of triterpenoid in material entity The concentration of organic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic acid in material entity The concentration of acetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of acetic acid in material entity The concentration of citric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of citric acid in material entity The concentration of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in material entity The concentration of (R)-lactic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (R)-lactic acid in material entity The concentration of (S)-lactic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (S)-lactic acid in material entity The concentration of malic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of malic acid in material entity The concentration of malonic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of malonic acid in material entity The concentration of ascorbic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of ascorbic acid in material entity The concentration of L-dehydroascorbic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of L-dehydroascorbic acid in material entity The concentration of oxalic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of oxalic acid in material entity The concentration of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in material entity The concentration of quinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of quinic acid in material entity The concentration of pyruvic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of pyruvic acid in material entity The concentration of shikimic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of shikimic acid in material entity The concentration of succinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of succinic acid in material entity The concentration of tartaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of tartaric acid in material entity The concentration of isocitric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of isocitric acid in material entity The concentration of oxaloacetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of oxaloacetic acid in material entity The concentration of inositol when measured in some material entity. concentration of inositol in material entity The concentration of taurine when measured in some material entity. concentration of taurine in material entity The concentration of glycine betaine when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycine betaine in material entity The concentration of polyol when measured in some material entity. concentration of polyol in material entity The concentration of mannitol when measured in some material entity. concentration of mannitol in material entity The concentration of xylitol when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylitol in material entity The concentration of glucitol when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucitol in material entity The concentration of choline when measured in some material entity. concentration of choline in material entity The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid in material entity The concentration of glucomannan when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucomannan in material entity The concentration of glycerol when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycerol in material entity The concentration of triglyceride when measured in some material entity. concentration of triglyceride in material entity The concentration of xyloglucan when measured in some material entity. concentration of xyloglucan in material entity The concentration of arabinan when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinan in material entity The concentration of galacturonan when measured in some material entity. concentration of galacturonan in material entity The concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid in material entity The concentration of rhamnogalacturonan when measured in some material entity. concentration of rhamnogalacturonan in material entity The concentration of saturated fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of saturated fatty acid in material entity The concentration of galactomannan when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactomannan in material entity The concentration of amylopectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of amylopectin in material entity The concentration of amylose when measured in some material entity. concentration of amylose in material entity The concentration of arabinoxylan when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinoxylan in material entity The concentration of mannan when measured in some material entity. concentration of mannan in material entity The concentration of amino acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of amino acid in material entity The concentration of fatty acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of fatty acid in material entity The concentration of galactan when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactan in material entity The concentration of xylan when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylan in material entity The concentration of glucan when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucan in material entity The concentration of amylopectin derived from starch when measured in some material entity. concentration of amylopectin derived from starch in material entity The concentration of amylose derived from starch when measured in some material entity. concentration of amylose derived from starch in material entity The concentration of galacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of galacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of mannan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of mannan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of xylan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of glucomannan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucomannan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of fructan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of arabinan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of galactomannan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactomannan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of galactan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from amylopectin derived from starch when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from amylopectin derived from starch in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from amylose derived from starch when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from amylose derived from starch in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from sucrose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from sucrose in material entity The concentration of fructose derived from sucrose when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructose derived from sucrose in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from maltose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from maltose in material entity The concentration of galacturonic acid derived from galacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of galacturonic acid derived from galacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of rhamnose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of rhamnose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of D-apiose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of D-apiose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of galacturonic acid derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of galacturonic acid derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of fucose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of fucose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of xylose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of arabinose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of galactose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactose derived from rhamnogalacturonan derived from pectin in material entity The concentration of raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of galactose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructose derived from raffinose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of galactose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of fructose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructose derived from stachyose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of verbascose derived from rraffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of verbascose derived from rraffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of galactose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of galactose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of fructose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructose derived from verbascose derived from raffinose family oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from cellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from cellulose in material entity The concentration of mannose derived from mannan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of mannose derived from mannan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of xylose derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylose derived from xylan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of xylose derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylose derived from xyloglucan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of glucose derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucose derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of mannose derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of mannose derived from glucomannan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of arabinose derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinose derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of xylose derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of xylose derived from arabinoxylan derived from hemicellulose in material entity The concentration of inulin derived from fructan when measured in some material entity. concentration of inulin derived from fructan in material entity The concentration of fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan when measured in some material entity. concentration of fructose derived from inulin derived from fructan in material entity The concentration of amino acid derived from protein when measured in some material entity. concentration of amino acid derived from protein in material entity The concentration of isoprenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoprenoid in material entity The concentration of terpene when measured in some material entity. concentration of terpene in material entity The concentration of tetraterpene when measured in some material entity. concentration of tetraterpene in material entity The concentration of carotene when measured in some material entity. concentration of carotene in material entity The concentration of tetraterpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of tetraterpenoid in material entity The concentration of methylmercury compound when measured in some material entity. concentration of methylmercury compound in material entity The concentration of thiamine hydrochloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of thiamine hydrochloride in material entity The concentration of vitamin B2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B2 in material entity The concentration of vitamin B3 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B3 in material entity The concentration of vitamin B5 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B5 in material entity The concentration of vitamin B6 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B6 in material entity The concentration of vitamin B7 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B7 in material entity The concentration of vitamin B9 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B9 in material entity The concentration of tetrahydrofolate when measured in some material entity. concentration of tetrahydrofolate in material entity The concentration of vitamin B12 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin B12 in material entity The concentration of all-trans-retinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-trans-retinol in material entity The concentration of D3 vitamins when measured in some material entity. concentration of D3 vitamins in material entity The concentration of calciol when measured in some material entity. concentration of calciol in material entity The concentration of vitamin D2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin D2 in material entity The concentration of vitamin D4 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin D4 in material entity The concentration of vitamin D5 when measured in some material entity. concentration of vitamin D5 in material entity The concentration of menadione when measured in some material entity. concentration of menadione in material entity The concentration of menaquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of menaquinone in material entity The concentration of phylloquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of phylloquinone in material entity The concentration of dietary calcium when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary calcium in material entity The concentration of inorganic calcium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic calcium salt in material entity The concentration of calcium dichloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium dichloride in material entity The concentration of calcium carbonate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium carbonate in material entity The concentration of calcium difluoride when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium difluoride in material entity The concentration of calcium sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium sulfate in material entity The concentration of calcium phosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium phosphate in material entity The concentration of calcium hydroxide when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium hydroxide in material entity The concentration of calcium hypochlorite when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium hypochlorite in material entity The concentration of calcium silicate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium silicate in material entity The concentration of organic calcium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic calcium salt in material entity The concentration of calcium citrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium citrate in material entity The concentration of calcium glycerophosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium glycerophosphate in material entity The concentration of calcium stearate when measured in some material entity. concentration of calcium stearate in material entity The concentration of organic calcium compound when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic calcium compound in material entity The concentration of dietary chlorine when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary chlorine in material entity The concentration of inorganic chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic chloride in material entity The concentration of magnesium dichloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium dichloride in material entity The concentration of potassium chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of potassium chloride in material entity The concentration of lithium chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of lithium chloride in material entity The concentration of organic chloride salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic chloride salt in material entity The concentration of organochlorine compound when measured in some material entity. concentration of organochlorine compound in material entity The concentration of hydrogen chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydrogen chloride in material entity The concentration of hypochlorite when measured in some material entity. concentration of hypochlorite in material entity The concentration of dietary magnesium when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary magnesium in material entity The concentration of inorganic magnesium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic magnesium salt in material entity The concentration of magnesium phosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium phosphate in material entity The concentration of magnesium hydroxide when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium hydroxide in material entity The concentration of organic magnesium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic magnesium salt in material entity The concentration of magnesium distearate when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium distearate in material entity The concentration of magnesium carbonate when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium carbonate in material entity The concentration of dietary phosphorus when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary phosphorus in material entity The concentration of phosphoric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of phosphoric acid in material entity The concentration of inorganic phosphate salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic phosphate salt in material entity The concentration of sodium phosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium phosphate in material entity The concentration of tripotassium phosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of tripotassium phosphate in material entity The concentration of iron(3+) phosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of iron(3+) phosphate in material entity The concentration of organic phosphate salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic phosphate salt in material entity The concentration of organic phosphate compound when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic phosphate compound in material entity The concentration of 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in material entity The concentration of dietary potassium when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary potassium in material entity The concentration of inorganic potassium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic potassium salt in material entity The concentration of potassium sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of potassium sulfate in material entity The concentration of organic potassium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic potassium salt in material entity The concentration of potassium formate when measured in some material entity. concentration of potassium formate in material entity The concentration of potassium bitartrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of potassium bitartrate in material entity The concentration of dietary sodium when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary sodium in material entity The concentration of inorganic sodium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic sodium salt in material entity The concentration of sodium hydrogencarbonate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium hydrogencarbonate in material entity The concentration of sodium sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium sulfate in material entity The concentration of sodium hydrogensulfite when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium hydrogensulfite in material entity The concentration of sodium borohydride when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium borohydride in material entity The concentration of sodium bromate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium bromate in material entity The concentration of sodium chlorate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium chlorate in material entity The concentration of sodium cyanide when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium cyanide in material entity The concentration of sodium fluoride when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium fluoride in material entity The concentration of sodium hydroxide when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium hydroxide in material entity The concentration of Sodium iodate when measured in some material entity. concentration of Sodium iodate in material entity The concentration of sodium nitrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium nitrate in material entity The concentration of organic sodium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic sodium salt in material entity The concentration of sodium oxalate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium oxalate in material entity The concentration of sodium L-tartrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium L-tartrate in material entity The concentration of sodium formate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium formate in material entity The concentration of sodium phenolate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium phenolate in material entity The concentration of sodium citrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of sodium citrate in material entity The concentration of dietary sulfur when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary sulfur in material entity The concentration of sulfite when measured in some material entity. concentration of sulfite in material entity The concentration of inorganic sulfate salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic sulfate salt in material entity The concentration of magnesium sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of magnesium sulfate in material entity The concentration of iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) when measured in some material entity. concentration of iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) in material entity The concentration of copper(II) sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of copper(II) sulfate in material entity The concentration of organic sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic sulfate in material entity The concentration of organosulfur compound when measured in some material entity. concentration of organosulfur compound in material entity The concentration of thiol when measured in some material entity. concentration of thiol in material entity The concentration of glutathione when measured in some material entity. concentration of glutathione in material entity The concentration of sulfonyldimethane when measured in some material entity. concentration of sulfonyldimethane in material entity The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide when measured in some material entity. concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in material entity The concentration of glycosinolate when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycosinolate in material entity The concentration of sinigrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of sinigrin in material entity The concentration of isothiocyanate when measured in some material entity. concentration of isothiocyanate in material entity The concentration of allyl isothiocyanate when measured in some material entity. concentration of allyl isothiocyanate in material entity The concentration of sulfur dioxide when measured in some material entity. concentration of sulfur dioxide in material entity The concentration of dietary chromium when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary chromium in material entity The concentration of inorganic chromium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic chromium salt in material entity The concentration of organic chromium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic chromium salt in material entity The concentration of dietary copper when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary copper in material entity The concentration of inorganic copper salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic copper salt in material entity The concentration of organic copper salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic copper salt in material entity The concentration of dietary fluorine when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary fluorine in material entity The concentration of inorganic fluoride salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic fluoride salt in material entity The concentration of organic fluoride salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic fluoride salt in material entity The concentration of dietary iodine when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary iodine in material entity The concentration of inorganic iodine salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic iodine salt in material entity The concentration of organic iodine salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic iodine salt in material entity The concentration of dietary iron when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary iron in material entity The concentration of inorganic iron salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic iron salt in material entity The concentration of organic iron salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic iron salt in material entity The concentration of organic iron compound when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic iron compound in material entity The concentration of ferric ammonium citrate when measured in some material entity. concentration of ferric ammonium citrate in material entity The concentration of dietary manganese when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary manganese in material entity The concentration of manganese(3+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of manganese(3+) in material entity The concentration of inorganic manganese salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic manganese salt in material entity The concentration of organic manganese salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic manganese salt in material entity The concentration of dietary molybdenum when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary molybdenum in material entity The concentration of molybdenum(6+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of molybdenum(6+) in material entity The concentration of inorganic molybdenum salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic molybdenum salt in material entity The concentration of organic molybdenum salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic molybdenum salt in material entity The concentration of dietary selenium when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary selenium in material entity The concentration of selenium(4+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of selenium(4+) in material entity The concentration of selenium(6+) when measured in some material entity. concentration of selenium(6+) in material entity The concentration of inorganic selenium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic selenium salt in material entity The concentration of organic selenium salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic selenium salt in material entity The concentration of dietary zinc when measured in some material entity. concentration of dietary zinc in material entity The concentration of inorganic zinc salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of inorganic zinc salt in material entity The concentration of organic zinc salt when measured in some material entity. concentration of organic zinc salt in material entity The concentration of collagen when measured in some material entity. concentration of collagen in material entity The concentration of elastin when measured in some material entity. concentration of elastin in material entity The concentration of fibrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of fibrin in material entity The concentration of hemoglobin when measured in some material entity. concentration of hemoglobin in material entity The concentration of myoglobin when measured in some material entity. concentration of myoglobin in material entity The concentration of beta-lactoglobulin when measured in some material entity. concentration of beta-lactoglobulin in material entity The concentration of napin when measured in some material entity. concentration of napin in material entity The concentration of gliadin when measured in some material entity. concentration of gliadin in material entity The concentration of L-fucose when measured in some material entity. concentration of L-fucose in material entity The concentration of D-xylose when measured in some material entity. concentration of D-xylose in material entity The concentration of L-arabinofuranose when measured in some material entity. concentration of L-arabinofuranose in material entity The concentration of L-arabinopyranose when measured in some material entity. concentration of L-arabinopyranose in material entity The concentration of lactose when measured in some material entity. concentration of lactose in material entity The concentration of lactulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of lactulose in material entity The concentration of D-mannose when measured in some material entity. concentration of D-mannose in material entity The concentration of β-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-D-Glc when measured in some material entity. concentration of β-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-D-Glc in material entity The concentration of dextrins when measured in some material entity. concentration of dextrins in material entity The concentration of maltodextrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of maltodextrin in material entity The concentration of cyclodextrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyclodextrin in material entity The concentration of amylodextrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of amylodextrin in material entity The concentration of cellodextrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of cellodextrin in material entity The concentration of gum when measured in some material entity. concentration of gum in material entity The concentration of heteroglycan when measured in some material entity. concentration of heteroglycan in material entity The concentration of alginic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of alginic acid in material entity The concentration of carrageenan when measured in some material entity. concentration of carrageenan in material entity The concentration of ι-carrageenan when measured in some material entity. concentration of ι-carrageenan in material entity The concentration of κ-carrageenan when measured in some material entity. concentration of κ-carrageenan in material entity The concentration of λ-carrageenan when measured in some material entity. concentration of λ-carrageenan in material entity The concentration of xanthan when measured in some material entity. concentration of xanthan in material entity The concentration of ketose when measured in some material entity. concentration of ketose in material entity The concentration of ketohexose when measured in some material entity. concentration of ketohexose in material entity The concentration of psicose when measured in some material entity. concentration of psicose in material entity The concentration of maltitol when measured in some material entity. concentration of maltitol in material entity The concentration of lactitol when measured in some material entity. concentration of lactitol in material entity The concentration of isomalt when measured in some material entity. concentration of isomalt in material entity The concentration of erythritol when measured in some material entity. concentration of erythritol in material entity The concentration of alditol when measured in some material entity. concentration of alditol in material entity The concentration of D-galacturonic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of D-galacturonic acid in material entity The concentration of 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose when measured in some material entity. concentration of 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose in material entity The concentration of sialic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of sialic acid in material entity The concentration of Polydextrose when measured in some material entity. concentration of Polydextrose in material entity The concentration of chitosan when measured in some material entity. concentration of chitosan in material entity The concentration of 8,5'-diferulic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 8,5'-diferulic acid in material entity The concentration of piceatannol when measured in some material entity. concentration of piceatannol in material entity The concentration of acteoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of acteoside in material entity The concentration of pelargonin when measured in some material entity. concentration of pelargonin in material entity The concentration of (+)-pinoresinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-pinoresinol in material entity The concentration of (-)-secoisolariciresinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-secoisolariciresinol in material entity The concentration of demethoxycurcumin when measured in some material entity. concentration of demethoxycurcumin in material entity The concentration of (-)-matairesinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-matairesinol in material entity The concentration of bisdemethoxycurcumin when measured in some material entity. concentration of bisdemethoxycurcumin in material entity The concentration of (+)-catechin-3'-methyl ether when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-catechin-3'-methyl ether in material entity The concentration of 4'-O-methyl-(−)-epicatechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4'-O-methyl-(−)-epicatechin in material entity The concentration of curcumin when measured in some material entity. concentration of curcumin in material entity The concentration of (2-cis,6-cis)-farnesol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (2-cis,6-cis)-farnesol in material entity The concentration of (E)-trans-miyabenol C when measured in some material entity. concentration of (E)-trans-miyabenol C in material entity The concentration of trans-rhaponticin when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-rhaponticin in material entity The concentration of stilbenol when measured in some material entity. concentration of stilbenol in material entity The concentration of pinosylvin when measured in some material entity. concentration of pinosylvin in material entity The concentration of resveratrol sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of resveratrol sulfate in material entity The concentration of guaiacol when measured in some material entity. concentration of guaiacol in material entity The concentration of (E)-sinapaldehyde when measured in some material entity. concentration of (E)-sinapaldehyde in material entity The concentration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in material entity The concentration of hydroxybenzaldehyde when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxybenzaldehyde in material entity The concentration of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in material entity The concentration of benzenetriol when measured in some material entity. concentration of benzenetriol in material entity The concentration of digallic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of digallic acid in material entity The concentration of pyrogallol when measured in some material entity. concentration of pyrogallol in material entity The concentration of Dodecyl gallate when measured in some material entity. concentration of Dodecyl gallate in material entity The concentration of trans-2-coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-2-coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of vanillin when measured in some material entity. concentration of vanillin in material entity The concentration of eugenol when measured in some material entity. concentration of eugenol in material entity The concentration of benzenediols when measured in some material entity. concentration of benzenediols in material entity The concentration of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in material entity The concentration of 5-heptadecylresorcinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 5-heptadecylresorcinol in material entity The concentration of 5-tricosylresorcinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 5-tricosylresorcinol in material entity The concentration of cardol when measured in some material entity. concentration of cardol in material entity The concentration of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone in material entity The concentration of hydroquinone when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroquinone in material entity The concentration of dopamine when measured in some material entity. concentration of dopamine in material entity The concentration of resorcinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of resorcinol in material entity The concentration of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol in material entity The concentration of 4-hydroxystyrene when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-hydroxystyrene in material entity The concentration of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol in material entity The concentration of (−)-lariciresinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (−)-lariciresinol in material entity The concentration of (+)-lariciresinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-lariciresinol in material entity The concentration of Sesamolinol when measured in some material entity. concentration of Sesamolinol in material entity The concentration of 2-O-sulfate-4-hydroxyacetophenone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2-O-sulfate-4-hydroxyacetophenone in material entity The concentration of 2,3-dihydrobiochanin A when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2,3-dihydrobiochanin A in material entity The concentration of 4-hydroxymandelic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-hydroxymandelic acid in material entity The concentration of vestitone when measured in some material entity. concentration of vestitone in material entity The concentration of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in material entity The concentration of (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid in material entity The concentration of Paeonol when measured in some material entity. concentration of Paeonol in material entity The concentration of m-hydroxyhippuric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of m-hydroxyhippuric acid in material entity The concentration of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid in material entity The concentration of deoxyhumulone when measured in some material entity. concentration of deoxyhumulone in material entity The concentration of tyramine when measured in some material entity. concentration of tyramine in material entity The concentration of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in material entity The concentration of kievitone when measured in some material entity. concentration of kievitone in material entity The concentration of vanillyl alcohol when measured in some material entity. concentration of vanillyl alcohol in material entity The concentration of vanillylmandelic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of vanillylmandelic acid in material entity The concentration of serotonin when measured in some material entity. concentration of serotonin in material entity The concentration of dopamine 3-O-sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of dopamine 3-O-sulfate in material entity The concentration of gentisyl alcohol when measured in some material entity. concentration of gentisyl alcohol in material entity The concentration of quinol sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of quinol sulfate in material entity The concentration of biphenyl-2-ol when measured in some material entity. concentration of biphenyl-2-ol in material entity The concentration of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid in material entity The concentration of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 4-methylcatechol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-methylcatechol in material entity The concentration of 3-methylcatechol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-methylcatechol in material entity The concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol in material entity The concentration of 3-phenylpropionic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-phenylpropionic acid in material entity The concentration of 3-O-methylgallic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-O-methylgallic acid in material entity The concentration of anthoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of anthoxanthin in material entity The concentration of flavones when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavones in material entity The concentration of diosmetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of diosmetin in material entity The concentration of myricetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of myricetin in material entity The concentration of hydroxyflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxyflavone in material entity The concentration of luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside in material entity The concentration of isopimpinellin when measured in some material entity. concentration of isopimpinellin in material entity The concentration of kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of rutin when measured in some material entity. concentration of rutin in material entity The concentration of naringenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of naringenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucofuranoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucofuranoside in material entity The concentration of luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid in material entity The concentration of apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of quercitrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercitrin in material entity The concentration of (S)-naringenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (S)-naringenin in material entity The concentration of galangin when measured in some material entity. concentration of galangin in material entity The concentration of kaempferide when measured in some material entity. concentration of kaempferide in material entity The concentration of luteolin 7-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucoside) when measured in some material entity. concentration of luteolin 7-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucoside) in material entity The concentration of quercetin 3,4'-di-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 3,4'-di-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of quercetin 7,4'-di-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 7,4'-di-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of isorhamnetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of isorhamnetin in material entity The concentration of quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside in material entity The concentration of 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone in material entity The concentration of kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactoside in material entity The concentration of fisetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of fisetin in material entity The concentration of 3',5'-di-O-methyltricetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3',5'-di-O-methyltricetin in material entity The concentration of lucenin-2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of lucenin-2 in material entity The concentration of quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in material entity The concentration of kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide when measured in some material entity. concentration of kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide in material entity The concentration of quercetin 4ʼ-O-β-D-glucopyranoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of quercetin 4ʼ-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in material entity The concentration of flavonols when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavonols in material entity The concentration of isoorientin when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoorientin in material entity The concentration of miquelianin when measured in some material entity. concentration of miquelianin in material entity The concentration of eupatilin when measured in some material entity. concentration of eupatilin in material entity The concentration of cyanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of cyanin in material entity The concentration of galangin 3,5,7-trimethyl ether when measured in some material entity. concentration of galangin 3,5,7-trimethyl ether in material entity The concentration of anthocyanin cation when measured in some material entity. concentration of anthocyanin cation in material entity The concentration of Tulipanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Tulipanin in material entity The concentration of petunidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of petunidin in material entity The concentration of Dalbergin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Dalbergin in material entity The concentration of pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of peonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of peonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside in material entity The concentration of isoliquiritigenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoliquiritigenin in material entity The concentration of trilobatin when measured in some material entity. concentration of trilobatin in material entity The concentration of 3,6,9-trihydroxypterocarpan when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3,6,9-trihydroxypterocarpan in material entity The concentration of phaseollidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of phaseollidin in material entity The concentration of delphinidin chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of delphinidin chloride in material entity The concentration of pelargonidin chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of pelargonidin chloride in material entity The concentration of peonidin chloride when measured in some material entity. concentration of peonidin chloride in material entity The concentration of delphinidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of delphinidin in material entity The concentration of peonidin when measured in some material entity. concentration of peonidin in material entity The concentration of hydroxyflavanone when measured in some material entity. concentration of hydroxyflavanone in material entity The concentration of astilbin when measured in some material entity. concentration of astilbin in material entity The concentration of flavanonol when measured in some material entity. concentration of flavanonol in material entity The concentration of (+)-taxifolin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-taxifolin in material entity The concentration of garbanzol when measured in some material entity. concentration of garbanzol in material entity The concentration of liquiritigenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of liquiritigenin in material entity The concentration of betagarin when measured in some material entity. concentration of betagarin in material entity The concentration of (+)-catechin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-catechin in material entity The concentration of Cyclokievitone when measured in some material entity. concentration of Cyclokievitone in material entity The concentration of equol when measured in some material entity. concentration of equol in material entity The concentration of Sayanedine when measured in some material entity. concentration of Sayanedine in material entity The concentration of formononetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of formononetin in material entity The concentration of methoxyisoflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of methoxyisoflavone in material entity The concentration of Irisolidone when measured in some material entity. concentration of Irisolidone in material entity The concentration of biochanin A when measured in some material entity. concentration of biochanin A in material entity The concentration of 2'-hydroxyformononetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2'-hydroxyformononetin in material entity The concentration of calycosin when measured in some material entity. concentration of calycosin in material entity The concentration of 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone in material entity The concentration of orobol when measured in some material entity. concentration of orobol in material entity The concentration of irilone when measured in some material entity. concentration of irilone in material entity The concentration of 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone in material entity The concentration of prunetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of prunetin in material entity The concentration of 2'-hydroxydaidzein when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2'-hydroxydaidzein in material entity The concentration of licoisoflavone A when measured in some material entity. concentration of licoisoflavone A in material entity The concentration of genistein(1−) when measured in some material entity. concentration of genistein(1−) in material entity The concentration of sanguiin H6 when measured in some material entity. concentration of sanguiin H6 in material entity The concentration of lambertianin C when measured in some material entity. concentration of lambertianin C in material entity The concentration of punicalagin when measured in some material entity. concentration of punicalagin in material entity The concentration of Punicalin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Punicalin in material entity The concentration of agrimoniin when measured in some material entity. concentration of agrimoniin in material entity The concentration of theogallin when measured in some material entity. concentration of theogallin in material entity The concentration of cinnamtannin B-1 when measured in some material entity. concentration of cinnamtannin B-1 in material entity The concentration of theasinensin A when measured in some material entity. concentration of theasinensin A in material entity The concentration of arecatannin a2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of arecatannin a2 in material entity The concentration of Schisantherin A when measured in some material entity. concentration of Schisantherin A in material entity The concentration of Terminalin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Terminalin in material entity The concentration of (-)-Variabilin when measured in some material entity. concentration of (-)-Variabilin in material entity The concentration of Casuarictin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Casuarictin in material entity The concentration of Casuarinin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Casuarinin in material entity The concentration of Chebulinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of Chebulinic acid in material entity The concentration of Fucofuroeckol B when measured in some material entity. concentration of Fucofuroeckol B in material entity The concentration of Geraniin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Geraniin in material entity The concentration of Pedunculagin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Pedunculagin in material entity The concentration of Tellimagrandin I when measured in some material entity. concentration of Tellimagrandin I in material entity The concentration of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid in material entity The concentration of n-propyl gallate when measured in some material entity. concentration of n-propyl gallate in material entity The concentration of resveratrol when measured in some material entity. concentration of resveratrol in material entity The concentration of pterostilbene when measured in some material entity. concentration of pterostilbene in material entity The concentration of coumarin when measured in some material entity. concentration of coumarin in material entity The concentration of umbelliferone when measured in some material entity. concentration of umbelliferone in material entity The concentration of trans-4-coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-4-coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of trans-3-coumaric acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-3-coumaric acid in material entity The concentration of trans-caffeic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-caffeic acid in material entity The concentration of rosmarinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of rosmarinic acid in material entity The concentration of (R)-rosmarinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of (R)-rosmarinic acid in material entity The concentration of cis-caffeic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of cis-caffeic acid in material entity The concentration of Trachelogenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Trachelogenin in material entity The concentration of isoeugenol when measured in some material entity. concentration of isoeugenol in material entity The concentration of 4-methylumbelliferone β-D-glucuronide when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-methylumbelliferone β-D-glucuronide in material entity The concentration of 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate when measured in some material entity. concentration of 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate in material entity The concentration of 7-ethoxycoumarin when measured in some material entity. concentration of 7-ethoxycoumarin in material entity The concentration of esculin when measured in some material entity. concentration of esculin in material entity The concentration of scoparone when measured in some material entity. concentration of scoparone in material entity The concentration of coniferyl aldehyde when measured in some material entity. concentration of coniferyl aldehyde in material entity The concentration of cinnamaldehydes when measured in some material entity. concentration of cinnamaldehydes in material entity The concentration of theophylline when measured in some material entity. concentration of theophylline in material entity The concentration of solanine when measured in some material entity. concentration of solanine in material entity The concentration of tomatine when measured in some material entity. concentration of tomatine in material entity The concentration of piperine when measured in some material entity. concentration of piperine in material entity The concentration of gingerol when measured in some material entity. concentration of gingerol in material entity The concentration of harman when measured in some material entity. concentration of harman in material entity The concentration of hordenine when measured in some material entity. concentration of hordenine in material entity The concentration of Isobetanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Isobetanin in material entity The concentration of Physoperuvine when measured in some material entity. concentration of Physoperuvine in material entity The concentration of Prebetanin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Prebetanin in material entity The concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine when measured in some material entity. concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine in material entity The concentration of humulone when measured in some material entity. concentration of humulone in material entity The concentration of Rishitin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Rishitin in material entity The concentration of propane-1,2-diol when measured in some material entity. concentration of propane-1,2-diol in material entity The concentration of myo-inositol when measured in some material entity. concentration of myo-inositol in material entity The concentration of farnesol when measured in some material entity. concentration of farnesol in material entity The concentration of capsidiol when measured in some material entity. concentration of capsidiol in material entity The concentration of Cynaropicrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Cynaropicrin in material entity The concentration of Isocaryophyllene when measured in some material entity. concentration of Isocaryophyllene in material entity The concentration of (+)-valencene when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-valencene in material entity The concentration of Lactupicrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Lactupicrin in material entity The concentration of Matricin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Matricin in material entity The concentration of Nobilin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Nobilin in material entity The concentration of (+)-nootkatone when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-nootkatone in material entity The concentration of lactucopicrin when measured in some material entity. concentration of lactucopicrin in material entity The concentration of Tricyclodehydroisohumulone when measured in some material entity. concentration of Tricyclodehydroisohumulone in material entity The concentration of crocetin when measured in some material entity. concentration of crocetin in material entity The concentration of Ineketone when measured in some material entity. concentration of Ineketone in material entity The concentration of Norbixin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Norbixin in material entity The concentration of Phaseoloside D when measured in some material entity. concentration of Phaseoloside D in material entity The concentration of stevioside when measured in some material entity. concentration of stevioside in material entity The concentration of steviol glycoside when measured in some material entity. concentration of steviol glycoside in material entity The concentration of Carnosol when measured in some material entity. concentration of Carnosol in material entity The concentration of carnosic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of carnosic acid in material entity The concentration of sesterterpenoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of sesterterpenoid in material entity The concentration of Avenacin B-2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of Avenacin B-2 in material entity The concentration of glycyrrhetinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycyrrhetinic acid in material entity The concentration of betulinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of betulinic acid in material entity The concentration of Cucurbitacin C when measured in some material entity. concentration of Cucurbitacin C in material entity The concentration of diosgenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of diosgenin in material entity The concentration of erythrodiol when measured in some material entity. concentration of erythrodiol in material entity The concentration of (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 when measured in some material entity. concentration of (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in material entity The concentration of nomilin when measured in some material entity. concentration of nomilin in material entity The concentration of Obacunone when measured in some material entity. concentration of Obacunone in material entity The concentration of ginsenoside Rg2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of ginsenoside Rg2 in material entity The concentration of ginsenoside Rb2 when measured in some material entity. concentration of ginsenoside Rb2 in material entity The concentration of ginsenoside Rc when measured in some material entity. concentration of ginsenoside Rc in material entity The concentration of soyasapogenol B when measured in some material entity. concentration of soyasapogenol B in material entity The concentration of Soyasaponin A1 when measured in some material entity. concentration of Soyasaponin A1 in material entity The concentration of ursolic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of ursolic acid in material entity The concentration of all-trans-phytoene when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-trans-phytoene in material entity The concentration of lutein 5,6-epoxide when measured in some material entity. concentration of lutein 5,6-epoxide in material entity The concentration of antheraxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of antheraxanthin in material entity The concentration of all-trans-neoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-trans-neoxanthin in material entity The concentration of canthaxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of canthaxanthin in material entity The concentration of capsanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of capsanthin in material entity The concentration of capsorubin when measured in some material entity. concentration of capsorubin in material entity The concentration of all-trans-violaxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-trans-violaxanthin in material entity The concentration of astaxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of astaxanthin in material entity The concentration of echinenone when measured in some material entity. concentration of echinenone in material entity The concentration of Flavoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Flavoxanthin in material entity The concentration of fucoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of fucoxanthin in material entity The concentration of lactucaxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of lactucaxanthin in material entity The concentration of zeinoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of zeinoxanthin in material entity The concentration of lycoxanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of lycoxanthin in material entity The concentration of Mutatochrome when measured in some material entity. concentration of Mutatochrome in material entity The concentration of Physalien when measured in some material entity. concentration of Physalien in material entity The concentration of rubixanthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of rubixanthin in material entity The concentration of paeoniflorin when measured in some material entity. concentration of paeoniflorin in material entity The concentration of Yamogenin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Yamogenin in material entity The concentration of rebaudioside A when measured in some material entity. concentration of rebaudioside A in material entity The concentration of rebaudioside B(1−) when measured in some material entity. concentration of rebaudioside B(1−) in material entity The concentration of rebaudioside E when measured in some material entity. concentration of rebaudioside E in material entity The concentration of rebaudioside D when measured in some material entity. concentration of rebaudioside D in material entity The concentration of retinal when measured in some material entity. concentration of retinal in material entity The concentration of 13-cis-retinal when measured in some material entity. concentration of 13-cis-retinal in material entity The concentration of (R)-camphor when measured in some material entity. concentration of (R)-camphor in material entity The concentration of (+)-exo-5-hydroxycamphor when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-exo-5-hydroxycamphor in material entity The concentration of (+)-carvone when measured in some material entity. concentration of (+)-carvone in material entity The concentration of perillyl alcohol when measured in some material entity. concentration of perillyl alcohol in material entity The concentration of (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol when measured in some material entity. concentration of (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol in material entity The concentration of glycyrrhizinic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of glycyrrhizinic acid in material entity The concentration of limonin when measured in some material entity. concentration of limonin in material entity The concentration of (1S,4R)-fenchone when measured in some material entity. concentration of (1S,4R)-fenchone in material entity The concentration of limonene-1,2-diol when measured in some material entity. concentration of limonene-1,2-diol in material entity The concentration of phytol when measured in some material entity. concentration of phytol in material entity The concentration of 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate in material entity The concentration of geraniol when measured in some material entity. concentration of geraniol in material entity The concentration of all-trans-retinal when measured in some material entity. concentration of all-trans-retinal in material entity The concentration of absinthin when measured in some material entity. concentration of absinthin in material entity The concentration of myrtenic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of myrtenic acid in material entity The concentration of avenacin A-1 when measured in some material entity. concentration of avenacin A-1 in material entity The concentration of lubimin when measured in some material entity. concentration of lubimin in material entity The concentration of 1,8-cineole when measured in some material entity. concentration of 1,8-cineole in material entity The concentration of borneol when measured in some material entity. concentration of borneol in material entity The concentration of Azukisaponin III when measured in some material entity. concentration of Azukisaponin III in material entity The concentration of (2E,6E)-farnesyl monophosphate when measured in some material entity. concentration of (2E,6E)-farnesyl monophosphate in material entity The concentration of soyasaponin I when measured in some material entity. concentration of soyasaponin I in material entity The concentration of Spinasaponin A when measured in some material entity. concentration of Spinasaponin A in material entity The concentration of Theasaponin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Theasaponin in material entity The concentration of (−)-α-thujone when measured in some material entity. concentration of (−)-α-thujone in material entity The concentration of phloretic acid when measured in some material entity. concentration of phloretic acid in material entity The concentration of amino acid derived from non-proteinacious when measured in some material entity. concentration of amino acid derived from non-proteinacious in material entity The concentration of citrulline when measured in some material entity. concentration of citrulline in material entity The concentration of ornithine when measured in some material entity. concentration of ornithine in material entity The concentration of glucosinolate when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucosinolate in material entity The concentration of glucoberteroin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucoberteroin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucocapparin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucocapparin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucocochlearin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucocochlearin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucoerucin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucoerucin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucoiberverin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucoiberverin(1-) in material entity The concentration of gluconapin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of gluconapin(1-) in material entity The concentration of gluconapoleiferin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of gluconapoleiferin(1-) in material entity The concentration of gluconasturtiin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of gluconasturtiin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucoputranjivin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucoputranjivin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucoraphenin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucoraphenin(1-) in material entity The concentration of glucobrassicin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of glucobrassicin(1-) in material entity The concentration of progoitrin(1−) when measured in some material entity. concentration of progoitrin(1−) in material entity The concentration of Sinalbin when measured in some material entity. concentration of Sinalbin in material entity The concentration of sinigrin(1-) when measured in some material entity. concentration of sinigrin(1-) in material entity The concentration of diarylheptanoid when measured in some material entity. concentration of diarylheptanoid in material entity The concentration of myricanone when measured in some material entity. concentration of myricanone in material entity The concentration of high molecular weight dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of high molecular weight dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of fermentable dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of fermentable dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of non-fermentable dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of non-fermentable dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of viscous dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of viscous dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of added dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of added dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of prebiotic dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of prebiotic dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of soluble dietary fibre precipitate (SDFP) when measured in some material entity. concentration of soluble dietary fibre precipitate (SDFP) in material entity The concentration of soluble dietary fibre soluble (SDFS) when measured in some material entity. concentration of soluble dietary fibre soluble (SDFS) in material entity The concentration of low molecular weight dietary fibre when measured in some material entity. concentration of low molecular weight dietary fibre in material entity The concentration of non-starch polysaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of non-starch polysaccharide in material entity The concentration of cellulosic polysaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of cellulosic polysaccharide in material entity The concentration of non-starch non-cellulosic polysaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of non-starch non-cellulosic polysaccharide in material entity The concentration of chitin when measured in some material entity. concentration of chitin in material entity The concentration of pullulan when measured in some material entity. concentration of pullulan in material entity The concentration of modified cellulose when measured in some material entity. concentration of modified cellulose in material entity The concentration of chitin-glucan when measured in some material entity. concentration of chitin-glucan in material entity The concentration of nondigestible oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of nondigestible oligosaccharide in material entity The concentration of ajugose when measured in some material entity. concentration of ajugose in material entity The concentration of graminan when measured in some material entity. concentration of graminan in material entity The concentration of pectic polysaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of pectic polysaccharide in material entity The concentration of polysaccharide-based hydrocolloid when measured in some material entity. concentration of polysaccharide-based hydrocolloid in material entity The concentration of resistant glucan when measured in some material entity. concentration of resistant glucan in material entity The concentration of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide when measured in some material entity. concentration of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide in material entity A functional attribute that inheres in one or more dietary nutritional component (or food material) and may contribute to a dietary role. nutritional functional attribute A physical property that inheres in a food material or one or more dietary nutritional component dietary material physical attribute A biological role that may be assigned to a dietary nutritional component based on supporting evidence defined at the levels of molecular interaction, cellular process or physiology. dietary role Elongate 4th circumoral appendage of cuttlefish and squids used to capture prey. Divided into proximal stalk and distal club. Damion Dooley https://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/zoology/pdf_hi/sctz-0513.pdf 2019-06-28T19:18:51Z tentacle aquatic animal ink Yamogenin A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger. gingerol A carotenol, the structure of which is (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene hydroxy-substituted at C-3' with R-stereochemistry. alpha-cryptoxanthin A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. beta-cryptoxanthin kappa-carrageenan propyl gallate Codex::310 Europe::310 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. n-propyl gallate A perillyl alcohol in which the chiral centre has S configuration. (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol A prenylated member of the class of pterocarpans and an organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,6b,12b-tetrahydro-1H,7H-chromeno[6',5':4,5]furo[3,2-c]chromen-10-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by methyl groups (the R,R stereoisomer). It is found in found in the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean) and in the stems of Erythrina subumbrans. (-)-phaseolin An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the 3-hydroxy group of ascorbic acid by a sodium ion. Codex::301 Europe::301 sodium l-ascorbate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. sodium ascorbate An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion. Codex::211 Europe::211 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. sodium benzoate An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio. sodium metabisulphite Codex::223 Europe::223 sodium metabisulfite LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, bleaching agent, flour treatment agent, preservative. sodium disulfite A 3-sn-glycerophosphoserine compound having acyl substituents at the 1- and 2-hydroxy positions. 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine (-)-Variabilin 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication. vitamin A An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion. iron(3+) phosphate A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid. potassium carbonates Codex::501 Codex::501(i) Europe::501 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, stabilizer. potassium carbonate A docosatetraenoic acid in which the four double bonds are located at positions 7, 10, 13 and 16 (geometry unspecified). 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens. dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions. Codex::281 Europe::281 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. sodium propionate Any member of the class of benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone or its <em>C</em>-substituted derivatives. 1,4-benzoquinones 1,2-naphthoquinones A naphthoquinone in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the parent naphthalene ring. 1,4-naphthoquinones Any trienoic fatty acid containing 18 carbons. fatty acid 18:3 An organic sodium salt consisting of sodium and oxalate ions in a 2:1 ratio. sodium oxalate A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid. acteoside A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is glycitin carrying an acetyl substituent at position 6 on the glucose moiety. glycitein 7-(6-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucoside) An aluminosilicate mineral consisting mostly of montmorillonite. The different types of bentonite (aluminium bentonite; calcium bentonite; potassium bentonite; sodium bentonite) are named after their dominant element. Codex::558 Europe::558 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent. bentonite An anthocyanidin glycoside that is pelargonidin in which the two phenolic hydrogens at positions 3 and 5 have been replaced by beta-D-glucosyl residues. pelargonin Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C (482 °F) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. volatile organic compound A 2-acyl-4,6-diprenylphloroglucinol in which the acyl group is specified as 3-methylbutanoyl. deoxyhumulone An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.). allylic alcohol An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens. primary allylic alcohol A class containing any titanium molecular entity that is an oxide of titanium. titanium oxides A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. glycol A biflavonoid that is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzocyclohepten-6-one which is substituted at positions 1 and 8 by (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl groups. It is the main red pigment in black tea. theaflavin A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups. eupatorin Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0°C and 100 kPa). gas molecular entity Any carotenoid derivative with an β-end group carotenoid beta-end derivative A polyether that is any poly(ethylene glycol) in which one or both of the terminal hydroxy groups has been substituted or undergone modification. poly(ethylene glycol) derivative Any hydroxyflavanone having a hydroxy substituent located at position 4'. 4'-hydroxyflavanones A beta-carotene carrying one additional hydroxy substituent at position 4. 4-hydroxy-all-trans-beta-carotene R-cob(III)alamin A cyclic ketone isolated from the bark of Morella species and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Myricanone isopeonidin 3-rutinoside An acetophenone substituted by a sulfooxy group at position 2 and by a hydroxy group at position 4. 2-O-sulfate-4-hydroxyacetophenone A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside. rebaudioside A rebaudioside B(1-) A rebaudioside that is stevioside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucosyl ester moiety has been converted into the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. rebaudioside E A rebaudioside that is rebaudioside A in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the beta-D-glucosyl ester moiety has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. Found in minute quantities in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. rebaudioside D A diterpene glycoside derived from steviol by formal esterification of the carboxy group with glucose (or a glucose derivative) and glycosylation of the tertiary hydroxy group with combinations of glucose and rhamnose to give the corresponding glycosides. steviol glycoside 13'-carboxy-alpha-tocopherol A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses. cellulose acetate An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is phloretin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated from the leaves of the Chinese sweet tea Lithocarpus polystachyus and exhibits significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. trilobatin A 5-alkylresorcinol that is resorcinol which is substituted by a heptadecyl group at position 5. It is found in wheat bran. 5-heptadecylresorcinol A 5-alkylresorcinol that is resorcinol which is substituted by a tricosyl group at position 5. It is found in wheat bran. 5-tricosylresorcinol A member of the class of catechins that is (+)-catechin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of (+)-catechin, a major polyphenol found in several fruits and vegetables. (+)-catechin-3'-methyl ether A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of 1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dihydrate and 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucitol in a 1:1 ratio. It is used in the food industry as a sugar substitute and in the pharmaceutical industry as a tabletting excipient. isomalt An enal that consists of 3,7-dimethyl-9-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenal (double bond geometry unspecified) carrying a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at the 9-position. retinal A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds. retinyl palmitate A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from hydrogen sulfide. sulfide(2-) A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function. choline A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. cysteine A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. Codex::260 Europe::260 acetic acid, glacial LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, preservative. acetic acid An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms water The (R)- enantiomer of camphor. (R)-camphor (+)-exo-5-hydroxycamphor A carvone having (S) configuration. (+)-carvone A <em>p</em>-menthan-3-ol which has (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer. (-)-menthol A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender. perillyl alcohol The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. Codex::640 Europe::640 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer. glycine inulin The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. (+)-catechin A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5. 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid 3,6,9-trihydroxypterocarpan A tetraric acid that is butanedioic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. tartaric acid (l(+)-) Codex::334 Europe::334 tartaric acid, l(+)- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant synergist, sequestrant. 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]<small>_<em>n</em></small>C(=O)H, <em>n</em> ≥ 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. aldose Any α-amino acid having <small>L</small>-configuration at the α-carbon. L-alpha-amino acid 2,3-dihydrobiochanin A A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. primary alcohol An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. An α,ω-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. Codex::363 Europe::363 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. succinic acid A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. hexadecanoic acid A primary amino compound obtained by formal decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine. tyramine A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities. juglone A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues. polypeptide A long-chain fatty acid that is a C20, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four (Z)-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14. arachidonic acid bromide A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3', 4', 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. luteolin Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain). sterol An amino sulfonic acid that is the 2-amino derivative of ethanesulfonic acid. It is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. An abundant component of fish- and meat-based foods, it has been used as an oral supplement in the treatment of disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hypertension. taurine A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C<small>₁₃</small> to C<small>₂₂</small>. long-chain fatty acid A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. glycyrrhizinic acid A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. niacin nicotinic acid An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. Codex::160e Europe::160d lycopenes LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. lycopene An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1<em>H</em>-thieno[3,4-<em>d</em>]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. biotin A mannose with D-configuration. D-mannose A class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of ethanolamine. phosphatidylethanolamine A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. chlorogenic acid A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. cholesterol A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. shikimic acid A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. pyrogallol An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. oleic acid A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). carbamide Codex::927b Europe::927b urea (carbamide) LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flour treatment agent. urea A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5. phloroglucinol limonin A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. ethanol A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine. quercetin A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides. phospholipid An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine residues. chitosan Any member of the class of menaquinones that is 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with an unsaturated isoprenoid chain at the 3-position. menaquinone iodide A 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is mandelic acid bearing a phenolic hydroxy substituent at position 4. 4-hydroxymandelic acid Any benzoquinone derived from 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone; one of a group of naturally occurring homologues. The redox-active quinoid moiety usually carries a polyprenoid side chain at position 6, the number of isoprenoid units in which is species-specific. Ubiquinones are involved in the control of mitochondrial electron transport, and are also potent anti-oxidants. ubiquinones The trans-isomer of caffeic acid. trans-caffeic acid An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. An α-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. alanine (1S,4R)-fenchone The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone A one-carbon compound with formula CO<small>₂</small> in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. Codex::290 Europe::290 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): carbonating agent, packaging gas, preservative, propellant. carbon dioxide A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. coniferyl aldehyde A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. raffinose Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula C<small>_<em>m</em></small>(H<small>₂</small>O)<small>_<em>n</em></small>. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. carbohydrate Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from α-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide A group of plant storage proteins having a high proline amino acid content. prolamin A complex of six monomers, has a predominantly beta-sheet-containing secondary structure cruciferin Proteins with high-molecular-mass (HMW) and low-molecular-mass (LMW) subunits with molar masses from about 200,000 to a few million, which are stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions and other forces. Glutenin is responsible for the strength and elasticity of dough glutenin A stigmastane sterol that is 5alpha-stigmastane carrying a hydroxy group at position 3beta and double bonds at positions 7 and 24. avenasterol delta7-stigmasterol D-apiose Phenols that include substances containing a phenolic ring and at least one organic carboxylic acid function. phenolic acid Phenylpropane is a colorless liquid. The compound consists of a phenyl group attached to allyl. Phenylpropene isomerizes to trans-propenylbenzene. phenylpropane The non-sugar compound remaining after replacement of the glycosyl group from a glycoside by a hydrogen atom. aglycone eicosatetraenoic acid xanthonolignoid oligomeric compounds, formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. They yield cyanidin when depolymerized under oxidative conditions. procyanidin Peltogynoid compounds, differing from other flavonoids by the presence of a fourth ring, have been isolated from a small group of species, however, their biological activities remain to be defined. peltogynoid compounds having a coumarin skeleton and having an aryl structure at the 3-position 3-arylcoumarin Allomelanin is a type of nitrogen-free melanin most commonly found in fungi allomelanin One of the major classifications of proteins, which may be further divided into the euglobulins and the pseudoglobulins. The former group is insoluble in water but soluble in saline solutions and may be precipitated in water that has been half-saturated with a salt such as ammonium sulfate. The latter group is soluble in water and has properties that resemble those of the true globulins. Globulins are an important source of protein in seed plants and are found in minute amounts in cereals. Globulins found in animal fluids are enzymes, antibodies, and fibrous and contractile proteins usually contained in the blood plasma. globulin type Family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins. All the proteins of the albumin family are water-soluble, moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation. albumin type Simple oxygenated xanthones are subdivided according to the degree of oxygenation into non-, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexaoxygenated substances. In these xanthones the substituents are simple hydroxy, methoxy, or methyl groups. About 150 simple oxygenated xanthones have been reported. simple oxygenated xanthones These xanthones are usually restricted to the plant species of the family Guttiferae. The major C5 unit of the substituents included the commonly found 3-methylbut-2-enyl or isoprenyl group as in isoemericellin and the less frequent 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl as in nigrolineaxanthone P and 1,1-dimethylprop-2-enyl as in globuxanthone, respectively. prenylated and related xanthones A cis configuration means that the two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond stick out on the same side of the chain. The rigidity of the double bond freezes its conformation and, in the case of the cis isomer, causes the chain to bend and restricts the conformational freedom of the fatty acid. The more double bonds the chain has in the cis configuration, the less flexibility it has. When a chain has many cis bonds, it becomes quite curved in its most accessible conformations. cis-fatty acid A trans configuration in contrast to the cis, means that the adjacent two hydrogen atoms lie on opposite sides of the chain. As a result, they do not cause the chain to bend much, and their shape is similar to straight saturated fatty acids. trans-fatty acid A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated. nucleoside 5'-phosphate A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. pyridoxine A mineral that is an inorganic nutrient which must be ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide range of essential metabolic and/or structural functions in the human body A mineral that is an inorganic nutrient which must be ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide range of essential metabolic and/or structural functions in the human body. mineral nutrient A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also <a href="http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001" target="_blank">http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001</a>. glycan Punicalagin Punicalin A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 2' and a methoxy group at position 4'. vestitone mercury(2+) A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1<em>H</em>-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. melatonin A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. methionine 13'-Carboxy-gamma-tocopherol A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone with hydroxy substituents at positions 5, 7, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 8. kievitone A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine. glutathione A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. salicylic acid A phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. ergosterol An apigenin flavone glycoside, which is found in the passion flower, bamboo leaves and pearl millet vitexin A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides, heteroglycan An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2. oxalic acid The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (−59°C) and high-boiling (188°C) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze. propane-1,2-diol <small>D</small>-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[<em>g</em>]pteridin-10(2<em>H</em>)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. vitamin b2 Codex::101(i) Europe::101 riboflavin, synthetic LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. riboflavin A heteroglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucose (G) and D-mannose (M) in a proportion of 5:8. The basic polymeric repeating unit has the pattern: GGMMGMMMMMGGM, with branching through beta-(1->3)- and beta-(1->6)-glucosyl linkages. Acetate groups are present on C-6 every 9-19 units of the main chain. glucomannan An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. chitin A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits. biphenyl-2-ol A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N<small>₂</small>O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. nitrous oxide Codex::942 Europe::942 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, foaming agent, packaging gas, propellant. dinitrogen oxide fluoride A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R<small>₂</small>C=O (neither R may be H). ketone A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops. biphenyl, diphenyl Codex::230 Europe::230 diphenyl LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. biphenyl The <i>meso</i>-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol. The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol. Codex::968 Europe::968 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer, humectant, Sweetener. erythritol A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having <i>meso</i>-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. Codex::967 Europe::967 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): emulsifier, humectant, stabilizer, sweetener, thickener. xylitol A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. nicotinamide A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose. stachyose nucleoside 5'-monophosphate A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase. inosinic acid Codex::630 Europe::630 inosinic acid, 5’- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer. IMP The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of <i>trans</i>-caffeic acid. The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid. rosmarinic acid An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. glucose dehydroascorbic acid A methylcatechol having a single methyl substituent at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Picea abies. 4-methylcatechol An inositol having myo- configuration. myo-inositol A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is dihydrochalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2', 4' and 6'. phloretin A glycosylglucose consisting of two <small>D</small>-glucopyranose units connected by an α-(1→4)-linkage. A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage. LanguaL curation note: Used when maltose or a high maltose sweetener is the major ingredient. maltose A heteropolysaccharide containing a large proportion of <small>D</small>-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in α-(1→4) linkage, of which the hydroxy groups at positions C2 and C3 may be acetylated and carboxy groups at positions C6 may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan. Codex::440 Europe::440 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): emulsifier, gelling agent, stabilizer, thickener. pectin A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. phytol A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. all-trans-retinol An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry. linoleic acid A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). sulfite A sulfur-containing amino acid obtained by the oxidation of two cysteine molecules which are then linked via a disulfide bond. cystine The cis-isomer of caffeic acid. cis-caffeic acid A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12. cyanocobalamin cyanocob(III)alamin A monocarboxylic acid that is phenylacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxy group. 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end. geraniol A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. aldehyde A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. scopoletin A catechin that is (-)-epicatechin in which the hydroxy group at position 4' is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of (-)-epicatechin. 4'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group). A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH<small>₂</small>[CH(OH)]<small>_<em>n</em></small>CH<small>₂</small>OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group). alditol Dodecyl gallate The six-membered ring form of L-arabinose. L-arabinopyranose A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1→4-linked β-<small>D</small>-mannuronic acid and α-<small>L</small>-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. Codex::400 Europe::400 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, carrier, emulsifier, foaming agent, gelling agent, glazing agent, humectant, sequestrant, stabilizer, thickener. alginic acid A member of the class of pterocarpans that is (6aR,11aR)-pterocarpan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 10. phaseollidin A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. quercitrin An optically active form of cysteine having <small>L</small>-configuration. Codex::920 Europe::920 cysteine, l- and its hydrochlorides - sodium and potassium salts LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flour treatment agent. L-cysteine A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 4'. A phytoestrogen, it has putative benefits in dietary cancer prophylaxis. biochanin A A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of <i>all</i>-<i>trans</i>-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. Codex::160a Europe::160a carotenes LanguaL term definition: Food additive. beta-carotene A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via α-<small>D</small>-1,4 bonds as in maltose. The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose. maltooligosaccharide A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other. hydroquinone A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde Any <small>D</small>-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. D-aldohexose A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. ferulic acid A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B<small>₂</small>) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester. riboflavin-5'-phosphate Codex::101(ii) Europe::101 riboflavin 5'-phosphate sodium LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. FMN A cyclic oligosaccharide comprising a ring of <small>D</small>-glucose units linked by α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. cyclomaltodextrin A glucose with <small>D</small>-configuration. dextrose glucose, d- LanguaL term definition: Used when dextrose or a high dextrose sweetener, such as corn syrup or corn syrup solids, is the major ingredient. D-glucose A member of the class of 4'-methoxyisoflavones that is formononetin with a hydroxy group at the 2'position. 2'-hydroxyformononetin Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include <small>L</small>-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. Langual document note: DIRECTIVE 2002/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:183:0051:0057:EN:PDF]. vitamin C Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B<small>₂</small> deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B<small>₂</small> deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). vitamin B2 Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms). Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B<small>₃</small> deficiency. Vitamin B<small>₃</small> deficiency causes a condition known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellagra" target="_blank">pellagra</a> whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms). vitamin B3 Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms. vitamin B5 Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B<small>₇</small> deficiency. Vitamin B<small>₇</small> deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B<small>₇</small> deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. vitamin B7 Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B<small>₉</small> deficiency. Vitamin B<small>₉</small> refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B<small>₉</small> leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B<small>₉</small> deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. vitamin B9 Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives). Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B<small>₁₂</small> deficiency. Vitamin B<small>₁₂</small> deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives). Langual documentation note: DIRECTIVE 2002/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:183:0051:0057:EN:PDF]. vitamin B12 The (<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>,<i>S</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (R,R,S)-alpha-tocopherol The (<i>R</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>R</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (R,S,R)-alpha-tocopherol The (<i>R</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (R,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol The (<i>S</i>,<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (S,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol The (<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>R</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (S,S,R)-alpha-tocopherol The (<i>S</i>,<i>R</i>,<i>S</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (S,R,S)-alpha-tocopherol A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of <small>D</small>-galactose and <small>D</small>-glucose fragments bonded through a β-1→4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the α- or β-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the β-pyranose form. A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form. LanguaL term definition: Used when lactose or a high lactose sweetener is the major ingredient. lactose The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. glycine betaine A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups. Codex::422 Europe::422 glycerol A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom). organohalogen compound A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position. calycosin An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. An α-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. serine The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. (S)-naringenin Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids. triglyceride A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. hydrochloric acid Codex::507 Europe::507 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. hydrogen chloride A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. all-trans-retinal A hydroxycalciol that is calciol in which the hydrogen at position 25 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A prehormone resulting from the oxidation of calciol in the liver, it is further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3. calcidiol A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration. (+)-taxifolin A flavone C-glycoside consisting of luteolin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue at the 6-position. isoorientin An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent. Codex::1519 Europe::1519 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): carrier. benzyl alcohol A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. LanguaL term definition: Used when sucrose (e.g., cane sugar or beet sugar) is the major ingredient. Note: on a product label or in a recipe, 'sugar' means sucrose. sucrose A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. chloride A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has <i>E</i> geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. Codex::297 Europe::297 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. fumaric acid The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin. D-galacturonic acid A glyceride that is glycerol in which any two of the hydroxy groups have been acylated. In the structure shown, two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group. diglyceride 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. lipid A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones. phytomenadione vitamin K1 phylloquinone A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4'. formononetin 2,5,8-Trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid The trans-isomer of 2-coumaric acid. trans-2-coumaric acid A luteolin glucosiduronic acid consisting of luteolin having a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 7-position. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose). hexose A benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other. catechol hydrogen halide An α-tocopherol that has <i>R</i>,<i>R</i>,<i>R</i> configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of α-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of <em>Myrica rubra</em> and other plants. A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra and other plants. myricetin A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. LanguaL term definition: Complex carbohydrate with molecules composed of eleven or more saccharide units. Usually not sweet to the taste. Includes starch, pectin and cellulose. polysaccharide A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-2 of the phenyl ring. 2-coumaric acid A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. Codex::308 Europe::308 tocopherol, gamma-, synthetic LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. gamma-tocopherol An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. An α-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. tyrosine Polydextrose The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position. citrulline (2R)-2,5,8-Trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol A solution of ammonia in water. Codex::527 Europe::527 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. ammonium hydroxide An aldopentose, found in the embryos of most edible plants and used in medicine to test for malabsorption by administration in water to the patient. xylose A phenylpropanoid that is an isomer of eugenol in which the allyl substituent is replaced by a prop-1-enyl group. isoeugenol A glucan that consists of a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked glucose residues, most of which are substituted with (1->6)-linked xylose side-chains. xyloglucan An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An α-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. Codex::620 Europe::620 glutamic acid, l(+)- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer. glutamic acid Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. dopamine A β-<small>D</small>-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1→4) linkages. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26. iron atom An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5. ornithine Any form of fucose having L configuration. L-fucose manganese atom A class of aminophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of serine. phosphatidyl-L-serine A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula C<small>_<em>n</em></small>H<small>_{2<em>n</em>+2}</small>, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. alkane A C-glycosyl compound that consists of apigenin substituted by a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 6. isovitexin A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. vanillin A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4. vanillyl alcohol A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4', 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. apigenin A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane. 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose A methylcatechol carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by some bacteria capable of degrading nitroaromatic compounds present in pesticide-contaminated soil samples. 3-methylcatechol 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone magnesium(2+) sulphur dioxide Codex::220 Europe::220 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, preservative. sulfur dioxide A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. 4-hydroxystyrene Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is composed of pentasaccharide repeat units, comprising two glucose units, two mannose units, and one glucuronic acid unit. Its main chain consists of beta-D-glucose units linked at the 1 and 4 positions. Trisaccharide side chains contain a D-glucuronic acid unit between two D-mannose units linked at the O-3 position of every other glucose residue in the main chain. Approximately one-half of the terminal D-mannose contains a pyruvic acid residue linked via keto group to the 4 and 6 positions, with an unknown distribution. D-Mannose unit linked to the main chain contains an acetyl group at position O-6. xanthan Any fatty acid containing two carboxy groups. dicarboxylic fatty acid An inorganic calcium salt having silicate as the counterion. calcium silicate A calcium salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic calcium salt An organic calcium salt of stearic acid. It is a component of some lubricants and surfactants. calcium stearate A magnesium salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic magnesium salt A magnesium salt with C-H bonds magnesium phosphate organic magnesium salt A phosphate salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic phosphate salt An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid. tripotassium phosphate A phosphate salt with C-H bonds organic phosphate salt A potassium salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic potassium salt A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position. A hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor, it is anti-tumourigenic for various malignant tumours. 4-methylumbelliferone beta-D-glucuronide A chromium salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic chromium salt A chromium salt with C-H bonds organic chromium salt A copper salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic copper salt A copper salt with C-H bonds organic copper salt A fluoride salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic fluoride salt A fluoride salt with C-H bonds organic fluoride salt An iodine salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic iodine salt An iodine salt with C-H bonds organic iodine salt A iron salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic iron salt An iron salt with C-H bonds organic iron salt A manganese salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic manganese salt A manganese salt with C-H bonds organic manganese salt A molybdenum salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic molybdenum salt A molybdenum salt with C-H bonds organic molybdenum salt selenium(4+) selenium(6+) A selenium salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic selenium salt A selenium salt with C-H bonds organic selenium salt A zinc salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic zinc salt A zinc salt with C-H bonds organic zinc salt A aluminium salt that lacks C-H bonds inorganic aluminium salt titanium(3+) A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone sulfate which carries a methyl group at position 4. It is a metabolite of 4-methylumbelliferone. 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate calcium tartrate An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio. calcium citrate A calcium compound with C-H bonds organic calcium compound A phosphate compound with C-H bonds organic phosphate compound An iron compound with C-H bonds organic iron compound A globular protein that is present in the milk of many mammalian species including ruminants, such as cows and sheep, and some non-ruminants, such as pigs and horses beta-lactoglobulin A group of small molecular weight albumins (15-17 kDa) that are one of the two major kinds of storage proteins synthesized in the seeds of mustard and rapeseed during its maturation. Its heterodimer structure is composed of two polypeptide chains that are held together by disulfide bonds. The proteins are soluble in a wide pH range and show high heat stability. napin A prolamin present in wheat and several other cereals within the grass genus Triticum. It is made up of single-chain polypeptides with an average molecular weight of 25-100 kDa linked by intramolecular disulfide bonds and classified based on its primary amino acid sequence into the alpha/beta-, gamma- and omega-type. gliadin are a type of flavonoid pigments in plants. Anthoxanthins are water-soluble pigments which range in color from white or colorless to a creamy to yellow, often on petals of flowers. anthoxanthin anthoxanthin a class of flavonoids that use the 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one (IUPAC name) backbone. flavanonol Dimer of casuarictin linked by a bond between the gallic acid residue and one of the hexahydroxydiphenic acid units. It has sanguisorbic acid ester groups as linking units between glucopyranose moieties. sanguiin H6 sanguiin H6 Is trimer of casuarictin linked by sanguisorbic acid ester groups between glucopyranose moieties. It contributes to the antioxidant capacity of raspberries. lambertianin C lambertianin C a class of condensed tannins in the sub-class procyanidins contained in the seeds of Areca catechu also called betel nut. The arecatannin-type natural products from Ceylonese cassia bark and Areca seed are examples polyphenols by both current definitions, and fit the distinct definition of a polymeric phenol as well. arecatannin a2 arecatannin a2 An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. vanillylmandelic acid Resorcinol substituted at position 5 by a pentadecyl chain. cardol A pentahydroxyflavone that is luteolin with an additional hydroxy group at position 6. 6-hydroxyluteolin Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH<small>₃</small>. acetamides Dicarboxylic acids formed from aldoses by replacement of both terminal groups (CHO and CH<small>₂</small>OH) by carboxy groups. aldaric acid Any carbohydrate acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to a carboxylic acid functional group. Aldonic acids have the general formula HOCH<small>₂</small>[CH(OH)]<em><small>_n</small></em>C(=O)OH. aldonic acid alkaline earth metal atom alkali metal atom Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. alkaloid alpha-D-glucoside A tocopherol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a 4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl group at position 2. Codex::307 Europe::307 dl-alpha-tocopherol tocopherols LanguaL term definition: Food additive. alpha-tocopherol A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. anion anthraquinone A polysaccharide composed of arabinose residues. arabinan arabinose Codex::300 Europe::300 vitamin c ascorbic acid, l- l-ascorbic acid LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant, flour treatment agent. ascorbic acid An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. asparagine An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent An α-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single α-amino substituent aspartic acid Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof. benzaldehydes A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring. benzenetriol Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. benzenes An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring. benzimidazoles Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group. benzoic acids benzopyran benzopyrrole Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their <em>C</em>-substituted derivatives. benzoquinones Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton. benzyl alcohols Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration. beta-D-glucoside Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond. biphenyls boron molecular entity Any amino acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents branched-chain amino acid butenedioic acid calcium atom calcium molecular entity carbon oxide Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H<small>₂</small>CO<small>₃</small>. carbonates Hydrocarbon carotenoids. carotenes Codex::160a Europe::160a LanguaL term definition: Food additive. carotene One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded. One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C<small>₄₀</small>), formally derived from the acyclic parent, ψ,ψ-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of ψ,ψ-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded. carotenoid carotenol Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives. catechin catechol melanin A ketone that is 1,3-diphenylpropenone (benzylideneacetophenone), ArCH=CH(=O)Ar, and its derivatives formed by substitution. chalcones chloride salt A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine. chlorine molecular entity A quaternary ammonium ion based on the choline ion and its substituted derivatives thereof. cholines Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups. chromanol chromanes chromenes A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. chromones An enal based on a cinnamaldehyde skeleton and its substituted derivatives. cinnamaldehydes Any α,β-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid based on the cinnamic acid skeleton and its substituted derivatives. cinnamic acids (beta)(gamma)-tocopherol cob(III)alamins cobalamins cobamides A group of metal atoms that are located in the periodic table between transition metals and metalloids. post-transition metal atom Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3. coumaric acid coumarins A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion. copper(II) sulfate cyclic oligosaccharide A macrocycle composed of five or more <small>D</small>-glucopyranose units bonded via (1→4)-linkages. A macrocycle composed of five or more D-glucopyranose units bonded via (1->4)-linkages. cyclodextrin An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues. cysteine derivative dextrins true A dimeric sesquiterpene lactone that is produced by the plant Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood). The bitter tasting constituent of Absinthe. absinthin An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring. diazole dimethylxanthine A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols. diol Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). diterpenoid A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten. ellagitannin Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton. ethanols flavin mononucleotide A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives. flavones Compounds containing at least one furan ring. furans galacturonan A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose). gallotannin Codex::574 Europe::574 gluconic acid, d- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, raising agent. gluconic acid An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues. glucooligosaccharide Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group. glucosamines glucoside Water-soluble anionic substituted thioglucosides. Glucosinolates have a central C atom which is bonded via an S atom to a glycone group and via an N atom to a sulfonated oxime group, and which also carries a side-group. The side-chain and sulfate group have an anti stereochemical configuration across the C=N double bond. glucosinolate An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues. glutamic acid derivative glycogens glycoglycerolipid A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO‒, RS‒, RSe‒, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms <em>N</em>-glycosides and <em>C</em>-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and <em>C</em>-glycosyl compounds, respectively. glycoside An sulfur oxoanion resulting from the deprotonation of the hydroxy group attached to the sulfur of a glycosinolic acid. glycosinolate glycosylglucose Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres. glycosyl glycoside A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. biological role Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>N)(R<small>^3</small>R<small>^4</small>N)C=N-R<small>^5</small> and are related structurally to amidines and ureas. guanidines halogen molecular entity heterocyclic antibiotic A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. organic heterocyclic compound hexadienoic acid Members of the class of hydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by 6 hydroxy groups. hexahydroxyflavone hexitol Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group. hexosamine A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. hydrocarbon Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH<small>^−</small>). hydroxides Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group. hydroxy carboxylic acid hydroxybenzaldehyde Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring. hydroxybenzoic acid monohydroxycinnamic acid Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents. hydroxycinnamic acid A member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavanone with one or more hydroxy substituents. hydroxyflavanone Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups. hydroxyflavone A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group. hydroxyproline A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton. imidazoles imide Any compound containing an indole skeleton. indoles A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). oxoacid A molecular entity that contains no carbon. inorganic molecular entity inorganic oxide Any phosphate that contains no carbon atom. inorganic phosphate inorganic salt inorganic sulfate salt inosine phosphate Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. inositol iodine molecular entity A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. salt organic salt A molecular entity having a net electric charge. ion iron molecular entity A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2<i>R</i>,3<i>R</i>)- or (2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>)-configuration. A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration. isoleucine Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. isoprenoid Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group. ketoaldonic acid Any hexose containing a single ketone group. ketohexose Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]<small>_n</small>C(=O)[CH(OH)]<em><small>_m</small></em>H) and their intramolecular hemiketals. Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)[CH(OH)]mH) and their intramolecular hemiketals. ketose Any organic salt that has lactate as the cation. lactate salt Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. lactone A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the α-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. leucine Any phenylpropanoid derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e". lignan A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9<i>Z</i>,12<i>Z</i>,15<i>Z</i>)- and (6<i>Z</i>,9<i>Z</i>,12<i>Z</i>)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins. A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins. linolenic acid A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties. Codex::406 Europe::406 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, carrier, coating agent, emulsifier, glazing agent, gelling agent, humectant, stabilizer, thickener. agar A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6. lysine A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity. macrolide antibiotic A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide. macrolide magnesium atom magnesium molecular entity magnesium porphyrin A dextrin in which the <small>D</small>-glucose units are linked by α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds. maltodextrin p-menthane monoterpenoid Any secondary alcohol that is one of the eight possible diastereoisomers of 5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol. p-menthan-3-ol metalloporphyrin Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group. monomethoxybenzene Any member of the class of flavones with at least one methoxy substituent. methoxyflavone Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol. methyl ester An alkylmercury compound in which the alkyl group specified is methyl. methylmercury compound methylxanthine Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group. monocarboxylic acid Any methoxyflavone with a single methoxy substituent. monomethoxyflavone Any terpenoid derived from a monoterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C10 skeleton of the parent monoterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). Any terpenoid derived from a monoterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C<small>₁₀</small> skeleton of the parent monoterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). monoterpenoid Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment. monounsaturated fatty acid A monoterpenoid that is 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by a carboxy group at position 2. myrtenic acid A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene. naphthoquinone A phenylpropanoid that includes plant products formed primarily from oxidative coupling of two para-propylphenol moities. Unlike lignan, the units are coupled at positions other than their beta-carbon atoms. neolignan An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions. neoxanthin A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or <em>N</em>-substituted caraboxamide group. pyridinecarboxamide Salts and esters of nitrous acid, HONO. nitrites nitrogen atom nonmetal atom A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates. nucleoside phosphate Any trienoic fatty acid having eighteen carbons. octadecatrienoic acid A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids. oligopeptide A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid. A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the ω−3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid. omega-3 fatty acid organic heteromonocyclic compound Any organic ion with a net negative charge. organic anion Any organic ion with a net positive charge. organic cation An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen. ether organic ion An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom. organic oxide organic phosphate Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group organic sulfate An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound. aliphatic alcohol An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters. organophosphorus compound An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide oxygen molecular entity organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located <em>para</em> to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring. p-quinones A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol. hexadecanoate ester An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. pelargonidin A hydroxyflavone substituted by five hydroxy groups. pentahydroxyflavone An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose. pentitol aldopentose phosphate A chemically diverse class of peptides that exhibit antimicrobial properties. peptide antibiotic Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin. phenylpropanoid Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. phosphate A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. Codex::338 Europe::338 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant synergist, sequestrant. phosphoric acid phosphoric acid derivative phosphorus molecular entity phylloquinones phytoene Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond. phytosterols phytylnaphthoquinone Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds. polar amino acid A family of antibiotics containing a conjugated polyene moiety, usuallly isolated from some species of <em>Streptomyces</em>. polyene antibiotic A macromolecule composed of units connected by carboxylic ester (-O-CO-) linkages. polyester macromolecule polyether antibiotic Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides. polyketide A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups. polyol Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group. polyphenol Any phosphate that is a salt or an ester of polyphosphoric acid or its chalcogen analogues. Codex::452 Europe::452 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. polyphosphates Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome. polyunsaturated fatty acid Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure. porphyrins potassium atom potassium molecular entity Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation. potassium salt A quinone substituted by a polyprenyl-derived side-chain. Prenylquinones occur in all living cells. Due to their amphiphilic character, they are mainly located in biological membranes where they function as electron and proton carriers in the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. Some prenylquinones also perform more specialised roles sucy as antioxidants and enzyme cofactors. Prenylquinones are classified according to ring structure: the main classes are menaquinones, phylloquinones, ubiquinones and plastoquinones. prenylquinone A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans. proanthocyanidin An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. An α-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. proline propane-1,2-diols propanediol pteridines pterins Members of the class of benzofurochromene with a 6a,11a-dihydro-6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. They generally bear structural resemblance to isoflavanoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection. They are the 3,4-dihydroderivatives of coumestans. pterocarpans pullulans purine alkaloid purine nucleoside monophosphate Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. purine nucleotide purine ribonucleoside monophosphate Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. purine ribonucleotide A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives. purines pyridine alkaloid A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring. pyridinemonocarboxylic acid Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives. pyridines A cyclitol carboxylic acid. quinic acid A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring <em>ortho</em> fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring. quinolines Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. retinoid rhamnogalacturonan A deoxymannose sugar that is the 6-deoxy derivative of hexose. rhamnose ribonucleoside monophosphate ribonucleotide ribose phosphate Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. saturated fatty acid An α-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class. serine family amino acid Any terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). sesquiterpenoid Any terpenoid derived from a sesterterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C25 skeleton of the parent sesterterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). Sometimes sesterterpenoids are erroneously referred to as sesterpenoids. sesterterpenoid An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C<small>₆</small>. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid. short-chain fatty acid Any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups. sialic acid silicon molecular entity sodium atom An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion. sodium hydrogensulfite An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion. sodium chloride sodium molecular entity Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation. sodium salt Any steroid that acts as hormone. steroid hormone stilbene Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone. stilbenoid carbohydrate phosphate An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid. sulfuric ester Salts and esters of sulfuric acid sulfates Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid. sulfites sulfur atom sulfur-containing amino acid sulfur molecular entity A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. sulphuric acid Codex::513 Europe::513 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. sulfuric acid Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol. tannin tartaric acid Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. terpenoid Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton. oxolanes A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole tetraric acid Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). tetraterpenoid Any member of the group of 1,3-thiazolium cations that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B1 deficiency in animals. Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency include constipation, loss of apetite, fatigue, nausea, delirium, blurry vision and muscle weakness. Severe vitamin B1 deficiency can also lead to a disease known as beriberi. Vitamin B1 consists of the vitamer thiamin and its acid, aldehyde and phosphorylated derivatives (and their corresponding ionized, salt and hydrate forms). Any member of the group of 1,3-thiazolium cations that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B<small>₁</small> deficiency in animals. Symptoms of vitamin B<small>₁</small> deficiency include constipation, loss of apetite, fatigue, nausea, delirium, blurry vision and muscle weakness. Severe vitamin B<small>₁</small> deficiency can also lead to a disease known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency" target="_blank">beriberi</a>. Vitamin B<small>₁</small> consists of the vitamer thiamin and its acid, aldehyde and phosphorylated derivatives (and their corresponding ionized, salt and hydrate forms). vitamin B1 An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms. organic heterotricyclic compound An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group. An α-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the α-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group. threonine tin atom A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with <i>R</i>,<i>R</i>,<i>R</i> configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. tocopherol Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. micronutrient An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. transition element atom A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two units of D-glucose. trehalose An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups. tricarboxylic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid Any hydroxyflavone carrying three hydroxy groups at unspecified positions. trihydroxyflavone trimethylxanthine A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. triol Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives. tryptamines organic heterobicyclic compound Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C≡C bond. unsaturated fatty acid A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group. A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the α-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group. valine An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants. violaxanthin Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body. vitamin D Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B<small>₆</small> deficiency. Vitamin B<small>₆</small> deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B<small>₆</small> consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). vitamin B6 A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes. xanthophyll zinc atom zinc molecular entity avenacin A-1 A linolenic acid with <i>cis</i>-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect. A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect. alpha-linolenic acid lutein 5,6-epoxide An <em>N</em>-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B<small>₉</small>. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. LanguaL curation note: Used when folic acid is added at any level. Always use this term for enriched flour or rice, enriched bakery products, and enriched macaroni or noodle products. (21 CFR 137. 610(a), 21 CFR 136.115(a)(1), and others). folic acid An anthocyanin cation that is cyanidin(1+) carrying a single beta-D-galactosyl substituent at position 3. cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside A hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 2'. 2'-hydroxydaidzein A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. umbelliferone genistein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside zeaxanthin A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer). 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone A trihydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin prenylated at C-6. 6-prenylnaringenin selenium atom An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. An α-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1<em>H</em>-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. histidine A member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7 and 4'. garbanzol A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units. procyanidin B4 A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by <em>Streptomyces cinnamonensis</em>. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. monensin A A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group. acetophenone An extended flavonoid that is 6,7-methylenedioxyflavanone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5 and 2' respectively. betagarin A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups. galactomannan A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. sitosterol A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee. caffeine added caffeine Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'. 3'-hydroxyflavonoid A vetispirane sesquiterpenoid that consists of (2R,5S,6S,8S,10R)-8-hydroxy-10-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)spiro[4.5]decane bearing a formyl substituent at position 6. lubimin A tetradecenoic acid in which the double bond is at the 9-10 position and has Z configuration. Myristoleic acid has been isolated from Serenoa repens and has cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects. myristoleic acid hydroxocobalamin A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3. resorcinol An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups. cyanidin cation An epoxycarotenol that is beta-carotene-3,3'-diol in which one of the one of the endocyclic double bonds has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide. It is a neutral yellow plant pigment found in Euglenophyta. antheraxanthin A stilbenol that is stilbene in which the phenyl groups are substituted at positions 3, 5, and 4' by hydroxy groups. resveratrol An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. An α-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. tryptophan Codex::1204 Europe::1204 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): film-forming agent, glazing agent. pullulan Isoflavone in which the double bond between positions 2 and 3 has been reduced to a single bond. isoflavanone A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. (E)-sinapaldehyde Dehydroascorbic acid having the <small>L</small>-configuration. Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration. L-dehydroascorbic acid A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside A 9-octadecenoic acid and the trans-isomer of oleic acid. elaidic acid The most important reserve polysaccharide found in plants. It is a glucan consisting of amylose and amylopectin. starch An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. phenylalanine A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues. amylopectin A rutinoside consisting of cyanidin having the rutinosyl group at the 3-position. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside A 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties. genistein A bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. borneol A glucan composed of unbranched chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The number of repeated glucose subunits (n) is usually in the range of 300 to 3000, but can be many thousands. One of the two components of starch (the other, 70-80%, being amylopectin). Cf. linear maltodextrin, in which the chain length is typically between 3 and 17 glucose units. amylose A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea. pinocembrin A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 3. It is structurally similar to caffeine and is found in green and black tea. theophylline A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group. 7-ethoxycoumarin A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'. daidzein A trihydroxyflavanone having the three hydroxy gropus located at the 3'-, 5- and 7-positions and an additional methoxy substituent at the 4'-position. hesperetin An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose. galactose, d- galactose A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. dimethyl sulfoxide An eremophilane sesquiterpenoid that is (+)-5-epi-aristolochene bearing additional 1beta- and 3alpha-hydroxy substituents. It is a phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum plant species in response to pathogen attack. capsidiol capsidiol A quercetin O-glucoside in which a glucofuranosyl residue is attached at position 3 of quercetin via a beta-glycosidic linkage. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucofuranoside An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. glutamine A flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups. mescaline alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors. vitamin K A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively. eriodictyol A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively. alpha-carotene A member of the class of arabinoxylans that consists of a polymer chain of beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylopyranose units, many of which are 2- or 3-substituted, or 2,3-disubstituted by alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues. arabinoxylan An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium. delphinidin A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria. (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment. kaempferol An anthocyanidin chloride that has pelargonidin as the cationic counterpart. pelargonidin chloride A rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups. rutin A hexasaccharide that is verbascose which has an additional unit of alpha-D-galactopyranose attached by a 1->6 glycosidic linkage to the terminal galactosyl residue. ajugose A pentasaccharide that is stachiose which has an additional unit of alpha-D-galactopyranose attached by a 1->6 glycosidic linkage to the terminal galactosyl residue. verbascose A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position. guaiacol A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. farnesol farnesol A 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28). The double bond at postion 24(28) adopts a Z-configuration. isofucosterol A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. licoisoflavone A campesterol A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group. 3-phenylpropionic acid A member of the class of benzoic acids that is gallic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group at position 3 is converted into the corresponding methyl ether. 3-O-methylgallic acid phosphorus atom A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12. gamma-linolenic acid Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of <small>D</small>-glucose units linked by α(1→4) or α(1→6) glycosidic bonds. dextrin copper atom A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. narirutin A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. eriocitrin A hexadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at position C-9 has cis configuration. palmitoleic acid A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion. sodium fluoride A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose. levulose LanguaL curation note: Used when pure fructose is the major ingredient. If *HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP* is the major ingredient, use that term for indexing. fructose A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the α-carboxy group of <small>L</small>-aspartic acid with the amino group of methyl <small>L</small>-phenylalaninate. Commonly used as an artificial sweetener. Codex::951 Europe::951 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer, sweetener. aspartame A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. hesperidin A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta. liquiritigenin A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. serotonin A docosenoic acid having a cis- double bond at C-13. It is found particularly in brassicas - it is a major component of mustard and rapeseed oils and is produced by broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, and wallflowers. erucic acid beta-D-glucan A chromenone having the keto group located at the 2-position. coumarin Polysaccharides composed of fructose residues. fructan Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group. flavonols pyridoxine 5'-phosphate mannan A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5. piceatannol A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. naringin A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum. piperine A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications. icosanoic acid A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. stigmasterol A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid. octanoic acid Codex::161b Europe::161b luteins LanguaL term definition: Food additive. lutein A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics. octadecanoic acid isopimpinellin Members of the class of flavans with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2<em>H</em>-1-benzopyran-4-one skeleton and its substituted derivatives. flavanones A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid. tetracosanoic acid A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia. menadione Any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol. phosphatidylinositol A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. tetradecanoic acid A hexahydroxyflavanone that is the 2,3-dihydro derivative of myricetin. dihydromyricetin A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. sakuranetin A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. ergocalciferol vitamin D2 A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5<i>Z</i>,7<i>E</i>)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the <em>pro</em>-<i>S</i> hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D<small>₃</small>, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D<small>₃</small>), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<small>₃</small>), the active hormone. A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. cholecalciferol calciol A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid. docosanoic acid A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator. theobromine Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups. amino sugar A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain. chlorophylls Codex::140 Europe::140 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. chlorophyll propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol) Codex::1520 Europe::1520 propylene glycol LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): dispersing agent, glazing agent, humectant, wetting agent. (R)-propane-1,2-diol aluminium atom An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. An α-amino acid that is glycine in which the α-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. arginine iron(2+) An ion of copper carrying a double positive charge. copper(2+) manganese(3+) The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. carboxylic acid anion The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate. L-ascorbic acid mononucleotide A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium. sodium(1+) A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium. potassium(1+) zinc(2+) calcium(2+) hypochlorite An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety. thiol A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid. monocarboxylic acid amide Avenacin B-2 Codex::500(i) Europe::500 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, raising agent. sodium carbonate 4',7-dihydroxyflavone Azukisaponin III A trihydroxyflavone with the hydroxy groups at positions C-5, -6 and -7. baicalein A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants. Codex::421 Europe::421 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent, bulking agent, humectant, stabilizer, sweetener. mannitol potassium ferrocyanide Codex::536 Europe::536 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent. potassium hexacyanoferrate(4-) sodium ferrocyanide Codex::535 Europe::535 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent. sodium hexacyanoferrate(4-) boron(3+) A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside A tetrasaccharide comprising residues of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and glucose in a linear sequence, all joined by beta-linkages. beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. Codex::943b Europe::943b LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): propellant. isobutane tin(2+) A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[<em>g</em>]pteridine-2,4(3<em>H</em>,10<em>H</em>)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position. flavin A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. Codex::551 Europe::551 silicon dioxide, amorphous LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent. silicon dioxide hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Codex::464 Europe::464 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, coating agent, emulsifier, glazing agent, stabilizer, thickener. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group. oxaloacetic acid A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. phenylacetic acid A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. Codex::210 Europe::210 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. benzoic acid A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. Codex::280 Europe::280 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. propionic acid A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. Codex::330 Europe::330 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant, sequestrant. citric acid A trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5. gallic acid An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. malonic acid A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. dodecanoic acid digallic acid A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. vanillic acid An α,ω-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane. Codex::355 Europe::355 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. adipic acid A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30. glycyrrhetinic acid A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. betulinic acid A compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group. isocitric acid sorbitol sorbitol as food source sorbitols sorbitols as food source Codex::420 Codex::420(i) Europe::420 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, humectant, sequestrant, stabilizer, sweetener. glucitol The hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine. pyridoxine hydrochloride A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas. (+)-gallocatechin A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2', -4 and -4'. isoliquiritigenin An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. It is used as food additive under the E number E510, working as a yeast nutrient in breadmaking and as an acidifier. It is a feed supplement for cattle and an ingredient in nutritive media for yeasts and many microorganisms. Ammonium chloride is used to spice up dark sweets called salmiak (popular in Nordic and other nearby countries),[18] in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture, and in the liquor Salmiakki Koskenkorva for flavouring. In Iran, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan and Arab countries it is called "Noshader"and is used to improve the crispness of snacks such as samosas and jalebi. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride] ammonium chloride An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside An organic calcium salt having glycerol 2-phosphate(2-) as the counterion. calcium glycerophosphate Calcium hypochlorite A member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio. Codex::529 Europe::529 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, dough conditioner, flour treatment agent. calcium oxide d-pantothenate, calcium Calcium pantothenate calcium sulphate Codex::516 Europe::516 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): firming agent, flour treatment agent, sequestrant, stabilizer. calcium sulfate A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-<i>cis</i>-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid. annatto, bixin, norbixin Codex::160b Europe::160b annatto extracts LanguaL term definition: Food additive. bixin An anthocyanin cation consisting of delphinidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position. delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia. ferric ammonium citrate Codex::579 Europe::579 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour retention agent. Ferrous gluconate An 3beta-sterol that is (22E)-ergosta-5,22-diene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is a phytosterol found in marine algae, fish, and rapeseed oil. brassicasterol A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside A sophoroside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside A disaccharide derivative that is luteolin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals. A magnesium salt with formula CMgO<small>₃</small>. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals. magnesium carbonates Codex::504 Codex::504(i) Europe::504 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, colour retention agent. magnesium carbonate Codex::530 Europe::530 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent. magnesium oxide An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position. malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries. methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Codex::218 Europe::218 methyl para-hydroxybenzoate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. methylparaben An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position. pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position. pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside An anthocyanin cation that is petunidin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue petunidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions Codex::261(i) Europe::261 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, preservative. potassium acetate Codex::577 Europe::577 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, sequestrant. Potassium gluconate An organic potassium salt of L-tartaric acid. It is a by-product of winemaking and occurs naturally in grapes, the major fruit used to produce wine. potassium bitartrate Codex::525 Europe::525 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. potassium hydroxide potassium sulphate Codex::515(i) Europe::515 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. potassium sulfate The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Also used as a food additive. propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Codex::216 Europe::216 propyl para-hydroxybenzoate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. propylparaben A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside retinyl acetate A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. Codex::954(i) Europe::954 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. saccharin sodium saccharin Codex::954(iv) Europe::954 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): sweetener. Saccharin sodium sodium hydrogen carbonate Codex::500(ii) Europe::500 sodium bicarbonate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, raising agent. sodium hydrogencarbonate Codex::524 Europe::524 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. sodium hydroxide sodium sulphate Codex::514(i) Europe::514 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. sodium sulfate A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-<small>D</small>-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-<small>D</small>-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond. Codex::955 Europe::955 sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose) LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): sweetener. Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body and therefore it is non-caloric. In the European Union, it is also known under the E number (additive code) E955. Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar), twice as sweet as saccharin, and 3 times as sweet as aspartame. sucralose Codex::553(iii) Europe::553b LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent, coating agent, dusting agent, surface-finishing agent, texturizing agent. Talc A titanium oxide with the formula TiO<small>₂</small>. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications. Codex::171 Europe::171 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. titanium dioxide d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate alpha-Tocopherol acetate A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3. trans-3-coumaric acid A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants. heptadecanoic acid A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'. butein The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid. trans-4-coumaric acid An octadecatetraenoic acid having four double bonds located at positions 6, 9, 12 and 15 (the all-cis-isomer). It has been isolated from Lithospermum officinale and fish oils. all-cis-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoic acid An icosenoic acid having a cis- double bond at position 11. (11Z)-icos-11-enoic acid A neoxanthin in which all of the double bonds have trans geometry. all-trans-neoxanthin A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. Codex::508 Europe::508 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): gelling agent, flavour enhancer, stabilizer, thickener. potassium chloride A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion. magnesium sulfate A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. pyruvic acid Codex::944 Europe::944 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): propellant. propane Codex::262(i) Europe::262 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, preservative, sequestrant. sodium acetate Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring. epoxide A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position. phloretic acid An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. amide vanadium(2+) chromium(2+) The calcium salt of <small>D</small>-gluconic acid. Codex::578 Europe::578 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, firming agent, sequestrant. calcium gluconate The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces. Codex::263 Europe::263 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, preservative, stabilizer. calcium acetate A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. A calcium salt with formula CCaO<small>₃</small>. Codex::170(i) Europe::170 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, stabilizer, surface colourant. calcium carbonate Europe::284 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. boric acid calcium chloride Codex::509 Europe::509 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): firming agent, stabilizer, thickener. calcium dichloride boron oxoacid A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions. sodium cyanide A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. The term "vitamines" (from <em>vita</em> + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines. vitamin (role) Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen. d-alpha-tocopherol vitamin E A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds. tocotrienol It is present in mushrooms. vitamin D4 An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands). coordination entity oxoacid derivative An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system. organic fundamental parent A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons. atomic nucleus A derivative of an oxoacid R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. primary amide A derivative of two oxoacids R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group. secondary amide A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. elemental molecular entity hydrogen Codex::949 Europe::949 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): packaging gas. elemental hydrogen An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond. organosulfur compound oxygen Europe::948 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. elemental oxygen A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis. alpha-tocotrienol An anion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic anion A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been isolated from various cultivars of wheat. beta-tocotrienol A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. delta-tocotrienol A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. A vitamin E family member that has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. gamma-tocotrienol A vitamin D in which the side-chain at position 17 consists of a (5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl group. vitamin D5 A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. nutrient A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. heteroorganic entity A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life. food role food A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal. alkali metal molecular entity An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth molecular entity Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. pnictogen A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. pnictogen molecular entity Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table. chalcogen Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chalcogen molecular entity carbon group element atom An ester of a carboxylic acid, R<small>^1</small>C(=O)OR<small>^2</small>, where R<small>^1</small> = H or organyl and R<small>^2</small> = organyl. carboxylic ester boron group element atom An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table. main group element atom silicon oxide zinc group element atom manganese group element atom iron group element atom copper group element atom sulfur oxoacid A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). hydracid pnictogen oxoacid sulfur oxoacid derivative Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid. phospho sugar A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons. phosphorus oxoacid phosphide(3-) chalcogen oxoacid A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element. transition element molecular entity An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity. metal atom s-block element atom Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table. p-block element atom d-block element atom Any member of class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar part acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol part may be absent. glycolipid Any compound containing an <em>o</em>-diphenol component. catechols benzenediols Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are <em>meta</em> to one another. resorcinols A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one ‒C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. carboxylic acid Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent. sulfur-containing carboxylic acid A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. main group molecular entity boron group molecular entity carbon group molecular entity A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas. noble gas molecular entity Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. cyclic compound A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only. homocyclic compound A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. carbocyclic compound A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings. spiro compound hydrogen molecular entity boron oxoanion A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'. A carotenone that consists of β,β-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'. Codex::161g Europe::161g LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. canthaxanthin aluminium molecular entity aluminium Codex::173 Europe::173 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. elemental aluminium polycyclic compound A molecule that features two fused rings. bicyclic compound A polycyclic compound having the shape of a cage. polycyclic cage Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds. aliphatic compound A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekulé structure) is said to possess aromatic character. aromatic compound organic aromatic compound monocyclic compound heteromonocyclic compound A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom. heteropolycyclic compound A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. heterobicyclic compound zinc group molecular entity An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. s-block molecular entity A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block molecular entity A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element. d-block molecular entity helium molecular entity helium Europe::939 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. elemental helium Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. hydrides A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biomacromolecule information biomacromolecule A cation consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic cation An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position α to the carboxy group. alpha-amino acid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. amino acid carbohydrate acid tetritol capsaicin iron group molecular entity copper group molecular entity paprika extract, capsanthin, capsorubin Codex::160c Europe::160c paprika oleoresin LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. capsanthin Any aldonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid group. hexonic acid cobalt group molecular entity titanium group molecular entity capsorubin An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. organic hydroxy compound galacturonic acid Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. organic cyclic compound A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (‒C=) and/or vinylene (‒CH=CH‒) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous π-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane π-electrons corresponding to the Hückel rule (4<em>n</em>+2). heteroarene benzenoid aromatic compound Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion. conjugated protein A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. phenols Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring. aromatic alcohol Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety. arenecarbaldehyde An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring. aromatic amino acid Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring. aromatic carboxylic acid An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system. aromatic amine transition element coordination entity cobalt molecular entity cobalt coordination entity iron coordination entity cobalt corrinoid metallotetrapyrrole A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C‒ groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking α positions. corrinoid A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. aldohexose Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature. ribose A ketohexose that is the C-3 epimer of fructose. psicose halide salt silver molecular entity silver Codex::174 Europe::174 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. elemental silver gold Codex::175 Europe::175 gold, metallic LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. gold molecular entity magnesium salt magnesium coordination entity metallic base alkali metal hydroxide Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position. fucose alkaline earth hydroxide A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by <em>tert</em>-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6. butylated hydroxytoluene (bht) Codex::321 Europe::321 butylated hydroxytoluene LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Carnosol A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae <em>Chondrus crispus</em>, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss). A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss). Codex::407 Europe::407 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, carrier, coating agent, emulsifier, gelling agent, glazing agent, humectant, stabilizer, thickener. carrageenan Codex::123 Europe::123 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. Amaranth Casuarictin Casuarinin disodium phosphate Codex::339(ii) Europe::339 disodium hydrogen phosphate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, buffer, emulsifier, humectant, moisture-retention agent, sequestrant, stabilizer, texturizing agent. disodium hydrogenphosphate equol A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis. glycitein strontium(2+) aldose phosphate hemoglobin Codex::528 Europe::528 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, colour retention agent. magnesium hydroxide Codex::526 Europe::526 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, firming agent. calcium hydroxide calcium salt acyclic carotene cyclic carotene sulfate salt A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH<small>₂</small>=C(CH<small>₃</small>)CH=CH<small>₂</small>]. terpene A C40 terpene. A C<small>₄₀</small> terpene. tetraterpene nitrogen oxide alkaline earth coordination entity Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of an anthocyanidin cation. anthocyanin cation A dextrin of varying length (two or more glucose monomers) resulting from cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose. cellodextrin A derivative of ammonium, NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups. quaternary ammonium ion A derivative of ammonium, NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>, in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc). ammonium ion derivative Compounds (NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>)Y<small>^−</small> and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups. ammonium compound Cations of structure R<small>₂</small>C=N<small>^+</small>R<small>₂</small>. iminium ion The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin. all-trans-violaxanthin carotenone carotenoic acid hexoside Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[<em>a</em>]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene. steroid hydroxy steroid Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compound Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. fatty acids Codex::570 Europe::570 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antifoaming agent. foam stabilizer, glazing agent. fatty acid Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]<small>_<em>n</em></small>C(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H‒[CHOH]<small>_<em>n</em></small>‒C(=O)[CHOH]<small>_<em>m</em></small>‒H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group. Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group. monosaccharide An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. oxoanion monocalcium phosphate Codex::341(i) Europe::341 calcium dihydrogen phosphate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, dough conditioner, flour treatment agent, firming agent, humectant, moisture-retention agent, raising agent, sequestrant, stabilizer, texturizing agent. calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from <small>D</small>-glucose. D-glucoside calcium difluoride alkali metal salt Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups. organic disulfide An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds. addition compound An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound. hydrate aluminium salt carbon oxoacid Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent. aromatic ether A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it. secondary alcohol Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. dicarboxylic acid A compound formally derived from an oxoacid R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. ester carbohydrate sulfate Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached. glycerolipid A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid. fatty acid ester Any anion of a tetracarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of one or more carboxy groups. tetracarboxylic acid anion seco-steroid arsenic(3+) Chebulinic acid Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent. hydroxy monocarboxylic acid imidazopyrimidine chicoric acid A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the <i>trans</i>,<i>trans</i>-form is naturally occurring. Codex::200 Europe::200 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. sorbic acid Any amino acid carrying two amino groups. diamino acid A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are not adjacent to each other. bridged compound Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds. docosahexaenoic acid Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds. icosapentaenoic acid A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid. omega-6 fatty acid pinosylvin An octadecenoic acid having a double bond at position 11; and which can occur in cis- or trans- configurations. vaccenic acid Any stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group. stilbenol Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids. benzoate ester A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. protein A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring. 4-coumaric acid inorganic chloride organic chloride salt A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside as the cationic counterpart. pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside chloride Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). quinone A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. disaccharide A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid. dicarboxylic acid monoester A hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> forms; the latter is the more common. A hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common. caffeic acid hexacyanoferrate(4-) salt hexacyanoferrate salt glycosyl alditol cyclic tetrapyrrole A particle smaller than an atom. subatomic particle Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic entity An ion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic ion phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives alkaline earth salt A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table. main-group coordination entity Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. carbonyl compound Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. organic oxo compound Any terpenoid derived from a triterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C30 skeleton of the parent triterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). triterpenoid An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. organochlorine compound heterotricyclic compound campestanol A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base. hydrochloride seco-cholestane seco-ergostane Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved. ring assembly Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3. 3-hydroxy steroid hydroxy seco-steroid argon Codex::938 Europe::938 argon molecular entity A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. cation The stable isotope of nitrogen with relative atomic mass 14.003074. The most abundant (99.63 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring nitrogen. nitrogen-14 atom An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. organochalcogen compound An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. organooxygen compound vitamin B6 phosphate A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid. nucleotide flavin nucleotide ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate barium(2+) An organoiodine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-iodine bond. organoiodine compound A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues. glucan Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. homopolysaccharide Polysaccharides composed of galactose residues. galactan Polysaccharides composed of xylose residues. xylan lambda-carrageenan iota-carrageenan organic hydride mononuclear parent hydride A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively. cirsilineol titanium molecular entity lanthanum(2+) Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring. cyclic ether A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more <small>L</small>-glutamic acid units. folic acids A benzoate ester that is any ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) with an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxy group. gallate ester A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic molecular entity Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements. halide A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring. gamma-lactone Codex::339(iii) Europe::339 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antimicrobial synergist, emulsifier, humectant, moisture-retention agent, stabilizer, sequestrant, texturizing agent. trisodium phosphate monosodium phosphate Codex::339(i) Europe::339 sodium dihydrogen phosphate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, buffer, emulsifier, humectant, moisture-retention agent, raising agent, sequestrant, stabilizer, texturizing agent. sodium dihydrogenphosphate sodium phosphates Codex::339 Europe::339 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. sodium phosphate An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR<small>₂</small>. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the ‒C(=O)NH<small>₂</small> group including its carbon atom. carboxamide A memeber of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside as the cationic counterpart. cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside chloride An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose. mannose Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl mixed diacylamine phosphoric ester A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms. Codex::943a Europe::943a LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): propellant. butane sulfuric acid derivative phosphate salt A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or <em>m</em>-aminophenol (and derivatives). xanthene dye Any carbohydrate sulfate that is a polysaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent. polysaccharide sulfate An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group. dopamine 3-O-sulfate benzothiazoles A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle. oxaspiro compound The stable isotope of phosphorus with relative atomic mass 30.973762 and nuclear spin <small>^1</small>/<small>₂</small>. phosphorus-31 atom The stable isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 31.972071. The most abundant (95.02 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring sulfur. sulfur-32 atom A macromolecule derived from one species of (real, implicit or hypothetical) monomer. homopolymer macromolecule A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanin cation as the cationic counterpart. cyanin chloride A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units. polypyrrole Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. organonitrogen heterocyclic compound Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom. oxacycle organosulfur heterocyclic compound Cyclic hemiacetals formed by intramolecular addition of a hydroxy group to an aldehydic or ketonic carbonyl group. They are thus 1-oxacycloalkan-2-ols or unsaturated analogues. lactol Collagen collagen organic heteropolycyclic compound monocyclic heteroarene polycyclic heteroarene A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. astilbin magnesium tetrapyrrole Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring. pyrrolidines An α-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3. 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid azabicycloalkane thiabicycloalkane Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure). diazines A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives. aminopyrimidine 1,3-thiazoles 1-benzopyran chromenone aminoalkylindole Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2<em>H</em>-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives. Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives. flavans Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents. tetrahydroxyflavone The simplest member of the class of flavans that is chromane substituted by a phenyl group at position 2. flavan Any flavonoid that is a salt containing flavylium ion or 2-phenylchromenylium skeleton and its substituted derivatives together with an appropriate counterion. Aglycons of anthocyanins, they form a part of the large group of planr pigments. anthocyanidin Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of anthocyanidin. Anthocyanins are water-souluble plant pigments that generally occur as acidic salts exhibiting bright colours. anthocyanins Codex::163 Europe::163 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. anthocyanin An organic chloride salt of any anthocyanin. anthocyanin chlorides organic sodium salt An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart. delphinidin chloride inorganic sodium salt A hydroxyflavanone carrying three hydroxy substituents. trihydroxyflavanone Member of the class of isoflavones bearing at least one hydroxy group. hydroxyisoflavone Members of the class of isoflavones with at least one methoxy substituent. methoxyisoflavone Any isoflavonoid with a 3-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (3-aryl-4H-chromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives. isoflavones xanthenes tetraborate(2-) benzopteridine A complex in which one component (the host) forms a cavity or, in the case of a crystal, a crystal lattice containing spaces in the shape of long tunnels or channels in which molecular entities of a second chemical species (the guest) are located. There is no covalent bonding between guest and host, the attraction being generally due to van der Waals forces. inclusion compound Inclusion compound in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. clathrate compound A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. They are synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). high-density lipoprotein A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and low density (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of cholesterol esters and smaller amounts of triglycerides. The surface monolayer consists mostly of phospholipids, a single copy of apolipoprotein B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main function of LDL is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters from the liver. Excessive levels are associated with cardiovascular disease. low-density lipoprotein A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. coumestrol Any sulfur oxoacid derivative derived from sulfurous acid. sulfurous acid derivative Any polyamine that contains four amino groups. tetramine A 20-carbon dicarboxylic acid which is a diterpenoid and natural carotenoid. Found in the crocus flower, it has been administered as an anti-fatigue dietary supplement. crocetin Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings. dibenzopyran Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain. straight-chain saturated fatty acid Cucurbitacin C A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. tocol Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure. pyrimidines Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen. polyazaalkane A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa. A β-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of <em>Curcuma longa</em>. Codex::100(i) Europe::100 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. curcumin An anthocyanin cation that is cyanidin(1+) carrying two beta-D-glucosyl residues at positions 3 and 5. cyanin 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid cyclic ketone An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. (+)-pinoresinol Cyclokievitone Cynaropicrin Cynaropicrin A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein. astaxanthin A hexose that has <small>D</small>-configuration at position 5. D-hexose An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration. (R)-lactic acid A tetracarboxylic acid anion formed by deprotonation of all four carboxy groups in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (calcium disodium edta) Codex::385 Europe::385 calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, colour retention agent, preservative, sequestrant. EDTA(4-) An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration. (S)-lactic acid A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic). daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs. emodin A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration. (-)-epigallocatechin A member of the class of phenols that is guaiacol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group is replaced by a vinyl group. 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2. flavone A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing fifteen-carbon atoms. pentadecanoic acid A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3' and 4'. fisetin (2-cis,6-cis)-farnesol Dalbergin A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15. (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid A retinal in which the double bond alpha- to the aldehyde group has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration. 13-cis-retinal A member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a 1,3-thiazol-4-yl substituent at position 2. A mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including <em>Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium</em> and <em>Fusarium</em>. Codex::233 Europe::233 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. thiabendazole A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the <i>E</i>- configuration. coenzyme Q10 A sapogenin that is spirostan which is substituted by a hydroxy group at the 3beta position, contains a double bond at the 5-6 position, and has R- configuration at position 25. A natural product found in Dioscorea (wild yam) species, it is used as the starting point for the commercial synthesis of a number of steroids, including cortisone, pregnenolone and progesterone. diosgenin A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of luteolin. It is a natural product isolated from citrus fruits which exhibits a range of pharmacological activities. diosmetin A disaccharide derivative that consists of diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. diosmin The (<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>)-stereoisomer of α-tocopherol. (S,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol A compound that contains two ketone functionalities. diketone nitrite salt In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals'). mineral silicate mineral azaalkane carbonate salt Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. dipeptide Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage. polyether Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position. hydroxyether A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group. hydroxypolyether A polymer composed of repeating ethyleneoxy units. polyethylene glycol Codex::1521 Europe::1521 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antifoaming agent, carrier, emulsifier, glazing agent, plasticizer. poly(ethylene glycol) A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. (R)-pantothenic acid Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring. tetrahydrofuranone A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates. echinenone Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. acetate ester Elastin ammonium salt A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 5 and 8. While it is found in low concentrations in many vegetable oils, only cottonseed oil contains significant amounts. beta-tocopherol A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by a methyl group at position 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. Codex::309 Europe::309 tocopherol, delta-, synthetic LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. delta-tocopherol Any ester resulting from the condensation of one or more of the hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids. glyceride ureas cyclic polypyrrole Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. flavonoid A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring. 3-coumaric acid A simplest memebr of the class of aurones that is 1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one in which both hydrogens at position 2 are substituted by a benzylidene group (the Z-isomer). aurone Any hydroxyflavanone in which a hydroxy group is present at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring. dihydroflavonols A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate sulfur oxide sulfamate ester calcium oxides A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4. butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol Compounds of structure RSSR'. disulfide A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group. ethyl vanillin A hydroxycoumarin that is the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside of esculetin. esculin A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion. lithium chloride Silicate minerals that contain aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, together with other ions. They are a major component of clay minerals. aluminosilicate mineral cadmium(2+) cobalt(2+) sulfite salt An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom. thiazoles A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. thiamin hydrochloride thiamine hydrochloride A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis. eugenol 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities. eupatilin molybdenum(4+) molybdenum(6+) An aluminium cation that has a charge of +3. aluminium(3+) A cyclodextrin composed of seven α-(1→4) linked <small>D</small>-glucopyranose units. Codex::459 Europe::459 cyclodextrin, beta- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): binder, carrier, stabilizer. beta-cyclodextrin caesium(1+) lithium(1+) A nickel cation in which the nickel carries a double positive charge. nickel(2+) lead(2+) rubidium(1+) antimony(3+) A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. organic amino compound An oligosaccharide comprising four monomeric monosaccharide units. tetrasaccharide A flavonoid oligomer that is obtained by the oxidative coupling of at least two units of aryl-substituted benzopyran rings or its substituted derivatives, resulting in the two ring systems being joined together by a single atom or bond. biflavonoid A trihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 6 and 4'. naringenin 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8. sophoraflavanone B A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). retinol Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position α to the carboxy group. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration. (R)-rosmarinic acid organic potassium salt A γ-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives. butenolide Fibrin A salt of the organic compound tartaric acid. tartrate salt An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position. alkyl alcohol A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues. LanguaL term definition: Complex carbohydrate with molecules composed of three to ten saccharide units (specifically dextrin). May be slightly sweet to the taste. oligosaccharide The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4. flavanone A salt of citric acid. citrate salt Any 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 3. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. isoflavonoid Any molecular entity that contains carbon. organic molecular entity Flavoxanthin A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. role Systems consisting of two or more molecular entities held together by non-covalent interactions. non-covalently-bound molecular entity sodium borohydride A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system. macrocycle organic calcium salt organic halide salt nitrate salt inorganic nitrate salt A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chemical role nitrogen Codex::941 Europe::941 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): packaging gas, propellant. nitrogen molecular entity Any member of the class of xanthenes based on a xanthone skeleton. xanthones magnesium halide Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion. metal sulfate erythorbic acid Codex::315 Europe::315 erythorbic acid (isoascorbic acid) LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. D-isoascorbic acid A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid. N-acyl-amino acid Compounds containing a biotin (5-[(3a<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,6a<i>R</i>)-2-oxohexahydro-1<em>H</em>-thieno[3,4-<em>d</em>]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid) skeleton. biotins Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups. methoxybenzenes An α,β-unsaturated ketone of general formula R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>C=CR<small>^3</small>‒C(=O)R<small>^4</small> (R<small>^4</small> ≠ H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the α,β position. enone A ketone of general formula R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>C=CR<small>^3</small>‒C(=O)R<small>^4</small> (R<small>^4</small> ≠ H) or R<small>^1</small>C≡C‒C(=O)R<small>^2</small> (R<small>^2</small> ≠ H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the α,β position. alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone Fucofuroeckol B An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties. fucoxanthin A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). methyl ketone organic polycyclic compound organic tricyclic compound A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. biochemical role A biological role relating to the normal mechanisms and their interactions within a living system. physiological role An organosulfur compound with the general formula R-N=C=S. isothiocyanate Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent. 7-hydroxyflavonol A stable isotope of selenium with relative atomic mass 76.919915, 7.60 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2. selenium-77 atom sodium phenolate A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells. galangin The stable isotope of iron with relative atomic mass 56.935399, 2.1 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2. iron-57 atom inorganic hydroxy compound galangin 3,5,7-trimethyl ether The stable isotope of potassium with relative atomic mass 38.963707, 93.3 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2. potassium-39 atom The stable isotope of sodium with relative atomic mass 22.989770, 100 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2. sodium-23 atom The stable isotope of magnesium with relative atomic mass 24.985837, 10.0 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 5/2. magnesium-25 atom A mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish. LanguaL term definition: A protein extract or concentrate derived from collagen. gelatin A macromolecule composed of repeating alkane or substituted alkane units. poly(alkylene) macromolecule A macromolecule composed of ethane or substituted ethane units. polyethylene macromolecule A polymer composed of ethane units. poly(ethylene) A macromolecule composed of repeating -CHR-CH2- units. vinyl polymer macromolecule A polymer composed of repeating chloroethyl units. poly(vinyl chloride) A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group. polyvinylpyrrolidone Codex::1201 Europe::1201 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bodying agent, dispersing agent, stabilizer. poly(vinylpyrrolidone) A polymer composed of repeating -CR2-CR2- units. poly(vinylidene) An aromatic primary alcohol that is benzyl alcohol substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5. gentisyl alcohol A polymer composed of repeating tetrafluoroethyl groups. poly(tetrafluoroethylene) The trisodium salt of citric acid. trisodium citrate Codex::331(iii) Europe::331 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, emulsifier, sequestrant, stabilizer. sodium citrate A dihydroxyflavone that is the 5-deoxy-derivative of 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone (chrysoeriol). geraldone Macromolecules composed of repeating substituted or unsubstituted ethylbenzene units. polystyrene macromolecule A polymer composed of repeating ethyl benzene groups. poly(styrene) Geraniin A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer. copolymer macromolecule A copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1→4-linked homopolymeric blocks of 1→4-linked sodium β-<small>D</small>-mannuronate and sodium α-<small>L</small>-guluronate residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. The sodium salt of alginic acid. Codex::401 Europe::401 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, carrier, emulsifier, foaming agent, gelling agent, glazing agent, humectant, sequestrant, stabilizer, thickener. sodium alginate Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond. olefinic fatty acid Any poly(ethylene glycol) derivative composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods. polysorbate A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (<em>w</em> + <em>x</em> + <em>y</em> + <em>z</em> = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a palmitoyl group. polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40) sorbitan monopalmitate Codex::434 Codex::495 Europe::434 Europe::495 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): dispersing agent, emulsifier. polysorbate 40 A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (<em>w</em> + <em>x</em> + <em>y</em> + <em>z</em> = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a dodecanoyl group. polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20) sorbitan monolaurate Codex::432 Codex::493 Europe::432 Europe::493 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): dispersing agent, emulsifier, stabilizer. polysorbate 20 A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (<em>w</em> + <em>x</em> + <em>y</em> + <em>z</em> = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a stearate group. polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60) sorbitan monostearate Codex::435 Codex::491 Europe::435 Europe::491 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): dispersing agent, emulsifier. polysorbate 60 A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (<em>w</em> + <em>x</em> + <em>y</em> + <em>z</em> = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group. polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80) sorbitan monooleate Codex::433 Codex::494 Europe::433 Europe::494 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): dispersing agent, emulsifier, stabilizer. polysorbate 80 A (1→4)-β-<small>D</small>-glucan compound formed by methylating cellulose through exposure to NaOH/CH3Cl. Codex::461 Europe::461 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, coating agent, emulsifier, glazing agent, stabilizer, thickener. methyl cellulose An icosatrienoic acid having three cis- double bonds at positions 11, 14 and 17. all-cis-icosa-11,14,17-trienoic acid An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid A polymer compose of repeating propane-1,2-diyl units. poly(propylene) A quinoline derivative with a 1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl substituent at C-2. Codex::104 Europe::104 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. quinoline yellow A thia-alkylglucosinolate that has a 5-(methylsulfanyl)pentyl side chain attached to the sulfonated oxime group. glucoberteroin(1-) An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of glucocapparin. glucocapparin(1-) An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of glucocochlearin. glucocochlearin(1-) A thia-alkylglucosinolate that has a 4-(methylsulfanyl)butyl side chain attached to the sulfonated oxime group. glucoerucin(1-) A thia-alkylglucosinolate resulting from the removal of the proton of the hydrogen sulfate group of glucoiberverin. glucoiberverin(1-) An alkenylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of gluconapin. gluconapin(1-) A glucosinolate that is glucobrassicanapin which has been hydroxylated at the 3-position of the hex-5-enimidoyl chain. gluconapoleiferin(1-) A aralkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of gluconasturtiin. gluconasturtiin(1-) A alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of glucoputranjivin. glucoputranjivin(1-) A glucosinolate resulting from the removal of the proton from the oxime hydrogen sulfate group of glucoraphenin. glucoraphenin(1-) glucosamine A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole. 1,2-benzisothiazole An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. harman A compound having the general formula RR'C(OH)OR'' (R'' ≠ H). hemiacetal A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. heterocyclic compound (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate hordenine An optically active cyclic ketone consisting of 3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one bearing two 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl substituents at positions 4 and 6 as well as a 3-methylbutanoyl group at the 2-position. humulone A dimeric hydrolysable tannin in which 2 moles of potentillin monomer are linked via a dehydrogalloyl group; an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., which induces interleukin-1. agrimoniin A flavanone glycoside that is hesperitin having an 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group. neohesperidin Ineketone Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain. straight-chain fatty acid Any salt prepared using acetic acid as the acid component. acetate salt A straight-chain, monounsaturated, 16-carbon fatty acid with a trans-double bond at position C-9; the trans-isomer of palmitoleic acid and predominant trans-16:1 isomer in cheeses from goat and ewe milk. Major dietary sources are partly hydrogenated vegetable oils. palmitelaidic acid Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement. essential fatty acid Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C<small>₆</small> and C<small>₁₂</small>. medium-chain fatty acid An iminium ion that is a dark bluish synthetic dye used as a food colouring agent Codex::131 Europe::131 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. patent blue V Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units. phosphoric acids A hydroxyisoflavone that is 6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. irilone Irisolidone Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula B<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>H<small>_<em>z</em></small>. boric acids An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' ≠ H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ. acetal A hemiacetal having the structure RR<small>^1</small>C(OH)OR<small>^2</small> (R, R<small>^1</small>, R<small>^2</small> ≠ H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. hemiketal An acetal of formula R<small>₂</small>C(OR)<small>₂</small> (R ≠ H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals. ketal A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring. cyclic ketal A hemiacetal having the structure R<small>₂</small>C(OH)OR (R ≠ H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. The term 'cyclic hemiketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of hemiacetals. cyclic hemiketal Isobetanin Isocaryophyllene Isocaryophyllene A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chemical substance A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. mixture A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc.. polymer An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl. lysophosphatidylcholine A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group. isorhamnetin The selenium ion with two positive charges. selenium(2+) Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group. amino monosaccharide A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in an α configuration alpha-glucoside A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol. kaempferide Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part. nucleobase-containing molecular entity Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds. docosapentaenoic acid Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1->3,1->4)-glucans. Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have β-(1→4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and β-(1→3,1→4)-glucans. Damion Dooley 2019-06-19T23:09:03Z mucilage added hemicellulose hemicellulose A polymer, composed of polysiloxane macromolecules. polysiloxane polymer A polysiloxane polymer, composed of silicone macromolecules. silicone polymer A silicone polymer, composed of polydimethylsiloxane macromolecules. polydimethylsiloxane polymer A polydimethylsiloxane polymer, composed of dimethicone macromolecules. dimethyl polysiloxane Codex::900a Europe::900 polydimethylsiloxane LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): anticaking agent, antifoaming agent, emulsifier. dimethicone polymer Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid. fatty acid derivative A carbobicyclic compound and sesquiterpene that is 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene which is substituted a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 3 and by methyl groups at positions 4a and 5 (the 3R,4aS,5R- diastereoisomer). (+)-valencene The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose. L-arabinofuranose A lipid-rich mixture containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and other components. lecithins Codex::322 Europe::322 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. lecithin A carbohydrate acid derivative anion arising from deprotonation of one or more oxoacid OH groups of any polysaccharide acid. polysaccharide acid oxoanion An acyclic psi,psi-carotene having cis double bonds at C-7, -7', -9 and -9'. 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system. aromatic ester An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280°C) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0°C; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100°C), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. ammonium sulphate Codex::517 Europe::517 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flour treatment agent, stabilizer. ammonium sulfate An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of formic acid. sodium formate A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan (cellulose) in amorphous form with a structure consisting of several hundred to over ten thousand D-glucose residues joined by beta(1->4) glycosidic linkages. amorphous cellulose A (1→4)-β-<small>D</small>-glucan (cellulose) in crystalline form with a structure consisting of several hundred to over ten thousand <small>D</small>-glucose residues joined by β(1→4) glycosidic linkages. crystalline cellulose An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+). Codex::650 Europe::650 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer. zinc acetate The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium. Codex::251 Europe::251 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour fixative, preservative. sodium nitrate The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of <small>L</small>-tartaric acid. The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-tartaric acid. disodium tartrate Codex::335(ii) Europe::335 sodium l(+)-tartrate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, sequestrant, stabilizer. sodium L-tartrate The potassium salt of <small>L</small>-tartaric acid. dipotassium tartrate Codex::336(ii) Europe::336 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, sequestrant, stabilizer. potassium L-tartrate The organic sodium and potassium salt of <small>L</small>-tartaric acid (mol ratio 1:1:1). sodium potassium tartrate Codex::337 Europe::337 potassium sodium l(+)-tartrate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, sequestrant, stabilizer. potassium sodium L-tartrate A potassium salt in which dihydrogen phosphate(1−) is the counterion. monopotassium phosphate Codex::340(i) Europe::340 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, buffer, emulsifier, humectant, moisture-retention agent, sequestrant, stabilizer, texturizing agent. potassium dihydrogen phosphate A citrate salt in which all three carboxy groups are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations. Codex::380 Europe::380 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. triammonium citrate The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium. Codex::252 Europe::252 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour fixative, preservative. potassium nitrate An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole. 1,3-thiazolium cation A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity. glycosyl compound Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. carbohydrate derivative The potassium salt of formic acid. potassium formate A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide. disaccharide derivative A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide. monosaccharide derivative A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose. pentose derivative A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative. carbohydrate acid derivative anion A tunaxanthin that consists of epsilon,epsilon-carotene bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S,6S,6'S-diastereomer). lactucaxanthin A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. lactulose Lactupicrin Lactupicrin A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3. 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule. macrocyclic lactone An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid. Codex::621 Europe::621 monosodium l-glutamate msg sodium glutamate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer. monosodium glutamate An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond. biaryl A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2. phosphatidylcholine A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure. lignin An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C<small>₁</small>). one-carbon compound Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid A clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. lipoprotein An indolylmethylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of glucobrassicin, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group. glucobrassicin(1-) An enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration. (-)-secoisolariciresinol A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide. polysaccharide derivative An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches. sodium chlorate A carotenol, the structure of which is (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene hydroxy-substituted at C-3 with R-stereochemistry. zeinoxanthin Any xylose with D-configuration. D-xylose A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by beta-D-glucopyranosyl moieties at positions 6 and 8 respectively. lucenin-2 An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 12 and a carboxy group at position 20. It is isolated from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and common sage (Salvia officinalis) and exhibits anti-angiogenic, antineoplastic, antioxidant and anti-HIV activity. carnosic acid A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. lupeol A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior. demethoxycurcumin A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a 6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via glycosidic linkage. luteolin 7-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) A carotenol that is carotenol psi,psi-carotene substituted by a hydroxy group. lycoxanthin A glycosyloxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Globularia cordifolia and Globularia alypum, it exhibits antioxidant activity. 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-laminaribioside A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties. jaceosidin A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells. xanthohumol A magnesium salt comprising of two chlorine atoms bound to a magnesium atom. magnesium chloride Codex::511 Europe::511 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour retention agent, firming agent, stabilizer. magnesium dichloride A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities. miquelianin A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group. Codex::296 Europe::296 malic acid, dl- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. malic acid An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'. malvidin A flavanone glycoside that is 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone attached to a neohesperidose (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranose) residue via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and exhibits inhibitory activity against liopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. (2S)-poncirin Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms. C4-dicarboxylic acid A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). (-)-matairesinol Matricin Matricin A folate obtained by deprotonation of any tetrahydrofolic acid. tetrahydrofolate A carotenoid having the structure of beta-carotene but with a cis double bond at the 9,10-position. 9-cis-beta-carotene A lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2R,3S,4S-diastereomer). (-)-lariciresinol A lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2S,3R,4R-diastereomer). (+)-lariciresinol A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom. beta-diketone A member of the class of pterocarpans that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (+)-6a-hydroxymaackiain (the 6aR,12aR stereoisomer). A phytoalexin found in pods of garden peas (Pisum sativum) and other plants of the pea family, including Tephrosia candida. (+)-pisatin A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is beta-amyrin in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group at position 28 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a plant metabolite found in olive oil as well as in Rhododendron ferrugineum and other Rhododendron species. erythrodiol A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms. hexamethylene tetramine Codex::239 Europe::239 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. hexamethylenetetramine A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. syringic acid A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute. An α-<small>D</small>-glucoside consisting of <small>D</small>-glucitol having an α-<small>D</small>-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute. Codex::965(i) Europe::965 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): bulking agent, emulsifier, humectant, sweetener, stabilizer. maltitol Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. azole A proanthocyanidin found in Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. cinnamtannin B-1 A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones which consists of isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. orobol Paeonol A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity. myricitrin 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin 3'-O-methylepicatechin A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate Mutatochrome A natural product found in <em>Stemona cochinchinensis</em> and <em>Stemona curtisii</em>. dehydro-gamma-tocopherol myoglobin An N-acylglycine that is hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a hydroxy group. m-hydroxyhippuric acid A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups. bisdemethoxycurcumin An aryl sulfate that is quinol (hydroquinone) with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group. quinol sulfate A type of tannin usually found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds. Unlike the hydrolysable or condensed tannins, these compounds are oligomers of phloroglucinol. phlorotannin A a gallocatechin that has (2S,3R)-configuration. (-)-gallocatechin Any ketone that is 1,3-diphenylpropanone and its derivatives obtained by substitution. dihydrochalcones A homopolysaccharide derivative which is formally derived from a glucan. glucan derivative Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. rotenoid A type-A lantibiotic containing 34 amino acid residues (including lanthionine (Lan), methyllanthionine (MeLan), didehydroalanine (Dha) and didehydroaminobutyric acid (Dhb)) and five thioether bridges. It is obtained by fermentation of the bacterium <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> and shows particular activity against <em>Clostridium botulinum</em>. It is used in the production of various processed foods to suppress Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and so extend shelf life. Codex::234 Europe::234 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. nisin A class of peptide antibiotic characterised by the presence of the rare thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid. In contrast to classical peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics are synthesised from precursor genes using the ribosomal pathway and the characteristic rare amino acids are introduced by posttranslational modification procedues into the lantibiotic precursor peptides ('prepeptides'). Lantibiotics are subdivided into two types: type A have long, flexible structures, while type B have rigid, globular structures. lantibiotic Any lantibiotic which has which has a long, flexible structure. type A lantibiotic Any 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 4. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. neoflavonoid A member of the class of flavans in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups. hydroxyflavan Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them. Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C<small>₁₅</small> or C<small>₁₆</small> skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C<small>₆</small>-C<small>₃</small> lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them. flavonoids Any isoflavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-3-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives. isoflavans Members of the class of benzofurochromene with a 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. They are the 3,4-didehydroderivatives of pterocarpans. coumestans A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6. coumestan A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings. spiroketal Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. organic molecule An HETE having a 9-hydroxy group and (5E)-, (7Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds. 9-hydroxy-5E,7Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. exopolysaccharide A 20-carbon, polyunsaturated fatty acid having two double bonds at unspecified positions. icosadienoic acid The simplest member of the class of pterocarpans that is 6a,11a-dihydro-6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene. pterocarpan Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds. trienoic fatty acid An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi. allyl isothiocyanate A vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. A vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D<small>₃</small>) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D<small>₃</small>), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<small>₃</small>), the active hormone. D3 vitamins An organic anion that is the conjugate base of genistein, obtained by selective deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group. genistein(1-) A member of the class of isoflavones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions. glycosyloxyisoflavone Any inorganic sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid. aluminium sulphate Codex::520 Europe::520 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): firming agent. aluminium sulfate An anthocyanin cation that is the 3-O-beta-D-glucoside of peonidin (methylcyanidin). peonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside An anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside having cyanidin as the anthocyanidin component. cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside A macrolide antibiotic that has formula C<small>₃₃</small>H<small>₄₇</small>NO<small>₁₃</small>, produced by several <em>Streptomyces</em> species including <em>Streptomyces natalensis</em>. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity and used in eye drops, and as a food preservative, and also as a postharvest biofungicide for citrus and other fruit crops. Codex::235 Europe::235 natamycin (pimaricin) LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. natamycin 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7. homoeriodictyol Any oligosaccharide that has a biosynthetic pathway in common with that of raffinose. raffinose family oligosaccharide A flavanone glycoside that is eriodictyol substituted by a 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. neoeriocitrin An anthocyanidin chloride that has peonidin as the cationic component. peonidin chloride A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. chrysin Any polyunsaturated fatty acid containing 22 carbons and 2 double bonds docosadienoic acid An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. Codex::325 Europe::325 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, antioxidant synergist, bodying agent, bulking agent, humectant. sodium lactate An inorganic sodium salt having bromate as the counterion. sodium bromate An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 3'. peonidin An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing five hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 5'. petunidin A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods. A glycosyl alditol consisting of β-<small>D</small>-galactopyranose and <small>D</small>-glucitol joined by a 1→4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods. Codex::966 Europe::966 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): emulsifier, sweetener, texturizing agent. lactitol A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 6' in alpha-configuration. Procyanidin B6 is isolated from leaves and fruit of cowberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea and other plants. It can also be found in grape seeds and in beer. procyanidin B6 A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 6' in beta-configuration. It can be found in grape seeds, in Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) root and bark, in apple and in cacao. procyanidin B5 A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in alpha-configuration. It can be found in red wine, in barley, in beer, in peach or in Jatropha macrantha, the Huanarpo Macho. procyanidin B3 A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine. procyanidin B2 A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach. procyanidin B1 A proanthocyanidin consisting of three (-)-epicatechin units joined by two successive (4beta->8)-linkages. procyanidin C1 A proanthocyanidin consisting of three (+)-catechin trimer joined by two successive (4alpha->8)-linkages. procyanidin C2 A kaempferol O-glucuronide that is kaempferol with a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 3-position. kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such). Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B<small>₁</small>, B<small>₂</small>, B<small>₃</small>, B<small>₅</small>, B<small>₆</small>, B<small>₇</small>, B<small>₉</small>, and B<small>₁₂</small> (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such). B vitamin A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 4'. quercetin 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6. hispidulin A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively. nobiletin Nobilin Nobilin nomilin A catechin that is flavan carrying five hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 (the 2S,3S-stereoisomer). (+)-epicatechin A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3S)-hydroxy group of (+)-catechin. (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate A benzofuran-derived stilbenoid that is a homotrimer obtained by cyclotrimerisation of resveratrol. (E)-trans-miyabenol C A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring. aromatic ketone Norbixin A mixture of 2-<em>tert</em>-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-<em>tert</em>-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Is is used as an antioxidant and preservative in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber and petroleum products. butylated hydroxyanisole (bha) Codex::320 Europe::320 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. butylated hydroxyanisole Any glycerolipid that is glycerol bearing three substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl at each of the three possible positions. triradylglycerol Obacunone A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl hydrogens at positions 3, 4, and 5 are replaced by methoxy, hydroxy, and methoxy groups, respectively. sinapic acid A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. ginsenoside Rg2 A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. ginsenoside Rb2 A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. ginsenoside Rc (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoic acid A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues. calcium phosphate A flavonoid oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the 5-hydroxy group of luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.). luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside(1-) A potassium salt having sorbate as the counterion. Codex::202 Europe::202 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. potassium sorbate A hydrate that is tin dichloride (anh.) combined with 2 mol eq. of water. stannous chloride Codex::512 Europe::512 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, colour retention agent. tin(II) chloride dihydrate A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. food component role food component Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects. environmental contaminant Any unwanted chemical in food. The term includes agrochemicals and industrial chemicals that may contaminate foodstuffs during their production, transportation or storage. environmental food contaminant A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the α-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. lactic acid Codex::270 Europe::270 lactic acid, l-, d- and dl- LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula C<small>_<em>m</em></small>(H<small>₂</small>O)<small>_<em>n</em></small>; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives A linear tetrasaccharide comprising three <small>L</small>-<i>glycero</i>-α-<small>D</small>-<i>manno</i>-heptose residues and a 3-deoxy-α-<small>D</small>-<i>manno</i>-oct-2-ulosonic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-α-<small>D</small>-mannooctanoic acid, α-Kdo) residue in a (1→7), (1→3), (1→5) sequence. L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->7)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->3)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->5)-alpha-Kdo A tannin that yields gallic or ellagic acids upon acid hydrolysis. hydrolysable tannin A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of <em>Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma</em> and <em>Alnus</em> species. A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species. diarylheptanoid Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond. olefinic compound An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning. Codex::250 Europe::250 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour fixative, preservative. sodium nitrite paeoniflorin A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C≡C bond. alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid pantothenic acid vitamin B5 An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur. sinigrin A benzoate ester that is an ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. 4-hydroxybenzoate ester Pedunculagin A tetramethoxyflavone that is tangeretin in which the methoxy group at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. gardenin B delta7-avenasterol true A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a 6-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. malonyldaidzin A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is genistin in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 6'' has been replaced by a malonyl group. malonylgenistin A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7. glycitin A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is glycitin substituted by a malonyl group at position 6''. malonylglycitin Cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside Tulipanin Phaseoloside D Codex::585 Europe::585 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour retention agent. Ferrous lactate An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is phloretin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 2' via a glycosidic linkage. phlorizin A proanthocyanidin isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. cinnamtannin A2 A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively. cirsimaritin A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer). (+)-nootkatone Sodium iodate Codex::282 Europe::282 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): preservative. Calcium propionate Physalien Physoperuvine A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab. potassium hydrogen carbonate Codex::501(ii) Europe::501 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, stabilizer. potassium hydrogencarbonate The all-trans-isomer of phytoene. all-trans-phytoene Vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer brilliant blue fcf Codex::133 Europe::133 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. Brilliant Blue sodium cyclamate Codex::952(iv) Europe::952 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): sweetener. Cyclamate Nylon 6 A mixture resulting from extraction from propolis. propolis extract A mixture of sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and carbohydrate components that is a by-product from sugar refinery. LanguaL term definition: Liquid product remaining after crystallization of sugar from sugar syrup; most molasses is made from sugar cane. molasses Any member of the class of xanthones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions. xanthone glycoside A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3<em>H</em>)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6. acesulfame k Codex::950 Europe::950 acesulfame potassium LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer, sweetener. acesulfame A dipeptide composed of <em>N</em>-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-<small>L</small>-aspartic acid and methyl <small>L</small>-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage. Codex::961 Europe::961 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): flavour enhancer, sweetener. Neotame is an artificial sweetener made by NutraSweet that is between 7,000 and 13,000 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). Neotame was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for general use in July 2002, and has now been approved by the EU to become a classified E number (E961), but it is not yet widely used in food products. Neotame also is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. It is assigned the International Numbering System (INS) food additive code 961. neotame A gallate ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the hydroxy group of octanol. Codex::311 Europe::311 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant. octyl gallate Prebetanin Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. proteinogenic amino acid derivative Any of the 23 α-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and <em>N</em>-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have <small>L</small> configuration. proteinogenic amino acid Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism. non-proteinogenic amino acid Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues. amino-acid derivative A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of <small>L</small>-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of <small>L</small>-glutamic acid by a heteroatom. L-glutamic acid derivative Any stilbenol that is the monosulfate derivative of resveratrol. resveratrol sulfate Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose. pentose phosphate A linear dextrin or short chained amylose (DP 20-30) that can be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds or debranching amylopectin. amylodextrin A xi-progoitrin(1-) that is the conjugate base of progoitrin. progoitrin(1-) An organic sodium salt having <small>D</small>-gluconate as the counterion. Codex::576 Europe::576 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): sequestrant, stabilizer, thickener. sodium gluconate A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is an alkanol (in diagram, R = alkyl). Commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. paraben A polysaccharide acid oxoanion produced by bacteria, which is used as a substitute for agar as gelling agent in various clinical bacteriological media. Codex::418 Europe::418 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): stabilizer, thickener. gellan gum An amino-acid betaine that is trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by methyl groups. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine A bismuth cation having a net electric charge of +3. bismuth(3+) A hydroxyisoflavone that is genistein in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. prunetin sodium tetraborate (borax) Europe::285 LanguaL term definition: Food additive. borax A stilbenol that consists of trans-stilbene bearing a hydroxy group at position 4 as well as two methoxy substituents at positions 3' and 5'. pterostilbene A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is 3-hydroxypropanoic acid substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 3. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid A metal sulfate composed of potassium, aluminium and sulfate ions in the ration 1:1:2. aluminium potassium sulphate Codex::522 Europe::522 aluminium potassium sulfate LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, stabilizer. potassium aluminium sulfate An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion. sodium sulphite Codex::221 Europe::221 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): antioxidant, preservative. sodium sulfite Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties. antibiotic antifungal agent An organic aromatic compound that has been used as a fungicide. aromatic fungicide Compounds that contain a benzimidazole moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides. benzimidazole fungicide Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals. antibiotic antifungal drug An organoiodine compound that is the ring opened tautomer of fluorescein substituted at positions 2, 4, 5 and 7 by iodo groups. erythrosine Codex::127 Europe::127 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. erythrosin Any fatty acid ester in which the carboxylic acid component is lauric acid. dodecanoate ester Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups. polyamine Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction. metal allergen A rhaponticin in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. It possesses a range of pharmacological activities including antitumour, antiinflammatory, antilipemic and neuroprotective activities. trans-rhaponticin An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is 3-hydroxyphloretin in which the hydroxyl hydrogen at position 2' is replaced by a 6-O-beta-D-xylosyl-beta-D-glucosyl group. 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-xylosylglucoside 8,5'-diferulic acid Rishitin A carotenol that is a natural xanthophyll pigment. It was formerly used as a food colourant (E161d), but approval for this purpose has been withdrawn throughout the European Union. rubixanthin A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group. stigmastanol Melanin A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. (-)-epicatechin lactucopicrin lactucopicrin Sayanedine Schisantherin A A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities. scoparone Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7. scutellarein A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid. N-sulfonylcarboxamide Sesamolinol Sinalbin A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively. sinensetin An alkenylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of sinigrin. sinigrin(1-) A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol]. solanine A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 22beta and 24-positions. soyasapogenol B Soyasaponin A1 A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage. soyasaponin I Spinasaponin A magnesium distearate A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America. stevioside sulfonyldimethane 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8. tangeretin An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring. Codex::102 Europe::102 tartarzine LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): colour. tartrazine Tellimagrandin I Terminalin Theasaponin A biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea. theasinensin A A gallate ester resulting from the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (5R)-hydroxy group of (-)-quinic acid (i.e. the hydroxy group on the same side of the cyclohexane ring as the carboxy group). theogallin The (1S,4R,5R)-stereoisomer of alpha-thujone. (-)-alpha-thujone A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose. tomatine Trachelogenin tricalcium phosphate Codex::341(iii) Europe::341 LanguaL term definition: Food additive; technological purpose(s): acidity regulator, anticaking agent, buffer, clouding agent, firming agent, flour treatment agent, humectant, moisture-retention agent, raising agent, stabilizer, texturizing agent. tricalcium bis(phosphate) Tricyclodehydroisohumulone A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. ursolic acid A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. cell A material entity consisting of exactly one atomic nucleus and the electron(s) orbiting it. atom A material entity that consists of two or more atoms that are all connected via covalent bonds such that any atom can be transitively connected with any other atom. molecule A part of a multicellular organism that is a collection of cell components that are not all contained in one cell. gross anatomical part A material entity that is a maximal functionally integrated unit that develops from a program encoded in a genome organism A material entity processed by human activity with an intent to produce it. processed material entity completely executed planned process A molecule that consists of nucleotides (unmodified nucleotide residues and/or modified nucleotide residues) linked by phosphodiester bonds or derivatives of such bonds. nucleic acid chain obsolete action specification true A complex of two or more molecules that are not covalently bound. complex of molecules A process that is initiated by an agent who intends to carry out a plan to achieve an objective through one or more actions as described in a plan specification. planned process failed planned process A completely executed planned process that intends to output material entities from input material entities material processing characteristic A processed material entity which is designed to be capable of a process. device A resinous mixture that honey bees produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. propolis A process during which a living entity acquires or generates food and energy from a living, dead, or non-living entity. trophic process A trophic process during which a living entity acquires energy and generates biomass from non-living entities. autotrophy A trophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming another organism or organism part, living or dead. heterotrophy A herbivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming nectar. nectivory A trophic process during which a living entity acquires reducing equivalents from inorganic chemicals for use in biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. lithotrophy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming living fungal material. fungivory A trophic process during which a living entity generates food from abiotic sources or through consumption of living or dead material, and captures energy from light. phototrophy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming living plant- or macro-algal material. herbivory A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy from consuming living metazoan (animal) material. carnivory A process during which two living entities engage in a close and long-term biological interaction. symbiosis A symbiotic process in which one participant gains benefits while the other participant is harmed. parasitism A decomposition process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming detritus. detritivory A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by breaking down organic substances into simpler matter. decomposition A decomposition process during which a living entity acquires food and energy through extracellular digestion of decaying organic matter. saprotrophy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy through a symbiotic relationship with another organism. symbiotrophy A herbivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming grasses, leaves, and other soft plant material. herbivorous grazing A herbivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming seeds of a plant. seed predation A herbivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming twigs, leaves, and bark of trees and shrubs. herbivorous browsing A carnivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming other animals while they are stil alive. Predation leads directly to the imminent death of the prey organism(s). predation A carnivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming dead or decaying animal matter. scavenging A predation process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. cannibalism A cannibalistic process during which an embryo obtains food and energy by consuming a less-developed sibling while both are still in the uterus. intrauterine cannibalism An intrauterine cannibalistic process during which an embryo obtains food and energy by consuming a less-developed sibling embryo while both are still in the uterus. adelphophagy An intrauterine cannibalistic process during which an embryo obtains food and energy by consuming less-developed sibling eggs while both are still in the uterus. oophagy A predation process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming insects. insectivory A predation process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming eggs. egg predation A predation process during which a group of predators cooperates to kill creatures larger than those they could overpower singly. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation#Social_predation social predation A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming a very narrow range of food items, sometimes only one. monophagy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming a few, very specific food items. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligophagy oligophagy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming a wide range of food items. polyphagy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy from consuming bacteria. bactivory A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by eating food off of a surface while slowly moving through the environment. grazing A symbiotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy from another living entity via a close association. The entity providing the food and energy is harmed by this process. trophic parasitism A predation process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming snakes. ophiophagy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy from consuming hard organisms or hard parts of organisms. This can include plants, such as bamboo, animals with hard shells, such as corals, or the hard parts of organisms, such as bone. Durophagy requires special adaptions, such as blunt, strong teeth and a heavy jaw. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durophagy durophagy A symbiotrophic process in which a bacterium provides chemically-derived energy and nutrients, often via the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, to a higher organism. chemosymbiosis A symbiotrophic process in which a photosynthetic organism provides energy and nutrients to a heterotrophic organism. photosymbiosis A trophic process during which a living entity acquires reducing equivalents from organic chemicals for use in biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. organotrophy A trophic process during which a living entity generates food from abiotic sources or through consumption of living or dead material, and captures energy from preformed molecules. chemotrophy A carnivorous process during which a living entity acquires food and energy from consuming blood. hematophagy A heterotrophic process during which a living entity acquires food and energy by consuming particles of organic matter that have settled to the bottom of a body of water deposit feeding An astrononmical body part which delimited by physical discontinuities with its surroundings. geographic feature An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. anthropogenic geographic feature A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere. ocean A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean. sea A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained in a depression on a landmass. lake A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply. river A watercourse which is linear and flows across the solid portion of a planetary surface. stream A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface. well A surface landform which provides an egress for groundwater or steam to flow out of the ground. spring A flowing body of water. watercourse A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake. pond An vegetated area which overlaps a wetland ecosystem. wetland area An accumulation of water of varying size. water body A construction that has been assembled by deliberate human effort. human construction A permanent walled and roofed construction. building agricultural ecosystem An area of land which is used for the cultivation of crops or grazing of livestock, including any agricultural constructions therein. farm A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent. plain A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. beach A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall. desert area An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. grassland area Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. woodland area An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. forested area A vegetated area which is part of a tundra ecosystem. area of tundra A field which is located on land and used for agricultural purposes, such as the grazing of livestock or the cultivation of crops. agricultural field An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming. plantation A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of solid material. solid astronomical body part A grassland ecosystem which is used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch. pasture The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent. watershed A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. fish farm A hatchery in which the eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions. fish hatchery Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees. scrubland area A biome is an ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession. biome A biome which is primarily or completely situated on a landmass. terrestrial biome An aquatic biome which is determined by a marine water body. marine biome A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls. terrace A terrace which is used for agricultural activities. agricultural terrace Incorporated populated place. city An aquatic biome which is determined by a body of freshwater. freshwater biome An environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, interstitial gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms. soil A lentic water body which is composed primarily of marine water. marine water body A solid astronomical body part which is part of the planetary surface between the peak of an elevation or the bottom of a depression and relatively flat surrounding land. slope Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. waste water An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form. liquid water Water which contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts. saline water Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride. fresh water Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, sewage A biome which is determined by a water body and which has ecological climax communities adapted to life in or on water. aquatic biome wood Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean. sea water ditch water contaminated water Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine. animal litter A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods. shop A shop in which a business offers food products for sale or trade. food shop pond water A soil which is composed of approximately equal proportions of sand and silt, with a smaller proportion of clay. loam Soil which is part of an ecosystem used for agricultural activities. agricultural soil A portion of soil which is found in a garden. garden soil A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process). waste material A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants. silage Manure which is derived from the waste products of animals. Organic matter, mostly animal feces, that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. manure animal manure CC BY-SA 2.0 Adam Ward fresh animal manure A house used for sheltering non-human animals. animal house An animal house which is used to shelter cows. cow shed An animal house which is used to house pigs. piggery Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health. water potable water LanguaL term definition: Potable water. LanguaL curation note: Water is indexed as a food source if it is the only ingredient or if the product is a soft drink. drinking water grass silage A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products. manufactured product Tap water is water supplied to a tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_water city water municipal water running water table water town water SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430123 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 tap water horse manure Manure which is primarily composed of pig feces. pig manure An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered. industrial building A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption. dairy A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms. manufacturing facility processing facility food processing building A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself. bakery farmyard manure A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery. brewery A product which is composed primarily of paper. paper product rye grass silage stable manure potato silage Soil which is derived from compost. compost soil A portion of soil which is part of a cropland or a rangeland biome. farm soil A material entity which other material entities in an environmental system are primarily or partially composed of. environmental environmental material Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live. anthropogenic environmental material agricultural environmental material An environmental material which is a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay particles. mud A well which provides access to groundwater held in an aquifer. water well Particulate environmental material which is composed primarily of particles of sand with only minor proportions of other substances. sand A marine biome which is determined by an ocean. ocean biome An environmental material which is composed primarily of particles. particulate environmental material Environmental material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more biomacromolecules. organic material A forest ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession. forest biome A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor. woodland biome A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs. shrubland biome A grassland ecosystem in which dominant ecological communities have reached their climax successional state. grassland biome A desert ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession. desert biome A tundra ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession. tundra biome A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. mangrove biome An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity. anthropogenic terrestrial biome A cropland ecosystem which is undergoing climactic ecological succession. cropland biome A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock. rangeland biome A biome which is determined by a freshwater lake. freshwater lake biome A freshwater biome which is determined by a freshwater river. freshwater river biome A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. environmental system Ice which is formed from water. water ice An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity. anthropogenic environment A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body. marine environment An unbroken expanse (as of ice) field OBSOLETE A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight. obsolete manufactured plastic true A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein. environmental zone A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity. house Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent. glass A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius. wax Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour. rainwater A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow. lentic water body A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing. lotic water body A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something. manufactured cage A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock. drylot A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market feedlot A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants. dense settlement A mass of water. water mass An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay) area of barren land A material part of an astronomical body. astronomical body part geophysical entity An environmental material which is in a solid state. solid environmental material An environmental material which is in a liquid state. liquid environmental material An animal house which is only partially surrounded by a building envelope. open animal house An animal house which has a complete building envelope. closed animal house A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal. animal cage A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. slaughterhouse abattoir A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption. fish processing building A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services. restaurant An exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water. plumbing fixture A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped and used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. sink fixture An environmental system which is determined by materials bearing roughly homogeneous qualities. environmental system determined by a quality An environmental system which is determined by a living organism. environmental system determined by an organism An environmental system determined by an animal. Animal animal-associated environment An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal. Animal corpus environment associated with an animal part or small animal A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties. metallic material An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. ecosystem Manure which has been collected directly or indirectly from dairy cattle, as from flushing of manure from concrete feed lanes, free stalls, and milking facilities. bovine dairy liquid manure Manure which is composed primarily of the feces of poultry. poultry manure Manure which has been subjected to heat treatment for solidification and/or sterilization purposes. heat-treated animal manure Manure which has been subjected to a natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of its organic matter content by microorganisms under controlled conditions. composted animal manure An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure. ice An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a land mass or the atmosphere or space adjacent to it. terrestrial environmental zone An ecosystem in which grasses (Graminae) are the dominant form of vegetation and determine the system's structure and dynamics. grassland ecosystem A building which is primarily used to facilitate the buying or selling of goods or services. commercial building An ecosystem which is determined by communities of plants with a tree growth form and in which members of those communities form continuous or discontinuous regions of canopy cover. forest ecosystem An ecosystem which 1) is determined by communities of annual crops, perennial woody crops, or by actively tilled land, 2) is primarily used for agricultural activity, and 3) contains no village or larger human settlement. cropland ecosystem A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities. vegetated area A body of water which is primarily composed of saline water. saline water body An ecosystem which 1) typically has monthly average temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius 2) has a low evapotranspiration ratio 3) is dominated by treeless terrain, covered by communities of low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens, 4) contains areas of soil underlain by permafrost with a thin active layer and 5) occurs in both polar and alpine regions (i.e., both high latitudes and high altitudes), and 5) does not have permanent snow or ice cover. tundra ecosystem A liquid astronomical body part which is continuous and is delimited by physical discontinuities or non-liquid boundaries. body of liquid A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of liquid material. liquid astronomical body part A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of fluid. fluid astronomical body part An ecosystem in which the composition, structure, and function of resident ecological assemblages are primarily determined by a desert. desert ecosystem A part of an astronomical body which is composed of a continuous medium bearing liquid, gaseous, and solid material in variable quantities. compound astronomical body part aquatic ecosystem marine ecosystem freshwater ecosystem An ecosystem which primarily occurs on land. terrestrial ecosystem A material entity which has been assembled through the intentional, instinctual, or deliberately programmed efforts of an organism or machine. construction An ecosystem which is formed as a result of human activity or impact. anthropised ecosystem An anthropised ecosystem which is determined by the presence of humans and their constructions. human settlement A construction in which eggs are hatched under artificial conditions. hatchery A landform which occurs on the surface of an astronomical body. surface landform A solid astronomical body part which has been formed from and is composed primarily of the matter of that astronomical body. landform A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn). textile Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals. contaminated animal feed A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed. bone meal Food material which can be used to meet nutritional requirements of plants. plant feed goat manure An environmental material that is the non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something is burned. ash ash An environmental material which is unable to resist shear forces and continuously deforms when subject to them. fluid environmental material A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants. environmental system process Poultry manure made of chicken feces. chicken manure An animal house where fowl are kept. chicken house A manufactured product which has been designed to 1) allow a human to do work more efficiently and 2) be used in a hand-held fashion. hand tool A hand tool used to remove the outer layer of vegetables and fruit, consisting of a handle attached to a metal blade with a slot with a sharp edge. peeler A cow shed for baby cows/bulls. calf shed An animal house used for housing livestock. livestock house An environmental material consisting of organic matter from plants and/or animals that is used in agriculture as fertilizer. manure An animal house which houses stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals. animal rescue shelter Fresh water which is harvested from cloud. cloud water A disposition which is realized during the execution of work, the emission of heat, or the possession of mass. energy Energy which is realised through motion. kinetic energy Kinetic energy which is realised through the microscopic motion of particles. thermal energy An anatomical structure that forms all or part of a fungus. fungal structure A multicellular fungal structure composed of cells from more than one species. composite structure A spore-producing structure found in a Basidiomycete; formed when the terminal cell of a dikaryotic hyphal branch inflates and undergoes karyogamy and meiosis. basidium An ascus that is associated with an ascocarp. ascocarp-bound ascus The stalk or stem that supports the cap of a mushroom. A stipe is usually composed of hyphae arrayed parallel to the long axis of the structure; in some species a stipe may be a single supporting hypha. stipe Any specialized structure which bears or contains sexually or asexually derived spores. fruitbody A structure within, or at the surface of, which an ascus develops in Ascomycetes. ascocarp The structure on which spore-bearing tissue is carried in sexually-derived fruiting bodies. pileus A multicellular anatomical structure that functions in the production of spores, which are directly borne upon or within sporogenous cells that form part of the sporophore. sporophore A group or mass of discrete hyphae; the vegetative structure of many fungi. mycelium A large fruiting body that is composed of masses of intertwined hyphal elements and produces basidia and basidiospores. The basidiocarp is characteristic of the majority of fungi of the subphylum Basidiomycotina, in which it is the site of karyogamy and meiosis. Mushrooms and toadstools are common examples. basidiocarp An ascospore that is contained in an ascus associated with an ascocarp. ascospore in ascocarp-bound ascus A sac-like structure containing sexual spores formed by Ascomycotina; mature asci may have little or no cytoplasm or cytoplasmic contents, and no nucleus outside of the spores. ascus An ascus that is not associated with an ascocarp, and is usually derived from a single cell. free ascus An ascospore that is contained in a free ascus (i.e. not associated with an ascocarp). ascospore in free ascus A spore formed following meiosis. In some species, prospores formed by meiosis may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature. sexual spore A fungal structure that comprises a single cell. An individual cell is composed of a plasma membrane, contents internal to the plasma membrane, and any external protective or encapsulating structure. unicellular structure A spore produced by a fungus. A spore is a differentiated form of an organism produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions. spore A thick-walled spore that forms in an ascus. Clusters of four or eight spores are formed in a single ascus following sexual reproduction; found in Ascomycetes. ascospore A thick-walled spore formed externally on extrusions of a basidium following sexual reproduction; found in Basidiomycetes. basidiospore A diploid spore with a thick, pigmented, sculpted cell wall, and extracellular peptidoglycan spikes that is formed during growth in a plant host by some Basidiomycete species, including pathogenic smut (Ustilaginales) and rust (Pucciniales) fungi. teliospore A spore formed following one or more rounds of mitosis, without meiosis. asexual spore An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi. Conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm. conidium A conidium that has only one nucleus. mononucleate conidium A thin-walled spore that is formed in a uredinium and is the primary dispersal mode for rust-causing Basidiomycete fungi. urediniospore A mononucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections (sterigma) of a conidiophore head. conidium of conidiophore head The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is mononucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall. microconidium A macroconidium that has only one nucleus. mononucleate macroconidium A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus. mononucleate blastoconidium An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus. mononucleate arthroconidium A single cell that is in the vegetative growth stage of an organism's life cycle, in which metabolism and growth predominate, and is not undergoing sexual processes. vegetative cell A conidium that has more than one nucleus. multinucleate conidium A composite structure that forms the vegetative portion of a lichen; minimally composed of at least one fungal species (the mycobiont) and an alga or cyanobacterium (the photobiont). lichen thallus A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus. multinucleate macroconidium A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus. multinucleate blastoconidium An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus. multinucleate arthroconidium The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong. macroconidium An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere. oospore A thick-walled, sexual, resting spore that forms in a zygosporangium; typical of Zygomycetes. zygospore A cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores. arthroconidium An oblong or round asexual reproductive spore formed specifically by budding. blastoconidium A specialized hypha, often aerial, that gives rise to asexual spores known as conidia. conidiophore A small hyphal branch or structure which supports a sporangium, a conidium, or a basidiospore. In species with biseriate (two-layered) sterigmata such as A. nidulans, the first layer comprises primary sterigmata (metulae) and the second layer secondary sterigmata (phialides). Some species, e.g. A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, and others, have only phialides. sterigma A specialized cell that buds from a metula on a developing conidiophore. Multiple phialides may bud from each metula. The phialides in turn divide asymmetrically to give rise to chains of conidia. phialide A specialized cell borne on a conidiophore that gives rise to phialides during the process of conidiation. metula A completely closed fruiting body formed by some fungi of the Ascomycota, containing asci. cleistothecium A specialized multinucleate cell that originates from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development. Hulle cells serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium. Hulle cell The swollen region at the apex of a conidiophore, bearing multiple metulae. conidiophore vesicle The elongated part of the conidiophore that extends, often aerially, from the growth substrate and supports the structures that bear conidia. conidiophore stalk An asexual spore that is produced on very simple hyphae that protrude a short distance into the substrate. Oidia are borne a few at a time, and are usually presumed not to constitute the main reproductive strategy of the fungus. oidium A structure within which spores develop. sporangium A thick-walled structure that arises from a zygote formed by the fusion or conjugation of two hyphal branches, produces spores, and is characteristic of the Zygomycetes. zygosporangium A dikaryotic spore, typically of a rust fungus, that is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host. aeciospore A nonmotile, asexual spore, usually a sporangiospore, common in the Phycomycetes. aplanospore A cuplike structure of some rust fungi that contains chains of aeciospores. aecium A teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. A sorus is a cluster of sporangia; the telium is a pustule-like sorus that forms on the tissue of a plant infected by a rust fungus and produces teliospores. telium A reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus, in which urediniospores are produced. uredinium A tubular structure that connects two individuals during conjugation, through which the transfer of genetic material can occur. The conjugation tube usually forms in response to pheromone. conjugation tube A hyphal cell that forms a clamp connection, a structure that separates differing nuclei, which have been obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types, into distinct hyphal segments that are separated by septa (cross walls). clamp cell A structure produced in a dikaryotic hypha upon migration of the nuclei after mating of hyphae of differing sexual types. The clamp fuses to compartmentalize a nucleus within the subapical cell. Note: A hyphal cell that forms a clamp connection is called a "clamp cell". fused clamp A structure that separates the nuclei within monokaryotic hyphae into distinct hyphal segments. Monokaryotic hyphae are produced during unisexual reproduction or hyphal development of a diploid, in contrast to dikaryotic hyphae which are produced by mating of hyphae of differing sexual types. unfused clamp A large, highly polyploid cell that has altered capsule structure, a thickened cell wall, and increased resistance to nitrosative and oxidative stresses relative to yeast-form cells of the same species. Identified in Cryptococcus neoformans, in which the morphological transition to Tina cell form enables the fungus to evade the immune system of a mammalian host. titan cell A forcibly discharged asexual spore. With fungi, most types of basidiospores formed on basidia are discharged into the air from the tips of sterigmata. ballistospore A binucleate cell observed in some fungi that forms when two compatible nuclei, each originating from one of the cells, pair off after plasmogamy and cohabit without karyogamy within a hyphal compartment. The nuclei divide synchronously and are passed in pairs to newer cells or hyphal tips, which are also binucleate. dikaryon The appendage or portion of a commensal or parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) that penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. Haustoria may arise from intercellular hyphae, appressoria, or external hyphae. haustorium A large, thick-walled resting spore with condensed cytoplasm, formed within hyphae or at hyphal tips in several kinds of fungi. chlamydospore A long, branching filamentous structure formed by a vegetatively growing fungus. hypha A chain of cells, formed under specific growth conditions, in which yeast-form fungal cells become elongated, bud only at the cellular pole distal to the mother cell, and fail to separate after division. Pseudohyphae exhibit constrictions at the cell-cell junctions, in contrast to true hyphae which are of more uniform diameter. pseudohypha A hypha that forms part of a mycelium. hypha in mycelium A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls, and that exists as part of a mycelium. septate hypha in mycelium A thick strand of hyphae oriented in parallel to each other, with a central channel through which nutrients are conducted. rhizomorph A thick strand of hyphae oriented in parallel to each other, with specialized channels through which nutrients are conducted. mycelial cord A compact hyphal mass, on or in which fruiting bodies are formed. stroma A mycelial resting body, resistant to adverse environmental conditions. sclerotium A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls. septate hypha A hypha whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls. Septa may be present in older portions of the hypha, or at the base of reproductive structures. aseptate hypha The growing end of a hypha. hyphal tip The growing end of a hypha that is part of a mycelium. hyphal tip, hypha in mycelium A hypha that is divided by dolipore septa and is part of a mycelium. A dolipore septum is a cross-wall that contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure. hypha with dolipore septa, in mycelium A hypha that is part of a mycelium, and whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa. aseptate hypha in mycelium The growing end of an aseptate hypha that is part of a mycelium. hyphal tip, septate hypha in mycelium The growing end of an aseptate hypha that is part of a mycelium. hyphal tip, septate hypha The growing end of a hypha that is divided internally by dolipore septa and is part of a mycelium. hyphal tip, hypha with dolipore septa in mycelium A hypha that is divided by dolipore septa. A dolipore septum is a cross-wall that contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure. hypha with dolipore septa The growing end of a hypha that is divided by dolipore septa. A dolipore septum is a cross-wall that contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure. hyphal tip, hypha with dolipore septa The growing end of a hypha that is part of a mycelium, and whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa. hyphal tip, aseptate hypha in mycelium The growing end of a hypha that is not divided internally by septa, or cross-walls. hyphal tip, aseptate hypha A cell engaged in or about to engage in the process of mating; exhibits different morphology from a vegetative cell due to the action of mating pheromones. mating cell An elongated, asymmetric cell formed before mating, in response to mating pheromone, by Saccharomyces species and other fungi with similar life cycles. Named after the Al Capp cartoon character, whose shape it resembles. shmoo A mass of hyphae, usually in wood or bark; visible with the naked eye. mycelial felt A composite structure formed by the symbiotic association of the mycelium of a fungus with the roots of a seed plant. mycorrhiza A fruiting body formed by some cellular slime moulds; has a stalk and a spore mass. sorocarp A multinucleate plasmodium-like body formed by aggregation of myxamoebae without fusion of their protoplasm. pseudoplasmodium An invasive mycelium that forms within a solid or semi-solid substrate such as wood, soil or agar. substrate mycelium A mycelium that forms prior to sporulation and extends aerially, or perpendicular, to its substrate. aerial mycelium An open or expanded fruiting body that has asci contained on its exposed surface; found in lichens and actinomycetous fungi. apothecium An ascocarp that is composed of a loose network of mycelia through which ascospores filter and are released at maturity; its reproductive organs are in the form of naked asci. Found in fungi of the family Gymnoascaceae. gymnothecium A flask-shaped fruiting body that forms a pore for the escape of spores; found in some molds and ascomycetous fungi. perithecium An outgrowth produced by germinating spores in certain species of spore-releasing fungi. The germ tube differentiates, grows, and undergoes mitosis to create somatic hyphae. germ tube The nodule from which a mushroom develops. The primordium, less than two millimeters in diameter, resembles a pinhead, and is typically found on or near the surface of the substrate. It is formed within the mycelium, the mass of threadlike hyphae that make up the fungus. The primordium enlarges into a roundish structure of interwoven hyphae roughly resembling an egg, called a button. fungal primordium A very small sclerotium. microsclerotium A spherical fungal structure that is formed in the sexual phase of ascomycetous fungi such as Neurospora crassa and Sordaria macrospora. A protoperithecium is formed by the enveloping of ascogonia cells by sterile hyphae, and develops into a perithecium. protoperithecium A fungal structure that comprises more than one cell. multicellular fungal structure A multicellular fungal structure composed of two or more cells of a single unicellular organism. multicellular fungal structure, unicellular organism A multicellular fungal structure composed of two or more cells of a single multicellular organism. multicellular fungal structure, multicellular organism A modified hypha that forms a specialized structure used by a fungus to penetrate a target. The appressorium first presses against the substrate, usually with a flattened morphology, and then forms a penetration peg that enters the substrate via turgor pressure. Parasitic and mutualistic fungi use appressoria to enter host cells, and some saprotrophs can form appressoria to penetrate non-living substrates. appressorium A spore-producing structure that is formed following same-sex (self) mating. These structures are produced by Cryptococcus species in a manner similar to sexual mating except that the resulting spores are isogenic with the parental strain. monokaryotic fruitbody A specialized cell with an enlarged cell wall that develops from a hyphal cell in a septate mycelium and swells at the aerial terminus to form a conidiophore vesicle. The aerial portion of the foot cell forms the conidiophore stalk. conidiophore foot cell A short, thin, unbranched tubular structure that emerges from a conidium and grows towards, and then fuses with, a similar tube growing from another conidium or conidial germling. conidial anastomosis tube A large, round, thick-walled structure that contains endospores such as those produced by Coccidioides species within a host. spherule A fungal structure that develops during mating and contributes to sexual reproduction. sexual structure A hypha that emerges from a yeast-form cell upon stimulation by the pheromone of a compatible mating partner. An example is observed in Cryptococcus species. mating filament seed split seed mature seed immature 2020-09-24T23:47:52Z fruit multiple A draft data standard which includes optional facets or axes of food compositional database descriptors to describe a food item. This will be converted to a LinkML specification format. Damion Dooley food item specification A cattle bull is an adult "intact" (i.e. not castrated) male of a cattle species. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Terminology 2019-02-21T03:01:03Z http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/AGRO_00000119 bull cattle bull lobster tail food product A process of cutting food into smaller pieces, chunks or slices. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2024-01-15T09:29:58Z The term includes 'process' in order to distinguish from 'food cutting' as a noun. food cutting process Ground meat of unspecified animal (not fish). Damion Dooley gehakt ground meat mammalian meat (ground) Cereal Food Fines are a byproduct or left-over of breakfast cereal food processing. Usually the source is unknown and sometimes this product is used in low quality dog food. Damion Dooley fines cereal food fines (byproduct) Cereal Food Fines are a byproduct or left-over of breakfast cereal food processing. Usually the source is unknown and sometimes this product is used in low quality dog food. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_food_fines Tortoises are a family, Testudinidae, of land-dwelling reptiles in the order Testudines. Damion Dooley https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A._gigantea_Aldabra_Giant_Tortoise.jpg/640px-A._gigantea_Aldabra_Giant_Tortoise.jpg tortoise A pea substance is a food substance derived from whole peas as a result of some food processing. Damion Dooley pea (whole or pieces) orange juice (liquid) Food material for humans and animals which is processed with the intention that it be consumable as a whole or added to other food products. Damion Dooley Foodon product type https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food The FoodOn "food product"class is provided as a branch under which new food product categories and food products themselves can be placed. Here classes are provided to differentiate a food product by its food composition, processing and/or consumption characteristics. This avoids brand name products but it may include generic food dish categories. It has a much greater depth and polyhierarchy than other agency product type schemes have in an effort to group related products together. The upper level basis of this tree originated in the environment ontology (ENVO) and from the US Code of Federal Regulations. food product The juice products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. fermented agave juice This food product type includes food products which are made from fermentation of juice extracted from pressed sugarcane. fermenting sugar cane juice fermenting elaeis palm sap food product A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals. mammalian meat food product A processed meat food product that is made from a sausage. 2022-10-28T11:02:42Z meat sausage food product Damion Dooley 2019-06-11T23:00:48Z SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid with smooth consistency FOODON:03430119 * liver UBERON:0002107 liver paste https://madison.com/lifestyles/chicken-liver-paste-is-still-a-tasty-treat/article_2194b8cb-82b5-5112-9a97-0042571e90d1.html A hot dog is a moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from advanced meat recovery or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun. Damion Dooley hotdog frankfurter hot dog A processed food product consisting of meat which has been subjected to preservation and/or taste altering processes such as grinding, salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, and addition of chemical preservatives. processed meat food product milk formula food product milk formula (powdered) Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese cheese cheese food product A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt Damion Dooley https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cacik-1.jpg/549px-Cacik-1.jpg yoghourt yoghurt yougert The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as yogurt cultures. The fermentation of lactose by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and characteristic tart flavor. yogurt food product A food product which has as a defining ingredient some plant material. plant food product Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green or purple biennial plant, grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage cabbage food product commercial yogurt cheese starter culture The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whiskey. Wort contains the sugars that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol. wort food product The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whiskey. Wort contains the sugars that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol. Wikipedia:Wort_%28brewing%29 beer wort food product acifified beer wort food product A short cylinder of soft to semisoft blue cheese made with cow's milk. Bresse Blue Bleu de Bresse cheese A short cylinder of soft to semisoft blue cheese made with cow's milk. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=Bleu++de+Bresse&r=All Cream component produced by churning and containing not less than 80% milkfat. mammalian milk butter pickled cabbage food product camembert cheese food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03301348 obsolete: cane sugar true cheddar cheese food product A large disc of smooth, soft, even runny cheese made with cow's milk. Brie cheese food product A large disc of smooth, soft, even runny cheese made with cow's milk. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=brie&r=All A hard cow's milk cheese with an almost orange yellow paste. Older cheeses are coated in black wax. gouda cheese food product A hard cow's milk cheese with an almost orange yellow paste. Older cheeses are coated in black wax. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=gouda&r=All A semi-hard, unripened, brined cheese made from a mixture of goat's and sheep's milk, and sometimes also cow's milk. It has a high melting point and so can easily be fried or grilled. Damion Dooley halloumi cheese food product Rainer Zenz A drum of very rich, creamy, pungent blue-veined cow's milk cheese. It has a white paste with blue veining and a brined rind. It is made in Gorgonzola, near Milan. gorgonzola cheese food product A drum of very rich, creamy, pungent blue-veined cow's milk cheese. It has a white paste with blue veining and a brined rind. It is made in Gorgonzola, near Milan. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=Gorgonzola&r=All A generic cheese common to many countries for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental. Three types of bacteria are used in the production of Emmental cheese: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus (L. helveticus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Propionibacter (P. freudenreichii or P. shermani). In a late stage of cheese production, the Propionibacter consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other bacteria, and releases carbon dioxide gas, which slowly forms the bubbles that develop the eyes. Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind." swiss cheese food product A generic cheese common to many countries for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental. Three types of bacteria are used in the production of Emmental cheese: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus (L. helveticus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Propionibacter (P. freudenreichii or P. shermani). In a late stage of cheese production, the Propionibacter consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other bacteria, and releases carbon dioxide gas, which slowly forms the bubbles that develop the eyes. Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind." Wikipedia:Swiss_cheese A semi-hard, yellow cheese that has mild flavor that is slightly buttery. Emmental cheese Emmentaler cheese emmenthal cheese A German sour milk cheese made from low fat curd cheese, which contains only about one percent fat and originates in the Harz mountain region south of Braunschweig. Harzerkaese harzer cheese food product A German sour milk cheese made from low fat curd cheese, which contains only about one percent fat and originates in the Harz mountain region south of Braunschweig. Wikipedia:Harzer new zealand cheddar cheese food product A small, sweetish, soft, square cow's milk cheese from Normandy with a yellowish-orange rind. pont ieveque cheese food product A small, sweetish, soft, square cow's milk cheese from Normandy with a yellowish-orange rind. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=Pont+l%27Eveque&r=All A disc of soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a soft to runny paste and a smooth, pink rind. vacherin mont dor cheese food product A disc of soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a soft to runny paste and a smooth, pink rind. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=vacherin+Mont+d%27Or&r=All A food product made from domestic pig meat (Sus domesticus or Sus scrofa scrofa). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork Damion Dooley pork pork meat food product A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked. cured meat food product A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cured_meat A food product that is derived from some chicken meat. 2025-06-06T13:59:11Z chicken meat food product A food product that is derived from some cow. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z cow food product bovine milk beverage sheep milk ovine milk beverage caprine milk beverage A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream. ice cream ice-cream ice cream food product A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream. Wikipedia:Ice_cream A seafood product is a vertebrate or invertibrate organism from an aquatic environment. Some of the subclasses are currently freshwater organisms. Damion Dooley animal seafood product A fermented salty fish of Korean cuisine. obsolete: jeotgal food product true meshanger cheese food product A cut of meat (a meat chop) cut perpendicularly to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra, served as an individual portion. pork chop food product A cut of meat (a meat chop) cut perpendicularly to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra, served as an individual portion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_chop A food product having tempeh as a defining ingredient Damion Dooley tempeh food product fermented rice beverage amasake food product fermented dairy food product fermented fish or seafood food product sea water fish food product A food product made from flour. Wikipedia:Flour Damion Dooley flour food product A food product derived from plant fruit. plant fruit food product fruit extract food product Apple juice is a fruit juice made by the maceration and pressing of an apple. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice apple juice SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430123 * fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present FOODON:03420140 apple juice awamori food product Any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that may be cured and/or smoked. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon Damion Dooley bacon food product fermented millet food product bantu beer millet beer food product bottled beer food product A class of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct smell. SIREN DB annotation: * solid FOODON:03430151 * curd FOODON:03420245 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253 * interior mold curing process FOODON:03460331 blue cheese food product https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blue_cheeses A class of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct smell. Wikipedia:Blue_cheese bottled fruit food product The liquid left over after producing butter from cream during the churning process. buttermilk food product The liquid left over after producing butter from cream during the churning process. Wikipedia:Buttermilk obsolete: canned fruit food product true fermented fruit food product A food produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans, with salt and the mold koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae). Damion Dooley SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid FOODON:03430144 * fully heat-treated FOODON:03440014 * seed, skin present, germ present FOODON:03420133 * fermentation/modification process, multiple component FOODON:03460128 * salted FOODON:03460173 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253 * preservation by fermentation FOODON:03470104 miso food product A grape berry food product which is the juice of freshly pressed grapes that contains some amount of pulp, skins, stems, and seeds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must#Winemaking Grape pomace components typically comprises between 7 to 23 percent of the total weight of must. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must] grape must http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03311884 obsolete: yeast cake food product true A liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. vinegar food product A liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. Wikipedia:Vinegar Vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose. barley malt vinegar Vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose. Wikipedia:Malt_vinegar#Malt mammalian milk (nonfat, dry) Sake is a fermented rice beverage resulting from the fermentation of rice with the mold Aspergillus oryzae and, in parallel, with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [wikipedia:sake] sake food product salt pork meat food product A food product having fermented soyabeans as a defining ingredient fermented soybean food product Food material which is preserved by soaking and storing it in vinegar or brine. pickled food (pickled) tape kefan food product A soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a creamy paste and a greyish-red and downy white penicillin rind and is sometimes foil-wrapped. Bondon cheese food product A soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a creamy paste and a greyish-red and downy white penicillin rind and is sometimes foil-wrapped. http://www.whatamieating.com/?b=1&d=1&t=main&s=bondon&r=All bitter cheese food product sugar condiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420156 obsolete: brown sugar true evaporated milk food product A fermented milk drink made from milk. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains, a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. Many different bacteria and yeasts are found in the kefir grains, which are a complex and highly variable community of micro-organisms termed probiotics. kefir food product A fermented milk drink made from milk. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains, a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. Many different bacteria and yeasts are found in the kefir grains, which are a complex and highly variable community of micro-organisms termed probiotics. Wikipedia:Kefir A lipid material derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature. Damion Dooley vegetable oil food product An oil used as a nutritional supplement and is a traditional European ethnic food, highly regarded for its nutty flavor. 2019-09-19T21:51:42Z langual:H0852 flax oil flax seed oil linseed oil linseed oil Food-grade flaxseed oil is cold-pressed, obtained without solvent extraction, in the absence of oxygen, and marketed as edible flaxseed oil.[wikipedia] flaxseed oil A food product made from milling corn. milled corn food product sour milk beverage dried milk food product A food product which is derived from or produced by an animal that has a vertibrae. Damion Dooley vertebrate food product cereal grain food product Damion Dooley 2019-06-11T07:25:19Z alcoholic beverage SIREN DB annotation: * liquid FOODON:03430130 * microbial/enzymatic modification process FOODON:03460119 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253 fermented beverage fermented grape beverage fermented elaeis palm beverage fermented sugar cane beverage fermented apple fermented apple beverage apple beverage Damion Dooley 2019-06-20T07:47:47Z SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity FOODON:03430109 * acidified FOODON:03460200 * ingredient: water addition process FOODON:03460148 * ingredient: sweetener added FOODON:03460202 * ingredient: flavoring, spice or herb added FOODON:03460227 orange fruit beverage grape beverage fermented grain beverage This food product type includes beverage products which are made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. fermented agave beverage This food product type includes food products which are made from eggs laid by the sea water fish. sea water fish egg food product A food product made from an avian egg. avian egg food product camelid dairy food product bovine dairy food product buffalo dairy food product caprine dairy food product donkey dairy food product equine dairy food product ovine dairy food product yak dairy food product zebra dairy food product reindeer dairy food product water buffalo dairy food product horse dairy food product cattle dairy food product cervid dairy food product camelid milk beverage equine milk beverage cervid milk beverage cow milk beverage caprine cheese food product ovine cheese food product bovine cheese food product cow milk cheese A very strong smelling, soft cow's milk cheese made by fermentation involving the bacterium Brevibacterium linens. Limburger cheese food product goat milk cheese food product sheep milk cheese food product A food product made from domesticated bird meat. Damion Dooley poultry meat food product Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domesticus or Sus domesticus, in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidae Damion Dooley porcine meat swine food product A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment Damion Dooley condiment condiment bovine meat food product distilled fermented grain beverage distilled fermented beverage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002265 obsolete: soya food product true A beverage product derived from leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Damion Dooley "While fermentation is also referred to in the production of brewed teas, this is inaccurate. Some herbal teas on the market today include probiotic cultures alongside tea leaves to maintain gut health but the tea itself hasn't been fermented. Most dried teas however don't use live cultures at all during production. Instead, harvested tea leaves undergo a natural chemical process known as oxidation, which also changes the color, flavor and level of health benefits in the resulting brew." [https://eatcultured.com/blogs/our-awesome-blog/fermented-tea] tea based beverage product coffee and coffee products coffee based beverage product fruit juice food product 2023-05-03T04:59:00Z SIREN DB annotation: * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155 wheat food product A food product deriving primarily from corn (maize). Damion Dooley maize food product maize (corn) food product A food product consisting of an edible fungi or mushroom or yeast. Damion Dooley fungus food product http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0030-2016 Fungus material which is composed of yeast. yeast material Microbial material derived from one or more microorganisms including bacteria, mold, and yeast. Damion Dooley microbial food material tuber solanaceous root food product A food product derived from or produced by a plant root. plant root food product A potato food product is any product derived from potatoes. Damion Dooley potato food product Food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well. confectionery food cucurbit fruit food product A citrus fruit is botanically classified as a type of berry called a hesperidium that has a thick, leathery rind, with numerous oil glands, and a large flesh portion composed of several wedge-shaped sections. Unlike pome fruit, such as the apple, the citrus fruit is derived from a superior ovary, an ovary completely separate from the calyx. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hesperidium Damion Dooley citrus citrus fruit food product The fleshy fruit (false berry) of a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae. melon fruit food product muskmelon (Cucumis melo) fruit food product Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) var. lanatus) and citron melons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.) Damion Dooley citrullus lanatus fruit food product MANSFELD:3905 PLANTS:CILA3 watermelon wild melon citrullus lanatus citrullus vulgaris colocynthis citrullus cucurbita citrullus datiro edible seed melon equisi kaffir melon momordica lanata watermelon plant citrus fruit juice pomaceous fruit juice beverage pomes pomaceous fruit food product fermented pomaceous fruit beverage pomaceous fruit extract citrus fruit extract food product grape extract solanaceous fruit food product A food product deriving from one or more tomatoes. tomato food product solanaceous food product plant inflorescence food product amaranthaceous food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001264 pulse obsolete: leguminous food product true cruciferous food product grape berry food product cruciferous inflorescence food product The default nut product is a whole, raw nut - meaning that the kernel is whole, and moderately or significantly dried, but not baked. Minimal references to nuts often leave ambiguous whether the shell is on or off. "I ate a peanut" doesn't clarify whether I ate a shell-off nut or whether I did the shelling. Damion Dooley nut food product plant seed food product plant lipid food product plant stem food product invertebrate food product A food product with insects as a defining ingredient. insect food product honey food product amaranthaceous inflorescence food product Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked. prepared prepared food product Food material which is cooked. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking cooked food (cooked) pickled cruciferous food product A staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking bread food product Material which derives from algae (including single-celled microalgae and multicellular macroalgae). algae material rice food product buckewheat food product sorghum food product misspelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002038 obsolete: milet food product true A food product made from oats. common oat food product oat food product rye food product barley food product A food product made from quinoa quinoa food product fonio food product A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Pisum. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume Damion Dooley dry pea food product A product of the dry seeds of Lens culinaris. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001997 obsolete: lentil food product true A product of the dry seeds of Cajanus cajan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume pigeon pea (dried) A bambara groundnut food product is a product derived from fresh or dried beans of the bambara groundnut plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_subterranea Damion Dooley Bambara nut Bambara-bean Congo goober earth pea ground-bean hog-peanut bambara groundnut food product A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Vicia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume dried fava bean broad bean (dried) A product of the dry seeds of Cicer arietinum. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume garbanzo bean food product Bengal gram Egyptian pea gram chickpea food product A product of the dry seeds of Vigna unguiculata. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume cowpea (pulse) food product A dry bean food product refers to a bean product made from a Phaseolus species plant whose seeds are harvested at complete maturity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris Damion Dooley kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius) FAO notes: "Only species of Phaseolus should be included, though several countries also include certain types of beans. Commonly classified as Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, aconitifolia). In the past, these species were also classified as Phaseolus." dry bean food product http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm#4.02 A bean food product which derives from a winged bean plant (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 winged bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Vicia sativa. vetch seed (dried) Pachyrhizus erosus, commonly known as jicama Mexican yam bean, or Mexican turnip, is the name of a native Mexican vine, although the name most commonly refers to the plant's edible tuberous root. Jícama is a species in the genus Pachyrhizus in the bean family (Fabaceae). Plants in this genus are commonly referred to as yam bean, although the term "yam bean" can be another name for jícama. In contrast to the root, the remainder of the jícama plant is very poisonous; the seeds contain the toxin rotenone, which is used to poison insects and fish. FAO: The yam bean is a legume but unlike its close relatives the soybean and other beans, the yam bean is cultivated for its large, tuberous roots. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhizus_erosus Damion Dooley http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume yam bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume velvet bean (dried) A product of the dry seeds of Lupinus spp. lupin seed food product A product of the dry seeds of Lupinus spp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_%28legume%29 A dry seed of the jack-bean plant. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume jack bean (dried) A product of the dry seeds of Lablab purpureus. hyacinth bean food product A product of the dry seeds of Lablab purpureus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_%28legume%29 PULSES are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod. They are used for both food and feed. The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes. http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm#4.02 Damion Dooley pulse pulses pulse food product https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume#Classification_of_pulses wheat flour food product A food made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts. pasta food product A pastry food product is a food product containing a pastry component. The food may be ready for consumption or may require further cooking. pastry food product A pastry food product is a food product containing a pastry component. The food may be ready for consumption or may require further cooking. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry obsolete: baked food product true A confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavorings and colorants are added. Damion Dooley candy food product A food product derived from Theobroma cacao. cocoa and cocoa products cacao food product A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. sweet cream cream food product A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream An opague white dairy product produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. mammalian milk beverage An opague white dairy product produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk A food product with bees or bee substances as a defining ingredient. bee food product A sausage that is cooked and then smoked or smoke-cooked. sausage (cooked, smoked) A sausage that is cooked and then smoked or smoke-cooked. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage Sausage which is cured with a food smoking process. sausage (smoked) A raw sausage that is smoked. sausage (raw, smoked) A raw sausage that is smoked. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage A sausage made from meats that have not been previously cured. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage sausage (raw) A cured sausage that is fermented and dried. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage Damion Dooley meat sausage (dried, fermented) A sausage made with fresh meats, and then fully cooked. Damion Dooley meat sausage (cooked) smoked meat food product A fruit product that has been prepared and canned or bottled for long term storage. The preparation of fruit preserves traditionally involves the use of pectin as a gelling agent, although sugar or honey may be used as well. fruit preserve or jam food product A fruit product that has been prepared and canned or bottled for long term storage. The preparation of fruit preserves traditionally involves the use of pectin as a gelling agent, although sugar or honey may be used as well. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_preserves A product made with whole fruit, cut into pieces or crushed. The fruit is heated with water and sugar to activate the pectin in the fruit. The mixture is then put into containers. jam food product A product made with whole fruit, cut into pieces or crushed. The fruit is heated with water and sugar to activate the pectin in the fruit. The mixture is then put into containers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_preserves#Jam A substance or mixture os substances used to coagulate milk in the manufacture of cheese. rennet food product A substance or mixture os substances used to coagulate milk in the manufacture of cheese. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet A cheese product made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the addition of milk, more salt, preservatives, and food coloring. processed cheese food product A product made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white or yellow mustard, Sinapis hirta; brown or Indian mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, Brassica nigra). mustard seed food product A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche. creamy salad dressing A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_dressing#Dressings A salad dressing that is an emulsion of a vegetable oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, and other ingredients. vinaigrette dressing food product A salad dressing that is an emulsion of a vegetable oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, and other ingredients. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaigrette nut oil food product A food product made with mayonnaise as a defining ingredient. mayonnaise food product A condiment with soy sauce as a defining ingredient. soy sauce food product fresh sea water fish food product A natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk, and is often used in the production of cheese. Rennet contains many enzymes, including a proteolytic enzyme (protease) that coagulates the milk, causing it to separate into solids (curds) and liquid (whey). natural (animal-derived) rennet food product A natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk, and is often used in the production of cheese. Rennet contains many enzymes, including a proteolytic enzyme (protease) that coagulates the milk, causing it to separate into solids (curds) and liquid (whey). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet A rennet that is an extract of a microorganism or fungus, such as Rhizomucor miehei. microbial rennet A rennet that is an extract of a microorganism or fungus, such as Rhizomucor miehei. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet A rennet that is an extract of a plant. vegetable rennet food product A rennet made by the expression of cloned calf chymotrypsin genes in bacteria or yeast. rennet (genetically engineered) processed pork meat food product A food product that has some spice or herb as a defining ingredient. Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2023-08-16T10:14:35Z herb or spice spice or herb animal lipid food product A brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. Damion Dooley coffee beverage A beverage prepared from the cured leaves of Camellia sinensis by combination with hot or boiling water. Damion Dooley tea beverage (liquid) A heated beverage typically consisting of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar. hot chocolate food product A heated beverage typically consisting of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_chocolate A beverage prepated by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water. mate food product A beverage prepated by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_Mate A fish food product includes products made from any fish species (aquatic vertebrate with gills and fins). Damion Dooley fish food product freshwater fish food product fish egg food product A food product that is derived from some avian animal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z avian food product animal derived beverage A beverage derived from plants. plant derived beverage plant derived fermented beverage nonfermented plant derived beverage product A dairy food product has mammilian milk or a milk component as an ingredient. Damion Dooley dairy product milk product dairy food product milk or milk based food product Food material which has been fermented. Damion Dooley food (fermented) non-fruit wine food product Beer is a fermented cereal beverage resulting from the fermentation most commonly of malted barley (though wheat, corn, or rice may included), by a yeast, most commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and flavored by dried flowers of hops, Humulus lupulus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer beer beverage A plant food product which derives from one or more vegetables. FAO definition for vegetable: "Vegetables are plants cultivated both as field crops and garden crops, both in the open and under glass." and also: "Vegetables are grouped according to botanic characteristics as follows: leafy or stem vegetables (e.g., cabbage); fruit-bearing vegetables (e.g., melons); flower vegetables (e.g., cauliflowers); root, bulb and tuberous vegetables (e.g., onion); leguminous vegetables (e.g., green peas); other vegetables (e.g., green maize and mushrooms)." vegetable food product Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits. botanical fruit food product Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits. http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/?q=request&amp;uri=http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1115 http://oek1.fao.org/skosmos/agrovoc/en/page/c_3119 http://www.fao.org/pollination/resources/glossary/en/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit Budu is a fish sauce and fermented seafood product. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 bu-du A one-celled fruit (pod) usually dehiscing down both sutures, and having the seed attached along a ventral suture. (Roubik 1995) http://www.fao.org/pollination/resources/glossary/en/ legume legume food product buffalo milk beverage camel milk beverage donkey milk beverage horse milk beverage reindeer milk beverage water buffalo milk beverage yak milk beverage zebra milk beverage A vegetable with dark green, spear-shaped leaves that can be curled or smooth and are attached to thin stems. MANSFELD:485 PLANTS:SPOL Spinacea oleracea spinach spinacia oleracea spinach plant A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves. Regarding American regulatory aspects of egg products, see this summary: https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/03/crazy-us-chicken-egg-regulation-graphic-000077 egg food product A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves. Wikipedia:Egg_%28food%29 An avian egg food product having chicken eggs or derivatives as a defining ingredient. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_as_food chicken egg food product Cider, hard apple cider, or hard cider in the US, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider Damion Dooley cider apple cider (alcoholic) Orange juice that has not undergone pasteurization. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 orange juice (unpasteurized) A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit. cake food product A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit. Wikipedia:Cake cake icing food product chocolate food product A food involving whipped and cooked milk, sugar and egg yolk mixtures. sweet custard custard dessert food product Beef that has been ground. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_beef beef mince beef mince ground beef hamburger meat minced beef A ground beef product is made of beef that has been finely chopped with a knife or a meat grinder (American English) or mincing machine (British English). Ground beef is used in many recipes including hamburgers and spaghetti Bolognese. beef (ground) A food product that is derived from some poultry. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z poultry food product duck meat food product goose meat food product A turkey meat food product is any food product made predominantly of turkey parts. Damion Dooley turkey meat food product obsolete: mushroom (whole organism) true Cantaloupe (also known as muskmelon (India and the United States), mushmelon, rockmelon (in Australian states and in New Zealand), sweet melon, spanspek (South Africa), or capuchin (Scotland) refers to a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family. Damion Dooley cantaloup muskmelon cantaloupe fruit food product A salad food product which has potato as a defining ingredient. potato salad food product A sauce for a salad. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_dressing#Dressings salad dressing clam food product oyster food product shellfish food product goat milk cheese (unpasteurized) A family of hard Italian cheeses made from sheep milk. Damion Dooley pecorino cheese sheep milk cheese (unpasteurized) unpasteurized cow milk cheese food product unpasteurized camel milk beverage caprine milk beverage (raw) unpasteurized milk beverage Lasagne, or the singular lasagna, commonly refers to a culinary dish made with stacked layers of pasta alternated with sauces and ingredients such as meats, vegetables and cheese, and sometimes topped with melted grated cheese. Damion Dooley lasagna lasagne lasagne food product A fermentation process in which either carbohydrates, proteins or fats are modified through microbial, enzymatic and/or other biological process. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food fermentation Hoi-dong is fermented sea mussel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 hoi-dong Fermented pickled onion in Thai cuisine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 Hom dong Ma kham dong is a kind of fermented fruit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 ma kham dong Ma yom dong is a kind of fermented fruit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 ma yom dong Pickles for tea in northern Thailand. Wrapped in sugar and eat directly. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 Miang Mum is a Thai traditional dry fermented sausage made from pork or beef with some ground innards, roasted rice, steamed rice, garlic, sugar, pepper, salt and filled into intestine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 mum Mum-khai-pla is fermented fish roe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 mum-khai-pla Mum-sai-pla is fermented fish intestines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 mum-sai-pla Fermented fish in liquid form https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 nam-budu Fermented meat product is any product made primarily of meat subjected to a fermentation process. Damion Dooley fermented meat product Nham is a fermented meat in Thai cuisine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 nham Nham-pla are made from four kinds of fish, namely, striped catfish and nile tilapia from the fresh water fish and threadfin bream and barracuda from the marine fish. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 nham-pla Noi mai is a kind of pickled bamboo shoot. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 noa mai Noa mai dong is a kind of pickled bamboo shoot. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 Needs to be disambiguated from noa mai. noa mai dong Pak kard dong is a kind of fermented vegetable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pak kard dong Pak kum dong is a kind of fermented vegetable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pak kum dong Pak sean dong is a kind of fermented vegetable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pak sean dong Pak sean and hua plee dong is a kind of fermented vegetable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pak sean and hua plee dong Pak sean and makhua is a kind of fermented vegetable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pak sean and makhua dong Fermented small fish. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgam/44/3/44_3_193/_pdf/-char/en https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pla-chom Pla-jaw is a kind of fermented fish. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pla-jaw Pla-som is a kind of fermented fish. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pla-som Pu dong is a kind of fermented crab. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pu dong Fermented fish roe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 Needs to be disambiguated from mum-khai-pla som-khai-pla Mum-sai-pla is fermented fish entrails https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 tai-pla Tuaw jaew is a kind of fermented vegetable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 tuaw jaew Pla ra is a traditional Thai seasoning produced by fermenting fish with rice bran or roasted rice powder and salt fermented in a closed container for at least six months. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 pla-ra Pla ra is a traditional Thai seasoning produced by fermenting fish with rice bran or roasted rice powder and salt fermented in a closed container for at least six months. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_ra A rice powder derived from toasted rice. Toasted-rice powder is a common pantry ingredient in Northern Thai and Lao cuisines, made by slowly toasting raw sticky rice to a deep golden brown, then grinding it into a coarse powder using a mortar and pestle or spice grinder. [https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2019/05/toasted-rice-powder-recipe.html] rice powder (roasted) Blood meal is a dry, inert powder made from blood used as a high-nitrogen organic fertilizer and a high protein animal feed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_meal Damion Dooley It is one of the highest non-synthetic sources of nitrogen. It usually comes from cattle or hogs as a slaughterhouse by-product. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. SIREN DB annotation: * medium ground FOODON:03430117 * blood UBERON:0000178 * water removal process FOODON:03460138 * preservation by dehydration or drying FOODON:03470116 * animal as consumer FOODON:03510021 blood meal A pre-evisceration carcass is the carcass of a dead animal immediately following hide removal, before any antimicrobial applications and any part of the evisceration process has been performed. This is a material entity state within a butchery process. Gregory Harhay pre-evisceration carcass https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30400510/protocols/USMARC%20Carcass%20Sampling%20Protocol.pdf A post-intervention carcass is a carcass that has had all antimicrobial intervention applied, been split in half along the backbone, and placed in a cooler, often referred to as the "hot box" cooler. Gregory Harhay post-evisceration carcass A cut of meat that is initially separated from the carcass of an animal during butchering. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-6822 2023-08-01T21:25:29Z primal cut animal primal cut https://inspection.canada.ca/food-labels/labelling/industry/meat-and-poultry-products/wholesale-meat/eng/1420220732302/1420220804732 Food trimmings are the parts removed from the culinary trimming of unwanted or inedible parts (i.e. sinews, skin, fat etc.) from meat, fish poultry or vegetables. Trimmings are used for making stocks, soups and sauces. http://en.foodlexicon.org/p0000380.php Gregory Harhay trim trimmings food trimming High-moisture corn refers to corn harvested at 24 percent or greater moisture, stored and allowed to ferment in a silo or other storage structure, and used as feed for livestock. http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/L062.aspx Gregory Harhay high moisture corn (animal feed) Rolled grain is grain has been mechanicallly crushed to separate the hull from the endosperm. Gregory Harhay rolled grain Corn stover consists of the leaves and stalks of maize (corn) (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) plants left in a field after harvest and consists of the residue: stalk; the leaf, husk, and cob remaining in the field following the harvest of cereal grain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_stover Gregory Harhay Such stover makes up about half of the yield of a corn crop and is similar to straw from other cereal grasses; in Britain it is sometimes called corn straw. corn stover Corn stubble are the stems of corn plants remaining in the ground after harvest. Gregory Harhay corn stubble The outer coverings of the cottonseed, known as cottonseed hulls, are removed from the cotton kernels before the oil is extracted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed Gregory Harhay Cottonseed hulls serve as an excellent source of feed for the livestock as they contain about 8% of cotton linters which have nearly 100% cellulose in them. cottonseed hull Stubble which remains after harvesting soybeans. Gregory Harhay soybean stubble https://www.feedipedia.org/node/294 abalone food product aerated confectionery food product akee fruit food product A food product which has albacore tuna as a defining ingredient. albacore food product An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_drink Damion Dooley alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage analog alewife food product alfalfa food product A compressed dried pellet made out of Alfalfa plants. Damion Dooley alfalfa nut alfalfa pellet alfalfa vegetable food product A vegetable food product which derives from an alfalfa plant. almond candy food product almond cookie food product almond food product american dewberry food product anchovy food product angelica candy food product animal-based dessert animal based food product for animal animal based refined or partially-refined food product A salad food product with one or more animal products (meat, milk, fat, eggs etc.) as ingredients. animal based salad food product animal-based sandwich food product A stew or hash which has an animal meat ingredient. animal-based stew or hash animal fat or oil refined food product A dressing which has an animal product ingredient. animal product based dressing animal product based flavoring or seasoning animal product dressing A sandwich which has at least one prominent meat ingredient. animal product sandwich Sausage which has animal meat as a defining ingredient. animal product sausage soup animal component http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001598 obsolete: animal product stew or hash category true animal soup food product apple based alcoholic beverage apple condiment apple food product apple preserve or jam food product apple vinegar food product apple wine food product A food product deriving from one or more apricots. apricot food product apricot preserve or jam food product artichoke vegetable food product artificial sweetener asian water buffalo meat food product asparagus vegetable food product atlantic halibut food product atlantic herring food product atlantic salmon and trout food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001625 obsolete: avocado food product true A food product deriving from one or more avocados. avocado food product Food material which is output of or is part of a home or commercial bakery process. bakery food product A food product which derives from some bamboo. bamboo food product A plant fruit food product derived from a banana tree (genus Musa). banana food product banana passionfruit food product barley alcoholic beverage analog barley product flavoring A food product made from milled barley. milled barley food product barley vegetable food product bass food product A bean vegetable food product is a human or animal food product - such as a snap, shell or dry bean product - derived from the fruit pod, seed, or leaf of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Note, this was previously labelled "Bean (vegetable) food product". We have been listing both dry and freshly harvested moist beans here, so have broadened the name scope. Damion Dooley bean food product beef product based flavoring or seasoning beet pickle food product beet food product belgian carrot food product berry food product 2023-07-05T01:22:39Z SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430123 * fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present FOODON:03420140 berry juice The areca nut (/ˈærɪkə/ or /əˈriːkə/) is the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), Southeast and South Asia, and parts of east Africa. This fruit is commonly referred to as betel nut so it is easily confused with betel (Piper betle) leaves that are often used to wrap it (paan). areca nut betel nut food product The areca nut (/ˈærɪkə/ or /əˈriːkə/) is the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), Southeast and South Asia, and parts of east Africa. This fruit is commonly referred to as betel nut so it is easily confused with betel (Piper betle) leaves that are often used to wrap it (paan). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut beverage base product beverage analog black currant nectar beverage A food product derived from black olives. black olive food product pepper black or white pepper product black pepper food product black raspberry food product black walnut food product This is a convenience class that gathers products from berry plants that are closely related to the blackberry plant. Damion Dooley 2019-12-02T00:00:00 blackberry group food product blackeyed pea vegetable food product blue runner food product blueberry food product blueberry preserve or jam food product bluefin tuna food product bluefish food product bonito food product bony fish food product boysenberry food product brazil nut food product brittle food product A broad bean food product is a product derived from the broad bean plant. Damion Dooley broad bean food product broccoli food product A food product made from a whole broiler or fryer chicken or part thereof Damion Dooley broiler chicken meat food product broth or stock food product brown trout food product brussels sprout food product buffalo meat food product buffalofish food product butter product analog butterfly mackerel food product cabbage juice food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001024 obsolete: cabbage pickle food product true A cabbage vegetable food product is a food product derived from the head or leaf portion of a cabbage plant. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T13:30:10Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cabbage_and_cross_section_on_white.jpg/640px-Cabbage_and_cross_section_on_white.jpg cabbage head food product veal calf meat food product cape hake food product cape spiny lobster food product A caper food product is a food product derived from the flower buds or fruit of the caper plant. Damion Dooley caper capers caper food product caramel candy food product A cardamom food product is a food product derived from a black or green cardamom plant. Damion Dooley cardamon cardamum cardamom food product carp food product carp or minnow family food product carrot juice food product carrot food product cashew nut food product Unnecessary intermediate class. obsolete: cassava flour food product true http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001692 obsolete: cassava food product true cassava snack food product cassava food product cattle based pie food product cattle broth or stock food product cattle cured meat food product cattle product based flavoring or seasoning cattle product stew or hash cattle sandwich A cattle sausage food product is derived from cattle meat cattle sausage food product cattle soup food product cauliflower (pickled) food product A food product that derives from a cauliflower plant. cauliflower food product A plant food product derived from a celery plant (Apium graveolens) celery food product A celery food product which derives from a leaf celery plant ('Apium graveolens Secalinum Group') https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_celery https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2022-02-10T21:11:54Z leaf celery food product cephalopod food product cereal dessert food product A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran Damion Dooley cereal product cereal food product chamomile tea channel catfish food product cheese product analog chemical product based flavoring Food material which normally exists as an ingredient to another food material, rather than eaten on its own. This includes chemical food components. On Feb 25th 2025 the definition was loosened to include the subclass "chemical food component". food material component chemical soft drink chemical sweetener A food product deriving from one or more cherries. cherry food product cherry juice food product cherry nectar beverage cherry pie cherry preserve or jam food product chestnut food product chewing gum food product chicken product based flavoring or seasoning chicken pie food product A salad food product with chicken meat as a defining ingredient. chicken salad food product chicken soup food product chicken stew or hash Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory Damion Dooley Blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, blue weed, bunk, coffeeweed, cornflower, hendibeh, horseweed, ragged sailors, succory, wild bachelor's buttons, and wild endive. Note: "Cornflower" is commonly applied to Centaurea cyanus. Common names for varieties of var. foliosum include endive, radicchio, radichetta, Belgian endive, French endive, red endive, sugarloaf, and witloof (or witlof). chicory food product chinook salmon food product A food product deriving from the chive plant. Damion Dooley chive food product chocolate candy food product chocolate product analog chub mackerel food product chum salmon food product cichlid food product cinnamon food product citric acid soft drink citron food product citrus nectar beverage citrus preserve or jam food product clingstone peach food product cloudberry cloudberry food product cloves clove food product cockle food product cocoa beverage coconut beverage cod food product codling food product coho salmon food product The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus (Cola) of trees that are native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term "cola". Damion Dooley kola nut food product Cold pack cheese, also known as club cheese or crock cheese, is a type of cheese spread that is created by blending natural cheeses without the use of heat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_pack_cheese cold-pack cheese food product collard food product Cavendish banana food product common bean food product common millet food product common oat cereal food product obsolete: common oat food product true condiment sauce cookie food product coriander food product corn snack vegetable corn food product corvina food product cotton seed food product cotton seed refined oil food product cow buttermilk food product dried cow milk food product cow milk based food product cow milk butter food product cow milk cheese analog cow milk cheese cake food product cow milk cream food product cow milk cured cheese food product cow milk dessert cow milk hard cheese food product cow milk pie food product A dressing which has a cow milk product ingredient. cow milk product based dressing cow milk sherbet food product cow milk snack cowpea vegetable food product cow milk processed cheese product obsolete: crab food product true cranberry food product cranberry preserve or jam food product crayfish food product A dressing which has cow milk cream as a defining ingredient. cream dressing food product cream product analog crustacean food product A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada or generically as gherkins in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_cucumber Damion Dooley cucumber or gherkin pickle food product cucumber relish food product A food product deriving from one or more cucumbers. cucumber food product Damion Dooley This is a problematic category. It should be built by inference from links between a food and a HANCESTRO cultural group. cultural food cured cheese food product cusk food product cuttlefish food product dairy dessert food product dairy product analog A dressing which has a dairy product ingredient. dairy product based dressing A food product deriving from one or more dates. date food product deep sea lobster food product deer meat food product devilfish food product A food product deriving from a konjacu tuber. devils tongue food product Damion Dooley Damion Dooley's note: This category was created to organize SIREN inspired food products. It will probably get merged with the upper level 'dietary supplement' food product type items. dietary or therapeutic formulation food Dietetic foods are foods designated for carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin, and other metabolism correction with modified content and/or ratio of certain substances compared to their natural content and/or with added substances or ingredients (absent in the original products). Damion Dooley 2020-05-30T00:00:00 dietetic food dill dill food product diluted apple beverage diluted citrus fruit beverage The diluted fruit beverage is a US CFR category defined as "Beverage prepared by diluting fruit juice to less than single strength, based upon accepted soluble solids values. Include beverages containing 15 to 99% fruit juice." Because it references dilution, it has a number of subclasses that expressly mention dilution. diluted fruit beverage diluted grape beverage diluted orange beverage An alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. True distillation involves heating and cooling to seperate alcohol from the solution via evaporation and condensation. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor Damion Dooley distilled drink distilled alcohol distilled spirit hard alcohol hard liquor liquor spirit alcoholic beverage (distilled) dogfish food product A product deriving from mahi-mahi or common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) also widely called dorado and dolphin. Damion Dooley mahi mahi dolphinfish food product doughnut food product A food product made from duck eggs. duck egg food product Durum wheat which has been milled. milled durum wheat Wheat pasta made primarily with durum wheat. durum wheat pasta A hard wheat food product which has durum wheat as a defining ingredient. durum wheat food product eel food product A desert food product which has eggs as a defining ingredient. egg-based dessert Damion Dooley egg substitute egg material analog A food product deriving from one or more eggplants. eggplant food product emulsified cheese product A processed food product which is an emulsified mixture. emulsified food product english walnut food product A food product made from berries of the european blackberry plant. Damion Dooley 2019-12-02T00:00:00 european blackberry food product european blackberry preserve or jam food product european filbert nut food product fenugreek food product fermented cereal beverage fern vegetable food product field corn based bakery food product infant formula with corn syrup field corn cereal food product field corn custard food product field corn distinctive distilled spirit A product made from the North American term for maize (Zea mays) grown for livestock fodder (silage), ethanol, cereal and processed food products. The principal field corn varieties are dent corn, flint corn, flour corn (also known as soft corn) which includes blue corn (Zea mays amylacea), and waxy corn. Damion Dooley dry corn food product dry corn field corn food product field corn refined food product field corn snack food product field corn sweetener product In North America, field corn is corn (Zea mays) grown for livestock fodder, ethanol, cereal and processed food products. The principal field corn varieties are dent corn, flint corn, flour corn, including blue corn (Zea mays amylacea) and waxy corn. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_corn Damion Dooley field corn vegetable food product A food product derived from the common pea (also known as the garden or field pea). common pea vegetable food product garden pea vegetable food product United States southern varieties: Big Red Ripper, Zipper, Rucker, Stick Up, Old Timer, Turkey Craw, Whippoorwill, Purple Hull, Pinkeye, Crowder, Wash Day, Rattlesnake, Iron Clay, Bird, Cow, Colossus, Hercules, Mississippi Silver, Shanty, Polecat field pea vegetable food product fig food product fig preserve or jam food product fish food product analog fish refined food product fish soup food flavoring or seasoning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001859 obsolete: flax nut food product true linseed food product flaxseed food product flax vegetable food product florida stone crab food product flying fish food product A soft candy prepared by cooking together sugar, water and ingredients to control crystal growth to a temperature of 238-246 degrees F. The product is then cooled approximately 100 degrees and agitated to promote a smooth, creamy texture. Damion Dooley http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03400244 fondant food product food base product food coating SIREN DB annotation: * water removal process FOODON:03460138 food concentrate A mix or ready made sauce for dipping or adding to food, especially salad. food dressing stuffing food filling material food mix product food material analog This is a working folder that holds LanguaL SIREN database product types that need to be reviewed for placement within the food product hierarchy. Damion Dooley food material (to be processed) A food material that is spread, generally with a knife, onto foods such as bread and crackers. 2019-08-26T17:35:39Z spread SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid FOODON:03430144 food spread food supplement fermented milk food product freshwater drum food product frigate tuna food product frozen dairy dessert frozen dairy food product frozen nondairy dessert food product frozen yogurt food product fruit based alcoholic beverage fruit based distilled spirit fruit based gravy or sauce food product fruit butter food product fruit candy food product fruit dessert food product fruit jelly food product fruit pie food product A salad food product which has fruit as a defining ingredient. fruit salad food product fruit spread or sauce A type of candy that is made by boiling a mixture of sugar, butter, and milk. fudge food product fungus vegetable food product garlic food product chickpea (whole or pieces) obsolete: garbanzo bean (vegetable) food product true garlic product flavoring or seasoning A desert which has gelatin as a defining ingredient. gelatin dessert food product gelatin refined food product ginger ginger food product ginger preserve or jam food product ginseng tea ginseng food product ginseng plant food product glaze food product gluten refined food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001913 obsolete: goat dried milk food product true goat evaporated milk food product goat milk beverage goat dairy food product goat milk (pasteurized) goat powdered milk food product gooseberry gooseberry food product A food product deriving from one or more gourds. gourd food product grain based alcoholic beverage grain based bakery food product grain based distilled spirit grain based vinegar food product grape spread or sauce grape alcoholic beverage analog grape based alcoholic beverage grape based distilled spirit grape based low-alcohol wine food product grape based wine or wine-like food product grape juice food product grape preserve or jam food product grape vinegar food product grapefruit food product gravy or sauce gray mullet food product great northern bean food product green bean food product green bell pepper food product green olive food product greenland halibut food product grouper food product grouse meat food product guava food product haddock food product halibut food product A salad food product with ham as a defining ingredient. ham salad food product hard candy food product hard cheese food product hard grating cheese food product hard wheat food product heavy wine, 14-24% alcohol, food product A food product that derives from a hemp plant. 2023-06-19T08:07:21Z hemp food product herring food product hops product flavoring horse meat food product horseradish plant food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001953 obsolete: horseradish food product true hot pepper spice food product red pepper hot pepper food product huckleberry food product human milk based food product hungarian wax pepper food product hungarian wax pepper pickle food product ice cow milk food product ice cream product analog ice goat milk food product mammalian ice milk food product icing or frosting food product illipe refined food product imitation food product imitation fruit juice imitation fruit preserve or jam food product imitation nonalcoholic beverage imitation vinegar food product inconnu food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03306448 obsolete: infant food product true insect refined food product jack family (or carangidae) food product jalapeno pepper food product jelly candy food product jelly condiment A food product made from the jerusalem artichoke plant. jerusalem artichoke food product jewfish food product A food product made from a kale plant. kale food product kangaroo meat food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03302556 obsolete: kava beverage true kegani crab food product kelp food product Note food handling (cooking) proceedures are required to avoid toxicity: See more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin kidney bean food product king crab food product Kombu (translit. konbu) is edible kelp from mostly the family Laminariaceae and is widely eaten in East Asia. Damion Dooley Hǎidài dasima (Korean: 다시마) haidai kombu konbu vegetable food product krill food product kumquat food product lake herring food product Lamb meat food product is a meat product taken from a lamb, a sheep less than a year old. Damion Dooley lamb meat food product A langostino food product is a food product encompassing a variety of species of prawn, crayfish or spot lobster depending on which speech community is involking it. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration allows "langostino" to be used as a market name for three species of squat lobster in the family Galatheidae: Cervimunida johni, Munida gregaria, and Pleuroncodes monodon. In Spain, it means some species of prawns. In Cuba and other Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands, the name langostino is also used to refer to crayfish. In Argentina the name is used to refer to Pleoticus muelleri, a kind of shrimp, while in Chile and Peru it refers to Pleuroncodes monodon. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langostino] Damion Dooley 2020-01-24T16:30:06Z langostino food product A food product made from legumes that are considered vegetables, such as immature raw legume pods or seeds. Damion Dooley leguminous vegetable food product lemon food product lentil food product A lettuce vegetable food product is the head, stem or leaf portion of a lettuce plant. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T13:30:10Z lettuce lettuce head food product light wine A lima bean vegetable food product is any food product derived primarily from lima beans. Damion Dooley lima bean food product acerola food product lime preserve or jam food product lingonberry food product lingonberry preserve or jam liqueur food product lychee food product A food product that is derived from some lobster. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z lobster food product loganberry food product longtail tuna food product low-alcohol wine food product lumpfish food product lupin lupine bean food product A food product made with either macaroni or noodles. This is included to capture ambiguous references; it will not be populated further. macaroni or noodle food product Mace is the spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to nutmeg but more delicate; it is used to flavour baked goods, meat, fish, vegetables and in preserving and pickling. Damion Dooley mace mace food product mackerel food product malabar snapper food product barley malt beverage clementine satsuma mandarin orange food product mandarin orange juice mango food product mango nectar beverage A food product made from margarine. margarine food product marjoram marjoram food product marlin food product mate beverage meal replacement food product meat product analog A salad food product with animal meat as a defining ingredient. meat salad food product melon food product microbial refined food product milk based gravy or sauce food product milk based product analog milk based topping food product milk beverage analog milk dessert food product A dressing which has a milk product ingredient. milk product based dressing milkfish food product millet food product mineral substance as food supplement product category mineral water based soft drink Mineral water is water from a mineral spring that contains various minerals, such as salts and sulfur compounds. Mineral water may be classified as "still" or "sparkling" (carbonated/effervescent) according to the presence or absence of added gases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water Damion Dooley mineral water mineral water food product miracle fruit food product miracle berry food product mixed fruit beverage mollusk food product mollusc food product Castanospermum australe (Moreton Bay Chestnut or Blackbean), the only species in the genus Castanospermum, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. The seeds are poisonous, and can cause vomiting and diarrhoea, but become edible when carefully prepared by roasting, cutting up into small pieces, leaching with running water for several days, and pounding into flour and roasting it as a damper. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanospermum moreton bay chestnut food product mung bean food product mushroom product flavoring or seasoning mushroom pickle food product mushroom soup food product mushroom (whole or pieces) A food product that is derived from some mussel. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z mussel food product A condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white/yellow mustard, Sinapis alba; brown mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, Brassica nigra). mustard condiment food product mustard food product naranjilla juice product navy bean food product nevada jointfir beverage nonalcoholic beverage nondairy dessert food product dublin bay prawn scampi norway lobster food product nut candy Nutmeg food product is a product made from the nutmeg seed or seed skin. Damion Dooley nutmeg food product A food product made from milled oats. milled oat food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03310498 obsolete: octopus food product true A food product deriving from one or more okra pods or seeds. okra food product olive fat or oil refined food product A food product deriving from one or more olives. olive food product onion flavouring food product onion soup food product onion food product orange spread or sauce orange food product orange preserve or jam food product A spice or herb which derives from one or more oregano leaves. oregano food product oriental blue crab food product pacific salmon food product paddlefish food product A food product made from what is generically known as spiny lobster. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_lobster Damion Dooley palinurid spiny lobster food product palm fat or oil refined food product palm vegetable food product pancake or waffle food product A food product which derives from one or more papayas. papaya food product papaya leaf food product papaya nectar beverage parsley food product parsnip food product passion food product passion fruit juice pasteurized blended cheese food product pasteurized cheese food product pasteurized cheese spread food product pasteurized process cheese food product pasteurized process cheese spread food product pea soup food product peach butter food product A food product deriving from one or more peaches. peach food product peach preserve or jam peanut candy food product peanut fat or oil refined food product A food product having peanuts as an ingredient. Damion Dooley 2019-06-19T22:56:38Z SIREN DB annotation: * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155 peanut food product pear beverage pear food product pear juice food product pear nectar beverage pear preserve or jam pearl millet food product pecan candy food product A food product which derives from a pecan cultivar (Carya illinoinensis) nut. 2023-06-18T15:53:21Z pecan nut food product pectin producing plant fruit food product pepper product flavoring or seasoning green or red pepper pickle food product A food product deriving from one or more sweet or hot peppers. pepper vegetable food product peppermint food product perch food product pie food product A product containing primarily immature ripe pigeon peas. Damion Dooley 2019-07-14T10:26:00 pigeon pea vegetable food product pike food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002118 obsolete: pimiento pepper product true pimiento pepper pimiento pepper food product pineapple food product pineapple juice food product pineapple preserve or jam pinto bean food product Redundant entry, already have 'alcoholic beverage' and both have the parent class 'plant derived fermented beverage' obsolete: plant based alcoholic beverage true http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002127 obsolete: plant based animal feed food product true plant based bakery food product plant-based candy plant based food material for animal plant based gravy or sauce food product plant based meat product analog plant based pastry food product plant based refined or partially-refined food product A salad food product with one or more plant-based defining ingredients. plant based salad food product A vegetarian sandwich has no animal ingredients, and has vegetable and possibly dairy or egg product (for Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets) ingredients. Damion Dooley vegetarian sandwich plant based seafood product analog plant confectionery Redundant entry obsolete: plant derived distilled spirit true plant derived soft drink plant dessert food product An edible plant fat or oil product with characteristics that consumers desire such as bland flavour and odour, clear appearance, light colour, stability to oxidation and suitability for frying, and which is the result of a refining process that removes free fatty acids. Damion Dooley plant fat or oil refined food product plant floret vegetable food product A plant fruit food product which is labeled (in common language or by regulation) as a vegetable food product. plant fruit as vegetable food product plant head vegetable food product A plant food product made with plant leaves. plant leaf food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002146 obsolete: plant product based dressing true plant product based flavoring or seasoning plant material dressing food material by consumer group A flavouring or seasoning entirely made from a single plant source Damion Dooley plant material flavoring or seasoning plant relish food product A food product harvested from underground plant parts. plant root vegetable food product plant seed based bakery food product plant seed cereal food product plant seed vegetable food product plant sherbet plant soup food product A food product deriving from a plant stem or spear part. plant stem or spear food product plant sweetener Food material which is the output of a food preservation process. Damion Dooley preserved food (preserved) plantain (musa) food product pleuronectiform fish food product A food product deriving from one or more plums. plum fruit food product pomfret food product pompano food product porgy food product organ meat product potato soup food product poultry cured meat poultry fat or oil refined food product obsolete: foodon product type template true poultry meat product analog poultry product based flavoring or seasoning poultry stew or hash powdered cow milk food product powdered milk food product A prepared hen egg product is a product predominantly made of hen egg that has been cooked and may only require defrosting or reheating for consumption. Damion Dooley prepared chicken egg product prune food product prune juice food product pudding food product pufferfish food product A food product deriving from one or more pumpkins. pumpkin food product quail egg food product quince food product rabbit meat food product radish food product rainbow trout food product rape fat or oil refined food product rapeseed food product rasberry spread or sauce raspberry preserve or jam raspberry food product red bell pepper food product red currant preserve or jam red kidney bean soup food product northern red snapper southern red snapper red snapper food product redfish perch food product refined or partially-refined food product reindeer meat food product relish food product reptile egg food product This class preserves a LanguaL category. Do not use if a more specific class can be applied. amphibian or reptile food product amphibian or reptile meat food product rhubarb food product rice based alcoholic beverage rice bean food product rice cereal food product rice product flavoring Flour made from rice. rice flour rice starch refined food product river herring food product rock cornish fowl meat food product rose food product rosemary food product rye based bakery food product rye bread food product rye cracker food product sablefish food product sage sage food product saithe food product A prepared food product consisting of either a salad or a salad ingredient mixture to which a salad dressing is added. 2025-07-31 salad food product A food product which has salmon as a defining ingredient. 2025-07-31 salmon food product salt product A sandwich food product is a food product used to create a sandwich. This includes bread as a container, and sandwich ingredients and spreads. Damion Dooley sandwich food product sardine food product sauger food product saurel food product saury food product A food product that is derived from some scallop. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z scallop food product sea animal soup seafood product analog semihard cheese product semisoft cheese product sesame food product sesame coated nut (snack) shallot food product shark food product sheep meat food product sheep milk beverage Products that uses fruits of coconut as material. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 cocos fruit product A food product that is derived from some shrimp. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z shrimp food product siluriform fish food product skipjack tuna food product smelt food product Nata de coco is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food produced by the fermentation of coconut water. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid FOODON:03430144 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * nut milk FOODON:03420214 * preservation by fermentation FOODON:03470104 nata de coco Nata de coco is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food produced by the fermentation of coconut water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco snail food product snake meat food product snapper food product A food product that has snow crab meat as a defining ingredient. 2025-07-31 snow crab food product sockeye salmon food product sodium chloride flavoring or seasoning sodium chloride food material soft candy food product soft cheese food product soft drink food product soft wheat food product sole food product soup base product A multi-component food product which is soup. Damion Dooley notes: We can't say all soups are cooked there are many chilled soup recipes. SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430130) * has quality 'fully heat-treated' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03440014) * has substance added 'flavoring, spice or herb added' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460227) soup food product soup mix product A soybean food product designed for infants. soy based infant food product soybean based meat product analog In China, the usual term doujiang (lit. "[soy]bean broth") is used for the traditional watery and beany beverage produced as a by-product of the production of tofu. Damion Dooley doujiang soybean condiment soybean dressing food product soybean refined food product soybean seed (field) food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002266 A soybean food product is a product derived from the soybean plant. Damion Dooley soy product soybean food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002265 special dietry use food product spice or herb product flavoring or seasoning A food product made from spinach. spinach food product sprat food product A food product deriving from one or more squashes. squash food product squat lobster food product squid food product starch refined food product steeped beverage product stew stew or hash stone fruit food product stone fruit juice stone pine product flavoring Stone pine nut food product is a pine nut product made from the stone pine (Pinus pinea), which has been cultivated for its nuts for over 5,000 years. pine nut stone pine nut food product strawberry spread or sauce strawberry food product strawberry preserve or jam sturgeon food product A jellied dessert made of red bean paste, agar, water, and sugar. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 The agar is usually in the form of kantens, agar sticks which require hydration. yokan A jellied dessert made of red bean paste, agar, water, and sugar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan sugar based cacao food product sugar based vinegar food product sugar beet sweetener food product sugar beet food product sugar cane refined or partially-refined food product sugar cane food product sugar maple sweetener food product sugar palm sweetener food product sunflower food product surfclam food product sweet pea food product sweet potato food product sweet roll or sweet bun food product sweet sauce or topping food product sweetener pork cured meat food product swine fat or oil refined food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001132 obsolete: swine meat food product true swine snack food swine sandwich swine sausage swordfish food product tableted food product tamarind food product taro food product tarragon food product thyme thyme food product tomato relish food product tomato based gravy or sauce food product A condiment which has tomato as a defining ingredient. tomato condiment tomato juice food product tomato soup food product A whole tomato or some substance made from a processed tomato. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2022-04-13T12:27:40Z tomato tomato (whole or pieces) A food product which has trout as a defining ingredient" 2025-07-31 trout food product tuna food product turbot food product turkey pie food product Curcuma turmeric food product turnip food product turtle egg food product uncured cheese food product uncured cow milk cheese food product A vanilla bean food product is derived from the fruit, a seed capsule, of a vanilla plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla Damion Dooley vanilla vanilla bean food product vegetable based gravy or sauce food product multi-component corn food product vegetable dessert food product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03301444 obsolete: vegetable juice true A vegetable food product containing one or more pickled vegetables. vegetable pickle food product A salad food product which contains one or more vegetable ingredients. vegetable salad food product vegetable soup food product vitamin and mineral food supplement food product vitamin as food supplement food product A food product derived from one or more walnuts. walnut food product water based soft drink food product A water food product is a food product derived from H20 (water) in its liquid form. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water water SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430123 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 water food product SUBSET_SIREN:F10764 SIREN DB annotation: * liquid, high viscosity, with no visible particles FOODON:03430139 * sugar FOODON:03420108 * food aeration process FOODON:03460178 * preservation by freezing FOODON:03470136 * ingredient: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460147 water ice desert food product water chestnut food product watermelon food product wax bean food product whale food product whale meat food product wheat based bakery food product wheat based cake food product wheat based gravy or sauce food product wheat based pastry food product A bread food product which has wheat as a defining ingredient. 2025-07-31 wheat bread food product wheat cereal food product wheat cracker food product Pasta made primarily with wheat flour. https://www.livestrong.com/article/464450-durum-wheat-vs-whole-wheat/ Damion Dooley 2019-04-06T00:00:00 A pasta product made from durum or other varieties of wheat wheat pasta wheat refined food product wheat based snack food product noodle based soup whey based formula food product cow whey food product white asparagus vegetable food product white pepper food product A fish food product made from whitefish (genus Coregonus) whitefish (genus Coregonus) food product whiting food product wine or wine-like food product wine, 7-24% alcohol, food product wolffish food product wood apple food product yam food product A food product which has yeast as a defining ingredient. yeast food product yellow perch food product A tuna food product which has yellowfin tuna as its defining ingredient. yellowfin tuna food product youngberry food product A meal type is the name of an eating occasion that may have location, food type, or other customary contextual features. (Damion's 1st draft definition) Damion Dooley food by meal type flavoring syrup food flavoring material food seasoning material plant product based flavoring plant product based seasoning flavoring agent by taste flavoring agent by composition Food material which is distinguished primarily by the organism(s) it derives from. obsolete: food material by organism true A yokan which has less water added to it during preparation, relative to standard yokan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 neri yōkan A yokan which has less water added to it during preparation, relative to standard yokan. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan A yokan which has more water added to it during preparation, relative to standard yokan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 mizu yōkan A yokan which has more water added to it during preparation, relative to standard yokan. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan baking supply material baking soda A food product traditionally consumed during breakfast. Damion Dooley breakfast food A paste which is made from beans, grains, or other vegetables which are boiled, mashed, and diluted into a slurry which strained and then filtered, squeezed dry, and then usually sweetened. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_bean_paste https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/餡 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 sweet bean paste an An an which is made from beans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_bean_paste https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 sweet bean paste A sweet bean paste which is made from Vigna angularis beans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_bean_paste https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 aduki bean paste red mung bean paste azuki bean paste A paste made of white kidney beans (from plants of the Phaseolus vulgaris species) and which has a milky and translucent appearance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 white bean paste Shiro an is sometimes used to make yokan, especially mizu yokan, however it is not, strictly speaking, yokan. Sugar is often added when this is used as a dessert ingredient or a dessert. shiro an Apple must is a material for making cider. It is made by pressing the fruit with skins, seeds and stems of the fruit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 apple must Huangjiu is a type of Chinese alcoholic beverage made from water, cereal grains such as rice, sorghum, millet, or wheat, and a jiuqu starter culture. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 chinese wine yellow wine Huangjiu Unrefined chinese wine is a mixture of solid and liquid before being purified to Huangjiu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 chinese wine mash unrefined chinese wine This is the name for the fermenting mass made by mashing shubo (or just yeast in the case of kobo-jikomi), steamed rice, koji and water together. Immediately after mashing, moromi is like a solid mass of swollen rice grains, but it begins to soften as saccharification proceeds. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 sake mash sake moromi moromi of sake This is the name for the fermenting mass made by mashing shubo (or just yeast in the case of kobo-jikomi), steamed rice, koji and water together. Immediately after mashing, moromi is like a solid mass of swollen rice grains, but it begins to soften as saccharification proceeds. http://www.nada-ken.com/main/en/index_m/202.html Moromi is a soft solid material fermented with raw material contained in a liquid brewed to make soy sauce, sake, etc. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 moromi Moromi is a soft solid material fermented with raw material contained in a liquid brewed to make soy sauce, sake, etc. http://www.nada-ken.com/main/en/index_m/202.html Synthetic vanilla is a compound made of vanillin or ethyl vanillin Damion Dooley vanilla artificial vanilla synthetic vanillin vanillin synthetic vanilla extract Tuna backmeat, which is specifically scraped off the bones, and looks like a ground product. Damion Dooley nakaochi Maguro Nakaochi Nakaochi Scrape tuna scrape The liquid remaining when cream is churned into butter; may contain small butter globules. Not used for cultured buttermilk. langual:C0216 mammalian buttermilk Liquid milk component separated from milk and containing not less than 18% milkfat (21 CFR 131.3). langual:C0195 sweet cream mammalian milk cream (18%+) A product of the carob tree carob food product A product of the carob tree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratonia_siliqua cactus food product castor bean food product Any substance that can be consumed by an organism to satisfy nutritional or other health needs, or to provide a social or organoleptic food experience food foodstuff nourishment sustenance This class is the top of FOODON's main food product hierarchy which is described in the https://www.foodon.org website, and can be searched in lookup services like https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ food material Roasting is a baking process when the food being baked is meats https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 meat roasting A material entity having a thickness of 0.3 to less than 1.5 cm Damion Dooley This is a component of a LanguaL physical state, shape or form term. thickness of 0.3 cm to less than 1.5 cm A material entity having a thickness of less than 0.3 cm Damion Dooley This is a component of a LanguaL physical state, shape or form term. thickness of 0.3 cm or less A material entity having a thickness of 1.5 to less than 7.0 cm Damion Dooley This is a component of a LanguaL physical state, shape or form term. thickness of 1.5 cm to less than 7.0 cm A material entity having a thickness of at least 7.0 cm Damion Dooley This is a component of a LanguaL physical state, shape or form term. thickness of 7 cm or more Modification through physical treatment to affect the shape quality of a food product. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food physical forming A material entity having a thickness of at least 1.5 cm Damion Dooley This is a component of a LanguaL physical state, shape or form term. thickness of 1.5 cm or more A baked apple pie that has been subsequently frozen. Damion Dooley apple pie (baked, frozen) pie (baked, frozen) Bean flour is fine-grained bean material resulting from a milling process applied to dry beans. Damion Dooley 2019-06-29T14:48:10Z bean flour Extraction of substance(s) from a food source using a solvent such as alcohol, hexane, or ethanol. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food solvent extraction The process of milling grain into flour, usually performed by a grist mill, corn mill or flour mill. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food milling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food canning Damion Dooley Note that this class doesn't commit to whether or not apple has been peeled. apple (raw, sliced) Food material which has been canned. Damion Dooley food (canned) A food evaporation process is the process of removing water from a food. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food evaporation process Cambozola is a cow's milk cheese that is a combination in style of a French soft-ripened triple cream cheese and Italian Gorgonzola. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 camembert-blue cheese cambozola cheese Cambozola is a cow's milk cheese that is a combination in style of a French soft-ripened triple cream cheese and Italian Gorgonzola. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambozola A hard cheese from the Italian regions of Basilicata, Apulia, Sicily, and Abruzzo, made from a mixture of sheep milk and goat milk. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 canestrato canastrato cheese agave food product Roquefort is a sheep milk blue cheese from the south of France. 2023-07-05T06:27:21Z roquefort SIREN DB annotation: * solid FOODON:03430151 * curd FOODON:03420245 * curing or aging process FOODON:03460253 * interior mold curing process FOODON:03460331 roquefort cheese Stracchino is a type of Italian cow’s-milk cheese, typical of Lombardy, Piedmont, Veneto, and Liguria. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-4260 crescenza cheese stracchino cheese Stracchino is a type of Italian cow’s-milk cheese, typical of Lombardy, Piedmont, Veneto, and Liguria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stracchino obsolete: arugula greens (raw) true Mizuna (ミズナ（水菜）, "water greens"), is a cultivated crop plant from the species Brassica juncea var. japonica a dark green, serrated leafed plant Damion Dooley mizuna Japanese mustard greens kyona qian jing shui cai spider mustard mizuna greens bunch (raw) multi-component bean product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00001635 Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is food that is commercially prepared (often through processing) to optimise ease of consumption. Damion Dooley "Such food is usually ready to eat without further preparation. It may also be easily portable, have a long shelf life, or offer a combination of such convenient traits. Although restaurant meals meet this definition, the term is seldom applied to them. Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products, frozen foods such as TV dinners, shelf-stable foods, prepared mixes such as cake mix, and snack foods". [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_food] convenience food Damion Dooley http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002429 obsolete: convenience food true An adzuki bean food product is a product derived from adzuki beans. Damion Dooley 2019-07-01T17:26:07Z adzuki bean food product A product derived from any variety of mint plant. Damion Dooley mint American Corn Mint, Brook Mint, Canadian Mint, Chinese Mint, Corn Mint, Cornmint Oil, Field Mint Oil, Huile de Menthe, Huile de Menthe des Champs, Japanese Oil of Peppermint, Menta Japonesa, Mentha Arvensis Aetheroleum, Mentha arvensis var. piperascens, Mentha canadensis, Menthe du Canada, Menthe des Champs, Menthe Japonaise, Mint Oil, Minzol, Poleo, Pudina, Putiha. [source: https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-616-japanese%20mint.aspx?activeingredientid=616&activeingredientname=japanese%20mint] mint food product citron melon food product A food product which has fungi fruitbody as a defining ingredient. mushroom food product A food product that has a defining ingredient some dandelion plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-01-15T15:10:50Z dandelion food product The term white vegetables refers to vegetables that are white or near white in color and includes potatoes, cauliflowers, turnips, onions, parsnips, white corn, kohlrabi, and mushrooms (technically fungi but generally considered a vegetable). Damion Dooley white vegetable (whole or pieces) The term white vegetables refers to vegetables that are white or near white in color and includes potatoes, cauliflowers, turnips, onions, parsnips, white corn, kohlrabi, and mushrooms (technically fungi but generally considered a vegetable). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3650503/ elderberry food product A food product that is derived from some elk. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z elk food product A leaf or head portion of an endive plant Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T13:30:10Z endive mullet fish food product rockfish food product flounder food product A food product that is derived from some frog. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z frog food product limpet food product needlefish food product A food product that is derived from some donkey. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z donkey food product A food product derived from yellow or red nutsedge plant (Cyperus esculentus or ) Damion Dooley nutsedge food product A zucchini food product is a food product deriving from either golden or green zucchini plant cultivars. Damion Dooley zucchini food product A food product that is derived from some zebra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z zebra food product multi-component honey product requires discussion A process involving the physical transformation of a food source or food product into some derived organic material or food product https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food transformation process Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods), mollusks (chitons, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopuses), annelids (earthworms and leeches), and cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals).[wikipedia] Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate invertebrate animal obsolete: apple (raw) true Food material which has been categorized by a characteristic such as granularity or temperature. Damion Dooley This term was renamed from "food product by quality" to align better with COB "characteristic" label, and as well to disambiguate from other use of "quality" as a food grading. This term is useful for tasks like food inspection where little prior knowledge of how the food came to be is available. Some terms like "food (frozen)"are both a quality descriptor and the output of a process. food material by characteristic Sliced bread is an example of sliced food. Food material which has been cut into uniformly thin pieces. Damion Dooley http://langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=E0137 sliced food food (sliced) Food material which is baked. baked baked food product food (baked) Fresh food is food that has not been subjected to food preservation processes (including freezing) that alter its harvested state significantly. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_food Wikipedia defines fresh food as:"food which has not been preserved and has not spoiled yet. For vegetables and fruits, this means that they have been recently harvested and treated properly postharvest; for meat, it has recently been slaughtered and butchered; for fish, it has been recently caught or harvested and kept cold." food (fresh) black currant food product red currant food product lime fruit food product * 'whole' FOODON:03430131 * fully heat-treated FOODON:03440014 * whole egg without shell FOODON:03420225 chicken egg (fried) A form of frying characterized by the use of minimal cooking oil or fat (compared to shallow frying or deep frying); typically using just enough oil to lubricate the pan. A pan fry takes place at lower heat than does a sauté. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 shallow frying Food material which has been pan-fried. pan-fried food (pan-fried) lobster meat (shell off) A scone is a single-serving quick bread/cake, usually made of wheat, or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent and baked on sheet pans. A scone is often lightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. Damion Dooley biscuit scone A scone is a single-serving quick bread/cake, usually made of wheat, or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent and baked on sheet pans. A scone is often lightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone In Commonwealth nations and Ireland, a biscuit is a small baked product that would be called either a "cookie" or a "cracker" in the United States and most of English-speaking Canada. Biscuits in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and Ireland are hard and may be savoury or sweet, such as chocolate biscuits, digestives, hobnobs, ginger nuts, rich tea, bourbons, and custard creams Damion Dooley biscuit cookie cracker biscuit (hard) food product https://www.collinsdictionary.com/word-lists/biscuit-biscuits lobster tail (shell on) obsolete: lobster true obsolete: lobster (whole or pieces) true A physical object quality which describes a characteristic of some food material. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-8249 food material characteristic prepared seafood product fruit (fresh) A pome fruit of an apple tree (Malus domestica). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 A whole apple may include a stem. apple https://www-atlasobscura-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.atlasobscura.com/articles/heritage-appalachian-apples.amp Raw sheep milk. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2025-02-01T09:59:11Z sheep milk (raw) apple pie pie Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world. In some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, as either "small game" or "large game" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_(hunting) Damion Dooley "Typically, it falls into two categories: ‘feathered’ or ‘furred’. Feathered game or game birds include grouse, pheasant, partridge, quail, snipe, wild duck, woodcock and wood pigeon. Furred game includes hare, rabbit, venison and ‘wild’ boar." [source: http://welshgamemeat.wales/en/what-is-game-meat/] game animal food product cherry (whole or pieces) An orange, whole or in pieces, for eating or other food processing. Damion Dooley orange (whole or pieces) apple (peeled, blanched) fruit (sliced) apple (sliced) The ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer) is a species of rat found throughout Southeast Asia. Although not a part of staple human diet in Cambodia, a growing market has developed there with most exports going to Vietnam Damion Dooley rice-field rat ricefield rat Harissa (Arabic: هريسة‎ harīsa, from Maghrebi Arabic) is a Maghrebi hot chili pepper paste, the main ingredients of which are roasted red peppers, Baklouti (بقلوطي) pepper, serrano peppers, and other hot chili peppers, spices and herbs such as garlic paste, coriander seed, saffron, rose, or caraway, as well as some vegetable or olive oil for preservation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harissa Damion Dooley harissa chili paste peach (whole or pieces) apricot (whole or pieces) An edible oval drupe fruit from the jujube plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube Damion Dooley Jujube jujube fruit jujube fruit (raw) pear (whole or pieces) Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives; together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae (initially termed Galloanseri). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl Anseriformes Galliformes gamefowl landfowl waterfowl Galloanserae fowl food product carrot root (whole or pieces) The poor man's tropheus (Hypsophrys nematopus, formerly Neetroplus nematopus) is a species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is a small-medium-sized cichlid growing to a length of 12 cm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_man%27s_tropheus Damion Dooley neet fish food product sarsaparilla food product sassafras food product narangilla food product A food product deriving from a kiwi plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit kiwifruit food product licorice plant food product The persimmon (sometimes spelled persimon) is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros. The most widely cultivated of these is the Asian or Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon Damion Dooley persimmon food product A food product made from a chard plant cultivar. Damion Dooley chard food product safflower plant food product Spice rub is any mixture of ground spices that is made for the purpose of being rubbed on raw food before the food is cooked. The spice rub forms a coating on the food. The food can be marinated in the spice rub for some time for the flavors to incorporate into the food or it can be cooked immediately after it is coated in the rub. The spice rub can be left on or partially removed before cooking. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_rub Damion Dooley 2019-01-23T22:18:16Z spice rub A food product consisting of food material derived from ingredients sourced from multiple organisms. Damion Dooley 2019-01-23T22:40:32Z multi-ingredient The definition of this is being discussed in issue: https://github.com/FoodOntology/foodon/issues/57 Namely, how to characterize the threshold of ingredients that make for multi-component classification? Salt, pepper, spices wouldn't normally make a food multi-component? multi-component food Ham is pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing, with or without smoking. As a processed meat, the term "ham" includes both whole cuts of meat and ones that have been mechanically formed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham Damion Dooley 2019-01-24T05:39:09Z ham ham food product A cocoa flavanol is a naturally occurring dietary flavonoid found in the cacao plant. https://www.marscocoascience.com/about-cocoa-flavanols Damion Dooley 2019-01-26T22:20:37Z cocoa flavanol Tualang honey is a multifloral jungle honey, produced by an Asian type of bee called Apis dorsata, in nests hanging from the high branches of tualang trees. https://healthywithhoney.com/tualang-honey-what-is-tualang-honey/ Damion Dooley 2019-01-26T22:31:50Z tualag honey Dairy cattle are a type of cattle bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. This class covers both male and female members of a dairy breed. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_cattle 2019-01-26T22:49:27Z dairy cattle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dairy_cattle_breeds Smetana is one of the names for a range of sour creams from Central and Eastern Europe. It is a dairy product produced by souring heavy cream. It is similar to crème fraîche (28% fat), but nowadays mainly sold with 9% to 36% milkfat content depending on the country. Its cooking properties are different from crème fraîche and the lighter sour creams sold in the US, which contain 12 to 16% butterfat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product) Damion Dooley 2019-01-26T23:44:53Z smetana cream smetana Taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus), also called European cattle, are a subspecies of domesticated cattle originating in the Near East. Both taurine cattle and indicine cattle (zebus) are descended from the aurochs. Taurine cattle were originally considered a distinct species, but are now typically grouped with zebus and aurochs into one species, Bos taurus. Most modern breeds of cattle are taurine cattle. Damion Dooley 2019-01-28T02:41:04Z taurine cattle Navel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the apex, which protrudes slightly and resembles a human navel. They are primarily grown for human consumption for various reasons: their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness – a result of the high concentrations of limonin and other limonoids – renders them less suitable for juice. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Navel_oranges 2019-01-28T04:42:04Z navel orange plant The Beurré Bosc or Bosc is a cultivar of the European Pear (Pyrus communis) from France or Belgium originally. Also known as the Kaiser , it is grown in Europe, Australia, British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and the northwestern U.S. states of California, Washington, and Oregon; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_pear Damion Dooley 2019-01-28T04:51:49Z Beurré Bosc Kaiser Bosc pear (raw) A burrito is a dish in Mexican and Tex-Mex cuisine that consists of a flour tortilla with various other ingredients. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrito Damion Dooley 2019-01-28T05:06:44Z burrito Damion Dooley 2019-01-28T05:15:37Z navel orange navel orange (raw) A fruit juice made primarily from blueberres. Damion Dooley 2019-02-05T23:05:21Z blueberry juice Blue corn mush is a dish prepared by thickening blue corn meal, water, and juniper ash on the stove. https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/blue-corn-mush-navajo Damion Dooley 2019-02-05T23:10:42Z blue corn mush (dish) Blue corn meal is a corn meal that is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. It is also a staple of New Mexican cuisine used commonly to make tortillas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_corn Damion Dooley 2019-02-05T23:21:04Z blue corn meal Carrot cake is a cake that contains carrots mixed into the batter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot_cake Damion Dooley 2019-02-05T23:44:00Z carrot cake Gravlax is a Nordic dish consisting of raw salmon, cured in salt, sugar, and dill. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravlax 2019-02-05T23:53:50Z Gravad lax gravad laks gravlaks gravlax A can of chickpeas with a packing liquid that is colonized with a pathogen. A compromised food packing medium is a gaseous, liquid, or solid medium that has been exposed to the environment due to a failure in integrity of the food packaging. The packaging failure may be intentional, e.g. opening a bag, or unintentional, e.g. a tear. Damion Dooley http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-8249 2019-02-13T21:04:31Z food packing medium compromised A heifer is a young female, under three years of age, of a cattle species before she has had a calf of her own. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Terminology 2019-02-21T03:04:04Z heifer Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T05:29:13Z deboned cooked chicken piece(s) of chicken meat (deboned, cooked) An O's cereal is a breakfast cereal having O-shaped bites, and which is produced by various manufacturers. https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/01/13/taste-off-the-best-os-cereal-is-it-cheerios/ Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T05:47:51Z Cheerios O's cereal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerios A beetle larva is a beetle undergoing the larva stage of development. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva 2019-02-21T06:11:06Z grub beetle larva Darkling beetle is the common name of the large family of beetles, Tenebrionidae. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkling_beetle 2019-02-21T06:23:23Z darkling beetle The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is a species of darkling beetle. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealworm 2019-02-21T06:25:43Z mealworm beetle A mealworm is a mealworm beetle in the larva stage of development. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealworm 2019-02-21T06:30:34Z mealworm Dynastinae or rhinoceros beetles are a subfamily of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae). Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastinae 2019-02-21T06:34:42Z rhino beetle rhinoceros beetle Hoisin sauce is a thick, fragrant sauce commonly used in Chinese cuisine as a glaze for meat, an addition to stir fries, or as dipping sauce. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoisin_sauce Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T06:42:41Z hoisin hoisin sauce Piadina or Piada is a thin Italian flatbread, typically prepared in the Romagna historical region (Forlì, Cesena, Ravenna and Rimini). Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T06:46:13Z Piada italian flatbread piadina flat bread Shish kebab is a popular meal of skewered and grilled cubes of meat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shish_kebab Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T06:55:00Z kebab shashlik şiş kebap شیش کباب shish kebab Masa is a corn dough or flour (masa harina) that has been soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution in the nixtamalization process. It is used for making corn tortillas, tamales, pupusas, and many other Latin American dishes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T07:05:46Z masa de harina masa harina masa de maíz maseca masa Mulligatawny is an English soup which originated from South Indian cuisine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligatawny Damion Dooley 2019-02-21T07:29:41Z mulligatawny soup mulligatawny A cattle steer is an adult castrated male of a cattle species. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Terminology 2019-02-22T23:48:25Z steer bull A steer is a younger animal that may not be trained, or may not be strong and mature enough for hard work. In the United States a steer is not considered an ox until it is four years old, by which time it is considered large enough and mature enough for any work required of it. cattle steer Naan is a leavened, oven-baked flatbread found in the cuisines mainly of West Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T01:51:08Z naan bread nan naan Nachos is a Mexican dish from northern Mexico that consists of heated tortilla chips or totopos covered with melted cheese (or a cheese-based sauce), often served as a snack or appetizer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachos Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:03:19Z nachos Ossobuco is a specialty of Lombard cuisine of cross-cut veal shanks braised with vegetables, white wine and broth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossobuco Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:07:06Z osso buco ossobuco in bianco òss bus ossobuco Pain au chocolat, literally chocolate bread; also known as chocolatine in the south-west part of France and in Canada, is a type of viennoiserie sweet roll consisting of a cuboid-shaped piece of yeast-leavened laminated dough, similar in texture to a puff pastry, with one or two pieces of dark chocolate in the centre. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_au_chocolat Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:17:50Z couque au chocolat pain au chocolat A potato waffle is a potato-based savoury dish in a waffle shape. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_waffle Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:25:41Z potato waffle Potato wedges are wedges of potatoes, often large and unpeeled, that are either baked or fried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_wedges Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:31:20Z potato wedges A quesadilla, or sometimes specifically a cheese quesadilla, is a Mexican dish, consisting of a tortilla that is filled primarily with cheese, and sometimes meats, beans, vegetables, and spices, and then cooked on a griddle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesadilla Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:35:45Z cheese quesadilla quesadilla Muscovado is a type of partially refined to unrefined sugar with a strong molasses content and flavour. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:44:09Z khand khandsari muscovado Añejo cheese is a firm, aged Mexican chees traditionally made from skimmed goat's milk, but most often available made from skimmed cow's milk. Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:48:59Z queso añejo añejo cheese In Mexico, queso Chihuahua is commonly recognized as a soft white cheese available in braids, balls or rounds and originates in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. In Chihuahua, it is called queso menonita, after the Mennonite communities of northern Mexico that first produced it. Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T02:53:41Z chihuahua cheese queso menonita quesa chihuahua Cotija is a cow's milk hard cheese that originated in Mexico. It is named after the town of Cotija, Michoacán. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotija_cheese Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T03:00:21Z queso cincho El Queso Cotija de Montaña Tajo cheese cotija cheese Oaxaca cheese, more commonly referred to as Quesillo is a white, semihard cheese from Mexico, similar to unaged Monterey jack, but with a mozzarella-like string cheese texture. Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T03:05:26Z Quesillo queso Oaxaca oaxaca cheese A samosa is a fried or baked dish with a savoury filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, or lentils. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosa Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T03:12:18Z samboksa sambusa sambuus samoosa samosa Serrano ham, or "Jamón serrano" in spanish, literally "ham from the sierra, or mountain range") is a type of dry-cured Spanish jamón (ham) which includes most varieties other than those made with black Iberian pigs (jamón ibérico). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_serrano Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T05:54:48Z Jamón serrano serrano ham Iberian ham, is a type of cured ham produced in Spain and Portugal. According to Spain's denominación de origen rules on food products, jamón ibérico may be made from black Iberian pigs, or cross-bred pigs so long as they are at least 50% ibérico. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T06:03:34Z Jamón ibérico presunto ibérico Iberian ham Shell, shelled, or shelling beans are beans removed from their pods before being cooked or dried. Common beans can be used as shell beans, but the term also refers to other species of beans whose pods are not typically eaten, such as lima beans, soybeans, peas, and fava beans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T06:12:16Z shelled bean shellie bean shellies shelly bean shell bean Tikka Masala (as sold in bottles in the UK) is a roasted and ground combination of common Indian spices, along with fried ginger paste, mixed into a gravy of cream and tomato puree. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Tikka-Masala-and-Garam-Masala Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T06:23:40Z tikka masala sauce Chicken tikka masala is a dish of chunks of roasted marinated chicken (chicken tikka) in a spiced curry sauce. The sauce is usually creamy and orange-coloured. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T06:40:41Z Chicken masala chicken tikki masala Tostada is the name of various Mexican and Latin American dishes which features a flat or bowl-shaped (like a bread bowl) tortilla that is deep fried or toasted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostada_(tortilla) Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T06:46:30Z tostada tostada (tortilla) Triple sec, originally Curaçao triple sec, is a type of strong, sweet and colorless orange-flavored liqueur. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_sec Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T07:05:43Z triple sec Triticale is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany. Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T07:14:42Z triticale food product Triticale flour is flour made from triticale grain. Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T07:18:00Z triticale flour Tzimbalo pear fruit is a berry from the cultivated Solanum caripense evergreen shrub, a species native to South America. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_caripense Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T08:01:52Z tzimbalo melon pear Wagyu is any of the four Japanese breeds of beef cattle: Japanese Black (Kuroge Washu), Japanese Polled (Mukaku Washu), Japanese Brown (Akage Washu or Akaushi) and Japanese Shorthorn (Nihon Tankaku Washu). In several areas of Japan, wagyu beef is shipped carrying area names. Some examples are Matsusaka beef, Kobe beef, Yonezawa beef, Mishima beef, Ōmi beef, and Sanda beef. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagyu 2019-03-20T08:06:23Z Akage Washu Akaushi Japanese Black Japanese Brown Japanese Polled Japanese Shorthorn Kuroge Washu Mukaku Washu Nihon Tankaku Washu 日本短角和種 無角和種 赤毛和種 黒毛和種 wagyu cattle Wagyu steak is steak cut from any of the four wagyu cattle varieties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagyu Damion Dooley 2019-03-20T08:16:42Z wagyu steak Black pudding is a type of blood sausage originating in Great Britain and Ireland. It is made from pork blood, with pork fat or beef suet, and a cereal, usually oatmeal, oat groats or barley groats. The high proportion of cereal, along with the use of certain herbs such as pennyroyal, serves to distinguish black pudding from blood sausages eaten in other parts of the world. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pudding 2019-04-09T14:05:09Z black pudding A wonton (also spelled wantan, or wuntun in transliteration from Cantonese; Mandarin: húntun) is a type of Chinese dumpling commonly found across regional styles of Chinese cuisine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton Damion Dooley 2019-04-09T18:30:54Z wantan wuntun wonton (filled) The Red Delicious is a clone of apple cultigen, now comprising more than 50 cultivars, first recognized in Madison County, Iowa, in 1880 Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious 2019-04-13T16:47:39Z Red Delicious apple tree A pome fruit of a Red Deliciousapple tree cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T17:08:41 Red Delicious apple A blini is a Russian and Ukrainian pancake traditionally made from wheat or (more rarely) buckwheat flour and served with smetana, tvorog, butter, caviar and other garnishes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blini Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T17:26:00Z blin blinchiki blintzes bliny mlynchiki блинчики блины млинці млинчики blini A chocolate brownie (commonly referred to as simply brownie) is a square, baked, chocolate dessert. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_brownie Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T17:38:55Z brownie chocolate brownie A chipotle is a smoke-dried ripe jalapeño chili pepper used for seasoning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipotle Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T17:42:29Z chilpotle chipotle Chowder is a type of soup or stew often prepared with milk or cream and thickened with broken crackers, crushed ship biscuit, or a roux. Variations of chowder can be seafood or vegetable. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowder Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T17:50:05Z chowder Elderflower is the flower (blossom) of an elderberry plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T18:06:38Z elderflower Focaccia is a flat oven-baked Italian bread product similar in style and texture to pizza dough. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focaccia Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T18:12:18Z focaccia A whole leg that is obtained from a frog. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-04-13T18:15:54Z frog legs Frog legs are one of the better-known delicacies of French and Chinese cuisine. The legs of edible frogs are also consumed in other parts of the world, including Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Northern Italy, the Alentejo region of Portugal, Spain, Albania, Slovenia, Romania, the northwest Greece and the Southern regions of the United States. frog leg Grapeseed refers to the seeds of grapes, from which oil can be extracted https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oil Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T18:24:14Z grapeseed grape seed Hibiscus tea is a herbal tea made as an infusion from crimson or deep magenta-colored calyces (sepals) of the roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) flower. It is consumed both hot and cold. It has a tart, cranberry-like flavor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_tea Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T18:48:48Z hibiscus tea hibiscus tea (dry) A cut of meat from a pig, that comes from the tissue along the dorsal side of the rib cage. https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/IMPS400SeriesDraft2020.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_loin Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2019-04-13T18:58:46Z pork loin Squash blossoms are the edible flowers of Cucurbita species, particularly Cucurbita pepo, the species that produces zucchini (courgette), marrow, spaghetti squash, and many other types of squash. Damion Dooley 2019-04-13T19:02:37Z Squash blossom courgette flower pumpkin blossom pumpkin flower squash flower Damion Dooley 2019-04-14T20:47:25Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/British_Beef_Cuts.svg/511px-British_Beef_Cuts.svg.png cut of beef, british Damion Dooley 2019-04-14T20:48:34Z rump beef rump cut (british) A cut of beef that is a primal, sub-primal or retail cut. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_of_beef#British_cuts https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2019-04-14T20:55:42Z butchery cut of beef An Italian short-grain rice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborio_rice Damion Dooley 2019-04-14T21:13:07Z It is named after the town of Arborio, in the Po Valley, which is situated in the main growing region of Doron. Arborio is also grown in Arkansas, California, and Missouri in the United States. When cooked, the rounded grains are firm, and creamy and chewy compared to other rices, due to their higher amylopectin starch content. Arborio rice A bean sprout is a germinated bean to be eaten raw or cooked. Damion Dooley 2019-04-14T21:17:47Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Organic_mixed_beans_shoots.jpg bean sprout A grape wine distinguished by the region its grapes were grown in. Damion Dooley 2019-04-23T17:14:19Z wine by region White grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#Description Damion Dooley 2019-04-23T17:58:47Z white grape (raw) Fryer-roaster turkey: an immature turkey younger than 12 weeks old (previously younger than 16 weeks) of either sex, that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth-textured skin, and flexible breastbone cartilage. Damion Dooley https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2011/11/17/poultry-classifications-get-21st-century-upgrade 2019-05-07T21:42:01Z fryer-roaster turkey Kava or kava kava or Piper methysticum (Latin "pepper" and Latinized Greek "intoxicating") is a crop of the Pacific Islands. Kava is consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia, including Hawaii and Vanuatu, and Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia for its sedating effects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava Damion Dooley 2019-05-15T01:13:39Z kava food product An aquatic invertebrate may live entirely beneath the water, or may live upon its surface or on the plants surrounding it. Some breathe air, others breathe water. To move, they may walk, swim, float, skate, fly or glide on their bellies—or they may not move much at all. Because snails are members of gastropod, a subclass of molluscs, ... leading to aquatic invertebrates, we can't make aquatic invertebrates disjoint with terrestrial invertebrates. Damion Dooley https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/aquatic-invertebrate-facts 2019-04-29T19:23:38Z aquatic invertebrate The giant water bug is well known as an edible species in a number of different Southeast Asian cuisines. The taste of the flight muscles is often compared to sweet scallops or shrimp. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, as well as southeast China, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands and New Guinea. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethocerus_indicus https://www.eatingthaifood.com/how-to-eat-a-giant-water-bug-maeng-da-thailand/ 2019-04-29T20:28:32Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lethocerus_indicus.jpg/180px-Lethocerus_indicus.jpg Lethocerus indicus cà cuống maeng da maeng da na malaeng da malaeng da na แมงดา แมงดานา แมลงดา แมลงดานา giant water bug https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lethocerus_indicus.jpg/180px-Lethocerus_indicus.jpg The Chardonnay grape cultivar is the result of a cross between the Pinot noir and Gouais blanc (Heunisch) grape varieties. It produces a green-skinned grape variety used in the production of white wine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay Chardonnay grape cultivar Chardonnay wine is wine produced using only Chardonnay grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay Emma Griffiths Chardonnay wine A Cabernet Sauvignon wine is any wine produced using only Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. It often appears with Merlot and Cabernet Franc in blended Bordeaux wines. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Cabernet Sauvignon wine A Chenin blanc wine is any wine produced using only Chenin blanc grapes. Lauren Tindale Chenin blanc wine Chenin blanc grapes are a White wine grape variety from the Loire Valley of France. Its high acidity means it can be used to make everything from sparkling wines to well-balanced dessert wines, although it can produce very bland, neutral wines if the vine's natural vigor is not controlled. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenin_blanc Lauren Tindale Pineau de la Loire Chenin blanc grape cultivar A Malbec wine is any wine produced using only Malbec grapes. Lauren Tindale Malbec wine Malbec grapes are a purple grape variety used in making red wine. The grapes tend to have an inky dark color and robust tannins, and are known as one of the six grapes allowed in the blend of red Bordeaux wine. The French plantations of Malbec are now found primarily in Cahors in South West France. It is increasingly celebrated as an Argentine varietal wine and is being grown around the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec Lauren Tindale Malbec grape cultivar A Merlot wine is any wine produced using only Merlot grapes. Lauren Tindale Merlot wine Merlot is a dark blue-colored wine grape variety, that is used as both a blending grape and for varietal wines. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot Lauren Tindale Merlot grape cultivar A pinot blanc wine is any wine produced using only Pinco blanc grapes. Lauren Tindale Pinot blanc wine Pinot blanc is a white wine grape. It is a point genetic mutation of Pinot noir. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_blanc Lauren Tindale Pinot blanc grape cultivar Pinot gris is a white wine varietal produced only from Pinot gris grapes. The Italian synonym, Pinot Grigio, has become strongly associated with lighter wines produced in great quantities, particularly in northern Italy. https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-381-pinot-grigio Ginny Pichler Grauburgunder Pinot Grigio Pinot gris wine Pinot gris is a white wine grape variety (mutation) of the Pinot family which shares its genetic fingerprint with Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc et al. . Pinot gris is grown around the globe with the "spicy" full-bodied Alsatian and lighter-bodied, more acidic Italian styles being most widely recognized. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_gris Ginny Pichler Grauburgunder Pinot Grigio grape Pinot gris grape cultivar Pinot noir wine is a red wine varietal made only from Pinot noir grapes. The thin skins and low levels of phenolic compounds lends pinot to producing mostly lightly colored, medium-bodied and low-tannin wines that can often go through phases of uneven and unpredictable aging. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir Shannon Russell Blauburgunder Pinot Nero Rulandské modré Spätburgunder Pinot noir wine Pinot noir grape is a red wine grape variety. The name is derived from the French words for pine and black. The word pine alludes to the grape variety having tightly clustered, pine cone-shaped bunches of fruit. Pinot noir grapes are grown around the world, mostly in the cooler climates, and the grape is chiefly associated with the Burgundy region of France. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir Shannon Russell Pinot noir grape cultivar Pinotage wine is a red wine varietal produced only from Pinotage grapes. This type of wine can range from a fairly cheap, light-bodied red wine with some funky aromas (including extremes such as acetone, paint, rubber, and at times banana) all the way to full-bodied red wines with balance, elegance, fully developed black fruit flavors, and an enduring, sweet, smokey finish. https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-pinotage-wine-3511226 Ginny Pichler Pinotage wine Pinotage is a red wine grape that is South Africa's signature variety. It was bred there in 1925 as a crossbetween Pinot noir and Cinsaut. The grape is a viticultural intraspecific cross of two varieties of Vitis vinifera, not an interspecific hybrid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinotage Ginny Pichler Pinotage grape cultivar Reserve wine is wine of a higher quality than usual, or a wine that has been aged before being sold, or both. Traditionally, winemakers would reserve some of their best wine rather than sell it immediately, coining the term. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_wine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Reserve wine Riesling wine is a white wine varietal produced only from Riesling grapes, and offered as dry, semi-sweet, sweet, and sparkling white wines. Riesling wines are usually varietally pure and are seldom oaked. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling Ginny Pichler Riesling wine Riesling grape is an aromatic white grape variety displaying flowery, almost perfumed, aromas as well as high acidity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling Ginny Pichler Riesling grape cultivar Sangiovese wine is a red wine varietal produced only from Sangiovese grapes. It is prized for its high acid, firm tannins and balanced nature. Savory flavors of dark cherries and black stonefruit are characteristic, and may be backed by secondary notes of tomato leaf and dried herbs. https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-432-sangiovese Ginny Pichler Sangiovese wine Sangiovese is a red Italian wine grape variety that derives its name from the Latin sanguis Jovis, "the blood of Jupiter". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese Ginny Pichler Sangiovese grape cultivar Sauvignon blanc wine is a white wine varietal produced only from Sauvignon blanc grapes. Its primary fruit flavors are lime, green apple, passion fruit and white peach. Depending on how ripe the grapes are when the wine is made, the flavor will range from zesty lime to flowery peach. https://winefolly.com/review/sauvignon-blanc-wine-taste-food-pairing/ Shannon Russell Blanc fume Fume blanc Muskat-Silvaner Sauvignon jaune Sauvignon blanc wine Sauvignon blanc is a green-skinned grape variety that originates from the Bordeaux region of France. The grape most likely gets its name from the French words sauvage ("wild") and blanc ("white") due to its early origins as an indigenous grape in South West France. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc Shannon Russell Sauvignon blanc grape cultivar Semillon wine is a white wine varietal produced only from Semillon grapes. The primary fruit flavors in Semillon wine are lemon, apple, pear and green papaya. Semillon is France’s 3rd most planted white wine variety behind Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay. https://winefolly.com/review/have-you-heard-of-semillon-the-3rd-most-important-french-white-wine/ Ginny Pichler Sémillon wine Semillon wine Semillon is a golden-skinned grape used to make dry and sweet white wines, mostly in France and Australia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9millon Ginny Pichler Sémillon grape Semillon grape cultivar Glera wine is a white wine varietal produced only from Glera grapes. Ginny Pichler Prosecco wine Glera wine Glera is a white variety of grape of Slovenian origin, which was brought to the village of Prosecco from Slovenia's Karst region. Glera was, until 2009, mostly referred to as Prosecco. It is mainly cultivated for use in sparkling Italian wine styles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glera_(grape) Ginny Pichler Prosecco grape Glera grape cultivar Prosecco is an Italian white wine varietal produced primarily from Glera grapes, but other grape varieties may be included. Prosecco controlled designation of origin can be spumante ("sparkling wine"), frizzante ("semi-sparkling wine"), or tranquillo ("still wine"). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecco Ginny Pichler frizzante spumante tranquillo Prosecco wine Syrah wine is a white wine produced entirely from Syrah grapes. The wines are often powerfully flavoured and full-bodied. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah#Shiraz_wines Ginny Pichler Syrah wine Syrah is a dark-skinned grape variety grown throughout the world and used primarily to produce red wine. In 1999, Syrah was found to be the offspring of two obscure grapes from southeastern France, Dureza and Mondeuse Blanche. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah Ginny Pichler Shiraz Syrah grape cultivar Tempranillo wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Tempranillo grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempranillo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Tempranillo wine Tempranillo is a black grape variety widely grown to make full-bodied red wines in its native Spain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempranillo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Aragonez Cencibel Tinta Roriz Tinta del Pais Ull de Llebre Tempranillo grape cultivar A whole avian animal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2024-02-12T14:11:19Z Aves avian bird An avian animal which is dead or alive and has a relatively intact body. avian animal Zinfandel wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Zinfandel grapes. A classic wine is high in both alcohol and tannins, intensely flavored and deeply colored. https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-391-primitivo Ginny Pichler Zinfandel wine Zinfandel is a variety of black-skinned wine grape. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel Ginny Pichler Primitivo Zinfandel grape cultivar Frappato wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Frappato grapes. As a varietal, Frappato produces light bodied wines with a distinct grapey aroma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frappato https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Frappato Nero Frappato Nero di Vittoria Frappatu Frappatu di Vittoria Nerello Nerello di Catania Nero Capitano. Frappato wine Frappato di Vittoria or Frappato is a red Italian wine grape variety planted primarily in Sicily. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frappato https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Frappato di Vittoria Frappato grape cultivar Gamay noir wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Gamay grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Gamay noir wine Gamay is a purple-colored grape variety used to make red wines, most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc Gamay grape cultivar Gewürztraminerwine is a white wine varietal produced entirely from Gewürztraminer grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Gewürztraminer wine Gewürztraminer is an aromatic wine grape variety, used in white wines, and performs best in cooler climates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Gewurztraminer Gewürz Gewürztraminer grape cultivar Carignane wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Carignane grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Carignane wine Carignan (also known as Carignane) is a red grape variety of Spanish origin that is more commonly found in French wine but is widely planted throughout the western Mediterranean and around the globe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Bovale Grande Carignano Carinyena Cariñena Mazuelo Samsó Carignane grape cultivar Grenache wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Grenache grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Grenache wine Grenache is one of the most widely planted red wine grape varieties in the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Garnacha Grenache grape cultivar Barbera wine is a red wine varietal produced entirely from Barbera grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbera https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Barbera wine Barbera is a red Italian wine grape variety that, as of 2000, was the third most-planted red grape variety in Italy (after Sangiovese and Montepulciano). It produces good yields and is known for deep color, full body, low tannins and high levels of acid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbera https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Barbera grape cultivar Tagliatelle is a traditional type of egg pasta from the Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions of Italy. Individual pieces of tagliatelle are long, flat ribbons that are similar in shape to fettuccine and are typically about 6.5 to 10 mm (0.26 to 0.39 in) wide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagliatelle Ginny Pichler tagliatelle Tortellini are ring-shaped pasta, sometimes also described as "navel shaped", hence their alternative name of "belly button" (ombelico). They are typically stuffed with a mix of meat (pork loin, raw prosciutto, Mortadella), and Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortellini Ginny Pichler tortellini Tortelloni are stuffed pasta, the same shape as tortellini, but larger. They are usually stuffed with ricotta cheese and leaf vegetables, such as spinach. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortelloni Shannon Russell tortelloni Tortiglioni are a type of pasta, similar to rigatoni but larger and with deeper grooves which spiral around the pasta. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortiglioni Lauren Tindale tortiglioni Fusilli are a variety of pasta that are formed into corkscrew or helical shapes. The word fusilli presumably comes from fuso ("spindle"), as traditionally it is "spun" by pressing and rolling a small rod over the thin strips of pasta to wind them around it in a corkscrew shape. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusilli Shannon Russell rotini fusilli Conchiglie, commonly known as "shells" or "seashells" is a type of pasta. It is usually sold in the plain durum wheat variety. The shell shape of the pasta allows the sauce to adhere to it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchiglie Emma Griffiths conchiglie Linguine is a type of pasta similar to fettuccine and trenette but elliptical in section rather than flat. It is about 4 millimetres in width, which is wider than spaghetti but not as wide as fettuccine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguine Lauren Tindale trenette linguine Penne is an extruded type of pasta with cylinder-shaped pieces, their ends cut at a bias. It is lexically related to Latin penna (meaning "feather" or "quill"), and was originally intended to imitate the then-ubiquitous fountain pen's steel nibs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penne Emma Griffiths penne Zakynthos Wine is wine produced on the Greek island of Zakynthos (Zante) in the Ionian Sea. A wide array of native Ionian grape varieties have been planted on the island for centuries, and are most famously used to make the intensely flavored, highly acidic Verdea wine. https://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-zakynthos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 zante wine Zakynthos wine The Cabernet Sauvignon grape cultivar originates from a cross between Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon blanc varieties. It produces Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, a red wine grape variety. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon Emma Griffiths Cabernet Sauvignon grape cultivar Any wine produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 claret Bordeaux wine Food material which is chilled. Damion Dooley 2019-05-23T19:47:09Z chilled food (chilled) requires discussion Food material which has been dehydrated. Damion Dooley https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/food-dehydration 2019-05-23T19:53:09Z food (dessicated) food (dehydrated) Food material which contains an outer layer and inner core of different food materials, and which is the output of a food filling process. Damion Dooley 2019-05-23T22:48:30Z filled stuffed food (filled) Food material organized by the process which it results from. Damion Dooley 2019-05-23T23:02:07Z food material by process Food material which has its flavour or taste enhanced by some process which may include the addition of flavourings. Damion Dooley 2019-05-24T00:58:37Z flavoured food (flavored) Food material which has been broiled or grilled. Damion Dooley 2019-05-24T22:12:44Z broiled grilled food (broiled or grilled) A method of precooking food where a liquid is heated to just below the boiling point. Often used to retard the spoiling of milk. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 scalding food scalding Food material which has been milled. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T00:14:22Z milled food (milled) Food material which has been colored. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T01:38:42Z colored coloured food (colored) A food product traditionally consumed during supper. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T05:03:08Z supper supper food A food product traditionally consumed during lunch. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T05:16:58Z dinner food lunch food Food material which has been hydrolized. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T06:36:39Z hydrolized food (hydrolized) Food material which has been pasteurized. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T06:38:12Z pasteurized food (pasteurized) Food material which has been peeled. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T06:43:20Z peeled food (peeled) Food material which has been puffed. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T07:03:36Z puffed food (puffed) Food material which is steamed. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T07:04:49Z steamed food (steamed) Food material which is made from various nutritional components to resemble conventional protein-source foods in texture such as meat, seafood, or poultry. Damion Dooley https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/textured+food 2019-05-25T07:06:43Z textured food (textured) Food material which has been toasted. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T07:28:10Z toasted food (toasted) Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T07:31:19Z Food material which has been fried. fried food (fried) Food material which is breaded. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T07:35:38Z breaded food (breaded) Food material which is batter-coated. Damion Dooley 2019-05-25T07:41:36Z batter-coated battered food (batter-coated) A food product that is derived from some pig. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-14T04:23:35Z pig food product A lipid food product is a food product made primarily of plant or animal fat or oil Damion Dooley 2019-06-11T09:18:41Z fats and oils oils and fats lipid food product Quick bread is any bread leavened with leavening agents other than yeast or eggs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_bread Damion Dooley 2019-06-14T15:10:59Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Banana_bread_078.jpg/319px-Banana_bread_078.jpg quick bread Almond bark (also known as vanilla flavored candy coating) is a chocolate-like confection made with vegetable fats instead of cocoa butter and with coloring and flavors added https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_bark Damion Dooley 2019-06-26T21:23:36Z almond bark Allspice is the dried unripe fruit (berries, used as a spice) of Pimenta dioica, a midcanopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allspice Damion Dooley 2019-06-19T20:51:20Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Pimenta_dioica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-239.jpg Jamaica pepper Jamaica pimento myrtle pepper pimenta pimento allspice Damion Dooley 2019-06-26T21:34:09Z alligator meat An anchovy fillet is a fish fillet taken from an anchovy fish. Damion Dooley 2019-06-26T21:41:22Z anchovy fillet A sprout from an alfalfa seed. Damion Dooley 2019-06-26T21:44:53Z alfalfa sprout Damion Dooley 2019-06-26T22:21:52Z animal meat food product A chicken nugget is a chicken product made from chicken meat that is breaded or battered, then deep-fried or baked. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_nugget Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T06:10:26Z chicken nugget A piece of chicken skin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T06:16:00Z piece of chicken skin A whole wing that is obtained from a chicken. Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T06:20:14Z chicken wing Buffalo wings, invented in Buffalo, New York, are chicken wings that are generally deep-fried then coated or dipped in a sauce. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_as_food Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T06:25:39Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/640px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg Buffalo wing (dish) The liver of a cod fish Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T06:31:53Z cod liver food product The claw of a crab Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T06:40:07Z chela pincer propadus crab claw A fishcake (sometimes written as fish cake) is a food item similar to a croquette, consisting of filleted fish or other seafood with potato patty, sometimes coated in breadcrumbs or batter, and fried. Fishcakes as defined in the Oxford Dictionary of Food and Nutrition are chopped or minced fish mixed with potato, egg and flour with seasonings of onions, peppers and sometimes herbs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishcake Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T07:03:19Z fish cake A fish fillet, from the French word filet meaning a thread or strip, is the flesh of a fish which has been cut or sliced away from the bone by cutting lengthwise along one side of the fish parallel to the backbone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fillet Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T07:06:43Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pangasius_meat.jpg/320px-Pangasius_meat.jpg fish fillet Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T07:13:31Z mahi mahi fillet Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T07:28:57Z milk fat Pet food is plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_food Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T08:43:38Z pet food A mixture of at least two different vegetables. Anoosha Sehar Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T07:41:44Z assorted vegetables assorted veggies mixed veggies mixed vegetables Mustard greens are leaves from a mustard plant Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T08:09:44Z mustard greens A white colored seed of a navy bean plant which is a varietal of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_bean Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2019-06-27T08:18:42 boston bean haricot pea bean pearl haricot bean white pea bean The navy bean is native to the Americas, where it was domesticated. navy bean Spiny lobsters, also known as langustas, langouste, or rock lobsters, are a family (Palinuridae) of about 60 species of achelate crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also, especially in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the Bahamas, called crayfish, sea crayfish, or crawfish ("kreef" in South Africa), terms which elsewhere are reserved for freshwater crayfish. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T08:31:13Z langouste langustas rock lobster spiny lobster A rosette of a romaine lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaine_lettuce Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T13:30:10Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Starr_070730-7911_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/320px-Starr_070730-7911_Lactuca_sativa.jpg Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia cos lettuce romaine Romaine or cos lettuce is a variety of lettuce that grows in a tall head of sturdy dark green leaves with firm ribs down their centers. Unlike most lettuces, it is tolerant of heat. romaine lettuce head Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T13:56:51Z boiled food (boiled) A tropical fruit food product is any fruit product derived from a tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T14:32:20Z tropical fruit tropical fruit food product https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits#Tropical_and_tropical-like_fruit A whole breast that is obtained from a turkey. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T14:41:34Z turkey pectoral muscle Turkey breast consists mainly of the breast meat portion of a turkey, and may or may not include connected bone ("deboned or boneless versus bone-in") and skin. turkey breast Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T18:09:01Z great northern bean (whole pod or pieces) A moth bean food product is a food product derived from the moth bean plant. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T18:51:18Z moth bean food product The alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a species of South American camelid. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpaca 2019-06-27T19:22:23Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alpaca_%2831562329701%29.jpg/433px-Alpaca_%2831562329701%29.jpg alpaca Canola meal is an oilseed meal made from canola grain. Canola meal is a by-product of the oil crushing process. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T21:23:16Z canola meal Scallions (also known as green onions, spring onions, or salad onions) are vegetables of various Allium onion species. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallion Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T19:33:30Z green onion salad onion spring onion scallion food product An Alpaca meat food product is a meat food product derived from an alpaca Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T19:49:26Z alpaca meat food product Ampullariidae, common name the apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks with a gill and an operculum. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullariidae 2019-06-27T20:06:49Z apple snail Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T20:24:58Z barramundi food product Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T20:25:59Z barramundi fillet Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T20:39:45Z canola plant food product Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T21:31:33Z chamomile food product One or more pieces of deboned chicken meat. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T21:37:19Z deboned chicken piece(s) of chicken meat (deboned) A whole breast that is obtained from a chicken. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T21:39:56Z chicken pectoral muscle chicken breast obsolete: chicken true A whole animal liver that is obtained from a chicken. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T21:53:27Z chicken liver A chicken carcass that includes giblets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T21:55:18Z SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * organ meat FOODON:03420218 chicken carcass (with giblets) The process of cleaning food to separate other environmental materials or body substances. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food cleaning Food material which is the output of a cleaning process. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T22:20:32Z cleaned food (cleaned) Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T22:23:20Z cod fillet A raw lung that is obtained from a beef. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-27T23:26:24Z bofe cow lung cow lung (raw) paru Cow lung is used in various cuisines and as a source for pulmonary surfactants. In Peru it is known as bofe. In Southeast Asia, Nasi kuning can be made with cow lung. Paru goreng is fried cow lung Padang food. It is a type of offal. In Indonesia, cow's lung is called paru [wikipedia]. beef lung (raw) A cracker is a flat, dry baked food typically made with flour. In UK English, crackers are sometimes called water biscuits, savoury biscuits or biscuits. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(food) 2019-06-27T23:36:40Z savoury biscuit water biscuit cracker Dog treat is a category of dog food that encompasses dog biscuits but can also include other chewy food materials like rawhide or bone. Damion Dooley 2019-06-27T23:47:33Z dog chew dog treat requires discussion Food material which has been ground into smaller pieces. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T03:02:40Z ground food (crumbled) The grinding of food has a wide range from the fragmentation of larger dry legumes and plant seeds like coffee beans, to the grinding of meat into products like hamburger or sausage. The process may involve a meat grinder, or a pestle and mortar. food (ground) A food product made of ground or minced turkey meat Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T04:44:34Z ground turkey minced turkey turkey meat (ground or minced) A herring fillet is a fillet cut of herring Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T04:47:07Z herring fillet A whole drumstick that is obtained from a chicken. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-28T00:09:13Z chicken drumstick Flies are insects with a pair of functional wings for flight and a pair of specialized hindwings called halteres for balance. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly 2019-06-28T00:19:32Z fly obsolete: ginger root true Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T05:00:57Z gutted obsolete: animal (gutted) true Food material which has been dehulled. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T05:24:49Z hulled food (hulled) Dehulling is the process of removing the hulls (or chaff) from beans and other seeds. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food dehulling Husking of corn is the process of removing its outer layers, leaving only the cob or seed rack of the corn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 husking corn husking Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera Neovison and Mustela, and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink 2019-06-28T05:54:03Z American mink European mink mink A nutritional preparation in powdered form. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T06:17:00Z nutritional powder Pabda fish is a freshwater catfish species found mainly in the pond, swamp, paddy field etc. in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and some other south Asian countries. Damion Dooley https://www.roysfarm.com/pabda-fish/ 2019-06-28T06:24:56Z pabda pabda fish Parrots, also known as psittacines /ˈsɪtəsaɪnz/, are birds of the roughly 393 species in 92 genera that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot 2019-06-28T06:35:57Z parrot A parakeet is any one of a large number of small to medium-sized species of parrot, in multiple genera, that generally have long tail feathers. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakeet 2019-06-28T06:36:04Z parakeet Kielbasa (from Polish kiełbasa)[a] is any type of meat sausage from Poland, and a staple of Polish cuisine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielbasa Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T06:46:05Z polish sausage Kielbasa Pork sausage is sausage made with pork meat. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T06:49:12Z pork sausage A whole animal liver that is obtained from a turkey. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-06-28T06:56:22Z turkey liver A fillet cut of a snapper fish Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T07:02:10Z snapper fillet A process of applying a seasoning mixture to a given food. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 seasoning food seasoning process Food material which has had seasoning applied to it. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T07:14:24Z seasoned food (seasoned) Roast beef is a dish of beef which is roasted. Essentially prepared as a main meal, the leftovers are often used in sandwiches and sometimes are used to make hash. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_beef Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T07:18:34Z roast beef Damion Dooley sole fillet Bird's eye chili is a chili pepper, a variety from the species Capsicum annuum, commonly found in Ethiopia and across Southeast Asia. Thai chili pepper https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T07:34:58Z Thai chili bird eye chili bird's chili piri piri bird's eye chili A hamburger (short: burger) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. The patty may be pan fried, grilled, or flame broiled. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T07:39:11Z burger hamburger beef hamburger (dish) Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a product of the rendering industry. It is typically about 48–52% protein, 33–35% ash, 8–12% fat, and 4–7% water. It is primarily used in the formulation of animal feed to improve the amino acid profile of the feed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_and_bone_meal Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T17:00:07Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Meat_and_bone_meal.jpg/640px-Meat_and_bone_meal.jpg harina de carne meat and bone meal Food material that has been placed in a container. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T17:06:16Z food (packaged) A process that applies packaging material to a food product for preservation, shipping and/or presentation purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 food packaging process A high-protein commodity used as a major component in some pet foods. It is made from grinding clean, rendered parts of poultry carcasses and can contain bones, offal and undeveloped eggs, but only contains feathers that are unavoidable in the processing of the poultry parts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_by-product_meal Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T17:20:13Z poultry meal Poultry by-product meal (PBM) A fillet cut of a tuna fish. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T18:34:53Z tuna fillet A roll is a small, often round loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). A bun is a small, sometimes sweet, bread, or bread roll. Damion Dooley's note: Is bread roll semantically different from bread bun? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_roll Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T18:47:36Z bread roll bun roll roll or bun https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buns Food material which has been roasted. Damion Dooley https://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-difference-between-roasting-and-baking-word-of-mouth-211695 2019-06-28T18:58:29Z roasted Roasted food is more structured food that is generally subjected to a dry heat cooking process at higher oven temperature than baking. food (roasted) The liquid contents of one or more eggs. Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T23:14:33Z egg liquid chicken egg liquid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-shell_crab Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T19:26:40Z Soft-shell crab is a culinary term for crabs that have recently molted their old exoskeleton and are still soft. Soft-shells are removed from the water as soon as they molt to prevent any hardening of their shell. This means that almost the entire animal can be eaten, rather than having to shell the animal to reach the meat. softshell crab soft-shell crab A guajillo chili or guajillo chile is a variety of chile pepper of the species *Capsicum annuum* which is widely used in the cuisine of Mexico. Its heat (rating 2,500 to 5,000 on the Scoville scale) is considered mild to medium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajillo_chili Damion Dooley 2019-06-28T23:58:59Z guajillo chili guajillo pepper guajillo chili food product Tinfoil barb is a member of the Barbonymus genus, a ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbonymus 2019-06-28T19:53:57Z tin foil barb tinfoil barbfish tinfoil barb The brown bean is chestnut brown colored bean with a small white-eye which originates in Scandanavia. https://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--38570/brown-bean.asp Damion Dooley 2019-06-29T07:07:25Z brown bean brown bean The borlotti bean is a variety of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) first bred in Colombia as the cargamanto. It is also known as the cranberry bean, Roman bean, romano bean saluggia bean, gadhra bean or rosecoco bean. Damion Dooley 2019-06-29T07:16:42Z Roman bean gadhra bean romano bean rosecoco bean saluggia bean cranberry bean (whole pod or pieces) Damion Dooley 2019-06-29T14:45:32Z cranberry bean (dried) A whole dried bean is a bean resulting from natural or mechanical air drying applied to a bean or bean pod. Damion Dooley 2019-06-29T14:48:10Z dried bean bean (dried) http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef04e.htm#4.02 A seed of a bean plant from one of several genera of the flowering plant family (Fabaceae). Damion Dooley's note. This could be enhanced to explicitly state the anatomical parts of a seed - seed coat, cotyledons, embryo etc. Currently the Plant Ontology is not explicit about this yet. Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T07:28:59 bean Food material which is the output of a comminution process that reduces solid materials from one average particle size to a smaller average particle size, by crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, etc. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminution 2019-06-28T21:32:15Z comminuted food (comminuted) Food material which has been rehydrated. Damion Dooley 2019-06-29T23:40:55Z food (rehydrated) A rehydrated bean is a dried bean subjected to a rehydration process Damion Dooley 2019-07-01T17:04:19Z bean (rehydrated) Damion Dooley 2019-07-01T17:22:20Z adzuki bean (dried) Damion Dooley 2019-07-01T17:23:25Z adzuki bean (raw) Damion Dooley 2019-07-01T17:26:07Z adzuki bean (whole or pieces) A split pigeon pea is a dried pigeon pea split into halves. Damion Dooley 2019-07-02T15:57:21Z arhar toor dal tur तूर तूर दाल pigeon pea (dried, split) A kidney shaped seed of a kidney bean plant, a varietal of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T11:14:29 haricot bean SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * seed, skin present, germ present FOODON:03420133 kidney bean Bean material which has been cooked. Damion Dooley 2019-07-08T21:47:07Z bean (cooked) A leguminous fruit pod from a plant in the dry bean class. Damion Dooley 2019-07-08T22:46:16Z dry bean pod A shell bean pod is a leguminous fruit pod from a shell bean plant. Damion Dooley 2019-07-08T22:48:10Z shell bean pod A bean pod is a fruit pod from a bean plant Damion Dooley 2019-07-08T23:32:17Z bean pod A green bean food product that derives from raw whole green bean pods. Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T00:06:20Z green bean (whole pod or pieces) Food material which is blanched. Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T07:40:38Z food (blanched) A food product made from the pink bean plant. Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T16:25:08Z pink bean food product A food product made from a scandinavian brown bean plant. Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T16:28:28Z brown bean food product Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T16:53:27Z 'hyacinth bean (dried)' An edible pod of a hyacinth bean plant which contains immature seeds Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T16:58:43Z hyacinth bean pod Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T17:05:40Z cranberry bean food product Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T17:11:22Z asparagus bean food product obsolete: garbanzo bean (whole) true A seed of a bambara groundnut plant (Vigna subterranea). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_subterranea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-07-09T17:59:28 ground-bean hog-peanut bambara groundnut Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T18:36:16Z lima bean (whole pod or pieces) Food material chopped into roughly bite-sized pieces. Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T20:59:57Z chopped cut food (chopped) A seed of a jack seed plant (Canavalia ensiformis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavalia_ensiformis Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T22:17:36 jack bean Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T22:21:16Z jack-bean food product A pigeon pea food product is a food product derived from the pigeon pea plant Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T22:29:17Z pigeon pea food product https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_pea A seed of a pigeon pea plant (Cajanus cajan). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_pea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-07-09T22:29:49 pigeon pea A soybean pod is a dry or raw bean pod of the soybean plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edamame Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T23:39:02Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/323px-Soybean.USDA.jpg edamame soybean pod http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_00002809 Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T23:43:33Z soybean (dried) shelled edamame Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T23:50:00Z edamame shelled soybean (raw) A seed of a marrow bean plant which is a varietal of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_bean https://www.gourmetsleuth.com/ingredients/detail/marrow-beans Damion Dooley 2019-07-09T23:57:23 Marrow beans are plump white beans with a creamy texture. These beans were popular in the U.S. in the 1850's as a baking bean. They have the flavor of bacon and work well pureed for soup. marrow bean A seed of a velvet bean plant (Mucuna pruriens) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucuna_pruriens http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T00:00:22 tericopelo bean tericopelo bean velvet bean Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T00:16:38Z vetch food product Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T00:43:57Z bambara groundnut (dried) Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T00:47:18Z garbanzo bean (dried) SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * seed, skin present, germ present FOODON:03420133 * water removal process FOODON:03460138 * preservation by dehydration or drying FOODON:03470116 chickpea (dried) Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T01:06:40Z winged bean (dried) A seed of a vetch plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T01:33:15Z vetch seed Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T05:49:15Z potato flakes Red bananas are a group of varieties of banana with reddish-purple skin. Some are smaller and plumper than the common Cavendish banana, others much larger. Damion Dooley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_banana 2019-07-10T07:22:07Z red banana plant (genus Musa) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03411561 Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T07:28:33Z red banana Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T07:29:55Z red Abyssinian banana (raw) A potato substance is a whole potato transformed into some derivative food material. It doesn't include potato food products that are ready to consume or simply require thawing or reheating. Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T15:56:14Z potato (whole or pieces) Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T15:59:49Z potato prepared food Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T16:34:53Z white chicken egg (shell on, raw) Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T17:17:48Z poached egg chicken egg (poached) A chicken egg which has been boiled, but may be hard boiled or soft boiled, and may have its shell on or off. Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T17:24:15Z chicken egg (boiled) A raw goose egg in its shell. Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-07-10T17:32:17Z goose egg goose egg (shell on, raw) A raw turkey egg in its shell. Damion Dooley https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-07-10T17:35:07Z turkey egg SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * egg FOODON:03420194 SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * egg FOODON:03420194 turkey egg (shell on, raw) Banana powder is a powder made from processed bananas. It is used as a component for production of milk shakes and baby foods. It is also used in the manufacture of various types of cakes and biscuits. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_powder Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T17:59:14Z banana powder A snow pea pod is a pea pod from a snow pea plant. Damion Dooley 2019-07-12T16:26:20Z snow pea snow pea pod (edible, fresh) A whole turkey food product consists of the plucked carcass of a turkey with head and entrails removed and with organ meats and neck severed and possibly included in body cavity. Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T19:28:58Z turkey turkey carcass (butchered, raw) https://www.nwtf.org/hunt/article/how-to-clean-wild-turkey Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T21:28:05Z moth bean (dried) Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T21:36:35Z black gram bean (dried) Extra virgin olive oil is a virgin olive oil which has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.8 grams per 100 grams. https://static.oliveoiltimes.com/library/ioc-olive-oil-standard.pdf Damion Dooley 2019-07-10T22:48:47Z extra virgin olive oil olive oil (extra-virgin) Edamame is a preparation of immature soybeans in their pods, or with the pod removed. It originates in East Asia cuisine. The pods or beans are boiled or steamed and may be served with salt. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edamame Damion Dooley 2019-07-11T17:27:45Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Edamame_by_Zesmerelda_in_Chicago.jpg/640px-Edamame_by_Zesmerelda_in_Chicago.jpg 枝豆 Commercially immature soybeans with or without pod are often marketed as Edamame in a frozen format. edamame Damion Dooley 2019-07-11T19:15:00Z winged bean (raw) Damion Dooley 2019-07-11T19:24:57Z fava bean pod broad bean pod A bean pod which is still tender rather than one that has reached full maturity. Damion Dooley 2019-07-11T19:31:58Z edible bean pod Damion Dooley 2019-07-12T17:18:31Z pea food product Ikejime is a method of slaughtering fish to maintain the quality of its meat. The technique originated in Japan, but is now in widespread use. It involves the insertion of a spike quickly and directly into the hindbrain, usually located slightly behind and above the eye, thereby causing immediate brain death. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikejime https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Ikijime 活き締め 活け締め When spiked correctly, the fish fins flare and the fish relaxes, immediately ceasing all motion. Destroying the brain and the spinal cord of the fish will prevent reflex action from happening; such muscle movements would otherwise consume adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the muscle, and as a result produce lactic acid and ammonia, making the fish sour, soggy and less tasteful. Furthermore, the blood contained in the fish flesh retracts to the gut cavity, which produces a better coloured and flavoured fillet, and prolongs shelf life. [Wikipedia] ikajime Damion Dooley 2019-07-16T03:20:44Z 1% milk lowfat cow milk (1% fat) Damion Dooley 2019-07-16T15:09:09Z lima bean (raw) Damion Dooley 2019-07-16T15:10:56Z moth bean (raw) Damion Dooley 2019-07-16T15:15:04Z broad bean (raw) A liver food product is a food product that derives from one or more liver organs. Damion Dooley 2019-08-02T18:22:37Z liver food product Damion Dooley 2019-07-16T16:34:12Z kidney bean (whole or pieces) A kidney food product is a food product that derives from one or more kidney organs Damion Dooley 2019-08-02T18:27:53Z kidney food product A lung food product is a food product that derivers from one or more mammalian lungs. Damion Dooley 2019-08-02T19:13:58Z lung food product A raw lung that is obtained from a sheep. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-02T19:14:43Z sheep lung sheep lung (raw) A whole raw lung is a whole lung organ obtained from an animal during a butchery process. Damion Dooley 2019-08-03T16:30:59Z lung (raw) A raw kidney that is obtained from a lamb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-04T16:33:11Z Lamb kidneys are found in many cuisines across Europe and the Middle East, often split into two halves and grilled (on kebabs in the Middle East), or sautéed in a sauce. They are generally the most highly regarded of all kidneys. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton] lamb kidney (raw) Haggis is a savoury pudding containing sheep's pluck (heart, liver, and lungs); minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock, and cooked while traditionally encased in the animal's stomach though now often in an artificial casing instead. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggis Damion Dooley 2019-08-04T14:27:55Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scotland_Haggis.jpg/640px-Scotland_Haggis.jpg haggis A raw liver that is obtained from a sheep. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-04T14:45:22Z sheep liver (raw) Damion Dooley 2019-08-04T21:42:32Z multi-component pasta product Damion Dooley 2019-08-04T21:43:15Z multi-component wheat pasta dish Damion Dooley 2019-08-04T21:43:28Z multi-component durum wheat pasta dish Cannelloni are a cylindrical type of lasagna generally served baked with a filling and covered by a sauce in Italian cuisine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannelloni Damion Dooley cannelloni Biltong is a form of dried, cured meat that originated in Southern African countrie. Various types of meat are used to produce it, ranging from beef and game meats to fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain. It is related to beef jerky in that they are both spiced, dried meats; however, the typical ingredients, taste and production processes may differ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltong Damion Dooley 2019-08-06T16:07:28Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BiltongStokkies.jpg/640px-BiltongStokkies.jpg Biltong Duqqa is an Egyptian condiment consisting of a mixture of herbs, nuts (usually hazelnut), and spices. It is typically used as a dip with bread or fresh vegetables for an hors d'œuvre. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqqa Damion Dooley 2019-08-06T16:13:59Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Du%27ah_%28dukkah%29_-_Egyptian_spice_mix.JPG/640px-Du%27ah_%28dukkah%29_-_Egyptian_spice_mix.JPG do'a du'ah dukkah duqqa Badufsuki is listed in the USDA SR legacy database as a stew of Hopi cuisine containing pinto beans and hominy grits https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/35236 2019-08-06T16:50:42Z badufsuki stew https://jabberwockystew.net/2017/07/16/hopi-pinto-beans-and-hominy/ A paratha is a flatbread that originated in the Indian subcontinent, prevalent throughout areas of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh where wheat is the traditional staple. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratha 2019-08-06T17:23:45Z https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alooparatha.jpg/640px-Alooparatha.jpg farata (in Mauritius, Sri Lanka and the Maldives) forota palata parantha parauntha parontay porota porotha prontha paratha A whole neck that is obtained from a lamb. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-06T17:34:19Z neck chop neck of lamb lamb neck chop lamb neck A blood food product is a food product made primarily from blood, the most important byproduct of slaughtering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_as_food 2019-08-06T19:29:56Z blood food product The mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) also known as mountain pawpaw, papayuelo, chamburo, or simply "papaya"is a species of the genus Vasconcellea, native to the Andes of northwestern South America from Colombia south to central Chile, typically growing at altitudes of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft) m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_papaya 2019-08-06T19:40:26Z chamburo mountain papaya mountain pawpaw papayuelo Carica pubescens Vasconcellea pubescens mountain papaya plant A food in western Alaska and northern Canada, traditionally made with whipped fat mixed with berries like cranberries, salmonberries, crowberries, cloudberries and blueberries, fish, tundra greens, or roots with animal oil or fat. It may also include whitefish, caribou tallow, moose tallow, walrus tallow, or seal oil. 2019-08-06T20:11:51Z Alaskan ice cream Eskimo ice cream Indian ice cream Native ice cream agutak ᐊᑯᑕᖅ Akutaq is a Yup'ik word, meaning something mixed. akutaq 2019-08-06T20:19:33Z plant ash plant ash food product Juniper ash is ash derived from the juniper tree. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper 2019-08-06T20:19:41Z Navajo Juniper Ash juniper ash https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822398000777 The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada, is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia. 2019-08-06T22:13:35Z Bartlett pear plant Williams pear plant Williams bon chrétien pear plant The most commonly grown variety of pear fruit in most countries outside Asia. 2019-08-06T22:21:46Z Bartlett pear Williams bon chrétien pear Williams pear (raw) Public domain Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick A bolillo is a type of savory bread traditionally made in Mexico, but also made in Central America. It is a variation of the baguette, but shorter in length and is often baked in a stone oven. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolillo 2019-08-06T22:30:30Z pan francés (Spanish, El Salvador) bolillo Corn nuts are a snack food made of roasted or deep-fried corn kernels. In parts of South America, including Peru and Ecuador, it is referred to as cancha. 2019-08-06T23:18:05Z Cracker quico toasted corn corn nut Cream soda is a sweet soft drink. Generally flavored with vanilla and based on the taste of an ice cream soda, a wide range of variations can be found worldwide. 2019-08-07T16:45:55Z creme soda cream soda Demerara sugar is a sugar made from crystallized, partially evaporated sugar cane juice and spun in a centrifuge to remove almost all of the molasses. The sugar crystals are large and golden-coloured. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sugar#Natural_brown_sugar 2019-08-07T16:54:42Z demerara sugar An enchilada is a corn tortilla rolled around a filling and covered with a chili pepper sauce. Enchiladas can be filled with a variety of ingredients, including various meats, cheese, beans, potatoes, vegetables or combinations. 2019-08-07T16:59:52Z enchilada Fried rice is a dish of cooked rice that has been stir-fried in a wok or a frying pan and is usually mixed with other ingredients such as eggs, vegetables, seafood, or meat. 2019-08-07T17:07:47Z stir-fried rice stir-fry rice fried rice Frybread is a flat dough bread, fried or deep-fried in oil, shortening, or lard. 2019-08-07T18:22:52Z fry bread frybread Fully hydrogenated fat is hydrogenated oil in which all carbon-carbon bonds get changed to hydrogen-carbon and no “trans” molecules remain. 2019-08-07T18:34:14Z fully hydrogenated fat fully hydrogenated oil fully hydrogenated oil The Granny Smith is a tip-bearing apple cultivar, which originated in Australia in 1868. The tree is thought to be a hybrid of Malus sylvestris, the European wild apple, with the North American apple Malus pumila as the polleniser. 2019-08-07T19:29:34Z Granny Smith apple tree A pome fruit of a Granny Smith apple tree cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith Damion Dooley 2019-08-07T19:34:52 Granny Smith apple 2019-08-07T19:41:57Z hydrogenated corn oil 2019-08-07T19:45:51Z vegetable oil (hydrogenated) 2019-08-07T19:46:29Z vegetable oil (fully hydrogenated) Hydrogenated oil is oil in which some or all molecular carbon-carbon bonds are reduced as a result of some hydrogenation process. 2019-08-07T19:48:14Z hydrogenated fat hydrogenated oil Hohoysi tea is tea derived from the leaves of the Thelesperma megapotamicum plant. 2019-08-07T21:33:32Z Hopi tea Navajo tea Navajo tea greenthread greenthread tea Hohoysi tea Partly hydrogenated oil is hydrogenated oil in which most carbon-carbon bonds get changed to hydrogen-carbon. 2019-08-07T18:34:14Z trans fat partly hydrogenated fat partly hydrogenated oil Irish soda bread is soda bread made with soft wheat. 2019-08-07T20:22:41Z Irish soda bread The Fuji apple is an apple hybrid developed by growers at Tohoku Research Station in Fujisaki, Aomori, Japan, in the late 1930s, and brought to market in 1962. It originated as a cross between two American apple varieties — the Red Delicious and old Virginia Ralls Genet (sometimes cited as "Rawls Jennet") apples. 2019-08-07T20:35:58Z Fuji apple tree A pome fruit of a Fuji apple tree cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_(apple) 2019-08-07T20:37:28 Fuji apple Blaufränkisch (German for blue Frankish) is a dark-skinned variety of grape used for red wine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Blauer Limberger Blaufränkisch grape Blue Limberger lemberger Blaufränkisch grape cultivar A red wine varietal produced entirely from Blaufränkisch grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Blaufränkisch wine A Mashu root is the edible root of the pea (Hedysarum alpinums), native to alaska. It is usually collected in quantity from river banks and gravel bars. 2019-08-07T22:14:43Z mashu root A Medjool date is a large, sweet cultivated variety of date (Phoenix dactylifera) from Morocco, also grown in the United States, Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Jordan and Palestine. 2019-08-07T22:27:19Z Majhool date Medjoul date مجهول‎ Medjool date Spanish rice is a Mexican side dish or an ingredient in other dishes made from white rice, tomatoes, garlic, onions, etc. It is traditionally made by sautéing the rice in a skillet with oil or fat until it is colored golden brown. Water or chicken broth is then added, along with tomatoes in the form of chopped tomatoes or tomato sauce. 2019-08-07T22:43:15Z arroz rojo mexican rice red rice spanish rice mexican rice (dish) A red wine grape cultivar variety that is grown in many regions around the world including the Rhône and Provence regions of France, the Valencia and Jumilla denominaciones de origen of Spain, as well as the Balearic Islands, California and Washington and the Australian regions of South Australia and New South Wales, as well as South Africa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Mataró Monastrell Monastrell Mourvèdre grape Mourvèdre grape cultivar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Mourvèdre wine Nattō is a traditional Japanese food made from soybeans that have been fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Some eat it as a breakfast food. 2019-08-07T23:06:31Z natto 納豆 nattō 2019-08-07T23:11:48Z oheloberry fruit product The oheloberry is an edible berry 8–14 mm (0.31–0.55 in) diameter, ranging in color from blue to purple to red to orange to yellow, harvested from the oheloberry plant. 2019-08-07T23:11:55Z ohelo berry oheloberries oheloberry Okara, soy pulp, or tofu dregs is a pulp consisting of insoluble parts of the soybean that remains after pureed soybeans are filtered in the production of soy milk and tofu 2019-08-07T23:28:03Z biji dòufuzhā dòuzhā kongbiji soy pulp tofu dregs okara A picnic loaf is a bread loaf, hollowed out somewhat and stuffed with sandwich ingredients, and then sliced into serving-sized wedges. No definition source other than recipes was located. 2019-08-07T23:34:08Z Pan bagnat picnic loaf Jiaozi are a kind of Chinese dumpling, commonly eaten in China and other parts of East Asia. Jiaozi typically consist of a ground meat and/or vegetable filling wrapped into a thinly rolled piece of dough, which is then sealed by pressing the edges together. 2019-08-07T23:59:10Z 餃子 jiaozi Pumpkin pie spice, also known as pumpkin spice, is an American spice mix commonly used as an ingredient in pumpkin pie. Pumpkin pie spice is similar to the British and Commonwealth mixed spice. It is generally a blend of ground cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, cloves, and sometimes allspice. 2019-08-08T00:02:23Z pumpkin pie spice Sofrito is a sauce used as a base in Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Latin American cooking. Preparations may vary, but it typically consists of aromatic ingredients cut into small pieces and sauteed or braised in cooking oil. 2019-08-08T00:06:16Z refogado soffritto sofregit sofrito sofrito Sōmen are very thin noodles made of wheat flour, less than 1.3 mm in diameter. 2019-08-08T00:17:03Z Dried Sōmen somen somyeon sùmiàn sùmiàn 素面 素麵 素麺 소면) Sōmen Somiviki is a small, tamale-shaped sweet blue corn cake made with Hopi blue corn, juniper ashes, sugar and boiling water. 2019-08-08T00:25:42Z somiviki Scrapple, also known by the Pennsylvania Dutch name Pannhaas or "pan rabbit", is traditionally a mush of pork scraps and trimmings combined with cornmeal and wheat flour, often buckwheat flour, and spices. The mush is formed into a semi-solid congealed loaf, and slices of the scrapple are then pan-fried before serving. 2019-08-08T00:30:31Z Pannhaas pan rabbit scrapple A rice grain which is is shorter in length proportional to its width than that of long grain rice. 2019-08-08T00:39:53Z pudding rice short-grain rice short grain rice kernel A beef cut that is derived from the 6th, 7th and 8th rib of the rib primal. https://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/cuts/cut/2878/rib-short-ribs https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2023-08-01T21:30:23Z short ribs The name originates from the short length of the Ribs, thus the name "Short Ribs. beef short rib https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/IMPS100SeriesDraft2020.pdf Alaskan first nations "Tepa" or "stinkheads" is a dish of fermented salmon heads and fish guts. Fermented salmon is salmon subjected to a fermentation process. http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp195.pdf 2019-08-08T01:02:34Z stinkheads tepa tipnuk fermented salmon Tea seed oil is an edible plant oil. It is obtained the seeds of Camellia oleifera. Camellia sasanqua is also given as a source of 'tea seed oil. 2019-08-08T01:12:01Z Camellia oleifera seed oil camellia oil camellia seed oil teaseed oil tea seed oil Blue crabmeat is crab meat derived from a blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. 2019-08-08T03:20:28Z blue crab meat blue crabmeat Synbiotic claim refers to food ingredients or dietary supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism that beneficially affect the host. 2019-08-08T03:32:51Z synbiotic claim A yellow bean plant is a varietal of the common bean plant whose pods are yellow at maturity. 2019-08-08T05:27:59Z Sinaloa Azufrad, Sulphur, Mayocoba, and Peruano canary bean plant yellow bean plant A yellow bean pod is a bean pod obtained from a yellow bean plant. 2019-08-08T05:33:54Z yellow bean yellow bean pod A small, shiny variety of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_turtle_bean https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T04:14:01 black bean black turtle bean A Heron is a long-legged freshwater or coastal bird in the family Ardeidae, with 64 recognised species. 2019-08-08T23:28:25Z bittern egret heron 2019-08-08T06:20:16Z chicken egg (baked) Meringue is a type of dessert or candy, often associated with Italian, Swiss, and French cuisine, traditionally made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acidic ingredient such as lemon, vinegar, or cream of tartar. 2019-08-08T08:05:23Z meringue SIREN DB annotation: * semisolid FOODON:03430144 * albumen UBERON:0008944 * ingredient: sucrose added FOODON:03460158 meringue (dish) The flying barbs are freshwater fish in the genus Esomus, native to South and Mainland Southeast Asia. They are closely related to the genus Danio and are distinctive for their extremely long barbels. Esomus danrica flying barb Flying barb fish The tail of a rock lobster which may or may not be shelled. 2019-08-08T08:27:53Z rock lobster tail Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia. M. speciosa is indigenous to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, where it has been used in traditional medicines since at least the nineteenth century. Kratom has opioid properties and some stimulant-like effects. kratom King weakfish is a coastal fish found on the eastern coast of South America. itis:169334 Banga Mary Bangamary German Salmon German salmon Rock Salmon king weakfish or weakfish rock salmon yellow mouth salmon yellow mouth salmon king weakfish Calamari in english names a variety of dishes made of fried, deep fried or baked squid. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T04:10:03Z calamari King crabmeat is meat that is removed from the leg of a King Crab. 2019-08-09T04:14:08Z king crab meat king crabmeat Goby is a common name for many species of small to medium sized ray-finned fish, normally with large heads and tapered bodies, which are found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments. Traditionally most of the species called gobies have been classified in the order Perciformes as the suborder Gobioidei but in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World this suborder is elevated to an order Gobiiformes within the clade Percomorpha.[1] Not all the species in the Gobiiformes are referred to as gobies and the "true gobies"are placed in the family Gobiidae, while other species referred to as gobies have been placed in the Oxudercidae. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T15:06:20Z goby A Scad fish is any of several species of fishes in the family Carangidae (order Perciformes), which also includes the jacks, amberjacks, and pompanos. The name scad is usually restricted to certain species in the genera Decapterus, Selar, and Trachurus. The half dozen species are marine and occur along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, except for the Mexican scad (D. scombrinus), which is found in the Pacific Ocean.[Encyclopedia Britannica, December 05, 2017; accessed August 09, 2019] Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T16:12:10Z scad Golden pompanos are fairly deep bodied ocean fish of family Carangidae, and are prized eating fish worldwide. They can be distinguished from other pompanos by their slightly longer dorsal fin. 2019-08-09T15:18:39Z Trachinotus blochii asian pompano golden pompano Masago is a dish consisting of the fully ripened eggs (roe) of the capelin fish. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T15:24:07Z capelin roe Masago The Soldier River Barb is a native Thailand freshwater species which is distributed throughout South East Asia in Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos,Malaysia and Thailand where it is found throughout the Mekong basin and surrounding areas. 2019-08-09T15:34:19Z Cyclocheilichthys enoplos (Bleeker, 1849) Soldier river barb The Roter Fusilier is a type of fish from the fusilier family, Caesionidae, in the order Perciformes. They are related to the snappers, but adapted for feeding on plankton, rather than on larger prey. They are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T15:39:16Z roter fusilier Sillago is a genus of fish in the family Sillaginidae and the only non-monotypic genus in the family. Distinguishing the species can be difficult, with many similar in appearance and colour, forcing the use of swim bladder morphology as a definitive feature. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T16:48:12Z sillago The whisker sheatfish (Micronema bleekeri Günther, 1864), is a rare species of freshwater catfish. Emma Griffiths https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265691438_Inverted_migration_of_rare_whisker_sheatfish_in_Nong-Han_Lake_northeastern_Thailand_Implications_for_conservation 2019-08-09T17:23:20Z Micronema bleekeri Whisker Sheat whisker sheatfish The walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a species of freshwater airbreathing catfish native to Southeast Asia. It is named for its ability to "walk"and wiggle across dry land, to find food or suitable environments. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T17:28:00Z Clarias batrachus Hito hito fish walking catfish Yellowtail is a confusing name, as it can apply to flounder, tuna and sole. It’s also the common name for several species of amberjack, sleek migratory tuna-like fish found off both U.S. coasts. The most valuable member of this family is the yellowtail farmed in Japan and featured in U.S. sushi bars under the name hamachi Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T18:54:07Z yellowtail yellowtail fish Yellow hito is a type of freshwater "walking catfish"common in the Philippines. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T19:27:25Z yellow hito An organism that originated from a wild (non-domesticated) population. Emma Griffiths Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T19:32:04Z wild caught organism wild harvested animal Bratwurst is a type of German sausage made from veal, beef, or most commonly pork. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T19:38:01Z bratwurst The meat of an adult sheep is mutton, a term only used for the meat, not the living animals. 2019-08-09T19:46:12Z mutton Gambier or gambir is an extract derived from the leaves of Uncaria gambir, a climbing shrub native to tropical Southeast Asia. Gambier is produced in Indonesia and Malaysia where it was an important trade item into the late nineteenth century. It can be used as a tanning agent, a brown dye, a food additive and as herbal medicine. Also known as pale catechu, white catechu or Japan Earth, it is often confused with other forms of catechu. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T19:50:26Z Japan Earth Uncaria gambir gambier extract gambir extract pale catechu white catechu gambier powder 2019-08-09T21:00:41Z Spariformes spariform fish The threadfin breams consist of the family Nemipteridae within the order Perciformes. Issue: NCBITaxon claims Nemipteridae falls under spariform order. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:02:53Z Nemipteridae false snapper whiptail bream threadfin bream family Nemipterus virgatus, the golden threadfin bream, is a species of threadfin bream native to the western Pacific, from southern Japan south to northwest Australia including the Arafura Sea. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:06:59Z Nemipterus virgatus golden threadfin bream Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:14:28Z gorilla The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Its different types are variously known as gram or Bengal gram, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, Egyptian pea, chana, and chole. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:21:05Z chickpea plant Bhuna chana (roasted black gram) are roasted chickpeas eaten as a snack. Common in India. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:38:04Z roasted black gram roasted chickpea bhuna chana Grana Padano is a cheese originated from Po River Valley in northern Italy that has similar characteristics as Parmigiano Reggiano or known as Parmesan cheese, but with less regulations. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:40:33Z grana padano A rosette of a green cabbage plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T21:59:21 Green cabbage has wide, pale green fan-like leaves with a slightly rubbery texture when raw. green cabbage head The red cabbage (purple-leaved varieties of Brassica oleracea Capitata Group) is a kind of cabbage, also known as purple cabbage, red kraut, or blue kraut after preparation. Its leaves are coloured dark red/purple. 2019-08-09T21:59:31Z red cabbage head Black cardamom comes from either of two species in the family Zingiberaceae. 2019-08-09T22:11:41Z Amomum subulatum hill cardamom black cardamom plant A pod harvested from a green cardamom plant variety. 2019-08-09T22:14:09Z Elettaria cardamomum green cardamom pod A pod harvested from a black cardamom plant variety. 2019-08-09T22:14:16Z Bengal cardamom Indian cardamom Nepal cardamom big cardamon brown cardamom greater cardamom hill cardamom winged cardamom black cardamom pod Mole verde ("green mole") is a type of mole of the cuisine of Mexico. The main ingredients are pumpkin seeds and green chile, which bring color. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T22:35:36Z Pipian Pipian Verde green mole green mole sauce mole verde Dehydrated mole verde (green mole sauce). Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T22:40:05Z green mole powder An heirloom tomato is an open-pollinated (non-hybrid) heirloom cultivar of tomato, that can be classified into four categories: family heirlooms, commercial heirlooms, mystery heirlooms, and created heirlooms. They usually have a shorter shelf life and less disease resistance than hybrids bred to resist against specific diseases. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T22:42:48Z heirloom tomato heritage tomato heirloom tomato (raw) Chuck is a type of beef cut from the shoulder of a cow. Ground chuck is ground shoulder meat. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T22:45:05Z ground chuck Ground round is ground leg meat. Round cuts of beef come from the hind leg of a cow. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T22:46:24Z ground round Halva is any of various dense, sweet confections made in the Middle East, Central and South Asia. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T22:49:52Z Halawa aluva chalwa halava halawa haleweh halwa helava helva helvah helwa halva A hazelnut food product is a food product that derives from hazelnuts 2019-08-09T22:59:15Z hazelnut food product The hazelnut is the nut of the hazel and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana. It also is known as cobnut or filbert nut according to species. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T23:07:38Z cobnut hazelnut Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis is is a type of sea urchin, commonly known as the green sea urchin because of its characteristic green color. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T23:29:16Z green sea urchin Venison originally meant the meat of a game animal, and now especially means a deer or antelope (in South Africa). Venison can be used to refer to any part of the animal, so long as it can be consumed, including the internal organs. Venison, much like beef or pork, is categorized into specific cuts, including roast, sirloin, and ribs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison Emma Griffiths 2019-08-09T23:49:47Z venison Asafoetida is the dried latex (gum oleoresin) (Perumkayam) exuded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula (F. foetida and F. assa-foetida), perennial herbs growing 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall. They are part of the celery family, Umbelliferae. The species are native to the deserts of Iran and mountains of Afghanistan, but are mainly cultivated in nearby Pakistan and India. Asafoetida has a pungent smell, lending it the trivial name of stinking gum, but in cooked dishes it delivers a smooth flavour reminiscent of leeks or other onion relatives. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T15:50:03Z hengu hing inguva jowani badian kayam ting asafoetida An aggregate fruit of a soursop plant (Annona muricata) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soursop Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T00:03:31 graviola guanábana guyabano soursop Horchata or orxata, is a name given to various plant milk beverages of similar taste and appearance. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T16:02:47Z orxata horchata Horn and hoof meal is a type of animal feed made from the horns and hooves of animals, particularly ruminants. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T16:07:53Z hoof and horn meal horn and hoof meal Instant noodles are a noodle dish sold in a precooked and dried noodle block, with flavoring powder and/or seasoning oil. The flavoring is usually in a separate packet, although in the case of cup noodles the flavoring is often loose in the cup. Originally a Japanese product, instant noodles are now produced in many other markets. 2019-08-10T16:13:15Z instant noodle A wrap is a food dish made with a soft flatbread rolled around a filling. It is usually but not always classified as a sandwich. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T16:46:17Z wrap flatbread wrap A leaf of a parsley plant (Petroselinum crispum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T16:48:12 Parsley leaf is widely cultivated as a herb, a spice, and a vegetable. parsley leaf The Jersey is a British breed of small dairy cattle from Jersey, in the Channel Islands. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T16:52:20Z Jersey cow Jersey cattle Kelp meal is natural fertilizer and animal feed supplement made from dried seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosom). Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T16:57:16Z kelp meal Kibble is small, dry pellets of processed food for pets (such as dogs and cats) Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T17:02:52Z kibble Kimchi, a staple in Korean cuisine, is a famous traditional side dish of salted and fermented vegetables, such as napa cabbage and Korean radish, made with a widely varying selection of seasonings including gochugaru (chili powder), scallions, garlic, ginger, and jeotgal (salted seafood), etc. There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made with different vegetables as the main ingredients. 2019-08-10T17:04:34Z kimchee kimchi Andouille is a smoked sausage made using pork, originating in France. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T17:16:36Z andouille sausage A kohlrabi leaf is a leaf harvested from a kohlrabi plant. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-10T17:20:01Z German turnip kohlrabi kohlrabi leaf A kohlrabi food product is a food product derived from the stem (bulbous part) and/or leaf of the kohlrabi plant. 2019-08-10T17:24:09Z German turnip kohlrabi kohlrabi food product The ladyfish (Elops saurus) is a species of fish in the genus Elops, the only genus in the monotypic family Elopidae Emma Griffiths Ladyfish are elongated, slender fish with a compact oval cross section and large deeply forked tail or caudal fin with long, slender symmetrical lobes. [https://gcrl.usm.edu/public/fish/ladyfish.php] 2019-08-11T04:53:32Z Elops saurus tenpounder ladyfish A patty, in American, Canadian, South African, Australian and New Zealand English, is a flattened, usually round, serving of ground food, often meat or meat alternatives. The food is compacted and shaped into the patty, then cooked, and served. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T05:07:26Z pattie patty The uneaten edible remains of a meal after food consumption has ended, which does not include material that is not directly edible (such as bones or the skins of some vegetables and fruits). Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T15:19:16Z leftover Chow mein is a dish containing Chinese stir-fried noodles with vegetables and sometimes meat or tofu; the name is a romanization of the Taishanese chāu-mèing. 2019-08-11T15:27:50Z 炒面 炒麪 chow mein A cut of beef from the primal rib, one of the nine primal cuts of beef. While the entire rib section comprises ribs six through 12, a standing rib roast may contain anywhere from two to seven ribs. https://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/cuts/cut/44489/prime-rib-roast Emma Griffiths https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2019-08-11T15:33:35Z prime rib roast standing rib roast beef prime rib roast Lemurs are mammals of the order Primates, divided into 8 families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 existing species. They are native only to the island of Madagascar. Most existing lemurs are small, have a pointed snout, large eyes, and a long tail. They chiefly live in trees (arboreal), and are active at night (nocturnal). Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T15:48:37Z lemur Bushmeat, wildmeat, or game meat is meat from non-domesticated mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds hunted for food in tropical forests. 2019-08-11T15:51:59Z bushmeat wildmeat Note that there may be cultural, sustainability, biodiversity, and food safety context-specific issues related to the use of game meat. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmeat game meat A whole leaf of a lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon_citratus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2022-03-07T16:19:32Z lemon grass leaf west Indian lemongrass leaf lemongrass leaf CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) Obsidian Soul Beef sausage is sausage primarily made of beef. 2019-08-13T04:30:42Z beef sausage Damion Dooley 2019-08-11T17:53:55Z macaroni and cheese mix (dried) Macaroni and cheese is a dish of English origin, consisting of cooked macaroni pasta and a cheese sauce, most commonly cheddar. It can also incorporate other ingredients, such as breadcrumbs, meat and vegetables. Damion Dooley 2019-08-11T19:55:57Z mac and cheese mac n cheese macaroni cheese macaroni and cheese Texasfoodgawker A seed of a chia plant (Salvia hispanica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia_seed Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T20:07:07 chia chia seed chia seed A poult is a young domestic chicken, turkey, pheasant, or other fowl being raised for food. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T20:11:09Z poult Safflower flowers come from the plant Carthamus tinctorius, and are occasionally used in cooking as a cheaper substitute for saffron, sometimes referred to as "bastard saffron". The dried safflower petals are also used as a herbal tea variety. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T21:22:16Z bastard saffron kasuba kasubha safflower flower Kapchunka is an ungutted, dried, salted whitefish product of Russian ethnic origin. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T21:27:18Z ribeyza rostov rybez rybetz Kapchunka fish Kali Jeeri, also known as Centratherum anthelminticum, is a plant, and its seeds are sometimes used as a herbal medicine. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T21:52:52Z Centratherum anthelminticum Kaali Jeeri Kalijiri bitter cumin Kali Jeeri obsolete: black cumin seed true Gnetum africanum is a vine gymnosperm species found natively throughout tropical Africa. It is grown in various countries across Africa, including: Cameroon. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T22:22:09Z Gnetum africanum KoKo afang eru fumbua m’fumbua okok ukase wild spinach African jointfir plant A leaf of an okazi plant (Gnetum africanum). https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+africanum 2019-08-11T22:28:35 spinach Gnetum africanum leaf afang leaf african jointfir leaf eru leaf fumbua leaf okazi leaf okok leaf ukazi leaf wild spinach leaf Okazi leaves, often referred to as wild spinach, are used as a leafy vegetable for soups and stews, commonly called eru soup or afang soup, or eaten raw. The leaves may further be used as a remedy for nausea, sore throats, or as a dressing for warts. okazi leaf A tuber of an okazi plant (Gnetum africanum). https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+africanum 2019-08-11T22:31:04 Gnetum africanum tuber afang tuber african jointfir tuber eru tuber gnetum africanum tuber okazi root tuber ukazi tuber The okazi root tuber may be used as a source of famine food, and is similar to that of a yam. okazi tuber Eru is a soup from Cameroon made from okazi leaves. It is vegetable soup made up of finely shredded and stewed leaves, waterleaf or spinach (okazi leaves), palm oil, and either smoked fish, cow skin (kanda) or beef. 2019-08-11T22:39:54Z afang soup eru soup Food material which has been prepared and cooked in advance so that it only needs to be heated quickly (if at all) before consumption. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T22:42:04Z precooked food (precooked) The Tango apple, or SweeTango (brand name) or 'Minneiska', is a cultivar of apple, and is a hybrid of two other apples (the 'Honeycrisp' and the 'Minnewashta'). Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T22:55:18Z Minneiska apple tree Tango apple tree An apple harvested from a Tango apple tree cultivar. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-11T22:59:19Z Minneiska SweeTango Tango apple Thalipeeth bhajani is multigrain flour mix made of roasted grains and pulses and flavoured with coriander and cumin, and is used to make thalipeeth savoury pancakes. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-12T14:22:42Z thalipeeth bhajani Thalipeeth is a popular Maharashtrian Breakfast Pancake or thick flatbread that resembles a thick paratha but made with a variety of flours that are gluten free and millet based. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-12T14:28:33Z thalipeeth 2019-08-12T14:36:06Z powder Food material which is in powdered form. food (powdered) Baby spinach is spinach that has been harvested during a fairly early stage of plant growth, usually between 15-35 days after planting. 2019-08-12T15:00:56Z baby spinach A vegetable patty is a patty made with vegetables and without animal ingredients. 2019-08-12T15:12:38Z vegetarian patty vegi patty vegetable patty common turkey turkey meleagris gallopavo wild turkey The kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), also known as the Dominican gull, is a gull which breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere. The specific name comes from the Dominican Order of friars, who wear black and white habits. 2019-08-12T22:05:27Z Dominican gull Larus dominicanus kelp gull A squash harvested from the butternut squash plant. 2019-08-12T22:45:19Z butternut squash butternut squash (raw) The Hass avocado is a cultivar of avocado with dark green–colored, bumpy skin. 2019-08-12T23:01:17Z hass avocado Ají dulce is any of a variety of sweet perennial peppers found in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is most widely known in Puerto Rico and Venezuela, where it refers to a specific native variety of Capsicum chinense that is related to the habanero but with a much milder, smoky flavor. In the English-speaking Caribbean, it is known as seasoning pepper and is essential to a variety of traditional dishes. cachucha 2019-08-12T23:19:40Z 'ají gustoso Ají dulce ajicito ají cachucha Ají dulce pepper plant Tataki (Japanese たたき: "pounded" or "hit into pieces") is a method of preparing fish or meat in Japanese cuisine. 2019-08-12T23:24:57Z tataki A tataki made primarily with tuna. 2019-08-12T23:29:17Z tuna tataki A fish steak, alternatively known as a fish cutlet, is a cut of fish which is cut perpendicular to the spine and can either include the bones or be boneless. 2019-08-12T23:41:29Z fish cutlet fish steak A tuna steak is a cut of fish from a tuna. 2019-08-12T23:49:13Z tuna cutlet tuna steak A white nectarine tree produces white-fleshed fruit as opposed to nectarine trees that produce yellow-fleshed fruit. 2019-08-12T23:56:19Z white nectarine tree A shoot of a germinated broccoli seed. https://www.shape.com/healthy-eating/diet-tips/broccoli-sprouts-benefits 2019-08-13T00:05:33Z broccosprout broccoli sprout Food material - usually a vegetable - which is cut into long thin strips, similar to matchsticks. 2019-08-13T04:43:32Z julienned food (julienned) Baklava is a rich, sweet dessert pastry made of layers of filo filled with chopped nuts and sweetened and held together with syrup or honey. Emma Griffiths 2019-08-13T04:47:24Z baklava Fresh bratwurst is bratwurst sausage that has not been subject to cooking. 2019-08-13T04:48:56Z fresh bratwurst Cooked bratwurst is bratwurst sausage that has been cooked. 2019-08-13T04:49:30Z cooked bratwurst The poblano (Capsicum annuum) is a mild chili pepper originating in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Dried, it is called ancho or chile ancho, from the Spanish word ancho ("wide"). Emma Griffiths 2019-08-13T04:55:19Z ancho ancho pepper chile ancho poblano ancho pepper Ancho Powder is a type of chile powder, specifically ground ancho (poblano) chile peppers. 2019-08-13T04:58:54Z poblano powder ancho powder The mrigal carp (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), also known as the white carp, is a species of ray-finned fish in the carp family. Native to streams and rivers in India, the only surviving wild population is in the Cauvery River, leading to its IUCN rating as vulnerable. 2019-08-13T05:08:14Z Cirrhinus cirrhosus white carp mrigal carp The okapi (Okapia johnstoni), also known as the forest giraffe, Congolese giraffe, or zebra giraffe, is an artiodactyl mammal native to the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa. Although the okapi has striped markings reminiscent of zebras, it is most closely related to the giraffe. 2019-08-13T05:16:41Z okapi Daniel Jolivet A food product made from an ivy gourd plant species. 2023-06-19T08:07:21Z Coccinia grandis kowai fruit scarlet gourd tindora ivy gourd food product Verhackert is a spread of minced bacon, combined with garlic and salt. A traditional dish, the preparation of bacon takes place over two months, which includes freezing the meat two to three times. Once the meat is ready, it is minced with the other ingredients and pressed into a terrine. Verhackert is served cold with bread as an appetizer. 2019-08-13T05:40:39Z Verhackert A flatbread is a bread made with flour, water, and salt, and then thoroughly rolled into flattened dough. Many flatbreads are unleavened, although some are slightly leavened, such as pita bread. 2019-08-13T05:42:26Z flatbread A thin slice of meat from the leg or ribs of veal, pork, chicken, or mutton. 2019-08-13T05:46:09Z cutlet The boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), also called the red-tailed boa or the common boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the family Boidae, found in tropical North, Central, and South America, as well as some islands in the Caribbean. A staple of private collections and public displays, its color pattern is highly variable yet distinctive. 2019-08-13T05:49:55Z boa A seed of a macadamia nut tree (Macadamia integrifolia). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-13T05:53:56 Hawaii nut Queensland nut bauple bauple nut boombera bush nut gyndl jindilli macadamia maroochi nut macadamia nut A whole animal. A multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organism within the kingdom Animalia. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-14T18:02:36Z A whole animal can be dead or alive, but its body must be relatively intact. An animal which is dead or alive and has a relatively intact body. animal A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. 2019-08-20T19:10:28Z gherkin pickle pickled cucumber 2019-08-21T23:29:05Z filled milk food product A saskatoon berry derives from the or saskatoon plant. 2019-08-22T15:20:48Z Pacific serviceberry alder-leaf shadbush berry chuckley pear berry dwarf shadbush berry pigeon berry western juneberry western serviceberry saskatoon berry 2019-08-22T15:27:23Z red currant redcurrant red currant (raw) Kabocha is a type of winter squash, a Japanese variety of the species Cucurbita maxima. It is also called kabocha squash or Japanese pumpkin in North America. In Japan, "kabocha"may refer to either this squash, to the Western pumpkin, or indeed to other squashes. 2019-08-22T15:40:57Z Japanese pumpkin plant "Kabocha can be dark green with mottled blue-gray striping, or a deep red-orange color that resembles Red Kuri. You can tell the difference between red Kabocha and Red Kuri by their shape: Kabocha is round but flattened at stem end, instead of pointed."[https://www.strongertogether.coop/food-lifestyle/winter-squash-guide] Many of the kabocha in the market are kuri kabocha, a type created from seiyo kabocha (buttercup squash). Varieties of kabocha include Ajihei, Ajihei No. 107, Ajihei No. 331, Ajihei No. 335, Cutie, Ebisu, Emiguri, and Miyako. kabocha squash plant A Nankin cherry is a cherry harvested from the Nankin cherry tree. 2019-08-22T16:52:09Z Nankin cherry A seed of a wax bean plant having a yellow or white colored pod, a varietal of a common bean plant (phaseolus vulgaris). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T05:21:13 yellow bean yellow wax bean Yellow wax beans are green beans that have been bred to have none of the chlorophyll pigment. wax bean 2019-08-22T17:52:09Z yellow bell pepper yellow pepper yellow bell pepper (raw) A bell pepper is a fruits in different colours - including red, yellow, orange, green, white, and purple - from a bell pepper plant cultivar. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet peppers". 2019-08-22T18:01:49Z pepper bell pepper food product Kham Tran - www.khamtran.com Golden zucchini is a modern hybrid summer squash (Cucurbita pepo). 2019-08-22T19:52:25Z gold gush zucchini golden delight zucchini goldfinger zucchini yellow zucchini golden zucchini plant A golden or yellow zucchini is a summer squash harvested from the golden zucchini cultivar. 2019-08-22T20:36:52Z golden zucchini yellow zucchini golden zucchini squash 2019-08-22T21:04:52Z orange bell pepper orange pepper orange bell pepper (raw) Sunburst squash is a summer squash (species *Cucurbita pepo*) notable for its small size, round and shallow shape, and scalloped edges, somewhat resembling a small toy top, or flying saucer. 2019-08-22T21:11:29Z cibleme pattypan squash scallopini sunburst squash white squash yellow squash pattypan squash (raw) Cheese soup is a type of soup prepared using cheese as a primary ingredient, along with milk, broth and/or stock to form its basis. 2019-08-22T21:49:36Z cheese soup A shallot is the bulb part of a shallot plant 2019-08-22T23:45:59Z shallot shallot (raw) 2019-08-23T00:19:46Z turmeric extract 2019-08-23T00:22:57Z turmeric root (raw) 2019-08-23T00:30:16Z caraway caraway food product 2019-08-23T00:30:53Z caraway seed (dried) Damion Dooley 2019-08-23T00:37:18Z cumin SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155 * water removal process FOODON:03460138 * preservation by dehydration or drying FOODON:03470116 cumin seed (dried) A fully mature black/purple/brown colored drupe fruit of an olive tree (Olea europaea). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T03:54:19 black olive A drupelet berry food product is a product made from aggregated drupelet "berries" such as Raspberries and Blackberries. 2019-08-23T02:35:59Z druplet berry drupelet berry food product A whole fruit of a pomelo tree (Citrus maximus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomelo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-23T02:19:12Z 2022-02-17T21:11:54Z pomello pommelo pumello pumelo pummelo shaddock pomelo fruit 2019-08-23T02:53:47Z bramble berry food product A beef meat cut that has a flat-cut appearance. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-23T07:21:07Z steak cow steak beef steak 2019-08-23T20:45:37Z angelica angelica food product A cabbage head from a Savoy cabbage plant. 2019-08-23T20:53:01Z savoy cabbage savoy cabbage head (raw) A raw bullock's heart https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-0278 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-9745 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-3805 2019-08-24T05:04:59Z bullocks heart (raw) A whole cherimoya fruit which is raw. 2019-08-24T05:13:19Z cherimoya fruit (raw) 2019-08-24T05:27:17Z Apium graveolens var. graveolens wild celery wild celery plant Greater burdock root is a root harvested from the greater burdock plant. 2019-08-24T05:42:41Z burdock greater burdock greater burdock root Tarragon leaf is a leaf from a tarragon plant 2019-08-24T05:46:42Z tarragon tarragon leaf (fresh) Mugwort leaves and buds, best picked shortly before mugwort flowers in July to September, can be used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat, meat and fish. Mugwort has also been used to flavor beer before the introduction of hops 2019-08-24T05:52:31Z mugwort mugwort buds mugwort leaves mugwort leaves and buds 2019-08-24T06:59:30Z borage borage food product Chamaemelum nobile commonly known as chamomile, is a low perennial plant found in dry fields and around gardens and cultivated grounds in Europe, North America, and in Argentina. 2019-08-24T07:13:57Z Anthemis nobilis Chamaemelum nobile English chamomile camomile garden chamomile ground apple low chamomile mother's daisy whig plant roman chamomile obsolete: fruit (whole) true A pome fruit of a pear tree. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T02:25:28 pear A leaf of a plant that is used for flavoring. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2023-08-16T10:14:35Z herb food product 2019-08-24T15:43:48Z saffron saffron food product A food product that has some defining ingredient some basil part. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2019-08-24T15:46:35Z 2023-08-16T10:14:35Z basil basil food product Myrica rubra is a subtropical tree grown for its sweet, crimson to dark purple-red, fruit. 2019-08-24T16:16:46Z Chinese bayberry Chinese strawberry Japanese bayberry red bayberry waxberry yamamomo yangmei yumberry yángméi ヤマモモ 杨梅 Myrica rubra tree Softneck garlic is garlic from the (Allium sativum ssp. sativum) plant, and is widely available in grocery stores. 2019-08-24T16:26:50Z soft-necked garlic softneck garlic Hardneck garlic is garlic from the Allium sativum ssp. ophioscorodon garlic plant, and is closer to wild garlic, with complex flavors. 2019-08-24T16:30:14Z hard-necked garlic hardneck garlic 2019-08-24T16:43:14Z potato puff potato puff (dish) Hummus is a Levantine dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas or other beans, blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt, and garlic. 2019-08-24T16:44:41Z حمص بالطحينة‎ ḥummuṣ bi-ṭaḥini hummus Ella Olsson from Stockholm, Sweden A type of baked or fried turnover consisting of pastry and filling, common in Southern European, Latin American, Indonesian, and the Philippines cultures. 2019-08-24T16:59:45Z empanada Matías Repetto/GCBA A type of food made of ground maize dough, originating from the northern region of South America in pre-Columbian times, and is notable in the cuisines of Colombia and Venezuela. 2019-08-24T17:05:43Z arepa arepa (dish) Popo le Chien Pupusa is a thick flatbread from El Salvador made with cornmeal or rice flour, similar to the Venezuelan and Colombian arepa. It is usually stuffed with one or more ingredients. 2019-08-24T17:10:02Z pupusa pupusa (dish) stu_spivack 2019-08-24T17:17:49Z chocolate mousse Trail mix or scroggin is a caste of snack mix, specifically a combination of granola, dried fruit, nuts, and sometimes chocolate, developed as a food to be taken along on hikes. 2019-08-24T17:23:53Z trail mix Thelesperma megapotamicum is a perennial species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Navajo tea greenthread and rayless greenthread. rayless greenthread greenthread plant Rice bread is a type of bread that is made from rice flour rather than wheat flour. 2019-08-24T17:44:00Z rice bread Pan dulce (English: sweet bread) is the name for a variety of Mexican pastries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_dulce 2019-08-24T17:46:43Z Pan dulce A dish made from boiled cornmeal. 2019-08-24T17:49:54Z corn grits grits Piki is a bread made from blue corn meal used in Hopi cuisine. 2019-08-24T17:56:15Z piki bread piki Pita is a family of yeast-leavened round flatbreads baked from wheat flour, common in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and neighboring areas. 2019-08-24T18:01:31Z pita pitta pita bread The Robusta coffee plant (Coffea canephora) is a sturdy species which yeilds coffee beans of low acidity and high bitterness. 2019-08-24T18:24:57Z robusta plant robusta coffee plant A coffee beverage made from robusta coffee beans, which tend to be less acidic, more bitter, and have more caffeine than arabica beans. 2019-08-24T18:29:47Z robusta coffee robusta coffee (liquid) A coffee beverage made from arabica coffee beans 2019-08-24T18:29:58Z arabica coffee arabica coffee (liquid) 2019-08-24T18:48:21Z watercress 2019-08-24T18:51:49Z pomegranate food product Augustus Binu 2019-08-24T18:52:44Z pomegranate pomegranate (raw) A starch obtained from the rhizomes (rootstock) of several tropical plants, traditionally Maranta arundinacea, but also Florida arrowroot from Zamia integrifolia, and tapioca from cassava (Manihot esculenta), which is often labelled as arrowroot. 2019-08-24T20:42:47Z arrowroot starch Arrowroot is an edible tuber from the arrowroot plant that was extensively used by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. 2019-08-24T20:58:21Z arrowroot arrowroot (raw) 2019-08-24T21:03:06Z asian pear chinese pear japanese pear nashi nashi pear oriental pear sand pear asian pear (raw) The sacred pear is a pear of the Crateva religiosa tree. WIKIPEDIA:Crateva_religiosa 2019-08-24T21:12:38Z abiyuch garlic pear sacred barma sacred garlic pear templeplant sacred pear (raw) One or more whole skunk current berries 2019-08-24T21:23:06Z skunk currant Salvia elegans is a perennial shrub native to Mexico and Guatemala. 2019-08-24T21:26:34Z pineapple sage tangerine sage Salvia elegans plant A whole leaf from a pineapple sage plant. 2019-08-24T21:29:20Z pineapple sage leaf 2019-08-24T21:34:27Z rowanberry sweet rowanberry A black radish is a radish of the black radish plant 2019-08-24T21:43:31Z black radish black spanish radish black radish (raw) A daikon radish is a radish of the daikon radish plant daikon daikon (raw) A whole grain rice kernel which has a red coloration due to its bran anthocyanin content. 2019-08-24T21:52:39Z It is usually eaten unhulled or partially hulled, and has a red husk, rather than the more common brown. Red rice has a nutty flavor. red rice kernel A pad of a prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickly_pear https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-24T22:04:39Z 2022-02-17T21:11:54Z nopal nopal pad prickly pear pad Dioscorea polystachya or Chinese yam is a species of flowering plant in the yam family. It is a perennial climbing vine, native to China and East Asia.[3][4] The edible tubers are cultivated largely in Asia and sometimes used in alternative medicine. This species of yam is unique as the tubers can be eaten raw. 2019-08-24T22:18:19Z Chinese potato cinnamon-vine nagaimo 山药 chinese yam plant Dioscorea japonica is a type of yam (Dioscorea) native to Japan (including Ryukyu and Bonin Islands), Korea, China, Taiwan, and Assam. Dioscorea japonica is used for food. 2019-08-24T22:23:52Z East Asian mountain yam Japanese mountain yam mountain yam yamaimo Dioscorea japonica Chinese yam is a tuber of the Dioscorea polystachya plant 2019-08-24T22:27:23Z Chinese potato cinnamon-vine nagaimo 山药 chinese yam Mountain yam is a tuber of the Dioscorea japonica plant. 2019-08-24T22:28:36Z East Asian mountain yam Japanese mountain yam mountain yam yamaimo mountain yam A whole veal. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-26T15:25:51Z A veal which is dead or alive and has a relatively intact body. veal 2019-08-24T22:52:43Z huauzontle lamb's quarters lambsquarters pitseed goosefoot Chenopodium berlandieri A Japanese chestnut is a chestnut from a japanese chestnut tree. 2019-08-24T22:58:49Z japanese chestnut japanese chestnut (raw) A young jackfruit is an immature fruit; it has a mild taste and meat-like texture that lends itself to being a meat substitute for vegetarians and vegans. 2019-08-24T23:07:17Z young jackfruit A whole jackfruit is a fruit of the jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus). 2019-08-24T23:09:48Z jack jack fruit jackfruit jakfruit langka jackfruit (raw) Augustus Binu 2019-08-25T05:42:44Z crowberry crowberry food product A drupe fruit of a hickory cultivar (Carya). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6020-5919 2019-08-24T23:23:35Z hickory nut A raw ginkgo nut 2019-08-24T23:40:34Z ginkgo nut (raw) A whole raw european chestnut. 2019-08-24T22:58:49Z 2019-08-24T23:49:44Z european chestnut european chestnut (raw) 2019-08-25T02:15:47Z roselle As Wikipedia notes, the roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is also known as Jamaican sorrel, and in the Caribbean simply as "sorrel". roselle food product 2019-08-25T02:21:43Z sorrel food product 2019-08-25T03:39:11Z Chinese star anise badiane star anise staranise star anise food product Sanjay Acharya 2019-08-25T03:50:13Z lovage lovage food product 2019-08-25T03:50:23Z lovage seed 2019-08-25T03:51:43Z lovage root 2019-08-25T03:51:54Z lovage leaf A drupe fruit of a lychee tree (Litchi chinensis) . https://www.scienceofcooking.com/food-encyclopedia/lychee.htm https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T09:33:06 lichee lichi litchee litchi litchi nut lychee B.navez 2019-08-25T05:43:50Z black crowberry black crowberry A berry fruit from a star fruit plant (Averrhoa carambola) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carambola 2019-08-25T05:04:23 carambola star fruit 2019-08-25T05:07:47Z star fruit food product 2019-08-25T05:43:50Z 2019-08-25T05:46:40Z red crowberry red crowberry 2019-08-25T05:46:56Z crowberry purple crowberry purple crowberry 2019-08-25T05:53:24Z java apple (raw) 2019-08-25T05:57:58Z sea-buckthorn food product 2019-08-25T05:59:17Z sallowthorn sandthorn sea buckthornberry sea-buckthornberry seaberry sea buckthorn berry Barley is a cultivated grain used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. 2019-08-25T06:05:33Z barley barley seed (raw) A hyssop food product is a product made with the leaves, flowers, or oil extract of the hyssop plant. 2019-08-25T06:10:48Z hyssop hyssop food product A mangosteen food product is a food product made from the mangosteen tree. 2019-08-25T13:03:29Z mangosteen purple mangosteen mangosteen food product Mammee apple, mamey apple or mammey apple 2019-08-25T13:13:19Z Abricotier d’Afrique African apple African apricot African mammee apple mammea mammee apple mammea africana fruit product A berry from the Mamey apple tree (Mammea americana) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammea_americana 2019-08-25T13:14:09Z Santo Domingo apricot South American apricot mamey mammee mammee apple tropical apricot yellow mamey mamey apple A lotus plant food product is a seed, pip, rhizome, leaf or flower product obtained from the lotus plant. 2019-08-25T13:34:46Z Egyptian bean Indian lotus bean of India lotus sacred lotus lotus plant food product Pinus edulis, the Colorado pinyon, two-needle piñon, pinyon pine, or simply piñon, is a pine in the pinyon pine group whose ancestor was a member of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora (a group of drought resistant trees) and is native to the United States. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_edulis#Uses 2019-08-25T13:54:18Z Colorado pinyon Pinus edulis pinyon pine two-needle piñon Colorado pinyon tree 2019-08-25T13:58:15Z pine nut food product A pine nut food product made from Colorado pinyon nuts. Damion Dooley 2019-08-25T13:59:21Z pine nut Colorado pinyon pine nut food product A berry fruit of a surinam cherry plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2019-08-25T14:09:50Z 2025-01-15T15:10:50Z Cerisier Carré brazil cherry cayenne cherry pitanga surinam cherry 2019-08-25T14:41:02Z opium poppy seed food product A whole raw salmonberry is a berry harvested from the salmonberry plant. WIKIPEDIA:Salmonberry 2019-08-25T15:04:00Z salmonberry salmonberry (raw) The durian is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit, with over 300 named varieties in Indonesia, 100 in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market. 2019-08-25T15:12:18Z durian tree A durian is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. 2019-08-25T15:17:03Z durian durian (raw) 2019-08-25T15:24:27Z oregon yampah oregon yampah root Perideridia oregana is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common names Oregon yampah and eppaw. It is native to Oregon and California in the western United States, where it grows in woodland and other habitat. Edible Uses: Root - raw or cooked. A pleasant nutty taste. The root can also be dried and stored for later use. [https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perideridia+oregana] 2019-08-25T15:26:22Z eppaw oregon yampa plant A squashberry is a berry from the squashberry plant. WIKIPEDIA:Viburnum_edule highbush cranberry lowbush cranberry mooseberry moosomin pembina pimbina squashberry viburnum edule squashberry (raw) Malus is a genus of about 30–55 species[3] of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated orchard apple (M. pumila syn. M. domestica) – also known as the eating apple, cooking apple, or culinary apple. The other species are commonly known as crabapples, crab apples, crabtrees or wild apples 2019-08-25T15:37:56Z Malus group This class encompasses many species called "crab apple", but is there a more formal definition that excludes Malus pumila and Malus domestica? 2019-08-25T15:39:48Z crab apple plant crabapple plant 2019-08-25T15:46:46Z crab apple crabapple crabapple (raw) A raw catjang pea. 2019-08-25T16:00:13Z Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica catjang catjang pea (raw) Catjang (Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica) is a subspecies of cowpea. The catjang plant is native to Africa, and is an erect densely branched shrubby perennial of Old World tropics. 2019-08-25T16:00:13Z 2019-08-25T16:01:59Z Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica catjang plant Gai lan is the leaf and stem component of the gai lan plant Damion Dooley 2019-08-25T16:12:36Z chinese broccoli chinese kale jie lan kai-lan gai lan A caryopsis fruit of a common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-25T16:34:00 bread wheat bread wheat kernel About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat. common wheat kernel Vaccinium arboreum (sparkleberry or farkleberry) is a species of Vaccinium native to the southeastern and south-central United States, from southern Virginia west to southeastern Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas, and north to Illinois. 2019-08-25T16:40:22Z Vaccinium arboreum farkleberry sparkleberry sparkleberry plant 2019-08-25T17:26:53Z Medlar medlar (raw) 2019-08-25T17:30:11Z mulberry food product A mulberry is a fruit multiple from a mulberry plant 2019-08-25T17:30:23Z mulberry black mulberry mulberry (raw) Bayberry is a sweet, crimson to dark purple-red, fruit from the Myrica rubra tree. 2019-08-24T16:16:46Z Chinese bayberry Chinese strawberry Japanese bayberry bayberry red bayberry waxberry yamamomo yangmei yumberry yángméi ヤマモモ 杨梅 bayberry (raw) Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott's blueberry) is a species of Vaccinium in the blueberry group (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus). It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States, from southeastern Virginia south to Florida, and west to Arkansas and Texas. 2019-08-25T17:55:33Z Vaccinium elliottii elliott's blueberry Dulce de leche is a confection from Latin America prepared by slowly heating sweetened milk to create a substance that derives its flavour from the Maillard reaction, also changing colour, with an appearance and flavour similar to caramel. 2019-08-25T19:51:08Z dulce de leche 2019-08-25T19:54:31Z popcorn food product A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. 2019-08-25T20:00:01Z stew An inner core and growing bud of certain palm trees, including coconut, acai palm, sabal, and juçara http://sarapiquiecoorganico.com/palm-heart/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T09:46:16 Palm Heart Palmetto Palmito The fruit may derive from palm trees (notably coconut (Cocos nucifera), juçara (Euterpe edulis), Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), palmetto (Sabal spp.), and peach palm). heart of palm Junket is a milk-based dessert, made with sweetened milk and rennet, the digestive enzyme that curdles milk. 2019-08-25T20:21:06Z curds and whey junket junket (dish) Bulgur is a cereal food made from the cracked parboiled groats of several different wheat species, most often from durum wheat. Damion Dooley 2019-08-25T20:33:00Z bulgur wheat bulgur A caffè mocha is a chocolate-flavored variant of a caffè latte 2019-08-25T20:43:33Z coffee mocha mocaccino mochaccino mochachino caffè mocha Chimichanga is a deep-fried burrito that is common in Tex-Mex and other Southwestern U.S. cuisine. 2019-08-25T20:48:06Z chimichanga Tapioca pearls are pebble-sized spheres of tapioca; sizes range from about 1 mm to 8 mm in diameter, with 2–3 mm being the most common. 2019-08-25T20:55:17Z tapioca pearl tapioca pearls Nutrition drinks are beverages that promise a healthy balance of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. There are hundreds of varieties of nutritional drinks that fall into two general categories, shakes and formulas. Shakes are intended for oral consumption and may be designed to be compatible with health conditions such as diabetes (Glucerna). Nutrition shakes are usually fortified with vitamins and blended with sugar to improve taste. Formulas are designed for more specific disease states such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and later-stage kidney disease. 2019-08-26T06:16:43Z nutritional drink obsolete: pork steak true The American name for a form of back bacon that is cured, smoked and fully cooked, trimmed into cylindrical medallions, and thickly sliced. "Canadian" bacon is made only from the lean eye of the loin and is ready to eat. Its flavor is described as more ham-like than other types because of its lean cut. 2019-08-26T13:39:17Z Canadian-style bacon back bacon Canadian bacon Beyond My Ken Back bacon is a cut of bacon that includes the pork loin from the back of the pig. It may also include a portion of the pork belly in the same cut. It is much leaner than side bacon made only from the pork belly. Back bacon is derived from the same cut used for pork chops. It is the most common cut of bacon used in British and Irish cuisine, where both smoked and unsmoked varieties are found.[Wikipedia:Back_bacon] 2019-08-26T13:42:46Z back bacon A heart meat product is a food product deriving from heart organ(s). 2019-08-26T16:40:45Z heart food product A brain food product is a food product deriving from animal brain. The brain, like most other internal organs, or offal, can serve as nourishment. Brains used for nourishment include those of pigs, squirrels, rabbits, horses, cattle, monkeys, chickens, fish, lamb and goats. In many cultures, different types of brain are considered a delicacy.[wikipedia] 2019-08-26T16:53:44Z brain food product Stenodus nelma, known alternatively as the nelma, sheefish, inconnu or connie, is a commercial species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is widespread in the Arctic rivers from the Kola Peninsula (White Sea basin) eastward across Siberia to the Anadyr River and also in the North American basins of the Yukon River and Mackenzie River. 2019-08-26T15:01:57Z Stenodus nelma connie inconnu sheefish nelma Dr. Leonid Kozlov A whole kernel of spelt (Triticum spelta) 2019-08-26T15:10:44Z hulled wheat spelt kernel Sweetbread is a culinary name for the thymus (also called throat, gullet, or neck sweetbread) or pancreas (also called stomach, belly or gut sweetbread), typically from calf (ris de veau) and lamb (ris d'agneau), and, less commonly, beef and pork. 2019-08-26T16:55:20Z sweetbread food product 2019-08-26T17:15:39Z meat spread Almond milk is a plant milk manufactured from almonds with a creamy texture and nutty flavor, 2019-09-09T22:10:31Z almond milk A poultry sandwich contains chicken, turkey or other poultry meat. Damion Dooley 2019-08-26T18:45:16Z poultry sandwich A seafood sandwich is a sandwich made with fish and/or other seafood ingredients. 2019-08-26T18:53:22Z seafood sandwich Orange mint is a hybrid variety of mint grown for its fragrant leaves, and is a member of the Lamiaceae or Labiate family. 2019-09-10T20:31:25Z Bergamot mint Mentha x piperita citrata eau de cologne mint orange mint A species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. 2019-09-10T20:36:48Z Mentha arvensis corn mint cornmint field mint wild mint corn mint plant 2019-08-26T20:47:40Z egg soup One or more pieces of chickens. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-08-26T20:50:24Z piece(s) of chicken A bean food product harvested frrom the scarlet runner bean plant. 2019-09-10T22:26:19Z butter bean multiflora bean runner bean scarlet bean scarlet runner bean scarlet runner bean food product A bean pod harvested frrom the scarlet runner bean plant. 2019-09-10T22:34:27Z scarlet runner bean pod 2019-09-10T23:31:12Z Vaccinium stamineum buckberry highbush huckleberry southern gooseberry squaw huckleberry tall deerberry deerberry food product A species of flowering plant in the heath family. 2019-09-10T23:31:12Z 2019-09-10T23:33:44Z Vaccinium stamineum buckberry plant highbush huckleberry plant southern gooseberry plant squaw huckleberry plant tall deerberry plant deerberry plant A fruit of the longan tree (Dimocarpus longan). 2019-09-10T23:40:20Z dragon eyes longan lungan longan (raw) A fruit of the Rambutan tree. 2019-09-10T23:46:43Z hairy lychee rambutan rhambustan rambutan (raw) Muhammad Mahdi Karim 2019-09-12T15:00:10Z SIREN DB annotation: * liquid FOODON:03430130 * heat-treated FOODON:03440022 * part of plant FOODON:03420174 * steeping FOODON:03450036 herbal tea (liquid) 2019-09-10T23:57:32Z Portuguese kale couve tronchuda sea kale tronchuda cabbage leaf (raw) An onion that is harvested from the Welsh onion plant. 2019-09-11T00:13:07Z MANSFELD:126 PLANTS:ALFI4 Japanese bunching onion allium fistulosum bunching onion long green onion scallion spanish onion spring onion Allium fistulosum L. japanese bunching onion welsh onion A variety of kale with a long tradition in Italian cuisine, especially that of Tuscany. 2019-09-11T00:21:19Z Cavolo nero Lacinato Tuscan kale black Tuscan palm black cabbage dinosaur kale flat back cabbage palm tree kale Lacinato kale A subtropical marine fish, classified in family Serranidae, the groupers and sea basses. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea. 2019-09-11T03:29:10Z Serranus scriba painted comber A whole raw nut with its shell intact. 2019-09-11T04:58:48Z nut (raw, shell on) A species of rabbit native to southwestern Europe (including Spain, Portugal and western France) and to northwest Africa (including Morocco and Algeria). Japanese white rabbit domestic rabbit rabbit rabbits European rabbit A burger patty that does not contain meat or any such kind of meat. These burgers may be made from ingredients like beans, especially soybeans and tofu, nuts, grains, seeds or fungi such as mushrooms or mycoprotein. 2019-09-11T05:57:14Z veggie burger vegetarian burger A squash-like cucurbit grown for its immature fruit, a vegetable especially popular in South Asia. It is the only member of the genus Praecitrullus. Praecitrullus fistulosus isn't in NCBITaxon, but genus Praecitrullus is, and it has only one member, so no ambiguity if one only references that. 2019-09-11T06:20:28Z Indian baby pumpkin Indian round gourd Indian squash Praecitrullus Praecitrullus fistulosus apple gourd dhemase dilpasand meha round melon tindsi Tinda plant A food product from the seed of guarana plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarana 2019-09-11T15:43:00Z guarana food product A food product derived from fruit of the longan tree (Dimocarpus longan). 2019-09-11T15:53:30Z longan fruit food product 2019-09-11T16:16:50Z SIREN DB annotation: * solid FOODON:03430151 * not heat-treated FOODON:03440003 * fruit part FOODON:03420167 loquat (raw) A food product derived from jojoba beans. 2019-09-11T16:30:56Z jojoba bean food product 2019-09-11T16:35:39Z jojoba bean jojoba bean (dried) Ymer is a Danish soured milk product which has been known since 1930 and is made by fermenting whole milk with the bacterial culture Lactococcus lactis. 2019-09-11T17:01:37Z Ymer Crispbread is a flat and dry type of cracker, containing mostly rye flour. 2019-09-11T17:03:31Z crisp bread crispbread A leavening agent is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture. 2019-09-11T18:16:06Z leaven raising agent leavening agent A sweet chocolate-flavored paste which is eaten mostly spread on breads and toasts or similar grain items such as waffles, pancakes, muffins, and pitas. 2019-09-11T18:37:22Z nutella chocolate spread A chewy, firm pastille-type sweet similar to a gumdrop without the sugar coating, originating from the United Kingdom. 2019-09-11T18:43:11Z wine gums winegums wine gum A type of drink containing sugar and stimulant compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as "energy", but distinct from food energy). They may or may not be carbonated and may also contain other sweeteners, herbal extracts, taurine, and amino acids. 2019-09-11T18:59:06Z energy drink The immersion of raw food in a stock (or sauce) composed variously of paprika, oregano, salt, garlic, and vinegar to preserve and enhance its flavor. 2019-09-11T19:14:42Z Adobar Carne de vinha d'alhos adobo A melon harvested from the horned melon plant. WIKIPEDIA:Cucumis_metuliferus African horned cucumber African horned melon cucumis metuliferus hedged gourd horned melon jelly melon kiwano kiwano plant melano spiked melon horned melon (raw) A small, savory, deep-fried round ball made from cornmeal-based batter. Hushpuppies are frequently served as a side dish with seafood and other deep-fried foods. 2019-09-11T19:36:38Z hushpuppy A yogurt prepared with soy milk. 2019-09-11T19:38:25Z soya yogurt soygurt yofu soy yogurt A food product not including meat and animal tissue products (such as gelatin or animal-derived rennet). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine 2019-09-11T21:12:43Z vegetarian food vegetarian food material A cupuaçu fruit which is raw. WIKIPEDIA:Cupuacu 2019-09-11T22:15:36Z cupu assu cupuaçu cupuaçu fruit cupuaçu fruit (raw) A fruit of the shea tree. 2019-09-11T22:50:21Z shea fruit (raw) A food product derived from the fruit or seed of the shea tree. 2019-09-11T22:53:33Z shea fruit food product The seed of a shea fruit. 2019-09-11T22:54:42Z shea nut (raw) A very thin unleavened dough used for making pastries such as baklava and börek in Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines. Filo-based pastries are made by layering many sheets of filo brushed with oil or butter; the pastry is then baked. 2019-09-11T23:03:21Z fillo filo pastry phyllo phyllo dough filo Soybean material ground into a thick liquid, to which gums are added to create a substance resembling real cream found in mammalian milk. 2019-09-11T23:06:43Z soy cream A semidried sausage traditionally made in Southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Alsace. 2019-09-19T07:15:44Z landjaeger MarkusHagenlocher A liquid prepared for consumption 2019-09-13T09:24:52Z liquid beverage SIREN DB annotation: * liquid FOODON:03430130 beverage A process which takes in some food material from an individual or community of plant or animal organisms in a given context and time, and outputs a precursor or consumable food product. This may include a part of an organism or the whole, and may involve killing the organism. This includes harvesting from plants, hunting a deer, or milking process of a cow. The food is derived from part or whole of a single organism species (with perhaps a few exceptions, such as lichen). food harvesting A variety of banana plant native to Micronesia 2019-10-15T14:50:17Z "Eating one of these small bananas (about 100 g) covers the vitamin A requirement for 2 days. The Cavendish variety, on the other hand, contains almost no vitamin A. Growing vitamin A-rich banana varieties in more countries could contribute to a decline in global vitamin A deficiency." [http://www.fao.org/zhc/detail-events/en/c/446573/] utin lap plant 2019-10-12T09:36:28Z peanut (whole or pieces) A seed of a peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 peanut A roasted peanut pod. 2019-10-12T19:53:51Z peanut pod (roasted) A traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and kōji (the fungus Aspergillus oryzae) and sometimes rice, barley, seaweed or other ingredients. 2019-10-12T20:08:26Z miso Steel-cut oats (US) are groats (the inner kernel with the inedible hull removed) of whole oats which have been chopped into two or three pinhead-sized pieces (hence the names; "steel-cut" comes from the steel blades). 2019-10-15T15:29:59Z Irish oatmeal coarse oatmeal pinhead oats steel cut oats Ragesoss An oil made out of soybeans genetically modified to produce relatively low levels of linolenic acid in comparison to other soybeans. 2019-10-23T10:39:21Z soybean oil (low linolenic) Palm kernel oil which has been partly or fully hydrogenated. 2019-10-23T11:27:29Z palm kernel oil (hydrogenated) A fat used in the confectionery industry for making chocolate, candies, and baked goods. Confectionery fats must remain relatively stable during storage. 2019-10-23T11:39:01Z confectionery fat Coconut oil which has been partly or completely hydrogenated. 2019-10-23T11:44:32Z coconut oil (hydrogenated) A bakery filling containing a significant proportion of fat - usually 30% but ranging up to 60%. 2019-10-23T11:59:24Z bakery filling fat filling fat Winterization of oil is a process that uses a solvent and cold temperatures to separate lipids and other desired oil compounds from waxes. Winterization is a type of fractionation, the general process of separating the triglycerides found in fats and oils, using the difference in their melting points, solubility, and volatility. fractionate crystallization winterization of oil Poppyseed oil is an edible oil from poppy seeds (specifically seeds of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy). 2019-10-23T12:37:09Z poppy oil poppy seed oil poppyseed oil A vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of tomatoes. 2019-10-23T12:40:56Z tomato seed oil Oil extracted from walnuts (from the Juglans regia tree). 2019-10-23T12:48:43Z walnut oil Oil pressed from the kernels of the Prunus armeniaca (apricot). Apricot kernels have an oil content of 40-50% 2019-10-23T12:56:01Z Apricot oil apricot kernel oil Oil pressed from hazelnuts. It is strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil. 2019-10-23T12:59:14Z hazelnut oil A plant food product which derives from the cupuaçu plant. WIKIPEDIA:Cupuacu The white pulp of the cupuaçu frruit is uniquely fragrant (described as a mix of chocolate and pineapple), and it contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao.[1] It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. The juice tastes primarily like a pear, with a hint of banana.[wikipedia] 2019-10-23T13:03:54Z cupuaçu fruit food product 2019-10-23T13:06:54Z cupu assu oil cupuaçu oil A butter obtained from the nutmeg nut by expression. It is semisolid, reddish-brown in colour, and has the taste and smell of nutmeg itself. 2019-10-23T13:13:31Z nutmeg butter Oil extracted from the seed of ucuhuba plants (Virola surinamensis). 2019-10-23T13:20:55Z ucuhuba seed oil A partly hydrogenated oil made from soybeans. 2019-10-23T19:17:59Z soybean oil (partly hydrogenated) Oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk). Rice bran oil is known for its high smoke point of 232 °C (450 °F) and mild flavor, making it suitable for high-temperature cooking methods such as stir frying and deep frying.[Wikipedia] 2019-10-23T19:49:53Z rice bran oil A fully hydrogenated oil made from soybeans. 2019-10-23T19:17:59Z soybean oil (fully hydrogenated) A type of tomato bred for sauce and packing purposes. 2019-10-24T15:30:12Z paste tomato processing tomato roma tomato plum tomato (raw) John Phelan A distilled, highly alcoholic beverage (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof). It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from botanicals, including the flowers and leaves of Artemisia absinthium ("grand wormwood"), together with green anise, sweet fennel, and other medicinal and culinary herbs. 2019-11-04T04:33:29Z absinthe Muesli is a cold breakfast cereal dish based on rolled oats and ingredients like grains, nuts, seeds and fresh or dried fruits. 2019-11-04T04:52:03Z Müsli müesli muesli [Public domain] George Shuklin A dessert pastry consisting of a filled brioche. 2019-11-04T05:22:30Z La Tarte de Saint-Tropez tropezienne tarte tropézienne Bolognese sauce is a meat-based sauce in Italian cuisine, typical of the city of Bologna 2019-11-04T14:31:04Z ragù ragù alla bolognese ragù bolognese bolognese sauce A beef stew braised in red wine, often red Burgundy, and beef stock, generally flavoured with carrots, onions, garlic, and a bouquet garni, and garnished with pearl onions, mushrooms, and bacon. 2019-11-04T14:36:11Z beef Burgundy bœuf bourguignon bœuf à la Bourguignonne beef bourguignon Slayschips Small skewer or spit on which small pieces of meat, fish or vegetables are roasted or broiled 2019-11-04T14:45:57Z skewered food brochette A small skewer of meat 2019-11-04T14:50:54Z skewered meat meat brochette An Italian pasta sauce from Rome made with egg, hard cheese, guanciale (or pancetta), and black pepper. 2019-11-04T14:54:07Z carbonara sauce 2019-11-04T15:30:52Z skim milk (liquid) A northern Italian rice dish cooked with broth until it reaches a creamy consistency. The broth can be derived from meat, fish, or vegetables. Many types of risotto contain butter, onion, white wine, and parmesan cheese. 2019-11-04T15:55:42Z risotto Public domain A French Provençal stewed vegetable dish, originating in Nice, and sometimes referred to as ratatouille niçoise. Recipes and cooking times differ widely, but common ingredients include tomato, garlic, onion, zucchini, aubergine (eggplant), bell pepper, and some combination of leafy green herbs common to the region. 2019-11-04T16:01:24Z ratatouille A dish from Savoy in the Alps. It is made with potatoes, reblochon cheese, lardons and onions. 2019-11-04T16:06:21Z tartiflette Public Domain Arnaud 25 A Maghrebi dish which is named after the earthenware pot in which it is cooked. 2019-11-04T16:12:20Z maraq marqa tagine tajine A Levantine vegetarian salad made mostly of finely chopped parsley, with tomatoes, mint, onion, bulgur (soaked, not cooked), and seasoned with olive oil, lemon juice, salt and pepper. Some variations add garlic or lettuce, or use couscous instead of bulgur. 2019-11-04T16:15:03Z tabbouleh cyclonebill A Japanese dish of prepared vinegared rice, usually with some sugar and salt, accompanying a variety of ingredients, such as seafood, vegetables, and occasionally tropical fruits. 2019-11-04T16:19:16Z sushi Tim Reckmann from Hamm, Deutschland A baked egg-based dish which originated in early eighteenth-century France. It is made with egg yolks and beaten egg whites combined with various other ingredients and served as a savory main dish or sweetened as a dessert. 2019-11-04T16:29:57Z souffle soufflé A mixture of creamed fish or meat, sometimes combined with breadcrumbs, with a light egg binding, formed into an egg-like shape, and then cooked, usually by poaching. 2019-11-04T16:36:06Z quenelle An Italian dry-cured ham that is usually thinly sliced and served uncooked. 2019-11-04T16:39:12Z prosciutto 2019-11-04T17:55:03Z parmesan parmesan cheese food product A sandwich traditionally made with Italian bread (such as ciabatta, and michetta), usually served warmed by grilling or toasting. In many English-speaking countries other types of bread such as baguettes may be used. 2019-11-04T18:22:09Z panino panini cherrylet A salumi made of pork belly meat that is salt cured. 2019-11-04T18:28:59Z pancetta Dancan A Spanish rice dish originally from Valencia, named after the wide, shallow traditional pan used to cook the dish. 2019-11-04T18:34:31Z paella valenciana paella Jan Harenburg A castrated adult cattle male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft or riding purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Terminology 2019-11-04T18:48:09Z Ox as a prefix may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Terminology] ox A dish made from beaten eggs fried with butter or oil in a frying pan (without stirring as in scrambled egg). It is quite common for the omelette to be folded around fillings such as cheese, chives, vegetables, mushrooms, meat (often ham or bacon), or some combination of the above. 2019-11-04T18:56:16Z omelet omelette Stripey the crab An eggplant- (aubergine) or potato-based dish, often including ground meat, in the Levant, Middle East, and Balkans, with many local and regional variations. 2019-11-04T19:06:46Z moussaka Robert Kindermann aka RobertK A French pastry traditionally made up of three layers of puff pastry (pâte feuilletée), alternating with two layers of pastry cream (crème pâtissière). The top pastry layer is dusted with confectioner's sugar, and sometimes cocoa, pastry crumbs, or pulverized seeds (e.g. roasted almonds) or is glazed with icing or fondant in alternating white (icing) and brown (chocolate) stripes, and combed. 2019-11-04T19:16:32Z mille-feuille millefeuille mille-feuille pastry An Italian cream cheese recognized as a Prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (traditional regional food product), it is coagulated by the addition of certain acidic substances such as lemon juice, vinegar or citric acid. 2019-11-04T19:27:26Z mascarpone A top-fermented beer made with predominantly pale malt. 2019-11-04T19:32:04Z pale ale A hoppy beer style within the broader category of pale ale. 2019-11-04T19:34:04Z IPA india pale ale Yogurt that has been strained to remove most of its whey, resulting in a thicker consistency than unstrained yogurt, while preserving yogurt's distinctive sour taste. Like many types of yogurt, strained yogurt is often made from milk that has been enriched by boiling off some of its water content, or by adding extra butterfat and powdered milk. In Europe and North America, it is often made from low-fat or fat-free milk. 2019-11-04T20:20:36Z Greek yogurt sack yoghurt yogurt cheese strained yogurt A sauce made from a white roux (butter and flour) and milk. 2019-11-04T20:29:04Z bechamel besciamella white sauce Béchamel sauce A dish originating from the Indian subcontinent, consisting of chicken stewed in an onion- and tomato-based sauce, flavoured with curry powder and or ginger, garlic, tomato puree, chilli peppers, turmeric, cumin, coriander, cinnamon, cardamom etc. 2019-11-04T20:38:54Z curry chicken chicken curry A dish of ground meat covered with mashed potatoes and baked, similar to the British dish shepherd's pie. 2019-11-04T20:52:50Z hachis parmentier A meat pie with a crust or topping of mashed potato. 2019-11-04T20:57:46Z shepherd's pie A regional dish of Savoyard gastronomy based on processed cheese and bread. It is prepared from cheesaes such as the mountain county , Beaufort , Gruyère de Savoie , Emmental of Savoy. 2019-11-04T21:03:00Z Savoyard fondue fondue savoyarde A dish of beef dipped in fondue, originating in Switzerland. 2019-11-04T21:08:48Z fondue bourguignonne Burgundy fondue Fat (in the strict sense) specifically refers to lipids that are solids at room temperature. 2019-11-04T21:21:41Z fat A fruit multiple of a fig plant (Ficus carica). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-30T11:23:00 common fig fig An additive used to modify flavour 2019-11-04T21:31:25Z flavor agent flavouring agent flavouring additive A tartiflette except that small squares of pasta, crozets de Savoie (usually made from buckwheat but sometimes durum) are used instead of potatoes. 2019-11-04T22:04:47Z croziflette A baked or fried boiled ham and cheese sandwich. 2019-11-04T22:08:14Z croque monsieur A cut of pork popular in Western and Asian cuisines. The ribcage of a domestic pig, meat and bones together, is cut into usable pieces, prepared by smoking, grilling, or baking – usually with a sauce, often barbecue – and then served. 2019-11-05T03:37:01Z pork ribs A Tex-Mex and Mexican cuisine dish usually served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla, with toppings including cooked skirt steak or other cuts of beef, chicken, as well as vegetables instead of meat. In restaurants, the meat is usually cooked with onions and bell peppers. 2019-11-05T04:18:21Z fajita A dish of meat wrapped around cheese (or with cheese filling), then breaded and pan-fried or deep-fried. 2019-11-05T04:35:41Z cordon bleu schnitzel cordon bleu cordon bleu (dish) A type of pasta made with fresh eggs and found in the cuisines of southern Germany and Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Slovenia, Alsace, Moselle and South Tyrol. 2019-11-05T06:09:02Z Chnöpfli Csipetke Galuska Halušky Knöpfle Nokedli Spätzli spätzle A prepared coffee beverage without cream or sugar. 2019-11-08T22:02:27Z coffee (liquid, no cream or sugar) A coffee-flavoured Italian dessert made of ladyfingers (savoiardi) dipped in coffee, layered with a whipped mixture of eggs, sugar, and mascarpone cheese, flavoured with cocoa. 2019-11-09T01:11:40Z tiramisu Alexis Fam Red velvet cake is traditionally a red, red-brown, crimson or scarlet colored chocolate layer cake, layered with white cream cheese or ermine icing. Traditional recipes do not use food coloring, with the red color due to non-Dutched, anthocyanin-rich cocoa. Damion Dooley 2019-11-09T01:15:22Z red velvet cake Hennem08 Steeped tea made from dried Rooibos plant (Aspalathus linearis) tea leaves. 2019-11-09T21:37:20Z bush tea red tea redbush tea rooibos tea (steeped) A dish originating in Switzerland and prepared from raclette cheese round which is heated, either in front of a fire or by a special machine, then scraped onto diners' plates. It is accompanied by small firm potatoes, cornichons, pickled onions, and dried meat. 2019-11-09T22:36:06Z raclette (dish) A tart French pickle made from a small gherkin pickled in vinegar and tarragon. 2019-11-09T22:42:17Z Cornichon pickle A soup product in liquid form. 2019-11-09T23:31:37Z soup (liquid) A fisheries term for several species of demersal fish with fins, particularly Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merluccius bilinearis), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), hake (Urophycis), pollock (Pollachius), and others. 2019-11-10T06:26:43Z white fish whitefish (fisheries term) A sexually mature female bird. 2019-11-15T20:12:48Z hen A food ingredient that is prepared by scraping or cutting from the outer, colorful skin of unwaxed citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, citron, and lime. Zest is used to add flavor to foods. 2019-11-15T20:36:20Z zest citrus fruit zest Zest made from lemon rind. 2019-11-15T20:37:28Z lemon zest 2019-11-15T21:34:56Z multi-component seafood product A food product made from the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, predominantly one of the many species of the genus Tuber. Damion Dooley 2019-11-15T22:34:07Z truffle food product A food product made from black, white, pink or similar peppercorns. 2019-11-15T23:03:24Z peppercorn food product 2019-11-15T23:19:38Z multi-component meat product A food product made from tonka beans Damion Dooley 2019-11-15T23:26:40Z tonka bean food product 2019-11-15T23:49:36Z multi-component fruit product A food product made from the tamarillo fruit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarillo 2019-11-16T00:23:42Z tamarillo food product A dual purpose medium to large drupe or stone fruit of the Olea europea tree used as table olives and for olive oil production 2019-11-16T05:03:05Z Manzanilla de Sevilla Manzanillo olive Spanish olive Manzanilla olive Juice from white grapefruit 2019-11-16T05:39:42Z white grapefruit juice A type of drop cookie distinguished by an oatmeal-based dough with raisins mixed throughout. 2019-11-16T05:43:38Z oatmeal raisin cookie Vegan Feast Catering from Oceanside, CA, USA A tomato sauce, usually made with tomatoes, garlic, herbs, and onions. Its many variations can include the addition of capers, olives, spices, and a dash of wine. 2019-11-16T05:48:47Z marinara sauce Famartin A dish flavoured with sweet and sour sauce, and having vegetables and/or animal meat. 2019-11-16T06:09:06Z sweet and sour dish A sausage made from turkey meat 2019-11-16T06:20:41Z turkey sausage Roasted sunflower seeds with shell removed 2019-11-16T06:24:01Z sunflower seed (shell off, roasted) A class of tomatoes believed to be of southeast Asian origin, shaped similarly to the oval plum tomatoes but having the small size and sweetness of cherry tomatoes. Grape tomatoes produce small and typically oblong fruits. 2019-11-16T06:29:57Z grape tomato grape tomato (raw) A sweet and sour sauce dish having pork as a defining ingredient. 2019-11-16T06:39:42Z sweet and sour pork A beef primal cut that comes from the area below the backbone . https://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/cuts/cut/44453/loin-primal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2023-08-01T21:30:23Z The area below the backbone is home to some of the most tender and popular cuts of beef, such as the Tenderloin, Strip Steak, T-Bone and Porterhouse Steaks. Loin cuts are exceptionally prepared on the grill or under a broiler. beef loin https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/IMPS100SeriesDraft2020.pdf A cut of beef corresponding to the psoas major muscle, which is very tender. 2019-11-16T06:52:59Z eye fillet filet de bœuf beef tenderloin A boneless steak cut from the sirloin region 2019-11-16T07:01:00Z New York strip strip steak top loin steak beef top loin steak A beef steak that is prepared from the beef short loin. The maximum width of the tenderloin must be at least 1/2 inch (13mm) when measured parallel to the length of the backbone. https://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/cuts/cut/2772/t-bone-steak https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2023-08-01T21:30:23Z filet mignon The name originates from the characteristic T-shape of its bone. beef T-bone steak https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/IMPS100SeriesDraft2020.pdf A beef steak that is prepared from the beef short loin. The maximum width of the tenderloin must be atleast 1.25 inches (3.2cm) when measured parallel to the length of the backbone. https://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/cuts/cut/2466/porterhouse-steak https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2023-08-01T21:30:23Z beef loin porterhouse steak bone in Differentiated from the T-Bone steak by its larger Tenderloin muscle. beef porterhouse steak https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/IMPS100SeriesDraft2020.pdf Flour ground from blue flint corn. 2019-11-16T07:25:02Z blue corn flour A process which separates a culinary nut's shell from its meat, leaving the meat part more or less intact. shelling shelling process shell removal process A pod from a winged bean plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2019-11-19T07:21:53Z 2019-11-19T07:21:53Z The tender pods, which are the most widely eaten part of the plant, are best when eaten before they exceed 2.5 cm (1.0 in) in length.[Wikipedia] winged bean pod A dog treat consisting of an animal bone with or without tendon or other tissue. 2019-11-20T18:09:52Z dog chew bone dog bone A dog chew made out of rawhide. 2019-11-20T18:11:34Z rawhide bone rawhide dog chew rawhide mini bone rawhide 2019-11-20T18:29:18Z rawhide rawhide snack A large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. 2019-11-20T18:37:27Z ounce snow leopard A group of indeterminate heirloom tomatoes in the shape of a pear, but smaller, and having yellow, orange, and red varieties. 2019-11-20T18:45:39Z pear tomato pear tomato (raw) A food product based on a group of beans distinguished by their white skin. 2019-11-20T21:24:57Z white bean food product A pea variety that yeilds green-colored seeds at maturity. 2019-11-22T07:22:30Z green field pea plant obsolete: giraffe true A type of coarse-ground whole wheat flour similar to conventional whole wheat flour in that both are made from the whole grain, but graham flour is ground more coarsely and is not sifted during milling (i.e. unbolted). 2019-12-12T21:04:23Z graham flour 2020-01-08T00:20:27Z echinoderm food product In the United States, a langostino lobster food product is legislated to refer to one of three species of squat lobster in the family Galatheidae: Cervimunida johni, Munida gregaria, and Pleuroncodes monodon. 2020-01-24T16:30:06Z langostino lobster product (sensu USA) A lemon, whole or in pieces, for eating or other food processing. 2020-03-28T23:38:10Z lemon (whole or pieces) A citrus plant in the family Rutaceae believed to have originated in central China as a hybrid of mandarin orange and the ichang papeda. kuzu xiang cheng yuzu yuzu tree A food product derived from yuzu fruit 2020-03-29T05:34:53Z yuzu food product A whole raw yuzu fruit 2020-03-29T05:35:08Z yuja yuzu (raw) A hesperidium fruit of a citrus plant (Citrus). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T06:54:39 citrus fruit A whole thigh that is obtained from a turkey. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-03-30T19:09:34Z turkey thigh A sandwich containing peanut butter as a defining ingredient. 2020-03-30T19:35:00Z peanut butter sandwich Public Domain A whole leg that is obtained from a turkey. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9135 2020-04-01T06:42:21Z turkey leg A turkey thigh that contains skin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9135 2020-04-01T06:45:28Z turkey thigh (with skin) A skinless turkey thigh. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9135 2020-04-01T06:46:28Z turkey thigh (skinless) A chicken thigh that contains skin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9135 2020-04-01T06:49:46Z chicken thigh (with skin) A chicken thigh after the skin has been removed. A skinless chicken thigh. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-04-01T06:52:04Z chicken thigh (skinless) obsolete: chicken breast (skinless) true An adult female swine. 2020-04-01T23:10:20Z sow A portion of a food product presented in the general context of daily a recommended intake of a food group. The serving size is shown as a common household measure that is appropriate to the food (such as cup, tablespoon, piece, slice, or jar), followed by the metric amount in grams (g). ... By law, serving sizes must be based on the amount of food people typically consume, rather than how much they should consume. [FDA] 2020-04-11T00:09:40Z serving size A specific amount of food that a food product's nutrition facts' listed nutrient quantities pertain to. The food label serving unit is specific for each product category and designed to help consumers compare nutrient information on a number of food products within a category. [USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, 1999] 2020-04-11T00:18:46Z food label serving An amount of a specific food an individual eats for dinner, snack, or other eating occasion. Portions can be bigger or smaller than the servings listed in daily intake recommendations or on a food label. Many factors affect food portions, such as the individual’s age, gender, activity level, and appetite and where and when the food is obtained and eaten. [USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, 1999] 2020-04-11T00:38:57Z portion food portion A percentage indicating how much a nutrient in a single serving of an individual packaged food or dietary supplement contributes to an individual's recommended daily value intake for that nutrient. 2020-04-12T06:28:15Z percent daily value A datum about a recommended amount of a nutrient for an individual to consume or not to exceed each day. 2020-04-12T06:37:39Z daily nutrient value A datum, measured in food calories, representing a potential amount of energy available in a food material to a consumer. 2020-04-12T06:54:43Z 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal). By convention in food science, the large calorie is commonly called calorie (with a capital C by some authors) to distinguish from the smaller unit. food calorie datum A stalk harvested from a lemon grass plant. lemon grass lemongrass West Indian lemon grass stalk cymbopogon citratus stalk lemon grass stalk lemongrass stalk A genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants. bok choy vegetable food product bomdong vegetable food product broccolini vegetable food product choy sum vegetable food product collard greens vegetable food product gai lan vegetable food product komatsuna vegetable food product mizuna vegetable food product rutabaga vegetable food product savoy cabbage vegetable food product tatsoi vegetable food product cole crop vegetable food product cruciferous vegetable food product brassica food product 2020-06-05T00:25:13Z obsolete: fillet true A steak cut of beef taken from the smaller end of the tenderloin, or psoas major of the cow carcass, usually a steer or heifer. 2020-06-05T00:37:42Z filet mignon (North America) A butchery cut of chicken that is typically boneless. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-06-05T00:44:24Z fillet of chicken A specific cut of chicken meat that lies under the main portion of the breast just above the ribcage around the center of the sternum. Each fillet is separated from the main breast by filament. chicken fillet Dnor Public domain 2020-06-05T23:09:04Z Cavendish banana (overripe, raw) A fruit ripeness characteristic in which a fruit has surpassed ripeness and is undergoing decomposition. 2020-06-05T23:09:48Z decaying too ripe overripe A fruit ripeness characteristic in which a fruit has some ripe part(s) or is about to achieve full maturity. 2020-06-05T23:42:31Z slightly ripe A pome fruit of a Gala apple tree cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_(apple) 2020-06-06T00:48:34 Gala apple Sven Teschke A cultivar of dry onion, that has a pure white papery skin and a sweet, mild white flesh. 2020-06-06T01:05:02Z white onion (raw) A mild variety of onion having low sulfur content and high water content when compared to other onion varieties. 2020-06-06T01:05:10Z sweet onion sweet onion (raw) Rice flour made from brown rice and in which the bran and germ are included in the milling process. 2020-06-06T17:17:51Z brown rice flour A type of rice grown mainly in Southeast and East Asia, Northeastern India and Bhutan which has opaque grains, very low amylose content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is called glutinous (Latin: glūtinōsus)[1] in the sense of being glue-like or sticky, and not in the sense of containing gluten (which it does not). [Wikipedia] 2020-06-06T17:25:44Z glutinous rice Flour made from glutinous rice. 2020-06-06T17:28:41Z glutinous rice flour Flour that has not been bleached or enriched with nutrients during the manufacturing process. 2020-06-06T17:32:29Z white wheat flour (unenriched, unbleached) A flour is milled to a finer texture than all-purpose flour, and is made with soft wheat for a lower protein content than all-purpose flour. 2020-06-06T17:37:41Z pastry flour A pet food that has not been heat treated or otherwise preserved. 2020-06-09T21:38:19Z pet food (raw) A food item intended to provide pleasure or reward to an animal, and which might not be nutritious. 2020-06-09T21:43:04Z pet treat A chicken thigh that has been debonned. 2020-06-18T20:38:38Z chicken thigh (debonned) A chicken thigh that has been skinned and debonned. 2020-06-18T20:38:38Z 2020-06-18T20:40:21Z chicken thigh (skinless, debonned) A carcass of a chicken that includes all anatomical parts. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-06-18T20:58:20Z dead chicken This is an Uberon 'carcass' that 'has quality' some 'dead chicken carcass A chicken which has been defeathered, eviscerated, and cleaned 2020-06-19T14:00:50Z chicken (butchered) 2020-06-19T14:22:49Z chicken thigh (with bone) A chicken thigh that contains skin and bone material. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-06-19T14:23:32Z chicken thigh (with skin, with bone) obsolete: chicken breast (skinless, boneless) true Utensils, table surfaces, slicers, pipe interiors, tank interiors, filler bowls, packaging and conveyors, hopper and other food-contact surfaces of equipment. A surface that contacts human food or a surface from which drainage, or other transfer, onto the food or onto a surface that contacts the food ordinarily occurs during the normal course of food processing. 2020-07-28T05:01:41Z FCS food processing contact surface Food material unsuitable to ingest by a consumer due to spoilage related to the type of material it is, or to packaging or storage. 2020-07-28T14:52:37Z food (spoiled) Food material that has been grown, harvested, packed, or held under such conditions that it is unfit for food; or prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health. 2020-07-28T14:52:55Z food (adulterated) Food contact materials are materials that are intended to be in contact with food. These can be things that are quite obvious like a glass or a can for soft drinks as well as machinery in a food factory or a coffee machine. 2020-07-31T17:07:09Z food contact material A female pig under the age of 1 year. The term is also often used to refer to a pig who has not farrowed, or given birth to a litter. 2020-07-31T19:33:04Z gilt A pig between weaning and sale or transfer to the breeding herd, sold for slaughter or killed for rations. 2020-07-31T19:33:31Z grower grower pig A grower pig over 70 kg (150 lb) liveweight. 2020-07-31T19:33:46Z finisher finisher pig A piglet slaughtered for its tender meat. 2020-07-31T19:34:01Z suckler suckling pig suckler pig A young pig recently separated from the sow 2020-07-31T19:34:28Z weaner weaner pig Organism food material that has been harvested. 2020-08-04T05:21:57Z harvested food material Food material produced by sustainable agricultural practices. 2020-08-04T06:09:04Z sustainable agriculture food product A food product made from plant or animal cell lines incubated in a production facility. 2020-08-04T06:14:07Z cell-based technology food Food material that is obtained by hunting, the practice of seeking, pursuing and capturing or killing wild animals. 2020-08-04T06:19:50Z food harvested by hunting Food material that is obtained by foraging the natural environment. 2020-08-04T06:19:59Z food harvested by gathering Food material which is produced from one or more organisms, none of which have changes in their DNA as a result of genetic engineering. 2020-08-04T06:43:55Z food (not genetically-modified) A food product derived from a food fermentation process involving bacteria, yeast or mold culture. 2020-08-04T12:54:51Z food (fermented from innoculant) The country or countries of manufacture, production, design, or brand origin where an article or product comes from. For multinational brands, this may include multiple countries within the value-creation process. 2020-08-04T13:31:27Z product country-of-origin 1 A product primarily manufactured in a single country of origin, and with components coming from that country. 2020-08-04T13:47:52Z single country-of-origin product A product primarily manufactured within America. 2020-08-04T13:48:41Z Made in America Made in USA American-made product A single-country-of-origin product which is retailed in that country. 2020-08-04T13:54:22Z product retailed within its country-of-origin Food produced within a relatively short distance of where it is consumed (whether at a regional or smaller scale) 2020-08-04T13:55:50Z 100-mile food 100 mile diet locally produced and consumed food A plant or plant part that is obtained by foraging the natural environment. 2020-09-01T05:24:09Z wild harvested plant Cultivation of plants within a polytunnel or similar tunnel. 2020-09-01T14:47:38Z tunnel farming The rearing of domesticated animals for food. 2020-09-01T15:15:52Z food animal rearing An approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs by keeping livestock such as cattle, poultry, and fish at high stocking densities, at large scale, and using automated feeding systems. 2020-09-01T15:16:09Z factory farming intensive animal farming industrial livestock production A technology-based approach toward food production that aims to provide optimal growing conditions throughout the development of a crop located within an enclosed growing structure such as a greenhouse or building. 2020-09-01T15:39:29Z controlled environment agriculture (CEA) production 2020-09-01T15:50:14Z aquaculture production Aquatic farmed food production located offshore, in coastal areas or in freshwater lakes, open-net pens, or “cages”, that allow for free exchange between the farm and the surrounding environment. 2020-09-01T15:51:58Z aquaculture open-pen rearing 2020-09-01T15:52:32Z aquaculture closed containment pen rearing A caryopsis fruit of a barley plant (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-06T15:28:35 barley seed 2020-09-06T15:59:54Z multi-component wheat food product A seed of a cumin plant (Cuminum cyminum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin 2020-09-06T16:35:13 cumin cumin seed A seed of a ginkgo plant (Ginkgo biloba) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba 2020-09-06T20:07:44 ginkgo nut Damion Dooley 2020-09-07T14:40:30Z Food material that is the output of a food harvesting process. food (harvested) A drupe fruit of the arabica coffee plant (Coffea arabica). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-07T16:25:15 arabica bean arabica coffee bean 2020-09-07T16:25:37Z robusta coffee bean 2020-09-07T17:37:07Z excelsa coffee bean Organism food material which has not reached harvestable maturity. 2020-09-07T17:39:48Z pre-harvest food material A seed of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-08T18:42:03 common bean A legume fruit of a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-08T18:42:15 common bean pod A raceme inflorescence of a broccoli plant(Brassica oleracea var. italica). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:15:35 broccoli broccoli floret A rosette of a cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:20:47 cabbage cabbage head A seed of a rapseed plant (Brassica napus var. napus). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:24:31 rapeseed A primary root of a carrot plant (Daucus carota). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:27:10 carrot carrot root A tuberous root tuber of a cassava plant (Manihot esculenta). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:33:05 manioc tapioca yuca yucca root cassava A raceme inflorescence of a cauliflower plant (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:39:07 cauliflower cauliflower floret A petiole of a celery plant (Apium graveolens Dulce Group). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:43:45 celery stalk A primary root of a sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:45:46 sugar beet A drupe fruit of a sweet cherry plant (Prunus avium). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T07:48:03 sweet cherry A seed of a cowpea plant (Vigna unguiculata). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T14:09:09 cowpea A pepo fruit of a cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T14:18:28 cucumber A caryopsis fruit of a durum wheat plant (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T14:22:09 durum wheat durum wheat seed durum wheat kernel A berry fruit of a grape plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T14:38:33 de-stemmed grape grape A nut fruit of a common hazelnut tree (Corylus avellana) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T14:47:29 common hazelnut indian mustard plant A seed of black mustard or indian mustard or white/yellow mustard plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_seed 2020-09-09T15:15:51 mustard seed A seed of an indian mustard plant (Brassica juncea subsp. integrifolia). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T15:16:24 indian mustard seed A stem of a kohlrabi plant (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T15:32:09 kohlrabi stem A rosette leaf of a lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T15:53:41 lettuce lettuce leaf A caryopsis fruit of a soft white wheat plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T16:32:05Z soft white wheat kernel 2020-09-09T19:28:43Z Maize plant A type of grits made from hominy. 2020-09-09T22:04:31Z hominy grits A caryopsis fruit of a maize plant (Zea mays subsp. mays). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T22:30:15 corn kernel maize kernel An ear infructescence of a maize plant (Zea mays subsp. mays). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T22:30:40 corn cob maize cob A caryopsis fruit of an oat plant (Avena sativa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-09T22:33:32 oat A caryopsis fruit of a perl millet plant (Cenchrus americanus). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T02:58:48 perl millet perl millet kernel A root of a radish plant (Raphanus sativus). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T03:13:06 radish A petiole of a rhubarb plant (Rheum rhabarbarum). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T03:17:01 rhubarb stalk An aggregate fruit of a raspberry plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T03:24:33 raspberry A caryopsis fruit of a rice plant (Oryza sativa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T03:37:39 whole grain rice kernel A food product that has rice as a defining ingredient, and other ingredients. 2020-09-10T03:49:00Z multi-component rice food product 2020-09-10T04:03:30Z brown rice kernel Organism food material which has reached harvestable maturity. 2020-09-21T18:11:47Z harvest-ready food material A rice kernel which has a very dark coloration due to its bran anthocyanin content. 2020-09-10T04:05:53Z purple rice black rice kernel A food product made from a rutabaga plant. 2020-09-10T04:28:14Z rutabaga food product A hypocotyl of a rutabaga plant (Brassica napus subsp. rapifera). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T04:30:20 2020-09-10T04:30:20Z rutabaga An anther of a saffron plant (Crocus sativus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T04:36:16 saffron The vivid crimson stigma and styles of a saffron flower are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food. saffron thread A leaf of a siberian kale plant (Brassica napus var. pabularia). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T04:47:48 siberian kale leaf An aggregate fruit of strawberry plant (Fragaria x ananassa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T04:57:07 strawberry A stem of a sugar cane plant (Saccharum officinarum). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T05:06:55 2020-09-10T05:06:55Z sugar cane sugar cane stem A tuberous root tuber of a sweet potato plant (Ipomoea batatas). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T05:12:34 2020-09-10T05:12:34Z sweet potato A date recommended for the use of a product while at peak quality, this date is not a reflection of safety unless used on infant formula. 2020-09-22T15:01:59Z food quality date A hypocotyl of a turnip plant (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T05:38:38 2020-09-10T05:38:38Z turnip A shoot axis tuber of a yam plant (Dioscorea). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T05:45:46 2020-09-10T05:45:46Z yam A drupe fruit of a coconut palm tree (Cocos nucifera). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-10T05:53:54 coconut A dietary supplement formulated to contain little to no branched chain amino acids (BCAA), typically recommended for individuals with Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Lauren Chan 2020-09-25T15:46:57Z BCAA-free formula BCAA-free medical formula branched chain amino acid-free formula A date which indicates when a product should be frozen to maintain peak quality. It is not a purchase or safety date. 2020-09-22T15:05:58Z food freeze-by date A date intended for inventory management indicating how long to display a product for retail sale. It is not a safety date. 2020-09-22T15:07:12Z food sell-by date A last date recommended to a consumer for the use of the product while at peak quality. 2020-09-22T15:09:40Z best if used by use-by date This is also a safety date when used on infant formula regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). best if used by date A food product's packaging date as marked by a food manufacturer or retailer. 2020-09-22T16:46:49Z food packaging date A food product's production or assembly date as marked by a food manufacturer. 2020-09-22T16:47:43Z food production date 2020-09-24T20:19:39Z jackfruit food product A fruit multiple of a jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T12:08:30 jacktree A jackfruit is composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and the fleshy petals of the unripe fruit are eaten. jackfruit A stem of an asparagus plant (Asparagus officinalis) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 asaparagus asparagus spear A fruit multiple from a pineapple tree (Ananas comosus). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-09-24T23:35:56Z 2022-02-18T00:10:43 pineapple Food material which is an object aggregate of pieces. 2020-10-12T07:07:16Z food (pieces) A fruit cultivated to possess no mature seeds. 2020-10-12T07:15:44Z fruit (seedless) A white-colored immature fruitbody of a cultivated mushroom fungus (Agaricus bisporus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-13T05:45:46 button mushroom champignon mushroom common mushroom cultivated mushroom table mushroom white button mushroom white mushroom white mushroom A brown-colored immature fruitbody of a cultivated mushroom fungus (Agaricus bisporus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-13T05:45:46 Italian brown Italian mushroom Roman brown mushroom Swiss brown mushroom brown cap mushroom chestnut mushroom cremini crimini crimini mushroom brown mushroom A mature fruitbody of a cultivated mushroom fungus (Agaricus bisporus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-13T05:45:46 portabella portabella mushroom portobella mushroom portobello portobello mushroom A fruitbody of a cultivated mushroom fungus (Agaricus bisporus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-13T05:45:46 cultivated mushroom 2020-10-14T05:24:17Z pioppini mushroom Meat that has no bone material in it. 2020-10-15T19:42:38Z meat (boneless) Meat that has no connected skin (epidermis). 2020-10-15T19:45:45Z meat (skinless) A whole drumstick that is obtained from a poultry. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-15T19:48:20Z drumstick poultry drumstick A signature spice of the Sichuan cuisine of China's southwestern Sichuan Province, commonly available in a red or green peppercorn variety. 2020-10-23T21:57:12Z chinese prickly ash mala pepper rattan pepper szechuan pepper szechwan pepper sichuan pepper A red variety of sichuan peppercorn harvestaed from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. 2020-10-23T22:02:41Z Zanthoxylum bungeanum Honghuajiao 红花椒 red sichuan peppercorn A green variety of sichuan peppercorn harvested from Zanthoxylum armatum. 2020-10-23T22:03:28Z Qinghuajiao 青花椒 green sichuan peppercorn 2020-10-26T19:03:11Z salmon 2020-10-27T02:17:37Z clingstone peach tree 2020-10-27T02:17:47Z freestone peach tree A drupe fruit of an apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 apricot 2020-10-27T04:10:23Z berry drupelet berry An edible drupe fruit of a cherry plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 cherry A drupelet fruit of a loganberry plant (Rubus x loganobaccus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 loganberry A drupelet fruit of a cloudberry plant (Rubus chamaemorus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 aqpik averin bakeapple evron knotberry knoutberry low-bush salmonberry nordic berry cloudberry A peach with a pit that clings to the pulp of the fruit. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 clingstone peach A peach with a pit that is easily seperable from its fruit pulp. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 freestone peach A drupe fruit of a plum plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T05:48:32 plum A berry fruit of a pimiento pepper plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T09:06:01 cherry pepper pimento pimiento A ripened red colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T12:37:01 sweet red pepper sweet red bell pepper An orange-yellow pepo fruit of a pumpkin plant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T01:29:01 pumpkin A drupelet fruit of a blackberry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T01:29:01 blackberry A hesperidium fruit of a tangerine tree (Citrus tangerina). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T02:10:01 tangerine A fruit of an akee tree which is poisonous until cooked (Blighia sapida). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blighia_sapida https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T05:52:02 achee ackee ackee apple ankye ayee akee A drupelet fruit of a black raspberry plant (Rubus occidentalis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_occidentalis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T11:49:23 bear's eye blackberry black cap raspberry black caps scotch cap. wild black raspberry black raspberry A black marked seed of a blackeyed pea plant, a cultivar of a cowpea plant (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2022-03-22T15:59:09 black-eyed bean black-eyed pea crowder pea southern pea blackeyed pea obsolete: corn kernel true An edible flower bud of a caper plant (Capparis spinosa). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T07:45:09 Flinders rose caper bush caper A berry fruit of a jalapeno pepper plant (Capsicum annuum). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T03:07:01 jalapeno pepper A rosette leaf of a spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea) 2020-10-29T16:54:15Z spinach leaf A rosette of a spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-13T06:21:32 2020-10-29T16:55:09Z spinach spinach head A bunch of raw spinach heads and / or leaves. 2020-10-29T19:10:45Z spinach bundle spinach bunch A rosette leaf of a mustard plant (Brassica juncea) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-29T19:18:51Z 2020-11-11T11:02:45 mustard leaf Food material which has been juiced. 2020-10-29T23:06:25Z food (juiced) A rosette leaf of a collard plant (Brassica oleracea var. viridis) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-30T00:54:20Z 2020-11-11T11:02:45 collard leaf A rosette leaf of a kale plant https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 kale leaf A pericarp from the Star Anise (Illicium verum) tree. 2020-10-30T02:54:55Z Chinese star anise taranise star anise A bunch of raw collard heads. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 collard greens collard greens bundle collard greens bunch A rosette of a collard plant (Brassica oleracea var. viridis) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 collard collard head A bunch of raw mustard leaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-30T03:17:39Z 2020-11-11T11:02:45 mustard greens mustard greens bundle mustard greens bunch A bunch of raw kale leaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 kale greens kale greens bundle kale greens bunch A rosette of a lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa). 2020-10-30T03:40:22Z head lettuce lettuce lettuce head (anatomical) A head of crisphead lettuce. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-30T04:14:45Z iceberg lettuce crisphead lettuce A head of butterhead lettuce. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-30T04:14:45Z butterhead lettuce 2020-10-30T04:32:13Z head lettuce A group of lettuce cultivars with red leaves. 2020-10-30T04:58:21Z red leaf lettuce plant 2020-10-30T05:07:56Z lollo bionda A whole lettuce plant with a cleaned root system 2020-10-30T06:30:03Z Lettuce provided as a consumer product with a root ball attached to provide longevity. living lettuce A rosette leaf of a cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 cabbage leaf 2020-11-10T05:35:16Z red onion (raw) A bulb of a red onion plant cultivar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-11-10T05:35:57Z red onion A bulb of a yellow onion plant cultivar 2020-11-10T05:45:44Z yellow onion A bulb of a white onion plant cultivar 2020-11-10T05:49:20Z white onion 2020-11-10T06:04:20Z Honeycrisp apple A berry fruit of a pepper plant (Capsicum) https://www.britannica.com/plant/pepper-plant-Capsicum-genus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T02:39:11 pepper A juicy, rounded, brightly colored fruit without a stone or pit, though pips or seeds may be present. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T09:28:05 common berry berry A mushroom very similar to Pleurotus ostreatus, the pearl oyster, but with a few noticeable differences. The caps of pulmonarius are much paler and smaller than ostreatus and develops more of a stem. P. pulmonarius also prefers warmer weather than ostreatus and will appear later in the summer. 2020-11-18T19:52:53Z Italian oyster mushroom phoenix mushroom usuhiratake lung oyster A drupe fruit of an almond plant (Prunus dulcis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-28T11:27:21 almond A rosette leaf of a land cress plant (Barbarea verna) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarea_verna https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 2020-11-18T21:32:17Z American cress Barbarea verna Belle Isle cress Bermuda cress and upland cress bank cress black wood cress creasy greens creasy leaf early wintercress early yellowrocket land cress scurvy cress land cress leaf 2020-11-18T21:35:50Z land cress food product A bunch of raw land cress leaves. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarea_verna https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 creasy greens creasy greens bunch land cress bundle land cress bunch 2020-11-17T23:51:38Z sugarloaf cabbage plant A fruitbody of a fungi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-10-14T12:37:01 mushroom toadstool A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. mushroom fruitbody A fruitbody of a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus 2020-11-18T17:15:47Z chanterelles chanterelle mushroom A rosette leaf of a chard plant (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 chard leaf A bunch of raw chard leaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 chard bundle chard bunch A bunch of raw siberian kale leaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-11T11:02:45 siberian kale bundle siberian kale bunch A rosette leaf of a turnip greens plant (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T11:06:27 turnip leaf A drupe fruit of a sour cherry plant (Prunus cerasus) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-11-18T22:06:40Z 2022-02-18T00:10:43 sour red cherry sour cherry A drupe fruit of a blue plum plant. https://leafyplace.com/types-of-plums/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T12:40:23 blue plum A drupe fruit of a purple plum plant. https://leafyplace.com/types-of-plums/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T12:28:11 purple plum A whole prune. 2020-11-18T22:17:04Z prune A drupe fruit of a mango tree (Mangifera indica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T10:21:26 mango A pepo fruit varietal of a squash plant (Cucurbita). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T12:01:59 squash A pepo fruit of a papaya tree (Carica papaya). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T10:09:55 papaw pawpaw papaya A berry fruit of a blueberry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T03:43:49 blueberry A berry fruit of a lingonberry plant (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T12:24:27 cowberry mountain cranberry partridgeberry lingonberry A berry fruit of a gooseberry plant (Ribes uva-crispa). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/gooseberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T01:45:15 european gooseberry gooseberry A berry fruit of a huckleberry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T01:52:23 huckleberry A berry fruit of a hot pepper plant. 2020-11-19T01:03:37Z hot pepper A berry fruit in the Grossum cultivar group of a bell pepper plant. 2020-11-19T01:08:58Z bell pepper capsicum pepper sweet pepper bell pepper An immature green colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-14T07:08:14 sweet green pepper sweet green bell pepper A mature yellow colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar. 2020-11-19T01:24:18Z sweet yellow pepper sweet yellow bell pepper 2020-11-19T01:34:36Z orange bell pepper plant A mature orange colored berry fruit of a bell pepper plant cultivar. 2020-11-19T01:38:42Z sweet orange pepper sweet orange bell pepper A green-colored spear of a green asparagus plant. 2020-11-19T01:59:24Z garden asparagus green asparagus spear A white-colored spear of a white asparagus plant which grows underground, without chlorophyll. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T05:37:26 edible ivory royal vegetable white asparagus white gold asparagus white asparagus spear A purple-colored spear of a purple asparagus plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-13T11:43:36 purple asparagus purple asparagus spear A hesperidium fruit of a grapefruit tree (Citrus x paradisi). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidium https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T12:18:26 grapefruit A hesperidium fruit of a mandarin orange tree (Citrus reticulata). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T05:00:20 mandarin mandarine mandarin orange A drupelet fruit of a boysenberry plant (R. ursinus × R. idaeus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boysenberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T12:22:11 boysenberry A drupelet fruit of a dewberry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T12:36:15 dewberry A shoot axis tuber of a potato plant cultivar having golden yellow flesh. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato 2020-11-19T02:07:22Z yukon potato yellow potato A shoot axis tuber of a white potato plant cultivar having white or tan skin and white flesh. 2020-11-19T02:07:40Z white potato A seed of a field pea plant which is a varietal of a common pea plant (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T04:23:40 austrian winter pea dun (grey-brown) pea kapucijner pea field pea A seed of a sweet pea plant (Lathyrus odoratus). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T01:11:20 sweet pea A seed of a field corn plant (Zea mays). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T12:17:23 field corn field corn kernel A nut fruit of a chestnut tree (Castanea). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-21T10:08:33 chestnut 2020-11-19T02:27:50Z nut (raw) 2020-11-19T02:28:09Z seed (raw) A drupelet fruit of a youngberry plant which is a hybrid between three different species; the raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries from the genus Rubus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngberry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T01:57:23 youngberry A fruit of a tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits#Tropical_fruits https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T12:01:19 tropical fruit A fruit of a mangosteen plant (Garcinia mangostana). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T10:00:01 purple mangosteen mangosteen A fruit of a star apple tree (Chrysophyllum cainito). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T06:41:31 abiaba aguay caimito cainito estrella golden leaf tree milk fruit pomme de lait purple star apple tar apple star apple A pear shaped heirloom fruit varietal of a tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-20T07:07:27 teardrop tomato pear tomato A seed of a water chestnut plant (Eleocharis dulcis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleocharis_dulcis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T09:18:27 bat nut buffalo nut devil pod ling nut mustache nut singhara nut water chestnut water caltrop An underground plant part eaten as food by humans. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-23T10:00:00 root vegetable root vegetable An inflorescence of an artichoke plant (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-10-19T04:14:01 french artichoke globe artichoke green artichoke A whole artichoke includes the petals. An artichoke heart has most of its petal structure removed. artichoke head 2020-11-19T03:05:42Z waterfly egg A pome fruit of a williams bon chrétien pear plant, cultivar of a common pear. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_pear https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-30T13:17:20 Bartlett pear Williams' Bon Chrétien pear Williams pear A pome fruit of a common pear plant (Pyrus communis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus_communis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2020-12-16T21:03:04Z european pear common pear A pepo fruit of a cantaloupe plant (Cucumis melo var. cantalupo). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-27T07:15:01 cantaloupe A berry fruit of a kiwifruit plant (Actinidia deliciosa). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-30T13:14:34 kiwi kiwifruit Chinese gooseberry fuzzy kiwifruit A hesperidium fruit of a navel orange plant (Citrus sinensis) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2020-11-30T13:15:00 navel orange A berry fruit of a grape tomato plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_tomato 2020-12-16T22:16:44 grape tomato plum grape tomato grape tomato A seed of a sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seed 2020-11-30T04:49:32 sunflower seed sunflower seed (whole kernel) A bulb of a garlic plant (Allium sativum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic 2020-11-30T04:49:32 garlic garlic bulb A clove of a garlic bulb, including the husk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic 2020-12-16T22:42:26 garlic clove An immature flower stalk of a garlic plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic 2020-12-16T22:45:47 garlic spear garlic stem garlic top garlic scape A drupe fruit of a nectarine tree (Prunus persica var. nectarina). 2020-11-30T13:12:43 nectarine A seed of a lighter varietal of a red kidney bean plant. 2020-12-16T22:57:39 light red kidney bean A seed of a darker varietal of a red kidney bean plant. 2020-12-16T22:58:09 dark red kidney bean A pome fruit of a bosc pear plant, cultivar of a common pear. 2020-12-16T23:00:01 Bosc pear A celery stalk from the inner portion of a celery plant (Apium graveolens Dulce Group) 2020-12-17T01:14:55 celery heart A leaf of a casava plant (Manihot esculenta) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava 2020-12-17T02:20:02Z cassava leaf A nut fruit from an oak tree (Quercus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn 2020-12-17T02:58:08 acorn A fruit that develops from the merger of several ovaries that were separated in a single flower. 2020-12-17T03:02:14Z etaerio aggregate fruit A drupe fruit of an acerola plant.(Malpighia emarginata) 2020-12-17T03:31:37 acerola The flesh of fish 2021-02-02T14:05:26Z fish meat A chicken egg in its shell. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2024-02-12T14:11:19Z chicken egg (shell on) A pepo fruit of a muskmelon plant (Cucumis melo ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskmelon 2021-02-10T22:30:53Z 2021-02-10T22:37:02 muskmelon A pepo fruit of a melon plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon 2021-02-10T22:34:05 melon A cultivar of a muskmelon, inodorus group plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew_(melon) honeydew melon A pepo fruit of an acorn squash plant (Cucurbita melopepo subsp. melopepo). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_squash 2021-02-10T22:41:25 ornamental gourd pepper squash summer crookneck squash acorn squash A berry fruit of an avocado plant (Persea americana) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado 2021-02-10T22:52:57 avocado A seed of an amaranth plant. 2021-02-10T22:53:51 amaranth seed A tuber of an arrowroot plant (Maranta arundinacea). 2021-02-10T22:56:30 arrowroot 2021-02-10T23:03:58Z arugula food product A leaf of a rocket plant (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) 2021-02-10T23:05:58Z colewort rocket leaf rocket salad roquette rucola rucoli rugula arugula leaf Flour made from the milling of apple fruit. 2021-03-18T23:37:38Z apple flour A black-purple berry fruit of a black currant plant (Ribes nigrum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackcurrant 2021-02-10T23:21:23 european black currant black currant A pome fruit of an asian pear plant (Pyrus pyrifolia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus_pyrifolia 2021-02-10T23:22:08 chinese pear japanese pear korean pear oriental pears pyrus pyrifolia sand pear taiwan pear asian pear A pepo fruit of a banana passionfruit plant. 2021-02-10T23:23:48 banana passionfruit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica 2021-02-10T23:24:28 2021-02-10T23:24:28Z bayberry A berry fruit of a wine grape variety which have deep red or almost black skin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape 2021-02-10T23:25:26 black grape https://www.winefrog.com/definition/314/black-grapes A drupe fruit of a walnut tree (Juglans nigra) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra 2021-02-10T23:26:28 2021-02-10T23:26:28Z eastern black walnut black walnut A root of a black radish plant (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_radish 2021-02-11T00:51:26Z black spanish radish erfurter radish black radish A seed of a cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_cacao 2021-02-11T00:54:15Z cacao bean cocoa bean A seed of an areca palm (Areca catechu) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut 2021-02-11T00:55:00Z betel nut areca nut A nut fruit from a cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew 2021-02-11T00:56:37Z cashew nut A fruit of a cherimoya plant (Annona cherimola) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya 2021-02-11T00:57:42Z cherimoya cherimoya chirimoya chirimuya custard apple cherimoya fruit https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/fruitid1.htm Hannes Grobe A fruit from a cupuaçu plant (Theobroma grandiflorum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum 2021-02-11T01:02:47 cupu assu cupuaçu cupuaçu fruit A berry fruit of an eggplant (Solanum virginianum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant 2021-02-11T01:05:15 aubergine brinjal egg plant eggplant A hesperidium fruit of a california valencia orange plant. 2021-02-11T01:07:43 california valencia orange A leaf of a fenugreek plant (Trigonella foenum-graecum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek 2021-02-11T01:12:05 mehti methi leaf fenugreek leaf A bunch of raw fenugreek leaves. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek 2021-02-11T01:13:12 fenugreek bunch fenugreek bundle fenugreek leaf bunch A berry fruit of a guava plant. 2021-02-11T01:13:48 guava A rosette leaf of a chicory plant (Cichorium intybus). 2021-02-11T01:16:15 chicory leaf A rosette of a chicory plant (Cichorium intybus). 2021-02-11T01:17:05 radicchio succory witloof chicory head A bunch of raw chicory leaves. 2021-02-11T01:19:03 chicory bundle chicory bunch A berry fruit from a java apple tree (Syzygium samarangense) 2021-02-11T01:28:19 Semarang rose-apple wax apple wax jambu java apple A fruit of a beechtree. 2021-02-11T01:31:13 beech nut SIREN DB annotation: * whole, natural shape FOODON:03430150 * seed (anatomical part) FOODON:03420155 beechnut A fruit multiple of a breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit 2021-02-11T01:43:33 breadfruit A rosette leaf of a basil plant (Ocimum basilicum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil 2021-02-11T01:47:46 basil leaf A leaf of a bean plant. 2021-02-11T01:48:48 bean leaf A rosette leaf of a swiss chard plant (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). 2021-02-11T01:50:09 swiss chard leaf A bunch of raw swiss chard leaves. 2021-02-11T01:57:57 swiss chard bundle swiss chard bunch A leaf of a beet plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-02-11T01:59:10 beetroot leaf beet leaf A rosette leaf of a cauliflower plant (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) 2021-02-11T02:00:16 cauliflower leaf A leaf of a celery plant (Apium graveolens Dulce Group). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery 2021-02-11T02:01:06 celery leaf A bunch of raw celery stalks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery 2021-02-11T02:01:46 celery bunch A leaf of a grape plant. 2021-02-11T02:02:32 grape leaf A grape berry food product which is a cluster of grapes connected to a single peduncle by way of pedicels. https://ucanr.edu//sites/intvit/files/24344.pdf 2021-02-11T02:03:25 bunch of grapes cluster of grapes clustered grape grape bunch grapes on the vine grape cluster A leaf of a groundsel plant (Senecio vulgaris). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio_vulgaris 2021-02-11T02:04:21 groundsel leaf A rosette leaf of a loose leaf lettuce plant. 2021-02-11T02:05:17 2021-02-11T02:05:17Z loose leaf lettuce loose leaf lettuce plant leaf A leaf of a mizuna plant (Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuna 2021-02-11T02:10:06 mizuna leaf A leaf of a papaya plant (Carica papaya). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya 2021-02-11T02:17:04 papaya leaf A bunch of raw arugula leaves. 2021-03-26T19:42:01Z arugula green bundle arugula greens arugula greens bunch A bunch of raw parsley leaves. 2021-02-11T02:20:15 parsley bunch A leaf of a pumpkin plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin 2021-02-11T02:20:59 pumpkin leaf A leaf of a radish plant (Raphanus sativus) 2021-02-11T02:21:48 radish leaf A leaf of a sorrel plant (Rumex acetosa) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrel 2021-02-11T02:25:21 sorrel leaf A bunch of raw sorrel leaves. 2021-02-11T02:25:59 sorrel bundle sorrel bunch A leaf of a taro plant (Colocasia esculenta) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro 2021-02-11T02:27:32 taro leaf A leaf of a vegetable-producing plant. 2021-02-11T02:40:22 vegetable leaf A pome fruit from a crabapple tree. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus 2021-02-11T02:41:10 crab apple crabapple A drupe fruit of a jujube plant (Ziziphus jujuba). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube 2021-02-11T02:43:29 chinese date jujube red date jujube fruit A pepo fruit of a chayote plant (Sicyos edulis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayote 2021-02-11T02:47:30 christophine mirliton squash pipinela chayote A nut fruit from a japanese chestnut tree (Castanea crenata) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea_crenata 2021-02-11T02:48:44 japanese chestnut A nut fruit from an european chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea_sativa 2021-02-11T02:49:31 spanish chestnu sweet chestnut european chestnut A hesperidium fruit of a clementine plant (Citrus x clementina) 2021-02-11T02:50:33 clementine A berry fruit of a cranberry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry 2021-02-11T02:51:13 cranberry A pepo fruit from a horned melon tree (Cucumis metuliferus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis_metuliferus 2021-02-11T02:53:18 horned melon A hesperidium fruit of a citron plant (Citrus medica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citron 2021-02-11T02:54:35 buddha's hand citron An aggregate fruit of a custard apple plant (Annona squamosa). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard_apple https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-0278 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-9745 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-3805 2021-02-11T02:55:52 2021-02-11T02:55:52Z ata custard-apple seet sop sugar apple sugar-apple sweetsop custard apple fruit A hesperidium fruit of a lime plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit) 2021-02-11T02:57:03 lime A rosette of two cultivar groups (Brassica rapa, subspecies pekinensis and chinensis) of a chinese cabbage plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage 2021-02-11T02:58:04 chinese cabbage chinese cabbage head 2021-02-11T03:01:38Z chinese cabbage food product A rosette leaf of a chinese cabbage plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage 2021-02-11T03:03:18 chinese cabbage leaf A fruit from a durian tree. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durian 2021-02-11T03:06:45 durian A root of a daikon plant (Raphanus sativus var. niger). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon 2019-08-24T21:44:52 2021-02-11T03:08:29Z chinese radish japanese radish kaiware daikon daikon A seed of a kola tree (Cola acuminata). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_nut 2021-02-11T03:11:15 colanut kolanut kola nut A pod of a kola tree (Cola acuminata). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_nut 2021-02-11T03:11:48 kola fruit kola fruit follicle kola nut pod A nut fruit of a filbert plant (Corylus maxima). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_maxima 2021-02-11T03:13:54 filbert filbert nut A bulb and part of top of a leek plant (Allium ampeloprasum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek 2021-02-11T03:19:43 leek A berry fruit of a miracle fruit plant (Synsepalum dulcificum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synsepalum_dulcificum 2021-02-11T03:22:11 miracle fruit sweet berry miracle berry A pome fruit from a louqat tree (Eriobotrya japonica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loquat 2021-02-11T03:23:12 loquat A pepo fruit of a watermelon plant (Citrullus lanatus ). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon 2021-02-11T03:27:17 watermelon A caryopsis fruit of a tamarind plant (Tamarindus indica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind 2021-02-11T03:27:51 tamarind tamarind pod A pepo fruit of a passion fruit plant (Passiflora edulis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_edulis 2021-02-11T03:28:27 PLANTS:PAED granadilla passiflora edulis purple granadilla passion fruit A fruit multiple from a mulberry tree (Morus <eudicots>). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant) 2021-02-11T03:29:05 mulberry A drupe fruit of a longan plant (Dimocarpus longan) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longan 2021-02-11T03:29:40Z longan A berry fruit of an elderberry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus 2021-02-11T03:31:12 elderberry A berry fruit of a pomegranate plant (Punica granatum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate 2021-02-11T03:31:48 granado grenadier shi liu zakuro pomegranate A berry fruit of a natal plum plant (Carissa macrocarpa). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carissa_macrocarpa 2021-02-11T03:33:23 natal plum A pod of an okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra 2021-02-11T03:34:36 gumbo kacang bendi lady's finger lady's-fingers okra okra vegetable quiabo okra pod A seed of an okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra 2021-02-11T03:35:16 okra seed A seed of a flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax 2021-02-11T03:35:50 linseed flaxseed A rosette of a savoy cabbage plant varietal (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_cabbage 2021-02-11T05:24:28 savoy cabbage head 2021-02-11T05:54:02 portuguese kale scouve tronchuda tronchuda cabbage plant tronchuda cabbage leaf A hesperidium fruit of a kumquat plant (Citrus japonica) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumquat 2021-02-11T05:55:37 2021-02-11T05:55:37Z kumquat A berry fruit of a sacred pear plant(Crateva religiosa) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crateva_religiosa https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/crateva-religiosa-2/?lang=en 2021-02-11T06:00:17 abiyuch tree barna bidasi garlic pear tree sacred barma tree sacred garlic pear tree sacred garlic-pear spider tree temple plant sacred pear A berry fruit of a naranjilla plant (Solanum quitoense) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_quitoense 2021-02-11T06:01:36 lulo naranjilla An aggregate fruit of a salmonberry plant (Rubus spectabilis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_spectabilis https://virily.com/science-nature/a-different-sort-of-blackberry-called-the-salmonberry/ 2021-02-11T06:02:50 salmonberry 2021-02-11T06:04:29Z pistachio nut food product A drupe fruit of a pistachio plant (Pistacia vera). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio 2021-02-11T06:05:03 pistachio pistachio nut A fruit of a shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellaria 2021-02-11T06:06:28 A shea fruit also includes the nut or seed core. shea fruit The primary root of a parsnip plant (Pastinaca sativa) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip 2021-02-11T06:07:11 parsnip 2021-02-11T06:16:39Z black fonio seed (raw) A seed of a finger millet plant (Eleusine coracana) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusine_coracana https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/finger-millet 2021-02-11T06:17:41 2021-02-11T06:17:41Z finger millet ragi finger millet seed A pome fruit of a pyracantha berry plant (Pyracantha) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyracantha 2021-02-11T06:23:09 firethorn pyracantha pyracantha berry 2021-02-11T06:23:55 green onions sibies spring onions scallion A primary root of a horseradish plant (Armoracia rusticana) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish 2021-02-11T06:28:33 horseradish root A whole hickory nut from a pecan hickory tree (Carya illinoinensis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan 2021-02-11T06:29:22 hickory nut pecan A seed of a spanish peanut plant cultivar (Arachis hypogaea var. vulgaris) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut 2021-02-11T06:33:31 spanish peanut A seed of a runner peanut plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut 2021-02-11T16:38:23 runner peanut A seed of a valencia peanut plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut 2021-02-11T16:39:03 valencia peanut A seed of a virginia peanut plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut 2021-02-11T16:39:25 virginia peanut A pod of a virginia peanut plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut 2021-02-11T16:41:01 virginia peanut pod A bean of a moreton bay chestnut black bean plant (Castanospermum australe) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanospermum 2021-02-11T16:43:33 blackbean moreton bay chestnut moreton bay chestnut blackbean moreton bay chestnut black bean A root, tuber or bulb (without peel) of a jerusalem artichoke plant (Helianthus tuberosus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_artichoke 2021-02-11T16:44:25 jerusalem artichoke A pepo fruit of a pattypan squash plant, a varietal of summer squash. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattypan_squash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-02-11T16:45:15 button squash custard squash scallop squash scallopini squash pattypan squash A pepo fruit of a summer squash plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_squash 2021-02-11T16:47:21 summer squash A yellow colored cultivated variety of summer squash plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straightneck_squash 2021-02-11T16:49:10 straightneck squash yellow squash yellow summer squash A berry fruit of a pawpaw plant (Asimina triloba) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina_triloba https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=astr 2021-02-11T16:56:52 paw paw paw-paw pawpaw A leaf of a purslane plant (Portulaca oleracea) 2021-02-11T17:01:28 purslane leaf A pine nut kernel with a shell, of a soft or hard shell variety. 2021-02-11T17:04:13Z pine nut (shell on) A pepo fruit of a ridge gourd plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luffa 2021-02-11T17:28:18 ridge gourd A bulb of a sweet onion plant varietal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_onion 2021-02-11T17:31:08 sweet onion 2021-02-11T17:32:19 obsolete: idaho potato true A russet potato which is trademarked by the Idaho Potato Commission (IPC) to certify that it has been grown in the state of Idaho. 2021-02-11T17:32:38 idaho russet potato A root of a ginger plant (Zingiber officinale) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger 2021-02-11T17:33:19 elephant ginger elephant ginger root ginger ginger root A root of a ginseng plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng 2021-02-11T17:39:12 ginseng ginseng root A berry fruit of a squashberry plant (Viburnum edule) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum_edule 2021-02-11T17:40:11 2021-02-11T17:40:11Z mooseberry squashberry A drupe fruit of a rambutan plant (Nephelium lappaceum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutan 2021-02-11T17:42:13 hairy lychee rambutan A berry fruit of a otaheite gooseberry plant (Cicca acida) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_acidus 2021-02-11T17:43:38 grosellero jumbilin sour gooseberry otaheite gooseberry A drupe fruit from a pili tree (Canarium ovatum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium_ovatum 2021-02-11T17:46:52 pili nut A berry fruit of a persimmon plant (genus Diospyros). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-02-11T17:47:29 persimmon A pome fruit of a quince plant (Cydonia oblonga) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince 2021-02-11T17:48:02 quince A plant leaf food product derived from the lemon balm plant (Melissa officinalis). 2021-02-11T17:50:15Z lemon balm food product A leaf of a lemon balm plant (Melissa officinalis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_balm 2021-02-11T17:50:33 balm balm mint common balm lemon balm leaf A root of a sarsaparilla plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax_ornata 2021-02-11T17:57:24 2021-02-11T17:57:24Z honduran sarsaparilla jamaican sarsaparilla sarsaparilla sarsaparilla root (Smilax aristolochiifolia) An achene fruit of a salsify plant (Tragopogon porrifolius) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragopogon_porrifolius 2021-02-11T18:15:56 oyster plant salsify salsify root An aggregate fruit of a red raspberry plant (Rubus idaeus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_idaeus 2021-02-11T18:19:26 2021-02-11T18:19:26Z european red raspberry red raspberry A berry fruit of a tamarillo plant (Solanum betaceum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarillo 2021-02-11T18:21:13 tree-tomato tamarillo A hesperidium fruit of a tangelo plant (Citrus x tangelo) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangelo 2021-02-11T18:23:28 tangelo A hesperidium fruit of a yuzu plant (Citrus junos) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzu 2021-02-11T18:37:44 kuzu xiang cheng yuzu A drupe fruit of a sumac fruit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumac https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-02-11T18:41:22 sumac fruit sumac berry A caryopsis fruit of a rye plant (Secale cereale) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-02-11T18:43:38 rye rye seed rye kernel A seed of a lathyrus pea plant (Lathyrus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus 2021-02-11T18:52:34 lathyrus pea A seed of a shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellaria 2021-02-11T18:53:47 2021-02-11T18:53:47Z shea nut sheanut Surrounding fruit pulp is removed from the shea fruit to yeild a shea nut (seed). shea nut A seed of a lupine bean plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus 2021-02-11T21:19:56 lupin bean lupine bean A seed of a vanilla bean plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_(genus) 2021-02-11T21:20:24 vanilla bean A tuber of a yam bean plant (Pachyrhizus erosus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhizus_erosus 2021-02-11T21:24:36 Mexican turnip Mexican yam bean jicama yam bean jicama tuber A seed of a wrinkled pea plant. 2021-02-11T21:28:27 wrinkled sweet pea wrinkled pea A root of a kava plant (Piper methysticum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava 2021-02-11T21:31:22 intoxicating pepper kava kava kava kave root kava root A raw konjacu tuber. 2021-02-11T21:38:12Z konjacu tuber (raw) A seed of a safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower 2021-02-11T21:39:14 safflower seed A berry fruit of a chili pepper plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper 2021-02-11T21:40:27 chile chile pepper chili chili pod chilli chilli pepper chīlli green chili green chilli pepper red chili pepper green chilies chili pepper A berry fruit of a tomatillo plant (Physalis philadelphica) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo 2021-02-11T21:42:06 jamberry mexican groundcherry mexican husk tomato tomatillo An aggregate fruit of a rose plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hip 2021-02-11T21:42:51 rose hip A hesperidium fruit of a seville prange plant (Citrus x aurantium) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_orange 2021-02-11T21:43:29 bitter orange sour orange seville orange A bulb of a shallot plant (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot 2021-02-11T21:44:21 shallot A berry fruit of an olallieberry plant (Blackberry 'Black Logan' × youngberry) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olallieberry 2021-03-29T05:07:14 olallaberry olalliberry ollalaberry ollaliberry olallieberry A berry fruit of a wood apple plant (Limonia acidissima). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonia_acidissima 2021-02-11T22:10:48 elephant apple feronia limonia indian wood apple limonia acidissima wood apple obsolete: sorghum seed (whole) true A root of a taro plant (Colocasia esculenta) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro 2021-02-11T22:29:19 cocoyam dasheen eddo elephant's ear kalo malanga taro taro root A root of a turmeric plant (Curcuma longa) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric 2021-02-11T22:31:47 indian saffron turmeric yellow ginger turmeric root A drupe fruit of a yellow plum plant (Prunus americana). 2021-02-11T22:32:55 august plum goose plum hog plum (prunus) wild plum yellow plum A drupe fruit of a red plum plant. 2021-02-11T22:33:15 red plum A berry fruit of a plum tomato plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_tomato 2021-02-11T22:34:12 paste tomato processing tomato roma tomato plum tomato A seed of a white lupine plant (Lupinus albus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_albus 2021-02-11T22:35:11 field lupine white lupin white lupine white lupine bean A shoot axis tuber of a russet burbank potato cultivar. 2021-02-11T22:35:58 russet burbank potato A tuberous root tuber of a yellow sweet potato plant varietal. 2021-02-11T22:36:31 yellow sweet potato yellow variety sweet potato A tuberous root tuber of a red sweet potato plant varietal. 2021-02-11T23:05:33 2021-02-11T23:05:33Z red sweet potato red variety sweet potato A tuberous root tuber of a jersey yellow sweet potato plant, a heirloom varietal of sweet potato plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars 2021-02-11T23:05:59 jersey yellow sweet potato A riped berry fruit of a white pepper plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper 2021-02-11T23:07:09 white pepper white peppercorn A tuber of a yellow nutsedge plant (Cyperus esculentus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_esculentus 2021-02-11T23:08:03 choufa plant chufa plant earth almond plant nutgrass plant purple nutsedge plant rush nut plant tiger nut plant tigernut plant yellow nutsedge plant zulu nut plant yellow nutsedge tuber A drupe fruit of a sair date plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm 2021-02-11T23:08:55 sayer date sayir date sair date A berry fruit of a green tomato plant. 2021-02-11T23:14:34 green tomato A berry fruit of a red currant plant (Ribes rubrum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcurrant 2021-02-11T23:15:07 northern red currant red currant A raeceme inflorescence of a purple cauliflower varietal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower 2021-02-11T23:15:51 purple cauliflower floret A rosette leaf of a field cress plant (Lepidium campestre). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidium_campestre 2021-02-11T23:16:59 bastard cress field peppergrass field pepperweed pepperwort field cress leaf A shoot axis tuber of a red potato plant cultivar. 2021-02-11T23:18:11 red potato A primary root of a belgian carrot plant. 2021-02-11T23:19:21 2021-02-11T23:19:21Z belgian carrot A corm of a red Abyssinian banana plant (Ensete ventricosum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum 2021-02-11T23:19:52 abyssinian banana ensete false banana red banana red-skinned banana red Abyssinian banana corm A berry fruit of a seedless white grape cultivar. 2021-02-11T23:21:28 seedless white grape A berry fruit of a miniature tomato plant. 2021-02-11T23:22:32 cherry tomato miniature tomato Seed bran of an oat plant (Avena sativa) 2021-02-11T23:24:13 oat bran A berry fruit of a bramble berry plant. 2021-02-11T23:25:53 bramble berry A berry fruit of a ribier grape plant. 2021-02-11T23:26:37 ribier grape A berry fruit of a white grape cultivar. 2021-02-11T23:27:24 white grape A berry fruit of a red grape cultivar. 2021-02-11T23:28:16 red grape A seed of a catjang pea plant, a subspecie of a cowpea plant (Vigna cylindrica) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catjang 2021-02-11T23:29:16 catjang pea A pepo fruit of a Calabash melon plant (Lagenaria siceraria). https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MV070 2021-02-11T23:30:54Z Guinea bean Italian edible gourd New Guinea bean Tasmania bean bottle gourd calabash giant gourd suzza melon white flowered gourd zucca melon https://forums.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/threads/zucca-mellons.29365/ , http://www.grassrootsolutions.com/pdf/Pages%2043-36%20from%20Every%20Seed%20090316%20final%20printed%20(1).pdf zucca melon http://www.grassrootsolutions.com/pdf/Pages%2043-36%20from%20Every%20Seed%20090316%20final%20printed%20(1).pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourd A kernel of a yellow dent corn plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent_corn 2021-02-11T23:34:30 yellow dent corn yellow dent corn kernel A kernel of a yellow corn plant. 2021-02-11T23:37:07 yellow corn yellow sweet corn kernel A kernel of a white corn plant. 2021-02-11T23:42:24 white corn white sweet corn kernel A berry fruit of a plantain plant (Musa ABB Group) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_banana 2021-02-11T23:45:01 cooking banana plantain plantain A kernel of a sweet corn plant, which is a varietal of maize plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_corn 2021-02-11T23:49:58 pole corn sugar corn sweetcorn sweet corn kernel A rice kernel which is at least three times longer than it is wide. 2021-02-11T23:52:05Z long grain rice long grain rice kernel 2021-02-11T23:53:40Z milled white rice white rice white rice A leaf of a chive plant (Allium schoenoprasum) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chives 2021-02-12T00:33:31 chive leaf chive leaf 2021-03-29T05:25:16Z soursop food product A seed of an alaska pea plant, which is a cultivar of garden pea plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea 2021-02-12T06:49:37 alaska pea A seed of an anise plant (Pimpinella anisum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise 2021-02-12T06:51:03 "The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as star anise,[4] fennel, licorice, and tarragon. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the Mediterranean." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise] anise seed A seed of a cardamom plant (Elettaria cardamomum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom 2021-02-12T06:54:44 cardamom cardamon cardamom seed A flower bud of a clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove 2021-02-12T17:29:05 clove clove (spice) A seed of a dill plant (Anethum graveolens). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill 2021-02-12T17:29:33 dill seed A seed of a jojoba bean plant (Simmondsia chinensis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojoba 2021-02-12T17:30:18 2021-02-12T17:30:18Z coffeeberry deer nut goat nut goatnut pignut quinine nut wild hazel jojoba bean A seed of a lotus plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_seed 2021-02-12T17:43:58 indian lotus padma sacred lotus lotus seed A cone of a juniper berry plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berry 2021-02-12T17:46:05 juniper berry A berry fruit of a cayenne pepper plant cultivar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_pepper 2021-02-12T17:49:12 cayenne pepper pod cayenne pepper 2021-02-12T17:52:35Z cayenne pepper (dried) A seed cone of a hop plant (Humulus lupulus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops 2021-02-12T17:54:34 hops A whole kelp blade from a konbu seaweed plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu 2021-02-12T17:56:35Z konbu leaf konbu blade A leaf of a bay leaf plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-02-12T18:08:19 bay leaf A leaf of a california bay leaf plant (Umbellularia californica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf 2021-02-12T18:09:04 california bay leaf A leaf of a bay laurel plant (Laurus nobilis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf 2021-02-12T18:11:07 bay laurel A leaf of an indian bay leaf plant (Laurus nobilis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf 2021-02-12T18:11:33 2021-02-12T18:11:33Z indian bay leaf A leaf of an indonesian bay leaf plant (Syzygium polyanthum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf 2021-02-12T18:12:06 indonesian bay leaf A leaf of a west Indian bay leaf plant (Pimenta racemosa). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf 2021-02-12T18:12:30 west Indian bay leaf A leaf of a mexican bay leaf plant (Litsea glaucescens). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf 2021-02-12T18:12:58 2021-02-12T18:12:58Z mexican bay leaf A leaf of a rosemary plant (Salvia rosmarinus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary 2021-02-12T18:12:58 rosemary leaf A berry fruit from a pink peppercorn tree (Schinus molle). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_peppercorn 2021-02-12T18:14:44 pink peppercorn A leaf of a spanish thyme plant (Coleus amboinicus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleus_amboinicus 2021-02-12T18:28:16 spanish thyme leaf A leaf of a tarragon plant (Artemisia dracunculus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragon 2021-02-12T18:30:48 tarragon leaf A drupe fruit of an italian prune plum plant (Prunus cocomili) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cocomilia 2021-02-12T18:40:18 italian prune plum A leaf of a herb plant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb 2021-02-12T18:42:16 herb leaf herb leaf A blade of kelp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp 2021-02-12T18:47:13 kelp blade An anatomical part of a plant that is consumed by humans or other animals as food. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable 2021-02-12T18:49:32 vegetable A leaf of a neem plant (Azadirachta indica). 2021-03-29T06:23:57 indian-lilac leaf margosa leaf mimba leaf neem leaf neem leaf A leaf of a pandan plant (Pandanus amaryllifolius). 2021-03-29T06:25:03 pandan leaf pandan leaf A leaf of a chaparral plant (Larrea tridentata). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrea_tridentata 2021-03-29T06:27:37 chaparral leaf creosote bush greasewood leaf chaparral leaf A leaf of a stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana). 2021-03-29T06:28:34 candyleaf stevia leaf sugarleaf sweet leaf sweetleaf stevia leaf A rosette leaf of a mountain arnica plant (Arnica montana). 2021-03-29T06:31:22 arnica montana leaf mountain arnica leaf mountain tobacco leaf mountain arnica leaf A leaf of an arnica plant (Arnica). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnica 2021-03-29T06:32:00 arnica leaf arnica leaf A leaf of a bitterleaf plant (Gymnanthemum amygdalinum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernonia_amygdalina 2021-03-29T06:32:34 bitter leaf bitter leaf A leaf of a chamomile plant. 2021-03-29T06:33:19 chamomile leaf manzanilia leaf chamomile leaf A leaf of a bitter gourd plant (Momordica charantia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica_charantia 2021-03-29T06:34:39 balsam-pear leaf bitter melon leaf bitter squash leaf cerasee leaf bitter gourd leaf A leaf of a savory plant (Satureja). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satureja 2021-03-29T06:36:18 savory leaf savory leaf A leaf of a summer savory plant (Satureja hortensis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_savory 2021-03-29T06:36:52 summer savory leaf summer savory leaf A leaf of a winter savory plant (Satureja montana) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_savory 2021-03-29T06:37:10 winter savory leaf winter savory leaf A bark of a barberry plant (Berberis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis 2021-03-29T06:38:16 barberry bark A leaf of an estafiate plant (Artemisia ludoviciana) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_ludoviciana 2021-03-29T06:39:02 gray sagewort leaf louisiana wormwood leaf silver wormwood leaf western mugwort leaf white sagebrush leaf estafiate wormwood leaf A red colored pear shaped heirloom varietal of a tomato plant. 2021-03-29T06:39:48 2021-03-29T06:39:48Z red pear tomato red pear tomato A seed of a charoli plant (Buchanania lanzan) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanania_lanzan 2021-03-29T06:48:48 charoli seed chironji seed charoli seed A seed of a river tamarind plant (Leucaena leucocephala) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucaena_leucocephala 2021-03-29T06:49:30 ipil-ipil jumbay river tamarind white leadtree white popinac river tamarind seed 2021-03-30T17:17:17Z acacia food product A leaf of an Acacia plant (Acacia). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia 2021-03-30T17:27:28 acacia leaf cha-om leaf acacia leaf A seed of an Acacia plant (Acacia). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia 2021-03-30T17:27:51 acacia seed acacia seed A germinated or sprouted seed of a soyabean plant (Glycine max). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean_sprout 2021-03-30T17:29:39 soy sprout soyabean sprout soybean sprout A leaf of a kra thom na plant (Mitragyna javanica). Kra thom Na leaf Mitragyna javanica leaf kra thom na leaf A leaf of a kaim plant (Mitragyna parvifolia). 2021-03-30T18:01:11 kaim leaf kaim leaf A rosette of a romaine lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) that has the outer leaves removed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaine_lettuce 2021-03-30T19:58:17 romaine heart romaine lettuce heart A cheese food product which is surrounded by a cheese rind. 2021-04-20T19:40:42Z cheese core A food rind which is a natural or artificial exposed layer that surrounds a cheese core. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese 2021-04-20T19:48:53Z cheese rind A food datum which is the proportion of a nutrient remaining in a cooked food in relation to the amount of that nutrient present in a given weight of the food before cooking. 2021-05-20T23:00:12Z "Thus, the direct measure of true retentions requires data on the weights of the food both before and after cooking, as well as the contents of the nutrient per gram (or other unit of weight) of raw and cooked food." - Comparisons of Methods for Calculationg Retentions of Nutrients in Cooked Foods.(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1238446/) true nutrient retention factor A food datum which is the ratio of nutrient content in a cooked food - without inclusion of components that may have been separated during the cooking process - to nutrient content in the raw food, with both values expressed on a moisture-free basis. 2021-05-20T23:00:12Z "The use of apparent rather than true retentions involves the assumption that solids are not lost to any practical extent with cooking. This assumption is clearly not valid for meats, which give up both fat and protein to the drippings when cooked; it is probably not valid for vegetables, legumes, and many cereal products, either. "(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1238446/) apparent nutrient retention factor A whole animal ear that is obtained from a pork. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-05-18T12:10:05Z pig ear pig's ear porcine pig ear pork ear An easily-digestible dog chew made from the pizzle (or penis) of a bull. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzle 2021-05-18T14:53:06Z bull pizzle bull stick bully stick pizzle dog treat pizzle stick Meath which is prepared for use as dog food or as an ingredient in dog food. 2021-05-18T15:10:06Z meat for dog food A pork ear which is dried. 2021-05-18T15:29:20Z dried pig ear dried pork ear pig ear (dried) formed as a result of 'preservation by dehydration or drying' pork ear (dried) The process of combining chicken with one or more ingredients together. 2021-05-18T16:33:23Z chicken blend chicken mixture Food material mixture for consumption by pets. 2021-05-19T11:59:34Z multi-component pet food product Cat food which has several ingredients. 2021-05-19T12:10:55Z blend for cat multi-component cat food product Dog food which has several ingredients. 2021-05-19T12:09:20Z blend for dog multi-component dog food product Bird food is food (often varieties of seeds, nuts, or dried fruits) eaten by birds. The various types of bird food reflect the species of bird that can be fed, whether they are carnivores or nectar eating birds. Rhiannon Cameron https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_food 2021-05-19T12:18:42Z bird food bird seed bird feed A nut butter made from soybeans that are roasted, crushed, and mixed with soybean oil to form a stiff textured food spread with a mild nutty flavor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean#Soy_nut_butter 2021-05-19T12:44:20Z soya bean butter soybean butter soynut butter soy nut butter A condiment made from toasted ground hulled sesame. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahini 2021-05-19T13:26:12 tahina tahini The white, fleshy part of a coconut. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-05-19T18:20:02Z coconut meat Coconut meat which is frozen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-05-19T18:29:20Z frozen coconut meat coconut meat (frozen) A gouda, aged between 2 and 6 months, that ranges from semi-soft to semi-firm and has a mild, creamy pale-yellow paste. https://culturecheesemag.com/cheese-iq/style-highlight-gouda 2021-05-20T12:56:20Z jong gouda young gouda A gouda made from the first milkings after cows are led to pasture, having spent the winter indoors. This milk is rich and produces a mild-flavored and creamy cheese. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graskaas 2021-05-20T13:13:09Z graskass gouda hooikaas meikaas graskaas gouda Cheeses that are made by traditional cheese making methods and are produced from the raw milk of animals, such as cows, goats, and sheep that are raised on small regional farms, mountain chalet farms, or mountain huts. https://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--1567/cheeses-of-holland.asp 2021-05-20T14:55:20Z farmhouse style cheese farmhouse-style cheese farmhouse cheese boerenkass gouda boerenkass cheese fermented nut food product A non-dairy cheese made from nut milk that has been fermented and aged with probiotic cultures to develop flavor and texture. https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-nut-cheese 2021-05-20T15:09:23Z non-dairy cheese plant-based cheese vegan cheese nut cheese The coconut meat which is cut into long, wide flakes that are then dried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut 2021-05-20T15:17:20Z flaked coconut coconut flake Non-dairy, coocnut-based cheese or cheese analogue. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9578-0788 2021-05-20T15:22:39Z coconut cheese alternative coconut cheese analogue coconut cheese Cashew milk is a manufactured, nondairy beverage made from water-based cashew extract for flavouring and aroma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_milk#Nut_milk 2021-05-21T10:30:10Z cashew mylk cashew milk Non-dairy,cashew-based cheese or cheese analogue. 2021-05-21T10:36:12Z cashew cheese alternative cashew cheese analogue cashew cheese Non-dairy, almond-based cheese or cheese analogue. 2021-05-21T10:42:53Z almond cheese alternative almond cheese analogue almond cheese An Indian red chili powder, whose flavour range from mild to spicy hot. 2021-05-21T12:09:23Z deggi pepper A sauce (or paste) made from the Peruvian yellow chili pepper. It has a unique, fresh, and fruity flavour. https://www.eatperu.com/aji-amarillo-sauce-recipe/ 2021-05-21T12:17:20Z ají amarillo sauce aji amarillo paste A specialty food that consists of corned beef, pork and bacon and is made by grinding the ingredients very finely and then baking it as a loaf in a bread pan until it has a crunchy brown crust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leberk%C3%A4se 2021-05-22T13:03:45Z bavarian loaf fleischkase fleischkäse leberkas leberkäs leberkäse leberkase A meat made up from the beef cut is known as sirloin. Ground sirloin is ground sirloin meat. FoodOn 2021-05-22T13:26:23Z minced sirloin meat ground sirloin Tahini made from hulled white sesame seeds. white tahina white tahini A raw corn cob containing kernels. 2021-07-13T01:40:23Z corn on-the-cob (raw) A spherical confection made of or dipped into chocolate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_balls 2021-05-22T13:44:24Z choco ball chocolate ball A sandwich made with ranch dressing, which is a creamy salad dressing containing milk or buttermilk and mayonnaise. 2021-05-22T13:48:23Z ranch sandwich A snack consisting of rice paper filled with minced vegetables and usually meat, rolled into a cylinder and fried. 2021-05-22T13:51:34Z spring roll A root of an american ginseng plant (Panax quinquefolius) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng 2021-07-11T17:39:12 2021-08-18T17:17:09Z american ginseng american ginseng root A milk chocolate confection in a bar form containing cocoa, sugar and milk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_bar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_chocolate 2021-05-22T14:22:34Z milk chocolate candy bar milk candy bar milk chocolate bar A type of round sicilian sesame bread or a sandwich using the same bread, which is covered with layers of marinated muffuletta-style olive salad, salami, ham, Swiss cheese, provolone, and mortadella. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffuletta 2021-05-22T14:23:12Z muffuletta muffaletta A sandwich made from a cylindrical bread roll split lengthwise and filled with meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_sandwich 2021-05-22T14:49:13Z grinder hero hoagie sub torpedo submarine sandwich A meatball made of either beef, chicken, lamb or mutton, pork, or a mixture which is mixed with spices or onions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofta 2021-05-22T22:28:34Z kafta kofta A type of salsa made from chopped tomato, onion, and serrano peppers (jalapeños or habaneros can be used as alternatives), with salt, lime juice, and cilantro. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_de_gallo 2021-05-22T22:41:36Z salsa cruda salsa fresca pico de gallo A sliced raw meat, usually beef brisket, but sometimes lamb, or turkey is brined, partially dried, seasoned with herbs and spices, then smoked and steamed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastrami 2021-05-22T22:45:20Z pastramă pastrami A mixture of atleast two different green leafy vegetables. 2021-05-22T22:50:00Z mixed green vegetables mixed green veggies mixed leafy vegetables mixed leafy veggies mixed greens A snack made from organic rice & corn, with a phytonutrient blend of Spinach, Kale, and other veggies. https://www.taquitos.net/snacks.php?snack_code=584 2021-05-22T22:53:12Z veggie booty A semi-liquid colloidal suspension, emulsion, or aggregation used in food preparation or eaten directly as a spread. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(food) 2021-05-22T22:58:09Z food paste food (paste) A sandwich prepared with salad as a filling. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sandwiches 2021-05-22T23:13:19Z salad sand salad sandwich Food material which involves the process of combining two or more ingredients together so that they become smooth and uniform. 2021-05-22T23:31:40Z blended food food (blend) A hot dog served in a bun and topped with some sort of meat sauce, such as chili con carne. Other toppings could also be added, such as cheese, onions, and mustard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_dog 2021-05-22T23:42:54Z chili dog A rawhide dog chew which is made out of rawhide from cows and is digestible. 2021-05-18T11:08:30Z beefhide cowhide beefhide dog chew The food formulated to provide puppy with the needed nutrition to become a healthy adult. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_nutrition 2021-05-18T11:37:40Z puppy food A root of a chinese ginseng plant (Panax ginseng) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng 2021-07-11T17:39:12 2021-08-18T17:21:49Z korean ginseng chinese ginseng root A root of a japanese ginseng plant (Panax japonicus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng 2021-07-11T17:39:12 2021-08-18T17:23:37Z japanese ginseng japanese ginseng root A rosette leaf of a bok choy plant (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok_choy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-07-06T13:52:12 2021-08-18T17:55:30Z bok choy leaf pak choi pok choi bok choy leaf A rosette of a bok choy plant (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) 2021-08-18T17:58:56Z bok choy rosette A rosette leaf of a shanghai bok choy plant. 2021-08-18T18:00:01Z shanghai bok choy leaf shanghai bok choy leaf A rosette of a shanghai bok choy plant. 2021-08-18T18:03:57Z shanghai bok choy rosette A seed of certain cucurbitaceous plants found in Africa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egusi 2021-08-18T18:21:02Z agushi agushi seed agusi agusi seed egwusi ohue Egusi seeds may be from melon plants including Melothria sphaerocarpa or Citrullus lanatus. egusi seed A leaf of a raspberry plant (Rubus idaeus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_raspberry_leaf 2021-08-18T18:37:17Z red leaf european red raspberry leaf garden raspberry leaf red raspberry leaf red raspberry leaf A leaf of a common mullein plant (Verbascum thapsus). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbascum_thapsus 2021-08-18T18:40:32Z common mullein leaf great mullein leaf mullein leaf mullein leaf A pod of a river tamarind plant (Leucaena leucocephala). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucaena_leucocephala guaje river tamarind pod A root of a black cohosh plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actaea_racemosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6306 2021-07-22T17:39:12 Actaea racemosa root black cohost root black cohosh root A leaf of a ginkgo plant (Ginkgo biloba) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6306 2021-07-22T17:39:12 2021-08-18T20:12:43Z ginkgo biloba leaf ginkgo leaf Ginkgo biloba leaf A seed of a milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum_marianum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6306 2021-07-22T17:39:12 2021-08-18T20:13:58Z milk thistle seed Silybum marianum seed A flower bud of a St. John's wort plant (Hypericum perforatum). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6306 2021-07-22T17:39:12 2021-08-18T20:15:19Z St. John's wort flower Hypericum perforatum flower Original term accidently created with an "alternative label" instead of a "label" and thus wasn't populating search results properly and a new term was inadvertently made to replace it. Deprecated this version under the assumption it wasn't adopted without a label. obsolete: poultry true The spinach material output of a cooking process. 2021-08-31T02:10:31Z spinach (cooked) A seed of an almond without skin. 2021-07-09T11:28:06Z almond meat Meat of a very young calf which is usually slaughtered as early as 2 hours or 2–3 days old (at most 1 month old). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal 2021-07-09T11:20:12Z bob veal Meat of a calf that is raised on a fortified milk formula diet and solid feed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal 2021-08-07T20:53:21Z formula-fed veal milk fed veal milk-fed veal special fed veal special-fed veal white veal formula fed veal A Japanese cooking method in which food is broiled or grilled with a glaze of soy sauce, mirin, and sugar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teriyaki 2021-07-09T15:30:12Z teriyaki teriyaki cooking method A feed supplement for cattle which contains extra minerals, vitamins, and other compounds in order to meet specific needs. https://www.bentoli.com/cattle-supplements-benefits-value/ 2021-07-09T15:39:02Z cattle feed supplement cattle supplement animal feed supplement for cattle A red colored powder made from Chile de árbol, a small Mexican chili pepper used in Mexican cooking. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_de_árbol 2021-08-07T21:46:09Z de árbol powder red arbol powder de arbol powder A powder made from habanero, which is a hot variety of a chili pepper. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habanero 2021-07-08T21:53:07Z habanero powder A herbal powder made from an Aloe vera plant (Aloe vera). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera 2021-07-08T22:01:27Z aloe vera powder A herbal green powder made from a leaf of Neem tree (Azadirachta indica). 2021-07-08T22:31:07Z neem powder neem leaf powder A powder from a lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus), which is used in food for a fresh lemon flavor. 2021-07-08T22:13:11Z lemon grass powder lemongrass powder A meal (coarse flour) ground from a sweet almond. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_meal 2021-07-09T11:58:21Z almond meal An almond meal ground from an almond (with the skin removed). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_meal 2021-07-09T12:17:18Z blanched almond meal An almond meal ground from a whole almond (with the skin intact). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_meal https://www.bobsredmill.com/blog/healthy-living/what-is-it-wednesday-almond-mealflour/ 2019-07-09T12:25:02Z natural almond meal A feed supplement for domesticated animals which contains minerals, vitamins, and other compounds intended to provide nutrition or other benefits. 2021-07-09T16:58:23Z animal feed supplement A bread food product made substantially from whole grains. 2021-09-01T05:30:11Z whole grain bread A sausage (usually a hot dog) on a stick that has been coated in a thick layer of cornmeal batter and deep fried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_dog 2021-07-19T11:58:23Z corndog corn dog A powder made from chia seeds. 2021-07-19T12:27:02Z chia seed powder An animal meat (cut) and an output of simple random sampling. 2021-07-19T12:49:31Z random sample meat cut random sample animal meat cut A by product of processing poultry which is made from poultry feathers by partially grinding them under elevated heat and pressure, and then grinding and drying. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_meal 2021-07-19T13:06:12Z feather meal A pizza food product which is an assembled pizza including pizza crust, pizza sauce and toppings. 2021-08-06T12:23:03Z pizza A pizza that only has mozzarella and tomato toppings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Margherita 2021-08-09T12:53:11Z margherita pizza A pizza made with pineapple and either ham or bacon as toppings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_pizza 2021-08-09T13:15:27Z hawaiian pizza A pizza made with cubed or shredded meat tossed with sweet and smoky barbecue sauce, peppers, and onion all covered with cheese. 2021-08-09T13:38:11Z barbeque pizza bbq pizza barbecue pizza A pizza made with chicken, buffalo hot sauce, cheese and onion as pizza toppings. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-08-09T13:50:23Z buffalo pizza A pizza that is topped with a combination of four kinds of cheese melted together, with or without tomato sauce. 2021-08-09T14:22:17Z 4 cheese pizza four cheese pizza A pizza with pesto sauce and other pizza toppings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto 2021-08-09T16:30:17Z pesto pizza A pesto pizza made with chicken meat. 2021-08-09T16:31:00Z chicken pesto pizza A pesto pizza made with vegetables. 2021-08-09T16:31:07Z veggie pesto pizza vegetarian pesto pizza A barbecue pizza made with chicken meat. barbeque chicken pizza bbq chicken pizza barbecue chicken pizza A whole grain bread that contains whole oats (Avena sativa). 2021-09-01T05:37:09Z whole oat bread A soft drink that is sweetened by a nonnutritive sweetener and contains caffeine. 2021-09-01T05:52:08Z caffeinated diet pop caffeinated diet soda diet soft drink (caffeinated) A soft drink that contains caffeine. 2021-09-01T05:57:27Z caffeinated pop caffeinated soda soft drink (caffeinated) A liquid tea beverage that does not contain caffeine. 2021-09-01T06:05:45Z tea (liquid, decafeinated) 2021-09-01T06:10:18Z tea (liquid, caffeinated) A liquid coffee beverage that is brewed from roasted, decaffeinated coffee beans. 2021-09-01T07:54:36Z coffee (liquid, decafeinated) A prepared coffee beverage in which the majority of the beverage volume is composed of mammalian milk or a milk component. 2021-09-01T07:57:54Z dairy-based coffee drink Cow milk cheese which is a result of fat removal. 2021-09-01T08:07:42Z cow milk cheese (nonfat) A pepo fruit of a winter squash cultivar harvested in the fall. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_squash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6306 2021-07-22T17:39:12 winter squash winter squash A sweetener (table-top)' which contains sucralose. 2021-09-01T08:24:35Z Splenda sucralose-based sweetener A sweetener that includes the nonnutritive sweetener aspartame. 2021-09-01T08:25:51Z Equal NutraSweet aspartame-based sweetener A sweetener that includes the nonnutritive sweetener saccharin. 2021-09-01T08:26:52Z Sweet'N Low saccharin-based sweetener A seed from a cereal or pseudocereal plant which has a germ (embryo), endosperm, and bran (pericarp, seed coat, and aleurone) part. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_grain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-09-02T21:11:54Z whole grain From https://wholegrainscouncil.org/definition-whole-grain: "Whole grains or foods made from them contain all the essential parts and naturally-occurring nutrients of the entire grain seed in their original proportions. If the grain has been processed (e.g., cracked, crushed, rolled, extruded, and/or cooked), the food product should deliver the same rich balance of nutrients that are found in the original grain seed. [...] This definition means that 100% of the original kernel – all of the bran, germ, and endosperm - must be present to qualify as a whole grain. whole grain https://wholegrainscouncil.org/definition-whole-grain A diverse, loosely defined group of small to medium-sized parrots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conure https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-09-06T20:30:42Z 2021-09-06T20:39:00 conure An unweaned or immature pig. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_farming#cite_note-18 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-09-06T20:39:00 2021-09-06T20:39:00Z shoat piglet A common name for many large birds of prey which are a subset of the family Accipitridae https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 2021-09-06T20:39:00 2021-09-06T21:02:39Z eagle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 snail angulate volute Zidona dufresnei https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidona_dufresnei https://www.gbif.org/species/4368019 snail FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name angulate volute FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 perch surfclam itis:169520 itis:567854 bent surfclam zebra perch Mactrotoma nasuta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosus_azureus https://www.gbif.org/species/2286409 perch FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name bent surfclam FDA SFL Common Name zebra perch FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 calamari squid itis:82376 bigeye squid Loligo ocula https://www.gbif.org/species/2290396 calamari FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name squid FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name bigeye squid FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 flyingfish itis:616695 blotchwing flyingfish Cheilopogon heterurus hubbsi https://www.gbif.org/species/5207965 flyingfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name blotchwing flyingfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 leatherjacket itis:646212 blue-lined leatherjacket Meuschenia galii https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/14545 https://www.gbif.org/species/2406855 leatherjacket FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name blue-lined leatherjacket FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam itis:567852 california surfclam Mactrotoma californica https://www.gbif.org/species/2286407 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name california surfclam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 hake itis:164736 carolina hake Urophycis earllii https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1885 https://www.gbif.org/species/2415732 hake FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name carolina hake FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 flyingfish itis:165435 clearwing flyingfish Cypselurus comatus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1025 https://www.gbif.org/species/5207913 flyingfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name clearwing flyingfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 bittersweet dogcockle itis:79431 decussate bittersweet Glycymeris decussata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycymeris_decussata https://www.gbif.org/species/2286265 bittersweet FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name dogcockle FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name decussate bittersweet FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam itis:567850 dish surfclam Mactromeris catilliformis https://www.gbif.org/species/2286440 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name dish surfclam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 anchovy itis:161857 flat anchovy Anchoviella perfasciata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchoviella https://www.fishbase.de/summary/1678 anchovy FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name flat anchovy FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam itis:568285 flat surfclam Simomactra planulata https://www.gbif.org/species/2286398 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name flat surfclam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 golden crab itis:620991 golden deepsea crab Chaceon fenneri https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaceon_fenneri golden crab FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name golden deepsea crab FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 threadfin itis:645691 guinean threadfin Galeoides decadactylus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_African_threadfin https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/341 https://www.gbif.org/species/2393337 threadfin FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name guinean threadfin FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam itis:697658 hatchet surfclam Simomactra dolabriformis https://www.gbif.org/species/2286396 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name hatchet surfclam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam itis:567851 hemphill surfclam Mactromeris hemphillii https://www.gbif.org/species/2286450 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name hemphill surfclam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam itis:568284 hooked surfclam Simomactra falcata https://www.gbif.org/species/2286394 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name hooked surfclam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scallop itis:79745 lined scallop Argopecten lineolaris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argopecten scallop FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name lined scallop FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 chub cisco itis:161949 longjaw cisco Coregonus alpenae https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjaw_cisco https://www.gbif.org/species/2350937 chub FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name cisco FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name longjaw cisco FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scad itis:168731 mexican scad Decapterus scombrinus https://www.gbif.org/species/2391037 scad FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name mexican scad FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 sand perch itis:630462 namorado sandperch Pseudopercis numida https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/14100 https://www.gbif.org/species/2386951 sand perch FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name namorado sandperch FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 tilefish itis:630461 pacific sandperch Prolatilus jugularis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolatilus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/12917 https://www.gbif.org/species/2387103 tilefish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name pacific sandperch FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 herring itis:572657 panamanian ilisha Ilisha fuerthii https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1629 https://www.gbif.org/species/5214610 herring FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name panamanian ilisha FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 flounder itis:616139 pelican flounder Chascanopsetta crumenalis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chascanopsetta https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/24580 https://www.gbif.org/species/2408358 flounder FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name pelican flounder FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 bonito itis:172467 plain bonito Orcynopsis unicolor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcynopsis_unicolor https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/108 https://www.gbif.org/species/2373921 bonito FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name plain bonito FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 goby pointed-tailed goby Pseudapocryptes elongates https://www.gbif.org/species/9794053 goby FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name pointed-tailed goby FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 yellow rock crab itis:98680 rock crab Cancer anthonyi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacarcinus_anthonyi https://www.gbif.org/species/2222082 yellow rock crab FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name rock crab FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 giant grouper grouper hybrid tiger sabah grouper Epinephelus fucoglottus x Epinephelus lanceolatus giant grouper FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name grouper FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name hybrid tiger FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name sabah grouper FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scallop itis:567575 san diego scallop Euvola diegensis https://www.gbif.org/species/2285961 scallop FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name san diego scallop FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 penshell itis:79581 sawtooth penshell Atrina serrata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrina_serrata https://www.gbif.org/species/2285343 penshell FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name sawtooth penshell FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 sheep crab itis:98479 sheep crab Loxorhynchus grandis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxorhynchus_grandis https://www.gbif.org/species/2226751 sheep crab FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name sheep crab FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 shortnosed flyingfish shortneck clam Tapes variegata https://www.gbif.org/species/6524269 shortnosed flyingfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name shortneck clam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 flyingfish itis:165442 shortnosed flyingfish Cypselurus simus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/12966 https://www.gbif.org/species/5207947 flyingfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name shortnosed flyingfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 cardinalfish spotted cardinalfish Ostorhinchus maculiferus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/7788 https://www.gbif.org/species/5962023 cardinalfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name spotted cardinalfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 skate itis:564146 spreadfin skate Dipturus olseni https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/12966 https://www.gbif.org/species/5207947 skate FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name spreadfin skate FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 cardinal perch cardinalfish itis:168307 thicktail cardinalfish Epigonus crassicaudus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/54788 https://www.gbif.org/species/2395050 cardinal perch FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name cardinalfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name thicktail cardinalfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 shrimp itis:95886 titi shrimp Protrachypene precipua https://www.gbif.org/species/2223560 shrimp FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name titi shrimp FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 conger eel itis:161329 white eel Conger cinereus marginatus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/12966 https://www.gbif.org/species/5207947 conger eel FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name white eel FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 goatfish white saddle goatfish Parupenaeus cilatus goatfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name white saddle goatfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 caballa gemfish itis:550886 white snake mackerel Thyrsitops lepidopoides https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrsitops_lepidopoides https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/490 https://www.gbif.org/species/2397795 caballa FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name gemfish FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name white snake mackerel FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 arkshell itis:79351 skewed ark Anadara baughmani https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadara_baughmani https://www.gbif.org/species/5188949 arkshell FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name skewed ark FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scallop itis:79743 scallop Argopecten aequisulcatus https://www.gbif.org/species/2285865 scallop FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name scallop FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 venus clam itis:81537 california venus Chione californiensis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chione_californiensis https://www.gbif.org/species/5189312 venus clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name california venus FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 claresse hybrid clarias catfish Heterobranchus longifilis x Clarias gariepinus claresse FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name hybrid clarias catfish FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 venus clam itis:81559 frilled venus Chione undatella https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chione_(bivalve) https://www.gbif.org/species/5189323 venus clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name frilled venus FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scallop itis:79644 scallop Chlamys circularis aequisculata https://www.gbif.org/species/5188877 scallop FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name scallop FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scallop peruvian calico scallop Chlamys purpurata scallop FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name peruvian calico scallop FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 conger eel itis:161334 conger eel Conger oligoporus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conger_oligoporus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/58537 https://www.gbif.org/species/2403534 conger eel FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name conger eel FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 chub cisco itis:161947 shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortnose_cisco https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/2677 https://www.gbif.org/species/2350985 chub FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name cisco FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name shortnose cisco FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 oyster itis:79869 kumamoto oyster Crassostrea gigas kumamoto https://www.gbif.org/species/6181055 oyster FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name kumamoto oyster FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 oyster new zealand rock oyster Crassostrea glomerata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccostrea_glomerata oyster FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name new zealand rock oyster FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 scad itis:168732 koheru Decapterus koheru https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koheru https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1902 https://www.gbif.org/species/2391034 scad FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name koheru FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 coquina itis:81252 texas coquina Donax texasianus https://www.gbif.org/species/5189103 coquina FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name texas coquina FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 moray eel itis:635509 pebbletooth moray Echidna peli https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_peli https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/9031 https://www.gbif.org/species/5213089 moray eel FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name pebbletooth moray FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 grouper dot-dash grouper Epinephalus poecitonotus grouper FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name dot-dash grouper FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 moray eel itis:635550 spotjaw moray Gymnothorax mareei https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotjaw_moray_eel https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/9034 https://www.gbif.org/species/2403846 moray eel FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name spotjaw moray FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 false coquina itis:81257 giant false coquina Iphigenia brasiliana https://www.gbif.org/species/5189098 false coquina FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name giant false coquina FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 snapper itis:550936 rufous snapper Lutjanus jordani https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/155 https://www.gbif.org/species/2385094 snapper FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name rufous snapper FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 surfclam hen clam Mactra sachalinensis https://www.gbif.org/species/6526237 surfclam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name hen clam FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 mullet itis:170337 redeye mullet Mugil gaimardianus https://www.gbif.org/species/2400637 mullet FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name redeye mullet FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 geoduck clam itis:81778 atlantic geoduck Panopea bitruncata https://www.gbif.org/species/5189531 geoduck clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name atlantic geoduck FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 flounder fluke itis:616423 smalleye flounder Paralichthys microps https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/54963 https://www.gbif.org/species/2408879 flounder FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name fluke FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name smalleye flounder FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 sanguin clam itis:81281 atlantic sanguin Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta https://www.gbif.org/species/2286789 sanguin clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name atlantic sanguin FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 razor clam itis:81012 atlantic razor Siliqua costata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliqua_(bivalve) https://www.gbif.org/species/5189147 razor clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name atlantic razor FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 razor clam itis:568295 rosy jackknife Solen rostriformis https://www.gbif.org/species/2287242 razor clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name rosy jackknife FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 razor clam itis:81017 green jackknife Solen viridis https://www.gbif.org/species/2287241 razor clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name green jackknife FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 kajuli jamuna ailia Ailichthys punctatus https://www.gbif.org/species/2341616 kajuli FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name jamuna ailia FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 conger eel itis:635418 sea eel Bathycongrus aequoreus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathycongrus_aequoreus https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/60265 https://www.gbif.org/species/2403353 conger eel FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name sea eel FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 croaker itis:646516 blue croaker Corvula batabana https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1162 https://www.gbif.org/species/2400203 croaker FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name blue croaker FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 grunt sweetlips itis:630218 painted sweetlips Diagramma pictum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_sweetlips https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/4465 grunt FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name sweetlips FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name painted sweetlips FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 bittersweet dogcockle bittersweet Glycymeris laticostata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucetona_laticostata bittersweet FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name dogcockle FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name bittersweet FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 cockle violet bittersweet Glycymeris violacescens https://www.gbif.org/species/4373143 cockle FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name violet bittersweet FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 pike-conger eel itis:636217 blacktail pike-conger Hoplunnis diomediana https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktail_pike-conger https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/2621 https://www.gbif.org/species/2402948 pike-conger eel FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name blacktail pike-conger FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 barnacle pico Megabalanus psittacus barnacle FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name pico FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 sandperch sandperch Mugiloides fasciatus sandperch FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name sandperch FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 morwong itis:170261 blue morwong Nemadactylus carponotatus https://www.gbif.org/species/4284562 morwong FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name blue morwong FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 batashi itis:681857 Neotropius acutirostris https://www.gbif.org/species/2341660 batashi FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 threadfin itis:645936 giant african threadfin Polydactylus quadrifilis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_African_threadfin https://www.gbif.org/species/2393307 threadfin FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name giant african threadfin FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 searobin itis:167056 spotted gurnard Pterygotrigla picta https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/14327 https://www.gbif.org/species/2336608 searobin FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name spotted gurnard FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 permit pompano itis:168713 palometta permit Trachinotus kennedyi https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1969 https://www.gbif.org/species/5210695 permit FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name pompano FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name palometta permit FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 slipper lobster itis:97676 spanish slipper lobster Scyllarides aequinoctialis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyllarides_aequinoctialis https://www.gbif.org/species/2221727 slipper lobster FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name spanish slipper lobster FDA SFL Common Name https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-8866 littleneck clam itis:81481 golden carpet shell Venerupis aureus https://www.gbif.org/species/2287759 littleneck clam FDA SFL Acceptable Market Name golden carpet shell FDA SFL Common Name http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 2021-11-10T17:52:28Z grape destemming 2021-11-10T20:58:31Z fruit crushing The crushing of whole grapes 2021-11-10T20:58:56Z grape crushing A grape berry food product which results from crushing whole (destemmed) grapes and which contains grape juice and components of grape pomace. destemmed grape must https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressing_(wine) grape pressing A grape pressing process in which whole grapes or destemmed grape must is input directly into a grape press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressing_(wine) destemmed grape pressing A grape pressing process in which whole grapes and grape clusters are input directly into a grape press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressing_(wine) By avoiding a maceration process, this technique limits the extraction of phenolics into white wines. whole-cluster grape pressing A food component separation process that accomplishes grape crushing and destemming with one device. This process may be carried out by a "stemmer-crusher" aka "destemmer-crusher". grape crushing and destemming Grape juice which has been extracted through the process of crushing, the natural break down of the grape cell walls during maceration or fermentation, and/or by the weight of grapes within a tall container. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressing_(wine)#Free-run_versus_pressed_juice free-run grape juice Grape juice which is extracted from grapes using a grape pressing process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressing_(wine)#Free-run_versus_pressed_juice Pressed juice often has lower acidity levels, higher potassium and pH level, more phenolic compounds such as tannins and more suspended solids such as natural gum and proteins. [wikipedia:Pressing_(wine)#Free-run_versus_pressed_juice] pressed grape juice